AFIS

AUTOMATED FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM

(AFIS)

AFIS is a type of biometric system that uses digital imaging to capture a
fingerprint, which then can then be compared to a database of fingerprint records to help
determine the identity of an individual.
AFIS is a biometrics system commonly used in law enforcement where sets of
prints recovered in the crime scene were compared against the database of known and
unknown prints.

Law Enforcement AFIS has the ability to perform the following functions:

1 .Search a set of known fingerprints (tenprints) against the records of an
existing tenprint database (Tenprint Inquiry (TI));
2. Search a latent print from a crime scene against a tenprint database
(Latent Inquiry (LI));
3. Search a latent print from a crime scene against the record of existing
unsolved crimes database (Latent to Latent Inquiry (LLI)); and
4. Search a new tenprint against the record of existing unsolved crimes
database (Tenprint to Latent Inquiry (TLI)).


Brief History of PNP-AFIS

AFIS was approved under the Japanese General Grant Aid Program (GGAP) in
April 1998 in the amount of Y839,291,634 (P419,645,817.80).

In August 2004, AFIS started operation and was eventually turned over to the
PNP in May 2005.

Background of the PNP AFIS Project:
In 1980 to 1997 during the incumbency as Chief of Philippine
Constabulary crime Laboratory (PCCL) of Col PEDRO ELVAS up to then
PSSUPT REYNALDO ACOP, the idea of having an AFIS has been nurtured and
carefully laid out. Leg works, studies and initial contacts with the Japanese
government were initiated.
In April - 1998 then C, PNP PDG SANTIAGO ALINIO signed the
letter addressed then NEDA Secretary Cielito F Habito recommend the
endorsement to the Japanese Government, through JICA of the proposed AFIS
project. The recommendation was made based on the memorandum sent during
the incumbency of the PNP Director of Crime Laboratory PCSUPT VICTOR G
BATAC.
In 1998 2001 conduct of planning activities and sourcing of funds for
the required building for AFIS during the incumbencies of then PCSUPT

AFIS

HERCULES CATALUA, PCSUPT VIRTUS GIL and PCSUPT MATOWE
PEDREGOSA as Crime Lab Directors.
In December 2001 The construction of AFIS building was started as
required counterpart from the Government of the Philippines.
On July 15, 2002 to August 03, 2002 JICA sent initial study team to the
Philippines.
On January 19, 2003 JICA sent to the Philippines its Draft Report on the
Basic Design Study.
On January 24, 2003 confirmation of the main items of the basic design
study report formally signed by the CPNP PDG HERMOGENES EBDANE JR
and Mr Motofeni Kohara, the leader of the JICA Basic Design Study (BDS)
Team.
In February 2003 formal submission of the BDS Report to the
Investment Coordination Committee through NEDA.
On June 30, 2003 Diplomatic notes were signed and Exchanged by and
between then Foreign Affair Secretary Blas Ople and Japanese Ambassador
Kojiro Takano which officially sealed the start of the GRANT AID worth more or
less 975 million yen.
In December 2003 Delivery and installations of the equipments started.
On August 15, 2004 formal launching of the AFIS Project.
September 16, 2004 Registration/conversion or encoding fingerprint
images and details in AFIS started.


Purpose of Equipment

AFIS is the answer to the labor-intensive and time consuming process of
classifying, searching, and matching fingerprint used for identification.
AFIS is primarily use by law enforcement agencies for criminal
identification. The most important of which include identifying a person
suspected of committing a crime or linking a suspect to other unsolved crimes. It
also helps to identify victim of natural and man-made disasters.
No matter how competent the evidence technician is at performing his job,
the gathering of physical evidence at a crime scene will be futile unless such
evidence can be properly processed and analyzed. Since fingerprints are by far the
most frequently retrieved physical evidence, making the system of analyzing such
prints effective will contribute the most toward greater success in identifying
criminal offenders through the use of physical evidence. (Petersilia, 1975, p 12)







