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EE1 and ISE1 Communications I: Pier Luigi Dragotti Lecture Four

This document discusses Fourier series analysis. It begins by introducing trigonometric Fourier series, where any signal can be represented as the sum of sines and cosines of integer multiples of a fundamental frequency. It then discusses exponential Fourier series and how they are related to trigonometric series using Euler's formula. The document also discusses amplitude and phase spectra, properties of periodic Fourier series, and Parseval's theorem relating power in the time and frequency domains.

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Raja Ram
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47 views

EE1 and ISE1 Communications I: Pier Luigi Dragotti Lecture Four

This document discusses Fourier series analysis. It begins by introducing trigonometric Fourier series, where any signal can be represented as the sum of sines and cosines of integer multiples of a fundamental frequency. It then discusses exponential Fourier series and how they are related to trigonometric series using Euler's formula. The document also discusses amplitude and phase spectra, properties of periodic Fourier series, and Parseval's theorem relating power in the time and frequency domains.

Uploaded by

Raja Ram
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EE1 and ISE1 Communications I

Pier Luigi Dragotti


Lecture four
Lecture Aims
Trigonometric Fourier series
Fourier spectrum
Exponential Fourier series
1
Trigonometric Fourier series
Consider a signal set
{1, cos
0
t, cos 2
0
t, ..., cos n
0
t, ..., sin
0
t, sin2
0
t, ..., sinn
0
t, ...}
A sinusoid of frequency n
0
is called the n
th
harmonic of the sinusoid, where
n is an integer.
The sinusoid of frequency
0
is called the fundamental harmonic.
This set is orthogonal over an interval of duration T
0
= 2/
0
, which is the
period of the fundamental.
2
Trigonometric Fourier series
The components of the set {1, cos
0
t, cos 2
0
t, ..., cos n
0
t, ..., sin
0
t, sin 2
0
t, ..., sin n
0
t, ...}
are orthogonal as

T
0
cos n
0
t cos m
0
tdt =

0 m = n
T
0
2
m = n = 0

T
0
sinn
0
t sinm
0
tdt =

0 m = n
T
0
2
m = n = 0

T
0
sinn
0
t cos m
0
tdt = 0 for all m and n

T
0
means integral over an interval from t = t
1
to t = t
1
+T
0
for any value of t
1
.
3
Trigonometric Fourier series
This set is also complete in T
0
. That is, any signal in an interval t
1
t t
1
+T
0
can be written as the sum of sinusoids. Or
g(t) = a
0
+ a
1
cos
0
t + a
2
cos 2
0
t + ... + b
1
sin
0
t + b
2
sin2
0
t + ...
= a
0
+

n=1
a
n
cos n
0
t + b
n
sinn
0
t
Series coecients
a
n
=
g(t), cos n
0
t
cos n
0
t, cos n
0
t
b
n
=
g(t), sinn
0
t
sinn
0
t, sinn
0
t
4
Trigonometric Fourier Coecients
Therefore
a
n
=

t
1
+T
0
t
1
g(t) cos n
0
tdt

t
1
+T
0
t
1
cos
2
n
0
tdt
As

t
1
+T
0
t
1
cos
2
n
0
tdt = T
0
/2,

t
1
+T
0
t
1
sin
2
n
0
tdt = T
0
/2.
We get
a
0
=
1
T
0

t
1
+T
0
t
1
g(t)dt
a
n
=
2
T
0

t
1
+T
0
t
1
g(t) cos n
0
tdt n = 1, 2, 3, ...
b
n
=
2
T
0

t
1
+T
0
t
1
g(t) sinn
0
tdt n = 1, 2, 3, ...
5
Compact Fourier series
Using the identity
a
n
cos n
0
t + b
n
sinn
0
t = C
n
cos(n
0
t +
n
)
where
C
n
=

a
2
n
+ b
2
n

n
= tan
1
(b
n
/a
n
).
The trigonometric Fourier series can be expressed in compact form as
g(t) = C
0
+

n=1
C
n
cos(n
0
t +
n
) t
1
t t
1
+ T
0
.
For consistency, we have denoted a
0
by C
0
.
6
Periodicity of the Trigonometric series
We have seen that an arbitrary signal g(t) may be expressed as a trigonometric Fourier series
over any interval of T
0
seconds.
What happens to the Trigonometric Fourier series outside this interval?
Answer: The Fourier series is periodic of period T
0
(the period of the fundamental harmonic).
Proof:
(t) = C
0
+

n=1
C
n
cos(n
0
t +
n
) for all t
and
(t + T
0
) = C
0
+

n=1
C
n
cos[n
0
(t + T
0
) +
n
]
= C
0
+

n=1
C
n
cos(n
0
t + 2n +
n
)
= C
0
+

n=1
C
n
cos(n
0
t +
n
)
= (t) for all t
7
Properties of trigonometric series
The trigonometric Fourier series is a periodic function of period T
0
= 2/
0
.
If the function g(t) is periodic with period T
0
, then a Fourier series representing
g(t) over an interval T
0
will also represent g(t) for all t.
8
Example
g(t)=e
(t)
t/2

2
0
0 t
9
Example

0
= 2/T
0
= 2 rad/s.
g(t) = C
0
+

n=1
C
n
cos(2nt +
n
)
n 0 1 2 3 4
C
n
0.504 0.244 0.125 0.084 0.063

n
0 -75.96 -82.87 -85.84 -86.42
We can plot
the amplitude C
n
versus this gives us the amplitude spectrum
the phase
n
versus (phase spectrum).
This two plots together are the frequency spectra of g(t).
10
Amplitude and phase spectra

0 2 4 6 8 10
12
0.504
0.244
C
n

0.125
0.084

/2

n

0 2 4 6

11
Exponential Fourier Series
Consider a set of exponentials
e
jn
0
t
n = 0, 1, 2, ...
The components of this set are orthogonal.
A signal g(t) can be expressed as an exponential series over an interval T
0
:
g(t) =

n=
D
n
e
jn
0
t
D
n
=
1
T
0

T
0
g(t)e
jn
0
t
dt
12
Trigonometric and exponential Fourier series
Trigonometric and exponential Fourier series are related. In fact, a sinusoid in the
trigonometric series can be expressed as a sum of two exponentials using Eulers
formula.
C
n
cos(n
0
t +
n
) =
C
n
2
[e
j(n
0
t+
n
)
+ e
j(n
0
t+
n
)
]
=

C
n
2
e
j
n

e
jn
0
t
+

C
n
2
e
j
n

e
jn
0
t
= D
n
e
jn
0
t
+ D
n
e
jn
0
t
D
n
=
1
2
C
n
e
j
n
D
n
=
1
2
C
n
e
j
n
13
Amplitude and phase spectra. Exponential case

|D
n
|
0.504
0.122
0 2 2
0.122
0.0625

D
n

14
Parsevals Theorem
Trigonometric Fourier series representation g(t) = C
0
+

n=1
C
n
cos(n
0
t +
n
).
The power is given by
P
g
= C
2
0
+
1
2

n=1
C
2
n
.
Exponential Fourier series representation g(t) =

n=
D
n
e
jn
0
t
.
Power for the exponential representation
P
g
=

n=
|D
n
|
2
15
Conclusions
Trigonometric Fourier series
Exponential Fourier series
Amplitude and phase spectra
Parsevals theorem
16

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