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Rafflo-Elecftoncs.

THE MAGAZINE FOR NEW IDEAS IN ELECTRONICS

Electronics publishers since 1908
PERSONAL
COMPUTERS
SPECIAL
SECTION

37

Your Own Computer

38

Personal Computers -are they right for you?

43

Peripherals -arms and legs

47

Programing isn't simple

56

Computer Corner
Equipment Directory

59

BUILD ONE

Digi -Toll Times Your Calls

Know how much your long- distance calls cost. Nifty toll -timer helps
you keep track.

78

LED Bar Graph

LEDs all in a row serve as an analog meter in many applications.

82

Graphic Equalizer For Stereo Systems

Part II: Final construction details and some additional interior
photographs.

GENERAL

ELECTRONIC r

TELEVISION

Cabinets For Projects

Directory of cabinets you can use to house your projects.

80

Audio Oscillators
Part /l: More information on this old standby test instrument.

90

Hobby Corner
Keeping records, tool holders, grinding PC boards and reader
suggestions.

92

State of Solid State

A single IC adds true RMS voltage measurements to

94

Solar Controller
Microprocessor runs solar heating system.

88

96

When you want to keep track of

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talking. Digi -Toll does just that.
It also reminds you, with a
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you've been talking. See con-

struction details starting on

page 69.

Looking Ahead
Tomorrow's news today.

73

124

Vol. 49 No. 6

ON THE COVER

69

OF THESE

JUNE 1978

multimeter.

LED BAR GRAPH is a nifty substitute for an

analog meter
and its easy to read. Turn to

...

page 78

What Is An LCD?
Inside the Liquid -Crystal Display.

9/32.

New MATV System

It's easier to install and costs less to run. The circuitry is what
makes it run.

D.9/32"

Service Clinic
Write it down -it's

dollar saver.

98

Service Questions
R -E's Service Editor solves reader problems.

EQUIPMENT

24

B & K 1820

REPORTS

26

Hickok 517 Dual Trace Scope

28

Heath 5280 Test Instruments

35

Spyderco Portable Hand

CABINETS FOR PROJECTS helps answer that

problem question of "What cabinet should I
use ?". Five pages of listing start on page 73.

Radio -Electronics, Published monthly by Gernsback

Publications, Inc., 200 Park Avenue South, New York,
NY 10003. Phone: 212 -777 -6400. Second-class postage
paid at New York, NY and additional mailing offices.
One-year subscription rate: U.S.A. and U.S. possessions,
$9.98, Canada, $12.98. Other countries, $14.98. Single
copies $1.00. e 1978 by Gernsback Publications, Inc. All
rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A.

Frequency Counter

Subscription Service: Mail all subscription orders,

DEPARTMENTS

156
14

117
14

16

Advertising Index
Advertising Sales Offices

125

Books

110

Editorial
Letters

157

116

Market Center
New & Timely
New Products
Next Month
Reader's Service Card

changes, correspondence and Postmaster Notices of

undelivered copies (Form 3579) to Radio -Electronics
Subscription Service, Box 2520, Boulder, CO 80322.

stamped sell-addressed envelope must accompany all

submitted manuscripts and /or artwork or photographs if
their return is desired should they be rejected. We
disclaim any responsibility for the loss or damage of
manuscripts and /or artwork or photographs while in our
possession or otherwise.
A

a service to readers, Radio-Electronics publishes available plans or information relating to newsworthy products, techniques and scientific and technological developments.
Because of possible variances in the quality and condition of materials and workmanship used by readers, Radio- Electronics disclaims any responsibility for the safe and proper
functioning of reader -built projects based upon or from plans or information published in this magazine.

As

www.americanradiohistory.com

looking ahead
Computers go retail:

First mass -market push for the

computer as a consumer product is under way, and as of
early spring there was heavy activity on several fronts. In
some cases, big retailers were testing the waters to see if
the buyers and the product were ready for one another. In
other cases, the results were already in and dealers were

highly pleased with early sales.

Macy's chose the San Francisco area for a market test in
13 of its stores, with a promotion campaign for the $500
VideoBrain home computer. A store spokesman said some
two dozen computers were sold during the first day of the
promotion, about one -third going to consumers who
weren't technically oriented and "didn't even know what a
home computer was" before Macy's broke its ad campaign. Other department stores understood to be handling
VideoBrain include Macy's and Bloomingdale's in New
York, Maas Brothers in Florida, Dayton's in Minnesota and
May Co., Broadway Stores, Bullock's and Robinson's in
Los Angeles.
Radio Shack held a special heavily advertised computer
promotion in its Phoenix stores, offering the TRS -80 for
same -day delivery. Its other stores had been taking orders,
promising six -to- eight -week delivery. Radio Shack has also
established a new retail division called Tandy Computers,
which has issued its first mail -order catalog, and opened its
first store in Fort Worth. Apple Computers has been
successfully marketing at retail through about 50 Team
Electronics stores and is adding other outlets, including
traditional hi -fi and camera retailers.
Meanwhile, Magnavox is introducing a new product
called "Odyssey Mark II Computer Video Game System."
It's actually more a game than a computer and will sell for
less than $200 -but it will have both joy -stick controllers
and a full alphanumeric keyboard. It uses an Intel microprocessor, and will be programmed by ROM cartridges at
about $20 each. Retail sales will begin in the fall.

New from Sony: Sony has been making plenty of news

with new and revamped products, some for delivery soon,
others later. The company demonstrated in Japan a CCD
color camera using three MOS chips measuring 9.1 X 10.3
mm, each with 226 horizontal and 492 vertical elements for
a total of 111,192 picture elements. Sony said the camera
uses a proprietary "special offsetting technique" which
effectively doubles horizontal resolution, claiming that
more than 280 lines of horizontal resolution can be
attained. The camera's size and weight are claimed to be
about the same as a super -8 home movie camera. Sony
officials said the color camera will sell for $835 to $1,250
when it's marketed in Japan in fall 1979, but that they
ultimately hoped to be able to sell a CCD color home video
camera for less than $500. RCA recently demonstrated its
own CCD color camera and said it would take commercial
orders in 1979 (see Radio -Electronics, April, 1978).
Sony also is introducing in the United States for the first
time its three -tube projection television system. It uses
special 9 -inch monochrome tubes as the picture source,
with two lenses and a mirror system to throw a bright
picture on a screen mounted atop the one -piece fold -up
cabinet. The projector will be available this fall in 50- and
72 -inch diagonal screen sizes in the $3,000 range. Bright-

ness is claimed to be 60 footlamberts with the smaller

screen and 30 with the 72 -inch screen.
At the same time, Sony is updating both its Betamax
home videocassette recorder and its color TV line. A new model Betamax will have built -in LED electronic clocktimer and remote pause control. Unlike the former model,
which could record and play in both fast and slow speeds, it
will be a single -speed unit, designed for the L -500 tapes,
which have a two -hour recording time, or the new L -750,
which step this up to three through the use of thinner
tape.
Sony's TV line wil feature new, brighter Trinitron tubes
and a new chassis designated "12" and said to be designed
for "ease of accessibility and service." When two screws
are removed, the chassis slides out of the set into an accessible service position with the circuits still connected and
operable. The chassis may be turned on its side without
tilting the set.

Service complaints down:

TV servicing complaints
received by the National Better Business Bureau declined
in 1977 from 1976. Television service companies in 1977
ranked ninth in number of complaints received by local
Better Business Bureaus, down from eighth in 1976,
complaints dropping from 9,394 to 9,113. In 1977, some
74.8% of complaints were settled as opposed to 72.4% in
1976. Analyzing 1977 television servicing complaints, the
National Better Business Bureau said 61.9% of the complaints involved unsatisfactory repair, 16.9% unsatisfactory
service, 5.9% guarantee or warranty, 5.6% credit or billing,
2.8% delayed delivery, 2.7% product quality or performance, 1.3% selling practices, 1.2% advertising practices,
0.9% failure to provide refunds and 0.7% discontinued
business.

Varactors & remotes: Electronic tuning is gradually

taking over American television. According to EIA figures,
31.1% of all color sets produced or imported last year
contained varactor tuners including 57.5% of consoles
and 20.9% of portables and table models. At the same
time, remote control finally became an important TV
feature, included in 12.7% of new sets last year, as
compared with 10% in 1976.
In black-and -white, the growth trend continued to be
toward AC -DC portables, but their share of the market
increased only slightly from 1976 -to 16.5% of all monochrome sets, up from 15.6 %. Incidentally, 11- and 12 -inch
sets accounted for 57.4% of black- and -white production
last year. In color, 19 -inch was by far the most popular size,
representing 44.2% of production.
Want to know what color sets sell for at the factory? The
International Trade Commission makes quarterly studies in
connection with the color quota on imports from Japan. Its
latest tally represents average factory prices of color sets
made in the United States by screen size during the fourth
quarter of 1977: A 13 -inch averages $225.56, the 16- and
17 -inch bracket $299.10, 19 -inch sets $297.35, and larger
screen (20 inches and up) average $456.67. All sizes
together average out to $349.23.
DAVE LACHENBRUCH

www.americanradiohistory.com

CONTRIBUTING EDITOR

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new & timely

District of Columbia
communications system links city
ambulances with hospitals
A major communications network between the District of Columbia ambulances
and 15 participating hospitals in the area
will soon be complete, according to Albert
P. Russo, director of the Department of
Human Resources.
This network is a vital element in the D.C.

Emergency Medical Services System,

which will not only provide city ambulances
with a direct communication line to the
hospitals, but, Mr. Russo adds, also allow
for interhospital communication, thus paving the way for future linkage with emergency medical communications systems in
other surrounding areas.
The system consists of a transmission
console at the District Fire Department
Communications Center, in addition to receiving consoles at the hospitals. The signals are transmitted via a 180 -foot tower at
the center, which handles all voice and telemetry communications between ambulances and hospitals. When the system is
complete, all 15 participating hospitals will
be able to avail themselves of voice communications, while seven hospitals will be
equipped to receive medical data telemetry
(i.e., electrocardiogram data).
Fire Department ambulances are equipped with 10- channel two -way radios, plus
patient -side portable radios, so that physicians can relay vital information on patient
treatment.

General Motors trip computer

system is option in '78 models
General Motors has developed a trip computer system called the TripMaster
that can be had as an option in their 1978
Cadillac Seville models for $875.

GENERAL MOTORS TRIP COMPUTER is available in 1978 models. Pushbutton-controlled,

dash -mounted system provides 11 pieces of
information, from estimated and actual fuel
consumption to estimated time of arrival based
on remaining fuel and driving range in miles.

The TripMaster(with which the car owner

also receives a digital speedometer and
digital fuel readout gauge) is pushbutton controlled, providing such information as
amount of fuel remaining; average speed;
average and actual miles -per -gallon; total

elapsed trip time; miles car can be driven

on remaining fuel; miles to destination;
estimated arrival time; time of day; the
engine RPM; temperature; and system
voltage. The heart of the system is a M6800
microcomputer. The digital display is a gas discharge readout for maximum daytime
visibility.
The TripMaster is envisioned as only the
first step in what will eventually be a completely computerized automobile. Computers will soon control such operations as the
carburetor system, fuel injection, exhaust
gas recirculation, air conditioning, cruise
control and theft -alarm systems.

"beeper"
protects the elderly or ailing
24-hour electronic

Heart patients, disabled or elderly persons living in isolated conditions can now
avail themselves of a 24 -hour electronic
"beeper" device that can be worn around
the neck or carried in a pocket for help in
emergencies. It has an effective range of
only 300 feet, because Federal regulations
prohibit greater distances.
The device is a battery -powered transmitter and weighs about an ounce. Pressing a button or squeezing the device activates a transistorized unit hooked up to a
telephone in the home. This unit then dials
a pre- recorded message (giving name, address and type of emergency). This message is sent either to a centralized computer, which translates the coded beep for a
private operator who contacts the necessary party, or dials the call directly to a
preselected list of numbers police, fire
department, physicians, hospitals, friends
and neighbors.
There are several systems on the market,
among them the Lifeguard (Life-Guard
Systems, Inc. Kenilworth, OH), Safeguard
(ADT Security Systems, Inc., of Ohio) and
Microlert (Microlert Systems, Toms River,
NJ). Their cost is high: The Microlert pocket
transmitter costs $695, and the pendant
transmitter, $995; rental costs run from
$30 to $50 a month. (A Life -Guard Systems
spokesman says the Lifeguard can be
rented for $20 a month, less installation
costs and telephone line rental.) At present,
no Medicaid or Medicare funds are available to help defray these costs, although
some people have been able to list the
devices as a tax deduction if they are
doctor -recommended. Presently, more
than 1000 people are using such systems in
the United States.

New York organization for the blind

tapes best sellers
for the
Blind has gone into the "best seller" business. They have developed a cassette
library of current fiction and nonfiction that
In New York City, the Jewish Guild

www.americanradiohistory.com

is recorded almost as soon as the books

themselves hit the market. Bruce Massis,
Guild librarian, cites the fact that the classics are already available on records, and
adds that the Guild is the only organization
that does the best sellers "hot off the
press." And about a year and a half ago,
different sound effects were added to the
recordings, greatly adding to their popularity.
It takes both sides of about 10 cassettes
to record a complete book. The cassettes
are marked in Braille so that the blind
person is able to play them in sequence.
The average recording time for a book is
approximately a month, depending on how
much time the volunteer reader can devote
to it. Copies of a given book can be made
by machine, producing nine cassettes on
both sides in about nine minutes.
The cassettes are mailed free anywhere
in the U.S., the cost of mailing being underwritten by the U.S. Library of Congress. To
date, the Guild claims 950 steady customers; however, many more are able to hear
the recordings via special network programs for the blind. Printed catalogs are
available that are updated four times a year
with supplementary listings sent out to regular readers. Special Braille catalogs are
also available for those who prefer them.
For information, contact the Jewish Guild
for the Blind, 15 West 65th Street, New
York, NY 10023.

Top 1977 vocational students

compete in '78 vocational Olympics
In February, 1978, a week -long competition was held in Dayton among last year's
top vocational students. The young contestants were vying for selection to the 1978
U.S. International Skill Olympics, to be held
in Pusan, Korea, in September.
The 28 contestants were all high scorers
in the 1977 U.S. Skill Olympics, sponsored
by the Vocational Industrial Clubs of America (VICA), the national organization for
students enrolled in trade, industrial, technical and health education studies.
The individual selected to represent the
electrical trades in the International Olympics is Mark Agee, Spokane, WA. The field
of industrial electronics will be represented
by Neal Sedell, Vancouver, WA, and Erik
W. Wolfner, Miramar, FL (alternate). For
radio and TV repair, the participants will be
Richard A. Lomax, Camden, DE, and Terry
M. Williams, Wheelersburg, KY (alternate).

Hams invited to participate in

Enterprise space launch
The Kennedy Space Center Amateur Radio Society (SCARS) once again will invite
amateur radio stations around the world to
call the SCARS station to participate in the
continued on page /2

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NRI BRINGS "POWER -ON"

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The "firsts" described here are typical of NRI's over 63

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NRI Firsts make learning at home fast and fascinating.
More than a million have come to NRI for home training.
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First and only school with

new Optical Transmission
System engineered to
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students can perform over 25 in -set experiments
during construction, including valuable
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First and only training with an actual

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l'i ew

t I ine IY

continued from page

P9 6

first launch of U.S. space shuttle Enterprise. Those hams that successfully contact the station will receive a Special Event
Commemorative Certificate showing the
space shuttle.
For this special event, the station plans
to operate on three separate modes: single
sideband, radio telegraphic and novice
code, all timed to coincide with lift -off operations. Those amateur operators who wish
to participate in this event should contact
the Space Center Amateur Radio Society,
Box 21073, Kennedy Space Center, FL
32815, or call Carl Zelich (305) 867 -2194 or
(305) 452 -6410.

Vanadium disulfide -adds new life

to lithium battery
Bell Laboratories have developed

an

experimental rechargeable high- energy

lithium battery cell that can operate at
room temperature without any noticeable
physical change or deterioration. What has
added new life to the lithium battery is
previously undiscovered material, vana-

data -cassette recorder, video display monitor, plus a comprehensive owner's manual -the whole system selling for $599. Prerecorded cassette programs are available
for small business payroll and personal
finance management and educational
courses such as math, algebra and a programming course.
Mr. Kornfeld also announced a new
expansion interface and ROM converter, a
mini -floppy disc drive, a line printer, new
software, as well as complete TRS -80
expanded systems.

Domestic satellites to provide large scale telecommunications services

Satellite Business Systems (comprising
Aetna Life & Casualty, Comsat General and
IBM) and Hughes Aircraft have joined
forces to build three domestic satellites,
the first designed to provide large -scale
telecommunications services to both commercial and government users in the U.S.

dium disulfide, that provides the stability

lacking in other battery materials, such as
nickel cadmium.
The Bell studies of "layered compounds"- materials resembling mica and
graphite -led to the discovery of vanadium
disulfide's special properties. In the Bell
battery, vanadium disulfide makes up the
basic positive electrode terminal, while lithium forms the negative electrode. During
battery operation, electrons leave the lithium electrode and pass through the layers
of vanadium disulfide; simultaneously, lithium ions in the electrolyte flow into the
spaces between the layers of vanadium.
This results in minimal physical changes;
thus, when the battery is recharged the
electrons and lithium ions are expelled and
the structure returns to its original condition.
The new lithium battery is lightweight
and provides 2.5 volts, or almost twice the
voltage of NiCad cells, used in most modern electronic devices.

Radio Shack microcomputer system

rated leading contender in field
Speaking before a meeting of the Morgan Stanley first annual Personal Computer Conference, Radio Shack president
Lewis Kornfeld expressed his confidence
that Radio Shack's TRS -80 Microcomputer
System will be one of the leading systems
in the field. He underscored this by asserting that it was Radio Shack's intention to
"explore and enter the market for computers in order to serve small business
professionals, students and hobbyists."
The TRS -80 system was introduced in
1977. It is completely prewired and tested
and consists of a 53-key professional keyboard and microcomputer, power supply,
.

coast areas; the rest of the country will be

served by 7 -meter parabolic earth antennas.
It is expected that the satellites will be
launched via space shuttle to an eventual
orbit at an estimated altitude of 36,000
kilometers (22,300 miles). The projected
date of launch is 1981.

New executive director for IESA

As of February 1, 1978, Leon F. Howland,
CET, will be the new executive director of

the Indiana Electronic Service Association

(IESA). Mr. Howland will take the place of
retiring Tom Bertrand.
Mr. Howland has served as IESA director, as well as a legislative lobbyist when-

ever the state of Indiana enacts legislation

concerning the electronic service business
and technicians. He has also served as
chairman of the TV -Radio licensing board;
as a past president of IESA (twice); and as
an officer in NEA. He is presently also
director of ITTA, an Indianapolis association of more than 100 trade firms.

Cable TV subscribers to get

computer -controlled alarm systems
A new computer -controlled alarm system in Dayton, OH, connects the area's
cable TV subscribers with a central corn puter- controlled alarm panel that is monitored for 24 hours.
In this system, the fire, smoke or burglar
alarm detectors are installed at the subscribers' home entrances, and are connected both to the central alarm panel and
to the TV cable. Triggering the detector
flashes a set of programmed instructions to
the central video screen at the monitoring
station. At his end, the subscriber, if he is
home, can press a pushbutton to show
what specific emergency aid he needs
medical help, an emergency squad, or the
assistance of a nearby relative.
Although no rates or installation charges
have yet been determined, it is estimated
that a complete cable TV alarm system
could cost several hundred dollars.

SATELLITE BUSINESS SYSTEMS spacecraft

will transmit high- frequency signals to be received by roof-mounted earth antennas. The
solid white beam represents area of U.S. covered by spacecraft's strongest signals.

The SBS satellite system will permit

installing unmanned, automatic earth antennas in urban areas without interfering
with other terrestrial signal systems or
spacecraft. The 12 -gHz signal output will
be 20 watts, rather than the normal 5 or 6
watts, and the stronger signals will enable
roof-mounting the antennas, or installing
them in office parking lots. All 48 states will
be served by the system, with the strongest
signals beamed to 5 -meter dish antennas
in densely populated east -central and west

www.americanradiohistory.com

SCTE elects 1978 slate of officers

The Society of Cable Television Engineers (SCTE) recently announced its new
officers and board for the 1978 -1979
term:
Robert Bilodeau, president for the second term; Harold Hull of Sarasota, FL,
Eastern vice president; Gayheart C. Kleycamp, San Angelo, TX, Western vice president; Judith Scharf, Denver, CO, secretary;
and Edward Horowitz, NY, treasurer.
The following regional directors were
also elected: Frank J. Bias (Region 1);
Glenn Chambers (Region 2); Bruce Uerling
(Region 3); William Ellis (Region 4); John
Weeks (Region 5); James Grabenstein (Region 6); and John Morovich (Region 7).

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13

editorial

Radio-Electronics
Hugo Gernsback (1884 -1967) founder
M. Harvey Gernsback, editor -in -chief and

publisher
Larry Steckler, KTX -3644, CET, editor

Arthur Kleiman, KTZ-3288,

managing editor
Robert F. Scott, CET, W2PWG,
KXK -8533, technical editor

Sonia Greenbaum, copy editor

Jack Darr, CET service editor

Leonard Feldman
contributing high -fidelity editor
Karl Savon, semiconductor editor

Where have all the designers

gone?

David Lachenbruch, contributing editor

Earl "Doc" Savage, K4SDS, hobby editor

Vincent
Harriet

P.

I.

Cicenia, production manager

Matysko, circulation director

Sheila Wertling, circulation assistant

The integrated circuit has done a lot of good things. Actually, it has
caused a lot of good things. Complex electronic devices grow smaller.
Prices of electronics devices seem to manage to hold their own in the
face of inflation. And electronic equipment steadily grows more

reliable.
But what seems to be missing is the designer. Oh sure, there's still an
engineer around who takes a bunch of IC's (black boxes) and wires
them up to form a "new device ". The only trouble with this is that this
is not really designing
or is it?
.

We have our ideas on this subject, and would like to compare them
with yours. We want to know what you think about the state of
electronic design today. What exactly is electronic design? What does
an electronic designer do? Is he designing when he takes IC's and
connects them together to make a circuit? Is the only designer left, the
man who devises those IC's we all use?

Most important of all, do you think that the integrated circuit has
slowed down the development of new electronic devices or has the
integrated circuit shortened development time? Remember! Making a
device smaller or less expensive is not the same as coming up with an
entirely new device.
The subject is interesting and important. Let's have your comments.

Arline

R.

Bailey, advertising coordinator

Cover design by Louis G. Rubsamen

Cover photo by Mel Small

Radio Electronics is a member of the Institute of High Fidelity and is indexed in

Applied Science & Technology Index and
Readers Guide to Periodical Literature.
Gernsback Publications, Inc.
200 Park Ave. S., New York, NY 10003
(212) 777-6400
President: M. Harvey Gernsback
Vice President: Larry Steckler
Treasurer: Carol A. Gernsback
Secretary: Berlina Baer
ADVERTISING SALES
Paul McGinnis
Director of Marketing

EAST
Stanley Levitan
Radio -Electronics
200 Park Ave. South
New York, NY 10003
(212) 777-6400
MIDWEST/Texas /Arkansas /Okla.
Ralph Bergen
The Ralph Bergen Co.
540 Frontage Road -Suite 361 -A
Northfield, Illinois 60093
(312) 446-1444

PACIFIC COAST

Mountain States
Jay Eisenberg
J.E. Publishers Representative Co.,
8732 Sunset Blvd.,
4th Floor,
Los Angeles, CA 90069

LARRY STECKLER

Editor

(213) 659-3810
Sales Mart Building
1485 Bayshore Blvd., Box 140
San Francisco, CA 94124
(415) 467-0125
SOUTHEAST
J.E. Publishers Representative Co.,

214- 387 -2424

www.americanradiohistory.com

NTS trains you on

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15

Ietters
IN DEFENSE OF AMERICAN TV'S
would like to answer some points raised

by Mr. Kubilus in the Letters column of the

January 1978 issue.
have been associated with the TV
industry for 11 years as an electronics engineer, and for two of those years operated a
TV service business. am also English, and
during visits across the Atlantic have taken
a natural curiosity in TV sets over there.
Mr. Kubilus questions the large number
of screws used to secure the backs of U.S. made TV sets. In this country, manufacI

turers voluntarily subscribe to Underwriters Laboratories, and meet or exceed all

the safety specifications laid down by that
independent organization. These specifications apply to the back of the set as well as
to the rest of it. For example, the maximum
slot size, distance of back material from
chassis parts and back security are all
specified. After all, removal should not be
so simple a child could do it!
U.L. has also determined the type of wall
plug to be used: polarized for a "hot"
chassis and, if desired, nonpolarized for

sets with an isolation power transformer.

am sure no one would disagree with this
elementary safety precaution.
Mr. Kubilus may be a competent "do -ityourself" expert, but many are not. Experience in the TV repair business has amply
demonstrated to me that "a little knowledge can be a dangerous thing." A schematic diagram invites the attention of such
people into an area that is potentially very
dangerous. Special techniques must often
be used, particularly with today's solid state technology.
In many states, the law requires an itemized receipt for repair work be given the
customer together with the return of old
parts. In Utah, for example, the state
requires samples of shop tags, etc., and
checks they meet quite extensive legal
requirements. So, if a previously repaired
set does not have the repair information
attached, the customer should have his
copy. However, doubt if such information
is of much use to service technicians.
It is my opinion that TV sets produced in
the U.S. within the last five years are very
serviceable indeed. Plugs and sockets are
I

widely used, and, in many cases, only two

screws have to be removed to take off or
slide back the chassis. Plug -in modules
have been used extensively by some manufacturers and are easily replaced. Tuners
can usually be removed by loosening either
two or four screws.
do not share Mr. Kubilus' concern for
parts standardization. Several parts suppliers in this country make it their business to
analyze TV sets as they come on the
market. They produce extensive cross reference manuals and cover everything
from transformers to IC's. Besides, an
experienced technician will know what
available part he can use with safety when
faced with a faulty original.
U.S. consumers are very fortunate. They
have a considerable selection of good quality TV sets available at very reasonable
cost. To purchase a medium -priced 25inch color console model represents an
investment of about 4'/7% of the average
wage- earner's yearly salary. In Europe the
investment is closer to 12 %.
DAVID J. H. APPLEBY
El Paso, TX
continued on page 22
I

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To join, contact your RCA Distributor
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You will also receive your first quarterly
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Don't forget, your QT Parts inventory
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Call your RCA Distributor or write to
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At CIE, you get

electronics

career
training

from
specialists.
If you're interested in learning how to fix air
conditioners, service cars or install heating
systems - talk to some other school. But if
you're serious about electronics, come to
CIE -The Electronics Specialists.

Special Projects Director

Cleveland Institute of Electronics

www.americanradiohistory.com

father always told me that

there were certain advantages to putting all your eggs in one
basket. "John," he said, "learn to
do one important thing better than
anyone else, and you'll always be
in demand."
I believe he was right. Today is
the age of specialization. And I
think that's a very good thing.
Consider doctors. You wouldn't
expect your family doctor to perform
open heart surgery or your dentist to
set a broken bone, either. Would you?
For these things, you'd want a
specialist. And you'd trust him. Because you'd know if he weren't any
good, he'd be out of business.
My

Why trust your education

and career future to

anything less than a
specialist?

Plus there's a professional quality

oscilloscope you build and use to
"see" and "read" the characteristic
waveform patterns of electronic
equipment.

the exams get their Licenses. You

may already know that an FCC
License is needed for some careers
in electronics and it can be a
valuable credential anytime.

enced specialists.

card for your FREE

CATALOG today:

Find out more Mail this

You work with experi-

When you send us a completed

lesson, you can be sure it will be
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electronics instructor, backed by a
team of technical specialists. If you
need specialized help, you get it fast
... in writing from the faculty spe-

If the card is gone, cut out and

mail the coupon.
I'll send you a copy of CIE's
FREE school catalog, along with a
complete package of independent
home study information.
For your convenience, I'll try to
arrange for a CIE representative to
contact you to answer any questions
you may have.
Remember, if you are serious
about learning electronics ... or
building upon your present skills,
your best bet is to go with the electronics specialists- CIE. Mail the
card or coupon today or write CIE
(and mention the name and date of
this magazine ), 1776 East 17th
Street, Cleveland, Ohio 44114.

cialists best qualified to handle

your question.

People who have known

us a long time, think of us
as the "FCC License
School."

You shouldn't. And you certainly

don't have to.

FACT: CIE is the largest independent home study school in the

world that specializes exclusively

We don't mind. We have a fine

record of preparing people to take ..
and pass ... the governmentadministered FCC License exams.
In fact, in continuing surveys nearly
4 out of 5 of our graduates who take

in electronics.
We have to be good at it because
we put all our eggs in one basket:
electronics. If we hadn't done a good
job, we'd have closed our doors
long ago.

Specialists aren't for

everyone.

I'll tell it to you straight. If you

think electronics would make a nice
hobby, check with other schools.
But if you think you have the
cool - and want the training it takes
to make sure that a sound blackout
during a prime time TV show will be
corrected in seconds -then answer
this ad. You'll probably find CIE has
a course that's just right for you!

At CIE, we combine
theory and practice. You
learn the best of both.

Learning electronics is a lot

more than memorizing a laundry list
of facts about circuits and transistors. Electronics is interesting because it's based on some fairly recent
scientific discoveries. It's built on
ideas. So, look for a program that
starts with ideas and builds
on them.
That's what happens with CIE's
Auto -Programmed Lessons. Each
lesson uses world -famous
"programmed learning" methods to

Patterns shown on TV and oscilloscope screens are simulated.

teach you important principles. You

explore them, master them completely ... before you start to

apply them!
But beyond theory, some of our
courses come fully equipped with
the electronics gear to actually let
you perform hundreds of checking,
testing and analyzing projects.
In fact, depending on the course
you take, you'll do most of the basic
things professionals do every day
things like servicing a beauty of a
Zenith color TV set... or studying a
variety of screen display patterns
with the help of a color bar generator.

I
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CIE

Cleveland Institute of Electronics, Inc.

1776 East 17th Street. Cleveland. Oho 44114
Accredited Member National Home Study Council

...

John, I want to learn from the specialists in electronics -CIE.

YES
Send me nil.' FREE CIE school catalog including details about troubleshooting
courses -plus my FREE package of home study information.
RE -38
.

,
,
,
,
,
, Mail today:

Print Name

Apt.

Address
City

Zip

State
Age

Phone (area code )

Check box for G. I. Bill information:.? Veteran

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Active Duty

LETTERS

Odessa, TX 79760, or phone (915) 3329151, Ext. 43.

JOHN RABENALDT
Odessa, TX

continued from page 16

TEXAS COMPUTER GROUP

CAPACITORS & BATTERIES

Hurray!
was sure glad to read your
February 1978 Service Clinic on the solid state horizontal -output stage that uses
those four-legged capacitors.
have replaced several of these and didn't really
know why they opened up. However, you
should have told your readers never to
bypass the open link between capacitors. It
doesn't work! It can blow those output
transistors faster than you can think!
Your Hobby Corner advice, also in the
February 1978 issue, on avoiding battery
troubles was right in line with my thinking. If

Your readers in the Permian Basin area

of Texas might be interested to know about
the Permian Basin Computer Group.
Our group has monthly meetings in the
cities of Midland and Odessa. (In Midland,
the meetings are held on the second Monday of the month, and in Odessa, on the
second Saturday of the month.) Everyone
is invited to attend the meetings, regardless of educational background, and no
dues are collected.
For further information, write Permian
Basin Computer Group, John Rabenaldt,
Ector County School District, Box 3912,

NEW FROM LEADER

One- Button Range

Digital Multimeter.
31/2

Digit LED Readout,

0.5% Accuracy.

Fully Automatic
(200Meg11) Range.

DM -13F,

DIGITA!_ MULTIMETER
ACV

'ACV

MC

k13

DCA

FUNCTION

Over Range
Indicator.
Automatic

Overload Protection,
All Ranges.

Crystal Control
Counting Circuitry.

Pority.
Compact,;

61/8" x 21/4" x 43/8 ";

High Reliability
LSI Circuitry.

Now, Easy Pushbutton

Operation Is Yours. . .
New Reduced Price.
... $j

See your distributor or write direct for details.

When Quality Counts ..

1518) 822-9300
In

Canada. Omnitronix Ltd Quebec

.

FREE ENERGY
Apparently Mr. Ecklin (Letters, February
1978 issue) believes that the laws of physics were made up by humans and, like
speed limits, can be ignored. These laws
have always been with us, and we are just
beginning to understand them. We can't
break the laws, or even bend them by
intent or inadvertance.
want to know where Mr. Ecklin is going
to find the lossless spring that generates no
heat as it is flexed.
Something he might try that will bring the
point home would be to ride a really well balanced 10 -speed bike around for a while
and then fit it with one of those little generators that light the lights for "free." think
he may go back to buying batteries when
he finds out how much work is required to
move those coils of wire past a magnet to
generate 6 volts at a few hundred milli amps.
I

169.95 AC Adapter Included

151 Dupont Street, Plainview, N.Y. 11803

WIRE AND CABLE

Your article on "Coping with Wire and
Cable" in the January 1978 issue was
disappointing to me. I'm sure the article will
be of some information and benefit to
those who are uninformed. However, when
an article excludes the most prominent
people in the wire- stripping industry, as
well as their tools, it seems that even the
people who are supposed to be informed,
are not.
would like to bring the following to your
attention:
1. Ideal Industries manufactures more
different types of wire strippers for more
different applications than anyone else.
2. On page 36 in Table I, Wire Stripping
Tools & Crimpers, you list the name "Ideal"
along with the part numbers, but you show
the address as Great Bend, PA. Ideal
Industries is located in Sycamore, IL.
3. Under the cut on page 36, the caption
indicates: "Wire splices can be made with
wire -nuts." I'm sure Ideal Industries appreciates your using its registered trademark
of Wire -Nut however, this should only be
used with proper trademark recognition of
Ideal Industries.
I'm very happy to see that you are
making an effort to be of service to the
market and the industry by showing the
various tools, what they should be used for
and the benefits of using them. I'm sure
Ideal Industries would appreciate the opportunity to help you enlighten the professional and the hobbyist.
P.V. MALL
I D
Electric (Canada) Ltd.
Ajax, Ont.
I

Batt'y operated.

Model LDM -851

mV to 1000V,
16 Ranges, Coverage.

Semi -Automatic Ranging

One Pushbutton.

one has several pieces of battery- operated

equipment, one low -cost AC or DC adapter
can be used. prefer using the 12 -volt AC
adapter, and in each piece of equipment
install a bridge rectifier and suitable resistor to limit the battery-charging current to
the recommended level. All equipment has
the same input jack. Now you can use the
inexpensive adapter for all your equipment
and never worry about polarity. Even if
someone plugs a DC adapter in, no harm
will be done.
STUART SJALUND
Ontario, Canada

LEADER

Instruments Corp.

W. COCHRAN
Chalfont, PA
CIRCLE 74 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

www.americanradiohistory.com

R -E

39500

DUAL TRACE

15 MEGAHERTZ

PORTABLE MINISCOPE
MADE
IN THE
U.S.A.:

FEATURES
Dual Trace- 2 channel: separate,
chopped or alterna-e modes.
15 megahertz bandwidth.
External and internal trigger.

Time Base - 0.1 microseconds to

0.5 Sec /div - 21 settings.
Battery or line operation.
Automatic and line sync modes.

Power consumption less than 15W.

Verticle Gain - 0.01 to 50 volts/div
-12 settings.
Weight is only 3 pounds.

From the originator of the Digital Voltmeter, Non-Linear Systems comes the MS -215 Miniscope It is a line
electronic instrument with a great deal of measuring capability and excellent accuracy Its design is modern, utilizing
the latest in low- powered integrated circuits, and it is packaged into the smallest practical size. The instwment fits into
many briefcases and tool boxes with room to spare.
Operating characteristics have been chosen so that the MS -215 will make all of the measurements needed in
servicing most electronic equipment It is field- portable so its use is not restricted to the bench

SPECIFICATIONS:

Triggering
Internal

Vertical
Mode.

'i Axa

CH1, CH2, 011

ex

CH2 IChoppedl E CH1 & CH2 (An

Automatic
I

the Following Specifications apply to each channel

10mV /do to 50V in 12 Calibrated ergs', as follows

1-10mV div to 1W- do in tour re rages, each comb,
uously variable
x2.20mV. d ry to 20mV,' do in four ranges, each contm
uously variable
x5-50mV div to 50mV do in four ranges each conb
uously veuiable,
Accuracy s 3%
Input Impedenoa: 1M ohm shunted by 50 pF
Bandwidth:
DC DC to 15Mhz28db(DC toe Mf.zl3db) AC, same
as DC down to 3Hz
Rise Tana
Approximately 23 nS
division deflection
Input Vofteg
250 maximum (DC and Peak AC)

Venice, Input:

Horizontal
Mode

Internal Time Base or External Ho, ontal. switch

selectable In the Xy mode. verbcai input is through
CH1 an horizontal input os through CH2
Bandwidth.
DC to 200 KHz 03 db)
AC DC or ground. switch selecteb e Low frequency
Coupling.
point on AC os 3 Hz
Input Impotence: Meg ohm shunted by 50 pF
Deflection Factor 10mV do to 50V do in 12 calibrated ranges
The ranges can be calibrated with IheCH2 gain control
Input Voltage
250V maximum (DC and Peak AC;
The Base
0.1 uS %div to 0.5 Sac /div in 21' calibrated range..
1

as follows:

xl, uS-0 uS /do to 100 uS /div x2. uS-0 2uS /do to

200 uS/div
x5, uS -05uS /div to 500uS' tin e1.inS-0 tins /do to
1

100 mS. div

x2, mS0 2mS /div to 200 mS /div t,

mS0 5mSz do

to 500 wS; do
all in four ranges. each continuously variable

introit-ioniser

Line

External:

Slope.
Coupling.

