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Differential Geometry Final Report

This document contains the final report for a differential geometry course. It includes proofs of several exercises relating to differential geometry concepts like inner product spaces, group algebras, and Legendre symbols. The proofs demonstrate properties like commutativity, associativity, and distributivity of products in group algebras. They also show that the Legendre symbol defines an abelian group morphism and is equal to another definition involving quadratic residues.

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Marty Raymond
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65 views4 pages

Differential Geometry Final Report

This document contains the final report for a differential geometry course. It includes proofs of several exercises relating to differential geometry concepts like inner product spaces, group algebras, and Legendre symbols. The proofs demonstrate properties like commutativity, associativity, and distributivity of products in group algebras. They also show that the Legendre symbol defines an abelian group morphism and is equal to another definition involving quadratic residues.

Uploaded by

Marty Raymond
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Dierential Geometry: Final Report 13SM1109 Martin Schmidt

Dierential Geometry: Final Report


We x notation.
For f
1
,f
2
: S
1
C, dene f
1
,f
2
:=
_
S
1
f(z)g(z)dz and (f
1
,f
2
):=
1
2
f
1
,f
2
.
Set e
n
:=exp(inx) for nZ.
Exercise. (e
n
,e
m
)=
nm
:=
_
1 m=n
0 m,=n
.
Proof. We have e
n
,e
m
=
_
2
0
exp(imx)exp(inx)dx=
_
2
0
exp(i(mn)x)dx. When m=n,
we have
_
2
0
exp(0)dx=
_
2
0
1dx=2. Hence in this case, (e
n
,e
m
)=1. When m,=n, the inte-
gral evaluates to
_
1
i(mn)
exp(i(mn)x)
_
2
0
=00=0.
Exercise (Cauchy-Schwarz). Let V be an inner product space
1
. Then for all v,uV ,
[v,u[
2
|[v||u|
with equality achieved i v and u are linearly dependent.
Proof. If v =0, v and u are linearly dependent and equality holds. Suppose v ,=0. Set
w:=u
u,v
v,v
v. Then w,v=u
u,v
v,v
v,v=u,v
u,v
v,v
v,v=0 by linearity. Then w and v
are perpendicular. Since u=
u,v
v,v
v+w, they constitute the sides of a right triangle. Hence by
Pythagoras,
|u|
2
=

u,v
v,v

2
|v|
2
+|w|=
[u,v[
2
|v|
2
+|w|
2

[u,v[
2
|v|
2
Then multiplication by |v|
2
and observing the squaring function is monotone gives us the
result.
Lemma. The group algebra construction C[] : AbAlg(C) is from abelian groups to com-
mutative C-algebras is well-dened
2
.
Proof. Given GAb, dene the set C[G] :=: GC[ has nite support. Dene addi-
tion and subtraction pointwise, i.e., for ,C[G],
(+)(g):=(g)+(g) and ()(g):=(g)(g).
Multiplication is dened by convolution, i.e.,
()(g):=

hk=g
(h)(k).
1
over R or C
2
In fact, it is the free construction left adjoint to the forgetful functor U : Alg(C)Ab. However, this
result is beyond the focus of this paper.
Dierential Geometry: Final Report 13SM1109 Martin Schmidt
Associativity of multiplication is shown. Given ,,C[G],
(())(g)=

hk=g
(h)()(k)
=

hk

=g
(h)

kl=k

(k)(l)
=

hkl=g
(h)(k)(l)
=

l=g
_

hk=h

(h)(k)
_
(l)
=(())(g).
Since the group operation is abelian and C is commutative multiplication is commutative.
We have
()(g)=

kh=g
(k)(h)=

hk=g
(h)(k)=()(g).
Similarly, the distributive law is veried from the distributive law in C. Let ,,C[G],
((+))(g)=

