Digital Front-End Signal Processing

Markku Renfors, TUT/DCE

1. Review of multirate signal processing (mostly based on
lecture notes by T. Saramki)
Motivation & basics
Efficient decimator/interpolator structures
o Efficient implementation structure for basic FIR filters
o Efficiency of multistage designs.
o FIR Nth-band filters, especially halfband filters
o CIC filter as an efficient multiplier-free structure for the
first stages of the decimation chain.
2. Frequency translation and multirate processing of
bandpass I/Q signals
3. Multimode receivers
Main ideas
Examples
Why multirate signal processing is s good idea in
advanced transceiver architectures?
1. A general approach to increase the flexibility of receiver
implementations is to use wideband sampling in the receiver
and select the desired channel among the many digitized
ones using digital filtering, using a filter optimized for the
particular transmission system in use.
o In case of wideband sampling, the initial sampling rate is
much higher than symbol/chip rate used in baseband
processing.
2. The commonly used delta-sigma AD-conversion principle is
also based on heavy oversampling, even in the case of
narrowband sampling.
Concerning the DSP implementation complexity and power
consumption, it is very crucial to use the lowest possible sampling
rate at each stage of the processing chain (good examples of this
will be given later during the course).
o As a rule of thumb, for given (narrowband) selectivity
requirements and given input sampling rate, the
computational complexity (and power consumption) is, in a
well-designed multirate system, directly proportional to the
output sampling rate.
o Now think about the case where you could reduce the
sampling rate by a factor of 300 (could really be the case
in a wideband sampling receiver).
Similar ideas can be used also in the transmitter case:
synthesizing a high-rate, possibly multi-channel signal using DSP
would greatly improve the flexibility.
Digital Front-End Signal Processing
Markku Renfors, TUT/DCE

1. Review of multirate signal processing (mostly based on
lecture notes by T. Saramki)
Motivation & basics
Efficient decimator/interpolator structures
o Efficient implementation structure for basic FIR filters
o Efficiency of multistage designs.
o FIR Nth-band filters, especially halfband filters
o CIC filter as an efficient multiplier-free structure for the
first stages of the decimation chain.
2. Frequency translation and multirate processing of
bandpass I/Q signals
3. Multimode receivers
Main ideas
Examples


=> Reduction in implementation complexity, especially for
small N!



(M+1)/4 multiplications per input sample needed for
implementing a filter of length M+1.

=> A cascade of half-band filters is often a very efficient
choice for multirate signal processing!

Receiver Architectures Part 2 TLT-5806/RxArch2/1
M. Renfors, TUT/DCE 10.10.11
DCE - Tampere University of Technology. All rights reserved.


CIC-Filters


CIC = Cascaded Integrator - Comb
Transfer function:
Frequency response:

Here R is the decimation factor and N is the order of the
CIC-filter.
A first-order CIC-filter takes the avarage of R consequtive
input samples and decimates by R. It is also called moving
average or running sum filter.
It is important to use modulo arithmetic (like 2's
complement) in the implementation, because there will be
inevitable internal overflows.
z
-1
32 z
-1
z
-1
z
-1

( )
N
R
z
z
z H

1
1
1
N
s
s F
f R N j
F
f j
F
f
R
F
Rf
e e H
s s

sin
sin
) 1 ( 2
Receiver Architectures Part 2 TLT-5806/RxArch2/2
M. Renfors, TUT/DCE 10.10.11
DCE - Tampere University of Technology. All rights reserved.


CIC-Filters
In CIC filter, those frequencies aliasing to 0-frequency are
heavily attenuated. For a relatively narrowband signal,
low-order CIC-filters are sufficient; more wideband signals
neede higher CIC-filter orders

Example (for a GSM application): N=2, R=32.




Digital Front-End Signal Processing
Markku Renfors, TUT/DCE

1. Review of multirate signal processing (mostly based on
lecture notes by T. Saramki)
Motivation & basics
Efficient decimator/interpolator structures
o Efficient implementation structure for basic FIR filters
o Efficiency of multistage designs.
o FIR Nth-band filters, especially halfband filters
o CIC filter as an efficient multiplier-free structure for the
first stages of the decimation chain.
2. Frequency translation and multirate processing of
bandpass I/Q signals
3. Multimode receivers
Main ideas
Examples
Sampling and Multirate Techniques for Complex and Bandpass Signals TLT-5806/IQ/8
M. Renfors, TUT/DCE 21.9.2010


DCE - Tampere University of Technology. All rights reserved.