Sweep triggered from internal trigger source (In the

dual trece modes the internal bigger source is CH1)
Trigger source I. internal colibrater frequency To be
used of there is no other trigger source available to
synchronize the sweep
Trigger is derived from line frequency when using the
battery charger
Controls function as for internal triggering ll Megohm
input impatience)
Selects sync to positive or negative going waveform

AC
Less than div for internal trigger and less than volt
for external trigger
Level:
Trigger Level control permrtsconhnuousadfustment of
trigger point in all modes except Auto
Internal Calibrator A square -wave signal of von p-p 15% is provided
Frequency is approximately 1KHz

Seminary.

4x5 dry, each division is

025 inch

Veewnng area

"Het 35'W
Bluish -white phosphor, medium perlstence CRT uses
low power filament for low battery train Instant onl
1

CRT

Tilt stand

berry ,:harper

miniature barane plugs

Optional

Warranty

input cables, and

Leather carrying case and probes

One year pasts and labor Made in the

USA

MS -215 with Res.ha.geable Batteries

and Charger
$395 00

Display
Oraticuie

Accessories
Furnished

Power
On -Board Batteries. Three sealed. rechargeable lead acid "D Cells
Operating Tine Typically 4 hours
Charging Time Scope Operating: Will run indefinitely but not reach full
charge
Non -operating
Sixteen hours
External Power Battery charger 115 vac 1220 vac on request) 50400Hz. less than 15 wens
Dimensions.
3 1-H03 4 Wail 0 "D
weight
Three pounds

Environment
Operating Temperature: Cr to 40C
Shock and Vibration. Designed loath stand normal shock and vibration
encountered in commercial shipping end handling

Leather Carrying Case

the leather case hes 2 sepe-ate comps'tmenrs Oro to hold the scope. the
Whet. to hold the charger probe shoulder strap. ere The case can be worn
on the belt or cver the naco
The snaps coed on the case
one way'", thus accidentel striking of

an'

the case egeinst an ot/ect w -II not undc the snaps or let e be pulled off your
ben

$30.00

41 -140

Probes
10 to

prode with :0 mego,m Input

Foote uses Spring hook tip :Or sur r co.tnecbon Compensation network is
located at the connector re'her Minn at the probe, so as to keep size and
weight to a minimum

$24.50

41 -141

Deluxe Combination Probe

Switchable lOtol /1 tot probe with an assortment of probe
tins to suit any situation.

41 -3495

(Rnge

1.10, 100 (WMwrnier in full clock.

wise position calibrated time meaaurernents are
possible Accuracy i. 3%

$34.95

$40.00 OFF
On Any Accescries Purchased

MS -15 Single Trace version of MS -215

$28900

with MS -215 MINISCOPE, Just

Send or Mention the COUPON and

Radio -Electronics

PRIORITY
10031S

ONE

voodley Aye.

VISA MC BAC check Money Order COD

Terms
mum order 510 00 Orders less than S75 00 mlute
please include your phone no
no over

"Sorry,

Send for ow

Westaocnure

ELECTRONICS

US tunes IPL,
.

' npirg

CA. 91343

LA

ey'tentS add

and ',n

the counter sales"

411)

ta. Mint
rsLe'S nefuntet Just in Lase
Good thou July 15. 1979

phone orders welcome (213) 893 -8202

www.americanradiohistory.com

b 'e saws

OEM and nst,tununal,nqumesinxded

________Magazine

equipment report
B&K- Precision Model 1820

Universal Frequency
Counter

them.
The 6 -digit model 1820 has eight pushbutton controls. It's housed in a plastic cabinet
with an adjustable bail that serves as a bench rest (you can set it at any angle needed) or a
handle. It's AC- powered, and the total drain of
only 15 watts makes it easy to use in the field,
with a DC /AC converter.
The gate time is pushbutton -controlled. Set
in the AUTO position, the pushbutton automatically selects the correct range and place the
decimal point to display the maximum number
of digits without overranging. Indicator LED's
tell you the display is reading in kHz or MHz.
Set to the -sEC position, the counter reads out
the frequency to the nearest Hz. For example,
on a CB transmitter, this will push the "27" off
to the left, and the frequency is read to 6 digits
to the right of the decimal point.
An internal I0 -MHz clock oscillator is crystal- controlled, with a 0.1-PPM stability. By
replacing this oscillator with a TCXO (temperature-controlled crystal oscillator) the stability can be raised by a factor of 10! The
substitution is very simple. Just unsolder the
original oscillator and drop the TCXO into the
1

CIRCLE 102 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

B &K- PRECISION

(6460

W.

CORTLAND STREET.

Chicago IL 60635) have brought out a new

frequency counter, the model 1820 Universal,
which sells for $260. It counts frequencies
from 5 Hz up to 80 MHz. Besides this, it will
perform tricks that I'd never thought of, and
there are full instructions for doing all of

holes.

Now, for the instrument's handy tricks:

pressing the PERIOD pushbutton displays the
period (the elapsed time for one complete
cycle) of the input signal. This is very useful on
low frequencies, since it provides much better
resolution. To convert the reading to frequency, just take the reciprocal number, using the
period vs. frequency tables so thoughtfully
included in the Appendix to the instruction
manual.
This procedure can be used for telephone
touch -tone frequency pairs; modem frequencies; both U.S. and CCITT frequency standards; CTCSS (Continuous Tone-Controlled
Squelch System) frequencies used in two -way
radio; all the TV sweep frequencies; the multiplex pilot carrier, power -line frequencies; amateur radio RTTY; and slow -scan TV frequencies. There is even a full -page frequency vs.
period table for a complete "equally tempered
scale" for pianos and organ tuning! For example, the key of low C has a 16.351 -Hz frequency, but you can read the period and get one
more digit of accuracy
61.1583 ms.

-it's

continued on page 26

PLUGBORDS OFFER MORE.

Unique time saving bus patterns

Press -fit wrap -posts & solder terminals
Many board and contact sizes
4493 -1 ANY DIP, $14.95. Accepts
all DIPs. Offset power and ground
planes. 36/72 contacts. 4.5" x 9.6"
(6.5" also available). 22/44 contacts
also offered in both sizes.

us.

Ci

41.

.042" diameter holes on .1" grid

P.C. plug or flexcable connections

L..:8:8811

8:1881:11'

7E33:113113:13

....+f:
....:t:i

a:..R,'r

8804 ANY DIP, $19.95. Accepts

all DIPs. Offset power and ground
planes, 50/100 contacts spaced .125."
S -100

Easy to wire hole and pad patterns

"i

a m.A-

size."

4112 -5 PAD BOARD, $12.23. Pad

per 3 holes. Ground plane on backside. 4.5" x 4.5" or 4.5" x 6.5" or
4.5" x 9.6 ". 22/44 contacts spaced
0.156 ".
8802 -1 PAD BOARD, $19.95. Pad
per 2 holes, each side, peripheral
buses. 50/100 contacts spaced at
.125 ", S-100 size.'
8801 PAD BOARD, $19.95. Pad per
each hole, each side, peripheral buses.
50/100 contacts at .125 ". S -100 size.*
8801 -1, $14.95. No pads
50/100 contacts at .125 ".

- just holes.
S -100

:r. +:$:
__44,:..

:_y..:

:14

..y....

f:.`i;t;
f?'i'1

`
4

ti

'I

tt.

utuiwtltfUfrir t
....

size.

.S -100 size is 5.3" high by 10" wide.

VECTOR ELECTRONIC COMPANY FULL LINE OF SUPPORTING PRODUCTS: Card cages and enclosures for all Plugbords, mating
receptacles, interconnect products.
12460- G ladstone Avenue
Sylmar, California 91342
F.t r P184 Shi N-Ht81.
Phone (213) 365 -9661
Patented Vector P184 Tool is three times faster for interTWX (910) 496-1539
connecting wrap -post designs.' $29.95.
for new data.
Send

CIRCLE 86 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

www.americanradiohistory.com

"The Sansui AU -717 is a superb amplifier.

We like it with no ifs ands,or buts' (Julian Hirsch)
It offers "as much circuitry sophistication

and control flextbilityas any two -piece

amplifying system:'
(Len Feldman)

Everyone says great things about

the new Sansui AU -717, but the
experts say it best.
The Sansui AU -717 DC integrated amplifier

is

no ifs, ands, or buts." [Reprinted in part from Julian Hirsch's

test report in Stereo Review, February,1978.]
"One clear advantage of DC design is apparent. Even
at the low 20Hz extreme, the amplifier delivers a full 92
watts the same value obtained for midfrequency

"Sansui's

incorporates a fully direct -coupled power

amplifier section whose frequency response varies less
than +0, -3dB from 0Hz (D.C.) to 200 kHz. The amplifier's
power rating is 85 watts per channel (min, RMS) from 20 to
20,000Hz into 8 -ohm loads, with less than 0.025 per cent
If any amplifier is free of
total harmonic distortion
Transient Intermodulation Distortion (TIM) or any other
slew -rate induced distortion, it is this one ....The slew rate
... was the fastest we have measured on any amplifier, an
impressive 60 V /usec.
"The preamplifier section of the AU -717 .... has very
finest ....

power
compared with its
85 watt rating into

It

impressive

specifications
for frequency
response,

ohms....
"The

equalization
characteristic of
the preamplifier
was one of the
most precise we
have ever
measured, with
Radio-Electronics
Leonard Feldman,Contributing Editor
the deviation from
the standard RIAA playback curve never exceeding
more than 0.1dB
"Sansui claims that this unit has reduced transient
direct result of the DC
intermodulation distortion
design, and, indeed, the model AU -717 delivered sound
as transparent and clean as any we have heard from an
integrated amplifier....
even by those who
" ... worth serious consideration
prefer separate amplifiers and preamplifiers." [Reprinted
in part from Len Feldman's test report in
Radio -Electronics, January,1978.1

-a

equalization
accuracy, and
noise levels ...The
AU -717 has dual
power supplies,

including
separate power
transformers, for

its

Julian

D. Hirsch.

Contributing Editor Stereo Review

two channels
[and] exceptionally comprehensive tape- recording and
monitoring facilities .... Good human engineering ...,
separates this unit from some otherwise fine products....
"The Sansui AU -717

is

Listen to the superb sound of the Sansui AU -717 at your

Sansui dealer today. And be sure to ask him for a
demonstration of the matching TU -717 super- tuner.

a superb amplifier. We like it with

SANSUI ELECTRONICS CORP.
11377 Gardena, California 90247 SANSUI ELECTRIC CO., LTD., Tokyo, Japan
SANSUI AUDIO EUROPE S.A., Antwerp, Belgium In Canada. Electronic Distribu-ors

Woodside, New York

Sans-ui

c
z
m
(-8

-4
CO

CIRCLE 73 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

www.americanradiohistory.com

25

EQUIPMENT REPORT
continued front page 24

AVANTI
HIGH

PERFORMANCE
C.B. ANTENNAS
40 CHANNEL ENGINEERED
Ir

ASTRO PLANET"
CB Base Antenna
Co- inductive
The omni -directional CB

antenna that radiates from

the top
for greater range
and performance. 4.46 db
gain over isotropic

Finally, the table contains a listing for the

Kansas City Standard Cassette Interface used
by computer hobbyists. The frequency counter
can also be used to test TV ultrasonic remote
control systems. The transmitters can be set
right on the button for each function, and the
receivers checked with equal ease.
The ACCU pushbutton stands for accumulate
and reads the total number of cycles or events
(switch opening or closing, etc.) occurring at a
given time. This reading is set to zero by
pushing the RESET button, and stopped by
opening the input circuit at the end of the
desired time.
When you press the pushbutton marked
TIME, the display starts counting instantly in
hundredths of a second. The reading can be
returned to zero by pressing the RESET pushbutton. This function can also be used as a
electronic stopwatch. A control cable with a
pushbutton switch or electronic actuator on it
is plugged into the rear -panel jack. Press the
TIME button and then the RESET button. To
start the count, the control switch is opened (or
the electronic actuator is driven to a logic-high
level, not more than 5 volts). When the switch
is closed, the count stops (to a logic -low level),
and is retained on the display until the RESET
button is pressed.
Next to the RESET button is the gate TIME
pushbutton mentioned before, for higher resolution. Finally, the last pushbutton on the far
right is a X -X IO attenuator selector for
reading signals at a higher level than the input
limit: up to 200 volts (DC + AC peak) to 500
Hz, and 100 volts on higher frequencies. The
input is a standard BNC jack and has a I.0megohm input impedance. Therefore, standard

stronger signal, clearer

reception. No coils to
burn or short. Vertical
polarity. Patent #3587109
Model AV- 101...price $39.95
2.8x more power
E.R.P.
Avanti CB base antennas
from $20.50 to $404.00

RACER 27 r"
CB Mobile Antenna

Magnetic mount

10:1 oscilloscope probes can be used where

circuit loads must be kept low.

The instruction manual gives complete details of all the tests that can be made by the
model 1820. It even includes schematic diagrams of the electronics needed to make this
kind of control possible, mostly debouncing
circuitry for greater accuracy. Practically any
kind of electrical transducer can be used with
it to make many measurements.
R ;E

Easy to mount on roof or trunk

no holes to
for car, van or truck
fast removal for hide away
drill
or car washing. Strong magnet
assures position. Mylar pad guards

vehicle finish.
Hermi -coil (Hermetically sealed coil)
A special molding process
provides a weather-proof coil
environment. Helps maintain the
characteristic antenna impedance,
even in damp or salt water
atmosphere. Hermi -coil also helps
eliminate internal surface leakage.
Provides a long
Ribbed base
leakage path used in high voltage
insulators, spark plugs, etc.

Hickok Model 517 DualTrace Oscilloscope

Specifications: Electrical /.wavelength

27 MHz
Unity gain
1.3:1 or better
V.S.W.R.
hermicoil
shunt
fed
Coil

- -

MODEL AV-727 Mobile Antenna System

with 48" whip, 17' coaxial cable with

magnetic mount. 40 channel $32.95
Avanti makes a complete line of high
performance mobile CB antenna systems

`om $11.95 to $72.50

FREE 24 PAGE CATALOG

avanil

Avanti Research ft Development, Inc.

Established 1%4

340 Stewart Ave., Addison, IL

60101 USA

creators of the
famous
OCotieghi 1977,
hi rights reserved

26

CIRCLE 79 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

CIRCLE 103 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

THE HICKOK ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENT COMPAny, 19514 Dupont Avenue, Cleveland, OH
44108 has just released two triggered -sweep
oscilloscopes; the model 515 (a single -trace
scope) and the model 517 (a dual -trace version, shown here). The specifications are identical, except for an added channel on the model
517, which was the one tested.

www.americanradiohistory.com

This scope is an impressive instrument. The

cabinet is a "laydown" style with the cathode ray tube (CRT) at the top on the left -hand
side, and controls placed below and to the
right. The controls for the two input channels
are side by side at the bottom, making them
easy to get at. All panel controls are grouped
into two color -coded areas: Blue for the vertical inputs, for the level control and for all
switches used with these. All the triggering
controls, the level set, etc., are contained in the
green area at the top of the panel on the right.
The case has a locking bail -handle that can be
used to set it at any desired viewing angle.
Each channel has a calibrated step attenuator with a I2 -step range from IO mV -percentimeter to 50 volts -per- centimeter. This
control serves a dual function. The center knob
is a variable attenuator; turning it fully clockwise and clicked puts it in the CALIBRATE position. A full turn counterclockwise extends the
vertical range down to 5 mV -per- centimeter.
Channel amplifiers A and B are identical, and
can be AC- or DC- coupled; the center position
grounds the input for positioning of the trace.
The bandwidth is given as up to 15 MHz in
either channel. Our tests proved this rating is
quite conservative, since we observed signals
up to 27 MHz with readable deflection.
The TIME /CM (horizontal sweep speed)
switch can be varied from 0.5 s -per- division
down to 0.2 seconds -per- centimeter, in 18 calibrated steps. A X5 sweep -multiplier extends
the upper limit to read only 100 ns- per-centimeter. The model 517 can be triggered by
internal sync, or by an external trigger pulse.
An AUTO-NORMAL switch triggers the sweep so
that you can see the baseline for setup and
adjustments. A selector switch marked "
lets you select either positive or negative
polarity for triggering. All these controls are
widely spaced pushbuttons. A continuously
variable trigger level gives positive trigger
control. Other pushbuttons display only the
Channel A, Channel B or DUAL (both channels
at once) modes; the ADD mode displays the
Channel A signal added to Channel B, with the

-"

+/

resultant waveforms.
Both model 5/5 and model 517 are meant to
be general -purpose scopes for any industrial/
lab /radio /TV application. For TV work, a special Tv -v /H switch selects a sync- separator
circuit so that the pattern locks on either horizontal or vertical signals. Whether horizontal
or vertical sync is used depends on the position
of the TIME /CM switch, which automatically
selects the correct sync, depending on the
sweep speed. We gave the model 517 our pet
"acid test ": display a color -bar signal from a
generator at horizontal rate. This is a beast to
lock onto, since it consists of a whole row of
sharp pulses of the same amplitude. The model
517 grabbed it and held it firmly.
The resolution is very good. In this same test
(using the sweep expander) we were able to
count the number of cycles (10 in all) in one
bar of the color -bar pattern! Actually, the
expanded sweep wasn't needed; we just used it
to verify our count in normal operation. The
risetime is very good. We fed it patterns from a
digital color -bar generator having an excellent
squarewave output, and the risetime was almost unmeasureable. A good squarewave
probe -calibration signal (7.5 volts P -P) is provided via a jack on the panel. This is used for
setting frequency- compensating trimmer in
the X10 probes.
The model SP -17 Probe Kit contains two
special probes. One probe is the model SP-7, a

continued on page 28

Send foryoirFREE

Super Case
Vaco means vElue and variety.
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EQUIPMENT REPORT
continued from page 26

FC45 Only $448

HIGH SENSITIVITY
-

--- INPUTS
1'M&'

s0 OHM

USi

i;,

III

fl <t

sps, .-:

r
.

r'

AUDIO THROUGH VHF

,--READ
CRISSAI

I SEC

RATE
SIC

- --

RANGE

SON, SAMT, 30

E30MI,

OHM

(VC`31t1t\-r,

t_:ka{-kA.NItiIN,

the interference free frequency counter

all the way through 30 MHz & 600 MHz with Prescaler
A Frequency Counter

that you can really count on...

Right at the radio or TV transmitter site,

next to a high power tranceiver

and even on top of a color TV high voltage cage. Engineers and technicians are
amazed as they pick up the only double -shielded frequency counter and use it
where their high -priced counter won't stand still. Only the FC45 has a vinyl -clad,
steel- covered case, to do that extra shielding, and matched and shielded input
leads. Others don't even provide the test leads, let alone match them to your

instrument.

When needing super accurate frequency measurements to five times

better than FCC specs all the way through 600 MHz UHF. The easy to use, direct reading, 8 -digit pushbutton FC45 has an accuracy of 1 part per million (.0001
percent). Time base crystal is hand selected, baked in an oven for 30 days,
installed into your FC45 and run for 30 days again before redocumenting and
shipping. That's how far Sencore goes to protect your FCC license.

X I O low- capacitance probe, and the other is

the mode! SP-6, a combination X I / X 10
probe. A slide switch on the probe handle
selects either mode; the center switch position
grounds the input for setup. The basic probe
has a very sharp tip. There are four slip -on
adapters: a spring -loaded hook; an insulator
cap that covers everything but the sharp probe
tip; a special adapter with two small guard
insulators that have a sharp tip between them,
for checking one pin of an IC without shorting;
and a BNC adapter. A tiny insulated screwdriver adjusts the trimmer in the probe. The
model SP-17 Probe Kit comes in a sturdy
plastic pouch with a zipper, so you can't lose
those little adapters in your kit. The cables are
1.5 meters long or about 5.5 feet.
Unlike some early triggered -sweep scopes,
the model 517 can perform sweep alignment.
The last TIME /CM switch position is labelled
EXT HORIZ. The horizontal sweep signal is fed
into the external trigger jack; the variable
control on the TIME /CM switch then acts as a
horizontal -gain control. A vertical input signal
is fed into the Channel A input. The model
517 has one feature I used to like on my old
scopes, but haven't seen lately: a trace -invert
switch. This switch can "make the curve go the
right way," if you're like me, and want the
curve to go up. The switch has other uses: In
normal operation, in the ADD mode (Channel
A + Channel B), flipping the switch to the
INVERT position displays the difference signal,
Channel B. For best trigor Channel A
gering on video signals, this switch should be
set so that the sync -tips point down.
The CRT is a rectangular 5DEP31 with a
built -in graticule. For vectorscope analysis,
you can slip in a vector graticule over this graticule; this, too, comes with the instrument. The
INTENSITY, FOCUS and ASTIGMATISM controls
are grouped out of the way at the top left -hand
corner of the panel.
This is a good, versatile instrument, and it
should prove of great value to anyone who
needs a reliable and accurate oscilloscope. Its
R -E
price tag is $695.

Heathkit Series 5280 Test

Instruments

When checking in low level circuits all the way down to 25 milliVolts and
all the way up through 230 megaHertz. Other counters fall off at about 80 MHz on
their once Megohm input. Exclusive "Snoop Loop ", with this outstanding sensitivity, enables you to "pick up" all the way back to the oscillator without loading
the circuit; avoids direct connecion to transmitter output, too. Plus exclusive
crystal check for checking crystals out -of- circuit.

And you can extend these FC45 reliable uses even further with...
To Antenna
To "Snoop Loop"

PR47 600 MHz Prescaler:

Extends FC45 from 230

MHz to 600 MHz by plugging into special FC45 power jack
and inserting into input lead
$125

PR50 Audio Prescaler: Extends use of FC45, or any

other frequency counter, to .1 Hz and .01 Hz for audio and
subaudible measurements. Same size and use as PR47

$125

PL207 "Snoop Loop ":

RF pick -up loop with cable to

avoid direct circuit connection

$9.95
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Write for 24 -page FC45 Frequency Counter Sencore News or order instrument
from: Sencore, Inc., 3200 Sencore Drive, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57107

NC Q Q

28

Canada

Superior Electronics

Form
1753

CIRCLE 28 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

www.americanradiohistory.com

THE HEATH COMPANY HAS JUST RELEASED

its Series 5280 test instruments. There are five

instruments, all in identical plastic cases that

can be stacked for a neat test -center layout.
The cases are 11 inches wide, 51/a inches high

continued on page 30

Finally,
a CB

antenna
that draws
more signals
than
thieves.

And fcr you, it's an antenna that'll

`Iraw mo -e customers into yaur store.
It's the new AM/FM/CB Disguise
Antenna from GTE Sylvania. It has
pore gain and draws more signals
:han most of the popular disguise
antennas available. Plus it not only
gives gocd AM and CB performance,
Put also delivers outstandir FM
-performance.
And since it fits all cars, ai youz
customer has to do is rnoun_ it in
place of Hs car antenna. Arc. all you
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nstead o: two.
Easy tc install.
Easy tc sell.
It's just another grea: profitmaking opportunity from G -_-E
Sylvania -one of the world's most
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in i out how you can draw more cus. cmers by
c-ontacting Jinn Tobin, GTE Sylbania, Cistribu- or
gird Special vlarkets Division, 100 First Aven1-e,
Waltham, M4. 02154.

,,

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zm
c

co

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29

EQUIPMENT REPORT

are clean and the squarewave has excellent

risetime. Sample waveforms for checking and
identifying both sinewave and squarewave distortion are shown in the manual.
The model IT-5283 is an RF /AF Signal
Tracer. This instrument follows RF-IF signals
through any radio, as well as AF signals from
the detector on. Switching is performed in the
test -probe tip; a diode symbol shows you the
RF reading. A novel feature is used in the third
switch position: it becomes an audible volt ohmmeter! The input goes to a relaxation oscillator using a unijunction transistor. You can
read resistance from 0 up to 5 megohms. You
hear an audible tone, and as resistance goes
higher, the frequency goes down. The model
IT -5283 can also be used as a DC voltmeter,
from -3 volts to +20 volts; as the voltage
goes down, the frequency goes down. This
instrument can also be used for checking logic
states. You soon learn to identify the tone
produced by a logic high (I) and a logic low
(0).
Last, but not least, the test instrument you
should build first (if you plan to obtain them in
kit form) is the model IM-5284 Multimeter.
The AC or DC voltage ranges are from 1.0 volt
up to 1000 volts. On the DC range, the input
impedance is 10.0 megohms; on the AC range,
the impedance is 1.0 megohm. The ohmmeter
reads from R X I to R X 1.0 megohm. The
analog panel meter is a 4.5 -inch rectangular
unit. There are four separate scales and four
ranges, 0 -1, 0 -I0, 0 -100 and 0 -1000, are
used. Also provided are an ohms scale and a
special scale for the 0-1.2 -volt AC range. The
ZERO ADJUST and OHMS ADJUST controls are
located on the front panel along with the
RANGE and FUNCTION switches and the input
jacks.

continued from page 28

and 73/. inches deep. Typical weight is 31/2
pounds. All solid -state, the instruments can be
powered either by two 9 -volt batteries or by an
AC power supply having five plugs that fit
sockets on the back of each unit.
First, in numerical order, is the model IG5280 RF Oscillator. It has an RF output from
310 kHz to 110 MHz on fundamental frequencies, in five overlapping bands. An extra band
is calibrated on the scale, 110 to 220 MHz on
harmonics. The AF modulation is kHz, and
can be used as an audio test signal. Both RF
and AF outputs have variable controls; the AF
control serves as a modulation- percentage control for RF. Our test sample showed excellent
accuracy.
Next, the model IB -5281 Inductance- Resistance -Capacitance Bridge. It uses a Wheatstone circuit that is AC- driven so that capacitors and inductors can be checked. The instrument's resistance is from 10 ohms to 10
megohms; inductance is from 10
to 10 H;
and a capacitance from 10 pF to 10F, all on
three ranges. The panel meter shows the null,
and parts can be checked against an external
standard for matching. A special scale shows
matching and the percentage of error. We
checked several known components with good
results.
The model 1G -5282 Audio Oscillator has a
range from 10 Hz to 100 kHz, and has separate
sinewave and squarewave outputs. For sine wave operation, only the sinewave section need
be switched on; for a squarewave, both sections
must be on. This confused me at first, but after
taking my usual drastic step (reading the
manual!) the problem cleared up. Sinewaves
1

This instrument was checked on all ranges

against a high- accuracy digital meter. All the
AC and DC voltage ranges read right on the
nose. The AC voltage ranges have a good
frequency response, accurate up to 100 kHz.
The resistance ranges, which were checked
against our lab standards, were also accurate.
The drift was almost undetectable over a fairly
long test.
The operating power supply for all five
Series 5280 instruments can be provided by
the model IP- 5280-1 AC Power Supply. This
has a +9- and -9 -volt output, each regulated
by its own IC regulator; currents up to 100 mA
can be drawn. There are five cables, each with
plugs, that are long enough to reach all the
instruments even if they are stacked one on top
of the other. This compact power supply can be
tucked away anywhere. It has an isolating fuse protected power transformer. No special
switch is needed; you just use the on -off
switches of the individual instrument.
The Series 5280 can provide the beginner or
advanced experimenter with low -cost, accurate
and versatile test instruments that are available
in kit form or fully built and tested. They
should be ideal for use in electronics and electrical schools, or for servicing any kind of
equipment. And the stacking feature makes it
possible to create some neat and useful layouts
for any kind of work.
R -E

Spyderco Company
Portable Hand
LETS SUPPOSE YOU WANT TO SOLDER TWO

resistors together for a test. You hold one

resistor in one hand, and the soldering iron in
continued on page 35

Use this versatile frequency

counter when accuracy

counts.

FREoUENCV COUNTER

VIZ

OVER

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11

1_1

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1411

KHZ

ft

6 -digit

$200.00

See it at your
VIZ distributor
VIZ

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WD -752A

6644 A

Exceptional accuracy and sensible features make

our new wide -range frequency counter the ideal
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and other communications equipment.
Wide range -10Hz to 60MHz
Precise 10.000MHz crystal -controlled time base
for 0.1 ppm stability
1 KHz audible tone for SSB carrier frequency
measurement
Selectable input sensitivity (for noise rejection)

bright LED readout

Indicators for signal, overflow, and range
Small and compact; ac operated

VIZ Test
Instruments Group
of VIZ Mfg. Co.
335 E. Price St., Philadelphia, Pa. 19144

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How To Program Microcomputers

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Explains assembly -language programming of
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Teaches the skills needed to use an 8080 -based
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DBUG: An 8080 Interpretive Debugger

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Interfacing and Scientific Data Communications Experiments

Covers the microcomputer hardware and software necessary to interface ND and D/A
converters to 8080 -based microcomputer systems. Also discusses sample- and -hold and
multiplexer circuits. With experiments and completely documented computer programs.
320 pages;
No 21540 $9.50

By David G. Larsen and Peter R. Rony

Describes the use of UAR/T and USAR/T "chips" for serial data communications between
instruments and computers. The operation of teletypewriter interfaces and serial
transmission circuits are explored. With experiements and circuit details. 160 pages;
No. 21546 $5.95

Send Your Order TODAY!

enclosed (please
Send books checked below, $
enclose check of money order).* understand that, if not completely satisfied, may return my order within 10 days for a full
refund.
I

NAME
(Please print)

ADDRESS
CITY

THE BLACKSBURG CONTINUING EDUCATION

SERIES

'Include sales tax where applicable. Canadian prices slightly higher.

21035
21313
21351
21398

9.50
$ 9.95
$ 9.95
$10.50
$

21404
21451

21459
21483

$7.95
$6.50
$8.95
$1.95

21486
21500
LI 21512
21524

$8.95
$8.95
$6.95
$8.95

Howard W. Sams & Co., Inc.

4300 West 62nd Street /Indianapolis, Indiana 46206

.ZIP

STATE

111

21447

$10.50

21536

$4.95

21547

$9.50

The following books will be available during the month specified.

111

21548
21550
21551
21552
21540

June 1978
July 1978
July 1978
July 1978
August 1978

6.95
$12.95
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$ 9.50
$

Available in Canada: Lenbrook Industries Ltd., Scarborough Ontario M1H 1H5.

21541
21542
21543
21544

Sept. 1978
Oct. 1978
Oct. 1978
Oct. 1978
21546 Oct 1978

9.50
$10.50
$ 9.95
$18.95
$ 5.95
$

zm

TKG42
03

33

www.americanradiohistory.com

Performance
and Price...
there's no tradeoff in
B &K- PRECISION

SCOpeS.

Model 1474 $999 including probes

Model 1432 $750 including probes

Fr field or lab work, Dynascan has a

quality scope to fit your needs. B &KPRECISION has taken a no- nonsense, cost effective approach to oscilloscope design.
Our scopes are rugged dependable instruments, designed to match the features and
performance of far more expensive scopes,
without matching their high prices. Typical of
this approach is our Model 1474 30MHz dual trace lab scope and our new Model 1432
15MHz portable dual -trace scope.

Off -the -shelf delivery is another of our features, and its the one you can take advantage
of first. We're so sure that B &K- PRECISION
scopes will fill your needs, that we can offer
a no- obligation, ten -day free trial. Contact
your local B &K- PRECISION distributor for
immediate delivery or a demonstration.

- --

The B &K- PRECISION

Model 1474 is the most

cost -effective dual -trace

scope available. No compromise features include a
built -in signal -delay line,
5mV /cm sensitivity, switch able high- and low -pass triggering filters and
a TTL compatible Z -axis input. Vertical response is typically down only -6dB at 49MHz.
The 1474 is excellent for microprocessor
work, as signal delay and the 30MHz minimum bandwidth allow you to examine
short pulse waveforms.

---1

dill

The new Model 1432 portable dual -trace scope is

one of our best values. This

compact portable offers

optional rechargable battery pack and full lab -scope
features. An automatic
battery charger is built -in as a standard feature. Sensitivity is 2mV/division over a DC
to 15MHz range. Bandwidth response is typically down only - 6dB at 25MHz. Special
features include algebraic addition and subtraction of two input signals, 19 calibrated
sweep ranges and front -panel X-Y operation.

DYNASCAN

CORPORATION

6460 West Cortland Street, Chicago. Illinois 60635 312 / 889 -9087
Intl. Sls: Empire Exporters, Inc., 270 Newtown Road. Plainview,
In Canada: Atlas Electronics, Ontario

CIRCLE 80 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

www.americanradiohistory.com

L.I.,

NY 11803

EQUIPMENT REPORTS
continued from page 30
the other. Then, you chase the loose resistor all
over the bench, solder it, and then you move
just as the solder sets! What you need at times
like this is another hand.

metal star that can be placed on the bench as a

base, or fastened with a screw through the
center. Three of the arms end in standard
Mueller Series 60 alligator clips. These clips
are secured by a brass collar with a set -screw,
which makes them easy to replace if damaged.
The clips will hold the leads of any small
components. If necessary, they can be padded
by slipping a piece of spaghetti wire over the
jaws.
The fourth arm has a larger Mueller HippoClip with rubber -padded jaws and grips. You
can use this clip to fasten The Portable Hand
to the bench edge, a shelf, or the top of a TV
cabinet, and then just use the other three
arms.
This is the kind of handy timesaving device
that I love! An illustrated folder comes with it
that shows 18 possible things you can do with
it. It is definitely not a toy or a cheaply made
gadget to play with. It's very well -built, strong
and should withstand long and hard use on the
bench. The Portable Hand sells for $9.95, and
R -E
it should pay for itself soon.

"Of course you're welcome

to get a second
opinion, doctor! But this first one is still going
to cost you $47.00!"

Need help? Call us.Want to help?

Call us.

CIRCLE 105 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

The Spyderco Company, Box 3517, Redding, CA 96001 has one for you called The
Portable Hand. It has four arms, each with an
adjustable ball- socket joint with a thumbscrew. The arms can be set to any position or
angle you wish, and are mounted on a stamped

RedCross.7}e
Red
Cross. the Good Neighbor.

A Pudic Service d This Magazine

a The Advertising

As Featured in R -E
You probably first found out about the Central
Data 2650 computer board when it was featured in
the April -June, 1977 issues of Radio -Electronics.
Since then we've designed a 16K and 24K RAM
board for greater memory capability, an S -100 compatible extender board for easy expansion and two
new software packages for program sophistication.
We also offer all of the peripherals for a complete
computer system. Of course, our board still has all
of the same high quality standard features it has
always had.
a 2650

microprocessor

an 80 character by 16 line display

a powerful Supervisor Program

Cassette Interface
parallel input port and one bit
settable output port
2048 bytes of read -write memory for the
video display and your programs
a 300 Baud

one

Centrall 1Ma cD

Whether you're an experienced computer user

or just a beginner, we can help you build a system
suited to your needs. Let us know what you need
today.

PO Box 2484, Station A

Champaign, IL 61820

217- 359 -8010

CIRCLE 67 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

`C

z
m

V
CO

35

www.americanradiohistory.com

This 8-bit machine,

by itself, is as versatile
as a lot of systems
that include peripherals

register contents and lets /au

inspect and alter tl-_em ever durir
operation. 2_nd for greater under standing, t-e front panel permits
you to execute programs a single
instruction at a time. The :-i8's meal
ory is fully expandable, its 8080A
CP:: extremely versatile, ard with
the ackitior. of high speec serial
and paralle_ interfacing you gain the
added ilex_bility of I/O operation
with tape, CRT consoles, paper -ape
/purxhes, and soon floppy
i reaer
diss systems! The H8 offers superor
documentation including ccmpleie
step -by -step assembly and Operation mcnua_s, and tomes ccmplete.
with BASIC assembler, edi-or, and
debug software thct others : hange
over $30 foe H8, si_nplicity for the
beginner, sophisticction for the e(pert and
at $375* just right for ycu.
'Prizes ale nail
orcer ne MB,
Heston F :a"bar,
Mi_higaa.

hies cad
rpecificcti

lject b

change wilt

ptical? For starters, neccuse of it

inique design
he H8 is the
i;
>nly machine
r its price class Memory Display
hat offers
ill system

rtegration
yet,

Register Display

with just

of

optional

mort' and
sing only its

110 Fort Display

System Engineered
for Personal Computing

intelligent"
ont panel for -JD, may be operated
ompletely without peripherals!
r_ addition, by using t _e fectire
of its built -in PAM -8 RCM pere1
control program, the HE actrally
flows you to dg in and excraine
crachine level circuitry. Responding
lc simple instructions, :he "intell.ggent" panel displays memari and

Computers, peripherals and

nearly 400 exciting, easy to
build electronic kits
all in your

FREE

=m1

Heathkit
Catalog

Schlumberger

nea-n 1..ompany, uea uu;zu

Bea-on Harbor, MI 45E22

Please send me my FFEE Heathkt catal)).

arr not on your mailirq list.
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www.americanradiohistory.com

JUNE 1978

111111 OWN

OhilpilbOl'
RADIO- ELECTRONICS SPECIAL FEATURE
I

INTRODUCTION TO PERSONAL
COMPUTERS -WHAT THEY CAN DO AND
HOW TO SELECT YOUR OWN

2 WHAT MAKES

COMPUTER

SYSTEM-PERIPHERAL
DEVICES AND ACCESSORIES
THE DIFFERENT WAYS YOU CAN TALK
A

TO YOUR COMPUTER

LANGUAGES AND
4

COMPUTER CORNER

5 A

ROUNDUP OF THE EQUIPMENT

IT

AND WHO MAKES

glu,l;ll,

wply

IMNMINI.

;INlppWlulllllll'

III

,I

'^I

,n

ql

"wp.

Il

"co

An
m

UI,

..,,IAIR,.
!IIIIIYMp'

- PROGRAMMING

HOW TO USE THEM

Jl90ry

IIIYYW"
IMIAI

,wu
11YWW"
A'1A

IuWl;,l,

lll
I

111nlwll
n',

Ilw

'

III'
lo"

Illlullll"

rylMllll.

