Pe - 1969-10

50
ITELL
WEB
iLd3S SoHEZZOS
AYH
Es:Ii;
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Whichever of five NRI Communications courses you choose, you prepare for your FCC License exams,
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Electronics touches everyone's lives.

This vast field of opportunity is open
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October, 1969
VOLUME
OCTOBER, 1969
NUMBER 4
31
POPOLAR
WORLD'S
LARGEST -SELLING
ELECTRONICS
MAGAZINE
SPECIAL FEATURES
INDOOR /OUTDOOR ALL -ELECTRONIC THERMOMETER

Accurate, easy to build, easy to install
27
C. p.
Troemel
FEATURE ARTICLES
POPULAR ELECOMICS
AA -C -D BATTERY CHARGER
Sear money or, replacements
32
33
A. A. Mangieri
42
45
50
51
Robert C. Arp, Jr.
ULD SINE -WAVE GENERATOR

Ultra -low- distortion audio generator
55
James Bon giorno
BUILD A CAPACITANCE METER

Check your junk -box capacitors
66
Stanley Sula
BUILD THE HOMESTEADER

Professional burglar olarrn
71
Dan Meyer
THE STEREO
74
Charles Lincoln
BUILD A SOLID -STATE VARIABLE TRANSFORMER

SPEAKER BOXES THAT ARE SOMETHING ELSE
WHAT DOES AN OP AMP DO?

BUILD A DWELL
I;irp. o r your CCU 5
:hats
EXTENDER
V0.1
David
B.
Weems
John Seginski
George Meyerle
tor111(1"cc
new
SCENE
rug
rs
fall
THE PRODUCT GALLERY
Heathkit Sine-Square Audio Generator

'elfe, 7rmaerature- Controlled Snider in q Tool
ENGLISH- LANGUAGE NEWS BROADCASTS TO N.A.
TWO -WAY REACTIONS

SHORT -WAVE LISTENING
AMATEUR RADIO
SOLID STATE
78
80
81
83
85
87
Roger Legge
L.
H. Reese, KCN6990
Hank Bennett, W2PNA

Herb
S.
Brier, W9EGQ
Lou Garner
DEPARTMENTS
LETTERS
FROM OUR READERS
OUT OF TUNE
Build the PPFY (August 1969)
ELECTRONICS
LIBRARY
READER SERVICE
PAGES
NEW LITERATURE
NEW PRODUCTS
TIPS AND TECHNIQUES
OPERATION ASSIST
12
14
15, 115
16
22
71
98
POPULAR ELECTRONICS is indexed
This month's cover photo by
in the Readers' Guide

to Periodical Literature
Justin Kerr
Copyright 1969 by ZIFF -DAVIS PUBLISHING COMPANY. All rights reserved.
POPULAR ELECTRONICS. October 1969, Volume 31, .Number i, Published pnurlhlrl a1 .tll7 V-orlh Michigan a renr. Chicago,
moot- on, year subscription rah for U.S., t',4. Pnxsessir.ns and Canada, $ 5.nn ern whrr r,. urrtriou. $0 ?';. ,second class
m.,nr iou! i chirago, lillnoin and at additional mailing offices. ri nthor iced os rerun,! class nruil by the Pout Office Depurlmont,
(mow", monda aurl for payment of pas /age in enah. .Subscription scrnice and Ferras .3579: Parllurrd P1+1ce, Boulder, Colorado
6630T b;r/,h,rial offices for manuscript rontributionu, reader ingeiriter, rte.: One Park Arr., Nor Pr.rlc. N.1-. 111016.
POPULAR
ELECTRONICS
Perfect speed synchronous motor

Ultra low -mass tonearm floating within a gyroscopically gimballed mounting
Viscous damped cueing and pause control
Viscous damped tonearm descent during single and automatic play
Adjustable sliding weight anti -skating control

Safe, gentle two -point record support.
You will not find all of these important
features on
automatic turntables selling for almost twice as much.

You will find them all
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Write for complementary, full -color Comparator Guide to:
Garrard, Dept. AR149. Westbury, N.Y. 11590
CIRCLE NO. 43 ON READER SERVICE PAGE
October, 1969
FOR MEN WHO NEED WEATHER INFO
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
RADIO SHACK
Invents the
World's
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PHILLIP T. HEFFERNAN
Publisher
OLIVER P. FERRELL
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ANDRE DUZANT
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Radio
H. BENNETT, W2PNA
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Touch
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U S
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213 CRestview 4 -0265; BRadshaw 2 -1161
Western Advertising Manager, BUD DEAN
Japan: James Yogi
Ishikawo Mansion, . 4, Sakuragaoka
Shibuya -ku, Tokyo, 462. 2911.3
Volume, fine tuning controls hidden under the

set! Just touch the Play Bar to turn on and offi
Rosewood details Solid state circuit. An unusual and Inexpensive gift.
Circulation Office
Portland Place, Boulder, Colorado 80302
William Ziff, President

W. Bradford Briggs, Executive Vice President
Hershel B. Serbin, Senior Vice President
Philip Sine, Financial Vice President
Wolter S. Mills, Jr., Vice President, Circulation
Stanley R. Greenfield, Vice President, Marketing
Phillip T. Heffernan, Vice President, Electronics Division
Frank Pomerantz, Vice President, Creative Services
Arthur W. Butzow, Vice President, Production
Edward D. Muhlfeld, Vice President, Aviation Division
Irwin Robinson, Vice President, Travel Division
Furman Hebb, Administrative Vice President
George Morrissey, Vice President
Sydney H. Rogers, Vice President
AVAILABLE COAST TO COAST

IN 600 RADIO SHACK STORES'
See phone book Or order by mail
ree Color Catalog
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10
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EAST 730 Comm. Ave
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Ft
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pn bitshes Airline Management and Marketing.
goofing. Rosiness & r'nmmrrrlal Aviation. Car and trine,. Cycle.
Electronics World. t ing. modern Rridr. Popular l'hnrnar,phy
Skiing. skiing .xrea News. ,Skiing Trade News, Stereo Rev lew. and
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and all s, hsrrIntlon
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L: Weatheradiosal 14.95 Postpaid
FREE Radio Shack 1970 Catalog
Dept. ZS
EDITORIAL.
age
ONTriitit TmNS must
ot resoonslhriry
sume. no
raphs or manuscript..
or
return posthowever. publisher

photo.
ately of
w0
ph010-
Street
- -- ---
be accompanied by
for return or
stie a
Name (print) __
CrtY
Pahu.her
ZIFF -DAVIS PUBLISHING COMPANY

Editorial and Executive Offices
One Park Avenue, New York, New York 10016
212 679 -7200
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State -_
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/l
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YLe.
Member Audit Bureau

of Circulations

6
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
IC & FET PROJECT CIRCUITS
NO strings attached
GHTMM.
your Motorola HEP distributor will
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TIPS
.:.,:.,
UN USING
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them. Pick up your FREE copies from your Motorola HEP
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MOTOROLA HEP
Semiconductors
P.O. Box 20924 Phoenix, Arizona 85034
CIRCI
October, 1969
HEP
NO. 23 ON READER SERVICE PAGE
aNardl
*
letters
ASTRO
PLANE
MORE THAN
FROM OUR READERS
4dbGAINI.I
OLD
MUCH MORE!
$29.95
Pale
MODEL, NEW MODEL NUMBER
In the Bill of Materials for "A Bigger Than

Life Speaker System" (May 1969) an Olson
Electronics Model S -971 deluxe three -way
speaker is specified. The latest Olson catalog
lists the Model S-785 as a deluxe three -way
speaker. Is this the speaker required for this
project?
Pe d
JAY ALLEN ROSEN
WectioliMr-
Compact
.
.
no long
droopi,. radial elements that can break or bend
under i-d or icing ... no coils to burn or short
out
need to climb tower to straighten or
replace rr_ dials. Carries Avanti's exclusive year
guarante
.
SPECIFICATIONS
North Hollywood, Calif.

When specifying parts in our articles, we
try to provide up- to- the -minute part and
model numbers. The Model S -785 speaker
was the speaker listed in the Olson catalog
at the time of publication of the article.
However, Olson is marketing the same speaker as the Model S -971, so that was the one
we gave. Presumably you can order the
speaker by either model number.
Gain: 4.46 db
Weight: 31/2 lbs.
A LOOK
Height: 12'
to Atwater Kent ?" (July 1969) caught my

attention. I worked for the advertising corn pany in Philadelphia that handled the Kent
account in those early days.
The very early Kent products were chiefly
parts for homemade sets, though the company must have been making the breadboard
sets then as well. My duties brought me into
contact with the Kent advertising manager
and, just once, with Mr. Kent himself. We
rode in one of his innumerable cars, and
I recall that Mr. Kent mentioned his belief
that we would soon see the end of the fourcylinder car.
In April 1923, the Literary Digest and the
Saturday Evening Post carried ads for Atwater Kent radios. We weren't spending
money on professional modeling talent in
those days, so Mr. Alexander H. Davisson,
Jr., and I modeled for the photo that appeared
in the ad. I am also sending a copy of this
BACK INTO RADIO HISTORY
The feature article, "What Ever Happened
SWR: Less than 1.4:1
Material: Aircraft quality seamless aluminum

construction
Maximum Power: 1000 watts
Wind Survival. 120 mph
90% TOP RADIATION

Astro Plane is the only omni -directional antenna
that can generate maximum signal strength at
the very top of the full legal antenna height limit
(see diagram),
Ordinary collinear or ground plane antenna
nais are blocked ..
ad to Mr. Atlee.
GEORGE
T. STREET, JR.
Lansdowne, Pa.
o ii
rin
or :
<.
Iii
:o<31
00 00.
20
oo
Astro Plane gets its signal over obstacles
MINIMIKhe top.
RADIO RELICS
... It
AVANTI RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT, INC.

33 -35 WEST FULLERTON AVENUE
ADDISON, ILLINOIS 60101
IN HIGH PERFORMANCE ANTENNAS

THE PACESETTER
Enjoyed the article on Atwater Kent (July

wondering if there
is a group of people, or a club, interested
in collecting old radio receivers. I have a
small collection (13 receivers) from the
1969, p 33) and have been
1930's.
DUANE THORNTON
St. Charles, Mo.

POPULAR ELECTRONICS
BE THE
-is
MAN IN CONTROL
the technician who

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has mastered electronic operations. A specialist in
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Electronic Operations Technicians are in greater
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They understand digital and analog computers.
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How about you? Are you caught in a dead -end job
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You can learn Electronic Operations Technology
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Want to know more? About this

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Horizons in Electronics."
DE VRV InSTITt1TE OF TECHnOIDDV
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You'll be expert in the latest technological advances, including every phase of computer controls. You'll even have a working knowledge of
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. another Bell & Howell plus!
You'll work with the exclusive Electro -Lab, a complete industrial electronics laboratory for your
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BELL E;HOWELLSCHOOLS
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October, 1969
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9
LETTEPS
The people
most likely to
appreciate the new
Dual 1209
are the least likely
to need one.
(Continued from page 8)
There s a club for people interested in

collecting old radio equipment. Unfortunate ly, it has a limited membership (500) and
only accepts new members as vacancies occur. To pet on the "waiting list" (or learn
more about the club), send a self -addressed
envelope to: Antique Wireless Association, 69
Boulevard Parkway, Rochester, N.Y. 14612.
Include information about your collection(s)
and interests.
NASA
FREQUENCIES
Can the radio messages to and from the

various space programs launched by NASA
be received in our homes directly?
RICHARD MOSER
Marion, Va.
There are numerous problems here. If you
are referring to the Apollo program, the ancr is 99.99!x. "no." The lunar walk communication was on about 235 MHz but apparently was not heard direct (on earth), but
was relayed through "Tranquility Base" and
converted to a signal in the S band (2000 plus MHz). Various unmanned satellites do
transmit on frequencies between 1.36 -137 MHz.
These transmissions are not distinguishable
according to satellite (no calls) except by
frequency and time of orbit. The signals are
all weak and cannot be heard without special
antennas or extra r.f. (low noise) amplifica,nccad of a VHF receiver.
If you already own an earlier Dual
automatic turntable, you can really

appreciate the new Dual 1209.
Because the 1209, just like your present Dual, offers flawless tracking and
smooth, quiet performance that will be
yours for years to come.
All Duals are made that way. And
all recent ones have such exclusive features as pitch control that lets you "tune"
your records by a semitone. No wonder
so many hi -fi professionals use Duals in
their personal stereo component systems.
But the 1209 has some new refinements of more than passing interest. A
motor with high starting torque plus synchronous speed constancy. Anti -skating
separately calibrated for elliptical and
conical styli. A tonearm counterbalance
with 0.01 gram click-stop adjustments.
These refinements aren't intended to
seduce you away from your present
Dual. But if you don't already own a
Dual, perhaps it's time you talked with
someone who does.
United Audio Products, Inc.,
120 So. Columbus Ave., Mt. Vernon,
New York 10553. Dual
LOOKING GLASS
In regard to the D. J. Holford article (August 1969, p 51), the "Looking Glass" network
is the 15th Bomber Wing. It is airborne at
all times ready for a retaliatory strike in
case of attack.
(UNSIGNED)
Vandenberg AFB, Calif.

The National Geographic magazine said in
Vol 128 No. 3 (p 291) that "Looking Glass"
remains on day and night vigil and could
direct nuclear retaliation should SAC headquarters be destroyed.
DANIEL BARTEK, JR.
Binghamton, N.Y.
PYRAMIDAL TY /FM ANTENNA
Thanks go to George Monser for his article

on the TV FM antenna in your July 1969 issue
(p 27 r. My material cost came to $9.88 not
including the lead -in. I used a wooden mast
and eliminated the standoff blocks. A second
antenna will be for my daughter's house.
Results? Real good! Locals 6, 8, 10, 12, 15,
and 39; plus Los Angeles (80-90 miles away)
2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 24, 28,
and
Receiver
no rotor.
WB6PJG
San Diego, Calif.
Just finished making the TV/FM antenna
it's the fourth in this neighborhood.
HAROLD SECOR,
R.
10
34.
is Sylvania color with Belden 8290 lead -in,
MCWILLIAMS
Park Forest, Ill.

POPULAR ELECTRONICS
Go on a quality kick
You can afford it
with these Gutperformers

-
except a high price when you buy

You give up ncthing
these quality performance Pioneer hi -fi units. Designed for
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The perfect
SA -500 INTEGRATED STEREO AMPLIFIER
starter unit for a stereo system, the all solid state SA -500
produces 44 watts of music power. Even at the highest
crescendo, distortion is less than 0.5%. Two sets of inputs
plus outputs for speakers, tape recording, loudness contour and a headset jack make it tops in versatility. $99.95
- All solid state, its multiplex circuitry provides wide channel separation with excellent fre-
TX -500 AM -FM TUNER
quency response. An FET front end, combined with years ahead design, assures high sensitivity and superb image
rejection. Containing advanced features that place it on

a par with more expensive units, it is priced at $99.95.
The most draSR -202 REVERBERATION AMPLIFIER
matic new component in years! No matter what your system is, the SR -202 adds dimension and greater realism to
your stereo sound than you can realize. The SR -202 increases the natural quality of your recordings and tapes.
Reverberation can be added to an audio amplifier using
one or two tape recorders, a record player, or a tuner. In
fact, a total of 15 equipment combinations are possible.
$95.00
These three Pioneer Outperformers are each housed in a
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PIONEER
PIONEER ELECTRONICS U.S.A. CORPORATION, 140 Smith Street, Farmingdale, N.Y. 11735 (516) 694 -7720
West Coast: 1335 W. 134th St., Gardena, Calif. 90249 (213) 323 -2374 & 321 -1076 Canada: S. H. Parker Co., Prov. Ontario
October, 1969
11
(n
ONE Educational Program Earn BOTH Your
F.C.C. LICENSE
And Your
A. S.
E.
(Associate in Science in Electronics Engineering)
DEGREE
Orantl allt
engineering
cijool of
ryas
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J01111 )DOC
thr Ogres of
7{sotiatt
in
ptinlrt
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LETTERS
THE TREND

TOWARD "LO -FI"
In recent years, the trend toward tape cartridges and cassettes and away from record
discs and reel -to -reel prerecorded tapes seems
paradoxical. I can understand the logic behind using the new types of music reproduction systems in a car; as of now it seems the
only practical way of getting relatively high fidelity music under mobile conditions. What
I can't understand is the logic that suggests
that cassettes and cartridge tapes can provide really great sound.
First of all, the playing speeds are too slow
to squeeze in the full range of frequencies
produced during a live performance -for the
cartridge, it's only 3"C, in. /s, and for the cassette it's only 1%, in. /s. And with as many as
eight tracks on a very narrow tape width,
what must happen to the signal-to -noise ratio? This compounds the problem of tape
alignment, which is bad enough with only
four tracks on a'/.r" magnetic tape! The Dolby
system can probably take the woes of lowspeed tape playing, but is the extra expense
really worth it?
It doesn't make sense to shell out $8 on a
cassette or cartridge that can't equal the
quality and performance of a $5 record disc.
Could it be that the so- called hi -fi industry
is attempting to turn us into a bunch of "hifi Babbitts ?"
MIKE
The home -study program which accomplishes both of
these objectives is the Grantham Associate-Degree Program in Electronics Engineering. This educational program consists of a total of 370 correspondence lessons,
followed by a two -week period of review and evaluation
at the School. The prerequisite for enrollment is high
school graduation (or equivalent) and at least one full
year of experience as an electronics technician. Upon
completion of the first 160 correspondence lessons, you
are prepared for your first class FCC license and radar
endorsement. Then, upon completion of the remainder
of the program, you are awarded the ASEE Degree.
Grantham School of Engineering is accredited by the
Accrediting Commission of the National Home Study
Council, is approved under the G.I. Bill, and is authorized under the laws of the State of California to grant
academic degrees.
Grantham School of Engineering

Telephone
(213) 469-7878
Established in 1951
1505 N. Western Ave.

Hollywood, Calif. 90027
r-
Grantham School of Engineering
PE -10 -69
1505 N. Western Ave., Hollywood, Calif. 90027
Name
Age
Address
City
2
State
We wonder (your last question).
OUT OF TUNE
"Build the PPFL" (August 1969). The
silicon controlled rectifier called for in
the Parts List is a General Electric Type
C106G2. General Electric has discontinued this model. In this project, and in
most others where the C106G2 is called
for, General Electric's Type C106A2 can
be substituted. It is readily available
from Allied Radio -and many other sup pliers-at a price slightly above $1.00.
"Build Op Tach" (March 1969) In a

letter in our July issue, a fluorescent
light method of calibrating the "op tach"
was proposed. This will work but the
repetition rate is 7200 times /min
not 3600. Since 60 -Hz power has two
maximum peaks the fluorescent fires 120
times /sec.
.
Please mail me your free Bulletin, which explains how the

Grantham home -study educational program can prepare
me for my FCC license and Associate Degree. I understand no salesman or counselor will call.
POOLE
Notre Dame, Ind.
Zip
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
In the Age
of Solid State,
Ungar
outguns the
heavyweights.
'
EI
HS LESS THAN FIVE OUNCES!
Say good -bye to old "solder gun cramp."

Enter Ungar's all -new under -five -ounces Solid
State Solder Gun. Exit a couple of pounds of
transformer. And you'll welcome these other Ungar
advancements:
Exclusive "electrically isolated" tip for damage -free
soldering of IC's and FET's.
Dual -heat selector switch just a flip of the thumb for
500 or 900 F. tip temperature range.
Three different thread -on micro -tips- no need to remove

or replace heat cartridge when changing tip.
All parts replaceable separately.
you're ready for the lightest, easiest -to -use solder gun on
the market, order the new Ungar #6760 Solid State Solder Gun
now from your nearest Ungar dealer or distributor. Or write us
direct for complete information.
If
QUngar
Division of Eldon Industries, Inc., Dept. C -1

Compton, California 90220
Oc!ot.rr, 1969
13
librares
RTL COOKBOOK
by Don Lancaster
Well known to POPULAR ELECTRONICS readers

for his many high -quality projects that have
appeared in these pages, Don Lancaster, in
his first full -length book, explains the principles and uses of resistor-transistor -logic
(RTL) integrated circuits. The text provides

the experimenter with an understanding of
RTL in IC circuits as they are used in everyday electronics projects (including those
projects that have from time to time appeared
in this magazine). The technician is shown
through step -by-step analysis how these circuits work and how they are maintained. The
book also provides the engineer with circuits
that can easily be added as building blocks to
larger systems. We especially recommend
this book to anyone who understands elec-
tronics but wants to update his knowledge

with digital principles.
Published by Howard W. Sams c6 Co., Inc.,
4300 West 62 St., Indianapolis, Ind. 46268.
Soft cover.
256
pages. $5.25.
104 SIMPLE ONE-TUBE PROJECTS

by Robert M. Brown
As its title implies, this book is a collection
of useful and easy -to -build vacuum tube(!)

projects for those people who have a supply
of tubes they do not know what to do with.
All of the projects presented are inexpensive
to build -no more than $5 each if you have
to buy parts -and employ only one tube. The
projects include a VLF receiver, DSB converter for CB radios, modulation scope, grid
dip meter, SSB detector, and many more.
Each project is a section in itself, with a
schematic diagram, parts list, and short de-
scriptive text.
Published by Tab Books, Blue Ridge Summit,
Pa. 17214. 192 pages. 86.95 hard cover; 83.95
soft corer.
RCA TRANSISTOR, THYRISTOR, & DIODE
MANUAL, SC -14
This new manual, the successor to the RCA
Transistor Manual, contains the latest information on basic technology, operating principles, characteristics and ratings, and testing
of RCA semiconductor devices. Twenty per (Continued on page 116)
The 1969 Turner 360.
See it at your dealer's showroom.

lightweight sporty compact from Turner. Reduced
in size and weight (12 oz.), this custom styled mike

Standard equipment on the 360 almost sounds optional: dash mounting knob
and hardware, five foot extended coiled cord, beautiful black cycolac finish. Get in the driver's seat with a 360.
It's got the smoothest transmission on wheels. El The TURNER Co., Inc., A subsidiary of Conrac Corporation,
909 17th Street N.E., Cedar Rapids, Iowa. 52402, (319) 365.0421.
The 360. A
14
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
READER
SERVICE PAGE
free information Service
Here's an easy and convenient way for you to get additional information about
products advertised or mentioned editorially (if it has a "Reader Service
Number ") in this issue. Just follow the directions below... and the material
will be sent to you promptly and free of charge.
On coupon below, circle the number(s) that
corresponds to the key number(s) at the bottom or next to the advertisement or editorial mention that is of interest to you. (Key numbers for
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Cut out the coupon and mail it to: POPULAR ELECTRONICS.

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riot
..
If you want to write to the editors of
POPULAR ELECTRONICS about an article

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to POPULAR ELECTRONICS, One Park Avenue, New
York, N.Y. 10016. Inquiries concerning circulation
and subscriptions should be sent to POPULAR
ELECTRONICS, Portland Place, Boulder, Colo. 80302.
VOID AFTER NOVEMBER 30, 1969
PO VULA
r
ELECTRONICS
1
21
41
61
81
22
42
62
82
4 5
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NAME (Print clearly)

ADDRESS
CITY
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ZIP CODE
October, 1969
15
TAKE ONE
The top
C.B. performer
new
literature
To obtain a copy of any of the catalogs
or leaflets described below, simply fill in
and mail the coupon on page 15 or 115.
New Tram
CORSAIR
Mobile sideband
plus A. M.
Get set for the sound of the future!
Corsair -Tram's all new solid -state sideband -plus rig for cars, boats, aircraft.
Tram's Corsair works beautifully

with any unit; standard A.M., single or
double sideband, reduced or suppressed carrier. Corsair is two trans-
ceivers in one with crystal -controlled

A.M. capability; greater range; less
sensitivity to noise and skip signals. A
built -in Collins Mechanical Filter cuts
interference and gives maximum selectivity. Corsair's noise blanker and noise
limiter reduce ignition interference to a
new low.
Get in on the big move to mobile
sideband Corsair. Send for details.
Tram Corporation
Dept. E4, Lower Bay Road, P.O. Box
Winnisquam, New Hampshire 03289 Phone:
187,
(603) 520.0622

16
Arcturus Electronics Corporation has recently acquired 9800 obsolete vacuum tubes
(circa 1925-1930) to add to their considerable
inventory of hard -to- obtain items. These and
thousands of other items are listed with their
prices in Arcturus' Mid -1969 Catalog, available
on request.
Circle No.
75 on
Reader Service Page
15
or
115
Just listed by Xcelite, Inc., is their four-page,
full -color Catalog 166 Supplement, describing

and listing specifications on all professional
hand tools and sets added to the company's
line since the publication of the latest general
catalog. Included in the listing are fixed-
handle screwdrivers for slotted, Phillips, and

Allen hex -type screws; fixed -handle, hollowshaft nutdrivers; a compact interchangeable blade Allen hex-type set in a pocket -size
plastic case; etc. Also listed are metric tools.
Circle No. 76 on Reader Service Page
15
or 115
Crystal Bulletin available from K -W Industries, Inc., contains a list of quartz crystals
in the range from 50 kHz to 200 MHz. Complete dimensional data and ordering information for standard and custom crystals are included, along with the completely revised
chart listing specifications on military types.
Circle No. 77
on Reader Service Page 15 or 115
A 24 -page booklet, titled "Recording Basics,"
written to help the reader improve sound

quality of home tape recordings can be obtained from the 3M Company. The illustrated
booklet offers tips on proper selection of magnetic tapes, recording techniques, and recording procedures, all in non -technical language.
It also defines various types of tape recorders
and illustrates the proper techniques for editing and splicing magnetic tapes.
15
or 115
Catalog No. 103L (48 pages) available from

International Correspondence Schools describes 17 electrical engineering programs,
refresher courses for graduate engineers, and
practical electrical courses. The catalog explains the exact makeup of the ICS electrical
engineering courses and the scope of the programs and gives synopses of the texts. In addition, articles describe careers in electronics
and electrical engineering.
15
or 115
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
The modern Army goes to school, and

there's a place in class for yot:
In fact, high school graduates have more
than 300 job training courses to choose from.
And if ycu qualify for tie Army's enlistment program, we guarantee you- course selection before you step forward and raise your
hand.
There's st_11 another pits. The training is
great. A leading Americas uii\ersity credits
the Armed Forces with one of Ihe most advanced and comprehensiv,2 educational programs in the world.
Job training in the Army :o _ Id be the opportunity you need to acquire 3 v to and rewarding skill. At the same titre, you fulfill your
military obligation.
We can give you more -han 300 good
reasons for joining the Army.
But all you need to choose .3 ale.
Your future, your decision. _choose ARMY.
Army Opportunities
2 -PE
-1069
Dept. 200
Hampton, Va. 23369
Please send me your free 40 -page booklet.
Jnderstand there's no obligation
attached to this request.
I
Name
Age
Address
City-
County
Zip
State
Phone
Education
Enroll in the Army.
Can you solve these

two basic problems in
electronics?
Lampi
Lamp 2
Lamp 3
Z: 10 volt zener diodes
This one is relatively simple:
This one's
When Switch Sz is closed, which lamp

bulbs light up?
What is the output voltage (p-p)?

Note: If you had completed the first lesson in the
new courses in Solid State Electronics, you could
have easily solved this problem.
These new courses include the latest findings
and techniques in this field. Information you must
have if you are to service today's expanding
multitude of solid state instruments and devices
used in Television, Digital, and Communications
Equipment.
Note: If you had completed only the first lesson

of any of the RCA Institutes Home Study programs,
you could have solved this problem.
(d-d)
s11oA
oz-z welQoid
On WOO Ile eqo-G
18
welgad ISH3MSNt+
little more difficult:
If you had completed an entire RCA Institutes

Home Study Course in Semiconductor
Electronics, Digital Electronics, or Solid State
Electronics, you should now be qualified
for a good paying position in the field you choose.
Send for complete information. Take that first
essential step now by mailing the attached card.
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
RCA Institutes Autotext learning method
makes problem- solving easier.,.

gets you started faster towards a good-paying career in electronics
Are you just a beginner with an interest in

electronics? Or, are you already making a living
in electronics, and want to brush -up or expand
your knowledge? In either case, RCA has the
training you need. And Autotext, RCA Institutes'
own method of Home Training will help you learn
more quickly and with less effort.
Wide Range of Courses

Select from a wide range of courses. Pick the
one that suits you best and check it off on the
attached card. Courses are available for beginners
and advanced technicians.
Electronics Fundamentals
Black & White Television Servicing
(Transistorized TV Kit Available)
Color Television Servicing (Color TV Kit Available)
FCC License Preparation
Automatic Controls
Automation Electronics
Industrial Electronics
Nuclear Instrumentation
Electronics Drafting
Computer Programming
Plus these new
up-to- the -minute courses
Semiconductor Electronics
Digital Electronics
Solid State Electronics
Communications Electronics
Build and keep this

valuable oscilloscope.
Valuable Equipment -Yours To Keep

A variety of RCA Institutes engineered kits are
included in your program of study. Each kit is yours
to keep when you've completed the course.
Among the kits you construct and keep is a working
signal generator, a multimeter, a fully
transistorized breadboard superheterodyne

AM receiver, and the all- important oscilloscope.
These 4 kits are at no extra cost. Compare this
sele tion v; th other home study schools.
Convenient Payment Plans

RCA Institutes offers liberal monthly payment
plans to suit your budget.
Classroom Training Also Available

RCA Institutes operates one of the largest technical
schools of its kind. Day and evening classes. No
previous training is required. Preparatory courses

are available. Classes start four times a year.
Job Placement Service, Too!

Companies like Bell Telephone Labs, GE,
Honeywell, IBM, RCA, Westinghouse, Xerox, and
major radio and TV networks have regularly
employed graduates through RCA Institutes' own
placement service.
All RCA Institutes courses and programs are
approved for veterans under the new G.I. Bill.
Send Attached Postage Paid Card
Today. Check Home Study or
Classroom Training.
Accredited Member National Home Study Council.
Prepare for good paying

positions in fields like these
Television Servicing
Telecommunications
Mobile Communications
IF REPLY CARD IS DETACHED, SEND THIS COUPON
RCA Institutes Inc.

Home Study Dept. PE -09
320 West 31 Street
New York, N.Y. 10001
CATV
Broadcasting
Marine Communications
Nuclear Instrumentation
Industrial Electronics
Automation
Computer Programming
Solid State
Electronics Drafting
October, 1969
In the new program on Solid
Please send me FREE illustrated career catalog.
State Electronics you will study

the effects of temperature and
leakage characteristics of
transistors.
RC,'
Name
(please pent)
Address
city
State
Zip_
J
21
CASSETTE
NEW
PRODUCTS
Additional information on products covered in this section is available from the
manufacturers. Each new product is
identified by a code number. To obtain
further details on any of them, simply fill
in and mail the coupon on page 15 or 115.
AUTO TUNE -UP METER
Capable of measuring dwell, r /min, and d.c.

voltage on any four-cycle, 3 -, 4 -, 6 -, or 8cylinder engine with standard ignition system, the Heathkit Model ID -29 solid -state
Auto Tune -Up Meter is a real
steal at less than $30 for the
kit. Both dwell and r /min
measurements can be made
without having to reconnect
the test leads between steps,
and the meter can be used interchangeably on both 6- and
12 -volt systems. The ID -29 connects directly to the primary
side of the ignition coil for both dwell and
tach measurements, receiving both signal and
power from the engine under test. For breaker
point settings, the dwell angle is read directly
from the large 41/2" meter. The built -in voltmeter is handy for chasing down faults in the
electrical system. The ID-29 can be calibrated
using standard a.c. house current. The instrunientis housed in a rugged black polypropylene case with carrying handle.
Circle No.
80 on Reader Service Page 15 or 115
FM MONITOR RECEIVERS
Sonar Radio Corp. is marketing a pair of highquality, ruggedly built FM monitor receivers.
The Model FR -104 is designed for the low
band between 25 and 50 MHz, while the Model
FR -105 is a high -band 150-175 -MHz receiver.
Both models have dual limiter and Foster Seeley discriminator;
quadruple -tuned
Circle No.
81 on
Reader Service Page
15
RECORDER
Circle No.
82 on Reader Service Page 15 or 115
ELECTRIC
GUITAR SYSTEM
Innovex (division of Hammond Corp.) has

developed a sophisticated electric guitar system consisting of the "Condor SSM" (Sound
System Modulator), "Condor SS (Sound System), and "Condor" electric
guitar. The SSM offers a
new concept in sound reproduction. It has a room
rocker to create a shift in
sound color; a phaser that
produces tremolo or vibrato
loud in one channel, soft in
the other channel; a patented reverberation system; echo, volume, treble,
and bass controls; and remote control. The SS has
two 15 "speakers and a horn
tweeter; phase inversion cabinetry; special
damping materials; remote control a.c. power
relay; and short-circuit protection. The guitar
features the Condor pickup which provides a
microphone for each string.
Circle No.
83 on
Reader Service Page
15
or 115
r.f.
stage for greater image

rejection; temperaturecompensated, noise-free
squelch; six crystal -controlled frequencies; military epoxy-glass circuit board; and built-in 2" x 6" speaker. Technical specifications- maximum frequency
separation: 1 MHz for FR -104, i-3.5 MHz for
FR -105; sensitivity: 0.3 pV for 20-dB quieting;
squelch sensitivity: 0.18 V minimum; selectivity: 6 dB 6 kHz /60 dB 30 kHz (FR -104/
FR-105); audio output power: 1.5 watts at 4
ohms; power consumption: 4.4 watts at 13.8
volts d.c. /17.5 watts at 117 volts a.c.
22
PLAYER
Three new portable cassette player /recorders

which can be operated on line power, on batteries, or adapted for mobile use are from the
Ampex Corporation and are now available.
The Models include the "Micro 32," which
includes an AM /FM receiver; "Micro 24," a
deluxe model; and
"Micro 14," with plug; in dynamic microphone that can be
attached to an extension cord for remote
operation. The Micro
32 and Micro 24 have 1 -watt power output, 5"
speaker, automatic battery charger circuit,
remote control facilities, and earphone. The
Micro 14 also has a 1 -watt power output, bidirectional speaker, extension cord, etc. All
three models have pushbutton cassette function controls, manual or automatic recording
level control, and recording level /battery
condition meter. Technical specifications
frequency range: 100 -10,000 Hz; signal -tonoise ratio: 42 dB; rewind /fast forward time:
90 seconds maximum.
or 115
REVERBERATION AMPLIFIER
A solid- state, double- scatter reverb amplifier

is being marketed by Pioneer Electronics
U.S.A. Corp. as the Model SR -202. The feeling
of depth provided by the reverb system supplies concert -hall presence without the audible
distortions usually
associated with equipment of this type.

