IX.

1
CHAPTER NINE

HEAT INTEGRATION

Up to this chapter, attention has been given to mass integration. As mentioned in Chapter
One, there are two main commodities handled in the process: mass and energy. Both contribute
to the overall performance of the process and both affect the capital and operating costs of the
process. Heat is one of the most important energy forms in the process. The current chapter
provides an overview of heat integration. First, the problem of synthesizing networks of heat
exchangers is discussed while highlighting the analogy with synthesizing networks of mass
exchangers. Next, targeting procedures are presented with the objective of minimizing heating
and cooling utilities while maximizing heat exchange among the process streams.

9.1. SYNTHESIS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE NETWORKS (HENs)

In a typical process, there are normally several hot streams that must be cooled and
several cold streams that must be heated. The usage of external cooling and heating utilities (e.g.,
cooling water, refrigerants, steam, heating oils, etc.) to address all the heating and cooling duties
is not cost effective. Indeed, integration of heating and cooling tasks may lead to significant cost
reduction. The key concept is to transfer heat from the process hot streams to the process cold
streams before the external utilities are used. The result of this heat integration is the
simultaneous reduction of heating and cooling duties of the external utilities.

The problem of synthesizing HENs can be stated as follows:

Given a number N
H
of process hot streams (to be cooled) and a number N
C
of process cold streams
(to be heated), it is desired to synthesize a cost-effective network of heat exchangers that can transfer
heat from the hot streams to the cold streams. Given also are the heat capacity (flowrate x specific
heat) of each process hot stream, FC
P,u
; its supply (inlet) temperature, T
u
s
; and its target (outlet)

IX.2
temperature, T
u
t
, where u = 1,2,...,N
H
. In addition, the heat capacity, fc
P,v
, supply and target
temperatures, t
v
s
and t
v
t
, are given for each process cold stream, where v = 1,2,.,N
C
. Available for
service are N
HU
heating utilities and N
CU
cooling utilities whose supply and target temperatures (but
not flowrates) are known. Figure 9.1 is a schematic representation of the HEN problem statement.


Fig. 9.1. Synthesis of HENs.

For a given system, the synthesis of HENs entails answering several questions:
Which heating/cooling utilities should be employed ?
What is the optimal heat load to be removed/added by each utility?
How should the hot and cold streams be matched (i.e., stream pairings)?
What is the optimal system configuration (e.g., how should the heat exchangers be arranged?
Is there any stream splitting and mixing ?) ?

Heat
Exchange
Network
(HEN)
Cold Streams In
Hot
Streams
In
Cold Streams Out
Hot
Streams
Out

IX.3
Numerous methods have been developed for the synthesis of HENs. These methods have
been reviewed by Shenoy (1995), Linnhoff (1993), Gundersen and Naess (1988) and Douglas
(1988). One of the key advances in synthesizing HENs is the identification of minimum utility
targets ahead of designing the network using the thermal pinch analysis. This technique is presented
in the following section.

9.2. HEAT-EXCHANGE PINCH DIAGRAM
Let us consider a heat exchanger for which the thermal equilibrium relation governing the
transfer of the heat from a hot stream to a cold stream is simply given by
T = t (9.1)
By employing a minimum heat-exchange driving force of T
min
, one can establish a one-to-one
correspondence between the temperatures of the hot and the cold streams for which heat transfer is
feasible, i.e.
T = t

+ T
min
(9.2)
This expression ensures that the heat-transfer considerations of the second law of thermodynamics
are satisfied. For a given pair of corresponding temperatures (T, t) it is thermodynamically and
practically feasible to transfer heat from any hot stream whose temperature is greater than or equal to
T to any cold stream whose temperature is less than or equal to t. It is worth noting the analogy
between Eqs. (9.2) and (4.16). Thermal equilibrium is a special case of mass-exchange equilibrium
with T, t,

and T
min
corresponding to y
i
, x
j
and
j
, respectively, while the values of m
j
and b
j

are one and zero, respectively. Table 9.1 summarizes the analogous terms in MENs and HENs.
Similar to the role of
j
in cost optimization, T
min
can be used to trade off capital versus operating
costs as shown in Fig. 9.2.