II

I11n0

III III

gn

"
:!'1111""

.MI

lpn u

RIWP

Copyright

www.americanradiohistory.com

Gernsback Publications, Inc. 1978

tcm

!a

Personal Computers
Ever wonder what you would do with a
possibilities are limited only by your imagination.
plus a look at what a computer system consists of and

WILLIAM BARDEN

Buying a personal computer system today is somewhat similar to

choosing a wife. Rather than evaluating the field qualitatively and making the choice based on logic, a lot of
emotion is involved. This article decribes currently available microcomputers and attempts to give the reader some selection guidelines.
Why buy a microcomputer?

Personal computers are essentially

composed of logic circuitry. Unlike
complicated special- purpose circuitry

BYT -8 microcomputer from Byte Incorporated

has toggle switches and LED indicators on the
front panel.

that performs only one dedicated

function, however, the microcomputer can be rapidly and easily changed
to perform a variety of functions by
reprogramming. The circuitry is
"told" how to perform each specific
job demanded of it by its owner.
Using any of the many microcomputers available today it is possible
(at reasonable cost) to:
Play a variety of games from Star
Trek to involved combat games.

Create and play synthesized musical selections

Understand human voice commands.
Speak with a Scots brogue.
Set up an energy conservation
system for your home with the
computer controlling the heating
and cooling, and possibly even
opening and closing windows automatically.
Prepare your income tax.
Set up a weight -loss program that

Now it is possible to design individual, special -purpose circuits so

that they can provide most of these
functions, but what other design can
perform every one of these functions
and at such a low cost'?

specifically tailored to the

amount of weight you want to
lose, how fast you want to lose it
and how much work you want to
is

put into it.

Compute your payroll; figuring tax
deductions, health insurance, social security, etc.
Act as a bill collector; automatically preparing collection letters
that are individualized for each
customer and reporting back to
you on the status of each customer and the total of your unpaid
accounts.
Balance your checkbook and estimate your net worth.
Inventory parts for your small
business.
Decipher and generate Morse
code for an amateur radio transceiver.
Provide a burglar and fire alarm
for home or business.
Provide automatic telephone dialing and decode remote telephone
commands.
Control lights, sprinklers and
heating.
Tutor yourself, spouse and children.
As more software is developed
(more instructions), your computer system can grow to accomplish
additional tasks. It is never limited
to a specific set of tasks. Whenever you come up with a new job
for your machine, a little programming will make it possible for the
computer to add still another job.

38

www.americanradiohistory.com

pdp 11/03 MINICOMPUTER from digital shows

how information is displayed on a CRT.

Several years ago, a properly

equipped minicomputer would have
cost about $40,000. Now, all the
functions described above can easily
be implemented on a $2000 microcomputer system, and many can be
performed on a $600 system. I f
you're ready to spend what you'd pay
for a new TV set or stereo system,
just take a look at what your money
will buy.

Microcomputer components
Figure shows typical microcomputer components. The logic components are grouped into hardware,
software and firmware.
Hardware consists of the cabinetry
that contains the circuitry, necessary
power supplies, a real or imaginary
bus representing system logic signals,
memory, a central processing unit
(CPU) and firmware. The bus is the
master wiring system of the computer. It can most conveniently be
1

Are Theg Right For You?

computer if you had one in your home? The
Here's a look at a few of the many possibilities,
what you should look for when selecting your own.
The good side is that several companies can make products that fit a
particular bus. As the computer owner you can then buy plug-ins from a
variety of suppliers. However, in
practice, there are multiple suppliers

thought of as a wide ribbon cable

consisting of as many as 100 separate
wires.
In the S -100 bus, for example,
there are 100 wires. Each one carries
a specific signal. Each circuit board
in the computer is set up with a
connector that matches the bus. Lead
number I is always the same in that
system, as is lead number 2, and 3
and so on. All bus systems are not
compatible. Each one has its own set
of connections. This can be both an
advantage and

a small number of the available bus systems. For the others, the
only source of add -ons is the original
system manufacturer. Don't forget
this point. It could cost you dollars
when you want to expand your system.
Software is the instructions that

for only

disadvantage.

HARDWARE
ABINET, POWER SUPPLIES,

---

SOFTWARE

-1

BUS CONNECTORS
RAM
MEMORY

FIRMWARE
SYSTEM
PROGRAMS

SOFTWARE
LISTINGS

IN

ROM

CPU(CENTRAL

ti

(OPTIOI

OCESSING UNIT)

CROPROCESSOR
CHIP AND
ASSOCIATED
LOGIC

SYSTEM ANO
SOFTWARE
DOCUMENTATION

(OPTIONAL- SOME
DEVICE CONTROLLERS
MAY BE ON PC BOARD)

f s

enable the computer to follow your

directions and accomplish its task.
Again, there are options, mostly in
terms of the "language" you use.
(For more information on language
and programming, see the following
article in this special section.) There
is also available for almost all personal computers, prepared software on
magnetic tape or paper tape that can
be used to tell the computer how to

do a specific job. Firmware is hardwired software and cannot be easily

changed.
The cabinet in many cases is quite
unimpressive. The Apple II and Radio Shack TRS -80 systems are of this

type; they contain a minimum of

controls and switches. Other microcomputers have a cabinet with a control panel, as is the case with the
MITS 8800b and IMSAI 8080 microcomputers; however, a control
panel's usefulness is debatable.
00/1"*""

TV DISPLAY,
AUDIO TAPE
CASSETTE, ETC.

ORAL

DEVICE
CONTROLLER f.

SOFTWARE
PROGRAMS:
UTILITY AND
APPLICATIONS

XITAN MAINFRAME from Technical

Labs has an S100 bus structure.

t
N

-A

MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEM consists of RAM memory, a central processing unit plus

system programs stored in ROM memory. Peripheral devices, such as a CRT terminal, printer, or
additional external memory are connected to the system via peripheral device controllers. Signals to
the various parts of the system are carried along the system bus.
FIG.

Design

Within the cabinet are the power

supplies and system bus. If the microcomputer is similar to the Byte
Incorporated BYT -8, it contains a
39

www.americanradiohistory.com

crocomputer is an integrated single board type (PET), the CPU forms

part of the logic IC's on the board
itself.

(Time out for some definitions.

The instruction set is the set of built in instructions that the microprocessor can inherently perform. Every
microprocessor type has its own specific instruction set. Speed relates to
how quickly the microprocessor can
complete a step in its operation. This
time is usually measured in microseconds.)
In many applications, the actual
microprocessor IC used will be transparent (transparent means that the
user will not be aware of the microprocessor and will not know what
type is in the machine unless he
checks the manual to find out) to the

STATIC RAM MEMORY from Vector Graphic is

designed for the S100 bus structure.

The CPU consists of the microprocessor IC and any TTL or MOS IC's

discrete physical bus. You can look

into the cabinet and observe a series
of 100 -pin connectors mounted on a
PC board with 100 etched lines representing the bus. If the microcomputer is a Commodore PET, the bus
may be represented only by external
connectors and various etched lines
on a single large PC board. The bus
of a microcomputer is usually similar
to the pinout (the diagram that shows
where the individual pins on the
microprocessor connect and shows

required to interface the microprocessor to the rest of the system.

Almost all personal computers use
either the 8080, 6800, 6502, or Z -80
microprocessors as a base around
which the microcomputer is built. A
comparison of the four types is beyond the scope of this article, but, in
general, the current versions of these
microprocessors are approximately
equal in speed, instruction set and
efficiency-much more so than, for
instance, the differences between an
8080 microprocessor and its predecessor, the 8008.
TABLE

H9 CRT TERMINAL from Heathkit has CRT

display plus alphanumeric keyboard.

system user. The differences in

speeds and efficiency between the

I-Peripheral Devices For Current Microcomputers

their functions) of the microprocessor itself. A microcomputer built

around the 8080A microprocessor

Availability On
System Type

Device

MINI -MICRO DESIGNER from

E & L Instruments
breadboarding system for prototyping
computer circuits.

is a

has 8080 -type signals, one constructed around the 6800 microprocessor has 6800 -type signals, etc.
If the microcomputer has a bus
with plug -in connectors (as in the
MITS 8800b), the microprocessor
and associated circuitry will be on a
plug -in board called the CPU board.

(The CPU is the central processor

unit. It is the brain, the control
center, of the computer.) If the mi-

Explanation

II

III

IV

Keyboard

Similar to typewriter keyboard

BC

AB

Video display

Alphanumeric and /or

graphic

BD

AB

Teletype

ASR -33 series

BD

AB

CD

Audio cassette tape

Secondary storage

BD

AB

Floppy disc

Secondary fast storage

DE

AC

AB

Printer

High -speed hard copy

CE

AC

BD

Paper tape equipment

Auxiliary storage

CE

BC

CE

A /D, D/A

Analog-to- digital input, D/A

output

CE

AC

CE

Music synthesizer

Better than

CE

AC

CE

Speech input /out-

Actually sound input /output

CE

BC

CE

put
Relay drivers

For control applications

CE

AC

CE

MOOG

Notes:
I.
Microcomputer on a board; II, S -100; Ill, non -S -100; IV, turnkey system.
A. Readily available.
B. Sometimes available.
C. May be connected with some difficulty or design work.
D. May be connected with more difficulty or design work.
E. A major effort.

40

www.americanradiohistory.com

firmware memory. If 10K bytes are

used for firmware, for example, only
54K bytes are available to the system
user.

microprocessors themselves will be

secondary to other system attributes
such as the efficiency of the software,
the design and the bus structure.
Memory will also be contained on
separate plug -in modules in a bus oriented microcomputer (8800b), or
on a portion of the motherboard
(PET). All current microcomputers
can address up to 65,536 bytes of

INNENNNamair
COMPUCOLOR offers microcomputer and full color graphics terminal in single enclosure.

The firmware portion of memory

consists of read -only memory, physically represented by ROM, PROM,
or EPROM (Read -Only Memory,
Programmable Read -Only Memory,
or Erasable PROM). Generally, the
firmware includes the manufacturer's
systems software programs to provide

RADIO -SHACK'S TRS-80 microcomputer system has memory and keyboard.

memory directly (sixty -four 1024 byte segments, or 64K). In practice,

this memory range is divided between user -accessible memory and

TABLE

II- Current

Computer

Company
Apple Computer
Central Data
E &L Instruments
lasis
IMSAI
MOS Technology
Alpha Digital Systems
Byte Inc.
Cromemco
Equinox
IMSAI
IMSAI
MITS
North Star

Microcomputer Types

Apple II
2650 Computer
MMD -1
ia7301
IMSAI 8048
KIM -1
Alpha Z -80

Type

6502
2650 (Signetics)
8080A
8080A
8048 (Intel)
6502
Z -80
8080A
Z -80
8080A
8080A
8080A
8080A
Z -80A
8080A

II

BYT-8

II

Various
Equinox System
8080
80/30
Altair 8800b
Horizon

Il

POLY 88

II

Various
Vector 1
Vector 1+
Various

II

Vector Graphic
Vector Graphic
Digital Group
Heathkit
Heathkit

H8
H11

Ill
Ill

Intelligent Systems
Midwest Sci. Instr.

Intecolor 8001
MSI -6800
Altair 680B
Challenger II

Ill
Ill
Ill
Ill

SWTP 6800

III

Apple

IV
IV
IV
IV

PolyMorphic Systems
Processor Technology

II
I

Microprocessor

II
II
II

/IV

II
II

Ill

8080A
8080A
8080A
Z -80, 8080, 6800,
6502
8080A
LSI -11 (DEC PDP11)

MITS
Ohio Scientific

Southwest Technical
Apple Computer
Commodore
Ohio Scientific
Radio Shack

II

PET 2001

Challenger IIP
TRS -80

8080A
6800
6800
6502A
6800
6502
6502
6502A
Z -80

I- Microcomputer on a board.
Il

III

-S -100 type.

Non -S -100 type.

IV- Turnkey system.

www.americanradiohistory.com

file manage, an operating system and

a BASIC interpreter. Firmware is

included with such microcomputers

as Radio Shack's TRS -80 and Com-

modore's PET, and can be added to

virtually any other microcomputer.
Firmware programs are nonvolatile,
that is, turning off the computer will
not destroy the program burned into
the PROM.
Firmware is an easy way to add
specific functions to a computer. Unlike entering a program into memory,
firmware does not consume any
memory space and it cannot be erased
(with the exception of EPROM's
which can be erased and reprogrammed after being removed from
the computer). One way to think of
firmware is as a plug-in program
the program is in the form of an integrated circuit.
The remaining portion of memory
is RAM (Random Access Memory or
Read -Write Memory) and is useraccessible for program storage. Naturally, the more memory, the more
flexible and powerful the system. A
small system can have 4K of RAM,
while a larger configuration might

have 32K or more.

COMPUTER SYSTEM from The Digital Group

shows the various peripheral devices.

Peripheral devices and controllers

for the devices are connected to the

microcomputer either directly

through the bus or through input/
output (I /O) ports and connectors.
The peripheral devices shown in
Table I are available for use with
current microcomputers. Not every
device, however, is available for every
microcomputer. Many devices can be
connected to virtually any bus by
simple interfacing- design work.
A minimum workable system consists of a keyboard (to enter alphanumeric characters), a video display
(to display characters or graphic
lines), a CPU and memory. Each
peripheral device needs a controller,
essentially an interface between the
bus and device. Since the peripheral
devices operate much more slowly
than the CPU's hundreds of thousands of instructions per second, the
controller buffers the data to match
the CPU and device speeds and per-

Although system software may be

supplied in firmware as part of the
system, application programs generally come separately in the form of
audio cassette tapes, listings and documentation. Not all microcomputer
manufacturers supply huge quantities of applications programs. For
this reason and for the fun involved,
you can write your own applications
(or systems!) programs. There are
three types of programming available
to the user -machine language, assembly language and higher-level
languages.

forms handshaking (a constant back and -forth verification of the transmission of data) between the CPU
and the device. The controller logic
again may be contained on a portion
of the single -board microcomputer
(represented as dashed lines in Fig.
1), or it may be a separate module.
Generally, for each new peripheral
device that is added to the system, a
new controller board must be attached to the bus or to an I/O port.

ALTAIR 880 FROM MITS has toggle switches

and discrete LED indicators on front panel.

Machine language is the most basic, tedious and (although some will
disagree) least enjoyable of the three
methods of programming. Rarely
necessary on today's systems, it
requires you to enter strings of binary
data to program the computer. Assembly language allows you to automatically assemble the instructions
for the microprocessor being used in
the microcomputer, thus eliminating
the manual machine language methMACHINE LANGUAGE
As input on hexadecimal key pad:
A8
OE

OA
81

OD
C2
00

ACT -IV CRT TERMINAL from Micro -Term has

alphanumeric keyboard.

Two general types of software are

available: system (or utility) software and applications software. System software includes programs to
help develop other programs, debug
or troubleshoot other programs, or
manage data in memory or in secondary memory storage, such as a floppy
disc or audio cassette tape. System
software can be supplied in firmware
or on an easily loadable program
medium, such as audio cassette tape
or paper tape. Applications programs
range from game packages to accounts- receivable programs, in fact,
any program for which the microcomputer system will be used.

01

ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
As input on keyboard:
XRA
MVI
ADD
DCR
JNZ

LOOP

A
B. 10
B

LOOP

HIGHER -LEVEL (BASIC) LANGUAGE

As input on keyboard:
350
360
370
380
FIG. 2. ADDING

LET S =0
FOR I= 1 to 10
LET S =S-t
NEXT I

+2 +3

+10 in three

languages

www.americanradiohistory.com

od. Although machine language and

assembly language programs can be

executed much faster than other

higher -level languages, they are more
time -consuming to write. Higher -level languages such as BASIC let you
program statements that resemble
the English language. BASIC is by
far the easiest language to learn and
the most readily available for microcomputers. Other languages that are
offered are FORTRAN, COBOL or
APL. Figure 2 compares the three
programming types used for a simple
program. For more details on the
three major programming methods,
see "How To Program A Computer"
elsewhere in this special section.

Available microcomputers
Currently, four basic personal microcomputer types are available: The
microcomputer on a board, the non-.
S-100 modular microcomputer, and
the turnkey system. Table I I lists the
lower -cost systems of the four microcomputer types.
The microcomputer on a board
format is exemplified by such systems as MOS Technology's KIM -I.
Other microcomputers of this type

SYSTEM 8813 from Polymorphic has three floppy disk drives.

are offered by microprocessor manufacturers as single -board evaluation

modules. These are designed primarily for the engineer who will either
evaluate the microprocessor or integrate the module in a production
system.
This type of module (available either as a kit or fully assembled) may
include an LED display, a small numeric keyboard, a small systems software program in the firmware and a
small user-accessible RAM memory.
In some cases, additional memory or
I/O devices are added to the basic
system. Programming is generally
possible only by using machine Ian guage.
The advantages of this system are

its low cost, hardware simplicity,

small size and low power drain. Its
disadvantages are its lack of expandability (there are few add -ons avail-

able) and its less- sophisticated software. This type of microcomputer is

probably ideal for an experimenter
who wants to obtain the most basic
hardware and software in order to
learn and understand how both aspects of a personal computer function.
The S -100 modular microcomputers started with the MITS 8800.

cannot simply be plugged in and

operated. Kits or fully assembled systems are available.

VECTOR

MICROCOMPUTER from Vector

Graphic.

This system's advantages are its

low cost, a wide range of add -on
lr,

MODEL CT -1 from Computalker Consultants is

a speech synthesizer board.

M1TS defined the MITS (or S -100)

bus, and many other manufacturers
copied it in their microcomputer
designs. There are literally dozens of
memory boards, 1/O devices and special- purpose interfaces that plug directly into the S -I00 bus. Most are
compatible with each other, even if
they are produced by different manufacturers. A control panel may or
may not be offered. Firmware is not
stressed but may be provided. In
general, the S -100 microcomputers

peripherals and sophisticated hardware and software. The chief disadvantage is the lack of good general purpose firmware (preprogrammed
plug-in PROM's to take care of
things like programming language).
The third group of microcomputers do not use the S -100 bus and
provide a modular, rather than a
turnkey, system. Since the S -100 bus
is not used, additional modules or
peripheral devices that are compatible with the system are probably
provided only by the manufacturer of
the system-for example, the Southwest Technical Products SWTP6800. As with S -100 -type microcom-

puters, systems in the non -S-100

group are available as kits or fully
assembled. The primary advantage of
this group is their somewhat lower
cost. The greatest disadvantage is
their reliance upon the manufacturers' own add -on devices.
The last group of microcomputers
are the turnkey (plug it in and turn it
on) systems, as for example, the Radio Shack TRS -80. These systems
are fully assembled, warrantied and
ready to operate. Firmware includes
an operating system and a BASIC
interpreter; a keyboard, video display
and audio cassette interface are usually provided.
The advantages of this group are
the low cost, the "plug it in and turn
it on" configuration, the integrated
systems software, and a wide range of
user- developed application programs.
The disadvantages are the possible
limited expandability and the reliance upon manufacturers' own add on modules and peripheral devices.
This represents a rather brief summary of the current personal computer marketplace. Although there are
many factors involved in selecting a
microcomputer, unlike choosing a
wife, the purchaser won't be rejected
R -E
if he has the cash!

Peripherals -arms and legs

perform useful functions, a computer needs peripheral
devices. These devices interface between man and machine
and greatly expand a computer's capability.
To

KARL SAVON
SEMICONDUCTOR EDITOR

PERIPHERALS ARE THE ARMS, LEGS,

mouth and ears of the microcomputer. Without them, the computer is no

more than a theoretical curiosity. Peripherals perform two basic functions: First, they interface between
man and machine. They appear in the
form of terminals, graphic displays
and printers. Second, they expand the
computer's capability from theoretical to highly practical applications
through the use of such devices as
cassette recorders, floppy-disk drives
and analog interfaces.

Terminals

The most basic peripheral needed

for a microcomputer is a terminal
that lets you talk to the machine,
program it, enter data into it and
receive answers from it. Toggle
switches and LED displays are adequate for a learning system, but once
past basics it is vital to be able to
move information in and out at conversational and at higher rates. Program- development cycles require an
efficient link between you and the
assemblers, compilers, interpreters
and file management software. Even
though there are diverse forms of

data terminals, the most generally

used is a keyboard- display combination.
A terminal, unlike a typewriter,
consists of two electrically separate
parts that are actually physically separated in some systems. The keyboard- driven transmitter usually has
a standard typewriter key arrangement, plus several control keys. Often, only upper case letters are implemented and separate numeric keypads are built-in for convenience. On
the receive end of the terminal, the
most common devices are impact ribbon printers and video display.

C-

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CS
CO

43

www.americanradiohistory.com

For the corn] uter and terminal to

understand each other, they must
speak the sail. e language. Several
standard form its have been composed so that system components
from different manufacturers can
work together:

These relatively slow, operator -limited terminals use serial data flow
over one or two wires (plus ground).
Parallel -to- serial conversion in the
transmitter converts the parallel output of the keyboard-encoder into the
serial bit stream, and corresponding
serial -to- parallel conversion and decoding are performed in the receiver.
UART integrated circuits have been
designed that perform the conversion
and the related tasks of parity- checking and start -and -stop bit generation.
When the ASCII code is combined
with start -and -stop bits, sequences of
10 or 11 bits represent each transmitted or received character. Transmission is asynchronous, which
means it does not require a transmitted clock signal.
The ones and zeroes of the data
stream on the wires that connect the
terminal and computer are distinguished by two DC levels. Several

from IMSAI has built in card cage, CRT terminal and power supply
1BK -1 MICROCOMPUTER

The predominant format in use is

the American Standard Code for

Information Interchange (ASCII).

It is a 7 -bit code plus a parity bit
with a particular combination of
bits corresponding to each character in its vocabulary.
Some older equipment use a five level Baudot code that was developed for telegraphic purposes. Its
basic set of 25 or 32 codes is
nearly doubled in keyboard characters, using letter and number
keys that precede characters in
one of two sets. Although similar
in function to a typewriter shift
key, these keys are not depressed
simultaneously with other keys.
The EBCDIC code is an eight level language used by IBM and
others that has twice the characters of ASCII (28 = 256 vs. 2' =
128), and is suited for more complex control and graphic applications.

Diode or IC encoders convert key

closures into A SCII or other codes.

....--...#iPF

SKIP

II

MICROCOMPUTER by NBL has hexade-

cimal keyboard and LED indicators.

different voltage or current levels are

used for compatibility with TTL,
RS232C (bipolar) or 20- or 60 -mA
current -loop equipment.
The terminal receive -and -transmit
sections are independent of each other. It is only by electrical interfaces in
the terminal or through the computer
that the printer mechanism or CRT
screen displays the keyboard data
entries. In a full -duplex system, the
computer and terminal communicate
in both directions simultaneously.
The computer is programmed to echo
back what is transmitted to it. Control characters would normally produce nonprinting codes, but the com-

puter can return intelligent

DAZZLER from Cromemco interfaces between

S100 bus and TV set to add graphics.

computer does not have time to echo

the response. Otherwise, after you
typed a letter you would then have to
wait for the computer to return the
character before you could type a
second letter. Inadvertently hooking
a half- duplex terminal to a full duplex system produces strange results- typically, the double -printing
of pressed keys. Many terminals can
be switched between half- duplex and
full -duplex modes.

responses; for example, "control C"

or "IC" when the control-C combination is typed on the keyboard. In
half -duplex systems, communication
takes place in one direction at a time.
In most cases the terminal is wired so
that the printer or display responds
directly to the keyboard because the

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Terminal data rates are from 10 to

30 characters -per- second for strictly
manual keyboard devices. Those keyboards having built -in paper tape or
magnetic tape storage have data rates
of 30 to 480 characters -per- second
and even higher.
Keyboards may have 64 or 128
ASCII characters, and may have
such features as numeric pads, tactile
feedback and rollover. During an entry sequence, a fast typist, or a slower
one with an uneven technique, may
depress more than one key at any
given instant. N -key rollover
(NKRO) recognizes the key closures
in the time order in which they are
entered, and does not become confused when more than one key remains depressed. Two -key rollover
(2KRO) is a less- sophisticated method that only recognizes two key closures simultaneously. The third and
subsequent closures are ignored.
Keyboards are classified as contacting and noncontacting, depending on how the electrical current path
is interrupted. Key pressure sensing
may be performed mechanically, capacitively, photoelectrically, or by using reed switches, saturating cores,
Hall -effect devices or elastomers.
Hard -copy printers are classified
as impact and nonimpact, each with
its own particular advantages and
drawbacks. Impact printers use mechanical hammers, wheels or dotmatrix pins that strike the paper
through an inked ribbon, and one

column or one line is printed at a

time. Impact printers are low -cost
and can make copies, but they are
generally noisy, may have poor print
quality and are not as reliable as well designed nonimpact printers.
Nonimpact printers are fast and
quiet. One type uses ink jets that are
sprayed onto the paper and controlled
electrostatically. Electrolytic printers pass an electric current through
chemically treated paper with wires
or pins. Electrostatic printers use
precharged dielectric- coated paper
that is passed through a toner. The
toner has ink particles that are oppositely charged to the printed charges
on the paper. Thermal printers use
transistor dot-matrix printheads that
move across temperature- sensitive
paper. Character fonts are electrically stored in read -only- memories

The final choice of terminal must

be made on the basis of cost, multiple- copy capability, speed, interface
requirements, printing -vs.- plotting
characteristics, font, print quality
and color, noise, ease of operation,
serviceability, type of paper, and reliability.
Tape cassettes and cartridges
As system and user programs grow
in length and number, you must find
a sensible way to store them. Virtually all microcomputer manufac-

turers have recognized the advantages of using standard audio cassette

recorders for program storage. In-

(ROM's).

RAM MEMORY BOARD from Electronic Control

Technology mates with the S100 bus.

ECT MICROCOMPUTER FROM Electric Control

Technology has S100 bus structure.

Some stand -alone computer systems have a keyboard and video display or printer built right into the
main housing. Sometimes a video or
RF output is provided so a video
monitor or TV receiver can be used
as an economical display.
The video terminal is expected to
become the main home -computer peripheral because of its low cost and
graphic capability. Video terminals
have editing options that allow corrections before the characters are fed
to the computer. Other options include page and scrolling formats,
character accents, selectable baud
rates and cursor controls. Video terminals do not make hard copies. A
preferred arrangement is a video terminal backed up by a printer that can
generate a permanent record of the
data that must be saved.
There is an intermediate class of
terminals that use a TV display and a
low -cost hex keypad. Primarily used
in learning systems, they are adequate and even preferred for special
applications where the input is mainly numeric.

terfacing hardware and software are

important resident or optional parts
of their systems. Frequency shift
keying (FSK), pulse -width modulation (PWM), phase encoding (PE),
nonreturn -to-zero (NRZ), biphase
encoding, group -coded recording
(GCR), Manchester coding and the
Kansas City Standard (KCS) are
some methods used to both store data
on audio tape and retrieve it. Phase
encoding is popular because it is self clocking, making it tolerant of speed
variations and has good noise performance. Manchester coding is a type
of phase -transitional encoding in
which positive signal transitions represent ones and negative transitions
represent zeroes. The KCS method is
a variation of Manchester code that
represents zeroes as 1200-Hz tone
bursts and ones as 2400 -Hz bursts.
Although at one time paper tape
was very popular, it is being gradually displaced by digital magnetic tape cartridges and cassettes that offer much greater reliability than either paper tape or audio cassettes.
Lower -performance machines use
drives that have evolved from audio
recorders. In these systems the tape is
caught and held between a capstan
drive shaft and a free -wheeling pinch
roller. At higher tape speeds and data
densities, direct servomotor drives
are used. Two motors drive the cassette hubs in a very clean mechanical
arrangement.

Digital recorders use phase encoding with typical tape densities of 800
bits - per -inch. They have versatile

control functions including write,

stop, reverse one block or line, read
one block or line, read continuously,
erase, rewind for cassette removal
and wind past tape leader. Extensive
error checking is performed for dropouts, bit timing and character parity. The unformated capacity of a
cassette is about 720 kilobits and data
transfer rates are 24 kilobits -persecond.
Cartridge drives provide improved
performance and are used wherever
higher operating speeds (48 kilobit per- second transfer rate) and greater
storage capacity (2.9 kilobits) are
needed. Quarter -inch tape is recorded with densities of 1600 bits per -inch on up to four tracks. Cartridge -drive manufacturers plan to
compete with floppy disks by reducing access times. But for the present
the tape heads and system mechanics
limit search speeds to about 30
inches-per- second.
Floppy disks

Given enough financial resources,

there are very few computer enthusiasts who would not invest in a large capacity, floating -head, magnetic
disk system. Random- access addressing of large amounts of stored data
makes such a system look almost like
a huge chunk of RAM. Some ad-

RADIO SHACK TRS-80 microcomputer shown

with video monitor.

vanced computer systems exchange

segments of disk memory with main
computer memory to give the computer the virtual appearance of a
machine with a very large main memory. Real -life budgets have forced
computer manufacturers alike to find
an economical compromise. The floppy disk does not have the data capacity of cassettes and cartridges, but is a
random -access device with almost
500 times faster access. The Mylar
disk is 9 inches in diameter and
0.003 -inch thick, coated with a mag-

45

www.americanradiohistory.com

track and soft-sectored 18 records per- track. The record length remains
128 bytes, with either 35 or 40
tracks. Maximum storage capacity is
then 18 X 40 X 128 = 92,160 bytes
(one byte = 8 bits). Data transfer
rates are about 125 kilobits- per -second. It is rumored that a $100 mini floppy drive will soon appear on the
market.
Floppy disks also have their difficulties, the main problem being
much higher wear than their floating head big brothers. Disk life is typically specified in the millions of
passes -per- track.
Other equipment

netic oxide and protected in an flinch- square jacket. The jacket has
holes through which the spindle rotates the disk at 360 RPM, the head
contacts the disk, and (on hard sectored disks) the index holes are
exposed. Hard -sectored disks use
photoelectrically sensed index holes
to locate data; soft-sectored disks rely
on reading the block headings recorded on the disk.

FLOPPY DISC DRIVE from Mits adds additional

memory to microcomputer system.

On IBM -compatible disks, data is

recorded on 77 concentric tracks that
are numbered 00 to 76 from the
outside of the disk in. Track 00 holds
labels and system and disk information, two tracks are reserved as alternates, leaving 73 tracks for data.
Each track has 26 sectors, and each
record or sector stores 128 bytes.
This calculates to a total of 73 X 26
X 128 = 242,944 bytes. There are
double -sided, higher- density floppy
disks and other non -IBM -compatible
disks with greater capacity.
In a step to reduce costs even
further, the minifloppy disk was
created, packaged in a 51/4 -inchsquare jacket. Hard -sectored mini floppy disks have 16 records -per-

Having deliberately skipped over

terminals different than the keyboard- printer, it is time to backtrack
a little. A terminal is any device that
reads in and writes out information; it
can be equipment that handles
punched paper tape or cards, magnetic cards and tape, bar codes, and so
forth.
Paper tape is useful if you own an
ASR Teletype machine with its
built -in paper -tape reader and punch.
With no additional expense except
for the paper tape, you have a readily
available storage medium. Unfortunately, this system is also slow and
noisy. More sophisticated photoelectric readers and high -speed punches
are available but they are fairly
expensive. Low -cost optical readers
eliminate some of the complexity and
expense: The tape is pulled manually
through the reader. This type of
equipment is attractive if you have
quite a lot of paper -tape software
available.
Card readers and punches are not
very popular. They are most familiar
in the 80- column by 12 -row format.
One of their peculiar advantages is
the ease with which a single program
statement or data line can be modified without upsetting the rest of the
program.
The line printer is an extension of
the terminal printer or display,
except it tends to be a high -speed
device (for example, 125 lines -perminute with each line having 132
characters) used when there are
many pages of data to be printed.
Plotters use servocontrolled coordinate positioning arms to produce
permanent graphic records. They differ from chart recorders in that the
stylus can draw complex patterns
back and forth over the stationary
paper.

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If a terminal is situated far away

and telephone lines or radio waves are
used as the connecting medium, some
type of communications interface or
modem (modulator- demodulator) is
needed. Tone and phase- modulation
schemes are used, and error- correcting codes are added to enhance reliability. Acoustic couplers and modems
are either built into terminals or are
separate entities. The coupler connects to a telephone handset and converts the received telephone tones
into an electrical output signal. It also
converts an electrical input signal
from the modem into sound that
drives the phone's transmitter element. A portable terminal can be
taken anywhere and the computer
called up for field access. The modem
performs the phase or frequency encoding to condition the digital bit
stream for the communications channel.

Charged- coupled mass memories

may become competitive with cassettes, cartridges and disks in the
near future. Access is completely
electronic and about 50 times faster
than a high -speed disk. There are
some devices already on the market
with capacities of million bytes.
If your application is highly scientific or mathematic and you perform
such operations as evaluating matrices, you may find that your BASIC
interpreter or other software is much
too slow. Peripheral floating -point
hardware solves such problems with
their high -speed parallel computation
methods.
1

Interfaces

Interfacing between the computer

and the peripheral device is an essential consideration. The interface can
be as expensive as the peripheral
itself. Unless the peripheral is directly compatible with the computer's
voltage levels and timing, a controller
will be necessary to match up the
two. A widely adopted technique
minimizes hardware modification by
using software drivers stored in
ROM or RAM to produce the signals
needed by the peripheral. Software or
firmware (ROM) approaches may
adversely affect the performance of
the peripheral or the entire system.
Before rushing out to purchase any
peripheral device, it is best to know
exactly what other hardware and
software components are needed to
make it work (and at what performance level) with a particular comR -E
puter system.

how to
Program A Computer
computer to do what you want it to, you must
communicate with it. Here's a look at three different
levels of programming and how to use each one.

To get a

ART KLEIMAN
MANAGING EDITOR

THERE'S NOTHING DUMBER ON THE

face of this earth than a computer

Oh boy, are they ever stupid! Go

ahead, make one perfectly human
mistake when writing or entering a
program, hit "go" and
nothing! A pathetic 20th -century
staring match between man and machine. So, instead of finding out the
winner of that match, let's grab the
latest computer catalog.
What are we looking for in the
catalog? Don't be silly, we're looking
for help. Help comes in the form of a
higher -level language. So, we scan
past the paragraphs describing the
CPU boards, memory, I /O, peripherals, etc., and go right to the software section. Here, we're bombarded
with terms like machine code, assembly language, interpreter, compiler,

BASIC,

FORTRAN,

The heart of the computer is the

CPU, or microprocessor. This nifty
device performs many functions,
such as adding, subtracting, comparing, etc., in response to instructions.
In other words, it can do many
things, but it must be told what to do
by giving it an instruction. Remember, this is a digital device, so when it
adds or subtracts, it adds and subtracts binary numbers (zeroes and
ones) and the instruction given to it
must be in the form of a binary
number.
If the microprocessor has one thing
going for it, it's speed. It can perform
many operations in a very short time.
If we wanted to perform just one
operation, we wouldn't need a computer. So, to perform many operations (hundreds, thousands, or even
hundreds of thousands) very fast, we
must feed the instructions to the
microprocessor just as fast. To do
this, we connect the microprocessor

APL,

whew! Before
you blow a human fuse, let's take a
look at what these terms mean, and
what they mean to the computer. To
get a better understanding, however,
let's first get back to basics.

EMPL

dress (location) of the program.

Then, you hit Go (instruct the microprocessor to begin execution). The
program counter addresses the first
memory location and the memory
responds by feeding the first instruction to the microprocessor. After the
microprocessor does its thing by executing the instruction, the program
counter is incremented (advances) by
one and addresses the next memory
location. Again, the memory responds by feeding the next instruction to
the microprocessor. The microprocessor executes this instruction and
again increments the program counter by one. This process continues
until the entire program is executed.
So, programming a computer
means that you have to store the
program in the memory. This is done
by writing and then entering the
program in the computer's memory.
This can be done at three different
levels- machine language, assembly
language and higher -level language.

Machine -language programming

You could write the program in
digital form and then enter the program into the memory one digit at a
time. This is machine -language programming. Figure shows a simple
program for adding two numbers together. The program is written for
the 8080 microprocessor, one of the
more popular 8 -bit microprocessors.
(A bit is a binary digit and a byte is 8
bits.) The 8080 is an 8 -bit microprocessor because it physically has eight
data lines. These data lines are used
to input instructions and data and
also to output the results. The 8080
also has address lines for addressing
memory. However, eight address
1

How a computer is programmed

Digital computers are digital because they're built using digital logic
IC's. And digital logic IC's eat,
chomp and spit out binary numbers
(zeroes and ones). That's it! It doesn't

matter whether we're discussing the

data base at the Pentagon or the most
simplistic single -board microcomputer trainer. The only things flowing
through those circuits are zeroes and
ones.

EQUINOX 100 computer from Parasitic Engineering has an octal keyboard.

to a memory. The instructions and

the necessary data are stored in the
memory and called a program.
Inside the microprocessor is a register (a device for the temporary storage of a binary number) called a
program counter. After storing the

program in the memory, the program

counter is set to the beginning ad-

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47

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bytes. Both the H and the L registers

are 8 -bit registers located inside the
microprocessor IC. When told to do
so by the instruction, the microprocessor gangs these two registers together to form a single 16 -bit register, called the HL register pair. The
16 -bit HL register pair is used to
specify a 16 -bit memory location.
The microprocessor instruction is
also called the op-code.
Now, back to the program. The
next memory location (program step
2) contains the low -order 8 -bits of
the memory address, which is to be
loaded into Register L of the HL

lines aren't enough. Eight bits would

enable the 8080 to address only 256
memory locations, hardly enough
program space to do anything except
add two numbers together. So, internally, the 8080 gangs two bytes
together and feeds them out on 16
address lines. Sixteen address lines
enable the 8080 to address 65,536
memory locations-quite a lot! To
feed a memory location to the microprocessor on the eight data lines,
however, requires two operations.
First, the low -order address byte (the
eight least significant bits of the
memory address) is input and then
the high -order address byte (eight
most significant bits of the memory
address) are input. This idea is implemented in the simple addition program shown in Fig. 1. Let's take a
look at it and see what happens at
each step of execution.
The addition program occupies 15
memory locations starting at location
0 (represented by the 16 -bit binary
number 0000000000000000). Basically, the program takes the binary
number stored in a specific memory
location, adds it to the binary number
stored in another memory location
and stores the result in a third memory location. For discussion purposes,
the left -hand column in Fig. numbers each program step the way
you're used to seeing numbers -in
decimal form. This will make it easier
for us to refer to each program step.
The very first memory location
(program step 1) contains an instrucLion that tells the microprocessor to
load the HL register pair with the
immediately following two data

SOL TERMINAL COMPUTER has computer and

alphanumeric keyboard in a single enclosure.

register pair (by program step 1).