The reverb time can
be manually adjusted
as desired, and the
amount of depth used
can be set to fit the particular recording and
environmental acoustics. An easy -to -view
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
smooth
RCA WP -700A, 702A, 703A and 704A constant voltage dc power supplies are all
solid- state. A negative feedback circuit maintains constant output voltage with low
ripple regardless of varying line. In fact, at rated load, these supplies are so smooth
that "they hardly cause a ripple."
They are versatile bench -type units -ideally suited for use in circuit design, servicing,
industrial, and educational applications.
Output voltage of the WP -700A and WP -702A is continuously adjustable from 0 to
20 volts at current levels up to 200 mA.
Output voltage of the WP -703A is continuously adjustable from 0 to 20 volts at current
levels up to 500 mA.
Output voltage of the WP -704A is continuously adjustable from 0 to 40 volts at
current levels up to 250 mA.
All four power supplies have built -in electronic short -circuit protection -and a front
panel overload- indicator that signals approach to maximum rated current level.
WP -700A: $40.00' (five or more) $48.00' (less than five)
"`
WP -703A: $49.00* (five or more) $58.00* (less than five)
WP -704A: $49.00` (five or more) $58.00* (less than five)
w
'Optional Distributor Resale Price.
WP -702A: Siamese Twins of WP -700A, but electrically

isolated $73.00* (five or more) $87.00
(less than five)
For further information write: RCA Electronic Components, Commercial

Engineering, Department J -133W, Harrison, N. J. 07029.
Look to RCA for instruments to test /measure /view /monitor /generate
October, 1969
23
PRODUCTS (Continued from page 22)

light panel is coupled to the manually adjustable reverberation control, supplying both
aural and visual control of reverberation.
Technical specification -input signal: 3 volts
maximum at 1 kHz with reverb at minimum;
harmonic distortion: less than 0.2% at 1 kHz,
with output level at 330 mV and reverb time
at minimum; frequency response: +2 dB, 2035,000 Hz.
RHYTHM
15 or 115
INSTRUMENT
complete electronic rhythm section, the

"Rockmate" Model X -92, that plays through
any guitar or music amplifier is available
from Olson Electronics, Inc.
The instrument allows the
user to select from five basic
A
rhythm patterns, then adjust

tempo to suit his mood. He
can also add a solo drum beat
if desired. The rhythm pat"
'
terns available include fox
trot, after beat, jazz, rock, rock beat, fore
beat, and rock -a- ballad. The Rockmate operates on self- contained battery, or it can be
line- powered with the addition of an optional
a.c. power supply.
THREE -WAY
15
or 115
SPEAKER SYSTEM
A new concept in
speaker design, with a

resulting midrange that has outstanding transient response and a sharp reduction in distortion, is incorporated in the Sansui Electronics Corp. Model
SP -1001 speaker system. This new three way, three -speaker
system has several ex-
clusive features,
among them pushbutton input connectors

and electronic cross-
over terminals for

hookup of bi- or tri- amplification systems. A
special step -down attenuator utilizing a 12
dB /octave network makes it possible to
change output levels, in 3 -dB steps, of the midrange and tweeter independently. Technical
specifications- speakers: 10" cone woofer,
61/2" cone midrange, 1" domed tweeter; maximum input: 40 watts IHF; impedance: 8
ohms; sound pressure level: 100 dB; frequency range: 35- 20,000 Hz; Crossovers; 600 and
5000 Hz.
15
or 115
color organ line includes:

Model 3440 three-channel system; Model 3445
four -channel system;

Model 3450 large -size
four -channel system;
Model 3450 three -channel light display/receiv-
er (less electronics) and

;
Model 3480 combination three-channel color

organ and two -way speaker system. The Model 3465 three -channel and Model 3460 one channel systems make up the sound /color
translator line. The high- intensity strobe lite
line includes the Model 3475 sound -actuated
system and the Model 3470 electronic strobe
lite. All sound n' Color products are available
in kit or wired form.
Circle No. 87 on Reader Service Page 15 or 115
A.C. LEAKAGE TESTER
Simpson Electric Company recently introduced the Model 229 current leakage tester
for 120 -volt a.c. appliances and other electrical
equipment in accordance with U.S. Standards
Committee proposed specifications. Performance of the
tester approximates the normal perception curve within
11.0 dB, and the meter measures leakage currents as
small as 5 AA. Operation is
simple, and all ranges are protected from damage if accidentally subjected to line voltage. Technical specifications
a.c. current ranges: 0-0.3, 1, 3, 10 mA; a.c.
voltage: 0 -150 volts; accuracy: 2% at 60 Hz;
resolution: 5A on 0.3 -mA range; accuracyversus- frequency: approximates Dalziel's

"percentile 50 threshold of perception within
1 dB;" input impedance: 1500 ohms, shunted
by shaping network, on all ranges; input resistance: 500,000 ohms.
FAMILY
The EICO Electronic Instrument Co., Inc.,

recently expanded its line of "Sound n' Color"
audio-lighting products with the introduction
of a complete line of color organs, sound /color
translators, and electronic strobe lites. The
24
or 115
MULTI -ANTENNA ROOF TOWER
The Model TRM -716 is a new 71/2' single -
mast, multiple- antenna tri -mount roof tower

designed by South River Metal Products Co.,
Inc. Areas where multiple antennas are oriented to different compass points are particularly suited to this new tall tri-mount tower.
The mast, integrated into a special triangular
base assembly, permits two or three antennas
to be mounted quickly and securely. The one piece base assembly opens like an umbrella
and is secured into position with a single
wing nut. Both the mast and base assembly
are made of heavy -gauge steel tubing, galvanized for long life under changing weather
conditions.
AUDIO -LIGHTING
15
15
or 115
HI -FI /STEREO HEADPHONE KIT
The Knight- Kit /Koss Model KG -802 stereo

headphone kit offers wide-response hi -fi/
stereo sound at substantial savings over fac-
(Continued on page 118)
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
The C = u
is sudde ly still...
There's a new Cobra Lurking!
The new Cobra 24: with more power,
intelligence, and beauty than any of the
others in its class!
The Cobra 24 preys on the others' weaknesses. With more talk power -a full, legal limit 5 -watt input and exclusive Dynascan
DYNA -BOOST Speech Compression. And
selective dual -conversion superhet

receiver with ceramic filter to give outstanding selectivity and gain.
always gets the
And more intelligence
message through crisp and sharp, even
when others are garbled and unclear.
Crystal- controlled transmit and receive on
all 23 channels. (No extra crystals to buy!)
And more beauty -a striking, no- nonsense
a
-it
exterior. Designed for attack...with
push -to -talk mike, automatic noise limiter,
and positlive or negative ground operation

without internal wiring changes, featuring
reverse polarity p-otection. There's a

PA /CB switch with adjustable volume. And
the illuminated channel selector and "S"
meter makes even night transmission easy.

Beautiful, with all silicon transistor, F.E.T.
and integrated circuit. it uses 12 volt DC;
AC adapter available. Meets FCC requirements. It even comes with its own mounting bracket.
See ycur dealer or write us for full details.
rra_ 2-4-
Product of DYNASCAN CORPORATION

1801 W. Belle Plaine, Chicago,

October, 1969
Net $169.95.
Illinois 60613
25
23 Portable
Channels
for
149s
5 Watts- maximum FCC Power.

Midland Integrated Circuit for ultimate solid
state efficiency. Isolated Chassis for efficient
operation in cars and trucks. 3 -Way Meter
monitors battery, power and signal strength.
Plus.
Midland once again demonstrates its leadership in the CB field! This hand -held synthesized transceiver has all the power and
channel capabilities of deluxe base /mobile
units. Dual conversion superhet receiver
has tuned RF, 6 IF's. High -level class B
push -pull modulation. Jacks for: AC adaptor/
battery charger, external antenna, external
mike,
PA
speaker,
earphone /external
speaker. All crystals supplied for immediate
23- channel operation. With telescoping
antenna, leather case.
Model 13 -790
5 -Watt,
6- Channel
Transceiver
Model 13 -770
$79.95
Super 5 -Watt,
6- Channel with
Integrated
Circuit f
Model 13 -7758.
$99.95
ALAN
Cle
INTERNATIONAL
Prices shown are suggested retail, each
11
FOR FREE BROCHURE,
mite: 1909 Vernon. North Kansas City, Mo. 64116 or 5055 Alcoa, Vernon, Calif. 90058
unit
Indoor/Outdoor
COVER STORY
AllElectronic The riiloineter

HELP SAVE MERCURY METAL -GO ELECTRONIC!
BY
C.P. TROEMEL
UNLESS YOU happen to live "up in

Central Park" or "in the Chicago
Loop" the temperature reports that come
over the radio are not really enough to
prepare you for what you will find when
you step out your front door. So everyone wants an outdoor thermometer. Un-
fortunately, just hanging a standard

thermometer outside a window is not always the best solution- either you can't
see it or it's in a protected spot that
doesn't give true indications. Similarly,
if you use the conventional outdoor indoor bulb-type thermometer with remote sensing, you must locate the bulb
in the best place you can and then carefully bring a long copper capillary tube
into the house through a window frame
or wall.
It is possible, however, to have an

outdoor -indoor electronic thermometer
October, 1969
that is accurate, easy to build, and easy

to install. The sensing element in this
thermometer is a resistor (Sensistor )
with a positive temperature coefficient
that is, its resistance increases linearly
as the surrounding temperature increases. The connection between the sensor

and the temperature readout is made
with flexible twin -conductor cable zip
cord, 300 -ohm twin -lead, etc.) so that
the sensor can be in any location, inside
or out.
(
Construction. The circuit of the thermometer is basically a simple resistance

bridge as shown in Fig. 1. Any number
of sensing units may be used and you
can locate them anywhere you like. Two
(one indoors and one outdoors) are
shown in Fig. 1. Use a multi- contact selector switch for Si to choose the sensor
27
DI
1N4735
6 2V
RI
IK
LOW
02
1444001
6.3V
cl
4000
PARTS LIST
100-ohm Sensislor
R -.R'
T.11'4 ra
eaDari(or
_Teter diode
maximum reciso.;,;;.. meter is us, d, im-
Poo ohms
r,,.
,
:-wall
,r'
,r.
resistor
(must
be
i.rnrrtrr
you want to read. If the thermometer is

to be located in a fixed position in the
house, you can use the line- operated
power supply shown in the schematic. If
you want a thermometer free of power
lines, uzze the internal battery. In either
case, th -' zener diode, D1, must be in the
circuit.
If you use a battery, you will need
pushbutton switch S2 to turn on the
thermometer to make a reading. If you
use the line- operated supply, the meter
will in ici
temperature at all times.
Current drain is only about 20 mA so
there is no harm in having it on constantly.
The first step in assembling the thermometer is to modify the meter scale to
read degrees Fahrenheit. Gently remove
the plastic cover from the meter face.
The original 0 -1 -mA scale division markers can be used. Remove the old numer28
Instruments
Texas
50-ohm miniature potentiometer

R10,R11 100 -ohm,
-wall resistor
1
-S.p.d.l..switch see text
2
.`.p.s.L., normally open pushbutton switch
T1 --Filament transformer. 6.3-volt .arnndary
Misr.- 5" x 4" s 3" metal enclosure. rubber
grommet, aluminum for L- hrackri, elastic hand.
knob, terminal strips, lengths of Twin- conductor
cable, mounting bards, are, etc.
.l cailable from .Newark Electronics Corp., 500
V Pulach; Rd., Chicago, Illinois 60624, Cat.
RN
..
1. Entire circuit of line independent thermometer is shown

upper left. Power supply at lower left can be connected in proper polarity across D1 (eliminate B1, RIO, and S2) to provide
for constant a.c. line operation.
Fig.
--
!i
'
,Vn. 121,05+, 4-1.
als using a typewriter eraser. Then,

using Datak press -on lettering (available at most art stores), renumber the
scale divisions as shown in Fig. 2, making the 32 F (freezing) mark red if desired. Replace the face cover.
The thermometer is assembled in a
5" x 4" x 3" metal cabinet. The meter
and switches 81 and S2 if they are
used) are mounted on the front panel.
After the meter is installed, make sure
that the needle rests on the zero mark.
If it does not, adjust the meter zero
screw at the axis of the meter movement.
The high- and low -range calibration
potentiometers (R5 and R1, respectively) are mounted on a small L- bracket on
the bottom of the chassis (see Fig. 3).
An elastic band is wrapped around the
L- bracket to hold the battery behind
the potentiometers. If used, remote -sen(
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
Fig. 2. Use the original scale markings,
but renumber scale to indicate between

0 and 100; affix F marking under scale.
sor trimming potentiometer R8 is

mounted on a two -lug terminal strip
(neither lug grounded) fastened to the
front panel under one of the meter
mounting nuts. A three- or four -lug
terminal strip can be mounted under the
other meter mounting screw to serve as
a connector for the sensor cables.
Drill a hole in the top of the chassis
for the sensor cables. Put a rubber grommet on the hole to protect the cables.
Then wire the circuit point -to -point following Fig. 1. Check that R4 and R6
are within a few per cent of each other
in resistance values. At the same time,
measure the resistance of both sensors,
being careful not to heat them with your
fingers. Use the higher valued sensor for
the indoor unit (R
)
Three-lug terminal strip provides most convenient

method of connecting a sensing resistor to cable.
October, 1969
Since the sensors are encapsulated,

they are not affected by rain, snow, etc.
A good way to mount the sensors is to
put them cn small two -lug terminal
strips which can be attached to almost
any surface.. Lengths of conventional
twin -conductor cable (such as 300 -ohm
TV twin lead) can be used to connect
the sensors to the thermometer. Be careful not to get more than a few ohms of
resistance in the sensor circuit. Assume
that most wire has a resistance of about
one wire, one
12 ohm per 100 feet
way ). Calibration is performed with the
sensors actually connected to the necessary lead lengths.
3. Wiring is point -to- point. An elastic band

secures B1 against the rear surfaces of R1 and R5.
Fig.
29
Selector switch Si (at top) is for

two -sensor operation. If more sensors
are used, substitute a switch with
the appropriate number of positions.
R6
R4
Calibration. To calibrate the thermometer, you will need an accurate bulb

thermometer covering the range from 0
to 100 F. With S1 in the indoor position
and the indoor sensor connected to the
length of cable that will actually be
used, wrap a small piece of wire around
the sensor and the bulb thermometer to
hold them in close thermal contact, making sure you can see the bulb- thermometer scale graduations.
Place the sensor- thermometer combination in a cold environment that is as
close to 0 F as possible (refrigerator
freezer) and allow the temperature to
stabilize for 10 or 15 minutes. Turn on
the electronic thermometer and compare
its indication with the temperature as
indicated by the bulb thermometer. Adjust Rl until the meter agrees with the
bulb thermometer. Remove the sensor
and thermometer from the cold area and
allow them to come up to room temperature.
Now place the sensor -thermometer
combination in a hot environment that
is as close to 100 F as possible (kitchen
oven) and allow the temperature to stabilize again. Adjust R5 until the meter
indicates the same temperature as the
bulb thermometer. Repeat the low- and
high- temperature adjustments until the
controls do not have to be touched up.
If the low- temperature adjustment is
made at exactly 0 F, the high -tempera30
ture adjustment need only be done once.

Put a drop of glue on both potentiometer shafts to keep them from being
moved accidentally. If you prefer maximum accuracy at some specific temperature, seek an environment that is exactHOW IT WORKS
The positive temperature coefficient resistor
used as a sensor for the electronic thermometer is
:utually a semiconductor (silicon) device whose
resistance versus temperature curve is extremely
linear. Unlike the conventional thermistor, its resistance increases in proportion to an increase in
temperature.
As shown in the schematic, the sensor forms

one arm of a conventional Wheatstone bridge
that is made to balance at 0 F. The resistance of
the parallel combination of R3 and RI plus R2
is made to equal the resistance of R7 at that temperature. In this condition, there is no voltage
drop across the bridge so that no current flows
and the meter indicates zero.
When the ambient temperature surrounding
Ri rises, the resistance of R7 increases in proportion. This unbalances the bridge so that the voltage at the junction of Rh and R7 is higher than
at the junction of R4 and R3. Current then flows
through the millianuneter, whose meter face has
been calibrated in degrees Fahrenheit. If the
ambient temperature surrounding R7 decreases.
its resistance decreasess, less current flows through
the meter and the needle drops. The circuit is designed so that zero current through the meter is
0 F-- however, as pointed out in the text, any
other temperature can be used.
Potentiometer R1 is used to adjust the low
(0 F) end of the meter scale, while potentiometer
R5 adjusts the high (100 F) end.
The power supply is regulated to prevent input voltage variations from affecting the thermometer
calibration.
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
RS
RIO
the installation of a
polarity- reversing switch as shown,
the thermometer can be used to indicate temperatures down below 0F.
Fig. 4. With
RI
S2
Potentiometer R8 should be mounted on a two -lug, ungrounded terminal strip. Terminal strip is held
under the meter corner hardware.
ly the temperature that you want (as

indicated on the bulb thermometer) and
adjust either the high or low control to
get the correct indication on the meter.
Once the thermometer has been cali-
brated for the indoor sensor, connect

the outdoor sensor to its required
length of cable and repeat the low-temperature calibration, using R8 to make
the necessary adjustment. Calibration
of the outdoor sensor for the high end
is not possible now but the accuracy will
not be greatly affected.
Modifications. If you want to measure
below 0 F, build the meter -reversal circuit shown in Fig. 4 and calibrate the
thermometer accordingly. To measure
above 100 F, change the meter scale
markings and calibrate using the desired

temperatures. If the meter cannot be
brought on scale, increase the value of
R5.
To add more sensors, change selector
Power line (if used) and sensor cables should enter top of the cabinet through grommet -lined hole.
October, 1969
switch Si accordingly and connect the

sensors just as R8 and R9 are in Fig. 1.
The added trimmer potentiometers are
mounted in the cabinet and adjusted as
described above for R8.
31
Popular EleComics
[LECTRON 1C$
REPAIR
Boy, was this a good day for television
Everything went wrong!
caMoPLET
32
...
guess you weren't ready

for me to plug it in.
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
fiA-C-D Battery Charger

BUILD A CONSTANT- CURRENT CHARGER FOR
NICKEL -CADMIUM CELLS
EVERY DAY another new piece of battery powered equipment is introduced

on the market. There are radios, tape recorders, instruments, flashlights, toys
you name it-and you probably have
several of them in your home. You have
also been struck by the amount of money spent on replacing worn -out batteries.
Did you ever consider buying rechargeable batteries and doing the "revitalizing" yourself ?
Although the purchase price of rechargeable batteries is higher than that
of conventional zinc -carbon flashlight
batteries, the fact that they can be recharged and used so many times makes
their end cost substantially lower.
October, 1969
BY A. A.
MANGIER!
To recharge a rechargeable battery,

you can build the constant -current battery charger described here for a very
modest price. It has fixed charge rates,
covering nearly all types and ra_:7es of
cells-with capacities from 45 to slightly
over 500 mA.
This charger has built -in clips for
holding AA, C, and D cells or a simple
connector and cable arrangement can be
used to recharge groups of cells (up to
six) without removing them from the

equipment in which they are installed.
Besides the larger cells, the "button"
type found in subminiature equipment
can be recharged. Metering and a variable charge -rate control can be included.
33
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E it]
00
o
F_
H
o
lo
zu)-lo
-.25)
!xs
lolo
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lo
tg
c;
w
.23
E 0-
F:1
c7,
2o
.
tot
737.
0 0
o
o
7-7
O
0..0 01
T.
About Rechargeable Batteries. There are

two principal types of rechargeable bat-
teries on the market-nickel-cadmium

and alkaline. Of the batteries listed in
the table, those made by Burgess, Eveready and General Electric are nickelcadmium; the Mallory units are alkaline.
(Note that the latter are rechargeable
alkaline batteries-there are other alkaline batter es that are not rechargeable.)
Rechargeable nickel-cadmium and al34
kaline batteries are not interchangeable

in most applications-particularly not in
those containing built-in rechargers
(electric toothbrushes, knives, etc.).
Mallory recommends that their rechargeable alkaline batteries be recharged on specially designed voltagelimited chargers; however, by following
the precautions given at the end of the
article, you can use this charger on alkaline batteries.
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
S2
R2
RECTI
HEAT SINK
Dl
RI
R3
clamp must be used when

mounting Cl to the chassis.
When tightening clamp hardware, be careful to avoid
puncturing plastic jacket
that encloses this capacitor.
A
Construction. Almost any type of mechanical assembly can be used for the
charger. The photos show the commercial looking design built by the author.
Although he used a metal chassis, secured to a wood base, the only metal actually required is a few square inches of
aluminum and copper for heat sinks. If
you use a closed container, make sure
that enough ventilating holes are provided to prevent heat damage during
prolonged operation.
The schematic of the charger is shown
in Fig. 1. Most of the components are
mounted on a small piece of perf board
using clips to hold them in place. Note
that zener diode D1 is placed between a
pair of thin copper plates '2" X 1" to
provide a heat sink. Capacitor Cl has an
insulated jacket and should be mounted
with a clamp to avoid puncturing the
jacket.
Mount the battery holders on a nonmetallic surface (preferably wood) so
that they do not touch and are sufficiently separated so that batteries can be installed and removed with a minimum of
effort. Note that the author used a symmetrical arrangement in mounting the
battery holders -with a D, C, and AA
holder on each side. When wiring cell
selector switch S2, be sure that, with the
switch to the left, the left row of holders
is selected and vice versa.
October, 1969
CHARGING TIMES AND CURRENTS

Manufac-
Type
turer
Burgess
Eveready
General
Electric
Mallory
Capacity Charge Charge

time
(mA-Hr) current
(Hr)
(mA)
CD6 -AA
CD7 -D
CD11 -D
CD10 -D
450
2500
3000
4000
45
250
300
400
CH450 -AA
CH400 -AA
45
CH1.5 -C
CH4 -D
450
500
1500
4000
400
14
14
14
14
GC -1 -AA
GC -2 -C
GC -3 -D
500
1000
1000
50
100
100
15
15
15
SA -15 -AA
SA -14 -C
SA -13 -D
300
1000
50
150
2000
14 -16
14.16
14 -16
14 -16
13.5 30-36
30 -36
40
30-36
80
MAGIC FIGURES
batteries are usually sold
with a rating clearly printed on the side of the
battery. This rating is either in terms of a 10hour discharge at "X" mA or in a "total" battery charge of "Y" mA -Hr. To recharge, you
use the same discharge rate (if the 10 -hour
figure is given) or divide the mA -Hr by 10 to
obtain the idealized recharging rate. To this
you add the magic figure of 40 %. Thus a 200
mA -Hr nickel-cadmium battery would be recharged at 20 mA for 14 hours (or 15 if specified by the manufacturer as shown in table).
Nickel -cadmium
35
10 New Exciting Kits For Home & Hobby

NEW
Kit ID -29
NEW Heathkit Solid -State Auto Tune -Up Meter

Measures Dwell, RPM And DC Voltage
...
The new Heath kit ID -29 is most versatile ... really three automotive test instruments in one ... and its low price makes it even a better value. Measures
Dwell on all 4 -cycle 3, 4, 6, or 8 cylinder engines
measures RPM in two
ranges 0 -1500 and 0- 4500... measures DC voltage from 0 to 15 volts. And no
batteries are needed ... running engine provides both signal and power. Easy
to use ... on both 6 and 12 volt system without changing leads. It's lightweight,
easy to carry
comes equipped with black polypropylene case that has a
built -in lead storage compartment and is resistant to virtually everything. Fast,
simple assembly ... takes just one evening. The perfect accessory for the handyman who wants to do his own car tune -up, emergency road service personnel.
or shop mechanic, ... order your 1D -29 now. 4 lbs.
...
...
NEW Heathkit Electronic Metronome

The new Heathkit TD -17 is a low-cost, precise performing electronic Metronome ... a handy helper for any music student. Battery operated
no springs
to wind ... accurate, steady calibration is always maintained
from 40 to
210 beats per minute. Instruction label on bottom gives conversion from time
signature and tempo to beats per minute. Stylish fruit wood finished cabinet.
Easy solid state circuit board construction ... assembles and calibrates in only
2-3 hours. The new Hcathkit TD -17 Electronic Metronome is so low in cost
every music student can afford one ... order yours now. lb.
...
...
NEW
Kit TD -17
$1295'
NEW
Kit
GR -78
NEW Heathkit GR -7B Solid -State General Coverage Receiver...

Tunes 190 kHz To 30 MHz In Six Bands
$12995*
The new GR -78 combines wide coverage, superior performance and portability
uc ith sharp styling to provide a remarkable value in general coverage receivers.
Tunes AM, CW & SSB signals from 190 kHz to 30 MHz in six switch- selected
hands. The all solid -state circuit employs modern FET's in the RF section and
4 ceramic filters in the IF to deliver maximum sensitivity and sharp selectivity.
Bandspread Tuning is built -in, and can be calibrated for either Shortwave
Broadcast or Amateur Bands. Completely portable
comes wills a nickel cadmium rechargeable battery pack and built -in charger that operates front
120 or 240 VAC and 12 VDC. Many built -in features... 500 kHz crystal calibrator ... switchable Automatic Noise Limiter ... switchablc Automatic Volume Control
.
Receiver Muting
.
Headphone Jack and many more.
Order yours today. 14 lbs.
...
'4995
NEW Heathkit GR -88 & GR -98 Solid -State Portable

Monitor Receivers For VHF -FM And Aircraft Bands
each
...
...
GR-88
Tunes narrow and wide band signals hem-cell 154 -174 MHz
for
police, fire, most any emergency service. Exceptional sensitivity and selectivity.
Smart compact styling, portable or fixed station capability with accessory AC
power Supply, variable tuning plus single channel crystal control, collapsible
whip antenna, adjustable.squelch control, easy circuit board construction. 5 lbs.
GR -98
Tunes 108 through 136 MHz for monitoring commercial and private
aircraft broadcasts, airport control towers. Same features as the GR-88 above.
5 lbs. GRA -8S -1, Accessory AC Power Supply... $7.95"
...
Kit
NEW
Kit G R-88
NEW
NEW
Kit GR -38
1295'
GR -98
NEW Heathkit GR -38 Solid-State AM Clock Radio

Discover An I ..i- er Way fo Get Up In The \turning ... with the new GR -38.
Set the front panel switch to "Alarm" to hear both alarm and news & music
of AM radio, or use "Auto" position for only the radio. The "Snooze" alarm
lets you turn off the alarm for ten minutes but keeps the radio on to wake you
up gradually, and cycles continuously until selector switch is reset. The accurate, dependable clock controls the accessory AC socket so you can have
coffee perking or lights turned on in the morning. The all solid -state radio really
pulls in those stations and runs cool, maintenance-free. ACC keeps stations at a
constant volume and a full wave transformer pourer supply eliminates pourer line
hum. Styled in coral with matching grille. There IS a better way to get up in the
morning ... with the Heathkit OR -38 ... order yours now. 6 lbs.
NEW Heathkit Deluxe Radio -Controlled

Screw -Drive Garage Door Opener Semi -Kit
The nest baut thing to a personal doorman. "rhe "wireless" factory assembled
transmitter operates up to 150 feet away. Just push the button and your garage
door opens and the light turns on
and stays on until you're safely inside
your home. The giant 7 ft. screw mechanism coupled with the Y. HP motor mean
real power and reliability, and the adjustable spring -tension clutch automatically
reverses the door when it meets even the smallest obstruction ... extra safety
for kids, pets, bikes, even car tops. Assembles completely without soldering in
just one evening. Easy, fast installation on any 7' overhead track door and
jamb & pivot doors with GDA -209 -2 Adaptor at $7.95. Order yours now. 66 lbs.
...
NEW
Kit GD-209A
$14995"
36
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
...
Now There Are 6 Heathkit

Color TV's To Choose From
NEW Heathkit Ultra -Deluxe "681" Color TV With AFT

Power Channel Selection & Opt. RCA Hi -Lite Matrix Tube
The new Heathkit GR -681 is the world's most advanced Color TV with more
built -in features than any other set on the market. Automatic Fine Tuning on all
83 channels ... power push button VHF channel selection, built -in cable -type
remote control ... or you can add the optional GRA -681 -6 Wireless Remote
Control any time ... plus the built-in self- servicing aids that are standard on all
Heathkit color TV's. Other features include high & low AC taps to insure that the
picture transmitted exactly fits the "681" screen. automatic degaussing, 2 -speed
transistor UHF tuner, hi -fi sound output, two VHF antenna inputs, top quality
American brand color tube with 2 -year warranty. With optional new RCA Matrix
picture tube that doubles the brightness, Model GR -681MX only $535.00.
Models In 295 Sq. Inch Size
NEW
Kit GR -681
With AFT
-.4111116eusea.
$49995*
(less cabinet)
$124.95
GRA -295 -4, Mediterranean Cabinet shown
Heathkit "295" Color TV

With Optional RCA Matrix Tube ... with the same high performance features
and built -in servicing facilities as OR -681 above ... less AFT, VHF power tuning
and built -in cable -type remote control. You can add the optional GRA -295-6
Wireless Remote Control at any time. New optional RCA Matrix tube doubles
the brightness, Model GR- 295MX, $485.00.
$64.95
GRA -295 -1, Contemporary Walnut Cabinet shown
Both the GR -681 and GR -295 fit into the same Heath factory assembled
cabinets; not shown Early American style at $109.95'
NEW Deluxe Heathkit "581" Color TV With AFT

The new Heathkit GR -581 will add a new dimension to your TV viewing. Brings
puts professional motion
you color pictures so beautiful, so natural, so real
picture quality right into your living room. Has the same high performance
features and exclusive self -servicing facilities as the GR -681, except with 227
sq. inch viewing area, and without power VHF tuning or built -in cable -type
remote control. The optional GRA -227 -6 Wireless Remote Control can be
added any time you wish. And like all Heathkit Color TV's you have a choice
of different installations ... mount it in a stall, your own custom cabinet, your
favorite B &W TV cabinet, or any one of the Heath factory assembled cabinets.
$109.95
GRA -227 -2, Mediterranean Oak Cabinet shown
Kit
R-295
$44995*
(less cabinet)
...
NEW
Kit
GR -581
with AFT
(less cabinet)

sat)),
Same as the GR -58I above, but without Automatic Fire Tuning
superlative performance, same remarkable color picture quality, same built -in
servicing aids. Like all Heathkit Color TV's you can add optional Wireless
Remote Control at any time (GRA -227 -6). And the new Table Model TV
Cabinet and roll around Cart is an economical way to house your "227"
just roll it anywhere, its rich appearance will enhance any room decor.
.
Kit GR -227
...
NOW ONLY
$54.95'
GRS- 227 -5, New Cart and Cabinet combo shown
Both the GR -581 and GR -227 fit into the same Heath factory assembled
cabinets; not shown, Contemporary cabinet 564.95'
$37995*
(less cabinet
NEW Heathkit Deluxe "481" Color TV With AFT
& cart)
The new Heathkit GR -48t has all the same high performance features and exclusive self- servicing aids as the new GR-581, but with a smaller tube size ...
180 sq. inches. And like all Heathkit Color TV's it's easy to assemble ... no
experience needed. The famous Ile ithkit Color TV Manual guides you every
step of the way with simple to understand instructions, giant fold -out pictorials
.. even lets you do your own servicing for.sasing; of over 5200 throughout the
life of your set. If you want a deluxe color TV at a budget price the new Heathkit
GR-481 is for you.
NEW
Kit
GR -481
with AFT
$359955cabinet,
Feature for feature the Heathkit "180" is your best buy in color TV viewing ...
has all the superlative performance characteristics of the GR -481, but less Automatic Fine Tuning. For extra savings, extra beauty and convenience, add the
table model cabinet and mobile cart. Get the value- packed GR -180 today.
$42.50'
GRS -180 -5, Table Model Cabinet & Cart combo
Both the GR -481 and GR -180 fit the same Heath factory assembled cabinets; GRA -180 -2, Early American Cabinet $94.95'.
Add the Comfort And Convenience Of Full Color Wireless Remote Control
To Any Rectangular Tube Heathkit Color TV .. , New Or Old!
564.95'
Kit GRA- 681 -6, for Heathkit GR -681 Color TV's
569.95'
Kit GRA -295-6, for Heathkit GR -295 & GR -25 TV's
Kit GRA- 227 -6, for Heathkit GR -581; GR -481 & GR -180
Kit GR -180
NOW ONLY
$32995*
(less cabinet & cart)
Reception Is Simulated
569.95'
Color TV's
On
All Sets Shown
HEATH COMPANY, Dept 10-67
NEW
Benton Harbor, Michigan 49022

Enclosed is
FREE 1970 CATALOG!

Now with more kits, more color.
Fully describes these along with
over 300 kits for stereo /hi -fi,
color TV, electronic organs, electric guitar & amplifier, amateur
radio, marine, educational, CB,
home & hobby. Mail coupon or
write Heath Company. Benton
Harbor, Michigan 49022.
$49.95'
GRA -180 -1, Contemporary Walnut Cabinet shown

Schlumberger subsidiary
plus shipping.
Please send model (s)

Please send FREE HeathkH Catalog.
Please send Credit Application.
Name
Address
City
*Mail order prices; F.O.B. factory.
Zip
State
Prices & specifications subject to change without notice.
CL -354E

October, 1969
39
FI
SI
R5-R16
TI
All components not on

the chassis can be
mounted on a piece of
perforated phenolic
board. Flea clips facilitate the connections.
R2
CI
RI
D5
RECT
The author used a 12- position switch

for S3. This provides enough of a variety
of charging currents for most applications. Resistors R5 through R16 provide
base bias for the transistor and thus determine the charging rates. Their resistances must be chosen to account for
variations in the characteristics of the
transistor. If desired, you can use only a
few rates to suit your immediate needs
(or if you are using only one type of
battery) and add others as your needs
change. The Table gives a number of
charging rates for the common AA, C,
and D cells. The charging rate and time
for a cell are usually marked on its jack-
RECHARGING ZINC -CARBON

BATTERIES
fully discharged zinc -carbon battery will
be
unable to accept a recharge. To put anything

back into a zinc -carbon battery you must interrupt its service life before it has dropped
below the level of 1.0 volt. This is tricky since
the battery may not have displayed any indication that its useful life was ending.
Recharge zinc -carbon batteries immediately
after removal from service. The rate of recharging should be about 120% the average
rate of discharge and the charge period should
be 12 to 16 hours. Put recharged batteries
back into service immediately and don't expect
to recharge zinc- carbon batteries more than
4 times
that.
-if
40
R3
01
et. Note that physical size is not an indication of the required charging rate.
To select resistors R5 through R16 (if
you are going to use this many intervals) allow the equipment to warm up
for about 20 minutes at normal room
temperature (75 to 78 degrees F) Insert
a fresh carbon-zinc D cell in one of the
D -cell holders and clip a milliammeter
across the other D -cell holder. When S2
is in the 2 CELL position, the meter and
the battery will be in series with the rest
of the circuit. First use a 5000- or 10,000ohm potentiometer for the base bias re.
sistors and set it to its highest resistance. Slowly rotate the potentiometer
until the milliammeter indicates the desired charging rate. Turn off the power
and remove the potentiometer. Measure
the resistance of the potentiometer to
determine the fixed resistor to be used
for that charging rate. Since you may
wind up with non -standard resistance
values, it is best to use a resistor with a
slightly larger value and put a second
resistor of higher value in parallel to get
the required value. You should be able to
set the desired charging current to within five percent of the target value.
If you use the optional meter circuit,
then potentiometer R17 is the base bias
resistor and the charging current is read
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
HOW IT WORKS
The battery charger is basically a d.c. power
supply (Ti, RECT1, and C1) which is placed
in series with the battery to be charged. A power
transistor (Q1) maintains the series current flow
at a predetermined level. The transistor chosen
for this application has little change in collector
current for moderately large changes in both collector voltage and load current, once its base
bias has been set. This bias (and hence the collector current) is set by the relatively stable d.c.
voltage determined by zener diode DI and the
series base resistors.
Switch S2 selects either one bank of cell holders or both banks in series. Charge indicator 11
and diodes D3 and D4 provide visual indication
of charge over the range of 45 to 500 mA. Diode
D2 prevents slow discharge of cells left in the
charger for storage. Thyrector diode D5 suppresses any voltage transients that might enter
the circuit from the power line.
Two optional components may be added to the
charger. A 0 -500 -mA meter can be inserted at
point X in Fig. 1 to measure current flow, and a
10,000 -ohm potentiometer can be inserted as
shown by the dotted lines for variable control of
recharging current.
appropriate battery holder. To charge

two identical cells, set S2 to the 2 CELL
position and insert both cells in their
holders, one on each side. Do not attempt
to charge cells in parallel. It will damage
the charger.
The charger can handle up to six identical cells connected in series. For this,
make up a charging jack and cable to go
between the charger and the batteries.
Recharge cells as soon as they appear
to be weak in service. This avoids excessive discharging which tends to reduce
the cycle life of the cell. Normally, a cell
should be recharged when its voltage
drops to about 1.1 volts at a load current
equal to one -tenth the cell's rated mAhour capacity at the normal 10 -hour discharge rate.
Rechargeable alkaline cells may be recharged (at the recommended rate) with
Three timesaving ideas are shown in the

photo at right: Battery holders are arranged symmetrically; large black arrows
indicate directions of positive poles; and
chart gives directions for use of charger.
directly off the meter for each application. In this case, increase the value of
R4 to limit the highest charging current
to 650 mA.
Applications. Make up a chart showing
the correct setting of 23 for each type of
rechargeable cell you have, including the

recommended charging time. This information is usually indicated on the package or the battery itself. Paste this chart
on the charger so that you can refer to it
when necessary. To charge one cell, set
S? in the 1 CELL position and use the
October, 1969
a few precautions: Be sure to turn off

the charger at the end of the charge
period to avoid cell damage. Recharge
cells when cell voltage drops to 1.1 volts.
Never discharge a cell below 0.9 volt or
cell damage will result.
Alkaline cells are supplied fully
charged. If it is necessary to recharge a
partially discharged cell, clip a voltmeter
across the cell and recharge it until the
voltage reaches 1.65 to 1.75 volts. Or,
discharge the cell to 1.1 volts and recharge for the full recommended time.
-3{41
USE A TRIAC FOR SMALL SIZE AND LOW COST
AVOLTAGE-LEVEL control for a.c.

is one of the most useful electronic
devices you can have around the house.
It can serve as a speed control for motor driven appliances; a heat control for
soldering irons or an incandescent light
dimmer.
An ordinary variable autotransformer
is commonly used as a voltage -level control. However, such transformers are expensive, bulky, and not very portable.
A solid -state circuit, built around a triac, eliminates these objections. It costs
about $8 in parts, fits into the smallest
metal utility box, and weighs only a few
ounces.
Aptly called a "Solid -State Variable
Transformer," the voltage-level control
described in the following pages does everything a conventional variable transformer can and does it more efficiently.
There are no hysteresis losses, IR losses
;
42
are at a minimum, and it operates cool.