hk=g
(h)((k)+(k))
=

hk=g
(h)(k)+(h)(k)
=

hk=g
(h)(k)+

hk=g
(h)(k)
=(()+())(g).
The unit is 1: GC, 1(g):=
_
1 g =1
0 g ,=1
. Indeed, given C[G],
(1)(g)=

hk=g
1(h)(k)=1g =g.
Given C and C[G], ()(g):=((g)) yields a C-action on C[G] and showing the
C[G] is a commutative C-algebra.
Since the convolution product of group characters is the the same as the product of the group
algebra C[G], we have proved the following.
Exercise. The convolution product is commutative, associative, and distributive.
Proof. The product in an commutative C-algebra is commutative, associative, and distribu-
tive.
Let p be a prime >2. The Legendre symbol for (Z/pZ)

is dened as
_
x
p
_
:=x
p1
2
(mod p).
Dierential Geometry: Final Report 13SM1109 Martin Schmidt
Exercise. The map
_

p
_
: (Z/pZ)

1, x
_
x
p
_
is an abelian group morphism.
Proof. For any abelian group G and integer n, the map ()
n
: GG, xx
n
is an abelian
group morphism. Indeed, the unit is preserved and xy (xy)
n
=x
n
y
n
since G is abelian.
Therefore ()
p1
2
: (Z/pZ)

(Z/pZ)

is an abelian group morphism. It is left to show


()
p1
2
factors through 1(Z/pZ)

, i.e., the image is contained in 1. Let x


(Z/pZ)

. Then the order of x divides p1 since the order of (Z/pZ)

is p1. So we
have
(x
p1
2
+1)
2
=2x
p1
2
+2=2(x
p1
2
+1)
Hence, in Z/pZ, either x
p1
2
+1=0 implying x
p1
2
=1 or x
p1
2
+1=2 implying x
p1
2
=1.
Cor.
_

p
_
: (Z/pZ)

1 is an epimorphism.
Proof. The kernel of
_

p
_

is a normal subgroup of (Z/pZ) with index 1 or 2. By Lagranges


theorem, the polynomial t
p1
2
1 has at most
p1
2
solutions, i.e. ker
_

p
_
has at most
p1
2
members. Hence ker
_

p
_
must have index 2, i.e., #ker
_

p
_
=
p1
2
. Hence it is an epimor-
phism.
Note that when x
p1
2
=1, x=a
2
for some a(Z/pZ)

and when x
p1
2
=1, for each a
(Z/pZ)

, x,=a
2
. This often is the denition of Legendres symbol which we show is equivalent
to the denition above.
Cor. The set map L: (Z/pZ)

1, x
_
1 a(Z/pZ)

, x=a
2
1 otherwise
is equal to
_

p
_
. In
particular, it is an abelian group morphism.
Proof. There are
p1
2
distinct quadratic residues in (Z/pZ)

. Indeed, suppose x
2
=y
2
. Then
(xy)(x+y)=0. We are in a domain, hence x=y or x=y. Therefore, the solutions to
t
p1
2
1, i.e. ker
_

p
_
, described above consist entirely of quadratic residues. Therefore,
L=
_

p
_
.
Next, let (Z/pZ)

such that log

: (Z/pZ)

Z/(p1)Z is an isomorphism. In class


we discussed the exactness of the following diagram
1
//
((Z/pZ)

)
2

//
log

(Z/pZ)

log

p
)
//
1

=

//
1
1
//
2(Z/(p1)Z)

//
Z/(p1)Z

//
Z/2Z
//
1
where is the unique isomorphism 10 and :=
_

p
_

. For exactness to hold, we


need the following result.
Dierential Geometry: Final Report 13SM1109 Martin Schmidt
Exercise.
_

p
_
=1.
Proof. The inverse of log

is

: Z/(p1)Z(Z/pZ)

. Since
_

p
_
is an epimorphism, by
composition
_

p
_
: Z/(p1)Z1 is an epimorphism. Hence the image of the generator
1Z/(p1)Z generates 1, i.e.,
_

p
_
=1.

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