Program step 3 contains the high order 8 -bits of the memory address,
which is to be loaded into Register H
of the HL register pair. After the
microprocessor completes program
step 3, the HL register pair conProgram
Step
1

Memory Location
High -Order Low -Order
00000000
00000000

tains

the

memory

address

0000000000001100. This memory

location, coincidentally, contains the
first number of our addition problem.
Program steps 4, 5 and 6 do the same
things that program steps 1, 2 and 3
do but with the DE register pair.
Here, the DE register pair is

loaded with memory address

0000000000001101. This memory
location contains the second number
of our addition problem. So far,
we've got the HL and DE register
pairs loaded with two memory addresses, each one of the memory locations containing one number of our
addition problem.
Program step 7 contains an instruction that tells the microprocessor to load the accumulator with the
contents of the memory location
specified by the DE register pair. The
accumulator is another internal register within the microprocessor. This
register is the working register. It is
used to manipulate data, perform
math and logic operations, store results, etc. The accumulator is involved with just about every operation the microprocessor performs. So
far, we have the accumulator loaded
with the first number of our addition
problem.
Program step 8 is where the two
numbers are actually added. This
instruction tells the microprocessor
to add the contents of the accumu-

Instruction

Comment

Data

(Meaning of Instruction)

00100001

Load the HL register pair with the

two immediately following data
bytes

Memory address, low -order byte

Memory address, high -order byte

00000000

00000001

00001100

00000000

00000010

00000000

00000000

00000011

00010001

Load DE register pair with the two

immediately following data bytes

00000000

00000100

00001101

Memory address, low -order byte

00000000

00000101

00000000

00000000

00000110

00011010

Memory address, high -order byte

Load accumulator with contents of
memory location specified by DE

00000000

00000111

10000110

Add accumulator contents of

memory location specified by DE.
Store results in accumulator.

00000000

00001000

00110010

Store accumulator in memory location specified by two following

data bytes

10

00000000

00001001

00001110

11

00000000

00001010

00000000

Memory address, low-order byte

Memory address, high -order byte

12

00000000

00001011

01110110

Halt

13

00000000

00001100

XXXXXXXX

First number of addition problem

14

00000000

00001101

XXXXXXXX

Second number of addition prob-

15

00000000

00001110

XXXXXXXX

a
cc

lem
FIG.

1- MACHINE -LANGUAGE

Result of addition

PROGRAM for adding two numbers together. The actual program

consists of the instruction /data that is stored in the corresponding memory locations.

48
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lator with the contents of the memory location specified by the HL register pair. The result of the addition
operation is stored in the accumulator. We could leave the result of the
addition in the accumulator if we
wanted to, but in actual practice this
is hardly ever done. The result is
either fed to an output port that is
connected to a CRT terminal, a
printer or something similar, or it can
be stored in another memory location. Since we don't have any peripheral equipment connected to our
computer, we'd simply store the result in another memory location. Program step 9 does just this.
Program step 9 contains an instruction that tells the microprocessor to store the contents of the accumulator in the memory location specified by the immediately following
two data bytes. Program step 10 contains the low -order byte of the
memory address, and program step
11 contains the high -order data byte
of the memory location. Now, we
have the result of the addition operation stored in memory location
0000000000001110.
Program step 12 is a HALT instruction. This tells the microprocessor
that the program is finished and to
stop execution. Program step 13 is

ONE

WOK
ACT -I TERMINAL has alphanumeric keyboard.
Monitor shows how information is displayed.

the memory location containing the

first number of the addition problem,
program step 14 is the second number in the addition problem and program step 15 is the result of the addition operation.
To run the program, we
would simply load program steps 13
and 14 with the two numbers and

set the program counter to

0000000000000000. Then hit GO.

You could examine the contents of
memory location 0000000000001110
to obtain the result.

Entering a machine -language

program
Now that you know what a machine- language program is and what

LED INDICATORS SHOW

THE CURRENT STATUS
OF THE MACHINE

DATA LED's INDICATE THE CONTENTS OF

THE MEMORY LOCATION INDICATED BY
THE ADDRESS LIGHTS

ADDRESS LED's
SHOW ADDRESS

TOGGLE SWITCHES
ENTER ADDRESS VALUES

FIG.

TOGGLE SWITCHES
ENTER DATA VALUES

2-TYPICAL FRONT PANEL of computer showing toggle switches and LED indicators.

it looks like, let's take a look at how

we load it into the machine. The

program isn't fed to the microprocessor; it's stored in the memory.

This means that we would have to
address the right mmory location
and store the data /instruction at that
location. We could do this by using
toggle switches on the front panel of
the computer -16 toggle switches
connected to the address lines and
eight toggle switches connected to
the data lines (see Fig. 2). We would
also need another toggle switch to
instruct the memory IC's to store the
data on the data lines. This switch
could be labeled STORE, WRITE, ENTER, or anything appropriate. An
example of how one such toggle
switch is connected is shown in Fig.
3. One position of the toggle switch
would be labeled 0 and would ground
the line, the other position would be
labeled and connect the line to +5
1

volts.
+5V

TO MICROPROCESSOR

DQDV

To load the program into memory,

set the address switches to the first
memory location, set the data switches to the first instruction and then hit
ENTER. Then, set the 16 address
switches to the next memory location, set the eight data switches and
again hit ENTER. Continue this procedure until the entire program is
loaded. Be careful, though, don't
make any errors. If you do, the
program won't run. Make a mistake
entering just one bit, just one, and the
program won't run.
As you see, entering a program this
way can be quite tedious. Of course,
with short programs such as the one
shown in Fig. 1, the procedure isn't
too bad. But with longer programs
that really do something, the situation becomes more complicated.
Some programs can run 2000, 5000,
10,000 program steps or longer, and
the situation gets a lot worse. With
patience and diligence, however, you
can become quite good at entering
programs this way. With a lot of
practice, you can whiz your fingers
across those toggle switches so fast
that you will dazzle your family and

friends. However, those toggle

FIG. 3 -FRONT PANEL TOGGLE SWITCHES
apply +5 volts to microprocessor in one posi-

tion, and ground in the other position.

Now, we're set. Well, almost. The

toggle switches permit us to enter the
program, but there is no way we can
check the data stored in the memory
to see if we entered it correctly. So,
we connect eight LED's to the data
lines and install them on the front
panel along with the toggle switches;
a lit LED signifies 1. Now we are
set.

switches may grow limp with fatigue,

not to mention your fingers.
This type of front panel was come
mon in the early microcomputers.
One of the very first hobbyist computers was the Mark 8 and it had a
similar front panel. It was a construction project published in the July
1974 issue of Radio-Electronics.
The first commercially available microcomputer was the Altair, which
also had a similar front panel. Another early microcomputer was the IM-

CD

49

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Program
Step
1

FIG.

Memory Location
High Order
Low Order
00
00

Instruction
Data
21

00

01

OC,

00

02

00

00

03

11

00

04

OD

00

05

00

00

06

1A

00

07

86

00

08

32

10

00

09

OE

11

00

OA

00

12

OB

76

13

00
00

OC

XX

14

00

OD

XX

15

00

OE

XX

5- HEXADEC MAL MACHINE- LANGUAGE program

is identical to the program shown in Fig.

except the binary numbers are represented by their hexadecimal equivalents.

sai, again with the same type of front

panel. Both the Altair and the Imsai
are popular microcomputers, still going strong in the marketplace. That's
because they can be programmed using higher -level languages. You'll
discover what these languages are
later on in this article, but now let's
get back to the front panel.
It's obvious that using toggle
switches is no way to enter a machine- language program. There must
be a better way, and there is. Let's sit
back for a moment and take a look at
that 8 -bit data word we are entering.
Is there another, shorter way to represent those same 8 bits? If we split
these 8 bits up into two groups of 4
bits, we could represent each 4 -bit
group by a hexadecimal digit. A
group of 4 bits provides 16 possible
combinations of zeroes and ones. If
Binary

Hexadecimal

0000

0001

0010

0011
0100

0101

0110

0111
1000

1001

1010

1011

1100

1101

1110

1111

4- FOUR -BIT

BINARY WORD and corresponding hexadecimal value.

FIG.

we want to represent each of those 16

combinations with a single digit number, we need a numbering system to
the base 16. Figure 4 shows the 4 -bit
group and the corresponding hexadecimal digit. Don't be confused
here A, B, C, D, E and F represent
numbers, not letters. Now, if we
recombine those two 4 -bit groups
back into a single 8 -bit group, we can
represent those 8 bits with 2 hexadecimal digits. For example, 00000000
would be represented as 00, and
11111111 would be represented as
FF.

CONNECT A TV SET to the Apple II computer

and you have a computer and CRT terminal.

Now we can construct a front panel using a hexidecimal keypad rather

than toggle switches. Instead of the

discrete LED's, we can use a 2 -digit
LED alphanumeric display for the
data. (Remember in hexidecimal we
count 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B,
C, D, E, F, and so on. So we need

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1,

digits of readout, each one capable of

counting from 0 through F.) We'll
also have to include some circuitry to
decode the hexadecimal digits into
the corresponding 8 -bit word. Since
the memory address requires 16 bits
(2 bytes), we can represent it by
using 4 hexadecimal digits.
To use this type of front panel, first
switch to the MEMORY mode and
enter the starting memory address.
Figure 5 shows the simple addition
program shown in Fig.
but in
hexadecimal format. If you wanted to
enter the program shown in Fig. 5,
you would select the MEMORY mode
and enter 0000. You would then
select the ALTER mode and enter the
first instruction, which is 21. Memory location 0000 would automatically
be loaded with 21, and the memory
address would be advanced by I. The
next data byte would then be entered
by simply hitting 0 followed by a C.
This process is continued until the
entire program is entered. If while
you were entering the program, you
came across a memory location that
you did not want to alter, you would
simply hit the MEMORY INCREMENT
switch and the contents at the memory location would remain intact. Or
you could re -enter the contents at
that memory location. In any event,
entering machine -language programs
in hexadecimal form is easier, both
on the eyes and on the fingers, and
there is much less of a chance of
making a mistake.
Are binary and hexadecimal the
only two ways to enter a machine language program? No. There is a
third way being used by a few manufacturers. The 8 -bit data word is
1

again split up but this time into three

groups instead of two. The first group
contains 2 bits and the last two
groups contain 3 bits each. Since the
maximum number of bits in any
group is 3, we could use the octal
number system to represent the binary number contained in each group.
Figure 6 shows the 3 -bit groups and
the corresponding octal number.
Since the first group contains only 2
bits instead of 3 bits, this group will
have a maximum octal number of 3.
Since the other groups contain 3 bits,
they will have a maximum possible
octal number of 7. We then recombine the groups to form a single 8 -bit
data word, just like we did with the
hexadecimal system. The octal numbers will range from 000, corresponding to the data byte (a binary number) 00000000, to 377 (equivalent to
decimal 255), corresponding to binary 11111111.

FIG.

Binary

Octal

000

001

010

011

100

101

110

111

6- THREE -BIT

BINARY WORD and corre-

sponding octal value.

We can now build a front panel

just like we did for the hexadecimal

system. But this time instead of using
a hexadecimal keypad, we would use
an octal keypad. Instead of using a 2digit LED display for the data, we
would use a 3 -digit LED display. The
memory address requires a 6 -digit
LED display instead of a 4 -digit LED
display. Otherwise, the front panel
remains basically the same. Even the
way we enter the programs remains
basically the same. To see what an
octal -based machine -language program looks like, the simple addition
program already discussed is shown
in Fig. 7 in octal format.
One final note on front panels:
Front panels from different manufacturers differ in their features and
therefore in the way programs are
entered. Some front panels have automatic incrementing features while
others may not. Some front panels
are octal while others are hexadecimal. The Heath H8 and the Equinox
from Parasitic Engineering are examples of full- featured octal front panels

Program
Step
1

Memor rLLocation
High Order
Low Order
000
000

Instruction/
Data
041

000
000

001

003
004

021

000
000

000

005

000

000

006

032

000

007

000

010

206
062

10

000
000

011

11

12

000

013

166

13

000

014

XXX

14

000

015

XXX

15

000

016

XXX

3
4

002

012

014
000
015

016
000

FIG. 7 -OCTAL MACHINE-LANGUAGE PROGRAM is identical to the program shown in Fig. 1, except
the binary numbers are represented by their octal equivalents.

(with display and keyboard). In any

event, since the exact sequence of
pushing buttons to enter a machinelanguage program does vary from
computer to computer, do take a
close look at the front panel before
you buy your computer. Some computers are completely devoid of
front -panel controls. This means that
they have no switches or displays on
the front panel other than a reset
and /or a power ON -OFF switch.
The Alpha computer from TDL
and the 6800 from Southwest Technical Products are examples of this
type. To program this type of computer in machine language or any
other language requires a keyboard
connected to the computer's input
port. Even though the nitty -gritty
may be different, entering a machine language program is basically (and I
mean basically) the same no matter
which computer you use.
Now you know what a machine language program is and what it looks
like. As you probably already
guessed, it's no fun programming in
machine language. The 8080 microprocessor has no less than 78 instructions, while the Z -80 microprocessor
has 158. This means that if you were
to program in machine language, you
would need a list of the instructions
and the corresponding op -code (the
binary form of the instruction).
Then, depending on the computer,
you might have to convert the opcode into octal or hexadecimal. If you
were lucky, you might even find an
instruction list with the op -code already in hexadecimal or octal. In any
case, having to look up the op -code

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for each instruction is slow and tedious. If you were ambitious, you
could get around this by memorizing
the entire instruction list and corresponding op -code for each instruction. But I, for one, do not relish the
prospect of having to commit such a
list to memory. There must be a
better way, and there is.

Assembly language
Let's suppose that we were able to
program the computer using alpha numerics instead of just plain numbers. We could code the instructions

VECTORS VP2 enclosure permits you to design

your own microcomputer.

into a 3- or 4- letter group very similar to the original instruction, and the
computer would translate this code
group into the machine -language instruction. We could use a hexadecimal keyboard to speed the process.
Certainly, a group of meaningful
characters are much easier to commit
to memory than a group of 8 zeroes
and ones. Also, if we wrote this
"translator" program so that it takes
care of all the memory addresses,
programming would be much easier.

The translator program is called an

assembler program and the 3- or 4letter groups that stand for the instruction are called a mnemonic (neemonik-an easy -to- remember code
word). A mnemonic is an abbreviated
word that is intended to remind us of
the original word. Let's take a closer
look at mnemonics.
Program step 7 in Fig. 1 is an
instruction that loads the accumulator with the contents of the memory
location specified by the DE register
pair. The corresponding mnemonic
for this instruction is LDA (LoaD
Accumulator). Program step 9 contains a store accumulator instruction.
The mnemonic for this is STA
(STore Accumulator). Another instruction is the halt instruction, and
the corresponding mnemonic is HLT
(HaLT). As you can see, mnemonics
are definitely easier to remember
than the binary op -code. In fact, we
really don't even have to memorize
the mnemonics. It's enough just to
become familiar with them.
Let's take a look at what an assembly- language program is. Programming in assembly language is a little
more difficult to grasp at first than
machine language, but stick with it.
We'll try to walk it through one step
at a time. For discussion purposes,
let's suppose you were writing the
program down on a piece of paper.
The assembly- language program is
divided into four vertical columns.
Each column is referred to as a field.
The four fields are, from left to right,
the LABEL, OPCODE, OPERAND
and COMMENT fields.
So far you have a piece of paper

divided into four columns. The LABEL field is always the first column.
A label is a letter, or a group of
letters, that reference a memory location. For example, suppose you assigned the first line of your assembly
,program with the label START.
Then, if at any place in the program
you had to refer to the starting
address of the program, you could
simply use the word START. The
assembly program would automatically translate the word START into
the starting address of the program.
Or, suppose you wanted to store the
result of a calculation in a memory
location. You could assign a label to
that memory location. Then, if you
wanted to fetch the result from memory, you could simply use that label.
You don't have to label every memory location when you write the assembly program if you don't want to. In
fact, you don't have to use any labels
at all. To avoid labeling, simply leave
the first column (label field) blank.
The second column (the OPCODE
field) contains the mnemonic abbreviation of the instruction. Some instructions, however, require more information than just the mnemonic.
For example, suppose you wanted to
store the contents of the accumulator
in a memory location. You would use
the STA mnemonic in the opcode
field, but you would also have to
specify the memory location where
you want the accumulator stored.
This information would go in the
OPERAND field. Depending on the
particular assembler you were using,
you could specify the memory location as a 16 -bit binary number, or an
octal number, or hexadecimal, or
even good old decimal. If you don't
want to, you don't even have to worry
about keeping track of memory locations. Remember the label field? If
you assigned a label to the memory
location, you could specify that memory location by using the label in the

operand field. The operand field contains necessary information other

than just memory locations. For
example, suppose you used a mnemonic (instruction) that involved a
register pair. The operand field
would specify which register pair the
instruction would operate on. In other words, the operand field contains
any additional information that the
particular instruction requires.
The last column, the COMMENT
field, is not used by the computer at
all. It contains documentary information that you, as a programmer, can
add to help you understand the program. You can add whatever alphanumeric information you desire in
this column.
Now that you have at least a basic
understanding at what an assembly
language is, let's look at an actual
program written in assembly language. The simple addition program
that was discussed throughout this
article appears in Fig. 8 in assembly
language.
The first line of the assembly language program contains the label
START. The first line also contains
the first instruction of the program in
the form of the mnemonic LXI. This
LXI mnemonic instructs the microprocessor to load the register pair
with the immediately following data
bytes (X's in the mnemonic stand for
register pairs.) The operand column
leads off with an H. This defines the
register pair as the HL register pair.
Next comes the hexadecimal data
that is to be loaded in the HL register
pair. A comma separates the two
pieces of information in the operand
field. The second line of the program
contains another LXI instruction, but
this time, as you can see from the
operand field, it operates on the DE
register. The comma again separates
the hexadecimal data that is to be
stored in the DE register pair.
The third line of the program con-

Label

Opcode

Operand

START

LXI

H, 000C

Load HL register pair with 0000

LXI

D, 000D

Load DE register pair with 000D

LDAX

Load accumulator with memory

specified by DE

ADD

STA

000E

Add accumulator and contents of

memory specified by HL
Store accumulator in 000E

HLT
END

FIG.

Comment

Halt
START

Assembler directive, load program

counter with starting address

8- ASSEMBLY-LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING involves using mnemonics

language instructions.

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to represent machine -

tains the mnemonic LDAX, which

instructs the microprocessor to load
the accumulator with the contents of
the memory location specified by a
register pair. The operand field specifies the DE register pair. In the
next line of the program, the combination of the mnemonic and operand
instructs the microprocessor to add
the contents of the accumulator and
the contents of the memory location
specified by the HL register pair.
The next line stores the contents of
the accumulator in the memory location specified in the operand field.
The next -to -last instruction is the
HLT mnemonic, which instructs the

SOUTHWEST TECHNICAL'S 6800 system has

optional floppy disc, printer and CRT terminal.

microprocessor to stop execution.

So far, as you can see, the assembly- language program is exactly the
same as the machine- language program, but written differently in a
much easier format to look at and
understand than just binary numbers.
The last line in Fig. 8 contains a
mnemonic that is not a microprocessor instruction. The assembler program, in addition to understanding a
mnemonic for each microprocessor
instruction, understands several additional mnemonics called assembler
directives. These are used to direct
the assembler itself to do something.
The mnemonic END tells the assembler that the program is complete and
to stop assembling the program. The
operand field contains the label
START that loads the program
counter with the starting address of
the program. This means that after
the program is assembled and loaded
into the computer in that machine
language, the program counter is set
to the memory address that contains
the first LXI instruction.
That is basically what assembly
language looks like. Incidentally, the
program shown in Fig. 8 is called a
source program. It is in its raw form,
it hasn't been translated into machine
language. The assembler will translate into machine language, and Fig.
8 is the source for the assembler.

However, thus far you only have the

source program written down on a
piece of paper. Now, you'll have to
put it into a form that the assembler
can use. This requires some additional equipment for your computer.
Since assembly language is written
in alphanumerics, you'll need an
alphanumeric keyboard and an alphanumeric display; both of these are
contained in a CRT terminal. To
connect the terminal to your computer, you'll need a parallel interface
board if your computer doesn't already have one. You'll also need an
external device to store your source
and assembler programs, and then
load them back into the computer
when needed at a later time. The
most common storage device used in
personal computing is the audiocassette tape recorder. This device is
inexpensive and surprisingly reliable.
To interface the cassette recorder to
your computer, you need a cassette
interface.
You also need a program to drive
the cassette interface. This software
is a program that directs the microprocessor to transfer the contents of
memory, one location at a time, to the
cassette interface when you want to
store a program on a cassette tape. It
also contains a routine that takes the
digital data stored on the cassette
tape and transfers it to sequential
memory locations. This software is
called a bootstrap program. You'll

COMBINATION RAM AND ROM memory board

mates directly with the S100 bus.

also need software to drive the CRT

terminal. If you're lucky, your com-

puter contains both these programs,

as well as several additional systems
programs, stored in a permanent
memory called a ROM. The system
software is called a monitor program.
If your computer doesn't contain a
monitor ROM, then you'll first have
to load the bootstrap program into
the computer through the front -panel
switches. Once the bootstrap program is loaded, you can then load the
rest of the programs using the cassette tape recorder.

Now that you have the necessary

equipment, you can write your source
program in assembly language.

Assembly -language
programming
To write your source program on
the CRT terminal requires an additional program called a text editor.
The text editor makes it much easier
to write text on the terminal. It
provides you with various edit functions in case you make a mistake, it
has a tab function for setting up
columns on the terminal, and it even
has a cassette file routine that enables
you to transfer several source programs to the same cassette tape.

PLOTTER connected to computer permits

hard copy drawings.
X -Y

The text editor is loaded into the

computer via the cassette tape recorder. Once this is loaded, you can
write your source program on the
terminal. The keyboard on the terminal is very similar to a typewriter
keyboard. It has all the letters and
numbers, and it even has a shift key,
space bar and carriage return. So to
enter the source program, you merely
type it out as if you were entering it
on a typewriter.
The source program is entered by
typing it one line at a time. The four
fields are separated by spaces. For
example, to designate the end of the
opcode field and the beginning of the
operand field, you enter a space by
hitting the space bar on the keyboard.
There will be times when you run
across a column with nothing in it. To
get around this, you again hit the
space bar. For example, if the first
column, the label field, is to be left
blank, simply hit the space bar and
you'll automatically start the next
field, which is the opcode field.
The technique of using just a single
space to separate the various fields
results in a CRT display with the
four fields appearing slightly shifted
on each line. This may be confusing
when you want to analyze the source
program on the CRT display. I get
around this by using the tab function
associated with the text editor to
automatically insert the correct num-

C-

cz
m

co

-4
CO

53

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in the source program as the comput-

er compares the two programs. If

there are no mistakes, you can then
store the machine -language program
on another cassette tape.
If there was a mistake, the source
program will have to be corrected. To
make a correction, first load the text
editor back into the computer. Then
load the source program. The corrections are easily made using the various edit commands available with the
text editor. The corrected source program is then stored on the cassette
tape and the whole assembly procedure is repeated.

requires more time since the source

program must be loaded into the
computer twice. As fast as cassette
tape recorders seem for loading programs, they're still relatively slow.
So, the trade -offs for the two types of
assemblers are speed and memory
requirements. Since memory is still
quite expensive, the two -pass assembler is most commonly used in personal computers. The total memory
requirements for using either type of
assembler depends on the length of
your source programs.

Assembler programs are

different
Not all assembler programs are the
ber of spaces so that the four fields
appear in four vertically aligned
columns. Figure 9 shows what the
source program in Fig. 8 would look
like on the CRT display after you
enter it. You'll notice that Fig. 9
looks exactly like Fig. 8 but without
the names of the four fields. I also
left out the comment field in Fig. 9.
START

LXI
LXI

H,
D,

LDAX
ADD
STA
HLT
END
FIG.

8K RAM memory

board from Thinker Toys

mates directly with the S100 bus.

000C
000D
D

M
000E
START

9- ASSEMBLY-LANGUAGE

gram as it would appear on

same. Before you buy an assembler

program, make sure that it is intended to be used with the micro-

source proCRT terminal.

Once the source program is entered on the terminal, you then transfer the source program to a cassette
tape. This is done by using the various commands provided us by the
text editor.
You're now ready to use the assembly- language program to translate the source program into machine
language. For the sake of discussion,
let's assume that you're using a two pass assembler. It gets its name because the source program is loaded
into the computer twice. The first
thing you do is load the assembler
program into the computer using the
cassette tape recorder. Then, the
source program is loaded into the
computer, again using the cassette
recorder. Next, rewind the cassette
tape containing the source program
and load it into the computer a
second time. The CRT display will
then tell you if there are any mistakes

UC -2000 from Infinite Systems contains computer, CRT terminal, and floppy disc drives.

processor you have in your computer.

Since assembler programs generate
machine language, the machine language must be compatible with the
particular microprocessor in your
computer. For example, if you have
an 8080 microprocessor in your computer, you must use an 8080 assembler program.
There are two types of assembler
programs available; the most common type used in personal computers
is the two pass assembler. The other
type of assembler program is called a
one-pass assembler. Without going
into the details of how an assembler
program works, let's take a look at
what the differences between these
two types mean to you as a programmer. First, the two -pass assembler
requires less memory to assemble the
exact same source program than a
one -pass assembler requires. So, with
the same amount of memory in your
computer, you could assemble larger
programs using a two -pass assembler
than with a one -pass assembler. However, using a two-pass assembler
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Higher -level languages

So far, this article has been discussing machine language and assembly language. When you program in
machine language, you communicate
with the computer on the same level
as the microprocessor. When you
program in assembly language, you
communicate with the computer by
using mnemonics, and the assembler
program translates the mnemonics
into machine language. Is assembly
language considered a higher -level
language? The answer is no. The
mnemonics are just another form of
microprocessor instructions. One
mnemonic is translated into one microprocessor instruction by the assembler program. A higher -level language translates one instruction into
many microprocessor instructions.
The most common higher -level
language for personal computers is
BASIC. This language uses English like statements and commands. For
example, let's look at your addition
program again, but this time written
in BASIC. The program is written so
it will add the numbers 2 and 3
together:
10 A

=2 +3

20 PRINT A
30 END

The numbers preceding the statements are called line numbers. These
tell the computer which statements to
execute first. The computer merely
executes the statements in numerically ascending order. The line num-

bers are also used for reference by a

few other commands in the BASIC
repertoire. The first statement sets
the value of the variable A equal to
the sum of 2 and 3. The PRINT A
statement outputs the result to either
the CRT display or a hard -copy
printer if you have one. The last
statement tells the computer that the
program is finished and to stop execution. As you can see, writing programs on this level frees you from
worrying about such things as memory locations, microprocessor registers, etc. You simply tell the computer what to do and the BASIC
takes care of the rest.

MICROCOMPUTER CONTROL of AC appliances is possible with AC controller boards.

To program in BASIC,
need a CRT terminal and
tape recorder. First, you
BASIC software into the

you again
a cassette
load the

computer
using the cassette tape recorder.
Then, you write the BASIC program
on the alphanumeric keyboard. The
program is written one line at a time.
When you're finished, the CRT display will look exactly like the simple
addition example. To execute the
program, simply type RUN and hit
the return key on the keyboard.
There are many, many variations
of BASIC available. First, there's
BASIC, and then there's EXTENDED BASIC. EXTENDED
BASIC adds more features and commands to the BASIC repertoire.
Also, there are variations between

WWW ENTERPRISES memory board uses Texas Instruments TMS -4060 memory IC's.

BASIC's written by different software suppliers. A program written

using one kind of BASIC may not

run under another BASIC without

some minor modifications. The use of
semicolons, colons, commas, quotation marks, etc., in the program is
called syntax. Some BASIC's are
very flexible in the use of syntax
while others are quite rigid . . a
point you should investigate before
purchasing a BASIC.
Other higher -level languages are
.

The disadvantage of using any

higher -level language is the additional memory requirements. For example, even a BASIC interpreter is also
classified by the additional internal
memory it occupies. There are 4K,
8K and 12K BASIC's available. The

,-,--,-.,--.-.=-1

also available, including APL,

EMPL, FORTRAN and others.
However, these languages are not in
common use in personal computers
for various reasons. For example,
APL requires the use of additional
symbols not found on a standard
alphanumeric keyboard. So, to use
APL requires a special APL keyboard.
Higher -level languages are also
classified as either compilers or interpreters. A compiler is very similar
to an assembler program. That is, a
compiler translates a source program
into machine language, except that
the source program is written using
the statements associated with the
higher -level language instead of mnemonics. The higher -level compiler resides in a high -speed external memory, such as a floppy disc. The source
program is written and the compiler

ANEW
DIABLO PRINTER is uttered by International
Peripheral Systems for personal computer systems.

4K and 8K usually signify a standard

BASIC, while 12K usually signifies
an extended BASIC. If you have a
computer with 16K of internal memory and you use a 12K BASIC, you
only have 4K of memory left to write
your programs in.
The disadvantage of using an interpreter is lack of speed, since each

COMPUTER BOARDS from Processor Technology mates with the S100 bus.

HEATH H8 computer has an octal display and

keyboard on the front panel.

translates it into machine language.

Then the machine -language program
is loaded into the computer and executed.
An interpreter, on the other hand,
resides within the computer's internal memory. The source program
is written using the higher -level
statements, just as you did with the
simple addition program. The interpreter translates the source pro gam one statement at a time into
machine language, the computer executes the machine- language statements and then the interpreter translates the next statement in the source
program.This process continues until
the entire source program is translated and executed.

time a source program is executed, it

must be translated. A compiler, on
the other hand, translates the source
program only once. Each time the
program is executed, it is the machine- language program that is executed. A compiler, therefore, is much
faster than an interpreter.
The disadvantage of using a compiler is the high -speed external memory requirements. This high -speed
external memory is expensive. It is
for this reason that interpreters are in
far more common use than compilers.
R -E

c_

c
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au

55

www.americanradiohistory.com

computer corner
How to prepare programs for microcomputers.
PETER RONY, CHRIS TITUS, DAVID LARSEN AND JONATHAN TITUS*

Editor-Mows edit functions

DEFINITIONS

such as addition of a line or character to a program,

insertion, deletion, etc. It permits you to alter your program. The input could be
anything from programs or reports to raw instrument data.

Assembler- Converts the assembly language code into machine code, accepting

mnemonics and symbolic addresses instead of actual binary values for addresses,
instructions and data.
Monitor -Controls the operation of the various programs available. The monitor can
access the editor, assembler or other programs.
Debugger -Allows a step -by -step observation of the program flow and the results of
the program's operation. A debugger can be used to change data or instructions,
alter registers, etc.
Breakpoint -A special instruction that can be inserted in a program to break off the
normal program control and return control to a debug -type program. When a
breakpoint is executed, the debug program indicates what the computer was
doing at that point.
Cross Assembler -An assembler program that generates the program binary code for
a computer other than the type it is being used with. For example, an 8080 cross assember could operate on a PDP -8 minicomputer.

ONE OF THE PROBLEMS MANY MICROCOMPUTER

users face is preparing software for their

particular applications. The software examples

that we have provided in past columns are
short enough to be put together or assembled
by hand; that is, we translated each mnemonic
into its octal, hexadecimal or binary equivalent. Addresses for jumps, calls and input/
output devices are easily added or changed
since the computer programs are short and the
addresses are probably listed in sequential
order on the rough draft. Unfortunately, not

all software preparation is this easy. Many

application programs can be many thousands
of steps long. This column will discuss the aids
that are available for microcomputer program
development.
One difficulty in software development is a
clear, concise statement of the problem and
how it is to be solved. All the desired results,
inputs, outputs and the complete program
flow, including all decision- making, must be
considered before starting to program. An
outline or block diagram can be used, but a
flow chart is much easier to follow. Figure
shows a typical flow chart.
After the problem has been well thought out
and a solution put in flow -chart form, a decision must be made. Is the program short
enough to be easily translated by hand? In
many cases, particularly with simple programs,
hand assembly makes sense. In other cases,
software development aids called editors and
assemblers are faster and more efficient. To
understand how editors and assemblers work,

consider the process we used to put together

this column.
We first outline the subject so that it can be
covered well in short -column format. A handwritten copy is then typed, corrected, retyped
and perhaps corrected and typed a final time.
The illustrations and examples are formulated
and drawn separately. This is the editing
process. When writing a column, avoid references such as, ".
the example below" or
"the table on the following page." When the
column is composed or assembled, references
to tables, figures, etc., are much easier to
.

follow.

This article is reprinted courtesy of American

Laboratories. Dr. Rony, Department of Chemical
Engineering, and Mr. Larsen, Department of
Chemistry, are with the Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University. Mr. Jon Titus is president
of Tychon, Inc., a microcomputer consulting firm
in Blacksburg, VA.

FIG.

Computer software is similarly developed.

An editor program is used, either on a microcomputer or a timesharing system, to edit the
individual program steps. The editor can correct, change, insert and delete steps in the
program, just as with a manuscript. The editor
program is generally unaware that you are
writing a computer program, since you can use
most editors to write a letter, prepare mailing
lists, etc. When an editor is used to prepare a
mnemonic program, symbolic addresses are
often assigned to software tasks within the
program. In this way, the actual value of the
addresses for subprograms or subroutines is
not needed. Just as in a column we refer to Fig.

www.americanradiohistory.com

4, the program refers to the letters, LOOP, as

the starting address of a time -delay loop.
Allowing the use of symbolic addresses for
program steps means that the program can be

changed without regard to the actual numeric

values of addresses.
The assembler program must accept information from the editor and generate an output
in a form that is compatible with your computer. Just as you assemble short programs one
step at a time, so does the assembler. The
assembler contains a table of mnemonics and
their equivalent values. For example, an 8080
assembler would translate an MVIA instruction into 076 octal. The assembler also assigns
real, 16 -bit addresses to your symbolic addresses, such as LOOP. When using symbolic
addresses, be sure to have a program step for
each symbolic address and assign an address if
you use a symbol. You cannot assign the same
"name" to more than one address. Most
assemblers will recognize a redefined symbol
or an undefined symbol, and will produce an
error message to let you know what needs to be
corrected.
The final assembler output will be in
punched paper tape, cassette or disc form
ready to run on your system. Most assemblers
will also produce a program listing showing the
address of each step, the date in each successive location, a symbolic address name and the
mnemonic plus any comments.
After a program has been assembled it will
probably have to be debugged. The program
checkout and debugging can be difficult without additional software "tools." Computer
control panels are useful, but reading binary
codes can become tedious, and there are many
computers without external controls and readouts. There are debugging programs for most
microcomputers that allow you to change
instructions, list blocks of data or instructions
and single -step through a program.
Many debug programs can establish a
breakpoint in the software being tested. When
the computer reaches a breakpoint, the instruction at that address is executed and an
output device, such as a teletypewriter, lists
the contents of important internal CPU registers. Breakpoints indicate not only that the
computer reached a certain point in the software, but also what the computer did when it
got there. If a breakpoint is set in the normal
program flow and it is not reached, there is
something wrong with the program. In this
case, the breakpoint is moved closer and closer
to the start of the program until the error is
found. When the error is found, it can be
corrected by using the debug program to
change an instruction, data, etc.
Once the program operates correctly, the
debug program should be able to save it on
paper tape, a cassette, or some other medium.
It should also be able to read such programs
back into memory. In any case, when errors are
found you should re -edit and reassemble the
software to produce a complete, error -free

documented listing.

R -E

Integer multiplication and division routines for

the 8080 microprocessor.
SINCE MICROPROCESSORS LIKE THE 8080
and 6800 do not have multiplication and

division instructions, subroutines (containing addition and subtraction instructions) must be written to perform these
operations. A typical paper-and -pencil
decimal and binary multiplication for two
different number sets is shown in Fig. I.

TABLE 1 -EIGHT -BIT MULTIPLICATION SUBROUTINE

MP88,

NXTBIT,

MOVDA

Multiplication

JNC
NOADD

shows that the mechanics of

Figure
multiplication in the two number sets are
1

1024
X 596
6144

92160
+ 512000
610304

FIG.

LXIB
000
000
MVIL
010
MOVAD
RAR

00100110
X 00011011
00100110
001001100
0000000000
00100110000
001001100000
0000000000000
00000000000000
+ 000000000000000
000010000000010

NOADD,

MOVAB
ADDE
MOVBA
MOVAB
RAR

MOVBA
MOVAC

/SET THE REGISTER PAIR THAT WILL HOLD THE

/RESULT OF THE MULTIPLICATION, TO
/000 000 (HEXADECIMAL 0000)
/LOAD L WITH 8 (DECIMAL), THE BIT COUNT
/OR THE NUMBER OF SHIFTS TO TAKE PLACE
/MOVE THE MULTIPLIER INTO A
/SHIFT IT ONE BIT TO THE RIGHT
/THE CARRY IS EITHER 1 OR 0, SAVE THE
MULTIPLIER
/IF THE CARRY IS 0, JUST SHIFT THE
/RESULT. IF THE CARRY IS A 1, ADD THE
/MULTIPLICAND TO THE RESULT, THEN SHIFT IT
/GET THE MSBY OF THE RESULT
/ADD THE MULTIPLICAND
/AND SAVE THE MSBY OF THE RESULT
/NOW SHIFT THE 16 -BIT RESULT ONE
/PLACE TO THE RIGHT.
/SAVE THE NEW MSBY
/NOW SHIFT THE LSBY TO THE RIGHT.