Construction. Keep foremost in your
mind that the Solid -State Variable
Transformer is used to control potentially hazardous a.c. line voltages. Do
not substitute parts for those specified
in the Parts List. Take extra care when
wiring the circuit and do not attempt to
power the circuit until after you perform
the ohmmeter checkout given in the last
section of this article.
Begin construction by machining the
utility box to provide mounting holes
for Rl, Pl, and SO/ as shown in Figs.
2 and 3. Note that all mounting holes
are to be centered in the respective sides
of the box.
The quickest and neatest method of
making the cutouts for PI and SO/ is to
punch them out with a Greenlee No. 732
keyed radio chassis punch (orient the
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
Fig. 1. Triac Q1 actually consists of four layer diode at G and triac between 1 and 2.
PARTS LIST
C2- 0.1 -p.F, 200 -volt tubular

C3- 0.047 -AF, 200 -volt tubular
C1,
capacitor
capacitor
Fl -Buss No. GJV -4 fuse

PI-Three-line a.c. plug (Amphenol
QI -Triac (RCA 40431)
R1- 100,000 -ohm, % -watt linear

tiometer
R2- 10,000 -ohm, % -watt resistor
R3- 20- oisnz, I -watt resistor
No. 160 -11)
taper poten-
S01-Three-line a.c. receptacle (Amphenol No.
160-10)
No. CU- 2100 -A metal utility box
Misc.- Ohnzite Type 5000 dial plate (optional);
con rol knob for Rl; 2 -each three -lug terminal
strips (H.H. Smith No. 830, or similar); 1Y2"long x % "- diameter heat- shrinkable tubing for
Fi; hookup wire; solder; etc.
1
-Bud
keys toward the bottom of the box).

However, if you do not have access to a
chassis punch, simply cut out a 111/64"diameter hole at each of the proper locations. Apply a liberal bead of epoxy cement around the entire perimeter of P1
and SO/. Then insert the plug and receptacle into their respective cutouts, orienting the rounded prong and hole toward the top of the utility box, and
snap into place the retainer rings.
After allowing sufficient time for the
epoxy cement to set, drill a 3's "- diameter
hole through the top of the box for
mounting control R1. Then, before setting R1 in place, wrap one turn of 16gauge solid bare wire around the mounting threads of the control, leaving 2"
leads at each end. Insert R1 into its
mounting hole, slip on the optional dial
plate, fasten down the control, and fasten down the panel knob.
Now, locate the ends of the solid wire
previously wrapped around Rl. Connect
the ends of this wire to the green -coded
contacts on P1 antLSO1. Snip away any
excess wire and the right lug of Rl.
Temporarily remove the silver-coded
screw from Pl, and use this screw to
mount a three -lug terminal strip on the
rear of the plug. In like manner, use the
brass -coded screw on SO/ to mount an
identical terminal strip on the rear of
the receptacle.
Slip the 11/2" length of shrinkable plas-
Fig. 2. Lug 3 at right of R1

is not used and should be re-
moved to eliminate possibility

of short circuits. Also, two
terminal strips mount directly

on rear of receptacle and plug.
October, 1969
43
Fig. 3. Once Q1 is properly
soldered to heatsink according to directions, set heat

sink tabs onto lugs of terminal strip; solder in place.
-
tic tubing over the fuse, centering it

over the body of the fuse, and apply
heat until the tubing shrinks snugly
around the fuse. Connect one lead of the
fuse to the silver -coded contact of SOl,
the other lead to the solder lug common
to the silver -coded contact on Pl.
Now solder R2 to the left terminal of
Rl and the center lug of the terminal
strip mounted on the rear of Pl. Slip a
1'1" length of plastic insulation over
each lead of C2. Leaving just 14" of bare
lead exposed, clip off the excess lead
lengths. Now, referring to Fig. 3, place
C? against the top of the utility box,
just above R1, and solder one lead to
the center lug on the left terminal strip
and the other lead to the center lug of
the right terminal strip.
Solder a 2" length of insulated hookup wire from the center lug of RI to the
lug common to the brass -coded screw on
the SOl terminal strip. Then connect R3
between the two outer lugs, and C3 from
the center lug to the outer lug (near
the silver-coded contact of SOl) of this
same terminal strip.
Connect another 2" length of insulated
hookup wire from the brass -coded screw
on Pl to the center lug on the SOl terminal strip. Cut one lead of Cl to 1" in
length, the other lead to Pi" in length.
Then slip a 1" length of plastic insulation over the 1t/" lead, and connect this
lead to the left lug on Rl. Solder the remaining lead of Cl to the center lug of
44
the SOl terminal strip.

Place the solder circle that comes with
the triac in the heatsink ( sometimes referred to as a heat spreader). Then force
the triac between the tab and rear wall
of the heatsink, being careful to prevent
the Gate and No. 1 lead of the triac from
touching the heatsink. Solder the case
(terminal 2) of the triac to the heatsink.
Now, liberally tin with solder the upper lugs of both terminal strips (see
Fig. 3), place the triac assembly on these
lugs as shown, and heat the heatsink to
solder the triac assembly firmly in place.
Finally, solder lead No. 1. from the triac
to the center lug of the SOl terminal
strip, and the Gate lead to the center lug
on the PI terminal strip. Check to make
sure that neither lead is touching the
heatsink, case of R1, or each other.
Final Check and Use. Before powering
the Solid -State Variable Transformer,
check out the circuit with an ohmmeter
as follows. With Rl set for minimum resistance, and the ohmmeter's range
switch set to X100K, touch the probes of
the ohmmeter to the brass -coded screws
on SO/ and Pl. Initially, there should be
a well- defined deflection of the meter
pointer toward the low resistance end
of the scale. Thereafter, the pointer
should slowly drift back toward the infinity index of the meter scale.
Now, touch the probes to the green(Continued on page 117)
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
BY DAVID B. WEEMS
SPEAKER
Some
Thoughts
On Not
Using
Plywood
BOXES
THAT ARE
SOMETHING
ELSE
\A/HETHER by design, accident, or hab- use plywood for two basic reasons. First,
1I
it, plywood has become the common labor-not materials -is the greatest exworking material of hi -fi enthusiasts who pense involved in building an enclosure.
build their own speaker enclosures. Con- Second, some of the substitute materials
sidering that plywood is stronger than would not look good in advertising copy.
solid lumber of equal thickness and that The buying public has come to accept
it is available in large, fiat sheets, it is and expect plywood; so plywood enclosures are what they get.
not a bad choice.
In this article, your attention will be
Unfortunately, the cost of plywood has
skyrocketed over the years -so much so called to some of the better plywood subthat many hi -fi'ers are beginning to have stitutes. Equipped with this information
second thoughts about building their own and other pertinent data, you should be
enclosures. Plywood, however, is not able to choose a material that will allow
necessarily the only, nor maybe even the you to cut drastically the cost of your
best, material for constructing speaker next speaker enclosure project.
enclosures. There are many other maEnclosure Basics. The purpose of any
terials that, while not as strong as plywood, have better acoustical damping speaker enclosure is to isolate the speaker from the room so that sound proand resonance characteristics.
If this comes as a surprise, consider- duced at the rear of the speaker does
ing that most factory-made enclosures are not interfere with the sound coming
made of plywood, rest assured that it is from the front. Any material which inan acknowledged truth. Manufacturers terrupts the transmission of sound from
October, 1969
45
18
I1-*--APPROX
I/2"
18"--+
OPTIONAL
"-CHAMBER
CHAMBER
(SEE TEXT)
Fig. 1. Dimensions shown are only approximate. They depend on actual dimensions of flue tile and thickness
of wood panels used for camouflage.
24'
TILE
LENGTH
3/4"
FRONT VIEW
SIDE VIEW
n-I/B"DIA
(SEE TEXT)I
APPROX
13"
6 -1/2"
3
_. I"(TILE
THICKNESS)
APPROX
IS"
rear to front will serve the purpose.

Only one qualification is necessary to
the rule: the material must not vibrate.
Vibration of the enclosure walls uses
up energy that should go into the production of sound. Worse, it has resonances of its own, resulting in a rough
system response curve.
There are actually two resonant characteristics in every enclosure; that of the
enclosed air, called "Helmholtz" resonance, and wall resonance. Fortunately,
you can avoid the worst effects of each
by careful planning of the shape of the
enclosure.
On all counts, a cube -shaped box is
bad. The path length of sound reflected
by opposing walls in such a symmetrical enclosure is the same in all three directions, and five of the six walls have essentially the same resonant frequency.
The speaker changes the resonance of
the wall on which it is mounted. Five
nearly identical walls can add up to some
nasty "booming" effects, especially if
they are thin and undamped. Consequently, the first rule in enclosure design
46
is to have a minimum of three different -
size walls.
The rectangular box, with its three
pairs of different -size walls, is the traditional choice of enclosure builders. Even
here, the ideal is to have no two walls
with the same resonant frequency. The
speaker mounting and its opposing walls
present no problems in this area; they
naturally have different resonances, although they are identical in outline. All
you do is brace one wall of each of the
remaining two wall pairs to obtain the
desired six different resonances.
Another design goal is to make the
resonant frequency of the walls as high
as possible. In light of the fact that
many speaker manufacturers strive to
lower the resonance of their speakers,
this might at first appear to be a strange
approach. There are, however, several
good reasons for raising the resonant
frequencies of the walls. First, the higher the resonance, the easier it is for
the walls to absorb objectionable sound.
If the frequency can be raised enough,
ordinary acoustical damping material
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
(such as fiberglass, cotton batting, etc.)

in the enclosure will help to cancel resonance effects. Also, there is the bonus
that the same methods used to raise the
resonance of the walls will increase wall

damping.
The resonant frequency of a wall panel
is dependent on its size, thickness, stiffness, shape, and (if used) damping
material. Consequently, if other factors
are equal, a panel of small area has a
higher natural resonance than a large
panel. This explains why relatively thin
materials that are unsuitable for large
enclosures can be satisfactory for small
enclosures. Thick, stiff walls of unequal
length and width tend to have high resonant frequencies, but don't overdo the
unequal length and width trick or you
will end up with a "pipe" effect, and
air column resonance within the enclosure will become a problem. For all practical purposes, the longest internal dimension should be less than three times
the shortest dimension.
Substitute
Materials.
When choosing
substitutes for plywood, the denser the

better. You have probably seen or heard
of excellent speaker enclosures made of
concrete, brick, and ceramics. (Aluminum and steel meet the density requirement, but both tend to "ring" and should
be avoided.) For example paper is denser
than wood. So, you might start with a
sheath of paper, a quart of glue, and a
lot of patience and end up with a pretty

good enclosure. But there must be a
more practical approach.
A common material that has greater
density than plywood and which is already being used as a plywood substitute
goes under such names as particle board,
chip board, etc., implying that it is made
of wood chips and sawdust bound into
board form with a resin glue binder. The
boards are available in different sizes
and thicknesses, the most common being
8' X 4' with thicknesses of v ", ",
and 1 ". Size for size and thickness for
thickness, these boards are considerably
less expensive than plywood. Lacking a
grain, they are less resonant but less
strong than plywood.
Chip board is essentially a semi-finished material. It is cut to size and
glued and screwed or nailed together in
the same manner as plywood. The only
extra step is that it must be finished
(painted or covered with a wood -grain
plastic veneer or contact material).
The remaining plywood substitutes,
with one exception, are laminated materials. If you like the unusual, there
are several materials that are more convenient than gluing together sheets of
paper. One of these is the corrugated paperboard shipping carton. Of particular
value here are the heavy cartons rated
as two- and three -ply paperboard that
are used to ship large or extra heavy
items. A check with your local hardware,
:3. +
Laminated enclosure walls require wood frame made from

pine for support and bracing.
October, 1969
47
plumbing, or appliance dealer might turn

up paperboard of sufficient size that can
be laminated to make enclosure walls.
As a point of fact, enclosure walls
made of laminated paperboard are roughly comparable in performance to plywood walls of equal thickness. The
only problem is that they are more difficult to join at the corners. One method of construction, as shown in the photo on page 47 is to nail and glue the
laminated walls to a pine frame. Finishng can be with wallpaper.
Almost any plywood enclosure can be
improved by cementing another material,
such as celotex or asphalt roofing felt,
to the interior walls.
The use of a combination of materials,
such as celotex, gypsum wallboard, and
thin plywood was discussed in the "Club
Sandwich Reflex" speaker system in the
November 1962 issue of POPULAR ELECTRONICS. Materials for "sandwich" enclosures need not have great density,
particularly if the ratio of stiffness -tomass is high. One such material is styrofoam. However, it is almost transparent
to low frequencies, which defeats the
purpose of the enclosure. This also rules
out the use of a styrofoam -only enclosure.
G. A. Briggs, the well -known speaker
authority with the Wharfedale Wireless
Works Ltd., mentions in his "Cabinet
Handbook" that he has used a material
like styrofoam as a core between Vs"thick layers of hardboard on one side
and plywood on the other side to obtain
a very lightweight enclosure that is virtually resonance -free.
Select laminated materials and you
can probably duplicate an enclosure at a
fraction of the cost of using plywood.
Simply follow the published design you
want to copy, substituting the laminated
material for plywood. Just be sure to
plan it so that the interior volume of the
enclosure remains the same. This means
that if you use a frame for mounting the
wall panels, you must compute the cubic
displacement of the frame and make
suitable adjustments in the sizes of the
walls to maintain the design volume.
One remaining plywood substitute
worthy of mention is ceramic tile. And in
calling out its relative merits, a construction project was devised, the details
for which follow.
48
Once plywood end plates are secured to flue tile,

glue and nail front and sides to the end plates.
A Flue Tile Speaker System. Several

years ago, experimenters in England
started putting speakers into lengths of
sewer pipe. (An example of such a
speaker system was published on these
pages under the title "Drain Pipe 8" in
June 1962) Although purists criticized
these systems because the low frequency
radiation was so distinctly separated
from the highs and referred to them as
"resonant columns," they actually
sounded better than they looked.
Another perhaps more practical tile
enclosure form is the ceramic flue tile.
These tiles are available in various sizes
and they are easily adapted to speaker
enclosures of usable dimensions, even if
the weight of the completed system is a
bit unwieldy. Plywood is used in such enclosures very sparingly at the top and
bottom open ends of the tile. Further
stiffening of the plywood ends can also
be obtained by running a threaded rod
through the enclosure ends and tightening it down with nuts.
In their freedom from wall vibration,
flue tile enclosures are a purist's dream,
but they are a decorator's nightmare.
One such system, called "Another Ceramic Tile Enclosure (POPULAR ELECproduced very
TRONICS, April 1963)
.
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
good sound but certainly won no awards
for appearance.
With a little imagination, you can
camouflage the flue tile. The method employed in the project illustrated in Fig. 1
is to extend the plywood plates at the
open ends of the tile to a rectangular
shape just large enough to accommodate
the outer perimeter of the tile. Thin finished wood panels can then be nailed to
the plywood ends to hide the flue tile.
You can start construction by cutting
two pieces of ? " plywood to the sizes

needed for the end plates. Set one plate
aside temporarily, and referring to the
bottom drawing in Fig. 1, cut the openings for the port and speaker. (For a
12" woofer, cut an 111,4" opening; for an
8" speaker, cut a 7" opening.) Then prepare two 1' -long and two 63/4" -long
sides from 13.'t" X :i" pine for the port.
Glue and nail these pieces to the bottom
plate over the port opening.
The enclosure is easily assembled with
the liberal use of silicone rubber caulking
compound. Aside from mechanically
joining the two dissimilar materials
wood and ceramic -the caulking compound provides an excellent air seal.
Assembly is best accomplished as follows. First, apply a liberal bead of caulking compound to the lip of the flue tile.
Invert the tile onto the blank plywood
top plate, and carefully square the two
pieces in relation to each other. Allow
the compound to set solid as the weight
of the tile bears into the silicone rubber.
When the caulking compound has completely set, invert the assembly. Cut a
piece of acoustical fiberglass wool to size
and cement it to the inner surface of the
top plate. Then cement a fiberglass wool
liner around the inner surfaces of the
tile. This damping material is necessary
to reduce the reflections that would otherwise be caused by the hard, relatively
smooth interior surfaces of the tile.
Next, repeating the instructions given
above for the top plate, caulk the bottom
plate to the open end of the flue tile.
After allowing sufficient time for the
caulking compound to set, use a sharp
knife to pare away any bleed -over silicone
rubber that might interfere when the
thin wood sides are attached later.
Again invert the assembly, and frontmount the woofer in its cutout as shown
in Fig. 2. Bring the speaker cable out
through a hole drilled in the bottom
plate, and fill the hole with caulking
compound.
Now, connect the speaker cable to
your amplifier and feed in some music
that is heavy on the bass. If the sound is
not just right for your taste, drop cut -up
pieces of fiberglass wool into the enclosure (through the port) until you are
satisfied. Then turn off the music and
disconnect the speaker cable.
All that is left to do is camouflage the
tile and add a midrange speaker and /or
tweeter, if desired. If you plan to incorporate the midrange speaker and /or
tweeter, determine how much longer to
make the side and front wood panels.
Then cut the sides and front to size ( the
rear of the system does not need a panel,
nor should there be a panel at the rear of
the midrange speaker /tweeter chamber).
Nail and glue the panels to the end pieces
of the woofer chamber. Then cut to size
and nail and glue a top plate in place.
Finally, wire the midrange speaker
and /or tweeter together, and connect a
suitable crossover network between the
two chambers to make a "system" that
can be connected to your amplifier.
30
That's it!
Fig. 2. Because speaker board is

fixed by caulking compound, it
is necessary to front -mount
woofer. Staple or tack grille

cloth over speaker cone to protect it against dust and pets.
49
What Does
A11
Op Amp Do?
BY JOHN SEG1NSKI
versatile building block, the operational ampliis the ma :lspring of much of today's most
advanced electronic equipment. In computers and
automatic control systems, for example, they are indispensable, and they can be made to function in a
number of different ways -precision voltage sources,
current sources, and voltage adders, to name only a
THAT
fier,
tions that follow refer to the c'rcuits below. Test

your knowledge of op amps by filling in the blanks.
1.
few.
The operational amplifier, or op amp, is an extremely high -gain amplifier with a very high input
impedance. The actual gain of a specific circuit is
determined by feedback resistors connected around
the amplifier. Various characteristics can be achieved
by connecting other components and other op amps
in the circuit. The numbered sentences and equa-
RIN
EuuT
Gain =
Emir =
This is a
generator.
Gain =
This is a
voltage amplifier.
This is an
This is a
When switches are closed one by one, a
is genera ted.
10. The outputs are
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
(Answers on page 113)
IK
500--MMnA-tRT-I
EIN=-5V
FOUT
RI
EI
EIN
E
OUT
5K
E IN
5K
5K
5K
OUT
10
50
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
Build
DWELL
EXTENDER
BY GEORGE MEYERLE
ELECTRONIC ASSIST TO YOUR IGNITION SYSTEM
MANY SCHEMES have been proposed
in the last ten years for improving

electronically the efficiency of the ignition system of the internal combustion
(automobile, boat, etc.) engine. Such
proposals, whose basic purpose is to improve overall performance and reduce
fuel consumption, are all based on the
principle of increasing the spark energy
at high engine speeds (see Box). Many
of these spark improvement systems
have value- whether they are simple
switching transistors or elaborate, relatively complex capacitive- discharge circuits. Unfortunately, they also have
varying disadvantages of some type.
The "Dwell Extender" described here
increases spark energy at high engine

speeds by lengthening the dwell time
electronically and requires only two connections to the existing system. The
patented circuit, shown in Fig. 1, can be
used in any car or boat with a negative
ground. It can be installed or removed
in a matter of minutes and is applicable
to any number of cylinders, provided a
coil- and -breaker -point system is used.
It cannot be used on engines having a
magneto ignition or a positive- ground.
October, 1969
What can be expected of this unusual

system? Truthfully, not very much if
you have a new car that is properly
tuned up and if you don't drive at high
speeds. However, if your car has a lot
of mileage on it and you want additional
"zoom" for passing or accelerating on a
hill, the Dwell Extender can provide an
improvement in your car's performance.
The use of this system in your car
will also save you some gasoline due

to more efficient burning; and you will
find that problems resulting from worn
points are reduced since they no longer
play such an important part in the ignition system. Spark plugs will last longer
too.
Construction. It is important that you

use the silicon controlled rectifier (SCR1)
called for in the Parts List. It is capable
of withstanding the temperature extremes existing near the engine and it
can take the reverse voltages that occur
when the points open. Similarly, the
capacitors must be of the solid tantalum
type which can withstand the temperature extremes.
The components are actually mounted
51
PARTS LIST
solid tantalum capacitor
(Sprague 164D or similar)
2- ampere, 600 -volt l'IV rectifier diode
(Solitron Devices 2:1600)
RI- 2200 -ohm, %watt resistor
R2- 120 -ohm, ,1/2-watt resistor
SCR1- Silicon controlled rectifier (Motorola
2X4173
Misc. -SCR mounting hardware (Motorola
MI1475 or similar); heat sink (1Vakefield 400
or similar); three -lug screw -type terminal
strip; metal for U- brackets; length of #14
twin -conductor cable; two crimp -on lugs; rubber grommets (2); mounting hardware; etc.
.Cote-A pre -tested SCR with mounting hardware at $4.50; a pre -tested diode at 300; and
two tantalum capacitors at 60 each are available from Metrotec Industries, 1405 Old
Northern Blvd., Roslyn, N.I'. 11576. Also
available front the same source arc: a gold
C1,
TOI -)0F
IGNITION
COIL
C2- 2.2 -uF,
DlR2
RI
2.2K
120A
DI
2A600CI
C2
2.25F
2.4F
TO
VEHICLE
GND
SCRI
rK
o
(CAASE)
NMI
anodioed heat sink with covers, shock mounts,

and terminal strip at $3.95; a complete kit of
parts at $9.50; and a finished, wired unit encapsulated in a heavy -duty cylindrical heat
sink at $19.95, all postpaid. The finished unit
has a 2 -year guarantee.
Fig. 1. Be sure to use the components specified so that the finished device
can withstand both engine -space heat and any switching transients.
on the heat sink (or similar) prescribed

in the Parts List. Drill a hole in the center of the heat sink for SCR1. Mount
the SCR with an insulating (mica) washer around the stud on each side of the
heat sink and a soldering lug making contact with the case of the SCR on the wiring side of the heat sink. You may also
have to use some type of inslating tubing around the stud where it passes
through the heat sink to avoid any contact between the two. When you have
the SCR mounted, use an ohmmeter to
check that there is no contact between
the case (anode) of the SCR and the
heat sink.
Install the SCR so that it is completely

insulated from the metal heat sink. Mount a large
solder lug between the case and insulator to make
the anode contact. All wiring is point to point.
The three -screw terminal is mounted on a U- shaped

cover that snaps over the heat sink. Remove center
screw and cover the outside hole with a piece
of tape. The lug is used as a wiring support only.
Fig. 2.
er points are closed. The opening and closing

of the points are timed by an engine -driven
cam that is designed to open the points whenever a spark is required by a cylinder. When
the points are closed, the current flowing
through the coil builds up a magnetic field
which saturates the coil. When the points open,
the current flow stops and the magnetic field
collapses. As the field collapses, the magnetic
lines of force cut the turns on the other por-
SPARK ENERGY
The efficiency of an internal combustion engine depends, in the final analysis, on the mixture of gasoline and air that is introduced
into the cylinder and the successful ignition of
that mixture by an electrically induced spark.
If we assume that the carburetor is doing its
job of providing the proper fuel mixture, then

obtaining the right spark energy to fire it is the
best way to improve efficiency.
a very
high back e.m.f. This voltage is applied
through the distributor to the appropriate cylinder to ignite the gas -air mixture. The time
that the points remain closed is called the dwell
time and is specified in degrees of dwell for
the particular engine.
tion of the autotransformer, inducing
To provide a spark, the majority (about 98 %)

of conventional engines use the Kettering system, which was developed about 50 years ago
(see Fig. A). In this system, battery current is
allowed to pass through the primary of an
autotransformer (ignition coil) when the break-
ignition system of this type always works

(unless something is drastically wrong) but it
does have disadvantages, which result primarily in the loss of performance at high engine
speeds. This is because, as the engine speeds
up, the amount of time that the points remain
closed is proportionally reduced. When the engine speed reaches two thousand r /min or
more, the points are closed for such a short
time that the magnetic field within the ignition
coil does not build up to maximum. This results in a much lower "thinner" spark voltage
for ignition. As a result the energy in the coil
primary drops dramatically as shown in Fig. B.
Because the higher engine speeds are used in
accelerating and passing, "sluggishness" is
noted in many engines when this situation occurs. Since the fuel doesn't burn properly, the
condition also wastes gasoline and the spark
plugs get fouled up, causing an even further
drop in performance.
An
HIGH VOLTAGE
TO DISTRIBUTOR
IGNITION COIL
()RUBBING BLOCK
CONDENSER
MOVABLE
POINT
FIXED
POINT
The purpose of most ignition- improvement

systems is to overcome the "droop" in spark
energy at high engine speeds.
ENGINE- DRIVEN
CAM
50
50 TO 60
mi
/hr
RACING
PASSING
/RUNNING
SPEED FOR
4 CYLINDER
OUTBOARD ENGINES
500 1000
cnnn
2000
'nnn
ENGINE SPEED
r /min
October, 1969
53
Primary current in the ignition coil without (top)

and with (bottom) the Dwell Extender. Calibration
is 5 ms per division horizontal, and 2.5 amperes
per division vertical. Note the longer time that
ignition coil current flows using Dwell Extender.
Prepare a U-shaped metal cover to

fit over the top of the heat sink and
project down over the two sides. Cut
out one end of the cover so that a
three -lug terminal strip can be mounted
on it as shown in Fig. 2. The two outer
lugs serve as wiring connections for the

internal components and for connection
of the external leads. The center lug is
used as a standoff insulator for internal
wiring which is point -to- point.
Once the circuit is complete, spray the
interior with a non -corrosive lacquer to
provide protection against moisture.
Make another U- shaped cover to fit
over the bottom of the heat sink and
cover the electronic components.
Drill holes in the ends of the heat sink
for mounting and insert rubber grommets in the holes to provide protection
against shock and vibration.
Clearly identify the two external connections. Mark them "CHASSIS GROUND"
and "( ) TERMINAL OF IGNITION COIL."
Installation. Select a suitable mounting

spot for the Dwell Extender -away from
the heat of the engine and radiator. The
54
Secondary voltage of the ignition coil without

(top) and with (bottom) the Dwell Extender. Calibration is 1 ms per division horizontal and 10
kV per division vertical. Note the reduced ringing
and the higher voltage using the Dwell Extender.
HOW IT WORKS
When the points are closed, the Dwell Extender
is shorted out so that the SCR is non -conducting.
During this time, the current through the coil
(through the closed points) builds up the magnetic field. When the points open, the back e.m.f.
from the collapsing field around the coil creates
a voltage high enough to fire the spark plug.
However, the instant that the points open, the
positive voltage from the battery is applied directly to the anode of the SCR and, through an
RC network, to its gate. About 100 microseconds
after the points open, the positive pulse reaches
the gate, firing the SCR. This closes the points
electrically. Shortly afterward, they close me-
chanically.
The result is that the coil is being charged for
almost the entire duty cycle except for the 100
microseconds to allow for spark to occur. The
magnetic field built up in the coil is thus stronger
and a much larger spark is available at the distributor. In fact, the spark energy is almost doubled at high engine speeds. Diode DI bypasses
the negative spike that occurs when the pointopen.
location can be on the sheetmetal wheel

covering, the firewall, or even inside the
car (or boat). Make sure that rain or
snow (or spray if used on a boat) cannot reach the device. A maximum of
six feet of wire can be used to connect
the circuit to the ignition coil.
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
BY JAMES BONGIORNO
1JLGD
dine
enerator
5 TO
THERE IS a certain aura
60,000 Hz WITH ULTRA LOW DISTORTION
of "right-
ness" about test equipment. Whether

we buy a piece of commercial test equipment or assemble a kit, we always assume that the instrument is relatively
absolute, that it does what it is supposed
to do, and that the readings it provides
are correct. We take it for granted that
any detectable errors are in the device
being tested. It is also customary to assume that a test instrument is more accurate than the device being tested.
Everyone (who has thought about it)
knows, of course, that a perfect test instrument doesn't exist and that even
very accurate instruments are expensive.
However, there is no reason why the
electronics experimenter should not use
the very best equipment that he can find
or build.
In the past, POPULAR ELECTRONICS has
presented some remarkably accurate
digital test instruments, which, in spite
of their relatively low cost, had accuracies that rival those of commercial gear.
Described in this article is a low -cost,
top -quality ultra -low- distortion audio
generator for the serious audio hobbyist
October, 1969
and electronics technician. The specifications shown in the table compare favorably with some of the best available audio generators. (See box on Residual
Distortion)
The circuit for the generator is shown
in Fig. 1. Like any test instrument, the
quality of performance depends on the
accuracy of the bridge components (in
the lower half of Fig. 1) To provide for
ease of dial reading a dual log -taper
potentiometer is specified. The bridge
capacitors are relatively expensive. The
two capacitors with the smaller values
(C10 and CT/) are polystyrene having
tolerances of 0.5' while the two larger
units are metalized Mylar with tolerances of 1%.
.
The Author
After many years as a professional musician,
Jim Bongiorno's interest in basic electronics
led him into the field of servicing electronic organs and hi -fi equipment. After working
his way up the technical ladder, he is now
Chief Engineer, engaged in research and development at Lambert Laboratories, Westfield, N.Y.
55
The dual log-taper potentiometer (R26) must track within 1 dB to produce
the frequency response and amplitude
stability given in the specifications table.
Conventional, over -the -counter dual pots

track this closely. However, one
do not
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56
Fig. 1. To avoid confusion, frequency- determining network (above right) is shown separate from main circuit
(above left). These two drawings depict single circuit;
points B and C in frequency determining network con.
nect to points B and C, respectively, in the main circuit.
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
is available through the source given in

the Parts List. Special close -tolerance
capacitors are also available from the
same source.
Obviously, if you do not want your
generator to have the accuracy shown in
the table you can use conventional components with broader tolerances.
PARTS LIST
BP2- Five-way binding post, one red, one

black
C1, C2- 1000 -AF, 25 -volt electrolytic capacitor
BP1,
C4- 500 -AF, 25 -volt electrolytic capacitor

C5- 10 -uF, 15 -volt electrolytic capacitor
C6-500 -uF, 15 -volt electrolytic capacitor
C3,
C7
C8
10 -uF, 200 -volt, 1% 11 vla capacitor*

1% D9ylar capacitor*
0.1 -F, 60 -volt, 0.5% polystyrene capaci-
-1 -F, 200 -volt,
C9tors
C10 -- 0.01 -F, 60 -volt, 0.5% polystyrene
capacitor*
C11-- 820 -pF, 60 -volt, 5% polystyrene capacitor
C12 -25-280 -pF trimmer capacitor
D1-D6- 100-mA silicon diode (any type)
F1-1/16- ampere fuse and holder
11 -115 -volt, 6-watt lamp (GE6S6 or similar)
12 -.VE -2 neon lamp
Q1, Q2, Q3, Q6-Transistor (Fairchild 2.4250*
or 2N5087)
04, Q7- Transistor (Fairchild SE6020A or RCA
40459)
Q5- Transistor (Fairchild 2N3638A or 2.V -1354
or RCA 2N4037)
R1- 100,000 -ohm
R2, R3 -20 -ohm
R14- 1800 -ohm
R8 -8200 -ohm
R4.
R6-47-ohm
R9 -30 -ohm
R10-- 390 -ohm
R12- 200,000 -ohm
R13- 10.000 -ohm
R 15 -620 -ohm
R16- 150,000 -ohm
R18, R19- 130,000 -ohnz, 1%
R20, R21- 10,000 -ohm, I%
All resistors
h -watt. 5%
unless noted
R22, R23-see text

R24, R25- 910 -ohm. 1 %
R5- 10,000 -ohm trimmer potei tiometer
R7 -1000 -ohm trip, ner potentiometer
R11- 20,000 -ohm linear taper potentiometer
R17- 2000 -ohm linear taper potentiometer
( optional)
R26 -Dual log potentiometer, 10% (nominally
slightly greater than 10,000 ohms)*
S1
-pole, 5- position rotary switch (Centralab
PA1012 or similar)
S2- S.p.s.t. switch
TI -Power transformer; socondav, 24 volts,
0.085 amperes (Stancor P -8394 or similar)
-4
Misc. -Heat sink for Q4 and Q5 (Wakefield

