UNDERSTANDING ARC FLASH HAZARDS

Kevin J . Lippert Donald M. Colaberardino Clive W. Kimblin

Eaton Electrical Eaton Electrical Eaton Electrical
170 Industry Drive 170 Industry Drive 170 Industry Drive
Pittsburgh, PA 15275 Pittsburgh, PA 15275 Pittsburgh, PA 15275


ABSTRACT - The purpose of this paper is to clarify the
use of the recently published IEEE 1584, Guide for
Performing Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations.
[1]
The paper
also discusses the reduction of arc flash hazards by the
current limitation of molded case circuit breakers.
Understanding arc flash hazards is a critical element in
order to reduce the risk of electrical accidents and personal
injuries. The Guide contains formulas to numerically
quantify the arc flash energy and includes an Excel
Spreadsheet Arc-Flash Hazard Calculator. This
Spreadsheet uses the formulas stated in the Guide to
automatically perform the calculations to obtain incident
energy, and arc flash hazard distances. The present paper
provides an expanded explanation of the Guide/Calculator
with the objective of simplification. The paper also
approaches possible methods for including the impact of
molded case circuit breaker current limitation into the
calculation methods. The subject of breaker clearing times
in the presence of arcing faults will also be addressed. The
paper concludes with a discussion of circuit breaker
applications for arc flash reduction.

I. INTRODUCTION

There have been several recent codes and
standards regulations that relate to the fundamental
dangers of arc flash energy. The following provides a
brief overview.
The NFPA 70E, Standard for Electrical Safety
Requirements for Employee Workplaces
[2]
presents
numerous requirements for a wide range of topics such
as electrical equipment, Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE), Lockout/Tagout practices and safety training.
Where it has been determined that work will be
performed within the flash protection boundary, NFPA
70E requires an analysis to determine and document
the flash hazard incident energy exposure of a worker.
This document also contains some of the initial
methods developed in order to quantify the incident
energy.
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) is the governmental enforcement agency
whose mission is to save lives, prevent injuries and
protect the health of America's workers. They refer to
their standard Code of Federal Regulations, CFR
1910.333,
[3]
Selection and Use of Work Practices, which
states Safety-related work practices shall be employed
to prevent electric shock or other injuries resulting from
either direct or indirect electrical contacts, when work is
performed near or on equipment or circuits which are or
may be energized. This general statement provides
the basis for OSHAs citing and insisting upon
compliance with the Arc Flash requirements contained
in NFPA 70E.
The 2002 edition of the National Electrical Code
(NEC), NFPA 70,
[4]
contained the first arc flash hazard
references by adding the following new requirement as
Article 110.16.

Flash Protection. Switchboards, panelboards,
industrial control panels, and motor control centers
that are in other than dwelling occupancies and are
likely to require examination, adjustment, servicing, or
maintenance while energized, shall be field marked to
warn qualified persons of potential electric arc flash
hazards. The marking shall be located so as to be
clearly visible to qualified persons before
examination, adjustment, servicing, or maintenance of
the equipment.

FPN No. 1: NFPA 70E-2000, Electrical Safety
Requirements for Employee Workplaces,
provides assistance in determining severity of
potential exposure, planning safe work
practices, and selecting personal protective
equipment.

FPN No. 2: ANSI Z535.4-1998, Product Safety
Signs and Labels,
[5]
provides guidelines for the
design of safety signs and labels for
application to products.
Presented at the 2004 IEEE IAS Pulp and Paper Industry Conference in Victoria, BC: IEEE 2004 - Personal use of this material is permitted.

There were numerous proposals for the 2005 NEC
that would expand this requirement to indicate the
incident energy in calories per square centimeter for a
worker at a distance of 18 in. Adoption of this
requirement would indicate the need for a standardized
method for determining incident energy.
The IEEE 1584-2002, Guide for Performing Arc
Flash Calculations, provides a method for the
calculation of incident energy and arc flash protection
boundaries. It presents formulas for numerically
quantifying these values. The IEEE 1584 Guide also
includes an Excel Spreadsheet Arc-Flash Hazard
Calculator which performs the actual calculations using
the formulas stated in the Guide.