AFIS



- Finger number is not relevant









































FINGERPRINT

A Fingerprint is the pattern of
elevated and depressed (ridge and
valley) lines on the surface of fingertips.
These patterns contain many identifiable
points including the beginning, ending, dot,
intersection, or bifurcation of ridge lines.
These points are called minutiae. Minutiae
do not change as a person ages.
No Two Fingerprint Are Identical and
Fingerprints Do Not Change Throughout
Life
TYPES OF FINGERPRINTS
4. Whorl
- Has at least one (1) whorl or has at least two
(2) Deltas
- These patterns are circles, ovals, or swirls
formed around the center.
1. Arch
- Simple arch or Tented arch
- These are simple patterns that originate from
the left or right side of the fingertip and flow to
the oppoite side
2. Right-slanted loop
- Loop slanted to the left in the print
- Finger number is not relevant
3. Left-slanted loop
- Loop slanted to the right in the print
- Finger number is not relevant
5. Scar
- Contains scar that obscures determination of Pattern Type
- Finger is amputated or bandaged

AFIS
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T
e
n
p
r
i
n
t

I
n
q
u
i
r
y

(
T
I
)

This inquiry compares the tenprint of an arrested suspect with the fingerprints of
criminals on file to verify the identity and criminal history of the suspect.
L
a
t
e
n
t

I
n
q
u
i
r
y

(
L
I
)

This inquiry compares a latent print from a crime scene with the fingerprint that are
stored in the database to identify the perpetrator of the crime.
O
f
f
e
n
s
e

I
n
q
u
i
r
y

(
T
L
I
)

This inquiry compares the tenprint of offender with latent prints on file from unsolved
crimes to see if the suspect committed previous offenses.
S
e
r
i
a
l

C
r
i
m
e
s

(
L
L
I
)

This inquiry compares a latent print from a crime scene with latent prints on file form
unsolved crimes to see if the same person has committed other crimes.
Crime
B

Crime
A

Suspect
Identity and
Criminal History
Fingerprint Matching
Processor
Suspects Standard
TenPrint
TenPrint Database
Fingerprint Matching
Processor
TenPrint Database
Latent Print
Fingerprint Workstation
Fingerprint Workstation
Fingerprint Workstation
Fingerprint Workstation
Suspects Standard
TenPrint
Criminal
Fingerprint Matching
Processor
Latent Print Database
Latent Print
Fingerprint Matching
Processor
Latent Print Database
Oh! I Got
Caught!! How
did they know!!
Goshh!! How did
they Know my
True Identity and
my Criminal
History
Oh I see! Crime X and Y are
committed by the same guy. Lets
catch him at his next move!

Hey You! You
are also involved
with Crime A.
Wew!
These guys
are too
Functions of AFIS

AFIS

FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION

There are two types of fingerprint identification: Tenprint Identification used to
confirm the identity and criminal histories of arrested suspects, and Latent Print Identification
using latent print from the scene of a crime to identify a suspect. The PNP Crime Laboratory
(PNP CL) uses an Automated Fingerprint Identification System to process these operations. The
procedure of fingerprint identification is as follows:

POLICE STATIONS / SOCO PNP CL AFIS
T
E
N
P
R
I
N
T

I
D
E
N
T
I
F
I
C
A
T
I
O
N





L
A
T
E
N
T

P
R
I
N
T

I
D
E
N
T
I
F
I
C
A
T
I
O
N




















Fingerprinting of
Arrested Person

Police make a
fingerprinting of the
suspect together with
important
demographic data
information.


Fingerprint Inquiry
The fingerprint card is
sent to the PNP CL
AFIS to confirm the
identity and criminal
history of the suspect.