IX.4

Table 9.1. Analogy Between MENs and HENs
MENs HENs
Transferred commodity: Mass Transferred commodity: Heat
Donors: Rich streams Donors: Hot streams
Recipient: Lean streams Recipient: Cold streams
Rich composition: y Hot temperature: T
Lean composition: x Cold temperature: t
Slope of equilibrium: m Slope of equilibrium: 1
Intercept of equilibrium: b Intercept of equilibrium: 0
Driving force:
Driving force:
min
T


IX.5
Fig. 9.2. Role of Minimum Approach Temperature
in Trading Off Capital versus Operating Costs

In order to accomplish the minimum usage of heating and cooling utilities, it is necessary to
maximize the heat exchange among process streams. In this context, one can use a very useful
graphical technique referred to as the "thermal-pinch diagram." This technique is primarily based on
the work of Linnhoff and co-workers (e.g. Linnhoff and Hindmarsh, 1983), Umeda et al. (1979), and
Hohmann (1971). The first step in constructing the thermal-pinch diagram is creating a global
representation for all the hot streams by plotting the enthalpy exchanged by each process hot stream
Annualized
Fixed
Cost
Annual
Operating
Cost
Total
Annualized
Cost
0
Minimum Total
Annualized Cost
Minimum Annual
Operating Cost
Annualized
Cost, $/yr
T
min opt
T

IX.6
versus its temperature.
1
Hence, a hot stream losing sensible heat
2
is represented as an arrow whose
tail to its supply temperature and its head corresponds to its target temperature. Assuming constant
heat capacity over the operating range, the slope of each arrow is equal to F
u
C
P,u
. The vertical
distance between the tail and the head of each arrow represents the enthalpy lost by that hot stream
according to the following expression:
Heat lost from the uth hot stream HH
u
= F C T T
u p u u
s
u
t
,
( ),
where
u =1,2,.,N
H
. (9.3)
Note that any stream can be moved up or down while preserving the same vertical distance between
the arrow head and tail and maintaining the same supply and target temperatures. Similar to the
graphical superposition described in Chapter Four, one can create a hot composite stream using the
diagonal rule. Figure 9.3 illustrates this concept for two hot streams.

1
In most HEN literature, the temperature is plotted versus the enthalpy. However, in this chapter enthalpy is plotted
versus temperature in order to draw the analogy with MEN synthesis. Furthermore, when there is a strong
interaction between mass and energy objectives the enthalpy expressions become nonlinear functions of
temperature. In such cases, it is easier to represent enthalpy as a function of temperature.
2
Whenever there is a change in phase, the latent heat should also be included.

IX.7

Fig. 9.3a. Representing hot streams
t
T
1
t
T
2
s
T
1
s
T
2
HH
1
HH
2
Heat
Exchanged
H
2
H
1
T

IX.8

Fig. 9.3b. Constructing a hot composite stream using superposition
(dashed line represents composite line).

Next, a cold-temperature scale, t, is created in one-to-one correspondence with the hot temperature
scale, T, using Eq. (9.2). The enthalpy of each cold stream is plotted versus the cold temperature
scale, t. The vertical distance between the arrow head and tail for a cold stream is given by
Heat gained by the vth cold stream HC
v
= f c t t
v p v v
t
v
s
,
( ),
where v =1,2,.,N
C
. (9.4)
In a similar manner to constructing the hot-composite line, a cold composite stream is plotted (see
Fig. 9.4 for a two-cold-stream example).
t
T
1
t
T
2
s
T
1
s
T
2
Heat
Exchanged
T
HH
1
+ HH
2
Hot
Composite
Stream

IX.9


Fig. 9.4a. Representing cold streams

s
t
1
s
t
2
t
t
1
t
t
2
HC
1
HC
2
Heat
Exchanged
T
min
T T t =
C
2
C
1

IX.10

Fig. 9.4b. Constructing a cold composite stream using superposition
(dashed line represents composite line).

Next, both composite streams are plotted on the same diagram (Fig. 9.5). On this diagram,
thermodynamic feasibility of heat exchange is guaranteed when at any heat-exchange level (which
corresponds to a horizontal line), the temperature of the cold composite stream is located to the left
of the hot composite stream (i.e, temperature of the hot is higher than or equal to the cold
temperature plus than the minimum approach temperature). Hence, for a given set of corresponding
temperatures, it is thermodynamically and practically feasible to transfer heat from any hot stream to
any cold stream.

s
t
1
s
t
2
t
t
1
t
t
2
HC
1
HC
2
Heat
Exchanged
Cold
Composite
Curve
T
min
T T t =