II. IEEE 1584 STANDARD

A. Arc Flash Calculations

Normal system analysis determines the bolted fault
current available at various points throughout the
electrical system. For incident energy, it is first
necessary to input the circuit parameters in order to
calculate free-air short-circuit arcing currents. Here it is
noted that these arcing currents are significantly less
than the available bolted-fault short circuit currents
because the arc provides significant circuit impedance.
The IEEE 1584 equations for determining arcing
currents (for system voltages less than 1000V) are:

log I
a
=K +0.662 log I
bf
+0.0966 V + (1)
0.000526 G +0.5588 V (log I
bf
) - 0.00304 G
(log I
bf
)
where
log is the log
10

I
a
is arcing current (kA)
K is - 0.153 for open configurations and - 0.097
for box configurations
I
bf
is bolted fault current for three-phase faults
(symmetrical RMS)(kA)
V is system voltage (kV)
G is the gap between conductors, (mm)

and convert from log I
a
=10
log I a
(2)

The arcing current is then used for determining the
incident energy. The IEEE 1584 equations for
determining incident energy are to first determine the
log
10
of the incident energy normalized:

log E
n
=K
1
+K
2
+1.081 log I
a
+0.0011 G (3)

K
1
is -0.792 for open configurations, -0.555 for
enclosed
K
2
is 0 for ungrounded & high resist.; -0.113 for
grounded
I
a
is arcing current (kA)
G is distance between arcing buses (mm), 25
mm for MCC

Then
En =10
log En (4)


Finally, convert from normalized:
E =Cf En (t/0.2) (610
x
/D
x
) (5)

E is incident energy in cal/cm
2
Cf is calculation factor, 1.0 >1kV; 1.5 <=1kV
En is incident energy normalized for time &
distance
t is arcing time (seconds)
D is distance from arc to person (mm); typical to
use 455 mm (18) for MCC
x is distance exponent from IEEE table (based
upon equipment type-conductor gap); 1.641 for
MCC

The apparent complexity of these equations makes
solving them by hand cumbersome, but the IEEE 1584
Guide supplies an Excel Spreadsheet that will
automatically solve them, using input of basic
information. While the IEEE 1584 Guide provides
another step forward in the understanding of arc flash
hazards, there are several points that are frequently
misunderstood. The following explanations are
intended to help clarify this information. (References to
specific cells apply to the Excel Spreadsheet
calculator.)

B. Issues to Consider When Performing IEEE 1584
Arc Flash Calculations

1) At what point(s) in the system should arc flash
hazard calculations be performed?
There could be multiple calculations performed
depending on the particular task being undertaken. At
a minimum, (either a or b) plus c below should be
performed.

a) A value shall be calculated either at the
incoming point to the enclosure,
or,
b) if the cables terminate immediately into the
main device, and are not readily accessible, at
the load terminals of an incoming overcurrent
protective device, OCPD (if one exists).
And
c) At the load side of OCPDs that are sensibly
partitioned/separated from their line side. (For
example; when working inside the bucket of an
MCC.)

2) Is the Overcurrent Protective Device a fuse?
For certain specific low-voltage fuses, and within a
specific tested range of bolted fault currents, it is
possible to input the fuse-type, and the calculation then
automatically takes into account both the current-
limiting effect of the fuse and the actual time of
interruption. Thus both of the important parameters for
arc flash, the arc current magnitude and the arc current
duration, are taken into account. This is the most
accurate method for these certain types of low-voltage
fuses. Cells G-24, H-24, J -24 & K-24 should be empty
because input of the fuses time/current curve
information (total clearing times) is NOT required for
this method. Cell O-24 requests input of a number 1
through 8, that IEEE 1584 identifies as the Protective
Device Type as follows:

1 Class RK 1 fuse 100A
2 Class RK 1 fuse 200A
3 Class RK 1 fuse 400A
4 Class RK 1 fuse 600A
5 Class L fuse 800A
6 Class L fuse 1200A
7 Class L fuse 1600A
8 Class L fuse 2000A

If, upon entry of the above information, Cell O-24
turns orange in color, the bolted fault current is outside
the models tested range for that fuse. For these cases
the secondary fuse calculation method (for fuses other
than specified above) must be used.