Frequency Translation

One key operation in communications signal
processing is the frequency translation of a signal
spectrum from one center frequency to another.

Conversions between baseband and bandpass
representations (modulation and demodulation) are
special cases of this.

We consider two different ways to do the frequency
translation: mixing and multirate operations, i.e.,
decimation and interpolation.

In case of multirate operations, we assume for
simplicity that the following two sampling rates are
used:

low sampling rate:
1 s
f
N N
=
T


high sampling rate:
1
s
f
T
=
Sampling and Multirate Techniques for Complex and Bandpass Signals TLT-5806/IQ/9
M. Renfors, TUT/DCE 21.9.2010


DCE - Tampere University of Technology. All rights reserved.

Mixing for Complex Discrete-Time Signals


2
( ) ( ) ( )
LO LO
j f kT j k
y k e x k e x k

= =

f
c
f
f +f
c LO
f
e
j k

LO
cos( )
Lo
k
sin( )
Lo
k
I I
I
Q

Special case with
real input signal:

This produces a pure frequency translation of the spectrum
by .
LO
f
Important special cases are:

T
f f
s LO
2
1
2 / = =
in which case the multiplying sequence is +1, -1, +1, -1, ...
This case can be applied to a real signal without
producing a complex result. Converts a lowpass signal
to a highpass signal, and vice versa.

T
f f
s LO
4
1
4 / = =
in which case the multiplying sequence is
+1, j, -1, -j, +1, j, ...
Sampling and Multirate Techniques for Complex and Bandpass Signals TLT-5806/IQ/10
M. Renfors, TUT/DCE 21.9.2010


DCE - Tampere University of Technology. All rights reserved.
Complex Bandpass Filters
Certain types of complex filters based on Hilbert
transformers can be designed using standard filter design
packages, like Parks-McClellan routine for FIR filters.
Another way to get complex bandpass filters is through
frequency translations:
Real
0
f
0
f
f
c
T T
e
j f T 2
c

prototype
filter:


Complex
bandpass
filter:

Transformation for frequency response and transfer
function:
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
T f j j j
c c
ze H z H e H e H
2

Generic transformation for block diagram:




If 1/T is an integer multiple of f
c
, this might be much easier
than in the general case, see the special cases of the
previous page.
Sampling and Multirate Techniques for Complex and Bandpass Signals TLT-5806/IQ/11
M. Renfors, TUT/DCE 21.9.2010


DCE - Tampere University of Technology. All rights reserved.
Example of a Complex Bandpass Filters:
Frequency Translated FIR
Frequency translation by f
s
/4 => Analytic bandpass
filter with passband around f
s
/4.

0
f
0
f
f
s
/4 f
s
/2
f
s
/4 f
s
/2


Impulse response translated as:
h
0
, h
1
, h
2
, h
3
, h
4
, , h
N

h
0
, jh
1
, -h
2
, -jh
3
, h
4
, , (j)
N
h
N
Sampling and Multirate Techniques for Complex and Bandpass Signals TLT-5806/IQ/12
M. Renfors, TUT/DCE 21.9.2010


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FIR Filter with Frequency Translation by f
s
/4
(i) Real input signal
...
I
Q
h
0
h
2
h
4
h
1
h
3
h
5
T T T T T

(ii) Complex input signal

...
...
I
Q
I
Q
h
0
h
1
h
2
h
3
h
4
h
5
h
0
h
1
h
2
h
3
h
4
h
5
T T T T T
T T T T T





There are possibilities to exploit the possible
coefficient symmetry (of linear phase FIR) in both
cases.
Sampling and Multirate Techniques for Complex and Bandpass Signals TLT-5806/IQ/14
M. Renfors, TUT/DCE 21.9.2010


Sampling Theorem
The sampling theorem says that a (real or complex)
lowpass signal limited to the frequency band [-W, W] can
represented completely by discrete-time samples if the
sampling rate (1/T) is at least 2W.
In case of a complex signal, each sample is, of course, a
complex number.
In general, discrete-time signals have periodic spectra,
where the continuous-time spectrum is repeated around
frequencies 1 2 3
DCE - Tampere University of Technology. All rights reserved.
0
f
f
s
2f
s f
s
2f
s
T T T , , ,







In case of complex signals, it is not required that the
original signal is located symmetrically around 0.
Any part of the periodic signal can be considered as the
useful part. This allows many possibilities for multirate
processing of bandpass signals.
In general, the key criterion is that no destructive aliasing
effect occur on top of the desired part of the spectrum.
Sampling and Multirate Techniques for Complex and Bandpass Signals TLT-5806/IQ/15
M. Renfors, TUT/DCE 21.9.2010


Real vs. Complex Discrete-Time Signals

Real signal:

0
f
f
s
f
s
W
0
f
f
s
f =W
s




Here 2W real samples per second are sufficient to
represent the signal.