IX.11
The cold composite stream can be moved up and down which implies different heat-exchange
decisions. For instance, if we move the cold composite stream upwards in a way that leaves no
horizontal overlap with the hot composite stream, then there is no integrated heat exchange between
the hot composite stream and the cold composite stream as seen in Fig. 9.5. When the cold
composite stream is moved downwards so as to provide some horizontal overlap, some integrated
heat exchange can be achieved (Fig. 9.6). However, if the cold composite stream is moved
downwards such that a portion of the cold is placed to the right of the hot composite stream, thereby
creating infeasibility (Fig. 9.7). Therefore, the optimal situation is constructed when the cold
composite stream is slid vertically until it touches the rich composite stream while lying completely
to the left of the hot composite stream at any horizontal level. Therefore, the cold composite stream
can be slid down until it touches the hot composite stream. The point where the two composite
streams touch is called the "thermal pinch point." As Fig. 9.8. shows, one can use the pinch diagram
to determine the minimum heating and cooling utility requirements. Again, the cold composite line
cannot be slid down any further; otherwise, portions of the cold composite stream would be the right
of the hot composite stream, causing thermodynamic infeasibility. On the other hand, if the cold
composite stream is moved up (i.e., passing heat through the pinch), less heat integration is possible,
and consequently, additional heating and cooling utilities are required. Therefore, for a minimum
utility usage the following design rules must be observed:
No heat should be passed through the pinch.
Above the pinch, no cooling utilities should be used
Below the pinch, no heating utilities should be used.

The first rule is illustrated by Fig. 9.9. The passage of a heat flow through the pinch ( ) results in a
double penalty: an increase of in both heating utility and cooling utility. The second and third
rules can be explained by noting that above the pinch there is a surplus of cooling capacity. Adding a
cooling utility above the pinch will replace a load that can be removed (virtually for no operating
cost) by a process cold stream. A similar argument can be made against using a heating utility below
the pinch.


IX.12

Fig. 9.5 Placement of Composite Streams with No Heat Integration
Heat
Exchanged
T
min
T T t =
Hot
Composite
Stream
Cold
Composite
Stream

IX.13

Fig. 9.6. Partial Heat Integration

Heat
Exchanged
T
min
T T t =
Hot
Composite
Stream
Cold
Composite
Stream
Integrated
Heat
Exchange
Load of External
Cooling Utilities
Load of External
Heating Utilities

IX.14

Fig. 9.7. Infeasible Heat Integration


T
min
T T t =
Hot
Composite
Stream
Cold
Composite
Stream
Infeasibility
Region

IX.15

Fig. 9.8. Thermal pinch diagram.


Heat
Exchanged
T
min
T T t =
Hot
Composite
Stream
Cold
Composite
Stream
Minimum
Cooling
Utility
Maximum
Integrated
Heat
Exchange
Minimum
Heating Utility
Heat Exchange
Pinch Point

IX.16

Fig. 9.9. Penalties Associated with Passing Heat through the Pinch

EXAMPLE 9.1. UTILITY MINIMIZATION IN A CHEMICAL PLANT
Consider the chemical processing facility illustrated in Fig. 9.10. The process has two
adiabatic reactors. The intermediate product leaving the first reactor (C
1
) is heated from 420 to 490
K before being fed to the second reactor. The off-gases leaving the reactor (H
1
) at 460 K are cooled
to 350 K prior to being forwarded to the gas-treatment unit. The product leaving the bottom of the
reactor is fed to a separation network. The product stream leaving the separation network (H
2
) is
cooled from 400 to 300 prior to sales. A byproduct stream (C
2
) is heated from 320 to 390 K before
being fed to a flash column. Stream data are given in Table 9.1.
Heat
Exchanged
T
min
T T t =
Hot
Composite
Stream
Cold
Composite
Stream
Minimum
Cooling
Utility
Maximum
Integrated
Heat
Exchange
Minimum
Heating Utility

IX.17
Fig. 9.10. Simplified Flowsheet for the Chemical Processing Facility.

Table 9.2. Stream Data for the Chemical Process
Stream Flowrate x Specific Heat
kW/K
Supply
temperature, K
Target
temperature, K
Enthalpy change
kW
H
1
300 460 350 33,000
H
2
500 400 300 50,000
C
1
600 420 490 42,000
C
2
200 320 390 14,000

In the current operation, the heat exchange duties of H
1
, H
2
, C
1
, and C
2
are fulfilled using
the cooling and heating utilities. Therefore, the current usage of cooling and heating utilities are
83,000 and 56,000 kW, respectively.
Reactor I Reactor II
Feed
C
1
420 K 490 K
350 K
H
1
460 K
Scrubber
Solvent
Spent Solvent
(to regeneration)
Separation
Network
300 K
H
2
400 K
Flash
Column
C
2
320 K 390 K
Wastewater
Product
(to sales)
Offgas
(to gas treatment)
Byproducts

IX.18
The objective of this case study is to use heat integration via the pinch diagram to
identify the target for minimum heating and cooling utilities. A value of T
min
= 10 K is used.

