Analysis on the Indian Tea Industry

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CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ___________________________________________ 2
TEA MARKET OVERVIEW
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MARKET SEGMENTATION
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PRICE REALISATION
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INDIAS POSITION ON THE GLOBAL FRONT
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REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT
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DEMAND DRIVERS
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OUTLOOK ON SMES IN INDIA
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FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE
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CHALLENGES FORESEEN BY THE TEA INDUSTRY
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OUTLOOK___________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________ 19
REFERENCE
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SUMMARY

Tea is globally one of the most popular and cheapest beverages with major production
centers in India, China, Kenya, Sri Lanka, Turkey & Vietnam. The tea industry is one of the
oldest organized industries in India with a large network of tea producers, retailers, distributors,
Auctioneers, exporters and packers. Total tea production in the world has exceeded 4 billion
kgs with India producing about 1 billion kg of tea. During 2008 to 2013, black tea production in
India increased at a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 1.6% while consumption
rose at a CAGR of 2.3%. India's total annual tea production in 2013 is estimated at 1200 million
kgs out of which 65%, approximately 850 to 900 million kgs, is produced by the big tea gardens
while about 250 million kgs tea is produced by small tea growers with land area ranging from 2
to 20 hectares. Tea export has remained flat over the years due to increasing competition in
the global market and declining quality of tea produced in India. Thus the prices in the
industry are expected to be stable with domestic consumption expected to be rising steadily.

TEA MARKET OVERVIEW
The Tea Industry in India derives its importance by being one of the major foreign exchange
earner and for playing a vital role towards employment generation as the industry is highly
labour intensive. India is the second largest producer of tea in the world and contributes to
around 30% of the global tea production. The market size of tea is estimated to be approx.
`10,000 Crore with a penetration of more than 90% in the domestic market. With an export of
approx. 210 million kg of tea, India stands as the fourth largest exporter of tea in the world with
China ranking at the first position. The tea sector in the country is largely organized since 72%
of the total area under tea cultivation and 74% of the total production comes from the
organized sector. Tea in India is grown over an area of 600000 hectare (ha) which accounts for
16% of the total area under tea cultivation in the world. The Indian tea industry is having
thousands of tea gardens spread across various states of India. In West Bengal and Assam
there are around 8,500 tea estates, while in the southern states of Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil
Nadu there are another 5,500 tea estates. Assam produces over half of Indias tea and
accounts for over 12% of the annual global tea yield, according to ASSOCHAM.

Market Segmentation
Indian tea market is huge with large number of local and regional players. With the passage of
time and due to change in the consumption pattern, there has been diversification and value
addition in tea production. In India, tea is consumed in two forms: packaged (branded) or loose.
While a major share of the market is of loose tea suppliers, branded tea manufacturers are also
fast increasing their market share. The demand for packet tea is driven by rising consumer
incomes, quality of tea and product diversification with flavored tea production. The share of
CTC tea constitutes 80% of the tea market followed by Orthodox Tea &Darjeeling Tea. Apart
from them there are also a variety of flavored teas such as green tea, earl grey tea, jasmine tea,
ginseng oolong, masala chai, green lemon tea, etc.
CTC (cut, twist and curl) tea is the major contributor in the tea market segment but with the
increasing consciousness on the health issues, green tea sales are picking up. Specialty tea
market in India is growing at the rate of 25% annually.

Tea Production to remain stable
Tea production is expected to inch up marginally higher than last year in 2013-14 on account
of better productivity from North India. India is the second largest producer of tea in the world
with a 25% share of total production, but the country consumes 75-80% of its own production.
Annual production of tea in 2013 stood at 1200 million kg, with North India accounting for 79%
in total production and the rest coming from South India.
Tea production in India in 2013 grew by 6.5% with a production of 1200 million kgs as
compared to 1,126 million kgs in 2012. The production increase had little impact on exports as
the majority of this tea was CTC grade and effectively all was consumed by the fast-growing
domestic market.





Although tea is produced in 14 States in India, five of themAssam and West Bengal in North
India, and Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka in South India account for over 98% of Indias tea
production.

Price Realisation
In India more than 50% sales of tea is routed through auction at various auction centers located
in North & South India. Tea generally moves directly from factory either to auction centre for
sale or for direct sale to national or international buyers. Auction buying is much more
fragmented and there exists a sizable gap between wholesale and retail prices. There is
also a clear seasonality in prices of tea within a year. Another of the variable explaining the
variance in auction prices is unit export price. Higher export price raises the bargaining position
of sellers at auctions. Export volume also has an influence on the price formation at auctions
as higher export reduces domestic availability and hikes up domestic price. Further, lots
offered and quantity sold is inversely related with average price realization at auction.



Prices are bound to remain firm this year due to strong domestic demand as well increase in
the demand from the export market. Last year due to agro climatic conditions, the production
was below the standard production which left the demand unmet. That demand has been
carry forwarded this year and therefore prices will remain firm this year. Usually, production
increase causes prices to fall, but due to the rise in domestic consumption this has not been
the case.




As compared to North India, auction prices in South India are estimated to increase at a faster
pace on account of continued decline in production in 2013-14. With consumption increasing
at a faster rate than production, prices of CTC tea have witnessed a sharper increase in
recent years thus narrowing, or even at times eliminating, the premium that orthodox tea has
traditionally enjoyed in the domestic market.

Export of tea has remained flat due to increasing competition
India is the fourth largest exporter of tea in the world with major export destinations as Russia,
UAE, United Kingdom and Poland. Though tea production in India has grown over the last 10
years with a CAGR of 3%, the export has remained more or less static due increase in the
domestic consumption as well as increasing competition from other tea producing countries.
Tea export from India during 2012-13 was estimated at around 216.23 million kgs valued at
`4005.93 crore. Over the years tea export has remained flat due to increasing competition from
Kenya and Sri Lanka which are able to sell the tea at cheaper price with the same quality level.
In India orthodox tea, CTC tea are main types in which tea is produced, however, green tea is
also produced to some extent. India exports CTC grade tea mainly to Egypt, Pakistan and the
UK, and the orthodox variety to Iraq, Iran and Russia.


According to records available with the Tea Board, the CIS (Commonwealth of Independent
States) countries import the highest quantity of tea from India, while, the exports to the UAE
and Pakistan recorded a significant increase in 2013. India also imports small quantities of tea
not only from Kenya and Sri Lanka but also from other countries, mainly for re-export and
blending and value addition.



On account of rising tea prices and healthy domestic demand, players are expected to focus
on the local market. Moreover, import demand from few countries is anticipated to be
subdued. Consequently, Indias tea exports are estimated to decline by 5% to 195 million kg in
2014 on account of muted global prices and weak demand from Egypt and Middle Eastern
countries due to political uncertainties. On the other hand, exports of orthodox tea,
consumption of which is insignificant in India, are expected to rise by 5% to 95 million kg
primarily on the back of healthy demand from countries including CIS and Turkey. In addition,
global orthodox tea prices are estimated to increase by 10% due to flat global production,
particularly from Sri Lanka, the largest exporter of orthodox tea.

INDIAS POSITION ON THE GLOBAL FRONT -
Tea is among the world's most widely consumed beverages. One of the biggest markets for
tea is the United States where Americans drink 3.6 billion gallons annually and supermarket
sales top $2 billion, according to the tea association of the USA. Black tea is predominantly
produced and exported by Kenya and Sri Lanka. Green tea is mainly grown and consumed in
China. Although black tea is by far the most produced and exported tea, production and
exports of green tea are rapidly increasing.
Asia-Pacific dominates the global market and accounts for 40% of the total demand in the
tea market. The maximum production of tea and the largest areas under tea plantation
belong to India and China respectively. Leading tea-producing countries are China, India,
Kenya and Srilanka. While production of black tea is growing 3.9% annually, production of
green tea is growing 11% annually and herbal tea production is growing more than 15% each
year. The trend towards health consciousness, coupled with this increased competitive
pressure, will further drive new product development in the next five years, which will in turn
drive industry demand.
The global market is highly concentrated. However, the presence of large unorganized market
in Asia Pacific is expected to impact the profitability of Western producers.



India's Share in Total Export (%) 12.33 12.49 12.31 11.65
Tea Exports from India declined by 14 million kgs in 2012 mainly due to the higher price levels
with teas from other origins looking more attractive price-wise. Import of tea into India in 2012
was only marginally lower than the previous year.
Indian tea exports average 200 million kg with the unit realisation averaging at about `175.30
per kg. India is the worlds second largest producer after China and second largest consumer
of tea, accounting for nearly 25-27% of world tea production. India accounts for around 10-
12% of world tea exports. Further, certain varieties of tea (for example, Darjeeling) are grown
only in India and are in great demand across the world. However, India has been losing its
share of the global tea exports in the face of the threat coming from countries such as China,
Sri Lanka and Kenya.

REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT
Special Purpose Tea Fund Scheme The Government has contributed towards the
programme by way of capital infusion towards maintaining default reserve fund for facilitating
loan assistance and capital subsidy.
Quality Up-gradation & Product Diversification Scheme (QUPDS) The scheme was initiated in
order to enable better technological capabilities and undertake investment in adopting
modern technologies/ process (either for expansion or for replacement) so as to foster better
quality and higher realizations through the value added teas. The overall objective of the
scheme is thus to encourage quality up-gradation and product diversification in the tea
processing units. All tea manufactures who are dealing with value addition of tea are eligible
for claiming the subsidy. Bought leaf factories, single estate factories, and medium sized tea
gardens would be given priority for availing of subsidy under the scheme. However, in the
event of insufficient claimants, other applicants who are large estate tea growers would be
permitted to avail of the subsidy.
All India Tea Growers Advisory Committee Under the 12th plan `200 crore has been
earmarked for the development of small tea growers sector. A separate small tea growers
directorate has been formed that would be looking into pruning, rejuvenation, and improving
plucking operations. Efforts would be made to promote micro and mini tea factories with
subsidy from tea board.
Apart from industry wide benefits/subsidies including re-plantation and rejuvenation subsidy on
the production of orthodox tea and setting aside a part of the profits with National Bank for
Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) to reduce tax liabilities, there are some region
specific benefits as well such as subsidy on transportation expenses for exports through the dry
port of inland Container depot or Amingao (in Assam) and interest subsidy on interest paid
towards working capital facilities from banks for the tea estates (in Assam).
Also the companies which are engaged in bulk tea manufacturing receive monetary benefits
under the Videsh Krishi and Gram Udyog Yojana (VKGUY) scheme and duty drawback
scheme for the volume of exports undertaken which adds to their income and profits.

DEMAND DRIVERS
Value Added Variants of Tea Tea in value added formats and new exciting variant will
increase its appeal as well as consumption. Promoting more flavours like fruits and herbal tea
into tea like ginger, lemon, elaichee, etc. This will add up a new arena into tea industry.
Health & Wellness Consumers are becoming increasingly conscious about health issues and
it
has been playing a determining role in the choice of food products. With the passage of time
and excellent marketing techniques, consumers are now better aware of the health benefits
of flavoured and green tea.
Emerging Consumer Demands Drinking habits and lifestyles have changed in the last 15-20
years and people are now willing to pay more for quality tea. However increasing consumer
attention to the quality of products, growing brand loyalty and active promotions by
manufacturers reflect a shift from unbranded to the branded products. A positive sign is that
with rising demand from consumers, tea exports are likely to increase. The potential of
domestic market should be utilised because India is the biggest consumer of the tea, but per
capita tea consumption is very low than the other countries.

OUTLOOK ON SMEs IN INDIA
Small Tea Growers (STGs) presently account for about 35% of Indias total tea production, and
their contribution has been projected to increase to 50% of the countrys total tea production
in another five to seven years. Bengal has approx. 40000 small growers and Assam has about 1
lakh small tea growers. The average annual yield from small holdings hovers around 2,500 kg
of made tea /hectare, and this translates to 10,000 kg of green leaf. It has been decided by
Tea Board of India that factories producing in the range of 22.5 - 225 kg of made tea per day
would be classified as micro mini tea factories, and factories producing 450-500 kg of made
tea would be labeled as mini-factories.
Financial Performance
A financial analysis of SME units engaged in tea processing business was undertaken to
understand the dynamics of the SMEs in Tea Industry. A sample set of 20 units was chosen
from
the entities that have been rated over the period January 2013 to January 2014. The
results of the financial analysis have been detailed below.

High cost of production is keeping the margins low India has the highest cost of production
among major tea producing countries in the world. The cost of sales is above the auction
realization. Despite rising tea prices in India, the profitability position of the tea processing
companies has remained slated on account of higher labour charges along with high power
& fuel cost. Labour cost accounts for around half of the units cost of production and
approximately 55-75% percent of that labour cost is due to plucking. Field and factory workers
productivity is also considered low in India. Therefore it is assumed that around 80 percent of
the cost of production goes towards fixed expenses like fuel, power and labour. Apart from
this due to intense competition, tea growers are unable to pass the rising cost to the market
thereby increasing pressure on the margins.
Low returns generated by small tea growing companies Both return on capital employed
and return on equity has been low during the period under study. There has been a marginal
increase in the return on capital employed due to an increase of 11% in the total capital
employed as compared to an increase of 17% in the EBIT of the sample.
Low dependence on borrowed funds and satisfactory interest coverage ratio As can be seen
in the graphs above, the dependence on external borrowings has been low. Although the
companies operating under the tea industry are not highly leveraged, but due to weak
profitability position the interest coverage ratio has been moderate.
Efficient Working Capital Management The units engaged in the manufacturing of tea are
able to re-cycle their working capital faster which can be seen by inventory holding days of 39
days and debtors days of 25 days.

CHALLENGES FORESEEN BY THE TEA INDUSTRY
Fluctuations in the Production due to climatic changes Climate that is conducive to tea
growth is one in which there is sunlight during the day and rain at night on an almost daily
basis. Although the quantum of rain has not changed much, the frequency has reduced and
the rise in temperature has adversely affected photosynthesis in the plants. These climatic
changes have resulted in lower crops as well as a higher incidence of pests and diseases and
yields are showing a downward and erratic trend. The production of tea is not same round the
year. There is a wide variation in the monthly production of tea. Although total tea production
in south India is less, but as far as the productivity is concerned they are better than rest of the
country because of the climatic condition of the Southern states. In North India, there is a
dormant winter period, therefore, the growth of tea bushes stopped and hence the
productivity goes down considerably. Climatic conditions not only affect the productivity but
also the quality of leaves harvested.

Slower pace of re-plantation Indias productivity has not picked growth due to slower pace
of re-plantation of old bushes. With no substantial increase in tea acreage the increase in
productivity can be achieved through the re-plantation of old bushes. Lack of bush replantation
and rejuvenation of bush health are major deterrents for Indian tea production.
Over 1,48,305 hectare or 37% of entire Indian tea land is hosting bushes over 50 years of age
those which have crossed their optimum producing age. Compared to that, over 70% tea
land in Kenya and 68% in Srilanka are with bushes less than 40 years old. Entire tea plantation
in Vietnam is less than 20 years old and near 35% of Chinese tea plantation is less than 10
years
old.
High cost of production and low productivity The production entails risk on account of
weather conditions and falling prices. Labour cost is quite high since hand picking of tea is
labour intensive. To reduce the cost, some plantations are resorting to longer picking cycles;
say 15 to 18 days against the ideal 10 days. On top of this, they are also harvesting three or
even four leave which is resulting in poor quality and is fetching low prices. The ideal is two
leaves and a bud. The high cost of production is affecting the Assam teas competitiveness in
the global market.
Increasing competition in the Global Tea Market India is a major exporter of CTC tea and
faces stiff competition from Kenya. Demand for Kenyan teas is increasing due to relatively
younger bushes which are of higher quality and is better suited for tea bags. Their labour costs
are comparatively lower. Therefore, the tea industry in Kenya is more competitive than the
Indian tea industry as is reflected by Indias diminishing leadership in key markets.
Coffee acting as a strong substitute to tea - Apart from the severe competition that the
country is facing from other tea producing countries, coffee is emerging as near perfect
substitute and is posing greater challenge to the consumption of tea as many coffee outlets
have been opened by Barista, Cafe Coffee Day and others. The branded tea players will
have to aggressively take on these challenges and their success will hinge on the supply of
high quality premium tea as well as organic tea.

OUTLOOK
Indian tea industry is expected to touch a turnover of nearly ` 330001 crore by 2015 driven by
upsurge in demand from domestic market. Consumption of tea has increased as compared
to production and this will help in better price realization. However, India needs to draw a
number of initiatives in order to strengthen the stand in the global market and tap the
potential market by improving the standards of plucking thereby enhancing the quality of the
product sold. The export growth of the tea has been on a decline and this has resulted in lack
of competitiveness in the global market.
New strategies aimed at adding value and reducing production and marketing costs are also
needed. Value addition and diversification for a wide range of tea products need to be
developed for balancing the supply demand scenario. We believe that the Special Purpose
Tea Fund (SPTF) set up by commerce ministry to implement uprooting and replanting
programme would help in improving productivity and yield and thereby reduce cost in
coming years.

REFERENCE
http://www.teaboard.gov.in/
www.indiatea.org/
http://www.fao.org/home/en/
http://www.teaboard.gov.in/pdf/Tea%20Statistics%20Global%20Scenario.pdf
http://www.theglobaljournals.com/ijar/file.php?val=MTcwMg%3D%3D