Complex signal:




Here W complex samples per second are sufficient.
The resulting rates of real-valued samples are the
same.
However, the quantization effects may be quite
different. (Recall from the standard treatment of
SSB that Hilbert-transformed signals may be
difficult.)
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Sampling and Multirate Techniques for Complex and Bandpass Signals TLT-5806/IQ/16
M. Renfors, TUT/DCE 21.9.2010


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Interpolation for Complex Signal
Sampling rate increase produces a periodic
spectrum, and the desired part of the spectrum is
then separated by an (analytic) bandpass filter.

N
0
f
1/NT
0
f
n NT / n NT T / 1/
COMPLEX
BP-FILTER
RESPONSE
0
f
1/NT
0
f
n NT /
a)
b)



Sampling and Multirate Techniques for Complex and Bandpass Signals TLT-5806/IQ/17
M. Renfors, TUT/DCE 21.9.2010


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Decimation for Complex Signal
Sampling rate decrease produces aliasing, such that
the original band is at one of the image bands of the
resulting final band.

The signal has to be band-limited to a bandwidth of
NT / 1 before this operation can be done without
severe aliasing effects.

N
0
f
1/NT n NT T / 1/ n NT /
0
f
COMPLEX
BP-FILTER
RESPONSE


Sampling and Multirate Techniques for Complex and Bandpass Signals TLT-5806/IQ/18
M. Renfors, TUT/DCE 21.9.2010


DCE - Tampere University of Technology. All rights reserved.
Combined Multirate Operations for
Complex Signal
Combining decimation and interpolation, a frequency shift
by n N can be realized, where n is an arbitrary integer. T /
N M
0
f
n f /N- f
1 S S
n f /N
1 S
0
f
0
f
n f /N
2 S

It can be seen that the low sampling rate, limited to be
higher than the signal bandwidth, determines the resolution
of the frequency translations based on multirate
operations.
If, for example, a bandpass signal is desired to be
translated to the baseband form, this can be done using
multirate operations if and only if the carrier frequency is a
multiple of the low sampling rate.
Using also simple frequency translations (with coefficients
+1, -1, +j, -j), the resolution is 1/(4NT).
Sampling and Multirate Techniques for Complex and Bandpass Signals TLT-5806/IQ/19
M. Renfors, TUT/DCE 21.9.2010


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Combining Mixing and Multirate Operations
for Complex Signals
A general frequency shift of f
n
NT
f
O
= +

can be done
in the following two ways:

(1) Direct frequency conversion by f
O
using mixing.

(2) Conversion using multirate operations by
n
NT

followed by a mixing with f

(or vice versa).

The differences in these two approaches are due to
the possible filtering operations associated with the
multirate operations, and aliasing/reconstruction
filters in case of mixed continuous-time/discrete-time
processing.

Assuming ideal filtering, these two ways would be
equivalent.


Sampling and Multirate Techniques for Complex and Bandpass Signals TLT-5806/IQ/20
M. Renfors, TUT/DCE 21.9.2010


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Example of Combining Mixing and Multirate
Operations
Conversion from bandpass to baseband representation
and decimation to symbol rate, i.e., I/Q-demodulation.
Assume that
- N=6, f
0
=4/(6T)+f

.
- The required complex bandpass filter is obtained from
an FIR filter of length 50 by frequency translation.
(ii) (i
N
e
j k
0
N
e
j k
0
N
e
j k

)
The following three ways are equivalent but lead to
different computational requirements (the required real
multiplication rates at input rate are shown, not exploiting
possible coefficient symmetry):
LPF BPF






(iii)
BPF





Case (i) Case (ii) Case (iii)
Filter 100 100/6 100/6
Mixer 4 2 4/6
Total 104 18.7 17.3
Sampling and Multirate Techniques for Complex and Bandpass Signals TLT-5806/IQ/21
M. Renfors, TUT/DCE 21.9.2010


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Example of Combining Mixing and Multirate
Operations (continued)
Notes:
(i) Complex bandpass filter, real inputs
=> 100 real multipliers needed for filter
(ii) Real lowpass filter, complex input to filter
=>100 real multipliers needed for filter
- Decimation can be combined efficiently with the
filter. Utilizing coefficient symmetry is easiest in
this case.
(iii) As (i) but decimation can be included efficiently
with the filter.
- Mixing and LO generation done at lower rate
and thus easier to implement.