RAR

MOVCA
DCRL
JNZ
NXTBIT

/HAVE ALL 8 BITS OF THE MULTIPLIER

/BEEN TESTED YET? NO, TEST ANOTHER BIT

RET

1-MULTIPLICATION EXAMPLES shown

/YES, THE ANSWER IS IN REGISTER PAIR B

in decimal and binary.

partial sum and finally

the I6 -bit result of the multiplication.
Register L is loaded with the number of
bits in the multiplier, octal 010, hexadecimal 08 or decimal 8. At NXTBIT, the
multiplier that is contained in register D
is moved to register A, shifted once to the
right and saved back in register D. These
instructions shift a single bit of the multiplier into the carry so that the state of the
bit (logic or logic 0) can be tested with
software instructions.
If the state of the carry after the shift is
a logic 0, this means that the multiplicand
is not added to the partial sum, so the JMP
to NOADD (NO ADDitiOn) is executed. If
the carry is a logic 1, the JMP to NOADD is
not executed. Instead, the multiplicand,
contained in register E, is added to the
partial sum, which is contained in register
pair B.
At NOADD, the 16 -bit number contained in register pair B is shifted to the
right by one bit position. The multiplier's
bit count, which is contained in register
L, is then decremented by one. When this
bit count is decremented to 0, the 8080
will return from the subroutine, with the
16 -bit result of the multiplication in register pair B. If the bit count is nonzero,
used to store the

very similar. As the multiplicand is multiplied by larger and larger powers of 10 or

powers of 2, the result of the multiplication must be shifted to the left by one, to
increase the significance of the result. For
instance, when 1024 is multiplied by the
9 in 596, the result (9216) is shifted to
the left by one place, because the multiplication is really 90 X 1024 and the
result is really 92,160.
To multiply two binary numbers, the
8080 must examine the multiplier one bit
at a time. If the bit is a logic I, the multiplicand is added to the partial sum (initially 0). If the bit examined is a logic 0,
then the multiplicand is not added to the
partial sum. Regardless of whether or not
that addition takes place, the partial sum
must be shifted one bit position, after
each bit in the multiplier is examined.
To keep the 8080 multiplication software example (see Table 1) as simple as
possible, we write a subroutine that multiplies two 8 -bit numbers. These two
numbers must be stored in registers D
and E of the 8080, and the 16 -bit result is
stored in registers B and C (register pair
B). When the subroutine is called, register pair B is cleared because it will be

www.americanradiohistory.com

the JMP to NXTBIT is executed, so that

another bit in the multiplier can be tested
and any additions performed.

Subtraction
The multiplication of the two 8 -bit
binary numbers was performed by an add
and shift algorithm. Binary division can
be performed by a subtract and shift
algorithm. An example of binary division
is shown in Fig. 2. Binary division is more
00001110
1011

110011011
1011

10000
1011
1011
1011

00001
FIG.

2-

BINARY DIVISION example.

complex than binary multiplication. To

divide two binary numbers, the divisor is
subtracted from a larger and larger portion of the dividend that has less and less
significance. If the divisor is larger than
the part of the dividend from which it is
being subtracted, a borrow occurs. In this
case, the divisor is added to the result of

TABLE

DIV88,

NXTBIT,

SUBROUTINE

/LOAD THE L REGISTER WITH 010 (DECIMAL 8)

/OR HEXADECIMAL 08 AND LOAD THE H

LXIH

010
000
MVIC
000
MOVAE
RAL
MOVEA
MOVAC
RAL
SUBD
JNC
NOADD

/REGISTER WITH 000 (THE RESULT WILL BE IN H)

/LOAD THE C REGISTER WITH 000
/THIS REGISTER WILL BE USED FOR STORAGE
/MOVE THE DIVIDEND TO A
/SHIFT THE MSB OF A INTO THE CARRY
/SAVE THE SHIFTED DIVIDEND BACK IN E
/GET THE PARTIAL DIVIDEND STORED IN C
/SHIFT THE CARRY INTO THE LSB OF A.
/SUBTRACT THE DIVISOR FROM THIS NUMBER
/IF THE CARRY =0, THE SUBTRACTION DID NOT
/PRODUCE A BORROW. THEREFORE, SHIFT THE
/QUOTIENT. OTHERWISE ADD THE DIVISOR BACK TO
A
/ADD THE DIVISOR BACK TO THE CONTENT OF A.
/SAVE THE PARTIAL DIVIDEND BACK IN C.
/COMPLEMENT THE CARRY.
/AND SHIFT THE CARRY INTO THE LSB
/OF THE H REGISTER. IF A BORROW, C =0
/IF NOT, C =1
/HAVE ALL EIGHT BITS BEEN SHIFTED YET?
/NO, SHIFT ANOTHER BIT OF THE
/DIVIDEND AND TRY ANOTHER SUBTRACTION

NOADD,

2- EIGHT -BIT DIVISION

ADDD
MOVCA
CMC
MOVAH
RAL

MOVHA
DCRL
JNZ
NXTBIT
0

/THE ANSWER IS IN

RET

the subtraction to re- generate the original part of the dividend being tested. A 0
is then entered in the quotient for the bit
position being tested. If no borrow occurs
when the subtraction is performed, the
result of the subtraction is used as the
new partial dividend, and a is entered
into the quotient since the divisor was
successfully subtracted from the dividend. The subroutine listed in Table 2
divides the content of register E (the
dividend) by the 8 -bit content of the
register D (the divisor) and the 8 -bit
result (the quotient) is saved in register H
1

WHEN THE 8080 RETURNS

and the remainder is saved in register C.

The LXIH instruction in the subroutine
(Table 2) loads the number of bits in the
divisor (octal 010, decimal 8) into regster L and register H is loaded with O. This
is done because register H will be used to
store the quotient. The Mvtc instruction
loads register C with O. Register C will be
used to store the partial dividend. At
NXTBIT, the dividend is shifted one bit to

the right. The most -significant -bit

(MSB) is shifted into the carry, and the
remaining bits of the dividend are saved
back in register E. The partial dividend in

register C is then moved to register A,

and the bit from the dividend is shifted
from the carry into the least- significantbit (LSB) of register A. The SUBD
instruction subtracts the divisor from the
partial dividend, which was in register A.
If the divisor is subtracted from a larger
or equal number, the JMP to NOADD is
executed. If the divisor is greater than the
partial dividend, a borrow occurs, therefore the divisor is added to the result of
the subtraction by the ADDB instruction.
Register A now contains the original
partial dividend.
When the 8080 executes the instructions at NOADD, it must enter a logic 0 or
logic 1 into the quotient. Therefore, the
state of the carry is complemented by the
CMC instruction and then saved in register H. If the subtraction did not generate
a borrow, then the carry is a logic 0, but a
logic 1 must be entered in the quotient. If
a borrow was generated, the carry is a
logic 1. This means that a logic 0 must be
entered into the quotient. The CMC instruction simply complements the state of
the carry to the state needed in the
program. Finally, the content of register
L is decremented by the DCRL instruction. If more bits within the dividend
must be tested, the 8080 jumps back to
NXTBIT, otherwise it returns from the
subroutine with the quotient in register H
and the remainder in register C.
There are a number of software tricks
that can be used to simplify these two
mathematical subroutines. However, unless your microcomputer can execute
multiply- and -divide instructions or has
special multiplyldivide hardware, these
operations will have to be performed
using these or similar algorithms.
R -E

NOT IN THE CHARTS

The following companies provide products of interest to the computer hobbyist,
but are not listed in the charts on the following pages.

NAME OF COMPANY

PRODUCT

COMPUTER FAIRE
COMPUTER PROFESSIONALS
CREATIVE COMPUTING
HAYDEN PUBLISHING
HOWARD H. SAMS & CO., INC.
LEXINGTON BOOKS
LOGICAL SERVICES INC.
MCGRAW-HILL PUBLISHING

Books
Books
Books
Books

OAE

PROM Programmer

OSBORNE & ASSOC.

PRENTICE-HALL, INC.
POWER -ONE, INC.

Books
Books

RONDURE COMPANY
SHUGART ASSOC.
SYLVANHILLS LAB INC.
SYSTEX ENTERPRISES INC.
TAB BOOKS

Proceedings & Silicon Gulch Gazette

Book Club

Microcomputer Programming Course

Books

Open frame DC power supplies

single dual & triple output models
IBM Selectric Terminals
Floppy & MinifloppyTM Disc Drives
X -Y Plotter
Computer Portrait System
Books

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ADDRESS
Box 1579, Palo Alto, CA 94302
P.O.B. 582, Princeton Rd., Hightstown, NJ
P.O. Box 789 -M. Morristown, NJ 07960
50 Essex St., Rochelle Park, NJ 07662
4300 W. 62nd St., Indianapolis, IN 46206
125 Spring St., Lexington, MA 02173
1080-H E. Duane Ave., Sunnyvale, CA
1221 Ave. of the Americas, New York, NY
676 W. Wilson Ave., Glendale, CA 91203
P.O. Box 2036, Berkeley, CA 94702
Route 9W, Englewood Cliffs, NJ 07662
Power-One Drive, Amarillo, CA 93010

2522 Butler St., Dallas, TX 75]35

435 Oakmead Pkwy., Sunnyvale, CA 94086
P.O. Box, Pittsburg, KS 66762
P.O. Box 402, King of Prussia, PA 19406
Monterey & Pinola Aves., Blue Ridge Summit, PA 17214

Personal Computers
DIRECTORY
The following pages contain detailed information on the personal computer products made
by a large number of manufacturers. We think you'll find it informative

60

About The Charts

61

Mainframes

62

CPU And Memory Boards

63

Parallel And Serial I/O Boards

64

Cassette And Disc I/O Boards

65

Video Modules

66

Video Terminals

67

Other Boards

68

List of Manufacturers

C-

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CO

59

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The letter reproduced at the top of

this page was sent as a part of an
8 -page questionnaire to all of the

personal computer product manufacturers we could locate. We followed up by handing out additional
forms at personal computer shows.
The resulting tables, on the pages
that follow, were compiled from the
data we received.
For further information on any of the items described, please contact the indivi-

dual manufacturer.
You'll find
the name, address and phone number
of everyone who participated, on
the last page of this special section.
When you write or phone for
more information please inform the
company that you read about their
products in this special section.
By doing so, you'll help us guarantee a more complete response from
all personal computer manufacturers
the next time we do this kind of report.

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LIST OF PERSONAL COMPUTER

MANUFACTURERS
Here's a list of names addresses and phone numbers for
every company that filled out one of our questionnaires. If a
name you are looking for is missing, they did not respond
to our request for information.
APPLE COMPUTER INC.
10260 Bandley Drive
Cupertino, CA 95014
(408) 996 -1010

CALIFORNIA INDUSTRIAL
15214 Grevill Ave.
Lawndale, CA 90260
(213) 772 -0800
T. RYDER

CANADA SYSTEMS, INC.

1353 Foothill Blvd.
La Canada, CA 91011
(213) 790 -7957

KEN FINSTER

GENERAL MICRO -SYSTEMS

12369 W. Alabama Place
Lakewood, CO 80228
(303) 985 -3423
BOB SMITH

NORTH STAR COMPUTERS, INC.

BILL GODBOUT ELECTRONICS

Box 2355

NOVAL, INC.
8401 Aero Drive
San Diego, CA 92123

435 Oakmead Pkwy.

(714) 277 -8700

AGO KISS

(408) 733 -0100

Oakland Airport, CA 94614

THE HEATH COMPANY
Benton Harbor, MI 49022
(616) 982 -3417
V. VIRGIL BENNETT

IMSAI MFG. CORP.

14860 Wicks Blvd.
San Leandro, CA

2547 Ninth Street

Berkeley, CA 94710
(415) 549 -0858
CA GRANT

OAE (Oliver Advanced

Engineering)
676 West Wilson Avenue

Glendale, CA 91203

(415) 483 -2093

(213) 240 -0080

DOUGLAS E. OLIVER

INFINITE INC.
1924 Waverly Place
Melbourne, FL 32901
(305) 724 -1588
BILL HABERHERN

OHIO SCIENTIFIC
Box 36
Hiram, OH 44234
(216) 562 -3101
DON MUCHOW

12321 Ventura Blvd.

IOR

(213) 760 -3345

IVA KALB

P.O. Box 28823

Dallas, TX 75228
(214) 358 -2671

OSBORNE & ASSOC.

P.O. Box 2036
Berkeley, CA 94702

CENTRAL DATA CO.

P.O. Box 2484, Station A
Champaign, IL 61820
(217) 359 -8010

JEFF ROLOFF
COMPAL

(Computer Power

&

Light)

Studio City, CA 91604

COMPUCOLOR CORP.
5965 Peachtree Corners East
Norcross, GA 30071
(404) 449 -5961
RODNEY HUNT
COMPUTALKER CONSULTANTS
P.O. Box 1951
Santa Monica, CA 90406
(213) 392 -5230
THE COMPUTER FAIRE
Box 1579
Palo Alto, CA 94302
(415) 851 -7075
JIM WARREN

COMPUTER SHOP
288 Norfolk St.
Cambridge, MA
(617) 473-2323
R. RIVERA
THE COMPUTERIST
P.O. Box 3
S. Chelmsford, MA 01824
(617) 256 -3649
ROBERT M. TRIPP
E & L

61

INSTRUMENTS

First Street

Derby, CT 06418
(203) 735 -8774
RICHARD J. VUILLEQUEZ
ELECTRONIC CONTROL
TECHNOLOGY
763 Ramsey Avenue

Hillside, NJ 07205
(P.O.B. 6, Union, NJ 07083)
(201) 686 -8080
DENNIS P. DUPR

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS
P.O. Box 212
Burlingame, CA 94010
(408) 374 -5984

FRANKLIN ELECTRIC

(607) 273 -3271

JADE COMPUTER PRODUCTS

5351 West 144th
Lawndale, CA 90260
(213) 679 -3313
LEXINGTON BOOKS
D.C. Heath & Co.
125 Spring Street
Lexington, MA 02173

(617) 862 -6650

LOGICAL SERVICES INC.

1080 -H East Duane Ave.
Sunnyvale, CA 94086
(408) 245 -8855

(913) 764 -3273

DR. CHILDRESS

MOUNTAIN HARDWARE, INC.

P.O. Box 1133
Ben Lomond, CA 95005
(408) 336-2495
D. PACE

NBL
Box 1564
Richardson, TX 75080
(214) 231 -2703
W.A. KLUCK

(203) 354-9375

Sunnyvale, CA 94086
GARY YOST
SMOKE SIGNAL BROADCASTING
6304 Yucca

Hollywood, CA 90028
(213) 462 -5652
RIC HAMMOND

SOLID STATE SALES

P.O. Box 74
Somerville, MA 02143
(617) 547-4005
J. HEFFRON

SOUTHWEST TECHNICAL
PRODUCTS CORP.
219 W. Rhapsody
San Antonio, TX 78216
(512) 344 -9778

SYLVANHILLS LAB INC.

Pittsburg, KS 66762

PCS (Processor Control Systems)

Box 544
Celoron, NY 14720
(716) 664 -2871
WALTER E. PELTON, Gen'I Mgr.

PERCOM DATA CO., INC.

318 Barnes
Garland, TX 75042
(214) 276 -1968

LUCY MAUCH
PERSONAL COMPUTING CO.

Towerwood Drive

Dallas, TX 75234
(214) 620-2776
STEVIE GENTRY
POWER -ONE, INC.

(805) 484 -2806

STEVE COLE

MIDWEST SCIENTIFIC
INSTRUMENTS, INC.
220 W. Cedar St., Olathe, KS 66061

(805) 497 -7755

FRANK PETERS

SHUGART ASSOC.

(415) 547 -6612

Power -One Drive

Amarillo, CA 93010

MICRONICS, INC.
P.O. Box 12545
Raleigh, NC 27605
LENNY HEATH

733 Lakefield Rd.

(615) 966-8771
ROBIN CONTENT, Mktg. Dir

PARASITIC ENGINEERING
P.O. Box 6314
Albany, CA 94706

3321

MARINCHIP SYSTEMS
16 St. Jude Road
Mill Valley, CA 94941
(415) 383 -1545
JOHN WALKER

&D LTD.
333 Litchfield Road
New Milford, CT 0E776
R

Dutchtown Rd.
Concord, TN 37922
10728

DAN MEYER

ITHACA AUDIO
P.O. Box 91
Ithaca, NY 14850

NETRONICS

Westlake Village, CA 91361

(415) 548 -2805

SEALS ELECTRONICS, INC.

P.O. Box 646

(316) 231 -4440

SHARON BELL

SYSTEX ENTERPRISES INC.

P.O. Box 402
King of Prussia, PA 19406
(215) 482 -9481
(215) 631 -1318
SZERLIP ENTERPRISES
1414 W. 259th Street
Harbor City, CA 90710

TEI Inc.
c/o CMC MARKETING CORP.
5601 BintliH 1:515
Houston, TX 77036
(713) 783-8880

THINKER TOYS
1201 10th Street
Berkeley, CA 94710
(415) 527 -7548

JEAN MORROW

QUAY CORP.
P.O. Box 386
Freehold, NJ 07728
(201) 681 -8700
Mr. ROESSLER

VECTOR ELECTRONICS CO., INC.

12460 Gladstone Avenue
Sylmar. CA 91342
(213) 365 -9661
FLOYD HILL

REALISTIC CONTROLS CORP.

404 West 35th Street

VECTOR GRAPHIC INC.

790 Hampshire Road A &B
Westlake Village, CA 91361
(805) 497-6853

Davinport, IA 52806
(319) 386-4400
RONDURE COMPANY
2522 Butler Street
Dallas, TX 75235
(214) 630 -4621
SD COMPUTER PRODUCTS
Div. SD Sales
P.O. Box 28810
Dallas, TX 75228

(214) 271 -4667

800 527 -3460

68

www.americanradiohistory.com

WWW ENTERPRISES
P.O. Box 548
Harbor City, CA 90710
(213) 835 -9417
WARREN WEIMER
WAVE MATE
1015 W. 190th Street
Gardena, CA 90248
(213) 329 -8941

DENNIS BROWN

1M -11

-MY]

VI

Save On Long

Distance Phone Calls

A

digital timekeeping accessory that displays

the time of day and elapsed -time data in
step with the Telco billing timer. Use
it wisely and reduce toll charges 15 %.
FRED BLECHMAN, K6UGT

UNTIL RECENTLY, ONLY THE LARGEST

corporations could afford the expensive

computerized systems required to effectively manage long- distance telephone
call expenses. Now, for less than $50, the
Digi:Toll (Cervco, Inc., 211 Mill Creek
Drive, Youngstown, OH 44512) solid state digital clock /elapsed timer makes it
possible to control the cost of long distance and other toll calls as they are
being made.

The Digi:Toll is a digital timekeeping

instrument designed specifically for toll call management applications. Although
it is not connected to the telephone line,
its special circuits continuously display
the same time -of-day and elapsed -time
data used by the telephone company to
calculate toll charges. With this data and
an understanding of phone company timing and discount procedures (covered later on in this article) you can reduce the
monthly cost of long- distance and timed
local calls by 10% to 20% on each phone
equipped with a Digi:Toll. Table I shows
the projected savings possible if the
Digi:Toll only reduces your toll charges
by 15 %.
The standard Digi:Toll can be operated
from a 117 -VAC 60 -Hz source and functions as a I 2-hour time -of -day clock and a
24- minute call timer. Four versions can
be built by cutting foil traces and using
wire jumpers. The 24- hour -display "T"
version is useful for ham operation or for
international calls. The "L" (Legal) version can be used by attorneys, accountants, advertising agencies and oth-

hourglasses, since it combines continuous

data presentation with ease of interpretation. The Digi:Toll's unique physical design (Patent No. 242,847) contributes to
its overall effectiveness. The anodized
aluminum enclosure fits conveniently in
front of all commonly used desk phones
and is held firmly in place, ready for
instant use, by the weight of the telephone itself, as shown in Fig. 1. This
arrangement encourages continued use of
the Digi:Toll for cost -reduction purposes.
Since no connection to the phone lines is
required, no phone company approval or
monthly charges are involved.
The extra -bright ' /2- inch -high LED
display and special glare -reducing filter
make for easy readability under a wide
range of viewing angles and ambient light
conditions. Important timing and discount -data tables are prominently located

ers who need a long- duration (24 -hour)

timer for billing, timing conferences, etc.,
as well as a 24- minute call timer. The
"W" (WATS) version Digi:Toll is a
totalizing timer for WATS -line users.
This version totals (up to 24 hours) each
individual call measured on the 24 -minute timer. Also, for use in foreign countries at 50 Hz, modification "P," usable
with all other versions, can be constructed
with only one foil break and one jumper
wire.
All Digi:Toll versions are also useful
for special applications such as in photo
and test labs, where they can even be built
into other equipment.

Features of the unit

The use of digital display is a significant improvement over past telephone timing devices, such as stopwatches and
TABLE

I- TYPICAL SAVINGS USING A DIGI: TOLL

Savings

5 -Year
Savings

(S)

(S)

Average Long Distance

Cost /Month /Phone
(s)

Savings /Month
at 15%
(s)

1st Year

25

3.75

45

225

50

7.50

90

450

675

75

11.25

135

100

15.00

180

900

125

18.75

225

1125

150

22.50

270

1350

`c

175

26.25

315

1575

200

30.00

360

1800

Co

ou

69

www.americanradiohistory.com

above the LED display for easy reference.

The proper use of these tables (described
later) is a key to the effective use of the

Digi: Toll.
Operating power is furnished through
a Class II, wall -plug enclosed transformer
that eliminates batteries. The line cord is
thin and unobtrusive. If a power failure or
brownout occurs, a flashing display warns

PARTS LIST
All resistors are '/. -watt, 5 %, unless
noted.
R1

-R3- 100,000

ohms

R4 -22 ohms
R5 -47 ohms
R6 -33 ohms, 2 watts, wire -wound
C1 -1000 F, 15 volts, electrolytic
C2 -0.1 F, 16 volts, disc
C3 -C6 -0.01 F, 16 volts, disc
D1, D2, D6 -1N914 signal diode
D3, D4 -1N949 germanium diode (no

substitutes)

D5- 1N4733A

1 -THE DIGI -TOLL mounts in front of desk

telephone and is held in position by its weight.

FIG.

of possible incorrect time information.

Construction is simple and uncrowded,
and complete parts kits, with step -by -step
instructions, are available, as are preasunits. See parts list
various options.
sembled

Circuit description
The Digi:Toll circuit,

for the

shown in Fig. 2,

only one clock IC to count and

display all the time -of-day and elapsed time functions for all versions. The IC, a
Fairchild 3817 (interchangeable A or D
type) is the only IC available that can
provide all display -sharing functions
without having to provide additional
external counter or divider circuits. (Although the 3817 appears identical to the
National MM5316 pin- for -pin, some internal functions are not the same.) In
addition, several special circuits have
been incorporated in the clock /timer's
overall design to optimize performance.
The AC input from wall -plug transformer Tl is converted to DC voltage by
bridge rectifier RECTI and filtered by
uses

5.1 -volt,

-watt Zener
RECT1 -VM08 50 PIV 1 -amp bridge
rectifier (Varo or equiv.)
IC1- Fairchild 3817 (A or D) digital alarm
clock (no substitutes)
T1- 11.5 -volt, 175 -mA Class Il wall -plug
transformer, 117 -VAC, 50- to 60 -Hz
primary (Dormeyer PS- 8514 -no
substitutes)
DIS1- DIS4- Fairchild FND -500 7segment LED display, brightness code
08 or 09 or FND -560, any brightness
code (no substitutes)
S1 -4PDT alternate- action switch (IEE/
Schadow F4U -EE)
S2- S4 -2PDT momentary- action switch
(IEE /Schadow F2U -OA)
Misc. -two 9 -pin right -angle header strips
(AP Products 929835 -01); switch button
tops; PC boards; enclosure with end caps
and screws; data plate; foam feet;
antireflection display filter (Panelgraphic
1

electrolytic capacitor CI. Extra spurious

high - frequency filtering is provided by
capacitor C2. Resistor RI and capacitor
C3 shape and feed the AC -input frequency to the clock IC counter circuitry.
Capacitor C6, which is connected to the
metal case by a PC board trace, helps
keep external static discharges (such as
that built up from walking on a rug) from
affecting the clock IC when you touch
the case. Zener diode D5 and a 2 -watt
resistor, R6, stabilize the variable output
from the Class I I transformer to keep V.

Chromafilter Type CF -133 Color: Red 63);

hookup wire for jumpers.
The following kits are available from
Cervco, Inc., 211 Mill Creek Drive,
Youngstown, OH 44512:
KIT DT-1K: Complete kit consisting of
all components, PC boards, case,
header -pin bending tool, and step -bystep assembly and applications manual,
$49.95.
KIT DT -P: Partial kit consisting of all

components, including graded displays,

switches, transformer and header strips,
$29.95.
KIT DT -B: Partial kit consisting of both
PC boards; precision -milled, drilled,

plated- through (PCB -B), solder -plated

and reflowed on black substrate, $14.95.
KIT DT -C: Partial kit consisting of case
with hardware, data plate and Panel graphic display lens, $9.95.
The following assembled and tested
units are also available from Cervco,
Inc.:
DT -1A: Standard Digi -Toll, $79.95.
DT -1A /T, L, W: Modified Digi -Toll,
$89.95.

Quantity pricing available on kits and

assembled units.
All prices are postpaid in the U.S. Ohio
residents add state and local taxes as
applicable. For BankAmericard and
Master Charge orders, include complete
card number and expiration date.

(positive voltage) at approximately 12

volts. Also, D5 and R6 form a voltage
divider that clamps the voltage drop
across the IC internal segment drivers
and display segments at 5.1 volts. This
allows for maximum display -segment
drive current without overheating the IC.
Without a carefully balanced combination of T1, D5 and R6, the IC could overheat, or the digit displays could flicker
with different digit combinations, since a
different number of segments would be
lighted. Although D5 and ICI run warm
and R6 becomes hot, they all operate
within specifications.
Switches S3 and S4 set the time -of-day
display (when switch SI is in the up position) by connecting V. to pins 33 and 34
of the clock IC in the conventional manner.

The design lets you use the IC's alarm

register as an elapsed timer. This is done
by "clocking" the alarm display with the
-Hz slow time -advance command. Depressing switch SI locks it down in the
ELAPSED TIME position until it is pressed
again. When this switch is in the down
position, positive voltage V,, at switch
terminal 11 flows through terminal 12
and diode DI to pins 31 and 38 of ICI.
This commands the display to show alarm
time in the 24 -hour mode. Simultaneously, terminal 12 of S1 (through resistor R3 and diode D2) also provides positive voltage to pin 33 of ICI. This
advances the display one count -per -sec1

THE PC BOARD SUB -ASSEMBLY slides into specially designed extruded aluminum cabinet with
non -reflective front panel and molded end caps. Data plate slides into sloping track.

www.americanradiohistory.com

Si
MODE SELECT

TIME

ELAPSED TIME

S3

_tnn

L_
C6

-H
.01

012

3R

4
21

FAST SET

1-L

96. 3J9p

D6

J8 (

J6;'-Att '-'
)1k, J1,

R2

- :5

06

100K

R1

100K

11.5V

175mA"~40W
111Y
1N914

rrtrr
CASE
GND

J5

J7

RESET

J3

EXTERNA

S4

S2

i__

10

_r -`111

T1

J19

117VAC
50 /60Hz

SLOW SET

R3

D2

1N914

100K

RECT

VM-08
+
C3

Vss

.01
C4

Cl

C2

.01

C5

1000pF

.01

Vss
D

VD

VD

-F

R6

33 S2-2W
5%

--rJ11

J1

4
40

FTRONT BOARD

,r

COMPONENTS

38

D5
1

39

37 36 35

ii

N4733A
.1V

51W

33

F-

t-

32

29

30

31

28

CI)

LL

27

W
J
N

IC1

22a

.-

D3

10

TENS OF
HOURS

10

D4

6
b

18

21

12

11

13 14

15

20

19

10

10

7
g

be

7
g

4:S2

FND500

dc

11

ll
ll

R5

li

16) 17

22

1N 949
1

10

23

AM

1N949
4

24

25

fN

3817A/D
R4

26

2 N
> > ii
H

O
CD

co

34

HOURS

TENS OF MINUTES

MINUTES

FND500

FND 500

FND500

DIS3

DIS4

COMMON CATHODES

0I52

DIS 1(INVERTED)

MODIFICATION TABLE

NOTES
1

- CIRCUIT MODIFICATIONS:
A. BREAKS IN EXISTING PC BOARD TRACES

ARE INDICATED BY THE SUMBO L PLUS

A LETTER DESIGNATION.
B. HARDWIRE JUMPERS ARE INDICATED BY
A DOTTED LINE PLUS A J DESIGNATION.
C.

D.
E.

MODIFICATION DESIGNATIONS:
1. 24 HR CLOCK /24 MIN TIMER - T
2. 24 HR CLOCK- TIMER /24 MIN TIMER - L
3. 24 HR TOTALIZING TIMER /24 MIN TIMER -W
4. 50Hz OPERATION - P
ALL FOIL BREAKS EXCEPT D & F ARE
ON THE BACK PC BOARD.
ALL JUMPERS & D6 ARE ON THE BACK
PC

MOD

T
L

W
P

1.//111

11111111

p/AL
/1

2- PIN

JUMPERS (J)

FOIL BREAKS

141414111

-__
I

//MI /1/1/10111K
N

9 10

11

Ir

CONNECTIONS FND 500:

FOUR NOTCHES

D6

ON TOP EDG
PIN
1

2
3

SEG
E

COMM CATH

DP

10 9

0oi2oo

COMM CATH

10

4 5

BOARD

2- SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF THE DIGI -TOLL. A single clock IC does all the timekeeping and
drives the four seven -segment displays. One display is intentionally mounted up -side down. Several
versions are made possible by making changes in the circuitry as in the table.
FIG.

ond. Furthermore, when the last two

digits reach "59," the next count advances the preceding digit by one.
Although this display is intended to
show the alarm -time hours and minutes
in a 24 -hour format, it is being used here

to represent elapsed time in minutes and

seconds up to 23 minutes and 59 seconds.
On the next count, it goes to 00 00 and
continues counting. when switch S is
pressed again and pops up, this elapsed
(alarm) time is held in the clock IC's
1

alarm register. To recall this time, depress SI to display the last count and the
sequence starts advancing again one
count -per- second.
To "zero" the elapsed -time display,
depress spring -loaded pushbutton RESET
71

www.americanradiohistory.com

switch S2; this feeds a positive voltage to

pin 34. Since a positive voltage is already
being applied to pin 33, the clock IC is
commanded by the internal logic to reset
the display to 00 00. Table II shows the
operating modes for ICI in order to
clarify the interaction of mode and set
functions.
Switch SI performs another important
function. Display DISI (the tens -ofhours digit) is normally blank during the
time -of -day display (except when it
shows a "1" from 10 00 to 12 59) in the
12 -hour format. However, for the
elapsed -time display, display digit DIS
must show a "0," "I," or "2" as required.
Switch S1's other terminals program this
digit with the IC segment- driver outputs.

example, D1, D2, R2, R3, C4 and C5

prevent the time -of-day display from being altered if switches SI and S2 are
operated together to simultaneously start
and zero the elapsed timer. Circuit -shift
time within the IC and contact- bounce of
the switches could cause the time -of-day
circuitry to "see" a fast -forward command before the display is changed to the
elapsed -time mode. Time -delay circuits
formed by R3
and Dl C4 prevent
this from happening. When switches SI
and S2 are pressed together, diode DI's
low forward resistance allows capacitor
C4 to charge rapidly, quickly commanding the display to show elapsed time.
However, the relatively high resistance of
R3 slows the charging of capacitor C5, so

05

TABLE

II -DIGI:

TOLL OPERATING MODES

Set Control Pin Connected To Vs

Unit
Designation

Display
Control Pin
Connected To

Display
Mode

None

None

Time
of
day

L, W, P

32

24 -hour
elapsed -time
(reset)

All

31

33

34

(slow)

(fast)

Time
of
day

Slow
time
advance

Fast

Fast

time
advance

time
advance

N /A'

N /A1

N /A1

Elapsed
time
run

Both

vne

Standard,
T, L, P

24 -hour

24- minute

elapsed
time

/A'

display
resets
to 00 00
24- minute

N /A1

display
resets
to 0000

Note:
1.

N/A = Not applicable to Digi:Toll.

When Si is in the up (TIME) position,

IC1 pins 1 and 40 operate the time -ofday /power -failure indicator dot at the
upper left-hand corner of DISI
steady
"on" display means the clock is showing
time in the 12 -hour format, while a flashing dot means a power interruption has
occurred and the clock may be incorrect.
However, when switch SI is in the down
(ELAPSED TIME) position it applies the
output voltages of pins 1, 40 and 39 to
various segments of DISI. The 3817
clock IC is designed to display the 24hour format by wiring these pins to the
segments shown in Fig. 2.
Two unusual features are worth noting
here. First, the dot referred to is simply
the decimal point of DIS1, which is
mounted in inverted fashion on the PC
board for this reason. Second, you may
wonder whether pin 39 (the -Hz output
used as a 24 -hour segment driver) would
make the segment blink continuously.
The answer is (although this information
would not be found on the data sheets for
the 3817 or MM5316) pin 39 is a -Hz
output only when the clock IC is in the
12 -hour mode; in the 24 -hour mode, it is
a segment driver!
If you've followed the explanation thus
far, you may be wondering about some of
the extra components in the circuitry. For

-a

the positive voltage at the cathode of D2

is delayed at time -advancing command
pins 33 and 34 of ICI. Similarly, if SI
and S2 are pressed simultaneously, going
from the elapsed -time mode to the time of -day mode, capacitor C5 discharges
rapidly through resistors R3 and R2,
while C4 (blocked by D1) is forced to
discharge more slowly through the high
internal pulldown resistance of the clock
IC at pin 31. This removes V. from pins
33 and 34, (the time -advancing command
pins) before the time -of-day is displayed.
Diode D2 blocks positive voltage from
reaching this whole network when MODE
SELECT switch SI is up (in the time -ofday mode).
Another circuit trick is accomplished
by D3, D4, R4 and R5. Diodes D3 and
D4 are special low- forward-voltage-drop
germanium diodes that balance with 5%
resistors R4 and R5 to provide uniform
brightness to DIS1. Since either a "0,"
"I," or "2" may be displayed (two, five or
six segments are on simultaneously) and
the IC-driver outputs are limited to 8 mA
on most outputs (16 mA on pins 2 and 12;
24 mA on pin 39), the resistor value and
diodes have been carefully selected to

minimize segment brightness differences.

You can make circuit modifications by

www.americanradiohistory.com

creating foil breaks on the PC board and

adding jumpers, as shown in the Fig. 2
table. For example, for modification "T,"
the 24 -hour version, you make foil breaks
A, B and C, and add jumpers JI, J2, J3
and J4. Foil break A isolates ICI pin 38,
the 12- to 24 -hour select pin, from the
switching circuit, and jumper J permanently connects it to V,,. Similarly, foil
breaks B and C disconnect the decimalpoint indicator, and jumpers J2, J3 and
J4 permanently wire switch SI for a 24hour display. No other functions are
affected. This "T" modification is also
required as part of the "L" (legal) or
"W" (WATS) modifications of the
I

clock /timer.
The "L" version requires one more foil
break and two more jumpers, plus adding
another diode, D6. Foil break D disconnects pin 32 (the seconds display) from
Vdd (ground). Jumpers J5 and J6 allow
V. to be applied to pins 32, 33 and 34
simultaneously by pressing switch S2,
with switch SI in the up (time -of -day)
mode. Table II shows this resets the time
display to 00 00, allowing the unit to be
used as a 24 -hour elapsed timer. Diode
D6 prevents unwanted hold mode when
push- button switch S3 is used to slow -set
the time.
The "W" version can be chosen instead
of the "L" version, but you cannot have
both together. The "W" version allows
you to totalize or accumulate separate
time periods up to 24 hours. The counting
is inhibited while SI is in the time mode
(up position) by adding jumper J7, which
connects pin 35, the 50- to 60 -Hz counting input of ICI, to V. through terminal
10 of SI. When SI is in the 24- minute
elapsed -time mode (down position), V. is
removed from pin 35, and counting resumes from where it had been stopped.
To insure that resetting the 24 -hour accumulators to 00 00 is done intentionally
and not accidentally, both SLOW SET and
FAST SET switches S3 and S4 must be
pressed. This is done by foil breaks D and
E, and by jumpers J8, J9 and J10. When
S3 and S4 are both pushed, pins 32, 33
and 34 are all connected to V. and resetting to 00 00 occurs (see Table II).
The power modification to 50 Hz (P)
can be done independently of the other
options by foil break F and jumper J 11.
This disconnects ICI pin 36 from voltage
Vdd and connects it to voltage V,,. The
specified transformer operates at an input
of 117 volts, 50 Hz, although it runs
warmer than at a 60 -Hz input. If your
power input is 220 volts, you will need a
converter or a different transformer.
In the next article, we'll show the PC
boards and discuss construction, testing
R -E
and Digi: Toll applications.

ROUNDUP

Cases And Cabinets

For Your Projects
OF THE

ONE

MAJOR

CONSIDERATIONS

FACING

THE

amateur electronic experimenter and constructor is the

physical layout and appearance of the finished project. In
the days of vacuum tube and 12 by 16 in.chassis, most projects could be finished off nicely by adding a front panel and
slipping the whole thing into a cabinet that could be handcrafted from wood or readily available sheet metals. Today,
most electronic projects are assembled on printed -circuit
boards or similar materials and are sometimes only one tenth the size of its old vacuum -tube equivalent.
To select a case or enclosure that is most suitable for your
project, you must have a pretty good idea as to what is
available. Too, if your -make and model specified in a
magazine article is not available through your usual supplier,
you should be aware of equivalents and possible substitutes.
These charts list off -the -shelf enclosures, cases and chassis
boxes in various material combinations, colors and sizes.

