Contents

v Foreword
xiii List of Figures
xvii List of Tables
Chapter 1 Design of Steel Structures
1 1.1 Introduction to Structural Design
2 1.2 Evaluation of Sustainability
5 1.3 Structure of Structural Steel Standards
11 1.4 Reliability in Design Standards
14 1.5 European Standards for Execution
15 1.6 Assessment of Existing Structures
Chapter 2 General Rules and Rules for Buildings
19 2.1 General
19 2.1.1 Extent of validity
19 2.1.1.1 Validity of Eurocode 3
19 2.1.1.2 Validity of part 1-1
19 2.1.2 Normative references
19 2.1.3 Assumptions
19 2.1.4 Distinction between principles and application rules
20 2.1.5 Terms and denitions
20 2.1.6 Symbols
20 2.2 Basis of Design
20 2.2.1 Requirements
20 2.2.1.1 Basic requirements
21 2.2.1.2 Reliability management
21 2.2.1.3 Design working life, durability and robustness
21 2.2.2 Principles of limit state design
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viii Design of Steel Structures with Worked Examples to EN 1993-1-1 and EN 1993-1-8
21 2.2.3 Basic variables
21 2.2.3.1 Actions and environmental inuences
22 2.2.3.2 Material and product properties
22 2.2.4 Verication by the partial factor method
22 2.2.4.1 Design values of material properties
22 2.2.4.2 Design values of geometrical data
22 2.2.4.3 Design resistances
22 2.2.4.4 Verication of static equilibrium (EQU)
22 2.2.5 Design assisted by testing
23 2.3 Materials
23 2.3.1 General
23 2.3.2 Structural steel
23 2.3.2.1 Material properties
23 2.3.2.2 Ductility requirements
23 2.3.2.3 Fracture toughness
25 2.3.2.4 Through-thickness properties
26 2.3.2.5 Tolerances
26 2.3.2.6 Design values of material coefcients
26 2.3.3 Connecting devices
26 2.3.3.1 Fasteners
26 2.3.3.2 Welding consumables
26 2.3.4 Other prefabricated products in buildings
27 2.4 Durability
27 2.5 Structural Analysis
27 2.5.1 Structural modelling for analysis
27 2.5.1.1 Structural modelling and basic assumptions
27 2.5.1.2 Joint modelling
27 2.5.1.3 Ground-structure interaction
28 2.5.2 Global analysis
28 2.5.2.1 Effects of deformed geometry of the structure
30 2.5.2.2 Structural stability of frames
31 2.5.3 Imperfections
31 2.5.3.1 Basis
31 2.5.3.2 Imperfections for global analysis of frames
35 2.5.3.3 Imperfection for analysis of bracing systems
37 2.5.3.4 Member imperfections
37 2.5.4 Methods of analysis considering material non-linearities
37 2.5.4.1 General
38 2.5.4.2 Elastic global analysis
38 2.5.4.3 Plastic global analysis
38 2.5.5 Classication of cross sections
Contents ix
38 2.5.5.1 Basis
38 2.5.5.2 Classication
40 2.5.6 Cross-section requirements for plastic global analysis
40 2.6 Ultimate Limit State
40 2.6.1 General
40 2.6.2 Resistance of cross-sections
40 2.6.2.1 General
44 2.6.2.2 Section properties
46 2.6.2.3 Tension
47 2.6.2.4 Compression
47 2.6.2.5 Bending moment
48 2.6.2.6 Shear
49 2.6.2.7 Torsion
51 2.6.2.8 Bending moment and shear
52 2.6.2.9 Bending and axial force
54 2.6.2.10 Bending, shear and axial force
54 2.6.3 Buckling resistance of members
54 2.6.3.1 Uniform members in compression
59 2.6.3.2 Uniform members in bending
66 2.6.3.3 Uniform members in bending and axial
compression
68 2.6.3.4 General method for lateral and lateral
torsional buckling
70 2.6.3.5 Lateral torsional buckling of members with
plastic hinges
72 2.6.4 Uniform built-up compression members
72 2.6.4.1 General
74 2.6.4.2 Laced compression members
75 2.6.4.3 Battened Compression Members
77 2.6.4.4 Closely Spaced Built-up Members
78 2.7 Serviceability Limit States
78 2.7.1 General conditions
78 2.7.2 Ultimate limit states for buildings
78 2.7.2.1 Vertical deections
79 2.7.2.2 Horizontal deections
79 2.7.2.3 Vibrations
Chapter 3 Connections Design
81 3.1 Introduction
81 3.2 Basis of Design
x Design of Steel Structures with Worked Examples to EN 1993-1-1 and EN 1993-1-8
81 3.2.1 Assumptions
