0% found this document useful (0 votes)
288 views3 pages

Signals and Systems Formulas

Formula sheet for basic signals and systems analysis. Basic signals, properties of systems and convolution

Uploaded by

KPRBT
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
288 views3 pages

Signals and Systems Formulas

Formula sheet for basic signals and systems analysis. Basic signals, properties of systems and convolution

Uploaded by

KPRBT
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

Summary 1: Overview of Signals and Systems

A. Signals:

Unit impulse function: ( ) t
0, 0
( )
, 0
t
t
t

=

=

, ( ) 1 t dt



0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) t t f t dt f t



Unit step function: ( ) u t
1, 0
( )
0, 0
t
u t
t
>

=

<



0
( )
( ), ( ) ( )
t
du t
t d u t
dt

= =


Unit ramp function:
0
, 0
( ) ( ) ( )
0, 0
t
t t
r t tu t u d
t

>

= = =

<




Sinusoidal function:
0 0 0
( ) cos(2 ), x t A f t = +
0
A =Amplitude
0
f =Frequency (Hz)
0
1/ T f = =Period (sec)
0
=Phase angle (rad)
Signum function:
1, 0
sgn( ) 2 ( ) 1
1, 0
t
t u t
t
>

= =

<


Rectangle function:
1, / 2 / 2
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
0, | | / 2
T t T
t T T
rect u t u t
T
t T
< <

= + =

>



Unit triangle function:
1 | |, 1 1
( )
0, | | 1
t t
tri t
t
< <

=

>


Unit sinc function:
sin( )
sin ( )
t
c t
t

=
Unit comb function: ( ) ( ),
n
comb t t n n

=
=

an integer



B. Properties of Systems:






Linearity: a system is said to be linear such that if
1 1
2 2
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
x t y t
x t y t


then
1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ax t bx t ay t by t + + ; a and b are arbitrary constants
The property
1 1
( ) ( ) ax t ay t is referred to as homogeneity, and
the property
1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) x t x t y t y t + + is referred to as additivity

Time Invariance: a system is said to be time-invariant such that if
( ) ( ) x t y t
then
0 0
( ) ( ) x t t y t t ;
0
t is an arbitrary time-shift

Causality: a system is said to be causal if the output signal does not
depend on the future values of the input signal. Non-causal systems are
not realizable. For causal systems, if
0
( ) 0, x t for t t = <
then
0
( ) 0, y t for t t = <

Memory: a system is said to be memory-less if at any moment of time
the output depends on the input at that moment. A resistive circuit is a
memory-less system, whereas a circuit with capacitors and/or inductors
has memory.

Invertibility: a system is said to be invertible if unique inputs produce
unique outputs; that is, different inputs do not produce the same output
and one input does not produce different outputs.

Stability: a system is said to be (bounded input-bounded output or
BIBO) stable if bounded inputs result in bounded outputs.




System Input, x(t) y(t), Output

C. Convolution
Definition:
1 2 1 2
( )* ( ) ( ) ( ) f t f t f f t d

, convolution of
1
( ) f t and
2
( ) f t
For linear time-invariant (LTI) systems, the output response is the
convolution of the input signal ( ) x t and the impulse response ( ) h t ,

0 0
( ) ( )* ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
t t
y t x t h t h x t d h t x d = = =



Properties of Convolution:

-
1 2 2 1
( )* ( ) ( )* ( ) f t f t f t f t =
-
1 2 3 1 2 1 3
( )*[ ( ) ( )] ( )* ( ) ( )* ( ) f t f t f t f t f t f t f t + = +
-
1 2 3 1 2 3
[ ( )* ( )]* ( ) ( )*[ ( )* ( )] f t f t f t f t f t f t =

If ( ) ( )* ( ) y t x t h t = , then
-
0 0 0
( ) ( )* ( ) ( ) ( ) y t t x t h t t x t t h t = =
-
( ) ( ) ( )
* ( ) ( )*
dy t dx t dh t
h t x t
dt dt dt
= = , assuming the derivatives exist
- ( ) [ ( ) ]* ( ) ( )*[ ( ) ]
t t t
y d x d h t x t h d

= =


- ( )* ( ) ( ) x t t x t =
-
0 0
( )* ( ) ( ) x t t t x t t =

Steady-State Response of LTI Systems to sinusoidal inputs:






If
0 0 0
( ) cos(2 ) x t A f t = + ,
0 0 0 0 0
( ) | ( )|cos[2 ( )]
ss
y t A H f f t H f = + + , steady-state response

If the system is represented by an electric circuit, the system function H(f)
is obtained by solving the circuit in the frequency domain using the trans-
formations , , 1/ ; 2 R R L j L C j C f = .
H(f) x(t) y(t)

You might also like