Solution
Figures 9.11 9.13 illustrate the hot composite stream, the cold composite stream and the
pinch diagram, respectively. As can be seen from Fig. 9.13, the two composite streams touch at
430 K on the hot scale (420 K on the cold scale). This designates the location of the heat-
exchange pinch point. The minimum heating and cooling utilities are 33,000 and 60,000 kW,
respectively. Therefore, the potential reduction in utilities can be calculated as follows:
Target for percentage savings in heating utility = =

% 100
000 , 56
000 , 33 000 , 56
x 41% (9.5)
Target for percentage savings in cooling utility = =

% 100
000 , 83
000 , 60 000 , 83
x 28% (9.6)

Once the minimum operating cost is determined, a network of heat exchangers can be
synthesized.
3
The trade-off between capital and operating costs can be established by iteratively
varying T
min
until the minimum total annualized cost is attained.

3
Constructing the HEN with minimum number of units and minimum heat-transfer area is analogous to
constructing a MEN. The design starts from the pinch following two matching criteria relating number of streams
and heat capacities. A detailed discussion on this issue can be found in Linnhoff and Hindmarsh (1983), Douglas
(1988) Shenoy (1995), and Smith (1995).

IX.19

Fig. 9.11a. Hot Streams Example 10.1.

T, K
H
e
a
t

E
x
c
h
a
n
g
e
d
,

k
W
150,000
120,000
90,000
60,000
30,000
0
H
1
H
2
50,000
83,000
300 330 360 390 420 450 480 510
460
400 350

IX.20

Fig. 9.11b. Hot Composite Stream Example 10.1.


300 330 360 390 420 450 480 510 T, K
H
e
a
t

E
x
c
h
a
n
g
e
d
,

k
W
150,000
120,000
90,000
60,000
30,000
0
Hot Composite
Curve
50,000
460
400 350
83,000

IX.21

Fig. 9.12a Representing the Cold Streams for Example 9.1

290 320 350 380 410 440 470 500 t, K
H
e
a
t

E
x
c
h
a
n
g
e
d
,

k
W
150,000
120,000
90,000
60,000
30,000
0
C
1
C
2
14,000
490
390
56000
420

IX.22

Fig. 9.12b. Cold Composite Stream for Example 9.1.

290 320 350 380 410 440 470 500 t, K
H
e
a
t

E
x
c
h
a
n
g
e
d
,

k
W
150,000
120,000
90,000
60,000
30,000
0
Cold Composite
Curve
14,000
490
390
56000
420

IX.23

Fig. 9.13a. Thermal Pinch Diagram for Example 9.1.

As mentioned before, there are several techniques for configuring the actual network of heat
exchangers that satisfies that utility targets. One technique is to match streams that lie at the same
temperature level by transferring heat horizontally. Figure 9.13b is an illustration of this approach
with the dotted boxes representing the horizontal heat transfers. Each box may represent an actual
heat exchanger or more (in case of multiple streams in the box). It is worth noting that the first and
the last two boxes involve the use of heating and cooling utilities, respectively.
300 330 360 390 420 450 480 510 T, K
H
e
a
t

E
x
c
h
a
n
g
e
d
,

k
W
150,000
120,000
90,000
60,000
30,000
0
Hot Composite
Curve
83,000
Cold Composite
Curve
kW
Q
Cooling
000 , 60
min
=
116,000
kW
Q
Heating
000 , 33
min
=
Heat Exchange
Pinch Point
290 320 350 380 410 440 470 500 t = T - 10, K
430
420

IX.24

Fig. 9.13b Matching of Hot and Cold Streams

9.3. MINIMUM UTILITY TARGETING THROUGH AN ALGEBRAIC PROCEDURE
The temperature-interval diagram (TID) is a useful tool for ensuring thermodynamic
feasibility of heat exchange. It is a special case of the CID described in Chapter Seven in which only
two corresponding temperature scales are generated: hot and cold. The scale correspondence is
determined using Eq. (9.2). Each stream is represented as a vertical arrow whose tail corresponds to
its supply temperature, while its head represents its target temperature. Next, horizontal lines are
drawn at the heads and tails of the arrows. These horizontal lines define a series of temperature
intervals z = 1,2, ., n
int
. Within any interval, it is thermodynamically feasible to transfer heat from
the hot streams to the cold streams. It is also feasible to transfer heat from a hot stream in an interval
z to any cold stream which lies in an interval below it
300 330 360 390 420 450 480 510 T, K
H
e
a
t

E
x
c
h
a
n
g
e
d
,

k
W
150,000
120,000
90,000
60,000
30,000
0
83,000
kW
Q
Cooling
000 , 60
min
=
116,000
kW
Q
Heating
000 , 33
min
=
290 320 350 380 410 440 470 500 t = T - 10, K
430
420