Here we have not taken use of the possible
coefficient symmetry, which may reduce the
multiplication rates by 1/2 in all cases.

In general, mixing is a memoryless operation, so up-
sampling and down-sampling operations can be
commuted with it in block diagram manipulations.
Sampling and Multirate Techniques for Complex and Bandpass Signals TLT-5806/IQ/22
M. Renfors, TUT/DCE 21.9.2010


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Frequency Translation for Real Signals
Mixing and multirate operations can be done in similar way
for real signals. The difference is that the two parts of the
spectrum, on the positive and negative frequency axis, and
their images, must be accommodated in the spectrum.

(1) Mixing
0
0
f
c
f
c
f f
c LO
+ f f
c LO
f f
c LO
f f
c LO
+
f
f
cos( )
LO
t
Mixing produces two translated spectral components (note
that cos( ) ( )/2
j t j t
t e e

= + ). The image band appearing
on top of the desired band after mixing must be
suppressed before mixing.









(2) Multirate operations
In case of decimation, to avoid destructive aliasing effects,
the signal to be translated must be within one of the
intervals
1 1
, or ,
2 2
n n n n
NT NT NT NT NT NT

+

Otherwise destructive aliasing will occur. In the latter case,
the spectrum will be inverted.
Sampling and Multirate Techniques for Complex and Bandpass Signals TLT-5806/IQ/23
M. Renfors, TUT/DCE 21.9.2010


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Interpolation for Real Bandpass Signal
X f ( )
0
f
s
f
s
/2 f
s
/2 f
s
f
W f ( )
0
f
Y f ( )|
k=2
0
f
0
f
Y f ( )|
k=3
k=3 k=2 k=1 k=0 k=0 k=1 k=2 k=3
k=2 k=2
k=3 k=3
N
x n ( ) y m ( )
w m ( )
f
s
Nf
s
Sampling and Multirate Techniques for Complex and Bandpass Signals TLT-5806/IQ/24
M. Renfors, TUT/DCE 21.9.2010


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Decimation for Real Bandpass Signal

x n ( ) y m ( )
x n
BP
( )
f
s
f
s
/N
0
f
X f
BP
( )
0
f
Y f ( )
0
f
0
f
f N
s
/ 3 /(2 f N)
s
f N
s
/ 3 /(2 f N)
s
3 /(2 f N)
s
3 /(2 f N)
s
2 / f N
s
2 / f N
s
N
f /N
s
X f
BP
( )
Y f ( )
0
f
f N
s
/
f N
s
/
k=3 k=2 k=1 k=0 k=0 k=1 k=2 k=3
f N
s
/

Sampling and Multirate Techniques for Complex and Bandpass Signals TLT-5806/IQ/25
M. Renfors, TUT/DCE 21.9.2010


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Analytic Filtering and Taking Real Part as
Multirate Operations
The transformations between real and complex signal
formats can be seen as multirate operations:
Taking the real part effectively reduces the rate of real-
valued samples by two. It produces mirror images, in
contrast to the periodic images produced by
decimation by two. In both cases, the new spectral
components may fall on top of the existing spectral
components.
If this operation follows, e.g., an FIR filter, considerable
computational simplifications can be made by
combining the real part- operation with the filter in a
cleaver way. There is no sense to compute samples
that are thrown away by the real part operation!!.
Analytic filtering (in any form baseband, bandpass,
filter bank) increases the rate of real-valued samples
by two. Mirror images are removed form the spectrum,
in contrast to the periodic images that are removed in
interpolation.

Sampling and Multirate Techniques for Complex and Bandpass Signals TLT-5806/IQ/26
M. Renfors, TUT/DCE 21.9.2010


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Example of Down-Conversion:
I/Q-Demodulation

