TCP/IP Protocol Suite 1

Chapter 14 Chapter 14
Upon completion you will be able to:
Unicast Routing Protocols: Unicast Routing Protocols:
RIP, OSPF, and BGP RIP, OSPF, and BGP
Distinguish between intra and interdomain routing
Understand distance vector routing and RIP
Understand link state routing and OSPF
Understand path vector routing and BGP
Objectives
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14.1 INTRA- AND INTERDOMAIN
ROUTING
Routing Routing inside inside an an autonomous autonomous system system is is referred referred to to as as intradomain intradomain
routing routing.. Routing Routing between between autonomous autonomous systems systems is is referred referred to to as as
interdomain interdomain routing routing..
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Figure 14.1 Autonomous systems
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Figure 14.2 Popular routing protocols
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14.2 DISTANCE VECTOR ROUTING
In In distance distance vector vector routing, routing, the the least least cost cost route route between between any any two two nodes nodes is is
the the route route with with minimum minimum distance distance.. In In this this protocol protocol each each node node maintains maintains aa
vector vector (table) (table) of of minimum minimumdistances distances to to every every node node
The topics discussed in this section include: The topics discussed in this section include:
Initialization Initialization
Sharing Sharing
Updating Updating
When to Share When to Share
Two Two--Node Loop Instability Node Loop Instability
Three Three--Node Instability Node Instability
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Figure 14.3 Distance vector routing tables
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Figure 14.4 Initialization of tables in distance vector routing
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In distance vector routing, each node
shares its routing table with its
immediate neighbors periodically and
when there is a change.
Note: Note:
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Figure 14.5 Updating in distance vector routing
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Figure 14.6 Two-node instability
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Figure 14.7 Three-node instability
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14.3 RIP
The The Routing Routing Information Information Protocol Protocol (RIP) (RIP) is is an an intradomain intradomain routing routing
protocol protocol used used inside inside an an autonomous autonomous system system.. It It is is aa very very simple simple protocol protocol
based based on on distance distance vector vector routing routing..
The topics discussed in this section include: The topics discussed in this section include:
RIP Message Format RIP Message Format
Requests and Responses Requests and Responses
Timers in RIP Timers in RIP
RIP Version 2 RIP Version 2
Encapsulation Encapsulation
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Figure 14.8 Example of a domain using RIP
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Figure 14.9 RIP message format
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Figure 14.10 Request messages
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Figure 14.11 shows the update message sent from router R1 to
router R2 in Figure 14.8. The message is sent out of interface
130.10.0.2.
Example 1
See Next Slide
The message is prepared with the combination of split horizon
and poison reverse strategy in mind. Router R1 has obtained
information about networks 195.2.4.0, 195.2.5.0, and 195.2.6.0
from router R2. When R1 sends an update message to R2, it
replaces the actual value of the hop counts for these three
networks with 16 (infinity) to prevent any confusion for R2.
The figure also shows the table extracted from the message.
Router R2 uses the source address of the IP datagram carrying
the RIP message from R1 (130.10.02) as the next hop address.
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Figure 14.11 Solution to Example 1
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Figure 14.12 RIP timers
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A routing table has 20 entries. It does not receive information
about five routes for 200 s. How many timers are running at
this time?
Example 2
Solution
The 21 timers are listed below:
Periodic timer: 1
Expiration timer: 20 5 = 15
Garbage collection timer: 5
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Figure 14.13 RIP version 2 format
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Figure 14.14 Authentication
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RIP uses the services of UDP on
well-known port 520.
Note: Note:
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14.4 LINK STATE ROUTING
In In link link state state routing, routing, if if each each node node in in the the domain domain has has the the entire entire topology topology
of of the the domain, domain, the the node node can can use use Dijkstras Dijkstras algorithm algorithm to to build build aa routing routing
table table..
The topics discussed in this section include: The topics discussed in this section include:
Building Routing Tables Building Routing Tables
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Figure 14.15 Concept of link state routing
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Figure 14.16 Link state knowledge
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Figure 14.17 Dijkstra algorithm
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Figure 14.18 Example of formation of shortest path tree
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Table 14.1 Table 14.1 Routing table for node A Routing table for node A
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14.5 OSPF
The The Open Open Shortest Shortest Path Path First First (OSPF) (OSPF) protocol protocol is is an an intradomain intradomain routing routing
protocol protocol based based on on link link state state routing routing.. Its Its domain domain is is also also an an autonomous autonomous
system system..