NF207 or similar); 4" x 5" x 6" steel cabinet:
line cord; knobs; frequency dial *; press -on
lettering: mounting hardware; etc.
*Etched PC board L' $4.00, dual potentiometer
R261 fry $6.25, set of four bridge capacitors
%$12.00, matched differential pair of 2N4250
(a $1.25, calibrated dial (T, $6.00, and selected
SE6021 ca $0.75 are available from Lambert
Laboratories, 48 Washington St., Westfield,
V.F. 14787. A complete kit of parts is available for $48.50 from the same source, postage
paid.
(
October, 1969
Construction. The audio generator, including the power supply, is built on a

printed circuit board whose actual -size
foil pattern is shown in Fig. 2. You can
make your own board or buy one as
listed in the Parts List. Assemble the
components on the board as shown in
Fig. 3. Be sure to observe the correct
polarities of the electrolytic capacitors
and the semiconductors. The arrangement shown in Fig. 3 must be followed to
reduce hum to a low level. Place heat
sinks on transistors Q4 and Q5.
The prototype generator was constructed in a 6" X 5" X 4" metal enclosure. The front panel was laid out as
shown in the photographs. Mount the
frequency control potentiometer (dual
R26) range switch (SI) level control
(R7) output binding posts, power on -off
switch (S2) , and power -on indicator
(12) on the detachable front panel.
Mount the capacitors on the range
switch (S1) then wire in the various
frequency determining resistors. Make
sure that these are wired correctly or
Q5 will burn out.
Set R5 (on the PC board) to its approximate center of rotation and temporarily wire the circuit as shown in
Fig. 1. Connect a scope to test point "A"
and turn the generator on. You should
observe a sine wave on the scope. There
is a possibility that R7 (on the PC
board) may be set for too low a resistance. In this case, adjust R7 through its
complete range observing on the scope
that the output goes from zero to a
clipped sine wave. Set R7 so that a clean
sine wave of exactly 5 volts r.m.s. is
obtained.
,
Bridge Component Calibration. As previously stated, the frequency and amplitude accuracies of the generator are
only as good as the components. This is
particularly true of the decade capacitors associated with S1. You can select
these from random capacitors using an
accurate RLC bridge to measure the absolute values and, if necessary, paralleling small value capacitors to arrive at a
desired value.
The frequency control Oiial potentiometer (R26) must be calibrated (see below), but first using a very accurate
ohmmeter determine its total end -to -end
resistance. It should be a little over
57
JP
Fig. 2. Printed circuit board speeds assembly. To

make your own board, copy actual -size foil pattern.
3. Be particularly careful to observe the correct transistor, diode,

and capacitor polarities when mounting
the parts on the printed circuit board.
TO
POINT
PO NT RII
'C"
GND
ROTOR
Fig.
TO SI
C5I
R5-410
R13
0--R6---
-21+
1+
C6
R15
10,000 ohms. Connect a larger -value re-
11,716
58
Re
R4
05
R9
e 1
10,000 ohms.
After the potentiometer value has

been adjusted, wire it into the circuit
and set the range switch (S1) to the
X 1000 position. Center the rotor of the
frequency potentiometer. Adjust output
level control RII to give a 5 -volt r.m.s.
output.
If you have access to a distortion
analyzer, set the audio generator to the
X 1000 position and the frequency potentiometer about one third of the way
up (approximately 20 kHz). Connect the
generator to the distortion analyzer and
allow both to warm up and stabilize.
Null the analyzer for a minimum meter
indication. Slowly adjust R5 for a meter
minimum. It should be about 0.01 %,
which is about the residual distortion in
most commercial analyzers.
03
RT-
sistor across the potentiometer to bring

the total resistance down to exactly
R 2
RI4
1I
OUTPUT
C3
C2
03
i4
DI
D,2
C4
X1000
X 100
XIO
XI
-.4dB
AT 5Hz
--.06% AT
5Hz
TEST EQUIPMENT
RESIDUAL BELOW .01%
all
.001%
10kHz
IkHz
100Hz
10Hz
IOOkH
FREQUENCY
Frequency response (upper) and distortion (lower) curves are typical when
close -tolerance components are used in frequency- determining network.
VERTICAL AXIS
'VERTICAL
HORIZONTAL
AXIS(NH)
FH
NV
FV
NH
LISSAJOUS PATTERNS
One of the easiest and most accurate methods
of determining the frequency of an unknown
audio generator is to use an oscilloscope to
compare its frequency with that of a known

source. The circuit arrangement is shown in
the diagram.
The vertical input is taken from the low -voltage
secondary of a filament transformer connected

to the power line, while the horizontal input is
from the audio generator output. This discussion assumes a 60 -Hz power line; however, the
theory can be used with any other line frequency.
The scope horizontal input should be switched

to external input. With the scope and both
frequency sources on, adjust the scope controls for an equal vertical and horizontal display. Adjust the controls so that the top of the
display just touches one horizontal graticule of
the scope screen while the vertical portion of
the display just touches
vertical graticule.
Adjust the audio generator frequency control

until a circle is formed on the screen. At this
point, the audio generator frequency is equal
October, 1969
to the reference frequency. Note that the circle

makes one contact with each vertical and horizontal graticule- resulting in a 1:1 ratio.
As the audio generator frequency is reduced,
the displayed pattern makes many changes,

and at certain points, the pattern becomes stationary. These stationary patterns occur at
various reference -to- unknown frequency relationships. By counting the number of horizontal and vertical points of contact during stable
pattern intervals the unknown frequency can
be determined. Thus, if Fri is the reference
frequency, Fv the unknown frequency, Nv the
number of contacts on the vertical axis, and
N1{ the number of contacts on the horizontal
axis, then
F{{ /Fv = Nv /Nn
Thus the dial of the generator can be calibrated.
For example, assume one contact on the horizontal axis and three contacts on the vertical.
Then, 60 /x = 3/1. So 3x = 60 and x = 20 Hz.
Again, assume two contacts on the horizontal
axis and three on the vertical. Then 60 /x =
3/2; 3x = 120; and x = 40 Hz.
59
Take your time when wiring range selector switch S1 (shown at center) to avoid
making costly error. If the frequency determining components are not wired in
just right, transistor Q5 might burn up.
RESIDUAL DISTORTION
The expression "less than 0.1% distortion"
is quite popular with hi -fi manufacturers in describing their products. Sometimes it is desirable to know how much less than 0.1% and
what type of distortion is referred to. The residual distortion of this audio generator is less
than 0.02% across the audio range; and if
you take the time and trouble to trim up certain components, the distortion factor can be
reduced to about 0.005% and it will be mostly
second and third harmonics.
HOW IT WORKS
The system can be considered to be an operational d.c. amplifier with very high open -loop
gain. Transistors QI and Q2 form a differential
input pair using Q3 as a constant- current source.
Transistor Q4 is the output driver, while Q5 acts
as a constant current load for Q4. This approach
was used instead of a resistor to reduce the distortion and produce a higher output swing. Bias
for the two constant -current stages (Q3 and Q5)
is provided by diodes D5 and D6. The use of a
differential amplifier eliminates the need for a
highly regulated power supply since the amplifier
requires only a simple positive and negative supply to ground.
The bridged -T network (dashed line box in
schematic) is connected in the negative feedback
loop while a conventional low -watt incandescent
lamp (I1) is used in the positive feedback loop.
This makes the range switching arrangement a
little unusual, but it saves the cost of three expensive 1% capacitors. However, each range capacitor must be an exact decade multiple for
greatest dial accuracy and amplitude linearity.
The bridged -T configuration was selected because it gives better overall performance when
compared to the commonly used Wein bridge.
Both noise and distortion are reduced. Because
this bridge has zero phase shift at only one frequency, the oscillator has an output only at this
frequency. Since the bridged -T is a minimum60
transmission network, it must be inserted in the

negative feedback loop of the amplifier. The Wein
bridge, on the other hand, is a maximum-transmission network and must be used in the positive
feedback loop. Since there is a loss of % in a
Wein bridge, the negative feedback loop would
have to have a gain of three to make up for the
loss. Because the negative feedback loop (in this
case) is not frequency sensitive, the amplifier
gain at all frequencies can never be less than
three. In the bridged -T approach, however, the
negative feedback loop contains the frequency selective network which has a loss of 7t at one
frequency and no loss at other frequencies. This
means that an amplifier with unity gain can be
used with more feedback.
A conventional low -power incandescent lamp
(II) is used to control the positive feedback.
When such a lamp is operated at low power levels, it has a very nonlinear response
necessity
in this circuit.
Since the oscillator portion is d.c. coupled,
there are no low- frequency time constants or roll offs other than the lamp characteristic. This assures a positive start when power is applied.
The output of the oscillator is coupled to a
super emitter follower (Q6 and Q7) that is used
to isolate the oscillator from loading. The output
can drive loads down to 100 ohms with very little
increase in distortion.
-a
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
SI
Calibration markings on sweep -frequency control dial (left in above

photo) are obtained by interpreting
Lissajous patterns produced by 60Hz line and oscillator output frequencies fed into an oscilloscope.
Interconnections between components mounted

on front panel and rear panel mounted circuit
board should be long enough to permit either
panel to be lifted clear of case mounting lip
by at least 2" when other panel is in place.
Perf board is in prototype rather than PC type.
AUDIO GENERATOR
SPECIFICATIONS
Frequency range: 5 Hz to 60 kHz in four decade ranges.
Frequency response: 0.5 dB, 7.5 Hz to 60
kHz; -0.4 dB at 5 Hz.
Distortion: Less than 0.02% maximum between 15 Hz and 50 kHz rising to 0.035%
at 60 kHz and 0.06% at 5 Hz.
Amplitude stability: Practically unmeasurable
over short term.
Frequency stability: Better than 0.05% (short
term).
Output level: 5 volts r.m.s. open circuit; 2.5
volts r.m.s. into 600 ohms.
Total hum and noise: Better than -100 dB
below 5 volts r.m.s.; better than -100 dB at
any setting when using optional 2000 -ohm
output control.
October, 1969
Frequency Dial Calibration. Once the

dial has been mounted on the frequency
potentiometer, mark the two extremes of
rotation. With the audio generator coupled to the vertical input of an oscilloscope, connect a low- voltage, 60 -Hz
source to the horizontal input. (This
voltage can be obtained from any low voltage filament transformer). Place the
generator range switch on the X 1 position and use Lissajous patterns to calibrate the dial at 60, 30, 20, 15, 12, 10, 7.5,
6, and 5. (see Box on Lissajous Pat-
terns)
If you have a power supply that has

120 -Hz ripple, use this ripple as the horizontal input and you can get the 40 indicator. Of course, if you have a first class
audio generator at hand, calibration is
much easier-simply tune for circles on
the CRT. Any type of press-on lettering
can be used for both the frequency dial
and the other front -panel identification.
61
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October, 1969
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SERVICING
MASTER COURSE IN ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS
FCC LICENSE COURSE
MASTER COURSE IN ELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL AND AUTOMATION
ELECTRONICS
COMPUTER ELECTRONICS
BASIC ELECTRONICS
Name
Age
Address
City
Watt AM Transmitter & Receiver
State
Zip
Check if interested in Veteran Training
under new G.I. Bill.
Check if interested ONLY in Classroom
Training at Los Angeles. Dept. 205.109
65
Build a CAPACITANCE METER

CHECK YOUR JUNK -BOX CAPACITORS
THE electronics experimenter is notorious for collecting parts from almost every source imaginable, including
war surplus bargains and items cannibalized from defunct electronic gear.
Among the odds and ends collected is
usually a considerable number of capacitors of intermediate values and doubtful
"goodness." Many reasonably accurate
capacitance measuring instruments are
available for checking these items, but
most are too expensive for once-in -awhile use. However, for an investment of
about $15 for parts, you can build a capacitance meter that measures capacitance values between a few picofarads
and 0.1 microfarad. This range covers
most small tubular and virtually all disc,
mica, and variable capacitor values-the
major types that are used in circuits.
66
BY STANLEY SULA
The heart of the capacitance meter is a

stepped-frequency multivibrator circuit.
The output of the circuit is coupled
through the capacitor under test to a
sensitive metering circuit. The deflection
of the meter pointer provides a direct
readout of the capacitor value, interpreted according to the position of the
range switch. Zener diode regulation insures stability throughout the entire life
of the built -in battery supply.
Construction. Parts layout is not critical. However, for compactness and ease
of assembly, it is suggested that you follow the layout illustrated in this article.
The circuit was assembled on a 5" X 2 :;V"
perforated board which was then mounted

inside a standard 51'1" X 3" X 2" aluminum chassis box. The cover of the box
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
accommodates all of the components

that are not directly mounted on the circuit board.
Begin construction by machining the
top half of the box as shown in Fig. 2 to
provide mounting holes for the meter,
jacks, and power and range switches.
Temporarily set the box aside.
Next, mount the individual components on the board, using "flea" clips
where necessary, as shown in Fig. 3.
You can begin by mounting the battery
clip. Then mount the miniature potentiometers, bending the tabs to fit the holes
in the board. Finish up by mounting the
transistors and diodes, capacitors, and
resistors in that order. When all components are mounted in place, double
check your wiring, paying particular attention to diode and transistor polarity
and to the absence of accidental short
circuits where wires cross; then solder
all connections.
Buy or fashion two L- brackets from

'1" X '1" X 18 -22 gauge aluminum or
brass stock as follows: Bend the two
strips at the center to form 3,,"-long legs
at right angles to each other. Drill a hole
through the center of each leg of each
L- bracket. Now mount the brackets on
alternate corners of the circuit board
1
with $6 hardware.
Referring to Fig. 4, orient the top of
the chassis box as shown. Mount the
parts in their respective cutouts, and wire
Dl into place. Set the circuit board beside the box top, and connect and solder
insulated hookup wire from the junctions indicated by two component numbers (C4 /R6, etc.) to "flea" clips along
the bottom edge of the board. Then, complete the wiring, checking your work frequently with Fig. 1.
Fold the circuit board into the top of
the box (as shown in Fig. 3) and mark
off the mounting holes for the L- brackets
,
R12
RI
390
IK
C2
.O2pF
R8
R4
0
2N1302
JI
25K
100
PF
10K
2
C3
.1yF
I000PF
02
2N2646
SA
.OIyF
25K
BI
9VBI
SB
R9
8K
R5
1
B2
R6
25K
D2
MI
6.8V
50yA
Fig. 1. Circuit consists of a basic multivibrator; for each of the four ranges,
different frequency- determining network can be switched in as required.
PARTS LIST
B1
-9 -volt transistor battery
C1-0.001 -pF, 25 -volt Mylar capacitor

C2- 0.02 -pF, 25 -volt Mylar capacitor
C3-0.1 -pF, 25 -volt Mylar capacitor
-1
C4
-pF, 15 -volt electrolytic capacitor
D1-1N34A diode
D2 -6.8 -volt, % -watt zeuer diode
11,12-Banana jack (or substitute five-way binding post)
-50 pA microamnzcter
M1
Q1-2N1302 transistor
Q2- 2N2646 unijunction transistor
-0
October, 1969
R1- 1000 -ohm

R2,R9- 18,000 -ohm
R7- 27,000 -ohm
R8-10,000-ohm
R10-8200-ohm
R11-3300-ohm
R
All resistors
y -watt,
10%
12- 390 -ohm
R3,R4,R5,R6-25,000 -ohm miniature potentiometer (Mallory No. MTC253L4 or similar)
two-pole rotary switch

Sl-Four -position,
slide (or toggle) switch
52- S.p.s.t.
-5
% x 3" x 2" aluminum utility box

Misc. -Perforated phenolic board; "flea" clips;
battery holder; banana plugs (2); 1 brackets;
control knob; calibration capacitors (see text);
hookup wire; solder; hardware; rte.
1
67
on the sides of the box. Make sure that

there is adequate clearance between the
circuit board and box -mounted components and the circuit board and rear section of the box. When satisfied, drill the
holes for and mount the circuit board
L- brackets to the box with j$6 hardware.
Calibration and Use. The simplest

method of calibrating the capacitance
meter is to use four high -tolerance,
good-quality capacitors as "standards."
The tighter the tolerance of these standard capacitors, the more accurate will
be the calibration of the instrument. Select one capacitance value for each of the
four ranges available with the meter.
These capacitors should be 100 -pF, 1000 pF, 0.01 -F, and 0.1 -, F values to provide
full -scale deflection of the meter pointer
when each range is accurately calibrated.
Set the range switch to 100PF, and
connect the 100 -pF standard capacitor
to J1 and J2. Do not use test leads on
this range; even the relatively small capacitance of the two leads can be enough
to add as much as 20 pF to the true value
of the capacitor. (This drawback can be
put to good advantage in measuring the
capacitance of coaxial cables, test leads,
v2
ABOUT THE CIRCUIT

The operation of the Capacitance Meter (shown
schematically in Fig. 1) is based on the principle that the maximum amount of a.c. current
passed by a given capacitor is directly proportional to the capacitance value. In the case of
the Capacitance Meter described in this article,
the a.c. applied to the capacitor under test is in
the form of a square wave provided by the Q/-
02 multivibrator circuit.
The output of the multivibrator is taken from
the collector of Ql. From here it is passed
through the capacitor under test (connected between JI and J2) and meter Ml to the negative
circuit buss. The meter, in turn, measures and
indicates the maximum amount of a.c. current
passed by the test capacitor, converting the current reading directly to a reading on its reworked
scale.
Since the different ranges are all multiples of
ten, range switching via SI is accomplished by
changing the operating frequency of the multivibrator. Switch SI simply switches in and out
of the circuit various combinations of resistors
and capacitors.
etc.) . Switch on the power and adjust

the setting of R3 (see Fig. 3) for a full scale deflection of the meter pointer.
Repeat the above calibration procedure for the remaining ranges and their
appropriate standard capacitors. Adjust
R4 for the "1000 PF" range, R5 for the
".01 MF" range, and R6 for the ".1 MF"
range.
I-vd'
CAPACITANCE
I-1/2
DIA
3/8 "DIA
-.I/2"
1/2'5-
-vd'I-
2'n
I
I-1/4"
5/8"
5/18"
11
I/4"DIA(
3%4'
1/2"
RANGE
Fig. 2. To accommodate jacks, switches, and

meter movement, machine top of box as shown.
Before mounting the meter movement, rework

its scale to indicate a range of 0 to 100.
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
C2
RII
CI
R2
R8
R4
R7
R3
RI
QI
D2
R12
for component
mounting. Note also common buss wire soldered to the cases of potentiometers.
Fig. 3. To speed assembly time and keep project neat, use flea clips
In all cases, the calibration controls

must be set to provide full -scale pointer
deflection when the appropriate capacitor and range are used. Failure to obtain
full -scale deflections means that you will
have to experiment with the value of
R7, R8, R9, or R10- depending on the
range affected.
Avoid touching the exposed leads of

the calibration capacitors and capacitors
under test as your body capacitance is
sure to produce a measuring error
especially noticeable on the lower ranges
of the capacitance meter. Also, never
attempt to check a capacitor while it is
(Continued on page 110
C4/R10
.C4/R6
C3/R9
C3/RS
C/R8
C2/R4
C2
Cl/R7
Cl/R3
JI
J2
SI
DI
M1
S2
Fig. 4. To simplify wiring on bottom of board, connections labelled with two numbers
designate component junctions to be located by observing the component side of board.
October, 1969
69
PARTS/METHODS/IDEAS/GADGETS/DEVICES
tips
tecliniqes
SALVAGE
TRANSISTORS SAFELY
FROM COMPUTER CIRCUIT BOARDS
Computer circuit boards sold by many surplus

parts dealers, although an excellent source of
high -quality components, have one great failing-all components have very short leads.
Worst of all are the transistors on such
boards. Conven-
tional desoldering
practices for salvaging these solid -
state devices
leaves you with a
transistor with
mini -leads that
are no good for
breadboarding.
Since it is definitely not good
practice to solder lead extensions directly to

the remaining lead stubs of the transistor
(the applied heat will almost certainly damage the transistor), the only worthwhile alternative is to use a nibbling tool to cut away
the board around the transistor. Then you
can solder lead extensions to the solder pads
on the underside as shown.
-Andy Rosen
ELIMINATE LEAD BREAKAGE IN
POTTED
ELECTRONIC MODULES
One of the more common hazards associated

with using electronic modules is the tendency
for the leads to break off, rendering the module useless. However, if you mount the module
on a scrap piece of
Besides the commercially available tips for
this purpose, any

standard
10-24 screw
can be used with the
Type 4045 Ungar high heat cartridge. A 10-24
screw with a " -diameter flat head is ideal
for removing transistors and IC's in TO -5
cases; a smaller diameter head, or one of the
,;" heads filed to a %" X /s" rectangle, is better for plastic in -line integrated circuits. A bit
of Ungar anti -sieze compound rubbed into the
threads of the screw before each use keeps
the do- it-yourself desoldering tips easy to
interchange.
-John Bro ,lemer
,1
PAPER BAG
"LOST" KIT
RETRIEVES
PARTS
Since most electronic kits consist mainly of

small parts and components, it is easy to lose
one or more items during unpacking. However, you won't accidentally throw away any
small parts with the packing material or during construction if you tape a large brown
paper bag to the end of your workbench with
top even with edge. Now, as you unpack and
build your kit, toss the packing materials
into the bag. Keep the bag taped to the end of
your workbench until the kit is completely
built. (If it is an extra -large kit with a lot of
packing material, use two or more paper
bags.) If you come up a part or more short, 99
times out of a hundred, you will find them in
the waste hag.
-Stephen E. Maziarz
MAKE HANDY SOLDERING AID
FROM DEFUNCT BALL POINT PEN CASE
handy soldering aid for printed circuit work

can be fashioned from one of those old ballpoint pen cartridges you normally throw out,
some solder, and a cotton swab. First, remove
and discard the cartridge; then cut off or
ream out the top of the pen case to accept a
single -layer coil of solder wound on the stick
A
printed circuit board

that has been etched
and drilled to accommodate it, you can
eliminate the problem. If possible, make
the board slightly

larger than the base
of the module so that
it can accommodate
such outboard components as suggested by
the manufacturer (see photo). Then, after all
leads are soldered in place, apply a bead of
epoxy cement around the entire base of the
module where it touches the circuit board.
-A.G. Wood
HOMEBREW TRANSISTOR AND IC
DESOLDERING TIPS
Successful removal of transistors and IC's

from printed circuit boards requires melting
the solder pads of all leads simultaneously.
70
of a swab. About a 5' length of solder closely

wound on the swab supplies a full load. Feed
the free end of the solder from the end opposite the swab through the tip opening in the
pen case. Now you are prepared to go to work.
Hold the soldering iron or gun in one hand
and the soldering aid in the other hand. Dip
the cotton swab into water. Solder a connection. Then touch the soldered joint with the
wet swab for fast cooling. As the solder gets
used up, simply pull on it and continue soldering.
-L.B. Frisch
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
" "
THE
HOMESTEADER
PROFESSIONAL BURGLAR ALARM PROTECTION AT LOW COST

BY DAN MEYER
THERE ARE many types of burglar
(or intrusion) alarms that you can

build -involving proximity switches, infrared beams, breakable wires, etc. They
all have their points, but why not use
the system that the professionals use?
On the windows of most stores and commercial establishments, you will see
strips of silvered tape around the edges
and, on doors and windows, pressure- or
magnetically operated switches.
In such a system, the conductive tape
and switches are connected in series and
a weak current is flowing through them.
When any portion of the loop is either
broken or grounded, an alarm sounds.
This has been found to be a reliable,
easy -to -set, easy -to -use system. The
"Homesteader" described here is equivalent to most commercial alarms costing
October, 1969
several hundred dollars if installed by a

professional. Depending on how many
places are to be protected, you can build
this system for under $40.
Construction. The circuit for the Homesteader alarm is shown in Fig. 1. It can
be assembled on the printed circuit
board whose foil pattern is shown in
Fig. 2. Once the board has been fabricated or purchased, install the components as shown in Fig. 3, taking care to
observe the polarities of the electrolytic
capacitors and semiconductors. Choose a
suitable metal enclosure to hous the
alarm (about 41/2" x 51/2" x 2 "). You
should be able to mount it on a wall.
Mount I1, the a.c. power -on indicator
and SI, the alarm switch, on the upper
surface of the enclosure. Attach the
71
--_
PROTECTION LOOP
SERIES CONNECTED
4 TRIP SWITCHES
SI
S2
ALARM
EXIT
DOOR
SWITCH
ALARM
SELL
+6V
RI
2.2K
R2
loon
A
SCR2
R4
2N3528
K
47011
C41
R6
SCRI
CI06Y2
.IyF
4.7M
2N529
R3
IoOn
RS
}R6
C2
'4.7K
300F
R7
Ti
Fig. 1. Alarm system is equipped with fail-safe protection. You can eliminate battery B1 to allow a.c. -only operation. However, if line power
fails, the alarm will not sound when an intruder trips an alarm switch.
PARTS LIST
B1 -- 6- .011.
battery
-alnpn re rechargeable
-jolt electrolytic capacitor
('rnlralab Rl' -h101 or similar)

C1- .30 1F, involt electrolytic capacitor
70 -At-
('
3J-
D1
-11111
-of,
u.1 -F
e/rctrolylic capacitor
vlar capacitor
-1-amp, rc silicon reel rJeer 1a-51)60 or
similar
11
IG -colt
.11
pilot lain p and holder

5120 transistor
-1,-0011
!11
__A
Rl
_220U -ohm
R2.R-i.R7
100-ohm
475 -ol,nn
R5 --/000 -/11n
Rey
4.7 -me ohm
!
--J700 -ohm
S1--- S.p.s.t. switch
R -)-
.111
resistors
-oclt
transformer, Ti, and the rechargeable

battery to the bottom panel. The PC
board is mounted on the enclosure using
screws and small spacers as shown in
the photographs. Note that the author
used small metal plates and screws to
make connections to the six contacts on
the PC board. These are optional.
If you cannot locate the small rechargeable battery called for in the
72
52, rte. - -31aguctic or other long -life switch

i('R1- -Silicon controlled rectifier (GE C106Y2)
St' R22- 2:A'352S silicon controlled red)fier
77-- l'o,cwer transformer; seeondary (,.3 -mils at
(170 rn.l I
night 54i1416 or similar)
1 /isc.-Frangible conductive' tape, tape cement,
interconnection wire, magnets for ,cit(het, a.c.
line cord. O -volt alarm bell for similar warn in -ti' device), suitable chassis, mounting hardwarc.
Vote -:In etched and drilled fiberglass
board
;,with connection clips #163) is a.'ailabl. far
from Soul kw,
"Technical l'rodriets
.15.' .N5
Corp., 119 1l'. Rhapsody, San -Intonila, Texas
782 /6. ;1 o)rnplcte kit of parts including 'batIerp. punched cabinet, and three magrn'lic
.wit ekes i #163C') is also a.snibtble from the.
'
sa me
source for $125.45.
Parts List, you can substitute an automobile or motorcycle storage battery or

an Edmund Scientific Co. ( 600 Edscorp
Bldg., Barrington, NJ 08007) 6- volt,
4- ampere -hour
rechargeable battery
For short -term use,
( #70942, $15.00)
you can also connect in series an Edmund #60634 ( $4.80) and #40986 ($1.50)
.
rechargeable batteries (or similar units

of other manufacturers) Batteries other
.
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
t;
2. If you decide to
make your own printed circuit board, follow actual
size etching guide shown.
Fig.
1014141
Fig. 3. Mount components
on circuit board as shown;
.111WFIF
then double check polarities of SCR's, transistor,

and electrolytic capacitors.
3
II--RI-
_,1t4.
+-- R2-+
R4RS
R7
e-o,-.
O
41-,+
HOW IT WORKS
\ \'hen switch
SCRI
j+ Re
tacal
000A OB
than the one called for in the Parts List

require a different type of mountOf course, if you do not want to
a battery, which gives you protecin case your a.c. line is cut, the
battery can be eliminated.
will
ing.
use
tion
S1 is turned on and all external

window and door switches in the protection loop
are closed, transistor Q1 is held in a saturated
condition by the low current (approximately 2
mA) supplied to its base through the protection
loop. The collector voltage of QI is near zero in
this condition. If the protection loop is opened, or
grounded, base bias is removed from Q1 and it
cuts off. The voltage at the collector of QI and
the gate of SCR2 then rises and the SCR turns
on. The current flow through the SCR causes the
alarm to sound off. The SCR does not turn off
until SI is opened to remove the d.c. supply.
The exit door switch makes the system more
convenient to use. With all of the protection loop
closed except the exit door, SCRI fires when SI
is turned on. This SCR, which is in parallel with
the exit door switch keeps Q1 saturated and the
alarm off while the exit door is being closed. Thus
you can turn on the alarm system before you
leave the house and it remains quiet while you
are leaving. When the exit door switch is finally
closed, SCR1 turns off, but Q1 remains saturated.
Note that although only three trip switches are
shown in the schematic, many more can be used
in the protection loop (which also includes any
conductive tape on window panes) as long as
they are all connected in series.
The 6 -volt rechargeable battery is included to
keep the system operative even if the a.c. power
line is cut. The battery is kept trickle charged as
long as the a.c. line is plugged in. No primary power on -off switch is included so that only one
switch has to be turned on to activate the system.
TI
Place switch and magnet into separate plastic housings and seal in place with Silastic.
Metal contacts (Tinnerman nuts) and screws

are optional. Connections can be soldered.
October, 1969
BI
,f-ii.
-
b y eitarrhA l
ALL OF A SUDDEN, IT'S 1970!

NEXT TIME you pass a grandfaclock and you hear it belting out
rock- and -roll music, don't bat an eyelash.
That's just another example of how grandpa
is being updated -with built -in speakers, a
tape recorder, a stereo receiver -maybe even
a turntable tossed in for good measure.
THE
ther's
The next time you're driving with a friend

and he presses a switch on his dashboard
and the music suddenly changes from Tijuana Brass to the brass of Tchaikovsky's
Sixth Symphony and you know that was
no radio, just keep on looking sophisticated.
In the trunk of his car is an eight -track
carousel -type automatic cartridge changer
-the latest gimmick on the cartridge Stereo
Scene from Qatron.
Or maybe you're tooling along with another buddy and he hands you a cartridge shaped gadget and says, "Load this with a
cassette from the glove compartment." Don't
let him know you don't know what he's
talking about. It's probably an Inmont cassette -to -eight adapter and he's exercising
his choice of cassette over eight- track.
And the next time you're visiting your

local Hi -Fi Boutique and you see this long,
low -slung table -top cabinet with a cutout
in the front, make believe you know that
behind the cutout is an eight -track cartridge player nestled below a mini -changer
that's snuggled next to an AM /FM /FM
stereo receiver with 20 watts per channel
output. Also don't let on about the speakers
-which you don't see facing you. They're
there -facing upward, but the sound is coming from all around the open ends of the
cabinet. You knew all along that the speakers of this Telex -Phonola combo were firing
against inverted, funnel-type diffusers to
push the sound out at all angles.
The foregoing are hot examples of what
you'll be seeing and hearing -along with a
lot of other representatives of advances in
hi -fi technology-on the Stereo Scene this
fall. Many of them won't be as dramatic,
but they will certainly be important and
they show that the Stereo Scene is forever
changing -like the patterns on the color organs that you'll also see in your wanderings.
The eight -track stereo tape changer Model 48A by

Qatron Corp. (12000 Old Georgetown Rd., Rockville,
Md. 20852) is mounted in trunk of your car with a
control console attached to the dashboard. It can
provide a continuous program of 12 hours without
repetition. Model for the home is also available.
74
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
Competition is Advantageous. One of the

big reasons for the continuing changes is the
heavy competition that exists between suppliers, both domestic and foreign. Be glad
about this! It means two things: product
innovations (new features that make stereo
products more interesting and useful) and
prices that keep getting better all the time.
For instance, that tape recorder you bought
last month for $250 couldn't have been
touched five years ago for less than $400;
and the one you got then would have had
fewer features, a poorer frequency response
hdf`porèr signal- tb.nis specs. And we'll
predict that 1971's stereo buyer will be paying more like $200 for the equivalent of today's $250 -recorder: That's the- way producers are chomping at prices to outdo their
competitors.
and you see them in octagonal, hexagonal

and just plain cylindrical shapes. You also
see them integrated into the ends of cabinets
that house the makings of a hi -fi rig, as in
models from Zenith and Telex -Phonola.
Also coming on strong are "balls of sound"
-speakers shaped like spheres, some totally
round, some lopped off a bit and bearing
names like "orbital ". These come in the
JVC- Nivico, Telefunken, Clairtone, and
Panasonic lines. We see these as the next
big gimmick of the Stereo Scene in the
speaker category. Why? Because they make
a lot of sense. They give you "sound -allaround." They're good looking. They fit into
most any kind of decorating scheme. And
they're a refreshing departure from the box
shape that's been with us all these years.
Boxes in for Changes. Manufacturers of
box -shaped speakers are aware that changes
are in order and they've been fancying up
their wares too. Last year's boxes now sport
new trimmings, mouldings and carvings
many in the Mediterranean style that is so
hot on the design scene today. Flashy fabrics are making their way to the fronts of
speaker systems to give them pazzazz. And
so are intricate plastic and metal grille materials, wrought into all sorts of intriguing
and exciting patterns. Some have psychedelic overtones; look at them one way and
Inmont (Channel Mktg. Inc., 26 Springdale Rd.,

Cherry Hill, N.J. 08034) adapter permits playback of cassette in eight -track cartridge player.
Craig Corp. (2303 E. 15th St., Los

Angeles, Calif. 90021) uses popular
cube shapes in compact Model 1504
three -piece AM /FM stereo table radio.
This year's product innovations are most-
ly a matter of new shapes and forms and

variations on existing forms. Last year, for
example, Sony "discovered" the cube; and
made it into a radio. That radio sold like
hotcakes. This year, there's a whole new
bunch of radios and stereo ensembles shaped
like cubes; and most of them are selling
like hotcakes. Cylindrical shapes are also
getting a lot of attention this year.
A year or so ago Zenith came up with
omnidirectional speaker systems for a new
compact stereo outfit. Although they've been
around for at least five years in full -size
systems (under brand names like Empire),
suddenly there's a dozen brands of circle sounding speakers in the stores as part of
the compact Stereo Scene. You see them in
the form of upright boxes firing at diffusers;
October, 1969
see one pattern, turn your head a bit

and you see another one.
The traditional shape of so many consoles
is also getting an overhaul in today's Stereo
Scene. "Make it look like something else"
seems to be the motto of a lot of companies.
In addition to the grandfather's clock (from
you
Lakewood Industries) mentioned earlier,

this year there are captain's desk stereos
(Electrohome), vertically and horizontally
styled room- divider stereos (Sylvania, Electrohome), chest -shaped stereos (General
Electric, Electrohome), cube -shaped stereos
(Packard -Bell), fireplace- shaped stereos
(Lion, Delmonico, etc.), tea -cart -shaped
stereos (Phono- Sonic), and even a hex shaped stereo
console (Masterwork). Al-
75
though the trend is to housings that take up

less floor space, one company (Arvin) has
gone the other way and come up with a console stereo ensemble measuring just three
inches shy of nine feet!
What about portable phonographs? "Make
'em skinnier, color 'em bright, and make 'em
do more" seems to have been the aim of
on- the -ball manufacturers. This category
has been somewhat overshadowed by tape
recorders in the past year or so, but there's
still life in it. Consider the colors of the
plastic coverings: parrot green, bluebell, rose
red, cinnamon, and dandelion (RCA) and
the patterns: flowers, stripes, polka dots,
and plaids (Emerson). Don't forget also the
sets that incorporate features such as cartridge tape players (Motorola), FM stereo
tuners (several), or built -in "light shows"
(Decca).
When it comes to tape recorders and
;
there, if you look closely, you'll see that

some turn -type controls have to be replaced
by slide types. Instead of giving a twist,
you give a push to change the volume, balance, bass, or treble. Instruments with such
controls have a trim, "pro" appearance
which many buffs find appealing. Some of
the more intrepid manufacturers have gone
the "black glass" route in terms of panels or
panel segments. Look at some units and all
you see is an expanse of tinted glass or plastic. But flip a switch and you see a tuning
dial, meter, or some other form of indicator
behind the tinted front, along with, perhaps,
a feed slot for cartridges or cassettes.
Some Changes are Invisible. The really
important changes are invisible: integrated
circuits are now widely used in audio components; modular construction is also employed; and power ratings have been upped.
Four units of this Packard Bell (12333 W. Olympia Blvd.,

