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    Determination of Flourid 12-04-2014

    Uploaded by

    Ravinder Mittal
    This document describes methods for determining the concentration of fluoride and sulfate ions in water samples. For fluoride, it outlines a colorimetric method using a zirconium-dye complex, which changes color based on fluoride concentration. For sulfates, it discusses a turbidimetric method where barium chloride is used to precipitate barium sulfate, and the turbidity of the sample is measured against a standard curve. Both methods involve distilling the water sample, making standards, and measuring absorbance or turbidity to determine the ion concentration based on a calibration curve. The distillation step is used to avoid interferences from other substances in the water.

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    Determination of Flourid 12-04-2014

    Uploaded by

    Ravinder Mittal
    57 views2 pages
    This document describes methods for determining the concentration of fluoride and sulfate ions in water samples. For fluoride, it outlines a colorimetric method using a zirconium-dye complex, which changes color based on fluoride concentration. For sulfates, it discusses a turbidimetric method where barium chloride is used to precipitate barium sulfate, and the turbidity of the sample is measured against a standard curve. Both methods involve distilling the water sample, making standards, and measuring absorbance or turbidity to determine the ion concentration based on a calibration curve. The distillation step is used to avoid interferences from other substances in the water.

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    This document describes methods for determining the concentration of fluoride and sulfate ions in water samples. For fluoride, it outlines a colorimetric method using a zirconium-dye complex, which changes color based on fluoride concentration. For sulfates, it discusses a turbidimetric method where barium chloride is used to precipitate barium sulfate, and the turbidity of the sample is measured against a standard curve. Both methods involve distilling the water sample, making standards, and measuring absorbance or turbidity to determine the ion concentration based on a calibration curve. The distillation step is used to avoid interferences from other substances in the water.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    57 views2 pages

    Determination of Flourid 12-04-2014

    Uploaded by

    Ravinder Mittal
    This document describes methods for determining the concentration of fluoride and sulfate ions in water samples. For fluoride, it outlines a colorimetric method using a zirconium-dye complex, which changes color based on fluoride concentration. For sulfates, it discusses a turbidimetric method where barium chloride is used to precipitate barium sulfate, and the turbidity of the sample is measured against a standard curve. Both methods involve distilling the water sample, making standards, and measuring absorbance or turbidity to determine the ion concentration based on a calibration curve. The distillation step is used to avoid interferences from other substances in the water.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 2

    1.

    Determination of Fluoride:
    Fluorides occur in varying amounts in land waters. They are responsible for dental problems.
    Dental caries are caused by low fluoride waters, whereas mottled enamel and endemic Fluoride by Excess
    amount of fluorides. In public water supplies a regulated amount ranging between 0.5 and 1.0 is necessary.
    Fluorides can not be supplemented by tooth pastes. The most common method recommended for measuring
    fluorides is the colorimetric method. This method is based on the reaction of fluoride and zirconium - Dye Lake
    the fluoride decolorizes the dye by complexation Zr F
    6
    2
    . As fluoride concentration increases the color
    produces becomes lighter. Direct measurement is made when the fluoride range is between 0.005 1.4 mg/l.
    Distillation method is practiced to avoid interferences.

    Reagents:
    1. Sulfuric acid (conc.)
    2. Silver Sulfate (Ag
    2
    SO
    4
    ) Crystals
    3. Standard Fluoride Solution
    4. SPANDNS solution
    5. Zirconyl acid reagent
    6. Acid Zirconyl- SPADNS reagent
    Procedure:
    Distillation Step
    Place 400 ml distilled water in the distillation flask and carefully add 200 ml conc. H
    2
    SO
    4
    .
    Swirl until homogenous. Add glass beads. Connect the flask as shown in figure.
    Begin heating slowly until the temp. Reaches 180 c. discard the distillate. Cool the mixture to about 100 c. Add
    300ml sample and distilled. Add Ag
    2
    SO
    4
    to the distillation flask at the rate of 5 mg/mg CL when high chloride
    sample are distilled. Collect the distillate.
    Preparation of Standard Curve:
    Prepare fluoride standards in the range 0 1.4 mg/l by diluting appropriate quantities of standard fluoride
    solution to 50 ml. sample with distilled water. Add 5.0 ml each of SPANDS solution and zirconyl acid reagent or
    10.0 ml of mixed acid zirconyl SPANDS reagent to each standard and mix well. Measure absorbance and plot
    fluoride absorbance curve. The dye lake follows an inverse Beers law.
    Take the sample or distilled portion diluted to 50 ml. add 10.0 ml. acid zirconyl SPADNS reagent. Mix well and
    read the absorbance.
    Calculation :
    Mg/L, F = A/ml sample*B/C
    Where,
    A = g F determined photometrically
    B/C = only when sample is distilled, B/C applies to a
    Volume B and a portion C taken from it for color development
    1. Determination of Sulfates (SO
    4
    )
    The sulfate ion is one of the major anions occurring in natural waters. It is one of important anion imparting
    hardness. The sulfates are responsible for forming scates in boilers and heat exchangers. In waste under
    reducing environment. Sulfates are converted to H
    2
    S and are responsible for corrosion and bad odor:
    SO
    4
    + Organic matter anaerobic/bacteria + H
    2
    O + CO
    2

    + H
    HS + H H
    2
    S
    Method of determination of sulfates
    There are four methods of determining sulfates
    Gravimetric
    Turbid metric
    Automated methyl thymol blue
    Ion chromatography

    Thought the most sensitive method is ion chromatography but turbid metric method is most common in
    determining sulfates
    The sulfate ion is precipitated in a HCL medium with barium chloride ( BaCl
    2
    ) to form barium sulfate. The
    absorbance of barium sulfate suspension is measured by a nephlometer or photometer by comparison
    with a standard curve.
    Reagent:
    (i) Conditioning reagent
    (ii) Barium chloride. Crystals 20-30 mesh
    (iii) Standard sulfate Solution
    Procedure:
    Take 100 ml sample in a conical flask. Filter the sample if turbid. Add 5.0 ml conditioning reagent and mix
    on a magnetic stirrer. Add a spoonful of BaCl
    2
    crystals. Stir for one minute at constant speed.
    Take a portion of the sample in the Nephlometer curette and measure the turbidity at 30 sec. intervals for 4
    min.
    Preparation of calibration curve:
    Prepare standards at 5 mg/l increment in the 0-40 mg/l sulfate range. Proceed with standards as for
    sample note the turbidity reading draw a calibration curve of sulfate concentration in standard and turbidity
    reading run blank of sample for any correction
    Calculation :
    Mg/l SO
    4
    = mg SO
    4
    *1000/ml sample

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