The topics discussed in this section include: The topics discussed in this section include:
Areas Areas
Metric Metric
Types of Links Types of Links
Graphical Representation Graphical Representation
OSPF Packets OSPF Packets
Link State Update Packet Link State Update Packet
Other Packets Other Packets
Encapsulation Encapsulation
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Figure 14.19 Areas in an autonomous system
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Figure 14.20 Types of links
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Figure 14.21 Point-to-point link
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Figure 14.22 Transient link
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Figure 14.23 Stub link
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Figure 14.24 Example of an AS and its graphical representation in OSPF
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Figure 14.25 Types of OSPF packets
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Figure 14.26 OSPF common header
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Figure 14.27 Link state update packet
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Figure 14.28 LSA general header
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Figure 14.29 Router link
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Figure 14.30 Router link LSA
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Table 14.2 Table 14.2 Link types, link identification, and link data Link types, link identification, and link data
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Give the router link LSA sent by router 10.24.7.9 in
Figure 14.31.
Example 3
Solution
This router has three links: two of type 1 (point-to-
point) and one of type 3 (stub network). Figure 14.32
shows the router link LSA.
See Next Slide
See Figure 14.32
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Figure 14.31 Example 3
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Figure 14.32 Solution to Example 3
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Figure 14.33 Network link
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Figure 14.34 Network link advertisement format
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Give the network link LSAin Figure 14.35.
Example 4
Solution.
See Next Slide
See Figure 14.36
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Figure 14.35 Example 4
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Figure 14.36 Solution to Example 4
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In Figure 14.37, which router(s) sends out router link LSAs?
Example 5
Solution
All routers advertise router link LSAs.
a. R1 has two links, N1 and N2.
b. R2 has one link, N1.
c. R3 has two links, N2 and N3.
See Next Slide
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Figure 14.37 Example 5 and Example 6
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In Figure 14.37, which router(s) sends out the network link
LSAs?
Example 6
Solution
All three network must advertise network links:
a. Advertisement for N1 is done by R1 because it is the only
attached router and therefore the designated router.
b. Advertisement for N2 can be done by either R1, R2, or R3,
depending on which one is chosen as the designated router.
c. Advertisement for N3 is done by R3 because it is the only
attached router and therefore the designated router.
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Figure 14.38 Summary link to network
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Figure 14.39 Summary link to network LSA
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Figure 14.40 Summary link to AS boundary router
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Figure 14.41 Summary link to AS boundary router LSA
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Figure 14.42 External link
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Figure 14.43 External link LSA
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Figure 14.44 Hello packet
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Figure 14.45 Database description packet
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Figure 14.46 Link state request packet
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Figure 14.47 Link state acknowledgment packet
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OSPF packets are encapsulated in IP
datagrams.
Note: Note:
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14.6 PATH VECTOR ROUTING
Path Path vector vector routing routing is is similar similar to to distance distance vector vector routing routing.. There There is is at at least least
one one node, node, called called the the speaker speaker node, node, in in each each AS AS that that creates creates aa routing routing table table
and and advertises advertises it it to to speaker speaker nodes nodes in in the the neighboring neighboring ASs ASs.. ..
The topics discussed in this section include: The topics discussed in this section include:
Initialization Initialization
Sharing Sharing
Updating Updating
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Figure 14.48 Initial routing tables in path vector routing
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Figure 14.49 Stabilized tables for four autonomous systems
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14.7 BGP
Border Border Gateway Gateway Protocol Protocol (BGP) (BGP) is is an an interdomain interdomain routing routing protocol protocol
using using path path vector vector routing routing.. It It first first appeared appeared in in 1989 1989 and and has has gone gone through through
four four versions versions..
The topics discussed in this section include: The topics discussed in this section include:
Types of Autonomous Systems Types of Autonomous Systems
Path Attributes Path Attributes
BGP Sessions BGP Sessions
External and Internal BGP External and Internal BGP
Types of Packets Types of Packets
Packet Format Packet Format
Encapsulation Encapsulation
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Figure 14.50 Internal and external BGP sessions
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Figure 14.51 Types of BGP messages
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Figure 14.52 BGP packet header
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Figure 14.53 Open message
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Figure 14.54 Update message
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BGP supports classless addressing and
CIDR.
Note: Note:
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Figure 14.55 Keepalive message
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Figure 14.56 Notification message
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Table 14.3 Table 14.3 Error codes Error codes
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BGP uses the services of TCP
on port 179.
Note: Note: