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18.03 Problem Set 1: Part II Solutions

This document provides solutions to problems from an 18.03 differential equations course. It includes solutions to 4 problems covering various topics: 1) A population growth problem where the population growth rate depends inversely on time. The general solution to the differential equation is found. 2) A problem using Euler's method to numerically solve a differential equation for a quadratic function. The accuracy of the method is analyzed as the step size decreases. 3) A problem modeling the growth of a trust fund with interest earned and fixed withdrawals. The differential equation is solved to find an expression for the value of the fund over time. 4) Additional problems include sketching phase lines, finding critical points, and analyzing the behavior

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Reyner Loza
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65 views4 pages

18.03 Problem Set 1: Part II Solutions

This document provides solutions to problems from an 18.03 differential equations course. It includes solutions to 4 problems covering various topics: 1) A population growth problem where the population growth rate depends inversely on time. The general solution to the differential equation is found. 2) A problem using Euler's method to numerically solve a differential equation for a quadratic function. The accuracy of the method is analyzed as the step size decreases. 3) A problem modeling the growth of a trust fund with interest earned and fixed withdrawals. The differential equation is solved to find an expression for the value of the fund over time. 4) Additional problems include sketching phase lines, finding critical points, and analyzing the behavior

Uploaded by

Reyner Loza
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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18.

03ProblemSet1: PartIISolutions
PartIpoints:0.9,1.6,2.4,3.4.
0. (T5Feb) (a) [4] The growth ratek(t) hasunits years
1
(sothat k(t)x(t)thasthe
sameunitsasx(t)). Thevariablethasunitsyears,sotheaaddedtoitmusthavethe
sameunits,andk
0
musthaveunitsyearsinorderfortheunitsofthefractiontowork
out.
(b) [3] x(t+t) x(t) +k(t)x(t)t,so x=k
0
x/(a+t)
2
.
(c)[4] Separate: dx/x = k
0
(a+t)
2
dt. Integrate: ln |x| +c
1
= k
0
(a+t)
1
+c
2
.
Amalgamate constants and exponentiate: x = e
c
e
k
0
/(a+t)
. Eliminate the absolute
c
| |
value: x=Ce
k
0
/(a+t)
,whereC=e . Reintroducethesolutionwelostbydividingby
xintherststep: allowC=0. Sothegeneralsolutionisx=Ce
k
0
/(a+t)
. (Notethat
theexponentk
0
/(a+t) isdimensionless,asanexponentmustbe.)
(d) [4] Whentgetsverylarge,theexponentgetsveryneartozero,sothereisanite
limitingpopulation: x

=C. Thusx(t) =x

e
k
0
/(a+t)
. Taket=0inthesolution:
k
0
/a k
0
/a
x
0
=x

e ,orx

=e x
0
.
1. (W6Feb) (a) [3] (Thepicturelacksthe m= 1isocline,sorry.)
(b)[3] The separatrix is the elbow curve that other integral curves snuggle up to to
the left and separate from as things move to the right. [Here are some facts about
solutionstothisdierentialequation,someofwhicharecontainedinlaterpartsofthis
problem: Everysolution has astartingtime(if I thinkofxastime)beforewhichit
doesnotexisteveryintegralcurveisasymptotictoaverticalstraightlinetoitsleft.
Everysolutionabovetheseparatrixhasanendingtimeafterwhichitdoesnotexist
itis asymptotic to a dierent vertical straightline to itsright. Every solutionbelow
theseparatrixsurvives forever, and becomesasymptotic (fromabove)to the graphof
y=

x. Thesearealsoexactlythesolutionswithacriticalpointeachhasonelocal
maximum. Theseparatrixitselfisasolution,averyspecialone: itistheonlysolution
whichlivesforeverbuthasnomaximumandisnotasympotictoy=

x.Insteaditis
asymototictoy=

x.]
(c) [3] Thepointoftangencyoccurswherethetangentlinetothem=1isoclinehas
slope1. Them=1isoclineisthelocusofx=y
2
+1. Dierentiateimplicitly (using
the chain rule)1= 2yy

,soify

=1theny=1/2. Theequationthengivesx= 5/4,
so (a, b) = (5/4, 1/2).
(d)[3]f(x) =

x,orindeedf(x) =

x+mforanym. Therestoftheproblem
dependsonusingf(x) =

x,though,asnotedonthewebsite. Forlargex,y(x)>

x, but if m < 0 there will be solutions of the type we are considering such that
y(x) <