3) What if the fuse is not one of the specific ones
stated?
If the fuse is not one of those specifically stated, or
when outside the models tested bolted fault current
range, input of the fuses time/current curve information
(total clearing times = melting time + arcing time) is
required. If the manufacturer shows only the average
melt time, add to that time 15%, up to 0.03 seconds and
10% above 0.03 seconds to determine total clearing
time. This secondary method is utilized by entering 0
(zero) in Cell O-24. In Cell G-24 enter the fuses
time/current curve information based upon the level of
arcing fault current shown in Cell F-24. Cells H-24 and
K-24 should be empty. Another input is also required
for low-voltage fuses that use this method. In Cell J -24
enter the fuses time/current curve information (total
clearing time) based upon the level of reduced arcing
fault current shown in Cell I-24.

4) Is the OCPD a circuit breaker?
For circuit breakers, the most accurate calculation
method included in the IEEE 1584 Guide, is to use
specific manufacturers time/current information (total
clearing times). This method is utilized by entering 0
(zero) in Cell O-24. In Cell G-24 enter the circuit
breakers time/current curve information (total clearing
time) based upon the level of arcing fault current shown
in Cell F-24. Cells H-24 and K-24 should be empty.
Another input is also required for low-voltage circuit
breakers that use this method. In Cell J -24 enter the
circuit breakers time/current curve information (total
clearing time) based upon the level of reduced arcing
fault current shown in Cell I-24.

Note: This approach causes concern because
commonly published time/current curves in the
instantaneous region have not been a focus of
circuit breaker manufacturers, and are very
conservative.

5) When entering specific OCPD times (for both low-
voltage fuses and low-voltage circuit breakers) why
do you enter 2 different values; one based upon the
arcing current and a second based upon a
reduced arcing current?
Due to variations in low-voltage arc currents (under 1
kV), a second calculation is performed based upon a
reduced arcing fault current that is 85% of the
originally calculated arcing current. For cases where
the arc current falls on the steep part of the time-current
curve or falls near a step change, a small variation in
arc current could cause a significant change in OCPD
tripping or operating time. The highest resulting energy
(either based upon arcing current and arcing operating
time, or reduced arcing current and reduced current
operating time) is then automatically used for the final.

6) What if the circuit breaker time/current information
(opening times) is not available?
A secondary method is available for certain low-
voltage circuit breakers within specific continuous
current ranges and within specific ranges of bolted fault
currents. Cells G-24, H-24, J -24 & K-24 should be
empty because input of the circuit breakers
time/current curve information (total clearing time) is
NOT required for this method. The appropriate
Protective Device Type (number 9-14) is then entered
in Cell O-24 as follows:

9 Molded Case Circuit Breaker, 100-400A
10 Molded Case Circuit Breaker, 600-1200A,
Thermo-magnetic trip
11 Molded Case Circuit Breaker, 600-1200A,
Electronic trip w/Long Delay
12 Molded Case or Insulated Case Circuit Breaker,
1600-600A
13 Low-Voltage Power Circuit Breaker, 800-
6300A, w/Instantaneous trip
14 Low-Voltage Power Circuit Breaker, 800-
6300A, w/o Instantaneous (Short Delay only)

Another input is also required for this method. In
Cell P-24 enter the current at which the circuit breaker
will instantaneously trip. When the instantaneous
tripping current is not known, use a default value of 10
times the continuous current rating of the CB, except for
CBs rated 100 A and below, use a default value of
1300A. For a low-voltage power circuit breaker without
instantaneous tripping, enter the short-time pick-up
current in Cell P-24.
If, upon entry of the above information, Cell O-24
turns orange in color, the bolted fault current is outside
the range of the model for that particular low-voltage
circuit breaker. For these cases this secondary
calculation method can not be used.

NOTE: Although this secondary circuit breaker
method only requires knowledge of bolted fault
current, the calculation is based upon circuit
breaker interruption times for generic breaker-
ratings. These are typically worst-case;
maximum-duration interruption times based
upon the published time-current curves of many
manufacturers. This method is conservative and
calculates high values of arc energy that may
mandate more protection than is necessary.
Therefore this is a secondary method, used for
instances when specific time/current curve
information is not available!