To find out more about the products or distributors, a list of

addresses of each manufacturer follows.
Industrial Park, Hauppauge, NY
Apollo
555G Marion Road, Columbus, OH 43207
Buckeye
(614) 445 -8433.
Dept. G., 4605 East 355 Street, Willoughby,
Bud Electronics
OH 44094. (216) 946 -3200.
Division of Hydrometals, Inc., Rockford, IL
GC Electronics
61101.
Lafayette Electronics
111 Jericho Turnpike, Syosset, NY
11791. (516) 921 -7700.
LMB Products 725 Ceres Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90021.
(213) 627 -9310.
Premier Metals
C/O Sunshine Mining Co., 337 Manida St.,
Bronx, NY 10474. (212) 993 -9200.
Radio Shack 2617 West 7th Street, Ft. Worth, TX 76107.
(817) 390 -3272.
Rose /Stahlin 500 Maple Street, Belding, MI 48809. (616)
794 -0700.
Scientific -Atlanta Optima Enclosures -2166 Mountain Industrial
Road, Tucker, GA 30084. (404) 939 -6340.
TenTec, Inc. Dept. G., Industrial Park, Sevierville, TN 37862.
(615) 453-7172.
Vector Electronics Co., 12460 Gladstone Ave., Sylmar, CA
91342. (213) 365 -9661.
Zero Mfg.
777 Front Street, Burbank, CA 91503. (213)
846 -4191.

INTERLOCKING "U" STYLE

Simple aluminum case available in a wide variety of sizes. Screws that
hold the case together are located along the lower edge.
Length
2 -1/4
2 -1/4

2-3/4
2 -3/4

Height
1

-3/8

Depth

Mfr.

Model No.

Case Material

-1/2

LMB
LMB

C -R -211

Al

C -R -221

Al

LMB
LMB

C -R -234

Al

C -R -275

LMB

C -R -345

Al
Al

LMB
LMB
LMB
LMB
LMB
LMB
LMB
LMB
LMB
LMB
LMB
LMB
LMB
LMB
LMB
LMB
LMB
LMB

C -R -321

-3/4
2 -1/8

2 -1/8

2-5/8

2 -1/8
4

2 -1/8

3 -1/4
3 -3/4

2 -1/8

4
4
4

-5/8
2 -1/8
1-5/8
2 -1/4
2 -3/4

4
2 -1/4
2 -1/4

4 -1/4

-1/4

2 -1/4

5 -1/4

2 -1/8

5 -1/2
6

6
6 -1/4

-5/8
3
5

3
2 -1/8

2 -1/4
2

3
3
4

4
3 -1/2

2 -1/8
3

2 -3/4

4 -1/2

3
6

10
12

2 -1/2

-3/4

C -R -332
C -R -421
C -R-422
C -R-400

Al
Al
Al
Al

C -R-425

Al
Al
Al

C -R-442

-522

Al

C -R -531

Al

C -R -532

Al

-643
C -R -645
C -R -632
C -R -753
C -R -800
C -R-864
C -R -1042
C -R -1247

Al

C -R

C -R

Al

Al
Al
Al
Al
Al

Al

Comments

Options

Color
blue
blue

blue
blue

blue
blue
blue
blue
blue
blue
blue
blue
blue
blue
blue
blue
blue
blue
blue
blue
blue
blue
blue

zm

ao

73

www.americanradiohistory.com

9/32"

D-9/32"

Length

Height

1-31/32

2 -3/64

3-1/8

3 -7/8

2 -7/16

4 -7/8

2 -1/2

2 -9/32

2 -1/2

3 -55/64

2 -1/2

5 -29/32

2 -5/8

3 -3/4

2 -7/8

5 -5/8

2-61/64

3 -5/32

2 -61/64

3 -15/16

Depth

Mfr.

Model No.

-3/8

Rose

90

Lexan

GC

H4 -723

Styrene

Al lid; break resistant

-1/2

GC

H4 -724

Styrene

Al lid; break resistant

-3/8

GC

H4 -722

Styrene

Al lid; break resistant

-5/16

Rose

10

Al

die cast body

-5/16

Rose

11

Al

die cast body

grey

-5/16

Rose

12

Al

die cast body

grey

-3/8

GC

H4 -725

Phenolic

plastic recessed lid

black

GC

H4 -727

Phenolic

plastic recessed lid

black

-31/32

Rose

305/31

Polyester

-31/32

Rose

305/32

Polyester

BOX WITH COVER

Rectangular case with front cover available in a variety of materials
ranging from plastic, to aluminum to steel. In some units both the front
and rear panels can be removed. A few have louvers.

Case

Material

Comments

Options

90 K for clear
cover

impact resistant, flame

resistant
impact resistant, flame
resistant

Color
grey

black
black

black
grey

grey
grey

3 -5/32

2 -61/64

2 -3/64

Rose

25

Al

die cast body

grey

3 -5/32

3 -15/64

2 -11/64

Rose

91

Lexan

90K for clear

grey

3-5/32

4 -23/32

cover

2 -11/64

Rose

92

Lexan

90K for clear

2 -5/32

4 -59/64

2 -3/64

Rose

26

Al

die cast body

3 -5/32

6 -19/64

2 -11/64

Rose

93

Lexan

3-5/32

6-57/64

2 -3/64

Rose

27

Al

die cast body

3-1/8

3-1/4

3 -3/8

Rose

911

3 -1/8

4 -3/4

3 -3/8

Rose

M230/921

Lexan

3 -1/8

6 -5/16

3 -3/8

Rose

M235/931

Lexan

3 -1/4

2 -1/8

-1/8

Lafayette

99-P -80772

Bakelite & Al

recessed inserts

3 -1/2

-7/8

GC

H4 -726

Phenolic

2 -1/8

-5/8

Lafayette

99 -P -80780

Bakelite & Al

recessed inserts

Bud

CU-883

Steel

removable front &back

removable front & back

cover

93K for clear

cover

grey

grey
grey
grey
grey

grey

plastic recessed lid

panels

Bud

AU 1083

Al alloy

4 -23/32

4 -13/16

2 -11/64

Rose

82

Lexan

4 -23/32

4 -13/16

3 -11/64

Rose

821

Lexan

4 -23/32

4 -59/64

2 -3/64

Rose

26

Al

die cast body

4 -23/32

6 -57/64

2 -3/64

Rose

27

Al

die cast body

panels

ALL -1083 -HG

for grey
82K for clear
cover

821K for clear

cover

4 -23/32

7 -7/8

2 -61/64

Rose

84

Lexan

84K for clear

4 -23/32

9-29/64

3 -15/64

Rose

85

Lexan

85K for clear

www.americanradiohistory.com

cover
cover

grey

black /grey

black
black /grey

black /grey
gre

grey

grey
grey

grey
grey

grey

,^

Length

Height

5 -1/8

2 -1 /8

Depth

Mfr.

Model No.

Case Material

Comments

Options

Color

-5/8

Lafayette

99 -P -80758

Bakelite & Al

recessed inserts

black /grey

black

grey

Bud

CU -1098

Steel

Bud

AU 1039

Al alloy

Bud

CU -1099

Steel

Bud

AU -1040

Al alloy

6 -1/4

3 -3/4

Lafayette

19 -P -20016

Bakelite

6-1/4

3 -3/4

6-1/4

5 -3/4

6 -3/8

3 -3/4

6 -19/64

6 -19/64

6 -19/64

4 -1/4
4 -1/4

Bud

CU-463

removable front & back

panels

removable front & back AU 1039-HG

panels
for grey
removable front & back
black
panels

rear panel

Lafayette

99 -P -62721

Bakelite /Al

3 -35/64

Rose

46

Polyester

6 -19/64

3 -35/64

Rose

56

Al

die cast body

6 -19/64

9 -29/64

3 -35/64

Rose

87

Lexan

6 -19/64

10-1/32

3 -35/64

Rose

47

Polyester

6-19/64

10- 15/64

3 -35/64

Rose

57

Al

die cast body

6 -19/64

14 -11/64

3 -35/64

Rose

58

Al

die cast body

Bakelite

panel sold separately

7 -3/4

8 -1/4

-1/4

-1/4

Lafayette

19

2 -3/8

Lafayette

99 -P -80764

4 -7/16
5 -3/4

5 -1/4

Bud

-P -20024

CU -585

black
grey

contoured, louvered

Steel

6 -3/4

panel sold separately

contoured,

Steel

natural

for grey

panels

CU-465

-7/8

grey

removable front & back AU 1040 HG

Bud

natural

grey

rear panel
recessed end panel
inserts
flame & impact

black /grey

resistant

87k for clear

cover

flame & impact

resistant

Bakelite /AI

grey

recessed inserts

louvered rear panel,

Steel

contoured
louvered rear panel,

grey

black /grey

black

grey

black

grey

grey

black

8 -1/4

7 -3/4

5 -1/4

Bud

CU -587

Steel

8 -3/8

7 -3/8

Lafayette

19 -20032

Bakelite

panel sold separately

black

grey

9 -1/16

contoured

-7/8

-11/32

Rose

60

Al

die cast body

9 -1/16

13

4-11/32

Rose

62

Al

die cast body

9 -1/16

13 -1/16

7 -1/8

Rose

621

Al

die cast body

9 -27/32

10 -1/32

4 -23/32

Rose

141

Polyester

9 -27/32

15-3/4

4 -23/32

Rose

143

Polyester

10

10

Bud

CU -880

Steel

11

12

Bud

CU-881

Steel

12 -1/4

-3/4

7 -1/4

Bud

CU -7125

Steel

12-1/4

7 -3/4

7-1/4

Bud

CU -7127

Steel

15

Bud

CU-882

Steel

impact & flame

resistant
impact & flame
resistant
removable front &
rear panels

removable front &

rear panels
louvered rear panel,

contoured

grey
grey

grey
gre y

blac<

grey

grey

blac<

grey

louvered rear panel,

grey

contoured
removable front &

grey

rear panels

INTERLOCKING "U" WITH SLOPING FRONT

20

Length

Height

4 -1/4

12

Depth

Mfr.

An interesting case where

material.

Model No.

sloping panel

Case Material

is

desired.

Comments

Aluminum

Options

is

the

Color
c_.

-1/4

Bud

SC -12100

Al

10

Bud

SC -12101

Al

single knock out, 20V

slope; 1 piece cover, feet
piece cover, 20
slope, footed
1

black /white

Z
m

black /white
co

75
www.americanradiohistory.com

BOX WITH COVER

These cases are all cast aluminum for applications where

durability

is

important.
L

Length

Height

Depth

Mfr.

Model No.

3-5/8
4 -3/8
4 -11/16
7 -3/8
7 -3/8

-1/16
-1/16
2 -1/16

-1/2
2 -3/8
3 -11/16

2 -1116;

4 -11/16

3 -1/16

4-11/16

Bud
Bud
Bud
Bud
Bud

CU -123
CU -124
CU -234
CU -247
CU -347

1
1

Case

Material

Comments

Cast al alloy
Cast al alloy

Options

Color

1/2 lb.
1/2 lb.
3/4 lb.
1-1/4 lb.
1 -1/2 Ib.

Cast al alloy
Cast al alloy
Cast of alloy

grey
grey
grey
grey
grey

TRIANGULAR SHAPE
An unusual shape for a case but ideal when an unusual appearance for
project is desired. Very pretty when multiple digit readouts are used.

Length

Panel or rear door area

Mfr.

Model No.

Case Material

16

5 -3/4

13 -15/16

Bud

MT -214

Steel

21

5 -3/4

18 -15/16

Bud

MT -219

Steel

26

5 -3/4

23 -15/16

Bud

MT -224

Steel

Comments
9-3/4 lbs; spring
latch_ handles
12 -1/4 lbs; spring
latch; handles
14 -1/4 lbs; spring
latch; handles

Options
Extra door or
panel
Extra door or
panel

Extra door or
panal

Color
1

-grey

-grey

-grey

ANOTHER INTERLOCKING "U"

One of the most popular types of experimentor cases, overlapping lips
on the ends secure the lid.

Length

Height

4 -1/4

4 -1/4

4 -1/4

-7/8
-7/8

Depth

Mfr.

Model No.

4 -1/8

Ten -Tec
Ten -Tec
Ten -Tec
Ten -Tec
Radio Shack
Ten -Tec
Ten -Tec
Ten -Tec
Ten -Tec
Radio Shack

TG -24
TW -24

4 -1/8

4 -1/8

4 -1/4

4 -1/8

2 -3/4

4 -1/8

6 -1/4

-7/8
1 -7/8

4 -1/8

6 -1/4

4 -1/8

6 -1/4

4 -1/8

3 -1/2

11

11

11

6 -1/4

TG-34
TW -34

270 -260
TG -26
TW -26
TG -36
TW -36
270 -261

WA1-4V

Case

Material
Al
Al
Al
Al
Al
Al
Al
Al
Al
Al

Comments

Options

Rubber feet

Rubber feet

Vector
Vector

WA1 -12V

Vector

WA1 -1A

Al body /plastic

10 slope panel

14

11

11

14

11

WA2 -4V
WA2 -12V
WA2 -1A

Al body /plastic
Al body /plastic
Al body /plastic

10' slope panel

14

Vector
Vector
Vector

Al body /plastic
Al body /plastic

www.americanradiohistory.com

10 slope panel
10 slope panel

10 slope panel
10 slope panel

Color
grey /black

walnut /white
grey /black
walnut /white
walnut grain
grey /black
walnut /white
grey /black
walnut /white
walnut grain
dk. blue /grey

white /walnut
clear anodized

color
white /dk blue
walnut/white
clear /anodize

j-

INTERLOCKING "U"
Another variation, but one that produces a good looking smooth -seamed
case, no case parts overlap.

Length

Height

Depth

Mfr.

Model No.

Case Material

Comments

Options

Color

-31/32

3 -15/16

63/64

Rose

410

polystyol

impact resistant
dust proof

410 -K for clear

grey

-31/32

3 -15/16

-37/64

Rose

420

polystyol

impact resistant
dust proof

420 -K for clear

2 -9/16

4 -23/32

-37/64

Rose

430

polystyol

impact resistant
dust proof

430 -K for clear

3 -5/32

4 -23/32

2 -23/64

Rose

512

Al

insensitive to heat
& cold

3 -5/32

5 -29/32

2 -11/64

Rose

440

pol y st y rol

impact resistant
dust proof

512-DO for
front screw
mounting
440 -K for clear
cover; 440 -H for

445 -H for
handle

3/32

5 -29/32

4 -23/32

-7/8

-13/32

4 -21/64

4 -21/64

7 -13/32

6 -19/64

9 -29/64

3 -5/32

Rose

445

Polystyrol

impact resistant
dust proof

2 -61/64

Rose

520

Al

insensitive to heat
& cold

cover

cover

cover

grey

grey

grey
& blue
9

grey

handle
grey

520 -DO for

front screw

& blue

g
grey

mount

2 -3/4

Rose

450

polystyrol

impact resistant
dust proof

450 -K for clear

cover; 450 -H
handle

g rey

3 -15/16

Rose

460

Polystyrol

impact resistant
dust proof

460 -H- handle

grey

Rose

524

Al

dust proof

0\
3 -35/64

524 -DO for

front screw

grey & blue

mount

INSTRUMENT CASE WITH REMOVABLE FRONT PANEL

The kind of case that has been commonly used for all kinds of test
instruments. Available in aluminum with louvers.

Comments

Material

Length

Height

Depth

Mfr.

Model No.

6 -1/8

Bud

WA -1540

Al

1/2" recessed ft. panel

Zero

ZIC -407

Al

rubber feet

7 -3/4

4 -1/2

Zero

ZTC -408

Al

rubber feet

Case

8-1/8

12

Bud

WA -1541

Al

Zero

ZIC -409

Al

11

Zero

ZIC -411

Al

-1/8

11

18

Bud

WA -1543

Al

14 -1/8

12

18

Bud

WA -1544

Al

11

Options

Color

rubber feet, louvered

unfinished &
unassembled

unfinished &
unassembled

1/2" recessed ft. panel

rubber feet

1/2" recessed ft. panel

rubber feet, louvered

1/2"

recessed

ft. panel

rubber feet, louvered

blue
grey

rubber feet, louvered

rubber feet

blue

unfinished &
unassembled

unfinished &
unassembled

blue
blue
c_

Z
m

co

77

www.americanradiohistory.com

LED Bar Graph

Universal Indicator
Bar graphs are replacing analog meters as voltage -level indicators
in many instances. Here's how the basic LED bar graph works.

MARTIN BRADLEY WEINSTEIN

WB8LBV, KDT5787*

THE FIRST APPLICATION YOU MIGHT THINK

of for the new SN75489 IC (renamed

TL489) from Texas Instruments would
be as a 0-1 -volt LED bar graph. This is
because when the IC's five internally
biased comparators are fed a 0-1-volt
input signal, they will turn on a string of 5
LED's at 200-mV intervals.
Figure
shows what's inside of the
SN75489. A series of five voltage comparators compare the analog input signal
(the input of pin 8, buffered by an
1

ANALOG
INPUT

12V
Vcc

lI

DIGITAL OUTPUTS
05

"1

The comparators feature a built -in hysteresis of about 10 mV to prevent oscillations at the outputs, even with slowly
varying inputs. When the input is driven
from a high- impedance source, a capacitor should be connected between the
high- impedance analog input (pin 8) and
ground to prevent undue noise interference.
Figure 2 is the schematic of the simple
demonstrator shown in the photo. Resistor RI varies the voltage at pin 8 and
causes the string of LED's, which are
arranged as a bar graph, to light up in
lines that are successively longer and
shorter.

The demonstrator is built on a solderless breadboard (the model EXP35O

2- SCHEMATIC OF DEMONSTRATOR in
photo. Number of lit LED's depends on 131.
FIG.

R1

100K

ANALOG
INPUT

THE DEMONSTRATOR uses Continental Specialties Experimentor 350 breadboarding socket.

GNO

u u

OV

01

02

03

DIGITAL OUTPUTS
FIG.

1-INSIDE

SN75489P
THE SN75489 -just renamed

the TL489 by the manufacturer.

internal amplifier with a typical 100K

input impedance) with a string of resistors between Va (pin 7) and ground (pin
1). The resistive ladder turns on comparators 01 -05 at 200 mV, 400 mV, 600 mV,
800 mV and 1000 mV, respectively. The
comparators turn on open collector transistors at each output (pins 2 -6), each
capable of sinking up to 80 mA and of
handling up to 18 volts. The circuit is
intended for use on 10-18 -volt supplies,
although 9 -volt batteries work well.
* Public Relations Supervisor, Continental Specialties Corp.

r1

r'

tM

FIG. 3 -THE LED ADDED ON LEFT acts as pilot

light and lengthens light bar.

n u
s o

tin

Experimentor Socket, Continental Spe-

IN

CLOSEUP shows board construction and how

IC's, LED's and other parts plug right in.

www.americanradiohistory.com

cialties Corp., 44 Kendall St., New Haven, CT 06509; the breadboard is available for about $5.50). It took about the
same amount of time to build the demonstrator as to draw the schematic, about a
month later.
Figure 3 shows a circuit modification:
The first LED in the string of six LED's

TABLE

1.

SPECIFICATIONS FOR TEXAS INSTRUMENTS TL489-CP

Five -Step Analog Level Detector /Indicator

10 -18V

INPUT

TL489 -CP
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
Supply voltage
Positive voltage at analog input
Negative current at analog input

18

volts (max)

volts (max)
(max)

10 mA

1 mA (max)
80 mA (max)

Current into each output, high level

Current into each output, low level
RECOMMENDED OPERATING CONDITIONS

MIN

TYP

MAX

10

12

16.5 V

Supply voltage V
Voltage on any output. 0,.5

18

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS TA = 25 C, V = 12 V
PARAMETER
(positive -going threshold voltage
at input for switching outputs:)
01

OUTPUT

MIN

TYP

MAX

UNIT

160

200
400
600
800
1000

240
450
660
870
1080

mV
mV
mV
mV
mV

INPUT

350
540
730
920

01, 02
01, 02, 03
01, 02. 03. 04
01, 02, 03, 04. 05

Hysteresis for switching any output

10

Low -level output voltage:

= 16 mA
Is
= 40 mA
High -level output current,

02

0.4
0.7

V
V

20

mA

12

15

25

mA
mA

0.1

V044

18 V

Supply current:
all outputs high
all outputs low
Positive input current (V;,, =

0.5

V)

VCC

OUTPUT

mV

pA

-A

FIG. 6

ANALOG

100K

INPUT

50NF

R2

100K

I4
INPUT

-11
ii
ii

02

INPUT

sinewave input signal.

1V

8V
6V
4V
2V

01

ANALOG
G1

STEPPED OUTPUT waveform is de-

veloped from

OV

R1

STEP SIZE IS VARIED

BY VARYING R2 - R6

03
10 -18V

04
05

100K

TIME

OUTPUTS
C1

FIG.

1pF TO

10pF

-THE DELAYS between the five outputs

depends on the rise and fall times of input

+1
12V

R1

CAR

100K

BATTERY

FIG. 5

-A

THREE -STAGE LEVEL INDICATOR

useful in alarm and monitoring systems.

FIG. 4 -THE TIME CONSTANT of R3 and Cl

cause LEDI to flash with inputs below 200 mV.

can double as a bar -graph -lengthener and

a pilot light. This scheme is similar to that
seen in the solid -state S- meters on some
newer CB transceivers. Resistors RI and

R2 scale the input signal to the

SN75489's 0-1 -volt input range while
maintaining high impedance, and capacitor Cl acts as a noise -preventing bypass.

Figure 4 shows the R -C timing action

of R3 and CI. With an input signal at pin
8 of less than 200 mV, R3 and CI cause
LEDI to flash.
In Fig. 5 only three outputs arc used,
but this scheme is very useful for many

8- AUTOMOBILE BATTERY MONITOR.

monitoring and alarm applications. Input

FIG.

voltages greater than 200 mV (representing a low alarm state or alarm release) cause LEDI to turn on LED2
turns on at input voltages greater than
600 mV (representing correct operation);
and LED3 turns on at volt or more (representing a high alarm state or alarm
release).
The circuit shown in Fig. 6 can change
a sinewave input signal to a stepped triangular output signal through using appropriate values in the pulse -shape resistor
network, R2 -R6.
Figure 7 shows how the risetime and
falltime of an input signal can be used to
determine sequential delays at the outputs. This also helps explain the operation
of the circuit in Fig. 6.

ode and

R1

Di-

match voltage to IC's input level.

Some suggested SN75489P applications might include low- resolution metering (in a car, for example, with red,
amber and green LED's indicating low,
normal and high pressure or temperature); or expanded monitoring a car's
battery voltage, as shown in Fig. 8.
Instead of LED readouts, LED's contained in opto- isolators could be used to
switch on various loads to respond to
temperature changes.
Although the SN75489P is relatively
new, many TI semiconductor distributors
and dealers should have it in stock soon.
You should expect the price to be beR -E
tween 600 and $1.00 per unit.

79

www.americanradiohistory.com

TEST

EQUIPMENT

All About
Audio Oscillators
Part

2- The audio oscillator most -often -used today is a sophisticated

instrument that is a far cry from the simple AF signal source.
This is a continuation of the story on the latest types.

THIS STORY OPENED IN THE APRIL ISSUE.

We began with a discussion of the basic

oscillator and basic circuits and followed

through into accessories, such as attenuators, into this continuing discussion of
pertinent specifications and features.

Frequency stability
The frequency stability specification
indicates the ability to maintain an original frequency under various electrical
and environmental conditions. Frequency
stability and frequency accuracy should
not be confused. To measure frequency
stability, setting accuracy is ignored, and
the actual operating frequency is measured directly with an external frequency
meter. Variations from this measured frequency caused by environmental or electrical variations are measurements of the
frequency stability.
On extremely low -cost units, frequency stability may not be specified. On the
more expensive audio oscillators, this
specification is divided among a number
of environmental and electrical variations.
The most common variation is that of
time, and two time intervals are used: The
first is short -term stability, which is the
drift expected (after warmup) over a ten minute period or other short time span.
The second is long -term stability, which
is the stability expected over a 12- to 24hour period. An alternate method is for
an intermediate period, such as an hour.
In addition to time, the expected variations for line- voltage changes, variations
at the oscillator output (usually no load to
full load) and temperature can be given.
All specifications are given as a percent
change for the indicated environmental or
electrical variation, nominally a few
tenths of a percent or less for any variation. Frequency stability, like frequency
Manager, Design Engineering, Heath Co., Benton Harbor, MI.

Amplitude stability

CHARLES M. GILMORE*

accuracy, is a major consideration only

when the measurement depends upon the
generated frequency remaining a constant. All stability specifications are usually given after a warmup period of an
least one hour.

Output voltage
The output voltage specification indicates the maximum voltage available
from the audio oscillator. This voltage is
generally indicated for two situations:
One indicates the oscillator output voltage with no load (open circuit). The other
indicates maximum output voltage when
the output load is equal to the source
impedance of the generator. This voltage
is one -half the open circuit voltage. Maximum outputs of 5 to 10 volts RMS are
usual.

Amplitude flatness
The consistency of the audio oscillator
output amplitude with frequency changes
is called amplitude flatness. This specification may be given either as a percentage
or as a variation in decibels. There may be
a division in amplitude flatness specifications with frequency, with the better flatness specification confined to the center
frequencies. Considerable degeneration
of the specification can be expected at the
frequency extremes. Amplitude flatness
is also termed the frequency response,
and can be given graphically. Low -cost
audio oscillators typically specify -dB
flatness, which is equivalent to a 10%
variation. The better audio oscillators
specify 0.05 dB or 0.5%. Audio oscillators with metered outputs sometimes
delete this specification because it is
assumed the user can readjust the output
level for any frequency change.
I

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Amplitude stability is much like frequency stability. It indicates the oscillator's ability to maintain a constant output
amplitude under varying environmental
and electrical conditions. Amplitude stability specifications, like those for frequency stability, are frequently given for
variations in time, line voltage and temperature. Changes of a few tenths of a
percent or less can be expected for any
particular effect.

Output impedance
Output impedance indicates the value
of resistance that appears to be in series
with the audio oscillator if the oscillator is
presumed to be of zero impedance. The
most common output impedance specification is 600 ohms; however, 50 ohms is
used on some oscillators.

Output balance
Output balance is the impedance ratio
to earth ground between the output terminals. There are three variations available with audio oscillators. The first is the
full- floating or ungrounded oscillator.
The impedance from either output terminal to earth ground is high and relatively
equal. On these oscillators there is a specification indicating the maximum DC
potential that can be applied between
either terminal and earth ground. Corn mon ranges for this voltage are 300 to
500. Note that impedance balance between output terminals may degenerate
for higher oscillator frequencies as the
capacitive effect of wiring within the
oscillator becomes appreciable.
A second variation on output balance
also yields a floating output that can be
raised to a high DC voltage level with
respect to earth. This indicates a high and
equal value of resistance from either
terminal to earth ground. However, one
of the terminals, normally called the low

or common side, has a large capacitor

(between 0.04 and 0.1 F) connected to
earth ground. For all but the lowest of
audio frequencies and direct current, this
terminal is effectively connected to earth
ground. It cannot be connected into a
circuit where the floating voltage has an

AC component.
The third variation connects one side of
the output directly to earth ground at all
times. No floating is possible. In either of
the first two configurations, a strap or a
switch can be provided to connect the
common terminal to earth ground, if
desired.
One of the more important and expensive specifications on the high -quality
audio oscillator is the percentage of THD
in the sinewave output. The theoretical
definition of THD is the ratio- expressed
the square root of the
as a percentage
square of the amplitudes of all harmonics
to the amplitude of the fundamental
signal. It is not practical to measure this,
and usually is measured with an instrument that determines the ratio of the
harmonics to the sum of the harmonics
plus the fundamental. The error between
this measurement and the theoretical
THD specification is less than one -half of
one percent. Total harmonic distortion
values in the area of 0.2% to 0.1% are
common for low- and medium -cost generators. On the extremely good generators, THD specifications can be in the
area of 0.05% to 0.005 %.
Usually, the THD specification is supplied with frequency- limiting data, often
in the form of a graph. The curve of Fig.
9 is typical. Some oscillators offer a
special low- distortion mode. In such
cases, the graphs of THD- versus-frequency may have two response curves,
according to the mode of use.
Depending on the measurement meth-

-of

10

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PERCENT DISTORTION TYPICAL

9- HARMONIC

DISTORTION CURVE for

Heathkit 1G -18 indicates little distortion in the
audible range, with sharp upcurves at the high and low- frequency extremes.
FIG.

have 20 -dB to 40 -dB (10:1 to IOO:I voltage) ranges.

Squarewave output
Many audio oscillators include-in adsquaredition to the sinewave output
wave output. This output usually is somewhat less unusual in attenuation and
impedance.
Squarewave- output specifications are
very similar to those of the sinewave
output. The output voltage indicates the
maximum voltage obtainable; the output
impedance indicates the source resistance
in series with the generator; and the
output balance indicates the type of output connection.
Attenuator specifications are the same
as those for the sinewave output; however, with a more limited range and accuracy. The output amplitude symmetry
specification indicates the relationship
between the positive and negative portions of the squarewave. Symmetry is
usually within a few millivolts. An output
time -symmetry specification indicates
the relative widths of the positive and
negative squarewave pulses. Theoretically, these widths should be equal but
shaping circuits often limit the time symmetry to the 5% area. Risetime indicates the time required for the output
squarewave to rise from 10% to 90% of
the desired amplitude. The risetime on
squarewaves supplied by audio oscillators
is generally in the range of 50 to 100
nanoseconds.

-a

Distortion

stepped attenuator, or a combination of

the two. Specifications include the step
amplitude, expressed as a ratio or a
change in decibels, as well as the accuracy
of each step. In a similar form, range is
given for the variable control. The most
common attenuator has 10 -dB steps,
which give a -3 -10 voltage sequence.
The associated variable control commonly has a 10 -dB range to provide continuous settings. Simple vernier controls

od used when the manufacturer defines

the audio oscillator THD, other signals
can be included within that specification.
Hum and noise both can contribute to the
amplitude of all signals not at the fundamental frequency. Hum and noise can
also be specified separately, and are indicated as a percentage of the maximum

output, most typically in the area of

0.01 %. No attempt is made to separate
line- frequency hum from broadband
noise.

Output attenuator
An output attenuator can come in
three forms: a small variable control, a

Output connectors
The generally accepted output connector is a pair of 3/4 -inch 5 -way binding
posts. An alternate to the dual 5 -way
binding post is a triple 5 -way binding
post configuration to permit strapping
either of the two binding posts to the
third one (connected to earth). Binding
posts are usually confined to 600 -ohm
generators.
Fifty -ohm generators tend to use the
BNC connector because it offers certain
advantages. First, it is fully shielded and,
when ultra- low -distortion sinewaves are
desired, it is mandatory to have shielded
connections between the audio oscillator
and the input to the equipment under test
to avoid an increase in the hum and noise
level. Second, when a generator is used in
the squarewave mode, the 50 -ohm BNC
connector limits the number of reflections on the transmission line caused by
impedance mismatches.

Frequency adjustment
The method of frequency adjustment
varies considerably from generator to
generator. As noted, there are two major
types: First, switch -selected decades that
are continuously tunable throughout the
decade; second, switched incremental
tuning that may or may not have a variable control to permit frequency selections between the incremental frequency
positions. Each system, of course, has its
advantages.

The continuously variable control

within one decade is probably used most
to manually sweep through the decade to
observe the response of a particular device under test. It is the oldest and most
common frequency control method. To
some extent, the need for the continuously tuned dial is now rendered unnecessary by sweep generators, such as the
swept- function variety, which are designed to perform this service.
Switched- frequency selection permits
rapid changes and eliminates any required dial interpolation. Such a system is

excellent for production -line or

service situations in which the only requirement is to test at specific frequencies as rapidly as possible. As it is occasionally necessary to set an audio oscillator to an exact frequency, instruments
with incremental frequency selection often have a continuously adjustable vernier
control. This method permits the frequency to be set between any two switch selected steps. Exact frequency calibration is given with this control in a calibrated position.
The other frequency control feature
that should be analyzed is that of
extended frequency range. Although the
human ear ceases to perform in the 20kHz area, virtually all audio oscillators
extend at least to 100 kHz. With today's
solid -state technology, many audio amplifiers have some response to nearly
MHz. If design work on audio amplifiers
is contemplated, it is often necessary to
observe the frequency response characMHz. In
teristics of the amplifier to
such a case, a generator with extended
frequency response is desirable.
Most audio amplifiers today are specified with a low- frequency cutoff in the 5Hz to 10 -Hz range. But if design work is
contemplated, the audio oscillator should
Hz and
probably extend to at least
lower. Other applications, such as general
laboratory work, usually dictate the widest frequency range possible, since other
instruments and electronic systems may
not have the limited frequency response
of audio components.
In a future continuation of this series,
we will go immediately into frequency
synchronization and what is required
when the audio oscillator is to be locked
to an external frequency source. We
think that you'll find it interesting.
R -E
Watch for it.
1

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81

www.americanradiohistory.com

BUILD
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1,

Equalizer For Your

Stereo System
Part 2 A versatile and useful addition to your hi -fi system. This
concludes theoretical and construction details begun last month.
JOE GORIN
LAST MONTH WE INTRODUCED THE GRAPH -

equalizer, both as a handy tool for the

audio expert and discriminating high fidelity buff. Now we are going to complete the technical discussion and get into
construction and installation.
The strength of this design lies in the
fact that the components that determine
the filter response are independent of the
control potentiometers. Thus, the twelve
bandpass filters can all be built with only
three different capacitor values and eight
different resistor values, while using only
one potentiometer value. Other designs
use from twelve to twenty -four different
capacitor values, making parts hard to
ic

find.

The signal fed into the equalizer is

attenuated by voltage divider R l and R2

(Fig.l) and then AC- coupled into IC

-c.

The attenuation keeps the unit's dynamic

range very large so that it can be used in a
tape- monitor circuit. Amplifiers ICI -a
and ICI -b bring the average gain up to 0
dB. The output of ICI -b is AC- coupled;
R33 keeps the op -amp from having to
drive a capacitive cable and provides the
600 -ohm output impedance. Resistor
R34 absorbs any leakage through C27 so
that the DC output is zero and switching
the unit in and out for comparison will
not cause any clicks.
Resistors R71, R72 and R73 and capacitors C28 and C29 filter the bias voltage, VB, for the op -amps. (In a normal
dual supply circuit, VB would be called

ground.) The two -section filter removes

almost all the noise on the bias. Op-amp
IC2 -c reduces the ripple in positive supply to ICI. Since ICI is a low -noise
amplifier with low-noise power and bias
supplies, the unit has an excellent S/N
ratio despite the attenuation of the signal
at the front end.
Rectifier diodes D201 -D204 and capacitor C201 are a standard fullwave
bridge circuit. The transformer is a wall plug type. Since the unit draws less than 2
watts, it can be left on all the time or
plugged into the switched outlet of a
receiver or preamp.
Switch SI can be wired as shown in the
schematic or as shown in the inset in Fig.
1. In the tape- monitor application, the
switch replaces the TAPE -MONITOR switch
on the amplifier, which can be used to
switch the equalizer in and out. In the
inset drawing where the equalizer is connected between a preamp and power
amplifier, SI is wired to switch the unit in
and out for comparison purposes
tape monitor function is unnecessary. In this
application, R1 can be shorted, R2 can be
removed, and R32 can be changed to
16K. This reduces the maximum input
signal but increases the S/N ratio to 100
dB below 2V, so that it will be inaudible
with even high -gain amplifiers and very
efficient speakers.
The equalizer can also be used as the
tone controls in a high -quality preamp. In
this case, leave R32 at 39K, and eliminate

-a

www.americanradiohistory.com

RI and R2. Wire the output of the

volume control directly to CI, add a
phono preamp (the supply voltage is perfect for this application), a selector switch
and anything else you want, and you have
the equivalent of a very expensive pre amp. To provide an equalizer in /out
switch for this application, wire a 4PST
switch in series with the leads connecting
pins 13 and 14 on the two boards.

Construction
The compactness of the unit is partially
due to the use of two PC boards; the
amplifier board and the control board
that contains the slide potentiometers and
associated resistors. Figures 5 and 6 are
the foil patterns of the amplifier and
control boards, respectively. Figure 7
shows placement of parts on the amplifier
board. The twenty -four slide pots and
forty -eight resistors positioned on the
control board as shown in Fig. 8.
Install the resistors first, then the
capacitors. Be sure to observe the polarity
of the electrolytic devices.
Lay the two boards flat
inch from
each other with their bottom edges facing. Connect the points numbered to 14
from each channel to corresponding
points on the other board. Flat ribbon
cable will make for neater wiring, or just
color-coding the wires will reduce the
probability of errors.
Estimate the required wire lengths for
the input, output, ground, and power
1

,.

INTERIOR VIEW OF THE EQUALIZER showing the positioning of the two printed -circuit boards. The
right and left halves of the two boards are practically mirror -images of each other.

supply wires, and solder one end of each

to the amplifier board. Bolt the boards
together back -to -back with 1/2 -inch spacers and install them in a suitable chassis.
In the prototype shown, the mounting
holes in the bottom of the chassis are
slightly oversized to help line up the slide
pots with the slots in the front panel, and
the tops of the boards are supported from
the rear panel with long screws that allow
adjustment of the depth behind the front
panel. Construction details can be seen in
the interior photograph shown in Fig. 9.
Install the switch and phono sockets in
the chassis. Assemble the power supply
on a terminal strip and solder connections
C and D from the amplifier board and the
wires from the power transformer; then
install the strip in the chassis.
Wire the switch and phono sockets
according to the mode of operation you
plan to use (see Fig. I and the inset drawing) and wire the ground lead (E) to the
chassis lug on one of the phono sockets.
Check your work: be particularly careful about the diode, capacitor and wiring
to the amplifier board of the power
supply. A mistake here could wipe out all
of the IC's. Check that the inputs and
outputs are wired to the correct sockets,
switch terminals and channels. Recheck
the IC and electrolytic polarities.