N
4
PHASE
SPLITTER
2
MATCHED
FILTER
2
I
Q
0
0
2/T
f
f
0 1/T
f


It is usually a good idea to keep the signal as a real signal
as long as possible, because after converting to complex
form, all subsequent signal processing operations require
(at least) double computational capacity compared to the
corresponding real algorithms.
Receiver Architectures Part 2 TLT-5806/RxArch2/3
M. Renfors, TUT/DCE 10.10.11
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Digital Channel Selection & Down-Conversion
Digital Down-Conversion
1. Desired channel centered at fixed IF
=> Fixed down-conversion
Special choices of f
IF
and f
s
make things easy.
Especially when f
IF
=(2k+1) f
s
/4, the signal aliases to f
s
/4 and
down-conversion is very easy.
2. Wideband sampling case
=> Tunable down-conversion and NCO (numerically
controlled oscillator) needed.
3. Multistage decimation
=> Tunable digital down-conversion is possible also without
NCO, using a configurable multistage decimation chain.
Channel Selection Filtering
- After down-conversion, efficient lowpass decimator structure
is needed.
- CIC-filters are commonly used in the first decimation stages,
FIR-filters and the last stages. Nth-band IIR filters also an
efficient solution.
Adjusting Symbol Rates
- Different systems use different symbol/chip rates.
- Common sampling clock frequency is preferred.
=> Decimaton by a fractional factor is needed.
- This can be done at baseband or earlier in the decimation
chain.

Receiver Architectures Part 2 TLT-5806/RxArch2/4
M. Renfors, TUT/DCE 10.10.11
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NCO-Based Arbitrary Digital Down-
Conversion

Dedicated processors implementing the following kind of
down-conversion and channel selection structure are
available for several vendors (like Harris).


Sampling rates in the 50 ... 100 MHz range are possible.
However, the power consumption is still too high for
terminal applications.
Receiver Architectures Part 2 TLT-5806/RxArch2/5
M. Renfors, TUT/DCE 10.10.11
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Example
Using Harris HSP50214 for GSM channel selection
filtering.
- Input sample rate: 39 MHz
- CIC-filter: decimation by 18, order=5
- Two pre-designed FIR half-band filters are used for
the next decimation stages.
- The final filter stage is an FIR design.
- Output sample rate: 541.667 kHz
Frequency responses of the filter stages:


Receiver Architectures Part 2 TLT-5806/RxArch2/6
M. Renfors, TUT/DCE 10.10.11
DCE - Tampere University of Technology. All rights reserved.


Example (continued)
Overall frequency response and the effects of different
stages:


Digital Front-End Signal Processing
Markku Renfors, TUT/DCE

1. Review of multirate signal processing (mostly based on
lecture notes by T. Saramki)
Motivation & basics
Efficient decimator/interpolator structures
o Efficient implementation structure for basic FIR filters
o Efficiency of multistage designs.
o FIR Nth-band filters, especially halfband filters
o CIC filter as an efficient multiplier-free structure for the
first stages of the decimation chain.
2. Frequency translation and multirate processing of
bandpass I/Q signals
3. Multimode receivers
Main ideas
Examples

Receiver Architectures Part 2 TLT-5806/RxArch2/7
M. Renfors, TUT/DCE 10.10.11
DCE - Tampere University of Technology. All rights reserved.


Multimode Receivers
In flexible multi-mode receivers, the target is to use
common blocks for different systems as much as
possible.
A long-term target is to make the transceiver configurable
for any system. However, presently a combination of a
few predetermined systems is more realistic, e.g.,
GSM/WCDMA/WLAN.
A realistic approach has the following elements:
- Separate RF stages for different systems.
- Common IF/baseband analog parts; bandwidth
according to the most wideband system.
- Common ADC at IF or baseband; fixed sampling rate.
- Especially in the terminal side: careful choice of IF
frequency & sampling rate to make the down-
conversion simple. Typically, f
IF
=(2k+1) f
s
/4.
- Digital channel selection filtering optimized for the
different systems.


IF
1
LO
filter
S&H
I
LNA DSP
0,1,0,-1
1,0,-1,0
Q
DSP
IF
2
ADC
AGC
Receiver Architectures Part 2 TLT-5806/RxArch2/8
M. Renfors, TUT/DCE 10.10.11
DCE - Tampere University of Technology. All rights reserved.


Case Study: GSM/WCDMA dual-mode
receiver




* This part is based on the diploma thesis work of Vesa Lehtinen
carried out at TUT/DCE during years 2001-03.
Receiver Architectures Part 2 TLT-5806/RxArch2/9
M. Renfors, TUT/DCE 10.10.11
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Receiver Architectures Part 2 TLT-5806/RxArch2/10
M. Renfors, TUT/DCE 10.10.11
DCE - Tampere University of Technology. All rights reserved.


