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Loran Navigation System

LORAN is a terrestrial radio navigation system that uses low frequency radio signals transmitted from fixed land-based stations to enable ships and aircraft to determine their position. It was developed in the United States as an advancement of the British GEE system. LORAN stations operate in synchronized groups, with one station designated as the master and others as secondary. A receiver calculates the time difference between signals from the master and secondary stations to determine its position along a hyperbolic line. While LORAN provided global coverage and worked in all weather, it suffered from interference from atmospheric conditions and only covered certain regions, unlike the satellite-based GPS system.

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289 views11 pages

Loran Navigation System

LORAN is a terrestrial radio navigation system that uses low frequency radio signals transmitted from fixed land-based stations to enable ships and aircraft to determine their position. It was developed in the United States as an advancement of the British GEE system. LORAN stations operate in synchronized groups, with one station designated as the master and others as secondary. A receiver calculates the time difference between signals from the master and secondary stations to determine its position along a hyperbolic line. While LORAN provided global coverage and worked in all weather, it suffered from interference from atmospheric conditions and only covered certain regions, unlike the satellite-based GPS system.

Uploaded by

chillness
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LORAN

Navigation
LORAN NAVIGATION
SYSTEM
is a terrestrial radio navigation
system which enales shi!s and
aircra"t to determine their !osition
"rom low "re#$ency radio signals
transmitted y "i%ed land ased radio
eacons&
'ISTORY

LORAN was an American develo!ment( advancing


the technology o" the*ritishGEEradio
navigationsystem that was $sed early in+orld +ar
II& +hile GEE had a range o" ao$t ,-- miles
./,,0m1( initial LORAN systems had a range o"
2(3-- miles .2(45-0m1&

It originally was 0nown as 6LRN6 "orLoomis Radio


Navigation( a"terAl"red Lee Loomis( who invented
the longer range system and !layed a cr$cial role in
military research and develo!ment d$ring+orld +ar
II( $t later was renamed to the areviation "or the
more descri!tive term&

In R$ssia( LORAN is called 7'AY8A&


9rinci!le

Thenavigational method!rovided y LORAN is


ased on meas$ring the time di""erence etween
the recei!t o"signals"rom a !air
o"radiotransmitters& A given constant time
di""erence etween the signals "rom the two
stations can e re!resented y ahy!erolicline o"
!osition.LO91&

I" the !ositions o" the two synchroni:ed stations are


0nown( then the !osition o" thereceivercan e
determined as eing somewhere on a !artic$lar
hy!erolic c$rve where the time di""erence etween
the received signals is constant& In ideal conditions(
this is !ro!ortionally e#$ivalent to the di""erence o"
thedistances"rom the receiver to each o" the two
stations&
O9ERATION
LORAN Stations O!erations are organi:ed into s$;gro$!s o"
"o$r to si% stations called 6 7'AIN <&One station in the 7hain is
designated the 6 MASTER 6 and others are called 6
SE7ON=ARY 6 or 6 SLAVE 6 Stations&

The theory is to calc$late the time etween rece!tion o" the


signals "rom the MASTER and SLAVE stations( which are
emitted at di""erent "re#$encies ( at low or very low ands
4-0': ; 22- 0':& in !$lse gro$! and has !ower o" ,-- ; 2/--
0ilowatts& The master station emits its own signal "irst( when
that signals reach the slave station ( it emits its own signal
a"ter a !redetermined delay& +hen the master station>s signal
reaches the aircra"t ( its Navigation system co$nts the time
$ntil the slave station>s signal arrives& Yo$r !osition is "o$nd
as the intersection o" the line o" two LORAN stations&

Signal Processor ; receives the


signals and meas$res the di""erence
etween the time o" arrival o" each
secondary station !$lse gro$! and the
master station !$lse gro$!& time
di""erence val$e is meas$red to a
!recision o" ao$t -&2 microseconds&

Navigation Computer

Control and Display


LORAN ?NIT
Other loran systems

LORAN @ A

LORAN @ *

LORAN @ 7

eLORAN
There are three maAor "actors when
considering signal delay and!ro!agationin
relation to LORANB
9rimary 9hase Cactor .9C1@ This allows "or the "act that the s!eed o"
the !ro!agated signal in the atmos!here is slightly lower than in a
vac$$m&
Secondary 9hase Cactor .SC1@ This allows "or the "act that the s!eed
o" !ro!agation o" the signal is slowed when traveling over the
seawater eca$se o" the lower cond$ctivity o" seawater com!ared
to land&
Additional Secondary Cactors .ASC1@ *eca$se LORAN;7 transmitters
are mainly land ased( the signal will travel !artly over land and
!artly over seawater& ASC may e treated as land and water
segments( each with a $ni"orm cond$ctivity de!ending on whether
the !ath is over land or water&

Terrestrial Long
Range Navigation

Land ased radio


transmitter

$ses low "re#$ency


radio transmitters
in many
de!loyments so as
to determine the
location

Geo 9ositioning
Satellite

Satellite

!rovides location as
well as time
in"ormation in all
weather( on the
Earth thro$gh the
G9S satellites&
LORAN vs G9S
=ISA=VANTAGE
LORAN s$""ers "rom electronic e""ects o" weather and the
ionos!heric e""ects o" s$nrise and s$nset& At night the
indirects0y wave( ent ac0 to the s$r"ace y
theionos!here( is a !rolem as m$lti!le signals may arrive
via di""erent !aths .m$lti!ath inter"erence1& The
ionos!here>s reaction to s$nrise and s$nset acco$nts "or
the !artic$lar dist$rance d$ring those !eriods&Magnetic
stormshave serio$s e""ects as with any radio ased
system&
LORAN $ses gro$nd ased transmitters that only cover
certain regions&

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