Los Angeles, Calif. 90064) can
be grouped together as shown
here or separated around room.
compact, modular stereo ensembles, the

word from the brass to the designers has
been "pretty them up, load them with functions and features like never before, and
make sure the price is right." The end result has been a kind of spillover of categories. For instance, when is a three -piece
stereo radio a table -model radio and when is
it a compact stereo system? Is a three piece ensemble that contains a stereo radio
and a cassette tape deck a radio or a tape
recorder? And what do you call it if you
add a fourth unit, a mini -changer? One
manufacturer said customer prospects might
relate terminology to dollars. "If you see a
three -piece stereo radio priced at $125 or
less, it's a stereo radio. If it's over $125, it's
a compact system." Needless to say, the
Stereo Scene this year is loaded with multifunction ensembles of all types and maybe
the best bet is to forget what they're called
and concentrate on what they do.
Audio components this year look pretty
much like they did last year, and the year
before, acid the year before. But here and
76
(Some power ratings now border on the

ridiculous. Most people who buy big -power
sets don't use nearly all of the power for
reproducing sound. What they bought was
"Let's- beat -the -Joneses power. ") The use of
IC's has made the new audio products more
reliable and has helped improve their specs
in some ways. The basic change has been in
refinements and in a subtle, but noticeable,
improvement in performance and reliability.
Aficionados of the Stereo Scene will see a
lot of new portable cartridge playback equipment in the stores this fall. It comes in all
shapes and sizes, and in one -, two -, and
three -piece groupings, with brand names
such as Lear, Muntz, Stereo -Magic, Belair,
Soundtech, etc. "The word from the top" to
designers and engineers has been to make
these sets more versatile and more portable;
and "the word" has been carried out to the
nth degree. Consequently the sets can be
toted most anywhere and they play anywhere since they run on either batteries or
house current. They're small enough not to
U1caK yuui aii:ucJ 111 (-allying u1c111.
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
The Panasonic (Matsushita Electric

Corp., 200 Park Ave., New York, N.Y.
10017) compact system Orbitone Model RS252S uses spherical speakers.
As an extra added attraction in players

for automobiles, Tenna Corp. has come up
with a scheme to discourage "Light- Finger
Mike" and "Swipe -Em -Quick Joe" from
lifting players out of cars. "The Untouchables," Tenna's new players, automatically
cause the horn to sound continuously if the
wrong person tries to get at them. Other
protection systems are on the way.
Another thing you'll see is the start of a
trend toward making eight -track a recording as well as a playback medium. You'll
find at least a half a dozen cartridge recorders at your local hi -fi emporiums from
companies such as Telex, Lear, Muntz, Midland, Panasonic and JVC- Nivico. And as
the year advances, there'll be more. They

will be reasonably easy to operate -one,
from Muntz, lets you roll your own four
and eight -track cartridges.
Also crowding the Stereo Scene will be a
bunch of new home cartridge players. Some
will be decks for use with your current hi -fi
rig or console stereo that has inputs for
tape; some will be single -unit self- contained
models with built -in side or front speakers;
and some will be in the form of ensembles
that might also contain a radio tuner and /or
phono turntable. The idea behind all of
this is that you should be able to enjoy in
your living room the same tapes you play in
Hexagonal shape is used by Electrophonic (9200 Atlantic Ave., Ozone

Park, N.Y. 11416) to give its speaker
system a fresh look. Model is TG2773.
77
October, 1969
www.americanradiohistory.com
the product gallery

REVIEWS AND COMMENTARY ON ELECTRONIC GEAR AND COMPONENTS
SINE -SQUARE AUDIO GENERATOR

(Heathkit Model IG -18)
WHAT SOME test instruments lack in performance they attempt to make up in an

impressive physical appearance. Other instruments with unerring stability and accuracy look like they were designed for field use
in a combat zone. The Heath Company (Benton Harbor, Mich. 49022) has recently reengineered certain items in its line of test gear
and has simultaneously repackaged them in
highly stylized, truly functional cabinets.
Among many other things, the frequently inconvenient top -side handle has been eliminated and the new instruments can be stacked
without tumbling off your lab bench.
In keeping with Heath's good name in test
gear, all of the items are priced within easy
reach of the serious hobbyist /experimenter.
One of the newer items we recently assembled
and tested was the Model IG -18 solid -state
sine -square -wave audio signal generator. It
is the 1970 replacement for the vacuum -tube
Model IG -82.
Priced at $67.50 in kit form ($99.50, factory
wired), the IG -18 has the performance characteristics and versatility you would expect
in laboratory equipment selling for $500 or
more a few years ago. The generator is an
excellent, rock -stable signal source for serious
audio experimenting and hi -fi equipment
testing and repair. Packaged in its low -silhouette, heavy -gauge metal case, the instrument has the look and feel of professional
equipment.
Inside, it has good design all the way. For
example, forget about the ordinary bridge -T
frequency-determining circuit. The IG -18 employs a differential amplifier and controlled
feedback to produce sine waves and a Schmitt
trigger, keyed by the sine -wave signals, to
produce square waves. The entire system is
feedback stabilized for operation over prolonged periods of operation. Frequency selection is determined by an unusual switchable
notch filter.
The control complement is realistic. Frequency output is selected simply by setting
the tenths, units, tens, and multiplier controls to the desired output frequency. Then
the first three switch settings indicate within
5% accuracy the output frequency times the
multiplier selected on the fourth switch.
78
Separate controls are provided for the sine-
and square -wave output amplitudes:
switched for coarse, potentiometer controlled. -:

for fine.
Also located on the front panel is the output volts /dB meter, power indicator lamp,
and two sets of five -way binding posts (one
for sine- and the other for square -wave outputs). One very helpful and welcome feature
of. the IG -18 is the fact that ,both the sine and square -wave outputs are "live" at all
times. Both can be used,simultaneusly and. each can be amplitude controlled. separately_..,...
Of course, both outputs operate at the same
frequency.
Assembly time for the IG -18 is about 8%
hours. The instruction manual is clear and
well illustrated and contains a good section
on trouble shooting. Once built, the temporary use of a VTVM and oscilloscope is
needed to adjust bias, feedback, waveform,
symmetry, and meter calibration. This takes
only 15 minutes.
15
or 115
GENERATOR SPECIFICATIONS
SINE -WAVE OUTPUT
Frequency range: 1- 100,000 Hz
Output voltage ranges: 0-0.003, 0.01, 0.03; 0.1,
0.3, 1, 3, 10 volts
Internal load (first six ranges): 600 ohms
dB ranges: -62 to +22 dB; -12 to +2 dB on
meter; -50 to +20 dB in 10 -dB steps; +2
dB maximum into 600 -ohm load
Output variation: 1 dB, 10- 100,000 Hz
Output impedance: 0-1000 ohms, 10 -volt range;
800 -1000 ohms, 3 -volt range; 600 ohms,
1 -volt and lower ranges
Distortion: less than 1 %, 10-20,000 Hz
Circuit type: differential amp with complementary pair output; notch filter frequency select.
SQUARE -WAVE OUTPUT

Frequency range: 5- 100,000 Hz
Output voltage ranges: 0-0.1, 1, and 10 volts
peak -to -peak into 2000 -ohm or higher load
Output impedance: 52 ohms on 0.1 and 1 volt
ranges; up to 220 ohms on 10 -volt range
Rise time: less than 50 nanoseconds
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
TEMPERATURE- CONTROLLED
SOLDERING TOOL
(Weller Model GT -7A)
YOU DON'T have to have a prolonged kit

or project building session to know how
fatiguing using a soldering iron or gun can be.
Nor do you have to become fatigued if you
have a Weller Electric Corp. (100 Wellco Rd.,
Easton, Pa. 18042) Model GT-7A soldering
tool on your workbench. Called the "Temp matic," the new soldering tool combines the
advantages of a lightweight pencil and the
fast warm -up time of a gun, and has tip
temperature control as well -all in a tool that
weighs only seven ounces.
The Tempmatic is actually a two -piece
tool, consisting of a comfortable pistol -type
handle and a replaceable plug -in heat cartridge. The handle contains an ejector button
for removal of the plug -in "powerhead" heat
cartridge, the power line connector, and a
handy trigger -type switch. The #7A power head supplied with the tool has a plated,
long -life -,;;" chisel tip and a heating element
that limits tip temperature to approximately
700 F. An optional powerhead, the #6B, with
a %" -reach conical tip that operates at 600 F
is also available, with a full range of power heads planned to meet the demands of virtually any type and size of soldering job.
The GT -7A (with #7A powerhead) tool is
priced at $9.95, while replacement and extra
powerheads sell for $6.95 each.
Circle No. 95 on Reader Service Page IS or
IS
EATHKIT
IG-18
H
Frequency- determining network components are located on easy -to -wire rotary switches for tenths (not
shown), units, tens, and multiplier (left to right).
WELLER GT-7A
The Powerhead heat- cartridge /solderingtip assemblies snap easily into and out
of the tool handle for easy replacement.
A slide catch located on top of tool
handle releases the cartridges quickly.
October, 1969
79
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POPULAR ELECTRONICS
Two
ONu
WAY
BY G. H. REESE, KCN699011111
PLANNING A GROUP
CITIZENS Two -Way Radio enthusiasts
are gregarious, helpful people. They
often organize clubs through which they
meet other such people. They realize the
potential of their radio equipment and are
prepared when some emergency situation
puts them to the test. The groups that are
prepared for the unusual emergency situation through prior planning, such as REACT
teams are most helpful.
This prior planning should include the
following:
1. Establish a regular monitoring schedule.
2. Develop a working relationship with

local police, fir'and civil defense authorities. This means an awareness on the part
of officials of the interest, availability and
capability of CB groups. It also provides
CB'ers with an understanding of their role
in the chain of command when their services
are utilized.
3. Adopt procedures for handling emergencies and train members in their use.
4. Obtain equipment necessary for use in
emergencies and become efficient at using it.
Preparedness Pays. The beneficial results

of preparedness are reflected in the many
instances in which organized CB'ers have

performed uniquely valuable service to the
public.
For example, CB radio was recently instrumental in the prevention of injury in
Cascade Park, Elyria, Ohio, the site of an
annual Fourth of July fireworks display.
This year, about 3,500 people were assembled to view the spectacle about 7:30 P.M.
A report of high winds tearing away the
antenna of Jack Kelley in Lorain, Ohio
prompted William Graw, KNW9905, in
Elyria to investigate. Graw, a civil defense
official and leader of Lorain County REACT
Team, called a special U.S. Weather Bureau
number in Cleveland and learned that there
was a tornado over Milan and it was expected to touch down in Lorain County.
No warnings had been given locally -only a
threat of showers.
Graw reported the severe weather warning to Donald Yoder at Cascade Park by
CB radio. Yoder, a member of Lorain County Emergency Communications, Inc., was
manning a mobile unit at the park. Yoder
told officials at the park of the danger. After
a hasty conference, Randy Shunk, secretary
of the Elyria Chamber of Commerce, used
the public address system to disperse the
Ito
111111i
Denver Metro REACT Team uses completely equipped van and generator
to assist the local civic agencies and authorities in many good works.
October, 1969
81
And when floods ravaged Fairbanks, Alaska in August, 1967, CB radio provided reports on highway washouts and relayed
communications requesting medicine, food,
and rescue support in outlying areas. Finally, when telephone communications went
out, CB was the chief means of communication. A network was set up by the Midnight Sun CB Club at the request of the
Civil Defense authorities. Reporting the
whereabouts of persons stranded away from
home, coordinating airdrops of food and
supplies, and routing traffic were some of
the functions performed by club members
during this emergency.
Using walkie-talkies, the Akron REACT Team members provide safety communications for the annual
National Soap Box Derby, which is held in that city.
Community Projects. In addition to emergencies, CB'ers provide unique assistance in

many civic and community projects. For
example, in Indianapolis recently, the Indiana Citizens Band Association, Inc. participated in the American Cancer Society Tele-
crowd. Without alarming them, he pointed

to threatening clouds overhead and suggested they leave the park, particularly the thon. ICBA volunteers provided telephone
deep gorges.
operators, plus radio dispatched cars to
After a few ground displays were ignited to pick up contributions throughout the county
satisfy the crowd's desire for fireworks, most area.
of the 3,500 men, women and children left
Four Points Radio Club of Chicago rethe scene. Minutes later, about 8:10 P.M., cently provided communications for the 12th
high winds swept the area, blowing over annual Des Plaines River Canoe Marathon.
trees and seriously damaging the park. Those Four Pointers were stationed at various lowinds found the park with only a few percations along the 25 -mile route to monitor
sons in it because alert CB'ers used their the race. As each numbered canoe passed
communications tools to get the warning to his station, the monitor reported by radio.
the proper officials in time.
Thus, the canoes could be checked for locaThis incident is a reminder of how or- tion and condition. Accidents were reported
ganized local CB'ers can cooperate in an and first aid and canoe pick -ups requested.
emergency for the good of the entire com(Continued on page 111)
munity. Stories of almost every recent disaster carry with them some example of the
helpful use of Citizens Two -Way Radio.
When a record nine -day snow storm hit
Payson, Arizona, shutting down the power,
water and telephone service for five days
and closing the main highway for three
days, the local REACT team and other
CB'ers from all over Arizona cooperated to
provide emergency communications. Bighearted people in Phoenix contributed food
and other necessities which were sent into
Payson through a campaign organized by
CB'ers. Many people will never forget the
service performed when downed telephone
lines left Citizens Two -Way Radio as the
only means of communication.
When the "Silver Bridge" over the Ohio
River collapsed a couple of years ago, members of Gallia County CB Radio, Inc. coordinated rescue communications at the scene
for thirteen days and nights. With their
mobile base station established in a trailer South Suburban REACT (Midlothian, Ill.) serves the
Chicago suburban area from this elaborate base staon the Ohio side, additional radios provided tion.
In addition to monitoring Channel 9, two -way
communications to the West Virginia side communications
established with local, state,
and to amphibious ducks, boats and cranes and county sheriff are
police. Team also monitors fire deengaged in the rescue operations.
partment communications and U.S. Weather Bureau.
82
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
SHORT
-WAVE LISTENING
HANK BENNETT,
By
W2PNA /WPE2FT
Short -Wove Editor
QATAR BROADCASTING SERVICE

AN INFORMATIVE letter from Taher
Shihabi, Deputy Director of Broadcasting tells more about the Qatar Broadcasting Service. Mr. Shihabi says that the
station bearing the callsign Qatar min el
Doha is a three -transmitter organization
and, at press time, is currently operating on
9570 kHz. This, the first of the three transmitters, is rated at 100 kW and feeds into a
quadrant ( ?) antenna array. Facilities are
available for frequency changes to 6135, 7150,
9550 and 11,710 kHz.
The second transmitter is rated at 50 kW
and feeds into a quarter -wave tower; a
medium -wave outlet, it operates on 674 kHz.
The third transmitter is rated at 10 kW
and serves as a stand -by transmitter for the
medium -wave unit. It utilizes a "T" antenna.
Service areas include territory in the
Middle East within a radius of 2500 kilometers (about 1560 miles) for the shortwave transmissions, and Qatar and neighboring Arab countries on the medium -wave
outlet.
The schedule shows operations daily at
0300 -0600 (to 0735 Friday) and 1300 -1900.
Programming is listed as being mainly
governmental in nature, with local, regional
and foreign news, education, music and
drama. The only language employed at
present is Arabic.
The station is owned by Shaikh Ahmed
bin Ali Althani and went on the air on June
25, 1968. Reception reports are not requested; however, when they are received
they are answered by confirmation letters.
Reports should be detailed, as vague reports
cannot and will not be answered. No QSL
cards are available at present. Send reports
to Qatar Broadcasting Service, P. 0. Box
1414, Doha, Qatar.
Mystery Stations and Others. Numerous
reports are being received concerning a new
time -signal station operating on 6100 kHz.
All reports indicate best listening time to be
around 0500 -0730. Your Editor has not yet
heard any Morse identification but there is
a voice announcement in Spanish or PortuOctober, 1969
guese which ends with the word "Nacional ".

One SWL club lists it tentatively as the
Portuguese Naval Observatory, presumably

in Lisbon. Any positive information will be
appreciated.
Speaking of time stations, William Matthews, WPE3GWQ, of Houston, Pa., received a QSL letter from JAQ56, a time
station in Oyama, Japan, in which it was
stated that the station ceased operations on
April 30, 1969. JAQ56 had been on the air
since 1957 with 10 kW and a directional
antenna beamed to Europe, with transmissions daily at 1215 -1230. It was on 16,170
kHz.
Danny Edwards, WPE4JDJ, is one of our
enthusiastic monitors of utility stations,
especially those operating with Morse code.
He is asking for help in obtaining the
addresses of the various radio networks for
the European countries. Danny further asks:
"Whatever has happened to those mysterious
point -to -point stations J8S and A0L? Has
anyone ever found out who they were and
where they were located ?" Your Editor has
heard both of these stations on many occa-
Twenty-five verifications from 18 countries is the

record of Lindy Smith, WPE4DON, Haines City, Fla.
He has a Knight R -100 and plans on a Heath GR -81.
83
sions and every attempt to learn their

locations has proven futile. Often their
signal strength was such as to make a person
believe that they were local. If anyone can
answer Danny's questions, please write him
at 4556 Indiana Avenue, Chesapeake, Virginia 23320.
CURRENT REPORTS
The following is a resume of current reports. At

time of compilation all reports were as accurate as
possible, but stations change frequency and /or
schedule with little or no advance notice. All times
shown are Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) and the
24 -hour system is used. Reports should be sent to
Short -Wave Listening, P. 0. Box 333, Cherry Hill,
N.J. 08034, in time to reach Your Short -Wave Editor by the fifth of each month; be sure to include
your WPE identification and the make and model
number of your receiver.
Angola-CR6RV, R. Clube do Moxico, Luso, last
noted on 5137 kHz, has moved to 5192 kHz where
they are heard with a Portuguese program at 0543
A Voz do Angola, Luanda, 5960 kHz, is heard at
0500 s /on with IS, anthem, and ID in Portuguese.
CR6RF, R. Clube de Benguela, 5042 kHz, opens
at 0545 with a full ID in Portuguese and a complete program summary. Eight reports to them
have proven futile for a QSL.
Antilles, Netherlands -Here is the complete schedule for Trans World Radio, Bonaire: Arabic and
Armenian to the Middle East at 0445 -0515 on 25
and 31 meters; Eastern European languages to
Europe at 0430 -0445 on 25 and 31 meters; English
to the Far East at 0030 -0120 on 25 meters, 0225 -0350
to N.A. on 19 meters and 1100 -1235 (1230 -1500 Sunday only) to N.A. on 19 meters. All of the following are to South America except as noted:
French at 2200 -2215 on 19 meters; German at 00300100 on 25 meters, 0900 -0930 on 49 meters and 23302355 on 19 meters; Portuguese at 0800 -0900 on 49
meters and 2300 -2330 and 2355 -0010 on 19 meters;
Russian at 0100 -0130 on 19 meters and at 0400 -0430
(to Russia) on 25 and 31 meters; Spanish at 00100025, 0130-0220, 2220-2300 and 2355 -0010 on 19 meters,
0900 -0930 on 49 meters, 0930 -1100 on 31 meters and
2330 -0020 (to Central America) on 31 meters. Available frequencies: 19 meters: 15,140, 15,345 and
15,350 kHz; 25 meters: 11,745, 11,790 and 11,820
kHz; 31 meters: 9545, 9605, 9695 and 9730 kHz; 49
meters: 6110 kHz. A test broadcast to South Africa
has been noted on 6095 kHz at 0402, after s/on, and
they are requesting reports.
Ascension Island-BBC Atlantic Relay noted on
9510 kHz to the Americas at 2200 with news, "The
World Today ", "London Newspaper" and folk
music.
Australia -VLX9, Perth, is good at times on 9610
kHz at 1100 -1215. VLM4, Brisbane, 4920 kHz, was
DX ALL -ZONE AWARDS PRESENTED

To be eligible for one of the new DX All -Zone Awards designed for WPE
Monitor Certificate holders, you must have verified stations in 10, 20, 30
or 40 of the world radio zones. The following recently received their awards.
10 ZONES VERIFIED
Michael Wheeler (WPE7CSY), Portland, Ore.
Ronald Boestfleisch (WPE2NRJ), College Point,
N. Y.
John Mac Donald (WPE2QOV), East Orange, N. J.

Frank Gorman, Jr. (WPE8KAY), Cincinnati, Ohio
David La Cure (WPE9CSX), Aurora, Ill.
Scott Brockway (WPE2QJP), Rome, N. Y.
Martin Miron (WPE8JTN), Warren, Mich.
Craig Seufert (WPEIHNS), Newtown, Conn.
Mitchell Hyman (WPE2OPK), Rosedale, N. Y.
Edward Sue (WPE1HMA), Brookline, Mass.
Craig Jakubs (WPEOFHG), St. Louis, Mo.
Rimas Sakelas (VE3PE2KK), Hamilton, Ont.
Jay Miller (WPE4JQV), Memphis, Tenn.
Mark Maersch (WPE3HEK), Severna Park, Md.
Gary Cooper (WPE7CQV), Nampa, Idaho
John Flynn (WPE2NME), Brooklyn, N. Y.
Stanley Newman (WPE2PJS), Brooklyn, N. Y.
Joseph Breton (WPE1HKW), Methuen, Mass.
Mike Mickes (WPE7CVF), Gooding, Idaho
David Perry (WPE2QFK), Pleasant Valley, N. Y.
Paul Moeller (VE3PE2NQ), Harrow, Ont.
Mike Lynch (WPE2QEA), Auburn, N. Y.
Timothy Gjenvick (WPE9IL0), Brookfield, Wis.
Bruce Roberts (WPE4KAH), Waynesboro, Va.
Rick Schiffer (WPE3HLL), Franklin, Pa.
Harry Hines, Jr. (WPE2OFS), Newark, N. J.
Arthur Skopec (WPE2PQJ), Whitestone, N. Y.
Charles Stroud (WPE4JZU), Paducah, Ky.
Paul Roddy (WPE5EYH), Edna, Texas
Don Moman (VE6PE8C), Clive, Alta.
David Lubar (WPE9JFD), Elmwood, Ill.
Diana Loomis (WPE6HLT), Sherman Oaks, Cal.
David Peters (WPE6HDM), Modesto, Cal.
Joel Bahl (WPE9JFY), Hometown, Ill.
Benny Loveless (WPE9JLO), Frankfort, Ind.
Donald Appling (WPE7CNG), Spokane, Wash.
Gary Mc Nelly (WPE9IRG), Cohokia, Ill.
Steve Hope (WPE5EZG), Houston, Texas
William Coleman (WPE4JNW), Jacksonville, Fla.
David Purdy (WPE2PEC), Canandaigua, N. Y.
William Groves (WPE4KAV), Covington, Ky.
Eugen Floda (WPE2OFH), New York, N. Y.
Charles Schwerin (WPE8HYH), Bay City, Mich.
84
20 ZONES VERIFIED
Robert French (WPE8FGH), Bellaire, Ohio
Jeff Utter (WPE6HDJ), Carlsbad, Cal.

Bob Estand (WPE5FAV), El Paso, Texas
George Sprout (WPE3GMW), Reading, Pa.
Kendall Porter (WPEOEVD), Overland Park, Kan.
Robert Asbury (WPE2PYT), Williston Park, N. Y.
Parks Redwine (WPE4HCO), Fayetteville, Ga.
Alan Harris (WPE8JQY), Oak Park, Mich.
Gary Cooper (WPE7CQV), Nampa, Idaho
James Pogue (WPE9HLJ), Farmland, Ind.
Michael Plihcik (WPE2JDF), Elmhurst, N. Y.
Brian Begg (WPE2JPR), New Brunswick, N. J.
James Daley, Jr. (WPE4JVR), Atlanta, Ga.
Robert Rothberg (WPE2000), Long Beach, N. Y.
Clarke Thacher (WPE9IXP), Mishawaka, Ind.
Rev. John Pejza (WPE6HCP), Ojai, Cal.
Ron Budziack (WPE9JHK), Cicero, Ill.
Arthur Martin (WPEOEJY), St. Paul, Minn.
Eugen Floda (WPE2OFH), New York, N. Y.
David Simon (WPE2PQP), Brooklyn, N. Y.
Francis Wheeler (WPE6HLK), Sacramento, Cal.
William Blue (WPE7CTW), Seattle, Wash.
Fred Lynch (WPE9JHD), Girard, Ill.
David Johnson (WPEOELO), Denver, Colo.
Rick Heavey (WPE8IYR), Detroit, Mich.
Leslie Nice (WPE5DRL), Dallas, Texas
Allan Keizer (WPE2QCS), Brooklyn, N. Y.
Marshall Brooks (WPE2POW), Rochester, N. Y.
Frank O'Donnell (WPE6HFD), La Habra, Cal.
Scott Brockway (WPE2QJP), Rome, N. Y.
30 ZONES VERIFIED
Vernon Hyson (WPEOCNF), Somerville, N. J.
Richard Davis (WPEOAKR), Denver, Colo.
Richard Pistek (WPE9HOA), Chicago, Ill.
Jack Winther (WPE6BJD), Moraga, Cal.
F. R. Cook (VE3PE1WX), Willowdale, Ont.
Gary Ligon (WPE4JAX), Cliffside, N. C.
David Conder (WPE9IHV), Centralia, Ill.
Donald Gross (WPE7CQX), Roseburg, Ore.
Charles Matterer (WPE6DGA), San Leandro, Cal.
Jack Bacon, Jr. (WPEOFDJ), Bloomington, Minn.
Marion Lilienthal (VE3PE2D0), Waterloo, Ont.
C.
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
--- - - AMATEUR RADIO
-- - -----
--
- --
By HERB S. BRIER, W9EGQ

Amateur Radio Editor
OPERATION PHONE PATCH

READERS of this column are well aware
that Senator Barry Goldwater (RAriz.) is one of the country's greatest proponents of amateur radio. As further evidence, here is a story reported by William
Eccles, K7MJG, in "Ham Monitor," which
is edited and published by Bob Lange,
WOILB, in Salina, Kansas.
Barry, K7UGA/AF7UGA, and ten of his
amateur friends decided to assist in the running of phone patches from Southeast Asia
to the U.S. so that servicemen could talk
to their families and friends back home.
The Armed Services assign men, equipment,
and Military Affiliate Radio Service

(MARS) frequencies to handle calls at their
end of the line. To help out here at home,
Barry supplied two Collins 75 -S3C receivers
and 32 -S3 SSB /CW exciters; a 30 -S1, 2 -kW,
PEP linear amplifier; and a 77- foot -high
rotating "Christmas- tree" antenna containing 4- element, full -size beams for 10, 15, 20,
and 40 meters.
After getting their station on the air and
joining the Air -Force MARS (to work areas
where amateur radio or amateur third -part
traffic is forbidden), Barry and his friends
found that they needed more help. So they
AMATEUR STATION OF THE MONTH
Larry, WA9UMU, and Ralph, WA9UDZ, Evans, 8657 N. Point Dr., Milwaukee, Wis. 53217, have an impressive
amount of equipment to share. In just over a year, Larry (above) has worked over 171 countries, with
140 confirmed, using a Swan SSB /CW transceiver and three antennas -a Hy -Gain TH -6 -DXX beam, 18HT vertical for 80 meters, and a home -built phase vertical array for 40 meters. Other equipment includes
another Swan transceiver, Knight -Kit R -100 receiver, Hallicrafters HT -40 and Heathkit DX -60B transmitters,
EICO electronic keyer, Hallicrafters SX -71 receiver, professional tape recorder, etc. We are sending a 1 -year
subscription to POPULAR ELECTRONICS to WA9UMU for winning this month's Amateur Station of the Month
photo contest. You can enter by sending a clear photo (preferably black and white) of yourself at the
controls of your station with some details about your amateur career to Amateur Photo Contest, c/o
Herb S. Brier, W9EGQ, Amateur Radio Editor, POPULAR ELECTRONICS, P.O. Box 678, Gary, Indiana 46401.
October, 1969
85
recruited another 15 amateurs to join the

group. They also found that the amateur
beams didn't work too well on MARS frequencies far from the amateur bands. So
Barry obtained a Hy -Gain, military -type,
wide -band, log- periodic rotary beam. When
it was mounted on the mast with the other
beams, however, the performance of the new
beam was poor so they ordered a 71 -foot.
Tri -ex "sky needle," which was installed
with the new Hy -Gain some distance from
the original antennas.
A 3.5 -kW, PEP, linear amplifier was also
acquired and modified for use on the MARS
channels. In addition, Barry purchased another complete station -Drake T -4X transmitter, R -4B receiver, and Henry 2K -B
amplifier -for normal contacts and phone
patches.
Between August 1967 and April 1969, the
group handled 21,000 phone patches and
they have been running at the rate of 2000
to 2500 a month since then!
Since Barry returned to the Senate last
fall, the group has been reorganized into the
"Bash- Hal- Ne -Ae" (Navajo Indian for
"metal that talks ") Amateur Radio Club to
carry on the work. He still underwrites the
expenses, however, and sits in on the activities when he has a chance.
Of course, this is not the only amateur
station working with MARS to donate many
hours a week running phone patches -there
are hundreds of them. If you wonder why
you don't hear some of the well- known, big signal men on the DX "pileups" these days,
it's because they are spending all of their
time phone patching on the MARS channels.
Communications Commission) was remanded for trial to the Sarasota Circuit Court
by the Tampa Federal court. Grid and his
attorneys have appealed the ruling.
The importance of the appeal to all radio
licensees- amateur, broadcast, CB. business
radio. etc. -is that, if the higher courts
should uphold Judge Lieb's ruling, their
operations will be controlled by local courts,
rather than by federal law and the Federal
Communications Commission. The Sarasota
Amateur Radio Association. Inc.. P. O. Box
3323, Sarasota, Florida 33578, is acting as
trustee for contributions from amateurs and
others to help defray the costs of fighting
this vitally- important case -and costs are
already well over the $2000 mark!
Lloyd Holm, WN8ZZL, Farmington, Mich., has worked

28 states and three countries on 40 meters with a
Hallicrafters HT-40 and National HRO combination.
Inconclusive Returns. Examining the results of the 1969 Florida QSO Party in
Florida Skip allows one to prove almost
anything he might wish about amateur operating trends. In brief, the number submitting logs increased 18 per cent over last
year, but CW logs decreased five per cent.
On the other hand, CW logs still exceeded
phone logs by a 3:2 ratio. Furthermore,
the 10 highest Florida CW operators outscored the high phone men by 11 per cent.
Outside of Florida, however, the high phone
men outscored the high CW men by 20 per
cent! Logs were received from 11 countries,
by the way.
Senator Barry Goldwater, K7UGA /AF7UGA, and the
men that keep the station on almost constantly to
run phone patches from servicemen overseas.
Million -dollar NI Suit. On May 29, after a

series of legal maneuvers, the $1,000,000 suit
filed against Ansel "Grid" Gridley, W4GJO,
by a neighbor for alleged television interference (even though Grid's equipment was
given a clean bill of health by the Federal
86
Detroit to Moscow. George H. Goldstone,

W8AP, writing in "Reflected and Directed"
in the June issue of the Detroit Amateur
Radio Club DARA Bulletin, counters the
action of one U.S. amateur who refuses to
work Russian amateurs (because Russia
aids North Vietnam) with the following:
"All the reports of U.S. hams who have
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
SOLID
STATE,
By LOU GARNER, Semiconductor Editor
THE AGE OF AQUARIUS OR SOLID STATE?
..
AIV
ACCORDING to astrologers, we are entering the 2500 -year -long Age of Aquarius.
From a technological viewpoint, however,
we are well into the Age of Solid State, for,
almost daily, new semiconductor -operated
products are introduced into every phase of
human activity. Linemen, doctors, construction workers, machinists, office personnel,
and many others are now using complex
electronic equipment.
Before too long, telephone linemen may
be using a futuristic space -age "gun" similar to the unit shown in the photo. Developed by the Bell Telephone Laboratories
(BTL), the instrument can be used to locate pin -point breaks in overhead cables.
Older telephone cables often are pressurized
with dry air to prevent water damage should
the sheath be broken. If the sheath is punctured, there is an almost inaudible hiss
containing energy at ultrasonic frequencies.
The new device, complete with sights for
aiming, uses highly directional parabolic
reflectors to direct this faint sound into the
ultrasonic microphone. Here, the signal is
detected, then "translated" to audible frequencies and amplified by solid -state circuitry before being fed to the headphone.
In the medical area, thousands of heart
patients who once would have been bedridden are now leading useful, normal lives,
their hearts triggered by electrical signals
from implanted solid -state "pacemakers."
The near -deaf have access to miniature
hearing aids a fraction of the size of
vacuum -tube models, but more efficient and
much more powerful than the early units.
Solid -state laser "canes" and sonar -like instruments are being developed for the blind.
Metal- working shops are using solid -state
instruments to control precision lathes, milling machines, drills, and other machine
tools to increase production efficiency. The
called "numerical control"
.
technique
permits the precise, but rapid, duplication of complex parts in accordance with
programmed instructions prerecorded on
magnetic or punched paper tapes.
Carpenters, plumbers, electricians and other construction workers are using vari.
October, 1969
able- speed, semiconductor - controlled power

tools, while architects, civil engineers, and
contractors employ computers in their design work, electronic instruments to test
materials, and two -way radios for field communications. Both industrial and automobile mechanics can choose from a variety of
solid -state diagnostic instruments, including
vibration detector -amplifiers, stop- motion
and speed measuring stroboscopes, and
comprehensive engine analyzers.
Banks, libraries, realtors, manufacturing
firms, restaurant chains, etc., are using solid state data processing equipment and computers for payroll records, billing, inventory
control, cataloging, and production scheduling, while more and more offices are installing automated typing and production
systems.
Looking to the future, the present trend
is likely to continue at an even faster pace,
as engineers develop new types of equipment using less expensive, but more efficient
devices and as semiconductor manufacturers
continue to introduce increasingly versatile
solid -state integrated circuits.
Reader's Circuit. Originally designed for
use in a privately published project manual,
the lie detector circuit illustrated in Fig. 1
was contributed by its developer, Marshall
Solid -state sensing "gun" with parabolic reflector

can be used to spot punctures in telephone lines.
87
"He's a good worker.
I'd promote him

right now if he had
more education
in electronics."
Could they be talking about you?