7) Do any of these calculations account for the current
limiting characteristics of circuit breakers?
No! Regardless of the selected calculation method
for circuit breakers, the present IEEE 1584 calculations
do not take into account the current-limiting
characteristics of circuit breakers.

III. OVERCURRENT PROTECTIVE DEVICE CURRENT
LIMITATION

It is difficult to create models to accurately predict
incident energy created by an arc flash in a system
using OCPDs. This is due to the fact that there are 2
active systems occurring simultaneously. When an arc
occurs on downstream busbars, there is a current
magnitude reduction due to the added impedance of the
arc at the busbars. The upstream OCPD then begins to
open. This breaking of the current flow creates another
arc inside the OCPD, and is in series with the busbar
arc. Thus, there are 2 arcing systems acting
simultaneously to reduce the current magnitude.

A. Current-limiting circuit breakers

There are two major components to consider when
attempting to account for the current limiting affects of
circuit breakers. One is the arc current duration, which
is controlled by the actual time of interruption. As
previously stated, commonly published circuit breaker
time/current curves in the instantaneous region have
not been a focus of circuit breaker manufacturers, and
are very conservative. For the purpose of calculating
arc flash energy, using those instantaneous region
conservative operating times will produce unrealistically
high arc flash energy values. Actual operating times
will enable more accurate calculations of arc flash
energy.
The other major component to consider is the
reduction of the arc current magnitude due to the
breakers dynamic impedance.

B. Initial modeling approach

An initial attempt has been made to take the
reduction in peak current associated with current-
limiting circuit breakers into consideration. In this
approach, the tested interruption data obtained for
current-limiting breakers subjected to given bolted fault
currents is used. The data provides actual clearing
times and actual peak let-through currents. An rms
value associated with the let-through current is entered
into the IEEE spreadsheet rather than the available
bolted fault current. The actual clearing time associated
with the available bolted fault current is also inputted.

1) Results of current limiting model
Table I shows calculated values based upon a 480V,
MCC, 18 distance from arc, ungrounded system.

TABLE I
CALCULATED VALUES BASED UPON 480V, MCC,
18 DISTANCE FROM ARC, UNGROUNDED SYSTEM
Energy, cal/cm
2


Bolted
Fault
Test
Circuit
kA

Using
IEEE
1584
Shortcut
Equations


IEEE 1584
Equations Using
Manufacturers
Interrupting Time
From Curves



Using
Initial
Model
200A MCB
4.6 2.8 0.2
400A MCB
4.6 2.1 0.4
1200A MCB




100
9.3 5.1 1.9


2) Verification of initial model
To determine the validity of the initial model, some
preliminary testing was conducted according to
information extracted from previously published IEEE
papers. This testing was based upon the parameters of
480V, MCC, 18 distance from arc, on an ungrounded
system. The calorimeters used were constructed to
ASTM Standard F-1959, Standard Test Method for
Determining the Arc Thermal Performance Value of
Materials for Clothing.

TABLE II
ACTUAL TEST VALUES BASED UPON 480V, MCC,
18 DISTANCE FROM ARC, UNGROUNDED SYSTEM
Energy, cal/cm
2


Bolted
Fault
Test
Circuit
kA

Using
IEEE
1584
Shortcut
Equations


IEEE 1584
Equations Using
Manufacturers
Interrupting
Time
From Curves



Using
Initial
Model


Actual
Calorimeter
Measurements
of Arcing
Energy
200A MCB
4.6 2.8 0.2 0.1
400A MCB
4.6 2.1 0.4 0.15
1200A MCB




100
9.3 5.1 1.9 1.3


3) Initial model conclusions
The initial results indicate that MCCB current limiting
significantly reduces the energy levels (when in the
instantaneous range). Additionally, they suggest that
the IEEE 1584 calculation methods are very
conservative when compared with the actual
measurements associated with MCCBs. (Need to
correct this situation).
However, few test points have been verified.
Although the resultant arc energies are significantly
lower, this methodology is preliminary and still needs to
be refined.