x+mforsomex >a.
(i)Followthe solutionfromthe x = aline. Suppose thatitdoescross the m = 1
isocline, andsuppose that therst crossing is at a point (x, y). Sinceitstartedbelow
them=1isocline,itmustbecrossingitfrombelow. Thismeansthattheslopeofthe
solutionmustbegreaterthantheslopeoftheisoclineatthecrossingpoint. Theslope
ofthe isoclineat thecrossing point is greater than1,sotheslopeofthesolutionatthe
crossing pointmustbe greaterthan1too.Butwhenasolutioncrossesthe1isocline,
itmustcrossitwithslopeexactly1. Soitcantcrossitatall.
It will be clearer if I dont try to follow (ii) and (iii) (as explained on the website).
(i) shows that solutions y(x) such that y(a) < b are trapped below the 1 isocline.
NowIwanttosaythatifasolutionisabovethelowerbranchofthenullclineatsome
point (x, y(x)),thenitstaysabovethenullclineforevermore. Theslopeofthenullcline
isnegative; therstcrossing must befromabove; so atthecrossing theslopeof the
solutionmustbeevenmorenegative;butwhenitcrossesthenullclineitmusthaveslope
zero.
FinallyIclaim that if (a, y(a)) isbelowthenullcline,thentheintegralcurvemusteven-
tuallycrossthenullcline. Untilitdoes,itisintheregionwherethedirectioneldhas
positiveslopes. Soitisincreasing. Butthelowerbranchofthenullclineisisfalling;so
thetwocurvesmusteventuallyintersect.
Onecanalsoarguethatifthesolutionnevercrossesthenullclinethen,afterrisingat
thestartitmust eventually starttofall, since thenullcline does. So itmust reacha
maximumsomewhereinbetween. Butallmaximaofsolutionsoccuralongthenullcline.
(e) [3]Criticalpointsofsolutionsofy

=y
2
xoccurwheny

=0,thatis,alongthe
null-cline: so ifthere is one at (c, d) thenc=d
2
.
(f)[3] Yes. Here are two arguments: All solutions are increasing for small values of
x. Fromwhatwecansee,thesolutionswithcriticalpointsaretheoneswhichbecome
asymototictothegraphofy=

x,which decreases. Also theyseem to have justone


critical point,whichmust therefore beamaximum. More completeargument: Compute
(asin (c)) y

= 2yy

1.Soatacritical point,wherey

= 0,weseethaty

=1. This
meansmaximum.
2. (F8Feb) [2] y=x
2
,soy(1) = 1.
Eulersmethodwithstepsizehforthisequation: x
k
=kh,y
k+1
=y
k
+2x
k
h.
k
0
[5] Withn= 2,h= 1/2:
1
2
k
0
[5] Withn= 3,h= 1/3: 1
2
3
[8] Withnarbitrary,h= 1/n:
Soy
n
= 2(1 + 2 + + (n 1))h
2
=
x
k
0
1/2
1
x
k
0
1/3
2/3
1
k
0
1
2
3
4
.
.
.
y
k
0
0
1/2
y
k
0
0
2/9
2/3
m
k
=y
k
hm
k
0 0
1 1/2
m
k
=y
k
hm
k
0 0
2/3 2/9
4/3 4/9
x
k
0
h
2h
3h
4h
.
.
.
y
k
0
0
2h
2
2h
2
+4h
2
2h
2
+4h
2
+6h
2
.
.
.
m
k
= 2x
k
m
k
h
0 0
2h 2h
2
4h 4h
2
6h 6h
2
8h 8h
2
. .
. .
. .
fory(1): n(n 1)/n
2
= (n1)/n. Thelimitofthisasn is1,whichisgood,and
theerroris1/n,whichisexactlyh.
3. (M11Feb) (a) [5] Pickalettertodenotethenumberofyearsafterthefundisset
upsayt.Picka letterto denote functionoftgiving thevalueofthe fundattimetsay
x. Inasmalltimeintervalfromttot+t,thefundincreasesinvaluebyIx(t)t,but
decreasesinvaluebyqt: x(t +t) x(t) Ix(t)t qt. Dividebytandtakethe
limit: x=Ix q.
(b) [5] Separate: dx/(Ix q) =dt. Integrate: I
1
ln Ix q +c
1
=t +c
2
. Amalgamate | |
c It
constants and multiply by I: ln |Ix q| = It+c. Exponentiate: |Ix
Ce

It
q| = e e .
Eliminatetheabsolutevalueandreintroducethelostsolution: Ix q= . Solvefor
x: x= (q/I) +Ce
It
(wherethis C istheearlieronedividedbyI).
(c)[5] Constant trust value means x = 0, which says Ix = q or x = q/I. So with
q=12,000dollars/yearandI= 0.05,x=$240,000. (IfScroogesocksaway morethan
this,thenthetrust fundcould payout the $1000/monthandstill grow.Butthiswouldnt
beScrooge.)
(d) [5] We want tond the constantof integration whichmakesx(T) = 0, whereT= 20:
0 =x(T) = (q/I) +Ce
IT
,orC=(q/I)e
IT
. Thusx= (q/I)(1 e
IT
e
It
). Nowwe
cansett= 0tondtherequiredinitialvalueofthetrust:x(0) = (q/I)(1 e
IT
). With
T= 20andI= 0.05,1 e
IT
= 1 e
1
0.63212056.Thustheinitial fundingisabout
63%ofwhatitwasin(c): x(0) ($240,000)(.63212056) $151,708.93.
n(n 1)h
2
. Withh= 1/n thisgivesourestimate
MIT OpenCourseWare
http://ocw.mit.edu
18.03 Differential Equations
Spring 2010
For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.

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