You'll miss a lot of opportunities if you try to get along
in the electronics industry without an advanced education. Many doors will be closed to you, and no
amount of hard work will open them.
But you can build a rewarding career if you supplement your experience with specialized knowledge of
one of the key areas of electronics. As a specialist,
you will enjoy security, excellent pay, and the kind of
future you want for yourself and your family.
Going back to school isn't easy for a man with a
88
full-time job and family obligations. But CREI Home

Study Programs make it possible for you to get the
additional education you need without attending
classes. You study at home, at your own pace, on
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what you learn can be applied to the job immediately.
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even missile and spacecraft guidance. You're sure to
find a program that fits your career objectives.
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
NEW
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91
Dudley (2711 -25 Sutherland, Knoxville,

Tennessee 37919). Easily assembled in one
or two evenings or on a weekend, the completed project may be used for experiments,
demonstrations, or party games.
As a general rule, a person's skin resistance drops during periods of emotional
stress, as when telling a lie. Marshall has
relied on this human characteristic in developing his instrument, which is essentially
a modified non -linear ohmmeter, designed
for maximum response to resistance changes
relative to a preset value.
circuit of lie detector is a non -linear

ohmmeter with the base bias of Q1 determined
by the changing resistance of the subject's skin.
Fig. 1. Basic
Referring to the schematic diagram, the

unit consists of a direct -coupled complementary amplifier, Ql-Q2, a reference diode,
D1, a d.c. power source, BI, and an indicating device, meter Ml. Calibration (bias)
and sensitivity controls, RI and R3, respectively, are provided to permit adjustments
for different individuals, while electrodes attached to the subject's fingers serve to monitor skin resistance.
In operation, Ql's base bias is determined
by a voltage- divider made up of Rl and the
test subject's skin resistance. The resulting
collector current of Ql develops a voltage
drop across load resistor R2 which, in turn,
can serve as a base bias source for Q2 if of

sufficient amplitude to overcome Dl's breakdown voltage. Sensitivity control R3 and
bias control 121 are preset while the subject
is calm so that R2's voltage drop just equals
Dl's rating. Afterward, any decrease in skin
resistance results in a corresponding increase in Ql's base bias and, therefore, in
R2's voltage drop, thus applying a base
bias to Q2 through R3 and DI. With base
bias applied, Q2's collector current increases sharply, causing the meter's needle
to deflect upward.
Marshall has specified standard components in his design. Both QI and Q2 are
general purpose small - signal npn and pnp
transistors, respectively, such as International Rectifier types TR -09 and TR -05.
92
Fig. 2. This power supply circuit can be used to

replace the battery in the lie detector in Fig. 1.
With neither parts positioning nor wiring

arrangement critical, the lie detector circuit
may be assembled on a suitable etched circuit board, on a small chassis, on perf
board, or even breadboard fashion, if preferred for experimental purposes. The electrodes are small copper discs about the size
of pennies soldered to lengths of flexible
hook -up wire. The completed instrument
may be housed conveniently in a commercial, sloping -front meter case.
The battery and switch may be replaced
by a line- operated power supply such as
illustrated in Fig. 2.
Although the lie detector's adjustment
procedure is fairly simple, each step is important for optimum performance. First, adjust R1 and R3 to minimum resistance.
Moisten the subject's index and middle
fingers of one hand. Attach a copper disc
electrode to each moistened finger, securing
with plastic tape. The tape should be tight
enough to insure good contact, but not so
tight as to cut blood circulation. Close S1
and advance RI until the meter's needle
jumps from zero to full -scale. With the subject calm, readjust Rl for a meter reading
of from one -tenth to one -third full -scale.
Next, adjust R3 slowly, watching for meter
movement, as you ask the subject questions
which may excite him emotionally. With
R3 properly adjusted, the meter should read
full -scale only when the subject is excited
or telling a lie. Some experimentation may
be needed to achieve the proper setting.
Manufacturer's Circuit. With a range of
from 10 to 100 seconds, the solid -state timing circuit shown in Fig. 3 is suitable for
use in photography, scientific experiments,
and a variety of other applications. It is one
of a dozen hobby projects featured in the
new CALECTRO HANDBOOK (published
by GC Electronics, Inc., 3225 Exposition
Place, Los Angeles, California 90018). A
combination reference manual and catalog,
the booklet includes hints on selecting loudspeakers and microphones, tips on using
various components, suggestions for installing antennas, and a unique built -in Ohm's
law slide -rule. Among the other projects
described are several receivers, a light -controlled relay, AM and FM wireless microPOPULAR ELECTRONICS
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Whatever your direction, let RCA show you the way

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-Kit
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includes 2 KD2114 transistor arrays; 1
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transistor arrays. Also, instructions for
12 useful circuits, schematics, parts
lists, etc.
...with New Crystal and Zener
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addition to its quality line of SK replacement transistors, rectifiers, and

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Your RCA Distributor can be your one source headquarters for Experimenter's Kits, Hobby and Experimenter
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RCA's Solid -State Replacement Guide,
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In
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October, 1969
93
Sound
us out
CI
Its- precision British craftsmanship can be

seen... and heard.
There's anti -skate control. And a tone arm
that's so finely counterbalanced, this superb
turntable can even play upside -down, and still
track perfectly.
A pause control lever allows you to stop playing anywhere on the record and then repositions
to the exact same groove.
Groovy.
And when the last
record has played, the

Decor -Matic power switch on the base shuts off
both the turntable and the complete system
automatically.
The BSR McDonald 600 must already be
sounding pretty good to you. So when you're in
the market for a hi -fi stereo system, be sure
your dealer demonstrates it with a BSR McDonald
turntable.
It'll
speak for itself.

Write for detailed specifications on the 600
and all the BSR McDonald Automatic Turntables.
Mc DONALD
CIRCLE NO.
94
7 ON
R4
wn
Si
3. Solid -state timing circuit has a range of

10 to 100 seconds determined by the setting of R2.
Fig.
The BSR McDonald 600.
BSR (USA) LTD.. BLAUVELT, N.Y.
50K
1000yF
25V
...and you will be listening to the most brilliant

sound reproduction you can get from an automatic turntable.
R2
RI
10913
READER SERVICE PAGE
phones, amplifiers, a CPO, and a line -operated regulated d.c. power supply, with both
schematic and pictorial diagrams provided
in each case. Priced at a nominal fifty cents
per copy, the booklet is available from any
of the more than 800 CALECTRO distributors across the nation.
Referring to Fig. 3, the circuit features a
low- leakage npn silicon transistor, Ql, as a
common -emitter current amplifier controlled
by a common RC timing network. A s.p.d.t.
electromagnetic relay (K1) serves as Q1's
collector load.
Without base bias, Q1's collector current
is extremely small and the relay remains
open. When SI is closed momentarily, Cl is
charged rapidly by B1 through current limiting resistor R4 and, thereafter, can serve
as Q1's base bias source until discharged.
With bias applied, there is a corresponding
large increase in Q1's collector current, actuating Kl. The relay remains closed for a
period proportional to Cl's discharge time
which, in turn, depends on the network's RC
time constant ... that is, Cl's value and the
total resistance in its discharge path, 121, R2,
and R3, shunted by Q1's base -emitter impedance. With fixed resistors used for RI
and R3, R2's setting determines CI's discharge time and hence this resistor serves
as the circuit's timing range control.
Conventional parts are used in the project.
A CALECTRO type K4 -506 silicon transistor is used for Ql. Relay Kl is a 1000 -ohm
sensitive type (CALECTRO No. D1 -962).
With neither layout nor lead dress critical,
the timer is well suited to both breadboard
and perf -board construction techniques, with
the former preferred for demonstration or
experimental applications. If desired, the
unit may be housed in a small metal or
plastic box for laboratory or darkroom
work. Various settings of R2 may be calibrated by using a stopwatch (or even a reguPOPULAR ELECTRONICS
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NEW CB DESIGN
The Mosley Saser Beam cuts through CB

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October, 1969
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95
1969 -WINTER
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HANDBOOK
148 pages of the most fascinating and challenging construction projects for the electronics hobbyists. All with complete schematics, illustrations, parts list, and easy to- follow instructions that guarantee you
perfect finished products.
1969 -SPRING
$1.25
HANDBOOK
Another big package containing the most
challenging, fun -to -build electronics projects
ever! Be sure to order this one today!
1969 STEREO/HI -FI DIRECTORY $1.25

Giant 180 page buyer's guide listing more
than 1,600 individual Stereo /Hi -Fi components by 176 manufacturers. Nine individual sections complete with specs, photos,
prices -the works!
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1969 TAPE RECORDER ANNUAL $1.35
Over 130 pages covering every aspect of
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1969
$1.35
COMMUNICATIONS HANDBOOK
LECTROr4ICS
ON09OOK
148 fact packed pages for the CB, SWL

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-tables-charts -getting a license-everything to make this the world's most complete guide to communications.
$1.35
1969
ELECTRONICS INSTALLATION &

SERVICING HANDBOOK
Covers all 8 areas of consumer electronics
servicing
the tricks of the trade in
one complete guide.The industry's "how -to"
book for installing and servicing consumer
electronics equipment.
-all
ZIFF -DAVIS SERVICE DIVISION

Dept.W
595 Broadway, New York, N.Y. 10012
Please send me the annuals I've checked below:
1969
1969
1969
1969
1969
r!
Electronic Experimenter's Handbook- Winter

Electronic Experimenter's Handbook - Spring
Stereo /Hi -Fi Directory
Tape Recorder Annual
Communications Handbook
1969 Electronics Installation & Servicing Handbook
am enclosing $
My remittance includes an
additional 250 per copy for shipping and handling (Outside
U.S.A. all magazines are $2.00 per copy, postpaid.)
I
PE -10
print name
address
city
state
L
96
oir
zip
PAYMENT MUST BE ENCLOSED WITH ORDER
- i
lar watch with a sweep- second hand) as

a standard.
In operation, the relay's contacts are used
to control an external circuit, such as an
enlarger's lamp.
New Devices. Two different technologies
are combined in a small vidicon recently
developed by RCA Electronic Components
(Lancaster, Pa. 17604). Although the device
is basically a vacuum tube, it utilizes a silicon diode array photoconductive target to
achieve extremely high sensitivity. Tentatively identified as the type C23136 camera
tube, the unit features magnetic -focus and
magnetic- deflection, offers high resolution,
and can withstand temperatures up to 200 C.
With a nominal 1" diameter and an overall
length of just over 6 inches, it is ideal for
compact camera designs.
Radiation, Inc. (Melbourne, Florida
32901), a division of the Harris -Intertype
Corporation, which earlier this year introduced the first off- the -shelf line of radiation- hardened integrated circuits (POPULAR
ELECTRONICS, June 1969), has added five
new TTL logic circuits to its line. The new
devices include a Dual Type D Flip -Flop,
a Quad 2 -input NAND Gate, a Dual 2input and /or INVERT Gate, a Dual 4input NAND Gate, and a Quad 2 -input AOI
Gate. All the units are in standard TO -86
flat packages with Radiation's special dielectric isolation construction.
A new linear integrated circuit designed
to provide the color difference signals in a
color -TV set is being offered by the Sprague
Electric Company (115 Northeast Cutoff,
Worcester, Mass. 01606). Designated type
ULN- 2114K, the new device employs two
fully balanced quadrature detectors and is
assembled in compact TO -100 package.
Motorola Semiconductor Products, Inc.
(P. O. Box 955, Phoenix, Arizona 85001)
has introduced a number of new devices,
including two pairs of low -cost plastic encapsulated silicon power transistors, a line
of voltage -variable capacitance diodes, and
a monolithic voltage /current regulator capable of kilovolt operation.
The new power transistors are designed
for use in 20- and 35 -watt complementary
audio amplifiers. Types MJE205 and MJE105 are 5- ampere, npn and pnp units, respectively, have a V,-F rating of 50 volts
and a power dissipation specification of 65
watts. The corresponding 10- ampere units
are types MJE2801 (npn) and MJE2901
(pnp), with a V, -E0 of 60 volts and a power
dissipation rating of 90 watts.
Designated as types MV2101 through
MV2115, Motorola's new line of plastic encapsulated tuning diodes cover the capacitance range of 6.8 to 100 pF nominal, with
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
typical tuning ratios of 3, measured at reverse voltages of 2 and 30 volts. With Q's
as high as 450 minimum, the units are ideal
for tuning and AFC applications.
Motorola's new integrated circuit voltage
current regulator, type MC /1566L, is designed to control an external power transistor and will operate at any voltage or current level which the power transistor can
handle. The unit has automatic crossover,
remote sensing, remote programming, and
both line and load voltage regulation of
0.01% plus 1 mV, with a current regulation
of 0.1% plus 1 mA. Its high voltage capability is achieved by using a "floating" circuit
design, with its operating voltage obtained
from a separate isolated supply of about
25 volts d.c.
Transitips. You needn't look to special
fast -acting fuses or expensive circuit breakers to protect your semiconductor devices
from current overloads when testing experimental circuits if you'll borrow a tip
from an "old- timer's" notebook. Just use a
reliable, low -cost, linear, solid -state component -the common resistor.
The technique is relatively simple if, as
is often the case, the protected device is
operated at a fraction of its maximum rating
in the test circuit. Just connect a resistor in
NEW
$139.00
includes mounting
bracket; 117V AC and
12V DC power cords
series with one side of the power source, bypassing with a moderately large capacitor.
As an example, let's assume you are
checking an audio amplifier stage which requires a current of 1 ampere from a 12 -volt
source and, further, that your power transistor has a maximum rating of, say, 6
amperes. With a 2 -ohm, 100 -watt, resistor
connected in series with the power source,
the supply voltage is reduced by only 2
volts
. not enough to affect any but the
most critical circuits. Should a circuit wiring
error or defect occur, however, the maximum
current is held to 6 amperes for, at this
value, the full source voltage is dropped

across the series resistor. If circuit behavior
is normal, the series resistor can be shorted
for final tests.
In general, you can determine the resistance needed by applying Ohm's law. Divide the source voltage by the protected device's maximum current rating to establish
resistance value, then multiply the maximum current and voltage values to obtain
wattage, using the next higher standard
wattage rating. Smaller
and less expensive ... resistors may be parallelled to obtain
higher wattage values at minimum cost. In
the example given, 5 inexpensive 10 -ohm,
20 -watt resistors, connected in parallel, replaces a single 2 -ohm, 100 -watt unit. -Lou.
...
New Monitoradio Scanner can be push button programmed to

search your choice of emergency frequency channels. It presents
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frequencies. Scanner locks on active signal- resumes signal search
at end of transmission. Performs manually or automatically, base
or mobile, with complete ability to monitor complex simulcast or
duplex FM base /mobile networks.
Frequency Range: 148 -174 MHz FM
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97
October, 1969
;:.
AEROJET
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You enjoy reading about Electronics . . . why not make it
your career! We will train you
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at home in spare hours. The
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Plan ahead for a big profit
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I
Name
Address
City
State
Zip

98
RS
100
C1B
TAr'oltyh this column lr try to make it

possible for readers needing information
oil outdated, obscure, and unusual radio electronics gear to get help from other
P.E. readers. Here's how it works: Check
the list below. If you can help anyone with
a. schematic or other information, write
him directly- -he'll appreciate it. If you
need help, send a postcard to Operation
Assist, POPULAR ELECTRONICS, One Park
Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10016. Give
maker's mime and model number of the
writ. If you don't know both the maker's
name and the model number, give year of
manufacture, bands covered, tubes used,
etc. State specifically what you want, i.r ..
schematic, source for parts, etc. Be sure
t o print or type everything legibly, including your name and address. Do not send
cur individual postcard for each request;
list all requests on one postcard. Because
gar get so many inquiries, none of them can
/n trc'krlowledyed. POPULAR ELECTRONICS
rd .st rims the right to publish only those
it Ills not available from normal sources.
McMurdo Silver Model 802 receiver and 803 preamp,
1947, Schematics needed. (George B. Publow, Box 590,

Pict un, On ta rio. Canada )
Hallicrafters SX -110 receiver. Emerson BJ -200 radio.

Operating manuals and schematics needed. (Pete Vinci,
257 Oak St., New Britain, CT 06051)
RCA Radiola III A -1023. Horn type speaker plus WD -11
or UV -199 tubes needed. (Andy Brewer, 4917 Monte
Vista Dr., Knoxville, TN 37914)
Eico Model 322 signal generator. Schematic and operating manual needed. Rene Limue, 515 Dumaulin St.,
Drummondville, Que., Canada)
Bell Model 2256 amp. and 2255 FM /AM tuner; schematics needed. GE Model 704; operating instructions
needed. (B.F. Slayman, 4122 Canyon Rd., Lafayette,
CA 94549)
Webcor Model EP2611-1 recorder. Schematic needed.
sill Wistrick, 416 East Charles St., Oelwein, IA 50662)
Simpson Electric Model 4S0 genescope; Precision
.sweep generator Series E -400. Schematics and operator's manuals needed. (Leslie Shanks, 4810 Alma St.,
Corpus Christi, TX 78411)
Motorola Model H13-IAH handle- talkie. Any information needed. (Greg Newell, 19749 Elkhart, Harper
Woods, MI 48236)
Hallicrafters Model S -39 Sky Ranger. Metal Cabinet
needed. (V.E. Lingbloom, Elsie, NB 69134)
Recordio Corp. Model R -602 recorder. Service instruclions and schematic needed. (P. Kitchin, 369 Nigel
Ave., Vancouver 10, B.C., Canada)
RCA Victor Model 45 -EY -2 Victrola. Schematic and
parts list needed. (Allan Cronin, 3654 So. Marshfield
Ave., Chicago, IL 60609)
Admiral Model a22C5A AM /FM stereo receiver with
stereo phono input. Schematic, parts list and source for
parts needed. (Dana G. Frisbee, P.O. Box 123, Glens
Falls, NY 12801)
Stewart Warner Model R1885 AM -SW. Schematic needed. (Cliff Davis, 1122 Highland Dr., Grand Prairie, TX
i
750501
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
Hickok Model 600 tube tester. Instruction manual and

updating information needed. (John Nilson. 10755
Thornview Dr., Sharonville. OH 45241
DuMont oscilloscope Type 247. Instruction book needed.
M.C. Harman, 1418 Touhy Ave., Chicago. IL
60626)
Hallicrafters Model S -38B SW receiver. Schematic
needed. (Larry Rasinski, Rt. =4, Box 76, Little Falls,
MN 56345)
Power Instruments Inc. Model 920 show strobe and
Wabash Instruments Model E -40 high intensity strobe:
schematic and parts list needed. (J. Reese Brown III,
25 Berkshire Dr., Warren (Plainfield R.D. =1) NJ
AMATEUR RADIO
(Continued from page 86 )
07060)
Westinghouse Model H7OACS1 record player. Working

Margaret T. Foster, 14218
45 rpm spindle needed.
Orinoco Ave.. East Cleveland. OH 44112)
Browning Labs Model RV -10A FM mono tuner. Muntz
TV Model 721TS (19561 VHF only. Schematics and /or
manual needed for both. (Daniel Meijer, 1438 Geranium
St. NW, Washington, DC 20012(
Bell Model 360 professional tape recorder. Schematic
and manual needed. (George R. Swieringa, 821 Kennedy St. NW. Washington. DC 20011)
Philco Model 7019 junior scope, circa late 40's. Instruction manual and schematic needed. (Tony Anderson,
Box 17152, San Diego, CA 92117
Morrow Model 5 BR -2 converter -tuner. Translucent
calibrated slide rule dial plate or address of mfg. where
it can be purchased needed. (Mack D. Baxter, P.O.
Box 397, Marble Falls, TX 75654(
Telmar Model MA -105 walkie- talkie. Schematic and
source for crystals needed. (Jeff Corey, 6606 N. Ridge,
Chicago, IL 60626)
Pyramid Model CRA -2 capacity resistance analyzer.
Manual and schematic needed. (H. R. Day, 1429 E.
Griswold Rd., Phoenix. AZ 85020)
United Reproducers Corp. "Peerless Dynamic" field
coil speaker, serial No. E 44641. Large coil and 6 terminals; no magnet. Power supply needed, but voltage
and specs unknown. (Jeff Peters, 919 St. George Ave.,
Niagara Falls, Ont., Canada
Zenith Model J880 AM /FM chassis 8H2OZ.Box Power
59 ".
transformer needed. Grundig "Transistor
R -25
Schematic and parts list needed. Crescent Model
and
opsteno wire recorder. Wire, reels, service data
erating manual needed. (Tom Hirsch, Holt Summit,
1
MO 65043)
and calibrating
Mercury Model 1700 VTVM. Schematic400
citizen's rainstructions needed. Rutheford Model
diophone. Schematic and alignment data. needed. (James
Murray. 14509 Cameo, Norwalk, CA 90650)
Zenith Model 5 -S -119 SW receiver. Source for parts and
,Ii,ll hands needed. (Bob Patton. 2800 Elm. Parsons,
KS 673571
Mobile Communications Co. Model MFM -150 receiver

and Model MFM -25 -150 transmitter "taxi talkie ". Schematics and any additional information needed. (K.A.
McCrimmon, 114A Aliso Hall, California Polytechnic,
Kellogg, Pomona, CA 91766)
Eico mono tuner. Eico MX99 adapter to convert tuner
from mono to stereo needed. (W.E. Bumgarney. Box
62,
Arcadia, MO 68815)
visited Russian hams give the impression

that they are typical hams, personable and
hospitable. And if Russian hams are òur
sort of guys,' isn't it possible that a lot of
Russians are like Americans?
"Somehow, we'd like to reach out to the
hearts and minds of Russian hams (and
others behind the Iron Curtain). We plan to
have special QSL's for Iron Curtain contacts. They are going to be overprinted on
the nicest picture postcards of the Detroit
area we can find. Believe me, any ham behind the Iron Curtain who gets my QSL
card is going to get a first rate picture of a
little bit of the United States -in particular,
where I live! I'd like to see P. O. Box 88,
Moscow, (address of the Russian QSL Bureau) flooded with such QSL's from all over
the United States to show Russian hams
(and any of their friends who looked over
their QSL's) what it is like over here. We
may not be able to carry on long conversations with Russian Hams (although some
of them on 20 meter SSB do talk to Americans at some length), but let's remember
the old axiom of one picture being worth a
thousand words!"
VK /ZL /Oceania DX Contest. Phone, 1000
GMT (4:00 a.m., EST) October 4, until
1000 GMT, October 5. CW, 1000 GMT, October 11, until 1000 GMT, October 12. Some
stations may be worked once per band to
exchange usual signal reports and requested
contest information. Send scores to: J. M.
White, ZL2GX, Contests and Awards Man-
PRE-PROGRAMMED
ANNEL FEATURE
SONAR AUTO-SCAN
FM MONITOR RECEIVERS
professional features.
highly dependable performer with superior

searches and locks automatically on any of 8 preprogrammed channels. Priority Channel locks to the exclusion of
Mobile Callbacks are heard because of carrier
other signals
Designed for rugged use over wide temperature range
delay
Operates from 117VAC or 12VDC, negNarrow band operation
Noise free squelch 8 crystal positions
ative or positive ground
A
AUTO-SCAN
designed for:
Police, Fire and

Municipal Depts.
County, State &
Federal agencies
Commercial & In-
dustrial applications
Other unlimited uses
October, 1969
FR-2514
(25.50M
5SOMH)
FR -2515
(150.175MHz)
98995
Comes with AC and
DC power
cables, mounting bracket, less
crystals.
Crystals $5.00 ea.
SONAR RADIO CORP., 73 Wortman Ave., Bklyn, N. Y. 11207

Please send information on Sonar AUTO -SCAN FM Monitor Receivers.
Dept. 402
Name
Address
City
State
J
99
ager, New Zealand Association of Radio

Transmitters, Inc. (NZART), 152 Lytton
Rd., Gisborne, N.Z.
Demagnitizing Screwdrivers. If your
screwdriver has picked up enough magnetism to hang on to a screw you are trying
to start in a tight corner, Phil Pichette,
VE7ADW, suggests in the Beaver Valley
Clicks, Beaver Valley ARC, Fruitvale, B.C.
Canada, that you pull the trigger of your
soldering gun and slowly insert the screwdriver blade in the wire tip of the gun and
then slowly withdraw the blade. Do not release the solder -gun trigger until the screwdriver is completely outside the magnetic
field of the tip; otherwise, you may magnitize rather than demagnetize the screwdriver
tip.
NEWS AND VIEWS
John Jensen, VE3DDJ, 391 Sentinel Rd., Apt. 121,
Downsview 166, Toronto, Ont., Canada, makes the

best of a poor antenna situation with a Webster
Band -Spanner mobile antenna mounted outside his
window. It is 15 feet high. Feeding it with a
Heathkit DX -60B transmitter, John worked 14
U.S. and two Canadian stations his first eight days
on the air. Other VE3DDJ equipment includes
Heathkit HR-10B receiver, HD -10 electronic keyer,
and SB -600 monitor -scope. Of interest to those
who have forgotten (or never knew) that 11 meters
was once an amateur band -and still is in many
parts of the world -John has an 11- meter trans-
ppIICEME
F'aREME
ceiver and 3- element beam on the Canadian 11meter amateur band

. Mark Dankoff, WN2HVY,
1629 Clover St., Rochester, N.Y. 14618, says the
ham whose idea of a QSO is "The weather here is
73," is his pet peeve. Mark much prefers the
chats in which the operators get to know each
other. His Knight -Kit T -60 transmitter, Hammarlund HQ-70 receiver, and Gotham vertical antenna
have worked 20 states, all confirmed, and all on 40
meters
Tim Vandagriff, WN2GTQ, (son) and
.
Clint Vandagriff, WN2GTS, (father) 88 Boxwood
Drive, Rochester, N.Y. 14617, received their Novice
licenses together last summer. And if the schedule
worked out as planned, they now have their Advanced tickets. Dad has 30 states and three countries confirmed. Tim has 39 states and five countries confirmed. Their antenna sounds interesting
-a homebrew, "broadband," 80 -, 40 -, and 15 -meter
inverted -V, 45 feet high. The family station consists of a Heathkit DX -60B transmitter and a HR10B receiver. By the way, father and son both have
20 -WPM code proficiency certificates.
Dan O'Connell, WN7LTA, Eugene, Oregon, really
went all out when his amateur license arrived. In
seven weeks, he worked 43 states and 19 countries.
The 19 countries included 65 Japanese contacts,
four Russians, and five New Zealanders. Dan uses
a Hallicrafters HT -40 transmitter, Hammarlund
HQ -110C receiver, and a 40 -meter inverted -V dipole antenna on a single frequency on 15 meters.
Undoubtedly the reason that Dan's antenna works
so well is that he put it up in a cold rain with
three feet of snow on the ground!
- Another lad
who knows what a ham license is for is Dave
Dolaway, WN3MDT, 21 Lorana Ave., Bradford, Pa.
16701. In three weeks. lie has confirmed 25 states
and four countries mostly on 15 meters. He uses a
Johnson Ranger transmitter, Mosley CM -1 receiver. and dipole antennas
Martin Silverton,
.
WN6MVT, 1464 N. First Ave., Upland, Calif. 91786,
started on the air with a borrowed Elmac trans,
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100
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mitter until he acquired his own Johnson Ranger.

His receiver is a Lafayette HA -350. He operates
the three lower Novice bands and has 32 states and
four countries worked. Martin's pet heave is the
Extra class operators who insist on sending directly on top of the W1AW code -practice sessions. As
lie says. "Strange, but it seems they start transmitting as soon as code practice begins. Just a
coincidence, of course. Or is it?"
Which of these
4 fascinating
Radio -TV
careers
interests
you?
E disc jockey
E newscaster
sportscaster
E announcer
Jim Volstad, WNOTRY, Edina, Minn., really has to
crank down the power on his Johnson Valiant transmitter to stay in the 75 -watt Novice power limit.
Jim Volstad, WNOTRY, 7221
Our
West Shore, Edina,
tenna on the 80 -, 40 -, and

Driving it with a Johnson Valiant transmitter and
receiving on a Hallicrafters SX -100, Jim has
racked up 37 states and two countries in eight
months. He keys with a homehuilt I.C. kcyer and
will he glad to demonstrate how it works to y,ni_
Stirling Whitif you need a Minnesota contact
aker, WN7JHQ, 315 North Burton, Burley, Idalho
his
lucky day.
be
Friday
13th
to
found
the
83318,
He passed his General class exam that day. His
ked
Novice log contained a record of 33 states worked
with an Elmac AF -67 transmitter and a Hallicrafters SX -71 receiver in concert with a 40 -meter dipole and a Hy -Gain 18 -V vertical on 15 meters ..
From Ed Gribi, WB6IZF, Publicity Chairman of the
WCARS net on 7255 kHz: WA6TKE /moliile reported an accident with injuries near Salinas,
Calif., at 11:50 p.m., local tinu'. Skip was long; so
the information was relayed via WA9I?WV,
WB2RQP. and K4LD to K60AM, Palo Alto, Calif.,
who phoned the California Highway Patrol. Within 20 minutes of his original call, WA6T =1K reported that help had arrived. Also. XE2EP, Baja
California, Mexico, relayed the information from
the Mexican police to the California authorities
that a lost 7-year old American youngster had
been found dead in the desert south of Mexicali,
David Harris, WN1LGE, 12 Bates St..
Mexico
Lexington, Mass. 02173, had worked 42 stations his
first week as a Novice when he passed his General
exam. "Keeping his hand in" while waiting for
the new ticket to arrive, Dave has worked 25
states, three Canadian provinces, and Angola,
Africa, (CR6LK). He uses a He:rthkit HX-11 transmitter, a National NC -155 receiver, and separat
dipoles for the Novice bands.
Will your "News and Views" or picture he in
"Amateur Radio" next month? The first step is up
to you. Have you written or sent the picture
(preferably black and white)? We also appreciate
being put on or kept on the mailing list to receive
your club papers and announcements. The address
is: Herb S. Brier, W9EGQ, Amateur Radio Editor,
POPULAR ELECTRONICS, P.O. Box 678, Gary, Ind.
73,
October, 1969
Herb, W9EGQ.
The
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STEREO SCENE

your car. (Incidentally, when you do, you'll
discover that the tapes may not sound as
clear and clean in your living room as they
do in the car, where road and engine noise
mask their imperfections.)
1970
amp
ELECICS
cATALOG
GIANT
274 PAGE
1970
RADIO-TV
ELECTRONICS
CATALOG
Write to:
BURSTEIN APPLEBEE CO.,

3199 MERCIER ST.,
DEPT. PE -J
KANSAS CITY, MO. 64111
Name
Address
City
State
L
Zip Corle
-J
1400 -PC. GLASS FIBER OPTIC KIT

Its FUN!
It's Gifty!
It's Educational!
* Dazzlinglightdisplays
"pipes"
photo
* Triggers
infra -red cells
Q
p *
p4.
Make
&
OPTICAL SCIENTIFIC BREAK/1112U!

Allows "hair thin" glass fibers 12 -ft. long,
to transmit & recieve cold light energy of
any color, by internal reflection. Bundled,
jacketed, it guides, snoops. pipes light
around corner,, walls, even in circled, triggering such devices as light sensitive tran-
sistors. diode', ecre.

ACTS like',wire.
PRKnatiee
It
CUTS. BENDS.
Only one's
controls its lODO's of uses.
I2-pc. accessory kit, with. "how-to.
do booklet ",
$25 SURPRISE PAK: transistors, sect, diodes, etc.

$1
50 GERMANIUM GLASS DIODES, 1N34, 1N48 no test $1
40 TOP HAT SILICON RECTIFIERS, no testasst velues 31
$1
25 EPDXY RECTIFIERS, silicon asst, no test
40 PRECISION RESISTORS, ?2 -LW. 1% asst values
51
30 TRANSISTORS, rf, if. audio, ose. no test
$1
60 TUBULAR CONDENSERS, to .5mf to 1KV, asst
51
50 DISC CONDENSERS, to.05mf npo,temp coef, asst $1
RESISTORS,
30 POWER
to 25 watts, to 24K ohms , Si
$1
10 VOLUME CONTROLS, to 1 meg, switch too!
10 ELECTROLYTICS, to 100mf, tubulars.too, asst

50 RADIO & TV KNOBS, asstd colors & styles
$1
$1
$1
$1
$1
$1
10 TRANS'TOR ELECTROLYTICS to 100mf, asst values

50 COILS AND CHOKES, if, rf, ant, ose. peaking, etc
65 HALF WAITERS, to 1 meg, 5% popular values too
2 FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS, ri channel, hobby
10 PANEL SWITCHES, toggle, slide, micro, rotary
S1
3 "SUN" BATTERIES, for 100's of lite sens projs
$1
5 "IBM" COMPUTER BOARDS, many trans, diodes_ $1
40 "MICRO" CONDENSERS, for transistor circuitry -$1
EL -50 TERMINAL STRIPS, 1 to 8 lug.types
SI
4 PHOTO
ELECTRIC CELLS,
40 "TINY" RESISTORS,
ADD POSTAGE, avg. wt: % lb.
POLY 27PAKS
CIRCLE NO.
11
hi. imh., schematic
/10W, 5% too!
to
tneg
il CATALOG
Si
105
Many New Cassette Machines. The Scene

in cassette tape recorders this year is bright
with new machines, most looking like last
year's but with some notable exceptions. For
example, Ampex, Bell & Howell and Wollensak have gone all out to provide eye appealing units. You'll find the biggest
assortment ever offered, and you may be confused at first because many of the sets fall
into the compact category, as mentioned
earlier. The best bet is to figure out what
you want your recorder to do and then find
one that will do it. You'll have a big range
of prices from which to pick -again a result
of competition among manufacturers.
In reel recorders you'll find a smaller supply on store shelves, the prices generally
will be a bit under last year's, and there will
be more high - priced units of "pro" calibre
(in line with the greater sophistication of
"Mr. Stereo Buyer "). Since the industry is
in a state of transition, there will be a lot
of really hot buys in reel recorders this fall.
The hottest will be in self- contained stereo
units with built-in or detachable speakers.
As with some of the other products, the
important changes in reel recorders are in
refinements and subtle improvements. Perhaps the most noticeable trends are those involving automatic reversing and easier tape
threading.
All in all, the Stereo Scene this fall and
winter is an interesting and exciting one.
Go out and see for yourself.
It's Show Time, Folks!