IV. USE OF OTHER EXISTING TECHNOLOGIES FOR
REDUCING ARC FLASH

When arc flash considerations are a significant factor
in the selection of electrical distribution equipment, the
following existing technologies should be considered:

Zone Selective Interlocking (ZSI): ZSI
deactivates the preset delay on the circuit
breaker closest to the fault, which then trips with
no intentional delay. Faster tripping reduces the
amount of time that current flows during a fault
condition. Thus, zone-selective interlocking
reduces the amount of arc flash and stress (I
2
t
energy) that the system encounters during fault
conditions, resulting in improved personal
protection and prolonged equipment life.
Ground Fault Detection: trips the circuit breaker
during the early stages of fault development and
prior to "bolted fault" conditions.
Use of finger-safe electrical components as
much as possible. This can reduce the chance
that an arcing fault will occur.
Use of insulated bus for equipment such as
motor control centers, switchboards, switchgear,
etc. This will reduce the chance that an arc fault
may occur. In addition, it increases the
probability that an arc fault will self-extinguish.
Sizing the current-limiting branch circuit
overcurrent protective devices as low as
possible. Typically, the lower the ampere rating,
the greater the degree of current-limitation.
Limiting the ampere rating size of main and
feeders where possible. For example by splitting
large feeders into two feeders.

V. CONCLUSIONS

The IEEE 1584 Guide provides another
advancement in calculating arc flash energies. It is
important for the user to understand the required input
information. An attached Step By Step explanation
should aid the user with properly understanding the
Excel Spreadsheet Calculator that is provided with the
IEEE 1584 Guide. There are different methods
included in the IEEE 1584 Guide for calculating arc
flash energies associated with circuit breakers. The
most accurate method included is to acquire specific
device characteristics from the circuit breaker
manufacturer. When this information is not available,
the IEEE 1584 Guide also includes a secondary circuit
breaker method which is more conservative, and
therefore calculates high values of arc energy that may
mandate more protection than is necessary. For circuit
breakers, neither calculation method takes into account
the current-limiting characteristics of circuit breakers
which are indicated by initial modeling and testing.
Efforts continue in this area. When arc flash
considerations are a significant factor in the selection of
electrical distribution equipment, there are many
existing technologies that should be considered. When
properly considered, altogether this is another step
forward towards increasing the safety of personnel.


VI. APPENDIX A

The authors have complied the attached step by step
instructions for using the IEEE 1584 Arc Flash Hazard
Calculator
[6]
. This should aid the reader in first time
navigation through the 1584 Calculator software.


The IEEE 1584 Guide also includes an Excel
Spreadsheet Arc-Flash Hazard Calculator which
performs the actual incident energy and arc flash
hazard distance calculations using the formulas stated
in the Guide. While the IEEE 1584 Guide provides
another step forward in the understanding of arc flash
hazard, there are several points that are frequently
misunderstood. The following explanations are an
attempt to help with those understandings. (References
to specific cells apply to the Excel Spreadsheet
calculator.)

1) At what point(s) in the system should arc flash
hazard calculations be performed?

There could be multiple calculations performed
depending on the particular task being undertaken. At
a minimum, (either a or b) plus c below should be
performed.

a) A value shall be calculated either at the
incoming point to the enclosure,
or,
b) if the cables terminate immediately into the
main device, and are not readily accessible, at
the load terminals of an incoming overcurrent
protective device, OCPD (if one exists).
And
c) At the load side of OCPDs that are sensibly
partitioned/separated from their line side. (For
example; when working inside the bucket of an
MCC.)

2) The Arc-Flash Hazard Calculator Excel
spreadsheet consists of several different
worksheets. What are they all for?
Sheet titled Basic Information - this is an introduction
page that contains brief Instructions, Range of Models,
Cautions and Disclaimers, and other general
information. The date and user defined title is the only
requested input data for this sheet (although this input
is optional).
Sheet titled Data-Normal - this is the sheet that
requires the specific user input. Along with the sheet
titled Summary, these will be the most frequently used
areas.
Sheet titled Calcs-Normal - this sheet contains an all-
inclusive listing of the input data and all of the results
from the calculations performed.
Sheet titled Summary - this sheet contains a simplified
summary listing of the most important outputs
calculated. For most situations, this is the preferred
area to access the outputs calculated.
Sheets titled Reference Tables and CB Reference -
these sheets contain further explanatory information.
There is no input or output on these sheets.