Suspects Identity
Criminal History
Fingerprint
Workstation for
Tenprint



Fingerprint
Workstation for Latent
Print



Fingerprint Matching
Processor
Candidate
Fingerprints

Search
Fingerprint
F
Tenprint
Database
Registration

F
Tenprints that
do not match
the candidate
prints are
registered to
the database.
N o
H I t

Verification of Match Candidates
H I T

Registration of
Criminal
History
Fingerprint Workstation for
Tenprint
Fingerprint Workstation for
Latent print
Verification of Match Candidates
Fingerprint Matching
Processor
Candidate
Fingerprints

Search
Latent Print
F
Latent print
Database
Registration

F
Latent prints
that do not
match the
candidate
prints are
registered to
the database.
N o
H I t

Developing and Lifting
of Latent Prints
Police process the
crime scene to
develop and lift Latent
Prints




Latent Inquiry
The Latent Print is
sent to the PNP CL
AFIS to confirm the
identity and criminal
history of the suspect.



Suspect Verification
- Other Crime
Committed by the
Same Suspect
- Serial Crime
H I T
Response
Response

AFIS


FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM

T
E
N
P
R
I
N
T

I
D
E
N
T
I
F
I
C
A
T
I
O
N










V
e
r
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n


R
e
g
i
s
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
















Tenprint Database
(For Tenprint to
Tenprint Inquiry
(TI) and Latent to
Tenprint Inquiry
(LI)
Latent print
Database (For
Tenprint to Latent
Inquiry (TLI) and
Latent to Latent
Inquiry (LLI)
Tenprint Inquiry
TI

Tenprint to Latent
Inquiry (TLI)
TI
Latent to Latent Inquiry
LLI

Latent to Tenprint
Inquiry (TLI)
TI
Visual Verification

F
NO HIT

F
Tenprint
Database
(For Criminal
History)
Latent print
Database
(for Serial
Crimes)
HIT
For Tenprint Verification

1. Outline
File Types
The Fingerprint Identification system has a
Tenprint Database that contains the minutia data
for rolled prints, and a Latent print Database that
contain the minutia data for latent prints. Both
Databases have their own Fingerprint Image
Database that contains the images of the
fingerprints.
File Function
The Tenprint Database is used for Tenprint to
Tenprint Inquiries (TI) and Latent to Tenprint
Inquiries (LI). The Latent print Database is used
to check if the arrested suspect has committed a
previous crime (TLI) and check also if the
collected Latent print match with another
unsolved crimes (LLI). The images of the
candidate fingerprints are retrieved from the
Fingerprint Image Database and displayed on the
fingerprint workstation.

2. Characteristics
Partial Fingerprint Inquiries
In addition to clear fingerprints that have been
rolled on the fingerprint cards, partial fingerprints
can also be searched.

Automatic Extraction and Registration of
Minutia
The minutia of tenprint and latent prints are
automatically extracted and registered in the
tenprint and latent database respectively.
Reading Speed
Conducts searching for 40,500 fingerprints per
second
Ex: search a print versus 10 million
fingerprints in less than 4 minutes
(It would take over 25 years for Fingerprint
Examiner to conduct the same manually)

Verification Using Fingerprint Images
The images of tenprint and latent prints are stored
on istorage disk. Candidate images resulting from
an inquiry are automatically retrieved from these
istorage disks and displayed on the Fingerprint
Workstation


AFIS


.
Registered in PNP-AFIS Database as of April 15, 2013

2004 -2013 TOTAL
Tenprint 677, 215
Latent Print 14,582


AFIS HITS
A HIT is a term used if the findings of an AFIS examiner/operator matched the search
print and the file print in the database.

No. of AFIS HIT as of April 15, 2013 .

2004 -2013 TOTAL
Hit Cases 273 cases


PNP-AFIS Significant Hits

a. Post mortem Identification

February 2009 - A human body parts particularly left right arm of a suspected
malefactor and believe to be a victim of summary execution was found at Maligaya Park,
Fairview, Quezon City






Immediately thereafter the result was completed in less than an hour that yielded to the
positive identification of the owner of the fingerprints

AFIS





b. Identification of suspect (Series of Crimes)















Apr 2011

AFIS



c. Identification Other Identity and Criminal History