All the latest in stereo systems, components,
etc., will be on view October 1 to 5 at the Los
Angeles Hi -Fi Show in the Ambassador Hotel.
A feature of the Show is a series of seminars
on such topics as "Changers, Turntables and
Cartridges," "The Stereo Sensation," and
"Speakers and Amplifiers."
Canadian stereo fans will be able to make
the scene October 16 to 19 when the "Stereo
70" Hi -Fi Home Entertainment Show, sponsored by electron magazine will be held at the
Sheraton Mount Royal Hotel in Montreal.
P.O. BOX 942E

LYNNFIELD, MASS.
01940
ON READER SERVICE PAGE
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
THROW AWAY THE SOLDER
or
SHORT -WAVE LISTENING

(Continued from. page 84)
MY DADDY
USES CUSS WORDS

:
1046 -1115 with piano music and news and

1300 -1320 with BEC news, hume news. and class-
logged at
at
ical music.
Belgium- Brussels noted on n new frequency of

kHz at 2315 with an IS and a multi -lingual
11,711
s /un.
Biafra -R. Biafra noted on 7300 kHz at 0500 with

ID. 0529 with drum IS. 0530 time signal. bugle call
and news and 0540 with ID. This may vary slightly upward in frequency.
Bolivia- CP110. R. Norte, Montero, has returned,
after an absence of several months. to 4871 kHz
where it is heard after 2300 in Spanish.
Brazil-R. Marajoara, Belem. is testing on 4956
kHz with complete ID's being given often; try
around
0450.
Some years ago two men, Mr. S. and Mr.

deC had an idea. Wearing white hats
they dutifully offered it to the giant
electronics conglomerate under whose
roof they laboured. He sneered so they
left and developed it on their own.
solderless breadboard
secret lies in a
precision clip of firm grasp
and low resistance. These
clips are leafspring contacts of phosphor bronze
or silverplate.
It's
and
the
As with all good things customers came

up with more ideas in using S -DeCs than
the originators believed possible and the
Falconer, VE3PE2PG, Clinton, Ontario, has

logged 25 countries and 30 states using his Trio
Jeff
705 receiver driving
130 -foot longwire antenna.
Canada -CFVP, 6030 kHz, 100 watts, relays

CFCN, 1060 kHz, Calgary. CFRX, 6070 kHz, Toronto, is often good in the northeastern states during
daylight hours. CHNX, 6130 kHz. Halifax. is good
at 0115 -0200 with music and a religious program.
CFCW, Montreal. is very good on 6005 kHz most
evenings. (Editor's note: an overseas publication
has listed this outlet as CFCW. This is incorrect.
CFCW is a medium -wave outlet, 10 kW power, on
790 kHz in Camrose, Alberta. The correct call for
the short-wave outlet on 6005 kHz is CFCX. Please
amend your logbooks and listings accordingly.)
you have trouble logging this country,
Chile
try for amateur station CE8AE, which often operates around 0700 in the lower end of the 40 -meter
ham band with xmsn's in single -sideband. Reports,
if you're lucky enough to hear him, go to Radio
Club of Chile, Box 13630, Correo 15. Santiago,
-If
Chi le.
-R.
China
Peking was noted on 15.090
1400 -1555 s /off (broken at 1455 -1500) with
grated circuit requirements.
if you need to throw away the solder,

keep the skin on your fingers and the
black words buried down below, write to
us for more information, or better still
send us a check.
So,
INTRATEC
399 Jefferson Davis Highway
Arlington, Virginia 22202
Please send me postage paid:
S
-DeC's
DeC STOR's
@
@
@
$5.75 each
$11.75 each
$20.75 each
4 -DeC's
enclose a check /money order for $
Va, residents add 4% sales tax
I
am interested in the IC versions. Send
literature and prices.
I
kHz at
English
news, commentaries and music.

Cuba -In addition to the English language schedule listed last month, Radio Havana Cuba also
bas English to northern Europe at 2010 -2140 on
17,855 kHz.
Ecuador-HCJB, Quito, is good on 15,200 kHz at
2245 -2259 in Russian and to 2330 in German, beamOctober, 1969
demand for added flexibility resulted in a

box with two interlocking S -DeCs known
as DeCSTOR, (pronounced Deck -Store).
Not content with this, users circuits outgrew the DeCSTOR and so a 4 -DeC kit
was created for the man with ideas bigger than his breadboard. Today there is
a whole range of DeC solderless breadboards covering conventional and inte-
Name
Address
City
State
Zip Code
Box PE-10
ed to L.A. and Brazil. In parallel was 17,890 kHz

but the listed parallel of 15,115 kHz was evidently
superseded by this new frequency of 15,200 kHz.
HC4RF, Canal Manabita, Portoviejo, has moved

slightly upward to 4821 kHz where they feature
light music to past 0700.
Egypt -New frequencies in use by Cairo include
11,790 kHz, testing from 1830 -2300 in Arabic,
French, German, English and Italian; 15,090 kHz,
testing to N.A. in French and Arabic but announced as being only on 11,815 kHz; this at 0220 -0230;
and on 21,685 kHz at 1630 -1650 with usual native
Arabic music and speech.
Temporarily a resident of Kingston, Jamaica, Glenn

Little, WPE4IYC, has a 20 -state DX Award. He uses
a Hallicrafters S-38, Onkyo OS -175, 2X4+ Superhet.
El Salvador -La Voz del Camerico ( ?), YSV, Santa
Ana, noted often on 9576 kHz around 1345 -1630;
may also identify as R. Comercial.
England -The European Service of the BBC in
single -sideband with Russian at 0053, an English

ID at 0100, and back into language is on 12,180
kHz. The regular Asian Service to Malaya and
Singapore is often good on 15,375 kHz at 2300 -2315
with English news and commentary and, from
2315, in Indonesian.
Estonia-A tentative logging is that of R. Tallinn,
17,700 kHz, at 1800 with the regular Moscow IS and
in a strange language, perhaps Estonian, until
1820, and with music until 2029.
Finland -OIX4, Pori, has English to N.A. at 23002330 with news, discussions, DX tips and other
features, on
nish.
15.185 kHz. At 2330
tney go into Fin-
France -Paris is good on a new frequency of

11,965 kHz from 0030 s /on in Spanish and French
to L.A. and from 0215 -0230 in French and from
0230 in Spanish. Other channels monitored include
11,915 kHz with English news at 0525 and into
French with news and music to 0546 s /off; 15,120
kHz at 1930 with news and music; and on 17,740
kHz at 0525 -0545 with English news and light
music.
Ghana -R. Ghana, Accra, has English to N.A.
at
kHz; reception here and on parallel

generally good.
Holland -R. Nederland, Hilversum, has replaced
11,730 kHz with 15,220 kHz at 2125 -2250, dual to
15,425 kHz in English to N.A. with world and
local news, commentary, editorial information,
light music and other features.
Honduras-HRVC, Tegucigalpa, carries English
daily at 0300 -0400 on 4820 kHz. This station, operated by American Baptists, programs religious features. Other xmsn's are in Spanish to L.A. areas.
The medium-wave outlet, heard at times in Southern states, is on 1380 kHz with 1000 watts. Reports
go to Box 270, Tegucigalpa.
Indonesia -R. Republik Indonesia, Menado, is
often noted on 5987 kHz from 0800 to past 1100.
This 10 -kW station is heard best, of course, on
the West Coast.
Iran -R. Tehran carries Russian at 1730 -1800,
Turkish 1800 -1830, Arabic 1830 -1900, German 19001930, French 1930 -2000 and English 2000 -2030, all on
17,735 and 15,135 kHz. The former is a new frequency for this service.
Ivory Coast -R. Abidjan, 11,920 kHz, was logged
at 1835 with English and French ID's, English
news to 1843 and African music to 1900.
Korea (North) -R. Pyongyang was noted on 9613
kHz at 0900 with an IS and anthem, ID in Russian,
and into news to 0910. Dual to 11.765 kHz, it was
not heard on either of its other parallel channels,
6480 or 7580 kHz.
Malagasy Republic -Tananarive was heard with
its IS at 0329 and into usual programming at 0330
on 4960 kHz.
New Caledonia -R. Noumea, 7170 kHz, is fair to
good in western areas at 1005 -1100 with Dixieland
2000 on 9760
11,850 kHz is
SHORT -WAVE ABBREVIATIONS

aumt-An nowuenrent
kW- Kilowatts
BBC -British Broadcasting
L.A.-Latin America
Corp.
N.A. -North America
EST -Eastern Standard Time
QRM- Interference
GMT -Greenwich Mean Time R -Radio
ID- Identification
s /on-Sign -on
IS-L terval Signal
xmsn- Transmission
kHz -Kilohertz
xmtr-Transmitter
PROFESSIONAL TYPE MOBILE MONITOR RECEIVER

Solid State FM\/ Crystal Controlled/6 Channels
$9995
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FOR FREE LITERATURE
104
This expertly engineered, all solid- state, crystal controlled FM receiver provides instant monitoring of the VHF frequencies between
39 and 46 mcs or 153 to 157 mcs. Outdating all of the bulky tubetype monitors which take up needed space under dashboards, the
compact Ameco Model MRT -6 high band or MRT -7 low band unit
measures only 2.1/8" high by 5-5/16" wide by 7.7/8" deep. It's a
professional type receiver with latest double conversion superheterodyne circuitry providing 3/4 microvolt sensitivity for 20 db
quieting. Has built -in speaker and mobile mounting bracket. Optional
AC power supply available.
AMELO DIVISION OF AEROTRON / BOX 6527 / RALEIGH, N. C. 27608
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
and classical music selections; news in French is

air. , at 1055 and s/off is at 1100.
Nicaragua -The new R. Nacional de Nicaragua,
Managua, continues to be well heard on 11,875 kHz
at 1640 -1655 with pop music. 1810 -1820 with French Spanish language lessons, 1940 -2000 with variety
music and ID's and, at times n series of chimes,
and at 2100 -2230 with classical and light music and
news in Spanish. This outlet relays the medium wave YNM. 615 kHz.
Peru- OAX4V. R. America. Lima, 9505 kHz, was
logged at 0050 -0100, 0200 -0208 and 0358 -0416 with
L.A, music, commercials, frequent ID's and short
newscasts. Do not confuse with R. Continental de
Arequipa on 9152 kHz; this latter station often
relays R. America even to the point of including
R. America at the start and close of newscasts.
Poland-R. Warsaw has English to N.A. at 0315 0345 Saturday (Friday- evening, EST) on 11,870
rfic t
Build this
Schober Theatre Organ
*Includes
finished walnut
console. Ampliter,
speaker system,
optional accessories
extra. Only
$1150.50 if you
build your own
console.
SHORT -WAVE CONTRIBUTORS

Stanley Mayo (II 1'EI6.111 ), Portland, Maine
Arthur Bolduc (II l'E111Ol'), Biddeford, Maine
Rick Mills (117'L / /S.-I /, Bent it k, Maine
C. A. Bugbee (117'LILU), Manchester, N. 11.
Peter Slacinta (IITE2ORB), Kearny, N. J.
Gary Becker (117'121'EP), E. Northport, N. X'.
Steve Celli (llI'1;21'SK), Baldwin, N. A.
William Szabo (11TE.1).VI), Rochelle Park, N. J.
Robert Arnold (14TLi2r'R), Canartuta, N. V.
Rev. Michael Slayer (Il'PE211Cli. New York, N. V.
Ronald Shnpinski (Il E.IT.W,I /. Mt. Carmel, l'a.
Matt Zahner (II'I'E.)EH), Baltimore, Sld.
Scott Mueller (II'/'E.(//LS), Villaaova, l'a,
Thomas Gongawarc (II'/'E3II11.(.'i, Latrobe, l'a.
Dan Ferguson (Il PL- ILI.i, Cord Gables. Fla.
Grady Ferguson (1I J E -IBC), Charlotte, N. C.
Joey Leonard (II'!' /(4h.IF). Winston-Salem, N. C.
'Ferry Luttrell (11TE1KB.1/, Columbia. Penn.
Richard Fortson (Il / iOii II'X ). Vdiaburg, Texas
'Ferry \\'ard (1!' /'T.iI: /..C), I:1 l'a-,. Texas
Charles Bennett (Il'PEt.SII'), Sumrall, Miss.
Stewart Mac Kenzie (II'/'E6.1:1). Huntington Beach.
Cal.
Jim Young (Il7'EOh.F:1 ), \Vrightwood, Cal.
Winston Kloratz (II'PEOEFO ), Los .Angelo:. Cal,
Chuck Sadoian (lt'l'EnIIH(:). lliuuhu, Col.
Bob Wiser (11'PE6HJC'), Watsonville, Cal.
Nick Chinn (IITI!oIIKB), San Leandro, Cal.
Bob Bruite (11'l'L(i/ILL'), Ontario, Cal.
Chris Taylor (11'PET 'II I; ), Puyallup, Wash.
David Williams (Il /'E7CIlll'). Astoria, Ore.
Philip Slader (Il l'/;VA!), Cleveland, Ohio
Daniel Keahy (IF /'F. / /t.1 ), Detroit. Slich.
Chicago. Ill.
Bob 5loser (117'E. ).-1511
Joseph Gibson (II !'E)('.V.1 /), Slilwaukee, Avis.
Gerry Dexter (1t7'li'allDB), Lake Geneva. Wis.
Richard l'istck (Il'l'E)IL0.1 ), Chicago, Ill,
Richard Slonina (II' /'E)JLDr. Chicago, Ill.
Joseph Wrjnowski (11'PLIJ.I /I1), Worth, Ill.
John Patterson (11'PEOJOL). Oswego, Ill.
Curtis Knight (HTEOJSK), Appleton. Avis.
llave Newkirk (IVPE9ISII'1, Norritlee, Ill.
A. R. Niblack (If'l'E9K3I). Vincennes. Ind.
John Beaver (IITE0.-1E), Pueblo, Colo.
Lim Randles (IYI'li(ACIi'K), Cunningham. Kan,
Tim Homan (IFPECEL'Sl. Florissant, AIo.
-Martin Fossum (11'PEOFIF), Cass Lake, Minn.
John Van Engelenhoven (l1'PEOF.V,i1I, Oskaloosa,
Iowa
Jack Perolo (PI'2PE1C), Sao Paulo, Brazil
John Griffin (l'E6I'1)71'), Calgary, Alta.
Yitzhak Weinbaum (454PE/1 -), 'l'el -Aviv, Israel
Leo Alster, Rahway, N. J.
Kevin Banet, Calumet City, Ill.
David Citron, Hollywood, Fla.
Robert Devine. Honolulu, Hawaii
Rick Dressel, Wilmington, Del.
Ronald Dudinski, Wilkes- Barre, Pa.
Dan Finigan, Fairfax Station, Va.
John Hedstrom, Wheaton, III.
John Hudak, Oakville, Ont.
Bill Martin, Wilmington, Del.
C. R. Patterson, Decatur, Ga.
Richard Sewell, Gaylord. Mich.
Kenneth Shaw, Somerville, N. J.
Dan Tschopp, Humble. Texas
Bill Wulff. Eau Claire, Wis.
1
couldn't touch an organ like this in a store for

less than $3500 -and there hasn't been a musical
instrument with this vast variety of genuine Theatre
Organ voices since the days of the silent movies! If
you've dreamed of the grandeur of authentic big -organ sound in your own home, you won't find a more
or no kit.
satisfying instrument anywhere
You can learn to play it. And you can build it, from
for
of assembly
Kits,
world
famous
ease
Schober
without the slightest knowledge of electronics or
music, for design and parts quality from the ground
the highest praise from
up, and -above all
musicians everywhere.
Send right now for your copy of the full -color
Schober catalog, containing specifications of the five
Schober Organ models, beginning at $599.50. No
but lots of food for a healthy
charge, no obligation
musical appetite!
You
-kit
-for
{d(f Organ Corp., Dept. PE -31

The
43 West 61st Street, New York, N.Y. 10023
Please send me Schober Organ Catalog and
free '7 -inch "sample" record.

Enclosed please find $1.00 for 12 -inch L.P.
record of Schober Organ music.
NAME
ADDRESS
CITY
STATE
ZIP
a
FREE 1970 CATALOG.
1001 Bargains- Speakers- Parts -Tubes -High

Fidelity Components- Record Changers -Tape
Recorders-Kits--Everything in Electronics. Write:
McGEE RADIO COMPANY

PE. 1901 McGee Street.
Kansas City. Missouri 64108.
P;oELECTRONICS
v.r.[. training
ad
leads to success as 1,chniciall,
+Iles,
specialists to communications, guided n
puters, rapar, automation. Basic es advanced courses. Electronic Engineering Technology and Electronic Teclnolog}
curricula both available. Associate degree in 29 months. B..0.
nobtainable.
GI. approved. Start September. February.
orms. campus. filet ' ria t'a,h,ate or rgnl,a l,.aI. ('atalne.
i
VALPARAISO TECHNICAL
INSTITUTE
DEPARTMENT PE, VALPARAISO, INDIANA 46383
October, 1969
l1
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the very Frst

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time they try
IS ONLY
OUTfOr
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.;;....
Cleveland Institute of Electronics
;.:;:.
of success in obtaining a
Government FCC License
011
!':
The Cleveland Institute of Electronics hereby warrants that

upon completion of the Electronics Technology, Broadcast
Engineering, or First -Class FCC License course, you will be
able to pass the FCC examination for a First Class Commercial Radio Telephone License (with Radar Endorsement) ;
OR upon completion of the Electronic Communications
course you will be able to pass the FCC examination for a
Second Class Commercial Radio Telephone License;
AND in the event that you are unable to pass the FCC test
for the course you select, on the very first try, you will receive a FULL REFUND of all tuition payments.
This warranty is valid for the entire period of the completion time allowed for the course selected.
'
.. :;
(1
((j
' .i
.;::'
(i,1i.:
106
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::::.::Ei
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:A04....::.:.::.721.i.Z:::......::.i...::::
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
You can earn more money

if Y ou get an FCC License
...and here's our famous CIE warranty that
you will get your license if you study with us at home
with your present income''
most practical thing you can do
about it is "bone up" on your electronics,
pass the FCC exam, and get your Government license.
The demand for licensed men is enormous. Ten years ago there were about
'100,000 licensed communications stations,
including those for police and fire departments, airlines, the merchant marine, pipelines, telephone companies, taxicabs, railroads, trucking firms. delivery services, and
NOTT
TISFIED
so on.
Today there are over a million such stations on the air, and the number is growing
constantly. And according to Federal law,
no one is permitted to operate or service
such equipment without a Commercial FCC
License or without being under the direct
supervision of a licensed operator.
This has resulted in a gold mine of new
business for licensed service technicians. A
typical mobile radio service contract pays
an average of about $100 a month. It's possible for one trained technician to maintain
eight to ten such mobile systems. Some men
cover as many as fifteen systems, each with
perhaps a dozen units.
Coming Impact of UHF

This demand for licensed operators and service technicians will be boosted again in the
next 5 years by the mushrooming of UHF
television. To the 500 or so VHF television
stations now in operation. several times that
many UHF stations may be added by the
licensing of UHF channels and the sale of
10 million all -channel sets per year.
Opportunities in Plants
And there are other exciting opportunities
in aerospace industries, electronics manufacturers, telephone companies, and plants operated by electronic automation. Inside industrial plants like these, it's the licensed
technician who is always considered first for
promotion and in-plant training programs.
The reason is simple. Passing the Federal
government's FCC exam and getting your
license is widely accepted proof that you
know the fundamentals of electronics.
So why doesn't everybody who "tinkers"
with electronic components get an FCC License and start cleaning up?
The answer: it's not that simple. The goyernment's licensing exam is tough. In fact,
an average of two out of every three men
who take the FCC exam fail.
2 NEW
CIE CAREER
COURSES
CIE
There is one way, however, of being pretty

certain that you will pass the FCC exam. And
that is to take one of the FCC home study
courses offered by the Cleveland Institute
of Electronics.
CIE courses are so effective that better
than 9 out of every 10 CIE -trained graduates
who take the exam pass it. That's why we can
afford to back our courses with the iron-clad
Warranty shown on the facing page: you get
your FCC License or your money back.
There's a reason for this remarkable record. From the beginning, CIE has specialized
in electronics courses designed for home
study. We have developed techniques that
make learning at home easy, even if you've
had trouble studying before.
In a Class by Yourself
Your CIE instructor gives his undivided personal attention to the lessons and questions
you send in. It's like being the only student
in his "class." He not only grades your work,
he analyzes it. Even your correct answers
can reveal misunderstandings he will help

you clear up. And he mails back his corrections and comments the same day he receives your assignment, so you can read his
notations while everything is still fresh in
your mind.
It Really Works
Our files are crammed with success stories
of men whose CIE training has gained them
their FCC "tickets" and admission to a higher
income bracket.
Mark Newland of Santa Maria, Calif.,
boosted his earnings by $120 a month after
getting his FCC License. He says: "Of 11
different correspondence courses I've taken,
CIE's was the best prepared, most interesting, and easiest to understand."
Once he could show his FCC License, CIE
graduate Calvin Smith of Salinas, California,
landed the mobile phone job he'd been after
for over a year.
Mail Card for Two Free Books

Want to know more? The postpaid reply card
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If card has been removed, just mail the cou
pon at right.
1. BROADCAST (Radio and TV) ENGINEERING... now includes

Video Systems, Monitors, FM Stereo Multiplex, Color Trans-
mitter Operation and CAN.
2. ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING...covers steady -state and transient network theory, solid state physics and circuitry, pulse
techniques, computer logic and mathematics through calculus.
A college -level course for men already working in Electronics.

anu,
/ /b cas, / Ln au
...
Station WBOE
"I
give Cleveland Institute credit for my

First Class Commercial
FCC License. Even
though I had only six

weeks of high school
algebra, CIEs AUTO-
PROGRAMMED', lessons make electronics theory and fundamentals easy. I

now have a good job in studio operation,
transmitting. proof of performance, equipment servicing. Believe me, CIE lives up
to its promises :'
Chuck Hawkins,
Chief Radio
Technician, Division
12, Ohio Dept.
of Highways
"My CIE Course enabled me to pass both

the 2nd and 1st Class
License Exams on my
first attempt...I had no

prior electronics training either. I'm now in charge of Division
Communications. We service 119 mobile
units and six base stations. It's an interesting, challenging and rewarding job. And
incidentally, I got it through CIE's Job
Placement Service."
ENROLL UNDER NEW G.I. BILL: All CIE
courses are available under the new G.I.
Bill. If you served on active duty since

January 31, 1955, OR are in service now,
check box on reply card for G.I. Bill
information.

1776 E. 17th St., Cleveland, O. 44114
Please send me without cost or obligation:
Your 44 -page book "Flow To Succeed In
Electronics" describing the job opportunities in Electronics today, and how your
courses can prepare me for them.
Your book on "How To Get A Commercial
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FCC
I
especially interested in:
am
Electronics
Technology
Ectronic
Broadcast
Engineering
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Engineering
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Address
City
State
Zip
Age
Check here for G.I. Bill information

PE -89
-i

October, 1969
THESE CIE MEN PASSED THE FCC

NOW THEY
LICENSE EXAM
HAVE GOOD JOBS
Matt Stucrynski,
Senior Transmitter
Operator, Radio
109
Earn
Your
Degree
ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING
through HOME STUDY
HIGHLY EFFECTIVE HOME STUDY COURSES IN

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
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Earn your Associate in Science Degree in Electronics
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engineering level. Complete college level courses

in Electronics Engineering. We're a forward looking school. Outstanding lesson material- thorough
and easy to understand. Engineering taught on the
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on the basis of memorization. Up to date in every
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means the difference between a low paying technician job and a high paying engineering position.
Low tuition cost with low monthly payments. Free
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Write for free descriptive literature.
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COOK'S
INSTITUTE of efectranicJ e0. inevrinrf
kHz with news, talks. a stamp program and national music.

Rwanda-Deutsche Welle relay. Kigali, has been
tuned at 1745 s /on in English on 15.435 kHz, 0600
s /on in English on 11.785 kHz. and at 2030 s /on in
German on 15.380 kHz. Test xmsn's have been
found on 17,865 kHz at 0050 to past 0230 with anmts
in German, English, French and another, unidentiMd, language.
Solomon Islands -VQO4, Honnira, is often good
in the west at 1100 -1130 with news. British press
review and a religious program. This is on 3995
kHz and listeners may experience hamband QRM.
South Africa -R. RSA, Johannesburg, is now utilizing 9715 kHz. dual to next -door 9705 kHz, from
2330 s /on in English to Newfoundland and Eastern
\.A.
Turkey -R. Ankara continues to be fairly well

heard on 15,160 kHz in English to N.A. at 22002230. Monitoring reports indicate considerable
QRM from Voice of America; other reporters state
the frequency to be now relatively clear of interference.
USSR- Kalinin is reported on 15.470 kHz at 0054
in Russian. at 0106 in Spanish. a horn IS at 0130,
in language at 0330 and with music at 0539. Further
xmsn's in Russian are said to be at 1850 under the
Radio Peace and Progress ID. R. Yakutsk. Siberia,
is noted on 4395 kHz from 1241 -1301 in Russian
anmts and classical music. Some sources list this
frequency as bearing the callsign RV214, though
weve never heard it used.
Vatican City -Vatican Radio has another new
channel in service, it being 17,800 kHz, as tuned
at 2330 s /on in Spanish to L.A. and from 0110 in
French. This is in addition to 17,810 kHz.
Southwest Regional Office

P.O. Box 36185
Houston, Texas 77036

Established 1945
Formerly
Cook's School of Electronics
CAPACITANCE METER
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(Payment Must Accompany Order)
EDISON INSTRUMENTS, INC.

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Rahway, N. J. 07065
(201) 381 -0140
still in a circuit; any resistance, voltage,

or other capacitance in the circuit will
result in a false reading, and any external voltage might damage the meter
movement.
You use the capacitance meter in
much the same manner as you would use
an ohmmeter to measure resistance.
Simply set the range switch to the position desired, connect the capacitor to be
tested, and interpret the value from the
position of the meter pointer and the
range multiplier.
Don't be surprised if many of your
capacitors seem way off from their rated
values. Many capacitors have much
greater tolerances than other electronic
components, and some of the less expensive ones may even be rated at +80%,
20
tolerance. This would mean that
a 0.01 -pF capacitor could have a value
anywhere between 0.008 lj.F and 0.018 .sF
and still be considered good. Of course,
if a different tolerance is stamped on the
capacitor case, the final reading should
be within those limits.
30
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
ABOUT YOUR
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total of 53 two -man mobile units plus an
trailer base station including generator were supplied by the Four Points Club
for this operation.
Among the many clubs that assist with
parade communications, is the Nutmeg Citizens Radio Association of Bridgeport, ConA
18 -foot
.,
necticut. They provide communications for

the Annual Barnum Festival Parade held
on the Fourth of July in Bridgeport.
This time of year, the Nutmeg Club and
many others are planning for the annual
"Pumpkin Patrol ". On Halloween night,
CB'ers in cooperation with the local law enforcement agencies patrol the streets of the
town and report any suspicious mischiefmaking goblins. This activity reduces vandalism and leaves the police free to handle
more serious police business. Citizens Radio
mobile units are located at potential trouble
spots, mostly schools. These lookouts spot
possible vandals and report them to the
police department. The presence of adults in
a car usually prevents vandalism.
Your subscription to POPULAR ELECTRONICS iS

maintained on one of the world's most modern,
efficient computer systems, and if you're like 99%
of our subscribers, you'll never have any reason
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We have found that when complaints do arise,
the majority of them occur because people have
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our computer would think that two separate subscriptions were involved, and it would start sending you two copies of POPULAR ELECTRONICS each
month. Other examples of combinations of names
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John Henry Smith and Henry Smith; and Mrs.

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same as 100 2nd St.
So, please, when you write us about your sub-
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from the cover of the magazine
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-or
CONTROLLED
QUALITY
`-
CRYSTALS by
C RYSTEK
The "On- Channel" Crystals
Capital City Citizens Band Communications, Inc.
(Atlanta, Ga.) assists law enforcement authorities
controlling traffic during "Atlanta 500" auto race.
CB Who's Who. As Citizens Two -Way

Radio grows, we would like to compile a list
of prominent people in all areas who use CB.
If you know of any such persons, celebrities,
political figures, business leaders, entertainers, sports stars, etc., please send us
their names and call letters if known. We
will put together a list and publish it when
appropriate. While you're at it, be sure to
send us news of your CB club, or any other
news of interest to CB'ers everywhere. Address it to: Editor, Two -Way REACTions,
c/o REACT National Headquarters, 205
West Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60606.
-30-
October, 1969
NOW
ZI
I"ORDER CRYSTALS
Your dealer has new, fast, direct -factory

ZIP Order Purchase Certificates to enable
you to get CRYSTEK CB, Monitor or
Amateur Crystals mailed direct to you
promptly. Ask about them.
CRYSTEK formerly Texas Crystals
Div. of Whitehall Electronics Corp.
1000 Crystal Drive
Fort Myers, Florida 33901
4117 W. Jefferson Blvd.

Los Angeles, California 90016
111
now...
DWELL EXTENDER
(Continued front page 54)
to drive and adios(
hex socket screws
...IN PRECISION WORK

With the
set, you
types of
keys.
Handy
tools in this new, compact convertible screwdriver

can turn all types of hex socket screws... in all
locations
...
Identify the connections on the ignition coil. There are usually three wires
one large diameter coming from the insulated top of the coil) carries the high
voltage to the distributor; one goes to
the ignition switch and may be marked
or "SATT" and the third goes to
( +)
the distributor (where the points are)
and is marked (
or "DIST." This last
connection is the one you want. Loosen
the nut that secures this lead to the coil
and insert the lead from the proper terminal on the Spark Injector. Do not remove any existing wires. Tighten the
nut, making sure that all of the leads
are making good contact with the coil
terminals. Locate a convenient ground
screw or nut. Loosen it and insert the
ground lead from the Spark Injector. Retighten the screw or nut.
faster, easier than with conventional
midgets are ideal for such delicate, precision work

as assembly and servicing of instruments and controls. Remarkable
"piggyback" torque amplifier
handle adds grip, reach, and
power needed for other
applications, lets you
do more jobs with
fewer tools.
PS -89 SET
8 midgets (hex size
.028"
thru /8 ") plus hollow,
"piggyback" handle. Slim, trim,
see -thru plastic case fits
pocket or tool box,
1
doubles as bench
stand.
OOoo
O
REQUEST COMPLETE NANO TOOL CATALOG

which includes information on other Xcelite Compact Sets,
too
tip /Phillips /Scrulox" screwdrivers, nutdrivers,
and combinations.
-slot
Nationwide availability through local distributor
-XCELITE, INC., 20 Bank St., Orchard Park, N. Y. 14127

Send complete
tool catalog, which includes information on
all Xcelite Compact Sets.

name
address
city
state & zip
Mount the Dwell Extender in relatively cool place (in

this case on sheet-metal wheel housing) using suitable mounting hardware and shock -absorbing rubber grommets at two heat -sink mounting holes. The
two -wire connecting cable can use same mounting
hardware as the conventional engine wiring system.
Use #14 insulated wire to make these

electrical connections. A spade lug can
be soldered to each wire to make it easier
to connect to the proper points.
When new points are installed or you
want to check dwell time, disconnect the
Dwell Extender by removing the one
wire to the ignition coil. Once the dwell
has been checked or reset, reconnect the
Dwell Extender lead.
In Canada contact Charles W. Pointon, Ltd.
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
New sound column

OP AMP QUIZ
Nigh Fidelity
ANSWERS
Speaker System
Looks beautiful, sounds excitingly
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uses scientific focusing principle
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(Quiz is on page 50)
ling fidelity. Ideal for stereo.

331/a "h.x 102/2 "w. x4 "d.4 Jensen
speakers
of the feedback RF by the value of the input

resistor RIN. Therefore the gain of the circuit
is 1000/500 =2. Note that the input connects
and the outto the input terminal marked (
put connects to the output terminal marked
amplifier.
( +). The circuit is thus an inverting
Since the input is -5 volts, EoUT is +10 volts.
3. Operational amplifiers can be used to "sum"

or algebraically add the voltages at their inputs.
In this circuit, the gain of each input leg is one.
The output voltage is the sum of the amplified
inputs and is inverted. Thus EUT is +6 volts.
4. Operational amplifiers can be used as cur-
rent generators if the current in the feedback

loop is utilized. The load must be connected
into the feedback loop as shown in the circuit.
The
Write for free catalog

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NAME
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First
Please
Print
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STREET ADDRESS or ROUTE & BOX NO.