3) How do you begin to use the Arc-Flash Hazard
Calculator?

Begin on the sheet titled Data-Normal, which is where
the user input is required. User input should only be
placed in cells colored yellow or blue.

Cell B-2 requests input of the description of the
operating mode. With a simple radial system the
mode is always normal, but with a more complex
system there can be many modes (Tie open, tie
closed, two or more utility feeders in service,
generators in parallel, etc., etc.) Although input into
this cell is optional and has no affect on the
calculation, it is important to determine the available
short circuit current for all modes.
Cell D-19 requests input for the Arc Flash Boundary
Value. The default value is 1.2 cal/cm
2
(calories
per centimeter squared) and should be used unless
a particular situation specifies differently. Cell B-19
is also for specifying the Boundary Value, but it is
used only when the units are specified in J /cm
2

(J oules per centimeter squared). The default value
for this secondary system of units is 5.0 J /cm
2
.
Presently, the majority of domestic US situations
are based upon cal/cm
2
, in which case cell B-19 is
left blank.
Cell B-21 requests input for the estimate of the Motor
Contribution Factor expressed in percent of total
fault current. The default is 0.03 (i.e. 3%), but
leaving this empty (or entering zero) is also
acceptable. This is the motor current which does
NOT flow through the OCPD that is being analyzed.
(Also see explanatory information for Cell D-24.)

4) How do you begin to input specific user information
into the Arc-Flash Hazard Calculator?

The following comments reference various cells on
Row 24. The explanation for all cells on this row are
also applicable to rows numbered 25 through 107.
Different rows are applicable for other points and/or
OCPDs in the system that is being evaluated.

Cell A-24 requests input of the name of the bus.
While this is optional, it is suggested to enter some
type of alpha or numeric identifier. This will make it
easier to coordinate the calculated output back to
its corresponding system location.
Cell B-24 requests input of the bus voltage (required).
This should be in kilo-volts, expressed in decimal
form. (i.e. 480V=0.48, 600V=0.6, 5000V=5,
13,000V=13, etc., etc.)
Cell C-24 (required). This should be the total bolted
fault current in kilo-amps (including any motor
contributions) that is available at that point in the
system that is being analyzed. This value can be
determined directly from the separately conducted
fault study.
Cell D-24. If the amount of bolted fault current that
could flow through the OCPD being analyzed is
known, enter that number in kilo-amps. (Although
input here is not mandatory, the following is an
explanation about the relevance of this information:
When a value is NOT entered into Cell D-24,
and the motor contribution factor from Cell B-
21 is empty (or zero), the arcing fault current
(F-24) is calculated from the value previously
entered in Cell C-24.
When a value is NOT entered into Cell D-24,
but the motor contribution factor from Cell B-21
contains a value, the arcing fault current (F-24)
is calculated from the value previously entered
in Cell C-24 minus the motor contribution
current.
When a value IS entered into Cell D-24,
regardless of whether a motor contribution
factor was entered in Cell B-21, the arcing fault
current (F-24) is calculated from the value
entered here in Cell D-24.)

Unless colored yellow or blue, cells do not require
input. Cells relating specifically to the OCPD (G-24, H-
24, J -24, K-24, O-24 & P-24) are discussed later.
Cell L-24 requests input of the working distance in
millimeters (required). This is the dimension
between the possible arc point and the head and
body of the worker positioned in place to perform
the assigned task. (Numerical sum of the distance
between the worker standing in front of the
equipment, and from the front of the equipment to
the potential arc source inside the equipment.)
Unless other specific information has been
determined, it is recommended to input one of the
following IEEE 1584 stated typical working
distances*:
5kV Switchgear (& motor starters**) 910 mm
15kV Switchgear 910 mm
Low-Voltage Switchgear 610 mm
Low-Voltage MCCs and
Panelboards (& Switchboards**) 455 mm
Cables 455 mm
* = From IEEE discussions, IEEE 1584
assumes that the typical depth of equipment
decreases between Switchgear and LV MCCS,
making a worker closer to the potential arc
source.
Cell M-24 requests input of a number 1 through 4,
that IEEE 1584 identifies as the Equipment Class
as follows:
1 Open air;
2 Cables;
3 Switchgear; or
4 MCCs and Panelboards
(& Switchboards**)
(Entering number 1 results is the least amount of
calculated incident energy, increasing up to the
highest amount calculated when entering number 4.)
** = Recommended, but not specifically stated in
IEEE 1584.