IX.25

Next, we construct a table of exchangeable heat loads (TEHL) to determine the heat-
exchange loads of the process streams in each temperature interval. The exchangeable load of the
uth hot stream (losing sensible heat) which passes through the z th interval is defined as
HH
u,z
= F
u
C
p,u
(T
z-1
- T
z
), (9.7)
where T
z-1
and T
z
are the hot-scale temperatures at the top and the bottom lines defining the zth
interval. On the other hand, the exchangeable capacity of the vth cold stream (gaining sensible heat)
which passes through the zth interval is computed through
HC
v,z
= f
v
c
p,v
(t
z-1
- t
z
), (9.8)
where t
z-1
and t
z
are the cold-scale temperatures at the top and the bottom lines defining the zth
interval.
Having determined the individual heating loads and cooling capacities of all process streams for all
temperature intervals, one can also obtain the collective loads (capacities) of the hot (cold) process
streams. The collective load of hot process streams within the zth interval is calculated by summing
up the individual loads of the hot process streams that pass through that interval, i.e.,
Similarly, the collective cooling capacity of the cold process streams within the zth interval is
evaluated as follows:
HH = HH
z
Total
u passes through interval z
where
u z
u=1, 2, ......, N
H
,
. (9.9)
HC = HC
z
Total
v passes through interval z
and v N
v z
C
=1 2 , ,....,
,
(9.10)

IX.26
As has been mentioned earlier, within each temperature interval, it is thermodynamically as
well as technically feasible to transfer heat from a hot process stream to a cold process stream.
Moreover, it is feasible to pass heat from a hot process stream in an interval to any cold process
stream in a lower interval. Hence, for the zth temperature interval, one can write the following heat-
balance equation:
r = HH HC r
z z
Total
z
Total
z
+
1
(9.11)
where r
z-1
and r
z
are the residual heats entering and leaving the zth interval. Figure 9.14 illustrates
the heat balance around the zth temperature interval.
z
r
z-1
Heat Removed
by Process
Cold Streams
Residual Heat from
Preceding Interval
Residual Heat to
Subsequent Interval
HC
z
Total
HH
z
Total
Heat Added
by Process
Hot Streams
r
z

Fig. 9.14. Heat balance around temperature interval.
r
0
is zero, since no process streams exist above the first interval. In addition, thermodynamic
feasibility is ensured when all the r
z
's are nonnegative. Hence, a negative r
z
indicates that residual
heat is flowing upwards, which is thermodynamically infeasible . All negative residual heats can be
made non negative if a hot load equal to the most negative r
z
is added to the problem. This load is
referred to as the minimum heating utility requirement, Q
Heating
min
. Once this hot load is added, the

IX.27
cascade diagram is revised. A zero residual heat designates the thermal-pinch location. The load
leaving the last temperature interval is the minimum cooling utility requirement, Q
Cooling
min
.

9.4. CASE STUDY REVISITED USING THE ALGEBRAIC PROCEDURE
We now solve the pharmaceutical case study described earlier using the algebraic cascade
diagram. The first step is the construction of the TID (Fig. 9.15). Next, the TEHLs for the process
hot and cold streams are developed (Tables 9.3 and 10.4). Figures 9.16 and 9.17 show the cascade-
diagram calculations. The results obtained from the revised cascade diagram are identical to those
obtained using the graphical pinch approach.


Fig. 9.15. Temperature Interval Diagram for Example 9.1.
Table 9.3. TEHL for Process Hot Streams
Interval
Hot Streams
Cold Streams
H
1
H
2
C
2
C
1
1
2
3
4
5
T
t
F
1
C
p
1
=

3
0
0
f
1
C
p
1
=

6
0
0
f
2
C
p
2
=

2
0
0
6
500
460
430
400
350
330
300
F
2
C
p
2
=

5
0
0
490
450
420
390
340
320
290

IX.28
Interval Load of H
1
(kW) Load of H
2
(kW) Total Load (kW)
1 - - -
2 9,000 - 9,000
3 9,000 - 9,000
4 15,000 25,000 40,000
5 - 10,000 10,000
6 - 15,000 15,000

Table 9.4. TEHL for Process Cold Streams
Interval Capacity of C
1
(kW) Capacity of C
2

(kW)
Total
capacity
(kW)
1 24,000 - 24,000
2 18,000 - 18,000
3 - - -
4 - 10,000 10,000
5 - 4,000 4,000
6 - - -


IX.29

Fig. 9.16. Cascade Diagram for Example 9.1


0
0
9,000
9,000
40,000
10,000
12,000
15,000
27,000
1
2
3
4
5
6
-24,000
-33,000
-24,000
2
3
6,000
24,000
18,000
0
10,000
4,000
0