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CIRCLE NO.
October, 1969
Phono
Shortwave
7. The circuit is an integrator because the

effective output is that which appears across
the capacitor.
10. The first of these two unity -gain amplifiers

inverts the input signal. The second inverts the
output of the first. Therefore, the outputs are
balanced.
COMPANY
PRODUCTS
60.35
Dept. C
600 S.
6. Notice that E15 connects to the input terminal marked ( +) and EOUT connects to the output terminal marked ( +). Therefore this is a
non-inverting amplifier.
9. As the switches are closed one by one, the

inputs are inverted and summed, one on top
of the other in sequence, generating a positive
staircase waveform.
Astre
is non -inverting.
8. The circuit is a differentiator because the

effective output is that which appears across
the resistor.
specially- designed
Sycamore St., Genoa, Ill.
5. The gain of the voltage follower is one. The

input impedance of this circuit is very high and
the output impedance is very low. The circuit
...
-)
2. The gain of this inverting amplifier is also

determined by dividing the feedback resistance
by the input resistance. Thus, gain =100/
1000 =0.1. Since the amplifier inverts, the
gain is actually -0.1.
high compliance woofers, 2 direct

radiator tweeters. 50 to 17,000
cps. Cabinet of genuine walnut with
designed to hang
oiled finish
on the wall like a picture.
1. The gain of an operational amplifier as

shown can be determined by dividing the value
ON READER SERVICE PAGE

113
HOMESTEADER
(Continued from page 731
Protection Loop. The protection loop is
a simple series circuit using switches
and /or conductive window tape on the

inside surface of the glass. Almost any
type of switch can be used -including
magnetic types in which the switch is
mounted on either the window or window
jamb and the operating magnet is mounted so that it operates closes) the switch
when the window is closed. ( Magnetic
switches are suggested because of their
long life.)
The conductive window tape is cemented across or around the perimeter
of the glass and terminated in contacts
on the window frame. When the window
is closed, the contacts are made. If the
window is broken by an intruder, the
tape shears very easily, opening the circuit and operating the alarm.
Wiring the protection loop may present a problem, depending on the type
of construction of the building being pro(
...
tected. If the wires connecting switches,

tape, or breakwire contacts cannot be
run through the walls or ceiling, they
can be routed up a seam in paneling or
covered with tape and painted over. The
interconnecting wiring can be fine -gauge
wire since current flow through the loop
is only about 2 mA.
The exit door can be protected with
either a magnetic switch (as described
above for the windows) or a mechanical,
normally open switch that is closed when
the door is closed. Besides switches,
there are many other ways in which a
contact can be made while a door is
closed and broken when the door is
open. Use your imagination. All you have
to remember is that the circuit between
terminals 4 and 5 on the PC board must
be complete for the alarm to work and
the exit door switch must make a complete circuit between terminals 5 and 6.
It is also possible to make a "silent
alarm" by replacing the local alarm bell
with a remote bell or light. In this way,
the intruder will not know that you are
aware of his presence, and you can take
any action you deem neccessary.
-[30}-
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a 30 -year reputation for innovative design
a consistently creative approach to sound
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creation of extraordinary speakers such as the 312.
A glance at its specifications will tell you the 312 is an exceptionally fine reproducer. Unfortunately, they won't begin to show you how extraordinarily pleasing the sound is
that flows from it. You must.dtscover that for yourself, by
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what you'd expect to pay. Hear the 312 soon. Find out why
we call it: "the speaker your other components will be
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...
This is where it all

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"Listen ..
University
Specifications: Model 312
3 -way 12" Diffaxial

Speaker. Frequency response: 28 to well over
40,000 Hz. Patented Sphericon tweeter is flat
within 2 db to 22:000 Hz. Power rating: 35 watts
integrated program material. Impedance: 8-16
ohms. Crossover: 1000 Hz (mechanical). 3000 Hz
(electrical). Dimensions: 13" overall dia 61"
deep. Mounting: Front or rear battle. Special
Features: Rigid, die -cast frame. Wide -angle dispersion by patented Sphericon Super Tweeter
and exclusive Diffusicone principle. Rigid cup
baffle (eliminates tweeter- woofer Interference).
High compliance suspension with University's
exclusive Critical Edge Damping.
UNIVERSITYeSOUND
DIVISION OF try LING ALTEC. INC
A
P. O.
aox 26105.
Oklahoma Say. Okla. 73126
Sounds
Better."
114

POPULAR ELECTRONICS
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LIBRARY
cent larger than its predecessor, the new

manual is an authoritative reference on bipolar
transistors besides giving information on
FET's, SCR's, triacs, diacs, etc. Four sections
make up the Manual: Text chapters provide
basic tutorial information on the operation,
application, and testing of semiconductor devices. This is followed by the Technical Data
ELECTRONICS
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THREE COURSES
FOR TECHNICIANS WITH
EXTENSIVE LABORATORY TRAINING!
Published by Commercial Engineering, RCA

Electronic Components, Ho, ison, N.J. 07029.
Soft corer. 656 pages. $2.50.
DIGITAL COMPUTER PRINCIPLES,
Second Edition
Put together by the Staff of the Technical

Training Department, Burroughs Corp., this
second edition continues to provide a broad
survey of the principles of digital computers
and the elements of both large and small
computing systems. Extensively revised and
reorganized, the book covers not only numbering systems, logic, Boolean algebra, and
computer electronics, but also the latest input /output devices and other peripheral
equipment. The updated contents include
new material on thin -film cryctron memories,
IC's, modularity concepts, displays, executive
and control programs, multiprogramming,
and multiprocessing. Solid -state circuits have
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edition. A more detailed analysis of computer
organization is presented and new material
on system control concepts has been added.
Published by McGraw -Hill Book Co., 330 West
42 St., New York, N.Y. 10036. Hard cover. 578
pages. $8.95.
KNOW YOUR VOM -VTVM

by Joseph A. Risse
All Courses approved for Veterans' training

Electronics Technician
80 weeks
Broadcast Engineer
60 weeks
Radiotelegraph Operator
60 weeks
19694970 dates:
September 2, 1969, January 19, 1970,
June 8, 1970, November 9, 1970
New Sessions follow in 20 week intervals from dates listed.
PORT ARTHUR COLLEGE

1500
Proctor,
Box
310,
Port
Arthur,
Texas
77640
FREE BROCHURE
Everyone who uses a VOM or VTVM should

have a good working knowledge of its use,
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just such information. It explains the major
features common to test meters, and gives
you an idea of what features to look for
when you are shopping around for a new meter as well as how to make the most of the
meter you already have. The first chapter is
devoted to the uses of meters in general.
Succeeding chapters deal separately with the
VOM and VTVM, its operation and use. And
the final chapter discusses modern solid -state
meters. End -of- chapter review questions and
an answer key are provided.
Published by Howard W. Sams & Co., Inc.,
4300 West 62 St., Indianapolis, Ind. 46206. Soft
cover. 159 pages. 83.50.
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
NEW AND IMPORTANT
VARIABLE TRANSFORMER
(Continued front page 44 )
SAMS BOOKS
1 -2 -3 -4 Servicing Automobile Stereo
The "1 -2 -3-4 Method" is a simple, logical step -by-step
process which helps do the servicing job in the easy
way and the right way. This book first applies the
Method to both mechanical and electrical equipment,
and then proceeds to cover the electronic and mechanical principles of automobile stereo, fm multiplex, and
tape cartridge systems. Finally, the book shows how to
apply the "1 -2 -3 -4 Method" to auto stereo systems.
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coded screws of SOY and Pl; the meter

should indicate zero resistance-even on
the lowest range setting. The resistance
registered between the two brass -coded
screws should be zero ohms.
Color -TV Training Manual

practical and excellent guide for anyone interested
or preparing to service color -TV receivers. Clearly
and fully describes the science of color, requirements
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Closed- Circuit Television Handbook. 2nd Ed.
Explains in practical terms the basic concepts of CCTV
systems. Describes the versatile applications of closed circuit television, and the equipment used. Subjects
include cameras, monitors, video recorders, lighting,
and signal transmission. Order 20726, only
$5.95
CB Radio Servicing Guide. 2nd Ed.
Provides a comprehensive guide to CB radio servicing.
Shows troubleshooting procedures for rapid solutions
to problems in single -channel and multi -channel receivers and transmitters. Illustrated with CB radio
schematics, test equipment diagrams, and charts showing how much range you can expect from CB radio.
Order 20722, only
$3.95
101 Questions & Answers About Amateur Radio
A handy and practical reference source providing the
answers to the most frequently asked questions about
ham radio. An invaluable book for both the newcomer
and the old- timer. Order 20731, only
$2.95
Record Changer Servicing Guide
This book provides a complete understanding of record
changers, how they operate, and the various systems
employed. Provides detailed instructions on how to
track down troubles encountered in record changers
and how to repair them in the fastest and most effective
way. Order 20730, only
$3.95
A
in
HOW IT WORKS
Referring to Fig. 1, with RI set for maximum
resistance, the charge across C2 is not sufficient
to cause the integral trigger diode (at terminal G
of QI) to conduct. Therefore, no pulse is available to trigger the triac (between terminals and
2 of QI) into conduction. Consequently, no voltage can be dropped across a load connected to
SOI because QI is essentially an open switch.
Now, as the resistance of RI is decreased, a
point will be reached at which the amplitude of
the voltage across C'2 will be sufficient to cause
the trigger diode to conduct and fire the trias for
a portion of each a.c. cycle. The amplitude of the
voltage dropped across the load is thus controlled
by the point in each half cycle at which 01 triggers on. Decrease the resistance setting of RI even
further, and you increase the average load voltage amplitude.
To improve circuit performance, R2 allows CI
to charge to a higher voltage than does ('I. This
allows the charge on C2 to be partially restored
once during each half cycle of the a.c. Rower by
the charge on Cl. The RC network consisting of
R3 and C2 provides stability to the circuit when
:In inductive load is connected to Sr)1.
I
To use the Solid -State Variable Transformer, assemble the utility box. (It's
also a good idea to anchor the two sections of the box together with sheet metal screws to prevent the box from
coming apart while you're removing it
from a wall outlet.) Plug PI into a con venient a.c. outlet. Almost any electrical
device that consumes less than 360 watts
of power (3 amperes) can be operated
via the Solid-State Variable Transformer. The only exceptions to the general
rule are fluorescent lamps and devices
that require a large starting current.
The markings on the control dial plate
can be used only as a rough guide because Rl is not linear at its low- resistance end. The best approach to using
the control is to remember the settings
most often used by different appliances.
Or you can mark your favorite settings
-[}right on the dial plate.
October, 1969
RECENT BESTSELLING BOOKS

Tube Substitution Handbook. 12th Ed. 20700
$1.75
3 50
How to Build Speaker Enclosures. 20520
Citizens Band Radio Handbook. 3rd Ed. 20569....4.25
4 25
Color -TV Servicing Guide. 20358
Tape Recorders -How They Work. 2nd Ed. 20445..4.50
4 95
How to Repair Major Appliances. 20650
Audio Cyclopedia. 2nd Ed. 20675
29.95
Know Your VOM -VTVM. 2nd Ed. 20676
3.50
Lasers and Masers. 20559
4.95
- --
HOWARD W. SAMS & CO., INC.
- - -1
Order from any Electronic Parts Distributor, or

mail to Howard W. Sams & Co., Inc., Dept. PE -10
4300 W. 62nd St., Indianapolis, Ind. 46268
Send the following books: Nos
enclosed
Send FREE 1970 Sams Book Catalog
Name
Address
-_
City
_State
zip_
J
117
HIGH -PERFORMANCE COMPACT AM /FM TUNER
The use of a field- effect transistor in the

front end, plus advanced design techniques
in the multi -stage i.f. section makes the Model TX-500 budget- priced AM /FM tuner by
PRODUCTS

tory- assembled phones of comparable quality.
Comfortable foam -cushioned earcups help
seal out room noises,
while the adjustable headband can he set for maximum comfort. Large 3172"
dynamic elements in the
earcups deliver clean,
sound with full fidelity from very low bass

(20 Hz) up to highs of
16,000 Hz. Separate volume controls in each earpiece permit perfect
balance setting and make it unnecessary for
the listener to leave his chair to adjust amplifier volume. The 4 -16-ohm impedance headphone set is supplied with an 8' cord with
standard 1/4" phone plugs, solder, and full instructions for assembly and use.
BASIC
15
AUDIO POWER AMPLIFIER
80 is
rated at 40 watts
r.m.s. power /channel

across the entire au-
dio spectrum with

both channels driven
simultaneously into 8
ohms. Harmonic distortion is less than 0.5'i. -i.m. distortion is
less than 0.1% -at rated output and is even
better at lower levels. The two output channels of the Stereo 80 can be paralleled for
80 -watt, 4 -ohm monophonic operation when
both inputs are simultaneously paralleled. In
kit form, the Stereo 80 has factory-assembled
and in- circuit tested printed circuit boards
which include all critical circuitry.
Circle No.
91 on
Reader Service Page
990
15
U.S.A. Corp. a best buy
low- investment,
high -quality compo-
for
nents. This solid -state

stereo tuner utilizes low noise silicon transistors
with multiplex circuitry designed to provide
wide channel separation and excellent frequency response. A special noise filter circuit
reduces undesirable multiplex broadcast
noise. A front -panel control allows the user
to switch the filter into and out of the circuit.
Technical specifications: 55 dB at 98 MHz FM
image rejection; 2.5V FM sensitivity; 50-dB
signal -to -noise ratio. The FM reception is
characterized by minimum interference and
zero cross modulation.
Circle No.
or 115
The Model 80 basic hi -fi power amplifier

made by Dynaco, Inc., maximizes performance, reliability, and flexibility, even into
such reactive loads as electrostatic speaker
systems. The Stereo
or 115
Electronics
Pioneer
92 on
Reader Service Page
NEW -CONCEPT SPEAKER
SYSTEM
or 115
15
DESIGN
Full- frequency, three- dimensional stereo effect throughout any listening room is the
big feature claimed for the H.H. Scott, Inc.,
"Quadrant" Model 100 speaker
system. To accomplish this,
Scott has mounted a pair of
8" woofers on opposite sides
of the enclosure and a 3" midrange /tweeter (in individual
air- suspension chambers) on
each of the four sides. The
woofers disperse sound
through a 180 arc, the midrange /tweeters through a 90
arc, to provide a full 360 of

full-range coverage and eliminate the "point
source." Technical specifications: frequency
range -38-20,000 Hz; impedance -6 -8 ohms;
power handling capacity-80 watts; crossover
frequency -2000 Hz; crossover network -LCtype with 12 dB /octave; air -suspension enclosure; tweeter level control; minimum
amplifier power required -10 watts; recommended amplifies' damping factor -10.
or 115
15
tfilmewza, NEW COMPACT TUBE TESTER
MODEL
OUTPERFORMS MANY HIGHER PRICED INSTRUMENTS

Full Conductance Cathode Test Has All The Latest Sockets
Special, Unique Open- Circuit 12Tests Over 3000 Tubes
Button Master Selection Slide -Switch Row
Tests
Makes Unit Truly Obsolescent Proof
Multiple Element Terminations Quickly, Easily
Complete With Latest Tube Test Data That
Is Permanently Kept Up -To -Date.
=1-
All Mercury Test Equipment Guaranteed For One Full Year!

Write for complete catalog of Mercury Test and Repair
Equipment, and name of your nearest dealer.
MERCURY ELECTRONICS CORPORATION

Power Reg.: 115V, 50/60 Hz 50W
Hi- impact molded case, 61/2 x 71/2
315 Roslyn Road

x 31/2
4 lbs.
Mineola, N.Y. 11501
(516) 742 -5400
CANADA: William Cohan Corp.

118
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS MARKET PLACE

COMMERCIAL RATE: For firms or individuals offering commercial
products or services. $1.15 per word (including name and address).
Minimum order $11.50. Payment must accompany copy except when
ads are placed by accredited advertising agencies. Frequency discount: 5% for 6 months; 10% for 12 months paid in advance.
READER RATE: For individuals with a personal item to buy or sell.
70c per word (including name and address). No Minimum! Payment
must accompany copy.
GENERAL INFORMATION: First word in all ads set in bold caps at no

extra charge. Additional words may be set in bold caps at 10c extra
per word. All copy subject to publisher's approval. Closing Date: 1st
of the 2nd preceding month (for example, March issue closes January 1st). Send order and remittance to: Hal Cymes, POPULAR ELECTRONICS, One Park Avenue, New York, New York 10016.
FOR SALE
ULTRA -SENSITIVE AND POWERFUL METAL DETECTORS-join the

many who are finding buried coins, minerals, relics and artifacts.
Don't buy till you see our FREE catalog of new models. Write Jetco,
Box 132 -PE, Huntsville, Texas 77340.
FREE! Giant bargain catalog on transistors, diodes, rectifiers, SCR's,

zeners, parts. Poly Paks, P.O. Box 942, Lynnfield, Mass. 09140.
GOVERNMENT Surplus Receivers, Transmitters, Snooperscopes, Radios, Parts, Picture Catalog 25. Meshna, Nahant, Mass. 09108.
Ideal for miniature transmitter tests. New illustrated
catalog, 25. Single and multistage kits, cones, engines, launchers,
trackers, rocket aerial cameras, technical information. Fast service.
Estes Industries, Dept. 18, Penrose, Colorado 81240.
LOWEST Prices Electronic Parts. Confidential Catalog Free. KNAPP,
3174 8th Ave. S.W., Largo. Fla. 33540.
EUROPEAN and Japanese bargains catalogs. $1 each. Dee, 10639E
Riverside, North Hollywood, Calif. 91602.
MECHANICAL, ELECTRONIC devices catalog 10. Greatest Values
Lowest Prices. Fertik's, 5249 "D ", Philadelphia, Pa. 19120.
ROCKETS:
MUSIC LOVERS, CONTINUOUS, UNINTERRUPTED BACKGROUND

MUSIC FROM YOUR FM RADIO, USING NEW INEXPENSIVE ADAPTOR. FREE LITERATURE. ELECTRONICS, 11500 -Z NW 7th AVE.,
MIAMI, FLORIDA 33168.
WE SELL CONSTRUCTION PLANS. TELEPHONE: Answering Machine,
Speakerphone, Carphone, Phonevision, Legal Connector, Auto Dialer,
Central Dial System. TELEVISION: $35.00 Color Converter, Tape Recorder, 3DTV. $25.00 Camera. DETECTIVE: Infinity Transmitter, Tail
Transmitter, Police Radar Detector. HOBBYIST: Electron Microscope,
96 Hour Tape Music System. Ultrasonic Dishwasher, Radar-Oven,
Electronic Tranquilizer. Plans $4.95 each. COURSES: Telephone
Engineering $39.50, Detective Electronics $22.50, Anti -Detective
Electronics $27.50. SUPER HOBBY CATALOG 25.. Don Britton
Enterprises, 7906 Santa Monica Blvd., Hollywood, Calif. 90046.
WEBBER LAB's. Police & Fire Converters. Catalog 100. 72 Cottage
Street, Lynn, Mass. 09105.
RADIO -T.V. Tubes -330 each- Send for free catalog. Cornell, 0213
University, San Diego, Calif. 92105.
WHOLESALE COMPONENTS: Manufacturers and distributors only.
Request free catalog on business letterhead. WESCOM, Box 2536,
El Cajon,
California 92021.
INVESTIGATORS, LATEST ELECTRONIC AIDS. FREE LITERATURE.

CLIFTON, 11500 -L NW 7th AVE., MIAMI, FLORIDA 33168.
TV CAMERA PRICE BARRIER BROKEN: Complete solid -state TV
camera kit now only $116.95. Starter kits $18.95 up. Plans 25 up.
Easy -educational- economical. Also vidicons. lenses, modules, etc,
Catalog FREE. ATV RESEARCH, 1301 Broadway, Dakota City, Nebr.
68731.
FREE ELECTRONICS PARTS FLYER. Large
catalog $1.00 deposit.
BIGELOW ELECTRONICS, BLUFFTON, OHIO 45817.

JAPAN 8 HONG KONG DIRECTORY. Electronics, all merchandise.
World trade information, $1.00 today. Ippano Kaisha Ltd., Box
6266, Spokane, Washington 99207.
CIRCUIT Boards, Parts for "Poptronics" projects. Free catalog.
S.W. Technical, Box 16297, San Antonio, Texas 78216.
LINEAR AMPLIFIERS: "Hawk" -25 watts output-$59.95; "Hornet"

50 watts output -$98.50; "Raider" -100 watts -$139.50; "Mav-
erick- 250" -250 watts -$244.95; AM and SSB. "Scorpion " -50
watt 12 V. Mobile amplifier -$99.95; "Bandit II " -12 V. Mobile
Amplifier-$169.95. Frequency range 20 -35 megacycles (illegal for
class D 11 meters.) Dealer inquiries invited. 0 & A Manufacturing
Co., 1217 Avenue C, Scottsbluff, Nebraska 69361.
FREE Catalog low priced, high performance subminiature listening
devices direct from manufacturer. Emery LT -10, 156 Fifth Avenue,
New York, N. Y. 10010.
October, 1969
LASER parts catalog 60. Moynihan, 107 North Brighton, Atlantic

City, New Jersey 08401.
"GIZMOTCHY" CB beams, dealers wanted Box 1820, Huntington

Beach, Calif. 92647.
PSYCHEDELIC catalog. Posters, lighting, etc. Send 25 for handling
to Hole In The Wall, 6055PE Lankershim, North Hollywood, Calif.
91606.
PSYCHEDELIC STROBES 200 flashes per -min. $14.95 Guaranteed.
Zipcom, 5620 W. 12, L.R., Arkansas 72204.
NEW heavy duty CD ignition system. Details free. Kit, $28.95; assembled, $39.95. Delta International, Ltd., Box 1946Z, Grand
Junction, Colo. 81501. Dealers invited.
...
CONSTRUCTION PLANS: LASER

$2.00. Surveillance Devices
two F.M. Bugging Transmitters
.
$1.00. Tail Transmitter .
$1.00. Bug Detector
.
$1.00. Surveillance equipment and kits
available. Howard, 20174 Ward, Detroit. Michigan 48235.
SENCORE TEST EQUIPMENT UNBELIEVABLE PRICES. FREE CATALOG AND PRICE SHEET. FORDHAM RADIO, 265 EAST 149TH
STREET, BRONX, N.Y. 10451.
FM BACKGROUND MUSIC! Miniaturized adapter coor.ccts to any
FM Radio Tuner. Brings in hidden commercial free programs. Performance guaranteed. $29 postpaid. K -Lab, Dept. Z, Box 572,
S. Norwalk, Conn. 06856.
"ELECTRONICS" HEADACHE? Play ELECTROGRAM!

game of
schematic diagraming. Relaxing -educational! $5.00 postpaid. ATV
RESEARCH, 1301 Broadway, Dakota City, Nebr. 68731.
RESISTOR PROBLEMS? Too expensive? No longer! /2w only 8f;
10/60 assorted. Garrett Industries, 4504 Nunnswood, Lakeland,
Florida 33803.
THE ART OF DE- BUGGING -$5.95. TRON-X PUBLICATIONS, P.O.
BOX 38155, HOLLYWOOD, CALIFORNIA 90038.
POCKET monitor receiver, crystal controlled, low priced. Free
catalog. JMD Electronics, 328 Madison Avenue, West Hemp., N.Y.
11552.
.
POLICE -FIRE RADIO- DISPATCHER DIRECTORIES! Exclusive latest

CONFIDENTIAL listings. Official CALLSIGNS, FREQUENCIES! Catalog for stamp. Communications, Box 56 -PE, Commack, N.Y. 11725.
big- screen oscilloscope, Only

minor changes required. No electronic experience necessary. Illustrated plans, $2.00. Relco -A33, Box 10563. Houston, Texas 77018.
BURGLAR -fire alarm. Southeastern largest supplier. Schematic,
wiring instructions 25. SILMAR, 3476 -E N.W. 7th Street, Miami,
Florida 33125.
CONVERT any television to sensitive,
COMPONENTS? Kits? Hardware? Free catalog! Truvue Paks, Box 275,

Chelsea, Mass. 02150.
DIAGRAMS, service
Services Associates,
manuals. TV, radio, HiFi, $1.06. Technical

Box 1167, Berkeley, Calif. 94701.
SUBMINIATURE LISTENING DEVICES. SEND $1.00 FOR CATALOG,

REFUNDABLE. INTRADCO, BOX 3285, TULSA, OKLA. 74101.
FREE information on many interesting
Box 1051, Plant City, Florida 33566.
semiconductor projects. CCS,
HOW a tube amplifies $.50. The hybrid coil $.50. Free catalog.
BECO, Box 27011, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55427.
50 TELETYPE pictures for $1.00. Perforated and audio tapes available. W9DGV, 2210 -30th Street, Rockfl Island, III, 61201.
119
SURPLUS electronic equipment catalogue 100.

tronics, P.O, Box 1327, Harrisburg, Pa 17105.
Bob -Frank Elec.
ELECTRONIC ignition, various types. Free literature. Anderson Engineering, Epsom, N.N. 03239.
POWER SUPPLIES, SAVE UP TO NINETY PER-CENT on precision Industrial power supplies, Semi -regulated and regulated. The buy of
a lifetime. For full information write BOB'S ELECTRONICS, 1418
W. Polk, Phoenix, Arizona 85007.
SHORTWAVE LISTENING
POLICE- FIRE -AIRCRAFT- MARINE-AMATEUR --ETC. CALLS on
your broadcast radio with TUNAVERTER! Tunable- crystal controlled!
Free catalog. Salch Co., Woodsboro -PECC, Texas 78393.
SWL Antenna Model 86D, $17.95 pp. A new listening pleasure. See
February issue Popular Electronics write -up. Murch Electronics,
Franklin, Maine 04634.
TRIMPOTS Ten assorted, $3.00. Small Salvage, Box 9502, Norfolk,

Va. 23505.
HIGH FIDELITY
NEW! Low cost aluminum UHF -VHF towers. COFFELT, 909 Hayter,
Dallas, Oregon 97338.
P1OE, lowest quoFREE! Send for money saving stereo catalog

tations on your individual component, tape recorder, or system requirements. Electronic Values, Inc., 200 W. 20th St., New York,
PROXIMITY switch. Detects nearness of human body. Free information. Claremont Products, 860 Reed, Claremont, Calif. 91711.
FREE TV TUNER REPAIR TRICKS, Plans, Details, Complete Courses.
Frank Bocek, Box 3236A, Redding, Calif. 96001.

NEW! PHONE PATCH with automatic switch. Now you can record
those important conversations automatically. ONLY $12.95. Chelco
Electronics, 11835 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, Calif. 90025.
AMATEUR SCIENTISTS, Electronics Hobbyists, Experimenters, Stuincluding drawings,
dents
. Construction Plans -all complete,
.
Laser -Build
schematics, parts lists with prices and sources
your own coherent -light optical laser. Operates in pulsed mode,
visible light range-$6.00 . . . Radar -Build your own ultrasonic
doppler radar. Detect motion of people, automobiles, even falling
rain drops. Transistorized, uses standard small 9 -volt battery. Long -Range "Sound Telescope" -This amazing device
$4.00
can enable you to hear conversations, birds and animals, other
sounds hundreds of feet away. Very directional. Transistorized. Uses
Or send 250 coin (no stamps) for complete
9V battery-$3.00
catalog. Other items include Psychedelic strobes, light shows,
38 different projects. Technical Writers Group, Box
robots
.
5994, State College Station, Raleigh, N.C. 27607.
..
PLANS AND KITS

KITS, metal detector $5.95. Audio Telescope $5.95, others. Lectronixe, Box 42, Madison Heights, Michigan 48071.
SOLAR FLYING SAUCERS. (Brand New Solid State Engine, Fantastic
Performance, Flies Miles on Sun's Power, lifts animals, sends messages, parachutes. Build many, easily, inexpensively with everyday
materials. Complete plans, descriptions, drawings, plus FREE Space tronics CATALOG $1. Single Catalog 250. Spacetronics, Box 31043PES, San Francisco, California 94131.
RADAR INTRUDER ALARM detects human movement thirty feet
away. TRANSISTORIZED. BUILD YOURSELF with complete instructions. Parts, kits and assembled units also available. Plans $3.00.
Microwave Research Co., Box 10147, St. Petersburg, Florida 33733.
"DISTANCE CRYSTAL SET CONSTRUCTION" Handbook-500 "Coil

Winding" -500, Catalog. Laboratories, 12041 -L Sheridan, Garden
Grove, Calif. 92640.
MUSIC ADAPTER for commercial -free music. 6transistor circuit uses standard components. Plans and 3x4r/z"
etched circuit board $4.50. Wallace Enterprises, Inc., 83 -15 98th
Street, Woodhaven, N.Y. 11421.
SUB -CARRIER
INTEGRATED
CIRCUIT KITS:
COMPUTER,
AUDIO,
Others. New
catalog free. KAYE ENGINEERING, Box 3932 -A, Long Beach, California 90803.
Kit $7.50, Power Supplies $3.98. Catalog. Murphy,

204 Roslyn Ave., Carle Place, N.Y. 11514.
COLOR Organ
ELECTRO MAGNETIC MOTOR: A patented magnetic phenomenon.

Send for complete "Build -It- Yourself" assembly kit with all parts,
instructions and drawings -ONLY $2.00 Post Paid. T & DW Company, Box 3203 P, Federal Way, Wash. 98002.
KITS GALORE! Free catalog subscription.

South Main, Natick, Mass. 01760.
Alsynco
PE -109,
171
SURVEILLANCE DEVICES IN KIT FORM: Telephone Transmitter, FM

Spy Transmitter, Telephone - Recorder Actuator, Tail Transmitter,
Bug Detector. Complete Kits Send $15.00 each. ELECTRONIC SECURITY SYSTEMS, 1101 West Rosecrans Avenue, Gardena, California 90247.
120
N.Y. 10011.
DON'T THROW YOUR OLD CARTRIDGE AWAY. Send us $19.95 and
any old cartridge. We will ship PREPAID any one of the following
top rated elliptical diamond stereo cartridges NEW: Shure M75E,
M91E, M92E, M93E, Empire 888E, Pickering V15AME3, XV15 ATE,
ADC 660E, 550E. Write for lowest quotations all stereo components.
Send $1.00 for our discount catalog. DEFA ELECTRONICS, 2207
Broadway, New York, N.Y. 10024.
f-
HI -FI Components, Tape Recorders, at guaranteed "We Will Not Be

Undersold" prices. 15 -day money -back guarantee. Two -year warranty. No Catalog. Quotations Free. Hi- Fidelity Center, 239 (P) East
149th Street, New York 10451.
LOW, Low quotes:
Penna. 19001.
all components and recorders. HiFi,
Roslyn,
Hi -Fi, components, Sleep Learning Equipment,

tapes. Unusual Values. Free Catalog. Dressner, 1523R, Jericho
Turnpike, New Hyde Park, N.Y. 11040.
DON'T THROW YOUR OLD CARTRIDGE AWAY. Send us $50.00 and
any old used cartridge and we will ship you via air Prepaid anywhere any one of the following Top Stereo Cartridges: Shure V -15
Type II, Empire 999VE, ADC 10EMK 11, Stanton 681EE. Write for
lowest quotations all stereo components. Send $1.00 for our discount catalog. DEFA ELECTRONICS, 2207 Broadway, New York,
N.Y. 10024.
TAPE RECORDERS,
WANTED
CASH PAID! Unused tubes, electronic equipment. Barry, 512 Broadway, NYC 10012.
QUICKSILVER, Platinum, Silver, Gold, Ores Analyzed. Free Circular.

Mercury Terminal, Norwood, Mass. 02062.
CASH PAID
for all
tubes.
DAMESCO,
308
Hickory,
Arlington,
N.J. 07032.
TUBES
"Oldies ", latest. Lists free. Steinmetz,
Hammond, Indiana 46324.
TUBES
7519 Maplewood,
RECEIVING & INDUSTRIAL TUBES, TRANSISTORS. All Brands

Biggest Discounts. Technicians, Hobbyists, Experimenters- Request
FREE Giant Catalog and SAVE! ZALYTRON, 469 Jericho Turnpike,
Mineola, N.Y. 11501.

TUBE Headquarters of World! Send 100 for Catalog (tubes, elec-
tronic equipment) Barry, 512 Broadway, N.Y.C. 10012.

RADIO & T.V. Tubes-330 each. Send for free list. Cornell, 4213
University, San Diego, Calif. 92105.
THOUSANDS and thousands of types of electronic parts, tubes,
transistors, instruments, etc. Send for Free Catalog. Arcturus Electronics Corp., MPE, 502 -22nd St., Union City, N.J. 07087.
TUBES -lowest prices in the world. Hard to get British, German,
Foreign and American obsolete and present day special purpose
transmitting tubes. Send for giant tube and parts catalog. United
Radio Co., Dept. Y-56 Ferry Street, Newark, N.J. 07105.
TV TUBES NEW BOXED UP TO 80% OFF LIST. For catalog price
sheets send $1.00. T & T Sales Co., 4802 Ave. K, Brooklyn, N. Y.
11234.
TAPE AND RECORDERS
...
...
prerecorded music. Catalog 100.

blank recording
TAPES
Tower, Lafayette Hill, Pa. 19444.
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
rr
BEFORE Renting Stereo Tapes try us. Postpaid both ways-no deposit.
-immediate delivery. Quality -Dependability- Service -Satisfaction

-prevail here. If you've been dissatisfied in the past, your initial
PERSONALS
order will prove this is no idle boast. Free Catalog. Gold Coast Tape
Library, Box 2262, Palm Village Station, Hialeah, Fla. 33012.
-all
RENT 4 -Track open reel tapes

free brochure. Stereo- Parti, 55
major labels -3,000 different
St. James Drive, Santa
Rosa,
95401.
MAKE FRIENDS WORLDWIDE through international correspondence.

Illustrated brochure free. Hermes, Berlin 11, Germany.
INVESTIGATORS, LATEST ELECTRONIC AIDS. FREE LITERATURE.

CLIFTON, 11500 -K NW 7th AVE., MIAMI, FLORIDA 33168.
Ca.
FREE Catalog low priced,
TAPEMATES makes available to you ALL 4 -TRACK STEREO TAPES

ALL LABELS- postpaid to your door
tremendous savings. For free
brochure write: TAPEMATES, 5727 W. Jefferson Blvd., Los Angeles,
-at
REMAILING, personal $1.00 monthly, no limit, Jones, Box 563 -P,

Silverado Canyon, Calif. 92676.
California 90016.
Brand new nationally advertised brands.
$10.00 above cost. Amazing discounts on stereo components. Arkay
Electronics, 1028 -C Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Mass. 02215.
TAPE
RECORDER SALE.
SECERT LOANS BY MAIL. Borrow $100 to $1500 for any good

reason in absolute privacy. No interviews, no endorsers, no cosigners. Fast service. Write Dial Finance Co., Dept. K-593, 410
Kilpatrick Bldg., Omaha, Nebraska 68102.
Save 30% and up; no membership or fees re

quired; postpaid anywhere U.S.A. Free 70 -page catalog. We dis
count batteries, recorders, tape /cassettes. Beware of slogans.
"not undersold ", as the discount information you supply our competitor is invariably reported to the factory. SAXITONE, 1776 Columbia Road, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009.
STEREO TAPES,
INSTRUCTION
LEARN ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION. Train at home to earn $750 to
$1,000 monthly. Car furnished. Expenses paid, no selling. No college needed. Full or spare time. Men urgently needed. Free placement service. Write for FREE information. No obligation, Universal
Schools CZ -10, 6801 Hillcrest, Dallas, Texas 75205.
STEREO TAPES, CARTRIDGES, CASSETTES, REELS, 33% DISCOUNT. UNAVAILABLE ELSEWHERE. MAIL 20- CATALOGS. STAR
RECORDINGS -PE, BOX 1055, EL PASO, TEXAS 79946.
CASSETTE blanks, also educational and language, accessories and
recorders. Literature -Write CASSETTES UNLIMITED, P.O. Box
13119 -P, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15243.
LEARN ELECTRONIC ORGAN SERVICING at home all makes including

transistor. Experimental kit -troubleshooting. Accredited NHSC, Free
Booklet. NILES BRYANT SCHOOL, 3631 Stockton, Dept. A, Sacra-
OLD radio programs on tape $8.00 for 6 hours. Catalog for 500.
Don Maris, 824 Owl, Norman, Okla. 73069.
OLD RADIO PROGRAMS on Tape. Jack Armstrong, Whistler,
high performance subminiature listening

Emery A -10,
devices direct from manufacturer. Dealers welcome.

156 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10010.
mento, Calif. 95820.
Gang-
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October, 1969
123
UNUSUAL BARGAINS
.. MANY U. S. GOV'T SURPLUS
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
BLACK LIGHT /FLUORESCENT STROBE!

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1.ow initial cot -low m inteArcept.s
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Perfect for electrically embel-
OCTOBER 1969
discotheques. dance
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'BRIGHT IDEAS' in UNIQUE LIGHTING

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22
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OROEE BY
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25
94
9
British Industries (GARRARD)
Burstein -Applebee Company

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102
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88, 89, 90, 91
101
Career Academy
Cleveland Institute of Electronics 106, 107, 108, 109
I10
Cook's Institute of Electronics Engineering
III
Crystek
110
Edison Instruments
124
Edmund Scientific Co.
Electro- Voice, Inc.
FOURTH COVER
12
Grantham School of Electronics
Heath Company
36, 37, 38, 39
Industrial Training Institute

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98
103
THIRD COVER
Johnson Company, E.F

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Mercury Electronics Corp.
125,
Midland International Corporation

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Motorola HEP Program
29
41
30
31
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105
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116
Pioneer Electronics Co.
II
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Port Arthur College
RCA Electronic Components & Devices
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Salch & Co., Herbert
Sams & Co., Inc.. Howard W.
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38
39
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35
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104
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PAGE NO.
43
CLEANER
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READER
ADVERTISER
SERVICE NO.
AMECO, Division of Aerotron, Inc.
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50

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ULD SINE -WAVE GENERATOR

James Bon giorno

BUILD A CAPACITANCE METER

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WHAT DOES AN OP AMP DO?

THE PRODUCT GALLERY

Heathkit Sine-Square Audio Generator

TWO -WAY REACTIONS

Hank Bennett, W2PNA

FROM OUR READERS

POPULAR ELECTRONICS is indexed

This month's cover photo by

in the Readers' Guide

Perfect speed synchronous motor

Adjustable sliding weight anti -skating control

automatic turntables selling for almost twice as much.

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CIRCLE NO. 29 ON READER SERVICE PAGE

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FROM OUR READERS

MODEL, NEW MODEL NUMBER

In the Bill of Materials for "A Bigger Than

JAY ALLEN ROSEN