Cell N-24 requests input of a number 1 or 2, that
IEEE 1584 identifies as the systems Grounding
Type as follows:
1 Solidly grounded; or
2 Ungrounded, high-resistance grounded
and low-resistance grounded.
(Entering number 1 results is the lesser amount
of calculated incident energy, compared to
entering number 2 which results in a higher
amount. This factor was included because
IEEE analysis of their test results revealed a
statistically significant difference between
solidly grounded and other systems. IEEE
provides no other technical explanation for
this difference, but it may involve arcing to the
metal enclosure.)


5) What is the specific OCPD?

Determine whether the specific OCPD is a circuit
breaker or a fuse. Proceed to the appropriate
explanation for each that follows.

Is the OCPD a fuse?

For certain specific low-voltage fuses, and within a
specific tested range of bolted fault currents, it is
possible to input the fuse-type, and the calculation
then automatically takes into account both the
current-limiting effect of the fuse and the actual time
of interruption. Thus both of the important
parameters for arc flash, the arc current magnitude
and the arc current duration, are taken into account.
This is the most accurate method for these certain
types of low-voltage fuses. Cells G-24, H-24, J -24 &
K-24 should be empty because input of the fuses
time/current curve information (total clearing times) is
NOT required for this method. Cell O-24 requests
input of a number 1 through 8, that IEEE 1584
identifies as the Protective Device Type as follows:

1 Class RK 1 fuse 100A
2 Class RK 1 fuse 200A
3 Class RK 1 fuse 400A
4 Class RK 1 fuse 600A
5 Class L fuse 800A
6 Class L fuse 1200A
7 Class L fuse 1600A
8 Class L fuse 2000A

If, upon entry of the above information, Cell O-24
turns orange in color, the bolted fault current is
outside the models tested range for that fuse. For
these cases the secondary fuse calculation method
(for fuses other than specified above) must be used.

What if the fuse is not one of the specific ones stated?

If the fuse is not one of those specifically stated, or
when outside the models tested bolted fault current
range, input of the fuses time/current curve information
(total clearing times = melting time + arcing time) is
required. If the manufacturer shows only the average
melt time, add to that time 15%, up to 0.03 seconds and
10% above 0.03 seconds to determine total clearing
time. This secondary method is utilized by entering 0
(zero) in Cell O-24. In Cell G-24 enter the fuses
time/current curve information based upon the level of
arcing fault current shown in Cell F-24. Cells H-24 and
K-24 should be empty. Another input is also required
for low-voltage fuses that use this method. In Cell J -24
enter the fuses time/current curve information (total
clearing time) based upon the level of reduced arcing
fault current shown in Cell I-24.

Is the OCPD a circuit breaker?
For circuit breakers, the most accurate calculation
method included in the IEEE 1584 Guide, is to use
specific manufacturers time/current information (total
clearing times). This method is utilized by entering 0
(zero) in Cell O-24. In Cell G-24 enter the circuit
breakers time/current curve information (total clearing
time) based upon the level of arcing fault current
shown in Cell F-24. Cells H-24 and K-24 should be
empty. Another input is also required for low-voltage
circuit breakers that use this method. In Cell J -24
enter the circuit breakers time/current curve
information (total clearing time) based upon the level
of reduced arcing fault current shown in Cell I-24.


What if the circuit breaker time/current information
(opening times) is not available?