81 3.2.2 General requirements
81 3.2.3 Applied forces and moments
81 3.2.4 Resistance of joints
82 3.2.5 Design assumptions
82 3.2.6 Joints loaded in shear subject to impact, vibration and/or
load reversal
83 3.2.7 Eccentricity at intersections
83 3.3 Connections Made with Bolts, Rivets or Pins
83 3.3.1 Bolts, nuts and washers
83 3.3.1.1 General
83 3.3.1.2 Preloaded bolts
83 3.3.2 Rivets
83 3.3.3 Anchor bolts
84 3.3.4 Categories of bolted connections
84 3.3.4.1 Shear connections
84 3.3.4.2 Tension connections
84 3.3.5 Positioning of holes for bolts and rivets
85 3.3.6 Design resistance of individual fasteners
85 3.3.6.1 Bolts and rivets
89 3.3.6.2 Injection bolts
89 3.3.7 Group of fasteners
90 3.3.8 Long joints
90 3.3.9 Slip-resistant connections using 8.8 or 10.9 bolts
90 3.3.9.1 Design slip resistance
91 3.3.9.2 Combined tension and shear
91 3.3.9.3 Hybrid connections
92 3.3.10 Deductions for fastener holes
92 3.3.10.1 General
92 3.3.10.2 Design for block tearing
93 3.3.10.3 Angles connected by one leg and other
unsymmetrically connected members in tension
93 3.3.10.4 Lug angles
94 3.3.11 Prying forces
94 3.3.12 Distribution of forces between fasteners at the ultimate
limit state
95 3.3.13 Connections made with pins
95 3.4 Welded Connections
95 3.4.1 General
Contents xi
95 3.4.2 Welding consumables
95 3.4.3 Geometry and dimensions
95 3.4.3.1 Type of weld
95 3.4.3.2 Fillet welds
96 3.4.3.3 Fillet welds all round
96 3.4.3.4 Butt welds
96 3.4.3.5 Plug welds
97 3.4.3.6 Flare groove welds
98 3.4.4 Welds with packings
98 3.4.5 Design resistance of a llet weld
98 3.4.5.1 Length of welds
98 3.4.5.2 Effective throat thickness
99 3.4.5.3 Design Resistance of llet welds
100 3.4.6 Design resistance of llet welds all round
100 3.4.7 Design resistance of butt welds
100 3.4.7.1 Full penetration butt welds
101 3.4.7.2 Partial penetration butt welds
101 3.4.7.3 T-butt joints
101 3.4.8 Design resistance of plug welds
101 3.4.9 Distribution of forces
102 3.4.10 Connections to unstiffened anges
103 3.4.11 Long joints
103 3.4.12 Eccentrically loaded llet or partial penetration butt welds
104 3.4.13 Angles connected by one leg
104 3.5 Analysis, Classication and Modelling
105 3.6 Open Sections Joints
106 3.7 Hollow Section Joints
Chapter 4 Worked Examples
109 4.1 Selection of Material for Fracture Toughness (A Steel Subgrade)
113 4.2 Selection of Material for Lamellar Tearing, through
Thickness Properties
113 4.3 Tensile Chord of Truss Girder from Angles
114 4.4 Design of a Column with Intermediate Supports
118 4.5 Secondary Beam Laterally Restrained
120 4.6 Cantilever Beam Bending
123 4.7 Portal Frame
xii Design of Steel Structures with Worked Examples to EN 1993-1-1 and EN 1993-1-8
136 4.8 Built-up Battened Member
141 4.9 Lateral-Torsional Buckling of Beams
142 4.9.1 LTBeam software
146 4.9.2 Cantilever beam design
146 4.9.2.1 Forked support of an end cross-section to
prevent lateral-torsional buckling
148 4.9.2.2 Free cantilever beam end without support
149 4.9.3 Transversal support of the upper ange of an end
cross-section
150 4.9.4 Beam with end moments and transversal load
154 4.9.5 Beam with end moments, transversal load and
intermediate support
154 4.9.5.1 Elastic continuous support of one of the anges
155 4.9.5.2 Critical load for various alternatives of
intermediate support
155 4.9.5.3 Evaluation of a beam for a chosen variant
157 4.10 Torsion of Open Cross-Section Member
157 4.10.1 Design of cross-section
159 4.10.2 Beam evaluation in ULS
164 4.10.3 Serviceability limit state
164 4.11 Torsion of Hollow Cross-Section Member
165 4.11.1 Check in the ultimate limit state
167 4.11.2 Evaluation of the serviceability limit state
167 4.12 Bolted Connection of Double Angle Bar
169 4.13 Welded Connection of Double Angle Bar
170 4.14 Header Plate Connection
171 4.15 Fin Plate Connection