Case Study on Wideband IF Sampling in
GSM Receivers*


Sampling and Quantization Requirements as
Functions of Analog Filter Bandwidth





* This part is based on the diploma thesis work of J uho
Pirskanen carried out at TUT/ICE during years 1999-2000.
Receiver Architectures Part 2 TLT-5806/RxArch2/11
M. Renfors, TUT/DCE 10.10.11
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GSM Case: Wideband Receiver

Receiver with wideband front-end and wideband AD-
conversion
Analog front-end can be simplified
One AD-converter can be used for different
systems

Performance requirements of the ADC are
increased

Channelization filtering must be done in digital domain to
obtain desired system characteristics
Receiver Architectures Part 2 TLT-5806/RxArch2/12
M. Renfors, TUT/DCE 10.10.11
DCE - Tampere University of Technology. All rights reserved.


GSM Case: Interference Mask

Obtained from the GSM specifications

Includes interference signals from
Adjacent channel
Out of band blocking
Intermodulation test


Receiver Architectures Part 2 TLT-5806/RxArch2/13
M. Renfors, TUT/DCE 10.10.11
DCE - Tampere University of Technology. All rights reserved.


GSM Case: Attenuation Requirement

Attenuation requirements for GSM can be found by



P
I
is the interference signal
P
sign
is the desired signal
C/I
c
is the carrier to interference ratio
A
m
is the extra noise margin


( )
( ) ( ) /
s I sign c m
A f P f P C I A =
Receiver Architectures Part 2 TLT-5806/RxArch2/14
M. Renfors, TUT/DCE 10.10.11
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GSM Case: ADC Dynamic Requirements

ADC dynamic range requirement can be calculated as



A
s
is the attenuation requirement
H(f) is the amplitude response of the analog filter

Fourth-order Chebyshev type two filters :


The red squares mark the critical points where the
dynamic range requirement is maximized for each filter
bandwidth.
( ) ( ) { }
max
dynamic s
f
SNR A f H f = +
Receiver Architectures Part 2 TLT-5806/RxArch2/15
M. Renfors, TUT/DCE 10.10.11
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GSM Case: ADC Dynamic Requirements

By combining equations, the number of bits can be
found by






Used sampling rates
Multiples of GSM symbol rate 17.33 MHz, 34.66
MHz and 69.33 MHz

Studied filter types
Butterworth and Chebyshev type two filters

Used filter orders
Fourth and sixth order filters

Filter bandwidth
From 100 kHz to 2.5 MHz
10
1.76 10log
2
6.02
s
dynamic
f
SNR
B
b
(
| |

|
(
\ .
=
(
(
(
Receiver Architectures Part 2 TLT-5806/RxArch2/16
M. Renfors, TUT/DCE 10.10.11
DCE - Tampere University of Technology. All rights reserved.


GSM Case: Number of Bits Required in ADC

Fourth-order
Butterworth filters:











Sixth-order
Chebyshev
type two
filters:






Notice that in practice the minimum number of bits is
higher than the lowest values indicated here, in order to
be able to carry out the channel equalization properly.

Receiver Architectures Part 2 TLT-5806/RxArch2/17
M. Renfors, TUT/DCE 10.10.11
DCE - Tampere University of Technology. All rights reserved.


GSM Case: Jitter Noise

The maximum signal power to be sampled is:



Using the standard white-noise model for the jitter effects,
the maximum allowed standard deviation of the timing
error is given by:





( ) ( ) { }
max
ADC I
f
P P f H f = +
2 2
max
2
4
s
sig m
c
A
ADC
F
C
P A
B I
T
f P
| |

|
\ .
=
Receiver Architectures Part 2 TLT-5806/RxArch2/18
M. Renfors, TUT/DCE 10.10.11
DCE - Tampere University of Technology. All rights reserved.


GSM Case: Jitter Requirements for f
IF
=156 MHz

The timing jitter requirements when using fourth-order
Butterworth filters:









The timing jitter requirements when using sixth-order
Chebyshev type two filters:


Receiver Architectures Part 2 TLT-5806/RxArch2/19
M. Renfors, TUT/DCE 10.10.11
DCE - Tampere University of Technology. All rights reserved.


GSM Case: Conclusions

Dynamic requirement of the ADC
Highly effected by the analog filter bandwidth
Analog filter order and type has only one bit effect
on ADC requirement (together 2 bits in some
cases)

Standard deviation of timing jitter
Highly effected by the analog filter bandwidth and
used IF frequency (IF sampling)
Analog filter order and type has only slight effect

When considering GSM/WCDMA receivers
The analog bandwidth should be about 2 MHz
Fractional decimation has to be done