A secondary method is available for certain low-
voltage circuit breakers within specific continuous
current ranges and within specific ranges of bolted
fault currents. Cells G-24, H-24, J -24 & K-24 should
be empty because input of the circuit breakers
time/current curve information (total clearing time) is
NOT required for this method. The appropriate
Protective Device Type (number 9-14) is then entered
in Cell O-24 as follows:

9 Molded Case Circuit Breaker, 100-400A
10 Molded Case Circuit Breaker, 600-1200A,
Thermo-magnetic trip
11 Molded Case Circuit Breaker, 600-1200A,
Electronic trip w/Long Delay
12 Molded Case or Insulated Case Circuit
Breaker, 1600-600A
13 Low-Voltage Power Circuit Breaker, 800-
6300A, w/Instantaneous trip
14 Low-Voltage Power Circuit Breaker, 800-
6300A, w/o Instantaneous (Short Delay only)

Another input is also required for this method. In Cell
P-24 enter the current at which the circuit breaker will
instantaneously trip. When the instantaneous tripping
current is not known, use a default value of 10 times
the continuous current rating of the CB, except for
CBs rated 100 A and below, use a default value of
1300A. For a low-voltage power circuit breaker
without instantaneous tripping, enter the short-time
pick-up current in Cell P-24.

If, upon entry of the above information, Cell O-24
turns orange in color, the bolted fault current is
outside the range of the model for that particular low-
voltage circuit breaker. For these cases this
secondary calculation method can not be used.

NOTE: Although this secondary circuit breaker
method only requires knowledge of bolted fault
current, the calculation is based upon circuit
breaker interruption times for generic breaker-
ratings. These are typically worst-case;
maximum-duration interruption times based
upon the published time-current curves of many
manufacturers. This method is conservative
and calculates high values of arc energy that
may mandate more protection than is
necessary. Therefore this is a secondary
method, used for instances when specific
time/current curve information is not available!

Do any of these calculations account for the current
limiting characteristics of circuit breakers?

No! Regardless of the selected calculation method
for circuit breakers, the present IEEE 1584
calculations do not take into account the current-
limiting characteristics of circuit breakers.

When entering specific OCPD times (for both low-
voltage fuses and low-voltage circuit breakers) why do
you enter 2 different values; one based upon the arcing
current and a second based upon a reduced arcing
current?

Due to variations in low-voltage arc currents (under 1
kV), a second calculation is performed based upon a
reduced arcing fault current that is 85% of the
originally calculated arcing current. For cases where
the arc current falls on the steep part of the time-
current curve or falls near a step change, a small
variation in arc current could cause a significant
change in OCPD tripping or operating time. The
highest resulting energy (either based upon arcing
current and arcing operating time, or reduced arcing
current and reduced current operating time) is then
automatically used for the final energy calculations.
Medium-voltage arc currents do not exhibit those
same variations and therefore a second input is not
required.

What if you have a relay operated (MV) circuit
breaker?

For relay operated (MV) circuit breakers, the specific
relay time setting, in seconds, is entered into Cell H-
24. This is then automatically added to the circuit
breakers opening time (previously input into Cell G-
24) and the sum is then used for the final energy
calculations.

After you have entered all the data, then what?

After all previously described data is entered, a
summary of the automatically calculated output is
shown in the applicable rows of the sheet titled
Summary.



VII. APPENDIX B

The Following are screenshots that depict the sheets
from the IEEE 1584 Arc Flash Hazard Calculator
[6]
Excel Spreadsheet and are referenced in VI. Appendix
A.
Sheet titled Basic Information

Sheet titled Data-Normal

Sheet titled Calcs-Normal


Sheet titled Summary


Sheet titled Reference Tables






Sheet titled CB Reference



VII. REFERENCES

[1] IEEE 1584-2002, Guide for Performing Arc-Flash
Hazard Calculations.
[2] NFPA 70E-2000, Standard for Electrical Safety
Requirements for Employee Workplaces.
[3] The Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA), Code of Federal
Regulations, CFR 1910.333, Selection and Use
of Work Practices,
[4] NFPA 70-2002 the National Electrical Code
(NEC).
[5] ANSI Z535.4-1998, Product Safety Signs and
Labels.
[6] IEEE 1584 Arc-Flash Hazard Calculator Excel
Spreadsheet provided with IEEE 1584-2002
Guide.