I-a

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LOOKING DOWN ON THE EQUALIZER from

overhead.

Installation
For a tape- monitor installation, connect the TAPE RECORD terminals of your
receiver /amp to the EQUALIZER IN terminals and the EQUALIZER OUT to the TAPE
MONITOR inputs. Wire the tape recorder
to the equalizer as though it were the
receiver. The TAPE MONITOR switch on
the amplifier will then switch the equalizer in and out of circuit; the switch on
the equalizer will control the tape monitoring. The tape recorder cannot be used
without the equalizer in this setup, but
the only reason to switch it out is for
comparison when first setting it up.
In a preamp /power amplifier connection (which is superior if possible), wire
the preamp output to the EQUALIZER IN
and EQUALIZER OUT to the power ampli-

fier inputs.
The equalizer power transformer can
be plugged into the switched sockets on
the receiver if it is mechanically compatible. If not, the transformer can be
plugged in through an extension cord or
plugged directly into the wall.

Operation
To use the equalizer as a super tone
control, adjust the bands and trust your
ears! You may want to experiment to sec
what all sorts of strange response curves
can sound like. To equalize your system,
purchase a stereo test record and adjust
your system for a flat response. The .4ltee
Acousta- Voicette test record is particularly good for this purpose. Your local
audio shop may own a sound -level meter
you can rent or borrow to equalize perfectly. After you have equalized for a flat
response, reduce the gain slowly above 2
khz to compensate for boosts.
R -E

ERRATA
In the parts list under resistors, change
tolerance from 10% to 5% and change
R 135 to R 136. Under miscellaneous, following J1 -J4, change phone to phono
and delete the reference to knobs. Delete
the 3/32 -inch reference to board thickness.

C-

zm

CO

83

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Advanced Electronic Career

ANNOUNCING

.. A

New

CREI Program:

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Microprocessor
Technology
Including

.A

Microprocessor
Laboratory

The microprocessor has ushered in the

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will never again be the same. The microprocessor has made possible the placing
of an entire computer on a silicon chip
one quarter inch square. The microprocessor "miracle chip" is in the process of
changing the world. Soon all technical
personnel in electronics will have to understand and work with the microprocessor. It is invading virtually every area
of electronics. And it is profoundly affecting your electronics career.

Brand New
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( REI has a brand new program to help
you learn how to work effectively with
this revolutionary electronics development. CREI's new program in Minicomputer and Microprocessor Technology is
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The program provides solid preparation in electronics engineering technology with a specialization in minicomputers and microprocessors. In addition,
it includes a microprocessor laboratory
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microcomputer which utilizes the Motorola 6802 microprocessor chip. This

is an extremely important element of
your program.

Programming
Essential
As you may well know, you must learn
how to program the microprocessor in
order to design. service or troubleshoot
microprocessor electronic systems.
There is only one effective way to learn
this all -important skill of programming.
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With CREI's new program, learning the

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revolutionizing electronics
www.americanradiohistory.com

learn how to program it in three Ian guages: BASIC, assembly and machine
languages. In addition, you will learn
how to interface the microprocessor
with other systems and to test and debug

specialized programs.

Preparation at Home
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Please note, however, that CREI's nev,
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With CREI, you may choose from any
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here isn't room here to give you all of

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Introduces
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MINICOMPUTER &
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An exclusive option available with CREI

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to understand the theories of advanced
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construction, circuit operation and behavior. characteristics of electronics
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circuits. Only CREI offers this unique
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TECHNOLOGY
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Practical
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CREI programs give you a practical engineering knowledge of electronics. That
is. each part of your training is planned
for your "use on the job." R using your

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training, you reinforce the learning procAnd by demonstrating your increased knowledge to your employer,
you may qualify for faster career ad-

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vancement.

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Washington, D.C. 20016

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New Directions

MAN

In

Switching
Systems

service to individual antenna outlets can

be turned off when desired from one
central location without having to enter
the apartment, hotel room, condominium
unit, etc. The central- control unit is the
model 8201 Central, while the individual
subscriber tap-offs are called the model
8200 Centaps.
The system is compatible with all
MATV and CATV installations. It can be
added to existing systems that have been
installed using conduit. The Centap system is wired similar to a conventional
MATV tap -off scheme except that one
additional 24 -gauge prewire conductor is
connected to each tap -off.

Special features
Some of the special features of the
Centap system are:
Simple wiring.

Installing, connecting and disconnecting individual

subscribers to TV signal distribution systems
is revolutionized by new switching matrix.
RAYMOND ST. LOUIS*

DISTRIBUTION
AMPLIFIER CABINET
ONE CENTRAL PROGRAMMING

STATION FOR EACH 100

SUBSCRIBERS

CATV INPUT
50 SUBSCRIBER

50

50 -WIRE

CONTROL

CABLE

COAXIAL CABLE

12 -WIRE

CABLE

SUBSCRIBER

TERMINAL BOXES

TERMINAL BOXES

RE &

-18.5 VOC

50 -WIRE

SWITCHED

COAXIAL CABLE
12 -WIRE CABLE

CENTAP

FL

12 -WIRE

OR

3/4" CONDUIT

PREWIRING
I

CENTRALLY
CONTROLLED
TAPOFF

CABLE

CENTAP

SOLDER LESS
BRIDGING
CONNECTOR

CONTROL WIRE
1

FLL

COAXIALCABLE
SYSTEM WIRING FOR CENTAP CONTROLLED TAP-OFFS, with an internal view of the tapoff itself.
A NEW CENTRALIZED SWITCHING SYSTEM

interconnect MATV, CCTV and

CATV subscribers has been especially
designed for use in high -rise apartment
houses, hotels, condominiums, hospitals,
schools and office buildings. This switching system is called Centap. It is manufactured by Blonder- Tongue Laboratories, Inc.,
Jake Brown Road, Old

Bridge, NJ 08857.

to

Product Manager, Blonder- Tongue Laboratories, Inc.

vided.
There is instant accountability of
which tap -offs are in use, and tap off condition lists are provided.
Extensive technical knowledge is
not required to connect or disconnect subscribers.
The system is tamper -proof.

CONTROL

CABLE

STANDARD
CONDUIT BOX

-26 VDC

Much lower labor costs (as little as

one -seventh that of home -run systems).
All connections are made at a
single location.
The system is permanently wired
and there is no need to make individual hookups or disconnection.
It lends itself to high -rise buildings
that use vertical risers.
The central -control unit can be
situated anywhere.
The system offers complete supervisory control over individual
tap -offs.
Self- testing of the system is pro-

What the system does

This MATV subscriber tap -off system
can turn individual TV outlets on or off
from a central location and can handle
blocks of up to 100 TV system tap -offs.
For example, when individual subscribers
in a multiple dwelling have paid for TV
service, their particular antenna outlets
can be activated. On the other hand, TV

88

www.americanradiohistory.com

How it works
The new system operates as follows:
The individual subscriber taps are biased
electrically in the off condition by a negative DC voltage ( -18.5) that is impressed on the coaxial cable along with
the RF signals (see diagram). The pre wire control cable carries the -26 -volt
DC turn -on potential when a connection
pin is inserted in the appropriate hole on
the central- control unit's front panel.
The tap -offs use three special PIN
diodes to handle the actual switching.
The circuitry provides over 60 dB of
isolation in the turn -off mode and three
fixed amounts of attenuation (15 dB, 20
dB, or 25 dB) in the turn -on mode. The
60 -dB isolation is more than adequate to
insure that no visible TV picture occurs at
turn -off, even in a system that delivers a
strong local TV signal.
Built -in facilities in the central -control
unit panel allows a service technician to
monitor the condition of each subscriber's tap -off. In this way it is possible to
detect opens, shorts, or other unauthorized misuse of the outlet. No switches or
electrical connections are required to turn

the TV service on or off. All that is necessary to instantly determine the status of
any tap -off is to insert or remove a pin in
the appropriate hole on the front -panel
matrix board of the central- control unit.

After the cables have been pulled,

install the Centap. The control wire of the
Centap must be connected to one wire of
the prewiring cable. Connect the control
wire of the first tap -off on the riser to
wire No. of the prewire cable.
Next, prepare the coaxial cables and
attach the standard F- connectors. Connect the cable to the tap-off and secure
the cover plate, using the F- connector
nut. Next, fasten the Centap tap -off to
the conduit box with the tamper -proof
screws supplied. The last tap -off on the
riser should be terminated with a resistor.
A terminal block and RF splitters are
then mounted in an electrical box measuring at least 12 X 12 X 6 inches. The
quick- connect clips of the terminal block
eliminate the necessity to strip the conductor insulation when making terminations. A special tool is available that
simultaneously cuts away the wire insulation and makes a good electrical connection with the conductor. The tool also
simultaneously seats the conductor and
trims off the excess wire.
of the first
Now connect wire No.
tap -off riser to the upper -left terminal of
will
the terminal block. Wire No.
connect later to the proper terminal on
the central- control unit. Connect all wires
in order, starting at the top left and
working down to the bottom left, and
then to the top of the next column of
terminals. After connecting one complete
riser, write down the wire destinations on
a chart affixed to the terminal -block cover. This step is most important since it
will save much time in later identifying
the proper subscriber-wire locations.
Next, connect the terminal block to the
central -control unit. For this connection,
a special running cable is used that contains 50 wires with prewired plugs attached and is available in 5 -ft., 25 -ft., 50ft., 100 -ft., and 200 -ft. lengths. The running cable has a plug on one end and a
connector on the other end so that different cable lengths can be connected together for longer distances. The end of
the running cable that must be connected
to the terminal block is identified by a
1

INTERIOR OF BLONDER -TONGUE

CENTAP

BOX.

Cost comparison
Assume you wish to install a CATV or
MATV system in a 12 -floor apartment
house with eight apartments per floor.
Let's compare the cost of material and
labor for a home -run system and for the
Centap system.
Comparing material and labor costs for
the two systems using /2 -in. conduit
shows that the materials cost about $50
more with the Centap system. If ' /J -inch
conduit is used, then the materials for the
home -run system cost about $425 more
than for the Centap system. However, the
Centap system uses one -seventh as much
coaxial cable and one -seventh the amount
of conduit. When you add the cost of
labor for installing seven times as much
cable and conduit required for the home run system, the home-run system is far
more costly than the Centap system in
either case.
Another advantage of the Centap system is that tap -offs can be wired in the
normal vertical -riser fashion used in high rise buildings. Although the home -run
method is economical for low- density (4to 24- outlet) systems, it is not compatible
with construction methods used for telephone and electrical wiring and plumbing, heating and ventilating services used
in high -rise construction.
'

Installation
The RF portion of the

Centap system
wired in the normal tap -off riser fashion. A maximum of 12 tap-offs per riser is
recommended. Each distribution riser
requires one RF coaxial cable (Nos. RG59 or RG -6) and one telephone prewiring
cable obtainable from the manufacturer.
Each tap-off on a riser requires one
conductor of the prewire cable.
To install the system, pull the prewiring cable through the TV system conduit
along with the coaxial cable. At each tap off conduit box leave a loop of coaxial
cable, but allow the prewire cable to pass
straight through the box. (The prewire
cable need not be cut to connect it.)
is

BLONDER- TONGUE CENTRAL -CONTROL UNIT

with front panel opened.

small "2D" in the lower portion of the

plug's plastic housing. The cable end that
connects to the central -programming station carries a "ID" identification in the
matching location.
Running cables can be pulled through
conduits measuring l' /z inches and more.
If a conduit measuring at least I' /a inches
has not been provided, running cables can
be pulled through conduits as small at 1'/4
inches by removing the plug cover and
carefully wrapping the wiring in several
layers of electrical tape. Installing a running cable in a smaller conduit, say, one
that measures 3/4 inch, requires removing
and reinstalling one plug.
Finally, connect the running cable to
the proper central -control terminal to
conform with the "2D" designation at the
terminal block. Then, connect the coaxial
cables, which feed the splitter at the
terminal block, to the power- adding split ter in the control unit. Connect the
output of the system distribution amplifier to the input of this splitter.

Testing the system

Insert the central -control -unit test cord
in a matrix hole position that is connected

FRONT AND REAR VIEWS OF A CENTAP BOX.

to a Centap tap -off. As the

plug is

inserted, the red LED glows brightly.

This indicates that the station's power
supply is delivering voltage to the matrix.
When the plug is fully inserted, the red
LED grows dimmer. This indicates that a
tap -off is properly connected to that matrix position, and that the DC power
supply added at the central- control unit's
RF splitter /DC adder is passing through
the coaxial cable and splitter, through the
system.
After installing the system, record the
subscriber location on the large adhesive backed label supplied with the Centap
equipment. Affix this label permanently
to the door of the central unit's high security housing. Write down the apartment numbers (in numerical order) to
correspond to the station's terminal positions on the bottom half of the label.
Just make a copy of the completed first
half of the label and cut it up so that each
location can be sorted by apartment number. Then, record this information on the
bottom half of the label. This will save
R -E
time on service calls.

m
m

89

www.americanradiohistory.com

hobby corner
Most active experimenters and constructors develop a cache
of useful short-cuts. Here are some you can use.
EARL "DOC" SAVAGE, K4SDS, HOBBY EDITOR
EVERY FEW MONTHS IT SEEMS NECESSARY

to stop and gather up a bunch of short but

useful tips and ideas. So, here is another
collection of ideas for your workbench.

Keeping records
Do you make a record of the circuits
you design? And how about drawing
schematics for the equipment you build?
Even when you construct something from
a circuit, do you file away a copy of the
schematic? Do you note on the schematic
any and all changes made both in the
original construction and in later modifi-

cations?
If you do not do any or all of these
things, you are asking for trouble. My file
system leaves a lot to be desired but
somewhere in there I keep all schematics
and pertinent notes on every piece of
equipment I own, every past item constructed, and every circuit ever designed
(I hope!). A lot of time and work was
involved in assembling those files, but in
the long run it has been worth it.
At first, my file system was a hit -andmiss affair. I only became serious when
problems began to arise. The straw that
broke the camel's back was a homebrew
ham transmitter that started acting up.
Lengthy searches produced no notes on
the many modifications I had made or
even the original schematic of the unit.
Before repairs could be made, I had to
trace out and draw the entire circuit
tremendous waste of time. I swore, never
again!
It is very difficult to trace out and draw
the circuit of a piece of complex equipment. I have done it since then but not on
my own equipment. Students and friends
who have asked for help occasionally have
received along with it a strong lecture on
properly documenting their work.
Documentation is even more important
with modern breadboarding systems. It is
especially easy to become curious about a
circuit, put it on a breadboard, modify it
in a dozen ways, and then throw the parts
back in the cabinet. If you do it that way
and omit the record -making step, you can
be sure that somewhere, sometime you're
going to need that circuit again. So, you
have to start all over from the beginning.
If you don't keep records, start now.
Your documentation doesn't have to be

-a

complete in every detail, but just enough

so you won't have to repeat your work
later. Rough sketches and abbreviated
notes are sufficient. Keep a road map of
where you have been just in case you have
to go back.
Tool holders
I have never known a hobbyist who had
not accumulated a sock full of tools. And
I've never known one who wasn't continually adding new tools as they struck his
fancy, or as he found one to perform a
new task or an old task better. Also
hobbyists store their tools in a variety of
ways.

Some store tools in a jumbled mess on

the workbench. Some use a tool 'box and
have to search for everything. Others
apparently do use socks! And still others
have their tools arrayed on a wall board
with nails for holders or on a pegboard.
I prefer a pegboard because it has
movable holders. The tools are easier to
find, remove and replace, and they can be
rearranged readily whenever a new tool
must be inserted among its fellows.
If you use a pegboard for tools (or
other items), you can make your own
holders, and thereby also save a lot of
money! The number of holder shapes that
can be bought is limited. The number of
shapes you can create is limited only by
your imagination. The tools and materials
needed are quite elementary.
I make my holders and brackets of
aluminum clothesline wire (about 10
gauge). Other types of wire can be used,
of course, but the aluminum wire is easily
obtained, inexpensive, easily bent and
very satisfactory. If you can locate some
lighter -gauge aluminum, you can use it
for hanging miniature tools.
The only essential tool for making the
holders is a pair of sturdy yet narrow
pliers. Long -nose pliers will not do the
job as they are not strong enough to
repeatedly bend the heavy wire. I have
found the best pliers for the job to be
small (about 5 inches) battery pliers
they are also called utility and pump
pliers.
The two most critical bends in any
holder are at the top where the wire must
be inserted and attached to the pegboard -you must use the narrow pliers

www.americanradiohistory.com

here. These bends are close together and

each one is angled at 90 degrees. They
must be made as perfect as possible so
that the holder will hang from the board
properly. Other larger pliers can be used
for the other holder bends.
By the way, you can use these same
holders on plain boards instead of pegboards. Just omit making the "pegboard
bends" at the end and create a small loop
to accommodate a screw or nail.
While you can do the entire job with
pliers, I would not recommend it; especially if you plan to make more than a
half -dozen holders. I use a small and inexpensive wire -bending jig (Radio Shack
No. 64- 1960). Using this tool, I can make
a simple hook in a few seconds and a
pliers holder in a minute or less. A bonus
is that the aluminum wire is not gouged
and rough when the jig is used.
The jig consists of a metal base (about
inch by 5 inches) and four short metal
rods. The base has slots of several sizes
for holding the wire being bent and five
holes for the rods. Two (or more) rods are
placed in the holes to hold the wire when
you make unusual bends -circles, spirals,
zig -zags, arcs and the like. The jig can be
clamped in a vise, or screwed or bolted to
the top of your workbench through the
holes provided.
By planning your wire bending carefully, you can make hooks, holders and
brackets similar to the commercial types.
Without welding you can even duplicate
the welded types by judicious wire routing. You can make custom hooks, holders, etc., to fit an infinite number of
different size tools, for example, screwdrivers from jeweler's size to 15 -inch
monsters, or pliers measuring from 31/2
inches to 12 inches. You can design and
make holders for needle oilers, epoxy
tubes, rolls of hook -up wire, spray cans,
wiring pencils, etc.
The first step in the procedure is to
make the pegboard hanger end using
pliers. Then, form the business end on the
bending jig. If the holder is a dual- hanger
type, the second hanger is fashioned last.
When the holder is complete and you
are ready to cut the aluminum wire
don't. Most wire cutters leave a sharp
edge on the wire. You will find it more
satisfactory to notch the wire two or three
times with the wire cutters. The wire will
then break easily and be less sharp.
1

Thread files
What do you do when you damage the

threads on a potentiometer? I've found

dozens of ways to mess up the threads on
bolts, shafts, pots, switches, lamp housings and all kinds of devices. Cross threading, sawing off excess lengths,
slipping pliers, using a wrong -size nut,
etc., can really cause problems, especially
when working with something that cannot be replaced easily.
You, too, have probably tried using a
triangular file but the angle was wrong
and it wouldn't reach down into the
thread. Usually you can make a repair
with a die of the proper size and thread.
However, I have never been fortunate
enough to have complete sets of all the
English and metric, coarse, fine, extra
fine, etc., threads that one runs into. And
now I don't need them!
The Fitz -All screw thread files (M &
B Special Purpose Hand Files, Box 306,
Oak Ridge, NJ 07438) are available in
two sizes. Each one can be used with any
V- thread screw. The difference is in the
maximum size (diameter) they fit. Since
the V. P. Mini File ($2.50) can be used
with threads that are over `/ii-inch in
diameter, it will probably meet your
needs. Just run the file along the mangled
thread and it will clean it up nicely.

Grinding PC boards
Now and then we all would like to be
able to turn out a simple "quick and
continued on page 119

EVA 87

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state Df solid state

National Semiconductor adds true RMS
measurements of voltage to a multimeter.
A single IC from

to each other and solving for E. gives

E.

KARL SAVON, SEMICONDUCTOR EDITOR

THE MEASUREMENT OF TRUE RMS VOLT -

age and current, the technique against

which other AC methods are weighed,
has only recently been used in compact,
low -cost instruments.
The importance of an RMS measurement is that it stems from the fundamental concepts of energy and power.
The root -mean -square voltage, when
squared and divided by the value of the
resistance across which it is impressed,
results in the power being dissipated in
the resistor. This happens whether the
waveforms are pure sinewaves, squarewaves or any other form.
RMS measurements are fundamental
to measuring noise, harmonic analysis,
intermodulation distortion, SCR waveform and mechanical vibration.
The final step to a numerical readout of
the measured value is invariably an analog or digital DC meter. Therefore, the
key component of an RMS measurement
system is an RMS -to-DC converter.
Most conventional multimeters respond to the average value of the rectified
AC input known as the mean absolute
value. These instruments usually have an
RMS scale, calibrated with a scale factor
that is 1.11 times the DC scale. The
average value of a fullwave rectified sine wave is 2 /rr times its peak value, and the
RMS value is
/2 of the peak. The
scale factor is the ratio of these two
constants, or

circuitry even though the reading may be

less than full scale. The term given to this
ratio is crest factor.
Bandwidth is another important parameter, since pulsed waveforms can be
decomposed into a Fourier series of discrete- frequency sinewaves that are harmonics of the basic signal repetition rate.
If the harmonic spectrum is wider than
the instrument bandwidth, part of the
input energy is lost and the meter reads
low.

For many years, RMS -to-DC conversion was performed thermally; the thermal methods are still used in modernized
form.
Figure shows a type of dual- thermocouple system. In the simplified diagram,
1

/1r

sification.

Other techniques calculate the RMS

value by performing the actual computation dictated by the mathematical expression for RMS -N/ V-2, where the bar
stands for mean or average. Perform the
computation as follows: Square the voltage instant by instant; take the mean by
integrating the squared voltage over a
period of time T and dividing by T; then,

A2

Ti
R1

FIG.

-DUAL THERMOCOUPLE

RMS -TO -DC converter.

SWITCHING
OSCILLATOR

ELECTRONIC

THERMOCOUPLE
DRIVER

SWITCH

THERMOCOUPLE
INPUT
AMPS

R1

If R1 is equal to R2, this reduces to

simply E.
Matching errors between two thermocouples is a problem because of their
natural sensitivity to temperature. Figure
2 shows an example of a single thermocouple design; it demonstrates that a
thermocouple is an expensive complicated method that has led to its luxury clas-

Vin

v2/2

V2,.. R2

AGC

DEMODULATOR

1.11072.

For many common measurements with

known waveforms, such simple corrections are adequate. However, when a
waveform becomes complicated or unpredictable, better methods must be used.
The RMS value of a DC voltage is equal
to its DC value; so, in this case, multiplying by 1.11 for RMS causes a reading
that is 11% high. The RMS value of a
squarewave is equal to its peak voltage;
therefore, the same error applies. Noise
measurement errors, on the other hand,
tend to be negative.
For RMS reading meters, the ratio of
the peak to the RMS value of the input
waveform is important. It is quite possible for signal peaks to overload the input

INTEGRATOR
CHOPPER

OSCILLATOR

FIG.

CHOPPER

2- SINGLE THERMOCOUPLE

RMS-TO -DC converter.

the input signal is buffered by active

follower Al, and the voltage is transferred across the resistive element of
thermocouple T1. Amplifier A2 has a
second thermocouple in its feedback loop
that balances its inverting and noninverting inputs until they are equal. This
condition is reached when the outputs of
both thermocouples are identical, so that
their resistive elements dissipate the same
power. The power in R1 is Nor,..,/R1 and
in R2, it is E2 /R2. Setting the two equal

www.americanradiohistory.com

take the square root.

The RMS value is constant, which is
convenient for repetitive (stationary)
waveforms. Step 2 can be replaced with a
simpler DC- averaging process -an R
low -pass filter.
Figure 3 shows the circuit used in
explicit or direct computation methods.
The problem with this type of circuit is
that the squarer circuit takes an input
signal with a dynamic range of, say, 100
to
at the input, and ends up with a

10,000 -to -1 dynamic range at its output.

Multiplier errors can reduce the useful
Vn2

v102

--- --Eo

v
MULTIPLIER

FIG.

LOW -PASS

SQUARE

FILTER

ROOT

3- EXPLICIT METHOD of

RMS -to -DC con-

version.

dynamic range to 10 to I.
Implicit methods use feedback to solve
problems of cost, resolution and dynamic
range. The implicit method is used by
National Semiconductor in their single IC LH0091 True RMS-to -DC Converter
and is shown in Fig. 4 on page 106.
In calculating the square of a waveform, it is immaterial whether the signal
is positive or negative. The square of a
negative number is still positive. It is
easier and more accurate to work with
voltages and currents that vary in only
one direction. The input circuit of the
LM0091 is an absolute -value circuit, or
an active fullwave rectifier. The job can't
be done with just a couple of diodes since
it is important to be as precise as possible.
The two vertical lines enclosing V1 in the
first block is the mathematical way of
indicating absolute value.
continued on page 106

A fine selection of small tools,

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Convenient one -stop shopping for
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Dept. GBF
CO 80110 USA

How close can

hi-fi get to an
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Slip on new Audio Technica

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hear for yourself. If you want to find out how

good the new Audio -Technica Stereophones ready are,

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Judged on the basis of flatness of response, freedom
from distortion, transient response, sensitivity, and
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midp

by Dave Corbin

Energy

is

being consumed today in greater quantities than

ever; at the same time, yesterday's seemingly unlimited resources are now seen to be quite finite. As a result, energy
conservation has assumed a new importance, and the search
for alternative energy sources has begun in earnest. One of
the more promising possibilities is harnessing the sun as a
direct source of heat.

94

The solar heating systems now being installed in homes,

apartment complexes, and businesses contain heat collecting and storing devices from which resources are drawn
during non- and low-sunlight periods. Although there are
many types of such systems, the most common circulate
water or some other liquid through solar heating panels, or
collectors, during the day and store the heated fluid in tanks.
When required, this fluid is pumped through radiators or

radiant coils to provide area heating. To maintain comfort

and make the best use of the available energy, the user must
continuously monitor the temperature of every area to be
heated, as well as the temperatures of the collectors and the
storage tanks. Valves must then be opened or closed and
pumps turned on or off to maintain the desired relationship
among the system components. A computerized energy
mangement system, or solar controller, can perform all of the
monitor and control functions with optimum efficiency.

controller designed by Fairchild for Rho Sigma, Inc., a major manufacturer of solar
controls, is specifically intended to accept the low voltages
produced by thermistor temperature sensors, process and
display the data, and provide outputs for relay and switch
opening and closing. The solar controller contains a s ngleA microprocessor -based solar

www.americanradiohistory.com

PSC(55Sft IASD
CODTOLLU
board F8`" microprocessor, two input and two output cards,
an A/D converter control card, a display control card, two 4K
EPROM program storage cards, and a 1K RAM and memory
address card (Figure 1).

Also included in the unit are an A/D converter, a 5 -digit LED

display, and a 16 -key keyboard. The display automatically
sequences through all input channels, displaying the number
and temperature of each channel for one second before
cycling to the next. The keyboard can be used to halt this
sequencing and either make the display continuously moni-

INPUT CARD

INPUT CARD

DIGITAL INPUTS

DIGITAL INPUTS

tor only one channel or convert it to

shows time of day.

clock -only display that

CONTROLLER OPERATION
The microprocessor is programmed to solve a set of logic /arithmetic equations. These equations are contained in the
EPROM program storage, with the associated constants
being held in the 1K RAM. The keyboard can be used to
change a number of the equation constants, permitting system changes to be made without hardware modification.
In normal operation, the A/D converter receives analog
temperature information from as many as 16 thermistors and
presents the converted data to the microprocessor. Digital
data, such as that produced by switch closures and teletype
signals, can be presented directly to the microprocessor
through the 16 digital inputs of the input cards. These data
are used to solve the system functional equations and produce two types of microprocessor outputs.

CONTROL
A/D
CONVERTER

A/D CONVERTER
CONTROL CARD

DIGITAL DISPLAY
CONTROL CARD

DIGITAL DISPLAY

F8

MICROPROCESSOR
CARD

KEYBOARD

z
a
O

1K RAM AND
MEMORY ADDRESS
CONTROL CARD

ADDRESS BUS
I

Fig.

The other microprocessor output consists of control signals

that are suitable for opening and closing relays and activating solid state switches. These signals perform such functions as turning on pumps and opening valves to let water run
into the storage tank or circulate through radiators.

4K EPROM

PROGRAM
CARD

PROGRAM
CARD

Il

Since program storage is in ROM, power failure does not

cause catastrophic loss of memory. When power is restored,
a resetting sequence begins, with the controller ensuring that
all valves and controls are turned off so that stored energy is
not lost. The controller then cycles through all of the inputs,
decides what the system operating conditions should be, and
generates the necessary output signals. This analysis takes
approximately five seconds. To indicate to the user that
power has been off, the display flashes until manually reset.

OUTPUT CARD

In the channel- monitor modes, temperature information is

output to the display in degrees Fahrenheit or Celsius, depending upon resident program. In the time -display mode, a
timekeeping routine program assumes control of the display
circuitry and the temperature information is not provided.

4K EPROM

DATA BUS

OUTPUT CARD

ANALOG
INPUTS

CONTROL
OUTPUTS

C-

Solar Controller Functional Block Diagram

Originally designed for use in solar heating applications, the

intelligent microprocessor-based controller is applicable to 8
any system in which the ability to deal with multiple sensor m
R -E
inputs and generate control outputs is required.
Reprinted from "Progress"
Copyright 1978, Fairchild Camera

www.americanradiohistory.com

95

&

Instrument Corp.

service clinic
Attacking the fault with

systematic troubleshooting ap-

proach.

JACK DARR, SERVICE EDITOR

I'M NOW GOING TO GIVE AWAY ONE OF MY

professional secrets! Actually, it's not all

that secret. It requires only one piece of
non -bench equipment that'll help you
make diagnoses of tough dogs in the least
possible time. Next time you think you're
stuck, "try
you'll like it!"
The equipment: one clip -board with
paper; one pencil or pen; and last of all,
one head (yours) that knows how electronic circuits work.
Now, the method: Sit down and look at
the subject. What symptoms do you see?
Write them down at the top of the page,
and be sure to get them all down. Next,
what do you think is the cause? Write
this down. This is your first assumption.
( "Assumption "
guess based on observed reactions.) Now, prove it. Take
test readings, voltages, signals, etc., and
write down each test and its result.
Read your results and see what you
have. In other words, you've assumed that
a certain part or parts in a particular
circuit is the cause of a problem. You'll
know if you've been thorough in making
the tests. Is resistor Rx in tolerance, open
or what? Are all DC voltages in the ballpark? Are signals getting through the
circuit? These tests will indicate whether
the cause is in this circuit or not. if it is
not, don't consider this is "wrong." On
the contrary, you've just eliminated one
possible cause. Find another cause and
check that out too. By writing down the
reasons and the results of each test, you
can always tell where you are and where
you should proceed. You just eliminate
one possibility after another until you
find the one causing the problem.
There's only one limitation -never
make a test without a valid reason. This
just wastes time and confuses you. By
logging the reason for each test and its
results, you'll see the whole problem
much more clearly.
For example, if you suspect AGC (Automatic Gain Control) trouble in a tube
set, check each DC voltage on the tube
and log them. Now, if one DC voltage is
off, it'll stick out like a sore thumb.
Compare the voltage values you obtain
with those shown on the schematic. With
transistors, you do the same thing.
The first thing is to eliminate as many
possible causes in the least time. You can
therefore eliminate stages that are working and pin the problem down to only one

it-

-a

or two stages. For instance, you have a set

with no picture, and the set has eight
stages. Feed a test signal into the input
and follow it with your scope to see where
it stops. Let's say you read a signal at the
output of the second IF transistor, but
not at the output of the third IF transistor. Check all DC voltages on the transistor. If you get collector voltage and the
emitter voltage is zero but should read
+2.65, there you are.
There are now three possible causes.
First, an open transistor, which can be
checked with an ohmmeter. Second, a
transistor could be cut off by too much
reverse bias on the base. Use a DC voltmeter for this check. Third, you could
have an open emitter resistor or a bad
solder joint; use your ohmmeter again.
Writing all this down as you perform the
tests makes it a lot easier to keep track of
everything and to arrive at the final
conclusion. ( "Conclusion" -the end of a
process.)
Look for shortcuts. The eight -stage set
can be divided into sections very quickly.
Read the video signal at the output of the
video detector. If the reading is normal,
the trouble is not in the tuner, the IF, the
AGC, the video detector, or the DC
power supply. The trouble lies in the
circuits after this point. Of course, if you
do not see the normal signal at the video detector output, you can eliminate the
circuits after this stage, because you
know that the problem lies in the IF, the
tuner, the AGC, etc. A tuner -subber can
quickly check the IF and confirm or eliminate that as a source of the problem.

one shutdown circuit and some of these

circuits can overreact! I know of one set
with a +118-volt DC line that shuts
down instantly when the DC voltage
reaches +125 volts!
At this point, someone usually asks:
"Yes, but what if it's an intermittent ?"
The answer is do not just sit there and
wait for it to quit. The typical intermittent may play for a couple of weeks. In
the September 1977 Service Clinic called
"Attacking The Intermittent" I wrote
that intermittents can be classified very
quickly. There are two major causes:
heat, which causes a shift in part value, or
physical, meaning bad solder joints, hairline cracks in PC board conductors,
intermittent plug-socket contacts, etc.
There are also so- called "combinations ":
for example, a hairline crack in a PC
board may not open until the chassis
warms up and expands. Some physicals
can be found by bending or tapping the

board, parts, or wiring. To attack a "thermal," apply heat from a heat -gun, or cold
from a spray can. Move the wiring, tap
the board, as you apply heat or spray.
There is one final cause for an intermittent: voltage. In certain sets if the line
voltage goes high or low, it will cut out.
(Don't forget the shutdown circuits.) The
answer: vary the line voltage with a variable- voltage transformer. (Note -in sets
with voltage -regulating power transformers having saturated cores, this technique
cannot be used; these transformers hold
the DC voltages too tightly.) Sets that cut
out on high line voltage are often really
thermals; some stage is taking too much
current and overheating some component. By taking detailed notes on each
test and its results you can get a better
idea of what's happening.

Multiple symptoms

IC

Let's suppose that you see multiple

symptoms: loss of both syncs, pale video,
hum -bars in the picture, and so forth. It is
very likely that these symptoms have a

This definite!) also applies to IC's.

Here's an illustration: A stereo taperecorder went dead at irregular intervals
on both channels. After writing out the
list of reactions, we monitored the signals
out of the heads and the output signal.
When the line voltage did cut out, it
could be brought back by cooling the
boards. So, we monitored the signal out
of the preamplifier, which was a dual IC
op -amp with separate outputs. We
warmed up the IC, monitoring one output on the scope and the other with a
digital DC voltmeter. Sure enough, when
the IC became warm, the DC voltage on
the output terminal began to drop. (The

common cause. You might find, say, two

different problems, but it's rare to find
more at the same time. The best place to
look for the cause is in the DC power
supply. A defective filter capacitor can
allow multiple feedback loops and all
kinds of trouble to develop at once. The
quickest check is to scope the DC power
lines for any kind of signals. In many
solid -state sets, the DC power supplies

are tightly regulated. These supplies are

critical and should be checked first thing.
Most of the DC power lines have at least

www.americanradiohistory.com

troubleshooting

continued on page 98

Understanding Digital Electronics

New teach -yourself courses
Book 3

of

Digital Systenu

Book 6

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the years ahead the products of digital electronics technology will

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In

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These courses were written by experts in electronics and learning

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SERVICE CLINIC
continued from page 80

log showed this drop was normal at first,

at -6.4 volts.) When it went down to
about -0.4 volts, the signal disappeared.
When the IC was cooled, the signal
suddenly popped in again. The DC supply
voltage to the IC was also being monitored, as was the input signal. There was
no change in either voltage supply. So it
was possible to isolate the problem between these two points: the IC. When any
of the DC voltages that come from inside
the IC change, this is an almost sure sign
that the IC is defective. You should check
all external parts, of course.
The important thing to remember in
this method is your attitude toward the
equipment you are checking. You should
not view it as a mysterious box full of
things. It is only a piece of electronic
apparatus that has a bad part somewhere
inside that you can find! Be completely
impartial as to what you hope to find. A
completely open mind is the most valuable asset you can have. Write everything
down; it'll help keep track of what you're
doing and it'll also give you a few good
laughs when you get through!
R -E

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Organisk
Your Desk

service
questions
CHASSIS ALWAYS HOT
While working on a Magnavox T982, I
found that the chassis was hot to ground.
I reversed the AC line plug but it was still
hot. Something in there is shorted, but I
can't find it. -G.O., Wickes, AR
This is normal in this model and in the
T981! Both types use a full -wave bridge
rectifier tied directly to the line. No
matter which way the plug is inserted,
you'll read about 70 -volt AC to an earth
ground. Magnavox explains it in their
Service News, January, 1974 (see circuit

diagram). An isolation transformer

should always be used when servicing; it's
safe if all insulators are in place.

ROLLING ON CHANNEL 7 ONLY

We get Channel 13, locally, and Channels 7, 10 and 15 from about 60 miles
away. All the channels are good, but
Channel 7 rolls. I can't figure it out.
H.W., Lynchburg, VA
We once had a similar case on our
CATV. One channel rolled on all sets.
We finally checked sync amplitude on all
stations and found that the bad one
showed something like a 10% sync level,
90% video! The normal levels are 75%

video, 25% sync. Calls to the station

produced no instant response, but we
finally learned that their console monitor
was badly out of calibration! If this is
fixed there should be no more trouble.
You might try calling or writing the
station.
(Feedback: "Thank you for the letter.
It was very effective. Channel 7 stopped
rolling the day the letter arrived and
hasn't rolled since. If it starts again, I will
wave your letter in front of the screen and
stop it! ")

DIMMER PROBLEMS
Lamp dimmers make two kinds of
noise -RFI and a "singing," which can
be heard if the lamp is near enough. I've
found the best cure for the singing effect
is to change the bulb. Try screwing it in
tighter or loosening it.
Some commercial dimmers apparently
do not contain RFI filters. I've found that
a 0.05 of 0.1 -f capacitor, 600 volts across
the line cord, will take the hash out of
these. Oddly enough, this capacitor must
be connected across the line at a point
about 18 inches from the dimmer. I have
no idea why this happens, but it does. Do
you?