IX.30

Fig. 9.17 Revised Cascade Diagram for Example 9.1

As mentioned earlier, for minimum utility usage no heat should be passed through the pinch.
Let us illustrate this point using the cascade diagram. Suppose that we use Q
Heating
extra
kW more than the
0
9,000
9,000
40,000
10,000
45,000
15,000
1
2
3
4
5
6
9,000
0
9,000
2
3
39,000
24,000
18,000
0
10,000
4,000
0
Thermal-Pinch Location
kW Q
Heating
000 , 33
min
=
kW Q
Cooling
000 , 60
min
=

IX.31
minimum heating utility. As can be seen from Fig. 9.18, this additional heating utility passes down
through the cascade diagram in the form of an increased residual heat load. At the pinch, the residual
load becomes Q
Heating
extra
. The net effect is not only an increase in the heating utility load, but also an
equivalent increase in the cooling utility load.


IX.32

Fig. 9.18. Consequences of Passing Heat Across the Pinch.

9.5. SCREENING OF MULTIPLE UTILITIES USING THE GRAND COMPOSITE
REPRESENTATION

0
9,000
9,000
40,000
10,000
45,000
15,000
1
2
3
4
5
6
9,000 +
9,000
2
3
39,000
24,000
18,000
0
10,000
4,000
0
Heating Utility = 33,000 +
Q
Heating
extra
Q
Heating
extra
Q
Heating
extra
Q
Heating
extra
+ Q
Heating
extra
+
Q
Heating
extra
+ Q
Heating
extra
+
Q
Heating
extra
+ Q
Heating
extra
+
Q
Heating
extra
+ Q
Heating
extra
+
Cooling Utility = 60,000 +
Q
Heating
extra

IX.33
So far, construction of the heat-exchange pinch diagram started by maximizing the heat
exchange among the process hot and cold streams and minimizing the external heating and cooling
utilities. In many cases, multiple utilizes are available for service. These utilities must be screened so
as to determine which one(s) should be used and the task of each utility. In order to minimize the
cost of utilities, it may be necessary to stage the use of utilities such that at each level the use of the
cheapest utility ($/kJ) is maximized while insuring its feasibility. A convenient way of screening
multiple utilities is the grand composite curve (GCC).

The GCC may be directly constructed from the cascade diagram. To illustrate the procedure
for constructing the GCC, let us consider the cascade diagram shown in Fig. 9.19a. The residual heat
loads are shown leaving the temperature intervals. Suppose that r
4
is the most negative residual. As
mentioned before, this infeasibility and all other infeasibilities are removed by adding the absolute
value of r
4
to the top of the cascade diagram. This value is also the minimum heating utility. The
residual loads are re-calculated with the load leaving the last temperature interval being the
minimum cold utility.

IX.34

Fig. 9.19a Cascade Diagram


1
2
3
4
5
r
1
r
2
r
3
r
4
(supposedly most
negative number)
r
5
6
r
6

IX.35

Fig. 9.19b Revised Cascade Diagram

Each residual heat corresponds to a hot temperature and a cold temperature. In order to
have a single-temperature representation, we use an adjusted temperature scale which is
calculated as the arithmetic average of the hot and the cold temperature, i.e.
Adjusted temperature =
2
t T +
(9.12)
Given the relationship between the hot and cold temperature (described by Eq. 10.2), we get:
Adjusted temperature =
2
min
T
T

(9.13a)
1
2
3
4
5
d
1
= r
1
+ Q
h
min
Q
h
min
= |r
4
|
d
2
= r
2
+ Q
h
min
d
3
= r
3
+ Q
h
min
d
4
= 0 (pinch location)
Q
c
min
=r
6
+ Q
h
min
6
d
5
= r
5
+ Q
h
min

IX.36
=
2
min
T
t

+ (9.13b)

Next, we represent the adjusted temperature versus the residual enthalpy as shown in Fig.
9.20a. This representation is the GCC. The pinch point corresponds to the zero-residual point.
Additionally, the top and bottom residuals represent the minimum heating and cooling utilities.
The question is how to distribute these loads over the multiple utilities? Any time, the enthalpy
representation is given by a line drawn from left to right, it corresponds to a surplus of heat in
that interval. Conversely, when an enthalpy line is drawn from right to left, it corresponds to
deficiency in heat in that interval. A heat surplus may be used to satisfy a heat residual below it.
Therefore, the shaded regions (referred to as pockets) shown in Fig. 9.20b are fully integrated
by transferring heat from process hot streams to process cold streams. Then, we represent each
utility based on its temperature. The adjusted temperature of a heating utility is given by Eq.
9.13a while that for a cooling utility is given by Eq. 9.13b. We start with the cheapest utility and
maximize its use by filling the enthalpy gap (deficiency) at that level. Then, we move up for
heating utilities and down for cooling utilities and continue to fill the enthalpy gaps by the
cheapest utility at that level. Figure 9.20b is an illustration of this concept by screening low-and
high-pressure steam where the low-pressure steam is cheaper ($/kJ) than the high-pressure
steam. It is worth noting that the sum of the heating loads of the low- and high-pressure steams is
equal to the minimum heating utility (the value of the top heat residual).

IX.37

Fig. 9.20a Construction of the GCC


(T+t)/2
Enthalpy
Pinch
Point
Q
h
min
Q
c
min
d
1
d
3
d
2
d
5
0

IX.38
Fig. 9.20b Representation of the GCC with Integrated Pockets and Optimal Placement of
Utilities


EXAMPLE 9.2. UTILITY SELECTION

Consider the stream data given in Table 9.5. Available for service two heating utilities: a
high pressure (HP) steam and a very high pressure (VHP) steam whose temperatures are 450 and
660
o
F, respectively. The VHP steam is more expensive than the HP. Also available for service
is a cooling utility whose temperature is 100
o
F. The minimum approach temperature is taken as
10
o
F. Figures 9.21 9.23 represent the temperature-interval diagram, cascade diagram, and the
GCC. As can be seen from Fig. 9.22, the minimum heating requirement is 90 MM Btu/hr. In
order to maximize the use of the HP steam, we represent the HP on the GCC (a horizontal line at
450 -
2
10
= 445
o
F). The deficit below this line is 50 MM Bru/hr. Therefore, the duty of the HP
steam is 50 MM Btu/hr and the rest of the heating requirement (40 MM Btu/hr) will be provided
by the VHP steam.
(T + t)/2
Enthalpy
Pinch
Point
CU
QH
LT
(e.g., LP Steam)
QH
HT
(e.g.,
HP Steam)

IX.39

Table 9.5. Stream Data for Example 10.2

Stream Flowrate x Specific Heat
MMBtu/(hr .
o
F)
Supply
temperature,
o
F
Target
temperature,
o
F
Enthalpy change
MMBtu/hr
H
1
0.5 650 150 250.0
H
2
2.0 550 500 100.0
C
1
0.9 490 640 -135.0
C
2
1.5 360 490 -195.0


Fig. 9.21. The Temperature Interval Diagram for Example 9.2

650 640
550 540
500 490
370 360
150 140
0.5
2.0
0.9
1.5
T t
650 640
550 540
500 490
370 360
150 140
0.5
2.0
0.9
1.5
T t

IX.40


Fig. 9.22. The Cascade and Revised Cascade Diagrams for Example 9.2


1
2
3
4
-40
40
-90
20
50
125
65
110
90
45
195
0
1
2
3
4
50
130
0
Q
c
min
= 110
50
125
65
110
90
45
195
0
Q
h
min
= 90
Original Cascade
Diagram (with -ive residulas)
Adding Heating Utility
at the Highest Level

IX.41
Fig. 9.23. The GCC for Example 9.2
645
545
495
365
155
0 50 90 110 130
Enthalpy,
MMBtu/hr
(T+t)/2
40 MM Btu/hr
of VHP steam
50 MM Btu/hr
of HP steam
110 MM Btu/hr
of Cooling Utility
445

IX.42
PROBLEMS

9.1. A plant has two process hot streams (H
1
and H
2
), two process cold streams (C
1
and C
2
), a
heating utility (HU
1
), and a cooling utility (CU
1
). The problem data are given in Table 9.6. A
value of T
min
= 10
o
F is used. Using graphical and algebraic techniques, determine the
minimum heating and cooling requirements for the problem.

Table 9.6. Stream Data for Problem 10.1 (Douglas, 1988)
Stream Flowrate x specific heat
(Btu/hr
o
F)
Supply
temperature (
o
F)
Target
temperature (
o
F)
Enthalpy change
(10
3
Btu/hr)
H
1
1000 250 120 130
H
2
4000 200 100 400
HU
1
? 280 250 ?
C
1
3000 90 150 -180
C
2
6000 130 190 -360
CU
1
? 60 80 ?


9.2. Consider a process that has two process hot streams (H
1
and H
2
), two process cold streams
(C
1
and C
2
), a heating utility (HU
1
, which is a saturated vapor that loses its latent heat of
condensation), and a cooling utility (CU
1
). The problem data are given in Table 9.7. The cost of
the heating utility is $4/10
6
kJ added, and the cost of the coolant is $7/10
6
kJ. A value of T
min
=

IX.43
10 K is used. Employ graphical, algebraic, and optimization techniques to determine the
minimum heating and cooling requirements for the process.

Table 9.7. Stream Data for Problem 9.2 (Papoulias and Grossmann, 1983)
Stream Flowrate x Specific
Heat
(kW/
o
C)
Supply
temperature (
o
C)
Target
temperature,
(
o
C)
H
1
10.55 249 138
H
2
8.79 160 93
HU
1
? 270 270
C
1
7.62 60 160
C
2
6.08 116 260
CU
1
? 38 82


9.3. Consider the pharmaceutical processing facility illustrated in Fig. 9.24 (El-Halwagi, 1997). The
feed mixture (C
1
) is first heated to 550 K, then fed to an adiabatic reactor where an endothermic
reaction takes place. The off-gases leaving the reactor (H
1
) at 520 K are cooled to 330 K prior to
being forwarded to the recovery unit. The mixture leaving the bottom of the reactor is separated into
a vapor fraction and a slurry fraction. The vapor fraction (H
2
) exits the separation unit at 380 K and
is to be cooled to 300 prior to storage. The slurry fraction is washed with a hot immiscible liquid at
380 K. The wash liquid is purified and recycled to the washing unit. During purification, the

IX.44
temperature drops to 320 K. Therefore, the recycled liquid (C
2
) is heated to 380 K. Two utilities are
available for service; HU
1
and CU
1
. The cost of the heating and cooling utilities ($/10
6
kJ) are 3 and
5, respectively. Stream data are given in Table 9.8.
C
1
C
2
H
1
H
2
300 K 550 K
520 K
330 K
380 K
300 K
320 K
380 K
Adiabatic
Reactor
Washing
Purification
Separation
To
Recovery
To
Storage
To
Finishing
Impurities

Fig. 9.5. Simplified flowsheet for pharmaceutical process (El-Halwagi, 1997)






IX.45
Table 9.8. Stream Data for Pharmaceutical Process (El-Halwagi, 1997)
Stream Flowrate x specific heat
kW/
o
C
Supply
temperature, K
Target
temperature, K
Enthalpy change
kW
H
1
10 520 330 1900
H
2
5 380 300 400
HU
1
? 560 520 ?
C
1
19 300 550 -4750
C
2
2 320 380 -120
CU
1
? 290 300 ?


A value of T
min
= 10 K is used. Using the pinch analysis, determine the minimum
heating and cooling utilities for the process.



IX.46
Symbols
C
P,u
Specif heat of hot stream u [kJ/(kg K)]
c
P,v
Specif heat of cold stream v [kJ/(kg K)]
f flowrate of cold stream (kg/s)
F flowrate of hot stream (kg/s)
HC
v,z
cold load in interval z
HH
u,z
hot load in interval z
N
C
number of process cold streams
N
CU
number of cooling utilities
N
H
number of process hot streams
N
HU
number of process cold streams
r
z
residual heat leaving interval z
t temperature of cold stream (K)
t
v
s
supply temperature of cold stream v (K)
t
v
t
target temperature of cold streamv (K)
T
u
s
supply temperature of hot stream u (K)
T
u
t
target temperature of hot stream u (K)
T temperature of hot stream (K)
u index for hot streams
v index for cold streams
z temperature interval

Greek
T
min
minimum approach temperature (K)


IX.47
REFERENCES

Douglas, J. M. (1988). Conceptual Design of Chemical Processes, pp. 216 - 288. McGraw
Hill, New York.

El-Halwagi, M. M. (1997). Pollution Prevention through Process Integration: Systematic
Design Tools. Elsevier .

Gundersen, T., and Naess, L. (1988). The synthesis of cost optimal heat exchanger networks: An
industrial review of the state of the art. Comput. Chem. Eng. 12(6), 503-530.

Hohmann, E. C.(1971). Optimum networks for heat exchanger. Ph.D. Thesis, University of
Southern California, Los Angeles.

Linnhoff, B. (1993). Pinch analysis- A state of the art overview. Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng. Chem.
Eng. Res. Des. 71, Part A5, 503-522.

Linnhoff, B., and Hindmarsh, E. (1983). The pinch design method for heat exchanger networks.
Chem. Eng. Sci. 38(5), 745-763.

Papoulias, S. A., and Grossmann, I. E. (1983). A structural optimization approach in process
synthesis. II. Heat recovery networks. Comput. Chem. Eng. 7(6), 707-721.

Shenoy, U. V. (1995). Heat Exchange Network Synthesis: Process Optimization by Energy and
Resource Analysis. Gulf Publ. Co., Houston, TX.

Smith, R. (1995). Chemical Process Design.. McGraw Hill, New York.

Umeda, T., Itoh, J., and Shiroko, K. (1979). A thermodynamic approach to the synthesis of heat
integration systems in chemical processes. Comp. Chem. Eng. 3, 273-282.