(No, frankly I don't. Possibly this acts

resonant circuit. Thanks to Carl F.
Hartman, Newport Beach, CA, for the
as a

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hints and experiments.)

continued on page 100

AUTO COMP

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Just press the buttons!

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Distance Traveled.
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MPG. Fuel Used,

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rive

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When the FUEL button is depressed. the display Indicates
the amocnt of fuel the vehicle has used since last fill up
beginning of trip or last reset (up to 1000 gallons)
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You will know precisely how changes in acceleration. speed. wird, weight, hills. etc.. are affecting
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DISTANCE TRAVELED

INSTANTANEOUS
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MONITOR YOUR ENGINE'S PERFORMANCE

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When the AVE MPG button is depressed. the display in

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TIME

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AUTOCOMP is today's most exciting automotive accessory In addition to saving you money and giving
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0.93. %

When the INST MPG button is depressed. the display

indicates how many miles per gallon the vehicle is attaining at each moment (up to 200 mpg)

AVERAGE MILES /GALLON

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AUTOCOMP is a modern electronic instrument which will give your dash the look and functionality of a
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852

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MATHEMATICS
SERVICE QUESTIONS
continued froth page 98

ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

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FUSE BLOWS FAST

I've checked almost everything, but I
can't find out why the fuse blows in this
Magnavox T982 -12. It pops inside of 3C
seconds. -B.H., Decatur, GA
As a last resort, try replacing the

"four -legged capacitor" in the collector

circuit of the horizontal output transistor.
(Feedback: "Got it! Thanks. ")

it

9 reasons why
the real pros
prefer Endeco
desoldering
irons
1.

3. Cool,

unbreakable
polycarbonate
handle
4. Exclusive

I've just repaired a Magnavox T940. It

quit, and the owner replaced a 20 -amp
fuse with a bigger one! Blew all the rectifier diodes and burned up the PC board. I
fixed this; now it plays OK for 5 -10 minutes, and then the 20 -amp fuse goes out
again. Any suggestions ? -W.l., Salt Lake
City, UT
Well, it took me quite a time to find
that 20 -amp fuse and then to find out
where it went. It kept getting lost. This
fuse is in the heater circuit for all tubes
except the picture tube and 613K4 high -

insures

bracket
alignment,
prevents
damage,
5.

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8.

6.

Stainless

tells when

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Eight tip sizes.

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.063 I.D.

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in handle

510

Temperature
control.
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or off.

soldering iron
with 1/4" shank type tip
See your

distributor or write

5127

E.

PTS ELECTRONICS, INC.

www.americanradiohistory.com

ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

See The Yellow Pages For The PTS Servicenter Nearest You Or Contact:

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CONSTANT FUSE BLOWOUTS

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You have one of two problems: An
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continued un page I0'

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101

Try this exciting

SERVICE QUESTIONS
continued from page 100

new hobby! Build

your own electronic concert
organ. It's easy. No technical
knowledge required. Just
follow the clearly pictured
instructions of the famous
Wersi do- it- yourself system.
Choose from seven different
models. Send $2.00
(refundable) with coupon for
colorful 104 page catalog.

HALF VERTICAL SCAN

see about half the normal vertical scan, with heavy retrace lines at the
top of the screen, in the Magnavox T995
chassis, check the vertical output choke.
It may be shorted. The normal resistance
is 9 -10 ohms; some have been found with
only about 3 ohms.
(Magnavox Service News Letter.)

If you

TWO CORRECTION NOTICES

In the March issue of Radio- Electronics (page 82), I said (referring to an Aims
amplifier) that "6550 tubes are rated at
20 watts, etc., etc."

Wersi Electronics, Inc.

Dept. 24, Box 5318
1720 Hempstead

Lancaster,

object, or a possible heater -to- cathode

short in a tube that does not have a
cathode resistor. (If it does, the resistor
burns up and tells us where the problem
is.) Even small tubes can do this; it would
be a "hot short." The tube has to get
pretty hot to expand enough to make it
happen. Since this apparently blew up the
rectifiers, check the damper or horizontal
output.

WEREI

Road

PA 17601

Enclosed is $2.00 for my copy of your

page catalog

104

John Daines, service manager of Ace

Music, North Miami, FL, wrote me that
in his RCA tube manual No. RC-30 these
tubes are rated at 100 watts each. He's

Name

Address
State

right! I found them in my own copy of

RC-29, too . . I just didn't look far
enough down the page. I'm glad you told
me, John. Thanks.
The second mistake is one that is not
due to stupidity, but to just plain ignorance. In the same issue on page 81, I told
the technician complaining of a speed loss
at high volume levels in a Panasonic SG635 to check the DC power supply.
George Weiss (Patis -Bell TV, Chicago,
IL) informs me that this is a common
problem in this unit. It is due to high resistance contacts in the on -off switch in
series with the motor. This information
should be helpful, and I thank George for
letting me in on it. It's now duly filed for
future reference.
HIGH DC VOLTAGES

can't get a handle on this one -a

Sylvania model EO-8 that has no sound or
raster; and the breaker trips. The B +
I

voltages are all too high. Take a look in

the crystal ball and tell me a good way to
get hold of this. -F. L., San Diego, CA.
You've got a dandy "typical symptom"
that appears in almost all solid -state TV
sets. If your DC voltages are too high, the
chances are there's a problem in the
voltage regulator. In most you'll find one
or more shutdown circuits that trip instantly if the high voltage or the B+ volt continued on page 104

t_

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103

SERVICE QUESTIONS
continued from page 102

12Al2C52 had a dark, about 1 % -inchwide vertical band on the left -hand side
of the screen. Said to myself, this is a
problem in the damper stage, and put in a
new normally reliable 6CJ3 tube. It went
away for five minutes, then came back! I
tried another new tube of the same brand.
Same thing happened. I tried a third
time -no change! Then I found an old but
good 6CJ3 tube of a different make on my
bench. I put this new tube in and the set
has operated properly ever since! Can
you think of an obscure reason why this
happened ? -S. M., Bloomfield, CT.
Nope. The same thing happened to me.
Apparently you managed to get hold of
three new tubes of a reliable brand that

ages exceed certain limits.

Plug the set into a variable-voltage line
transformer. Now, monitor the B+
source, and bring the line voltage slowly
up to the point where B+ is correct. If
the set now starts to work normally, then
this is where your problem lies. Check
out that entire voltage- regulator circuit,
including all Zeners, transistors, diodes,
etc. Something is not doing its job.
NEW TUBES, SAME SYMPTOM!
Here's a zinger for you. Zenith model

had some kind of screwball fault! We

have run across similar problems in several different tube types, from horizontal
outputs to triode-pentodes. This is the
first time I've ever heard of this problem
in the 6CJ3's, but I'll remember it!
Thanks.
COLOR, PICTURE VERY DIM
I asked about a Zenith model
14A10C19 with dim color and picture. You
steered me right: The plate voltage on the
video output was fluctuating and dropping to 50 to 60 volts instead of maintaining the normal +308 volts. The answer turned out to be an intermittently
open resistor, R208 (R77, Sams 1108-3).
The original resistor was 7 watts; I re-

placed it with

DUAL TRACE 30MHz

OSCILLOSCOPE WITH

DELAY
MODEL

1474

a 10-watt resistor and a

new tube. The set has been working
perfectly for quite a while! Thanks. -J. K.,
Pine Bush, NY.
Don't mention it. Even a blind pig gets
an acorn now and then. Here's a coincidence: I ran into the same problem in

another make of set about three weeks

ago! I used the same cure; one of the two
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ms/cm-0.5 scat. Dual Trace-

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mSEClcm and slower. alternate made automatically selected for all faster sweep times.
Chop.Fraeeney: 200 KHZ020%.
SIgnei DNry: Fixed. 12 nS minimum Ns., delay.
CH B Polarity: NORM. INV (Provides CH A mania
CH B

lunch.

Channel Separation: Bever than 70dB at

KHz.

SWEEP SYSTEM (Common to Channel A and

Channel B)
Type: Automatic and triggered (NORM( Mode
(Y.Y operation) CH A - Y. CH B
X.
Sweep nine: 0.2 ces- cm -0.5 Slcm x3% in 20
calibrated steps ,n a 1.2.5 segue.. with vernies
adjustment
Sweep MagnHicatton: .5 tine times) z5% Er.
tends maximum sweep rate to 40nacm.

TRIGGERING
Source: CH

A, CH

HP -21
B. EXT. and EX TIIO

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HP 22

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Sweep is Triggered at the average

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he dis.
amplitude of one cm. or IoM. The point
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Coupgr: AC. DC, LE 'moot, HF reject. (AC) 30Hz.
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HP.25
HP.25C
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Frequency Repcese: DC-1 MHz -3dB).
Input Impedance: megonm nominal). shunted
by 22 OF 03 OF).
Input P.Maclbn:300 VDC r AC peak, or 803V p -p.
(

e -Y Operation: With SWEEP TIMEICM switch in

CRB position,ive CH.B input becomes the x input

(nO.100ntatl and the CH.B position control bees the horizontal

position control,

2. AXIS INPUT (Intensity Modulation)

Sensitivity: SV(TTL compatible).
Usable Frequency Range: DC to 5MHz

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and boost- rectifier diodes as fast as I

could put them in! Following your suggestions, I rechecked the wiring. I discovered that there should be a B+ supply
TO
TO

OUTPUT
GRID

C89

tlir=

TO VERT
CENTERING
CONTROL

VERT SIZE

3.4 MEG

8.400V

1200V

started with microprocessors and personal computers. from the very

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The cause of this problem was a shorted
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again! -Rex Gray, Garland, TX.

57 PRACTICAL PROGRAMS AND GAMES IN BASIC

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1

ing but light the pilot light! The primary

is tapped; the tap is marked "tapped at
117 volts" (see diagram). However, there
doesn't seem to be any useful step -up; the
DC output is about normal at + 140
volts.
I'd replace it with a stock 6.3 -volt filament transformer and connect the AC
input to the DC power supply right to the
line. This should work. Apparently
they're doing this to keep the escutcheon
from shock hazard, since this is a hot chassis set.

SWEEP GENERATOR

TIP

Here's a helpful hint I discovered when

I was working on my Eico model 369
Sweep Generator. I couldn't get a marker
response at 45 or 50 MHz; the harmonics
were too low. I couldn't find any actual
circuit faults. Finally, I tacked a small 3-to
5-pF capacitor across capacitor C18, and
it works fine!-S. G., Hayward, CA.
Thank you. This hint might come in
R -E
handy for others.

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STATE OF SOLID STATE

vin

DUAL -IN -LINE PACKAGE

A5
V+
OUT
(OUT)
FEEDBACK Al ( -I

Al

continued from page 93

Vin
16

Next, to square the waveform you can

use either the straightforward multiplier
technique or the explicit method. However, there are distinct advantages to using a
logarithmic method for squaring because
of its ability to handle wide dynamic
range inputs.
As you remember from high -school
math, if you take the logarithm of two
numbers, add them together and take the
antilog, you end up with the product of
the original numbers. The block in Fig. 4

14

13

12

11

10

NC

marked "2 In" represents the adding of

the two logarithms; In stands for natural

PHILIPS

HICKOK
LEADER

,.

Non -Linear Systems

FLUKE

ECD

A5 ( +)

NC

4-

:4KPRECIS10N

LMIOATA PRECISION

TRIPLETT

FEEDBACK

15

FIG.
NATIONAL LH0091 single IC RMS -toDC converter.

PHILIPS

A3

A3-

AS

-)

A2

-)

A4

-)

GND

TOP VIEW

logarithm, which uses base epsilon or

2.718, compared with log, which uses
base 10. Semiconductor junctions by natural law follow a In- relationship. Squaring the input means multiplying the same
number by itself, so that the log of the
input is added to itself, which accounts
for the 2 in front of the In function.
The signal then proceeds through the
summation block to the antilog circuit
where the square is extracted. Antilogs
are calculated by raising the number base
to a power equal to the signal.
The next block with the integral sign is
the averaging circuit that takes the mean
of the squared signal.
The feedback block marked "In" is the
implicit method used to perform the final
square -root function. Just as adding logarithms is equivalent to multiplication,

o,me,,,

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loo-

o--R5

15

R2

14

R3=R

1N

I I
D1

Vin

0-

--

16

-41-0--

V+ 013

V-

O2

R1

GN003

02

Q1

03

A3

R4=R2

ground, and, because of the negative

feedback around the amplifier, the inverting input is also negative. Any voltage on
the input terminal is then impressed
across RI so that the input current
through pin 16 is Y,/R. When the input
terminal goes above ground, current
flows into pin 16 to turn on Dl. The
voltage drop across the forward-biased
junction of Dl subtracts from the ground
potential on the noninverting input of Al,
biasing the output of the amplifier at
about 0.7 volt below ground. This negative potential reverse-biases D2, keeping

Ea

11

yy`

'3

R6

D2

Q4
7

Al

A4

e3

12

NOTE: DOTTED LINES DENOTE EXTERNAL CONNECTIONS.

it off.

5-

FIG.
SIMPLIFIED SCHEMATIC of National's
LH0091.

6- ABSOLUTE

VALUE input circuit of

LH0091. Equivalent circuit for positive inputs is
shown in a and equivalent circuit for negative
inputs is shown in b.
FIG.

subtracting them is the same as division.

By producing an output that is propor-

tional to the average of V2i,,/E0, Ea will be

the square root of the average value of
YZi

In Fig. 5, Al with its associated diodes

and resistors is the absolute value circuit.
The noninverting input of A is tied to
1

Figure 6 -a shows the equivalent circuit

for positive inputs. The input of A2 is also
a virtual ground, so there is no voltage
across R3 and R4 and no current through
them. Input current arrives at the noninverting input of A2 only through R2, and
the current is V;,, /R. Amplifier Al has
acted as a sensitive detector of where the
input signal goes positive, and then it acts
as a switch to reduce the circuit to one
resistor!
Negative -input swings cause the current in RI to flow from right to left; D1 is
biased off and D2 turns on. Because R I is
equal to R3 and their junction is at zero
volts, the cathode D2 voltage is positive
and has the same magnitude as the input
voltage. Figure 6 -b shows the two current
paths-the first is identical to that for

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positive inputs through R2; the second is

through R4. Summing the currents in the
two resistors yields i2 = V; /R
V,n/
(R /2) _ V;,,/R. Taking the negative of
the negative input makes this current

positive. This is exactly the same as the

positive input, so the sign of the input is
ignored by the circuit!
Next (see Fig. 5), A2 with Ql and Q2
is the 2 In- circuit that does the first part
of the squaring function. Again, the amplifier has the noninverting input connected to ground. The output voltage is
equal to the voltage on the base of Q1,
which is zero, plus the negative drops
across the base -to- emitter junctions of
the two transistors. The logarithmic characteristic of the transistor junctions are
used to perform the very useful logarithmic operation on the absolute input
current, which is proportional to the
absolute value of the input voltage.
The next operation is a summation or,
more precisely, a subtraction to take care
of the ln- feedback, and then an exponential or inverse logarithm function. Both
functions are done in a single process by
Q3. Back in A2, an input current was fed
into the collector circuit of a transistor,
and its junction voltage was used as the
output. The opposite is done to take the
inverse log by applying the input voltage
across a transistor junction and using the
collector current as the output. By put-

ting the feedback voltage on the transistor base and the output of the 2 Incircuit on the emitter, the base -to- emitter
voltage on Q3 becomes the difference, e,
e2. Solving the equations yields:

Eo

=,/V2,,

Amplifier A5 remains unused in the IC

and can be used to allow the system to
V+
10F 3 MEG
10K

10K

V+
R1

50052

3 MEG

V+

20K

15 14

10

13

LH0091

+
1

V-

40K

10K

FIG.

-HIGH CREST -FACTOR CIRCUIT

with crest factors greater than

is used

2.

work with high crest factors. Figure 7

shows the recommended circuit for crest
factors greater than 2. An external resis-

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tor drops the input current by a factor of

5 in order that input peaks do not overload the circuit. Amplifier AS is set up
with 40K and 10K resistors to get back
the gain.

Matched transistors
Some precision DC amplifier applications are adversely affected by the input
offsets of conventional operational amplifiers. Balance potentiometers null out the
initial offset but temperature and aging
drifts must be considered. In power supply and thermometer circuits, these
errors may be significant.
Precision Monolithics Inc.'s MAT -01
Ultra Matched Monolithic Dual Transistor series has outstanding specifications for offset voltage, offset, current
and offset temperature coefficients. Improvements compared to other monolithic devices is on the order of IO times.
Both devices must be placed on the same
monolithic IC, geometrically interwoven
so that they share virtually identical thermal environments.
The Vbe match for the MAT -01 is 40maximum, which
V typical, 110
compares favorably with numbers that
would normally be on the order of 5 mV.
The temperature coefficients of this offset are 0.5 V / C maximum.
Two fully packed pages of specifications make it fairly obvious that PMI is

-0

proud of these circuits. Included are not

only the usual offset voltage- versus -temperature plots, but also offset drift versus -time. These curves remain essentially flat out to the 13 -month limit of the
abscissa.
The PMI data sheet points out that
during circuit turn -on, reverse -bias voltages can be applied to the transistor base to- emitter junctions. If these voltages
exceed 5, degradation in hr, (current
gain) and hrr matching may occur. Although essential when using devices such
as the MAT -01 series where matching is
what it's all about, it's important to
remember that all circuits should be
checked for excessive reverse bias during
turn -on and modified if necessary. Protection may take the form of the diodes
that are used across transistor junctions
and are poled opposite to the junction.
Prices for the commercial versions of
the MAT -01 range from $2.75 to $3.50
each in 100 quantities. Precision Mono lithics Incorporated, 1500 Space Park
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from your RCA Distributor you
get an official entry blank. All
entries will be judged by a panel
of independent judges. Prizes
will be awarded on the basis of
dealer's expression of demonstrated and proven usefulness of
RCA SKs.
www.americanradiohistory.com

RCA's complete line of replacement semiconductors and RCA

SK Rebate /Contest rules. Or write
to: RCA Distributor and Special
Products Division, PO Box 250,

Deptford, NJ 08096.
This contest is open to all electronic service
technicians except RCA employees or members
of their immediate families, RCA's affiliates or
subsidiaries, its advertising agencies, and the
judging organization. Void where prohibited or
restricted by law. This contest subject to all
federal, state and local laws. All prizes will be
awarded.

RC,'

SK Replacement

Solid State

zm
CO

i09

new products
Xcelite
servce
master kts

More information on new products is available from

manufacturers of items identified by a Free Information
number. Free Information Card is inside back cover.
COMPUTER LEARNING SYSTEM, Cardiac, is a
simple manually operated computer training device plus 53 -page manual for a complete "hands on" teaching aid. Cardiac operates by manipu-

lating cardboard slides to display register contents through windows. A series of 10 different
programs range from the simple to more complex
formats. Loops, indexing, bootstrapping, double precision techniques and subroutines are all
demonstrated. Price: $4.95, plus $1.50 shipping
and handling. -Comspace Corp., 350 Great
Neck Rd., Farmingdale, NY 11735.
CIRCLE 106 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

address decoding and power regulation for KIM,

as well as facilities for DMA and multiprocessing
on the S -100 bus.

Kit comes with double -sided circuit board with

soldermask and owner's manual; all parts, IC
sockets and 100 -pin connector are included.
Prices: kit, $125; assembled, $165. -Forethought Products, Box 386, Coburg, OR 97401.
CIRCLE 108 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

CABLE TIES AND CLAMPS, EZ Fasteners, come

in reusable display package (Re- Use- A -Pac). Removable card enables refilling heavy -gauge plas-

SOLDER /SOLDERING ACCESSORIES, a complete line of products designed for many professional and home uses. Included are Multicore

all the electronic

service tools you need
99% of the time
Model 99SMW adds new dimensions to
the serviceability of Xcelite's famous and
still availahle 24 -piece 99SM Service

Master Set.
Housed handily in the same type of
roll -up, 'plastic-coated, canvas case, the
27 -piece 99SMW adds a Weller WP25
professional, pencil -style soldering iron
with an extra, wider tip, and a No. 100
wire stripper /cutter. These plus the traditional 99SM tools that thousands of
servicemen and technicians have liked
so much so long: 20 Xcelite Series
99 quick- change, interchangeable blade
tools -popular size nutdrivers, slotted
and Phillips type screwdrivers, extension, reamer, regular and stubby handles;
diagonal and long nose pliers; thin pattern, adjustable wrench. The handiest
handful of service tools you've ever laid
your hands on!

solders in a variety of alloys and /or fluxes; solid wire solders; creams, pastes and wicks; an emergency solder; and special formulation for soldering stainless steel and silver jewelry.- Multicore Solders, Westbury, NY 11590.
CIRCLE 107 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

tic bubble when necessary. Point -of- purchase

rack available. Clamps and ties are also available
in bulk. -South Shore Trading Corp., 422 S.
Franklin St., Hempstead, NY 11550.
CIRCLE 109 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

INTERFACE /MOTHERBOARD, Kimsi, comes in

kit form or assembled. Attaches to any KIM -1
computer to provide, on a single board, both
interface and motherboard with eight 100 -pin
slots. Kimsi allows S -100 compatible boards to
be plug-compatible with KIM. Instructions are
executed at top speed, with no extra instructions
or software needed. The board includes complete

PROJECTION TV SYSTEM, Projectapix 1/, uses

superfast f/1.85 optic lens for sharper image and
brilliant color. Featuring solid -state electronics,
system contains a video tape recorder and a
built -in digital clock /timer with LED readout that
can be used to control and record one program
as you watch another; unit can also record radio
music or perform as a tape recorder; even home
movies can be created (with the use of a video

in stock at leading electronic

distributors

...

nationwide

41 TheCooperGroup
COOPER

INDUSTRIES

Electronics Division

Ir

WELLER" WISS" XCELITE.

PO BOX 728. APEX. NORTH CAROLINA 27502. 919/362 -7511

110

CIRCLE 12 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

www.americanradiohistory.com

camera). A stop- action pushbutton is provided

for either instant replay or erase. A four-foot
screen is also available. Optional accessories

ohms /channel; an output of 3 mV /channel at 3.54

cm /sec. Price: $90.- Empire Scientific Corp.,
1055 Stewart Ave, Garden City, NY 11530.
CIRCLE 112 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

ceiver sensitivity is 0.32 V for a 10 dB signal -tonoise ratio.

Transmitter features include LED readout, RF
amplifier for AM operation, automatic level control for SSB, channel reset and lock detector.
Receiver has fine tune control, AGC on -off
switch, beat -frequency oscillator, noise blanker.
Model 776 high- impedance mike is included with
unit; the Astatic model GD -104 mike is available
as an option. Unit measures 63/. X 15'/ X 10
inches. Two -year warranty. Price: $950.- Browning Laboratories, Inc., O'Shea Industrial Park,
Laconia, NH 03246.
CIRCLE 113 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

CB BASE STATION, Golden Eagle Mark IV SSB/

AM, uses Transcan system to sweep all transmit
frequencies. Circuitry is phase-locked loop with

CB HEADSET MIKE, SpeakEasy, is voice -activated via miniaturized preamp for hands -free
operation. Features separate amplifier with red/
green LED readout for transmit /receive modes
and built -in mini -microphones. Made of light-

full 4 -watt power and 100% modulation. Transmitter RF output, up to 12 watts PEP (SSB);
carrier suppression is better than -70 dB. Reinclude remote controls; video games; mikes and
mike mixers; cameras; a special control accessory that projects smaller image in corner of the
screen, for dual -program monitoring; plus a video
disc. The Projectapix Il sells for $2790; the four foot screen, $1495.- Projectapix, Ltd., Suite 1L,
300 West 53rd St., New York, NY 10019.
CIRCLE 110 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

NLS LEADS AGAIN!!

MS -215

40- CHANNEL CB TRANSCEIVER, Sidebander

IV, is an SSB /AM unit that uses digitally synthesized circuitry, with an RF output of 4 watts and
12 watts SSB PEP. Controls include squelch,

volume, clarifier, RF gain, and switchable noise

blanker and limiter. Also included are PA provision and mike. Suggested list price: $379.95.
SBE, Inc., Dept. P, 220 Airport Blvd., Watsonville,
CA 95076.
CIRCLE 111 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

PHONO CARTRIDGE, model 2000T, is designed

for stereo and matrix 4-channel (SQ, QS, RM)
playback. Specifications include: frequency re-

I5MHz PORTABLE OSCILLOSCOPE

15

megahertz bandwidth.

RECHARGEABLE

External and internal trigger.

DUAL TRACE

Time Base-0.1 microseconds to

0.5 Sec /div-21 settings.
Battery or line operation.

Automatic and line sync modes

Power consumption less than 15 W

PORTABLE
2.7 "Hx6.4 "WxZ5 "D

AVAILABLE

Vertical Gain -0.01 to 50 volts /div

-12 settings.

FREE

PROBE

$ 395
Baderles S Charger Unit

BUY ONE GET ONE FREE

With the purchase of the MS -215
you get two deluxe 10:1 and direct
switchable probes. Price 2 for $30,
C1FF1: R I_XP[R

212687 -2224

NOW

With Rechargeable

'Weight is only 3 pounds.

sponse of 20 Hz -20 kHz 1'/: dB; tracking force

range of 3/4-11/4 grams; lateral and vertical compli-6
cm /dyne; tracking ability of 38
ance of 30 X 10
cm /sec at 1 kHz at 1 gram; channel balance
within 1 dB at 1 kHz; a rated input load of 47,000

DUAL TRACE
MINAISCO PE

BANNAMERICAR

.AUG, 31, 1978

Va IC

THE TEST EQUIPMENT SPECIALISTS

TOLL FREE HOT LINE

800 -223 -0474

54 Wes! 45 Street. New York

N.Y. 10036

FLEW

111

www.americanradiohistory.com

weight aluminum, SpeakEasy can be powered

from any 12 -volt supply. Suggested retail price,

INTERNATIONAL FM- 2400CH

FREQUENCY
METER FOR
TESTING MOBILE
TRANSMITTERS
AND RECEIVERS
Portable

Solid State

Rechargeable Batteries

The FM- 2400CH provides an accurate frequency standard for testing

and adjustment of mobile transmitters and receivers at predeter-

mined frequencies.

For

faster
service
USE

ZIP
CODE

The FM- 2400CH with its extended range covers 25 to 1000 MHz.
The frequencies can be those of the radio frequency channels of
operation and /or the intermediate frequencies of the receiver between 5 MHz and 40 MHz.

$79.95.-Chase Western Product Sales Division, 11526 Burbank Blvd., North Hollywood. CA
91601.
CIRCLE 114 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

on

Frequency stability: x.0005% from +50 to +104 F.

Frequency stability with built -in thermometer and temperature corrected charts: .00025% from +25 to +125 ( 000125% special 450
MHz crystals available).

Tests Predetermined Frequencies 25 to 1000 MHz

Extended Range Covers 950 MHz Band
Pin Diode Attenuator for Full Range Coverage as Signal

Generator
Measures FM Deviation

FM- 2400CH (meter only) Cat. No. 035320

RF crystals (with temperature correction)
RF crystals (less temperature correction)
IF crystals

$595.00
24.90 ea.
18.90 ea.

catalog price
Write for catalog

all
mail

MICROCOMPUTER CARD CASES, Vector -Pak

models VP1, VP2, accommodate IMSAI, ALTAIR
and other 5.31- by 10 -in. cards. Fully assembled
cases are compatible with IMSAI and ALTAIR
systems, model VP1 having front -to -back orientation, model VP2, with side -to -side orientation. Cases have space for 21 cards, and adjustable slots that permit receptacle or motherboard
mounting. Plastic card guides are supplied sepa-

FCC
LICENSE
STUDY GUIDE

If you have experience or training in electronics, but need

help in preparing for FCC license exams, get Grantham's
FCC License Study Guide
not a Q & A book, not a
correspondence course, but simply an authoritative,
down -to-earth presentation of what you should know to
pass FCC exams for 3rd, 2nd, and 1st class radiotelephone
licenses. Included are four information sections, 1465
FCC -type multiple- choice questions, with more than
65,000 words "explaining" the correct answers. Self-study
presentation. Order by letter, or check box below.

Grantham's FCC License Study Guide.

Size,

7 x 101/2,

377 pages

$12.75

OTHER BOOKS written in home -study style

by Donald J. Grantham:

Fundamental Properties of AC Circuits.

Size, 7 x10 1/2, 267 pages
$12.75
Mathematics for Basic Circuit Analysis.
Size, 7 x101/2, 352 pages
$12.75
Basic Electronic Devices and Circuits.
Size, 7 x 101/2, 378 pages
$12.75
TO ORDER any of the books listed above, check off the
ones you want, compute the total price, add only 75e (regardless
of the number of books ordered) for postage and handling, and
mail this ad (or order by letter). Be sure to include your name and
and address and payment. Mail your order to:

GSE Publishing Company

INTERNATIONAL CRYSTAL MFG. CO., INC.

10 North

CIRCLE 91

Lee

Oklahoma City, Okla.

ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

73102

(2000 Stoner Avenue)

P. O. Box 25992, Los Angeles, CA 90025
CIRCLE 4 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

www.americanradiohistory.com

rately. Both cases have sturdy aluminum chassis

and measure 17.85 X 9.01 X 17.1 in. and weigh 5
lbs. Optional accessories include prepunched 10hole rear panel for 25-pin D -type connectors,

Vector Series 8800 prototyping cards, and sockets, connectors, pins and tools. Prices: model
VP1, $128.30; model VP2, $134.30.- Vector
Electronic Co., Inc., 12460 Gladstone Ave., Sylmar, CA 91342.

CIRCLE 115 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

EXTENDER BOARD, model VTE -100. The ExtergtlR

lasgal4 PIMP 0601'4+16F,

minator, is an S -100 bus compatible card that

occupies one slot on the motherboard. It serves
as a terminator for the entire bus, using bridge
terminating networks that do away with crosstalk
and extraneous noises. The model VTE -100 can
be used with any memory or I/O card without
interference from adjacent boards. Fused power
buses protect against accidental damage and
provide easy access for current monitoring. Unit
comes assembled and tested and costs $49.95,
plus $2 shipping and handling ($4 for foreign
orders). -VAMP Inc., Box 29315, Los Angeles,
CA 90029.
CIRCLE 116 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

EARLY WARNING SMOKE DETECTOR, model

S29, is a self-contained ionization home unit
designed to detect early stages of a fire, thus
making it ideal for home, mobile homes, apartments, vacation houses, etc. No wires are

11iiflii4i411Nhilii4{l'ii

ii

HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE.

Treat it...and live.

The National High Blood Pressure Education Program,
U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.

A 20MHz OSCILLOSCOPE
UNDER $500?

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These new LEADER OSCILLOSCOPES are available for IMMEDIATE DELIVERY.

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west 45 Slreel. New York

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Division of Colbert Industries

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VISA'

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DUAL TRACE 25MHz.
with Dual Time Base

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THE TEST EQUIPMENT SPECIALISTS

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Instruments Corp.

sweep range selections

18

Dept. 5E
10107 Adella Ave., South Gate, CA 90280

LEADER

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SPECIFICATIONS

Built-in calibration signal

Triggered and automatic sweep
Built-in TV vertical and horizontal
sync separation circuits
Check most digital logic
circuitry, including CMOS

standards. We guarantee it!

Illustrated is the Electronics Vise
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FEATURES:
20 MHz bandwidth
Unique trigger circuit for
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built to exacting professional

Available through your dealer.

Write for a tree catalog.

507 OSCILLOSCOPE

ECTRONC

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needed; simply screw the detector into the ceiling. AA batteries are included. Can operate
remote equipment such as a bell, siren, light,
monitor panel or telephone dialer by using built in relay with 0.125 -amp, 115 -volt rated contacts.
The model S29 measures 51/2 in. square and is 3
in. high. Price: $79.- Mountain West Alarm Sup-

ply Co., Box 10780, Phoenix, AZ 85064.

CIRCLE 117 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
MICROWAVE LEAKAGE DETECTOR, model
245M, is a self -powered, hand -held instrument
that needs no batteries or outside power source.

burglar -fire alarm catalog

-FREE!
MORE THAN

Grab the book

for Grabbers.
Our big 90 -page catalog of
electronic test accessories is up
for grabs.
In it, you'll find a complete
line of Grabber' test clips,
designed to simplify testing of
everything from conventional
components to maximum density
DIP's.

Unlike some test clips,

Grabbers provide a positive
connection that won't pop off.
And its gold plated hook has no
sharp teeth to damage wires.
Plunger type action makes
the Grabber easy to operate. And

the spring is stainless steel for

extra long life.
Grabbers are available in
a wide range of sizes. You can
choose between various
other -end connectors, such as
banana and pin plugs, or you can
wire your own test leads using
our simplified assembly
procedure. Models accepting 6 -32
threaded leads are also offered.
Send for free catalog or
see your favorite electronic parts
distributor. See our pages in EEM.
AVAILABLE THROUGH YOUR FAVORITE
ELECTRONIC PARTS DISTRIBUTOR

ITT POMONA ELECTRONICS

1500 East Ninth St., Pomona, Calif. 91766
Telephone (714) 623 -3463 TWX: 910 -581 -3822
CIRCLE 62 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

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900 PRODUCTS

detectors,
controls,
sounders,
locks,
tools

EVERYTHING NEEDED
TO PROTECT HOME,
BUSINESS, INSTITUTION
Huge selection of high quality professional
alarm products. 64 fact -filled pages with
detailed specs, diagrams, technical notes.
Products range from basic switches, controls, bells, sirens to most sophisticated
radar, modulated or passive
detectors
infrared, microwave, ultrasonics, ion, data
links using pulse code multiplex, FSK
radio, automatic phone dialers, leased line
connections and display panels. Full selection of tools, relays, wire, foil, terminals,
books.
WRITE FOR FREE CATALOG TODAY!

'

(Outside U.S.. send $1.00)

mountain west alarm

box 10780 'phoenix, az 85064
(602) 263 -8831
CIRCLE 14 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

Designed for home, industry and commercial

applications, instrument checks for 2450 -MHz
microwave leakage. The meter is calibrated to

num soldering. Multiple cores provide proper flux

to metal ratio, let you work faster and use less
solder. Kit comes with Solder User's Guide, and
costs $8.95 (introductory price, includes shipping /handling). For detailed information on
solders in sampler kit and how to order, write the
manufacturer.-Multicore Solders, Westbury,
NY 11590.

STATIC ELIMINATOR GUN is the first in a line of

Audio Groome products designed to improve
stereo record performance. Double-barrel gun

115 -230 volts AC, 47 -400 Hz. Single unit price,

$59; 100 quantity, $39.- International Micro tronics Corp., 4016 E. Tennessee St., Tucson, AZ
85714.
CIRCLE 119 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

SAMPLE SOLDER KIT, dispenser -packed kit includes five different solders for the following
uses: stainless -steel and jewelry; plumbing, sheet
0 -5 mW /cm2,

with a maximum of 5 mW /cm2 from

oven as a safe limit. Mounted in a high- impact
case, the model 245M measures 2 X 4 X 0.5 -in.,
and sells for $49.95. -UCE, Inc., 20 N. Main St.,
Norwalk, CT 06854.
CIRCLE 118 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

DIGITAL PANEL METER, Series B500, succeeds

manufacturer's earlier Series 500 unit. The DPM
consists of a single IC, 7 passive components and
a 0.5 -inch red 3'/, -digit LED readout. Features
auto -zeroing, with a 200 mV- 1000 -volt input
range, and operates from either 5 volts DC or

metal and general metal joining; electrical wiring;

electronic assemblies and PC boards; and alumi-

releases a flow of negative and positive ions to

remove static from records. No batteries or
outside power source are needed.- Empire Scientific Corp., 1055 Stewart Ave., Garden City, NY
11530.
R -E
CIRCLE 120 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

t>.wolowtawwwPiwWWWWIrlIW

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Bugworks &
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II

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Complete
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Products, ns cments
ents and educational materials
W(like our famous
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Ithat teach you circuit design and
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Save time designing your own cirIcuits with E &L's SK series breadboarding sockets and the Breadbox
IIV. For both digital and analog designs, Breadbox IV, like all our
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all

OR

INFORMATION

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slip easily into your pocket or service

kit. Compact, with big features-like
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Ten megohm input resistance, ac and
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Street, New York, N,Y.10036 212 -687 -2224

THE TEST EQUIPMENT SPECIALISTS

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for an
experience
in electronics,

next
month

THE BOOK YOU'VE

HE
NWAITED FOR
IS HERE!
Poi
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Build A Darkroom Timer

Great addition to your
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get into
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Improve your income by acquiring
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MODE

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PPS

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All About Disposable

Batteries
Ever wonder what the differences between akaline,
carbon zinc and mercury
batteries are. Here's an
in -depth explanation plus
what you should expect in

terms of performance
from each type.

Digital Hi -Fi Recording

Your hi -fi tape recorder
will never be the same.
Here's a look at where the
industry is going and what
may happen to your tape
recorder in the near future.

Plus:
Hi -Fi Lab Test Reports

Computer Corner
Jack Darr's Service
Clinic
Hobby Corner
State -Of -Solid -State
and more
www.americanradiohistory.com

UNDERST4NDING
COMPUTERS

AND SMALL COMPUTER

SYSTEMS
Here, at last, is a profusely illustrated,
easy- reading, "must" book explaining fundamental concepts behind operation of
almost all microcomputers ... in simple
English ... giving you that extra knowledge
to read and understand computer magazines
and manufacturer's literature ...and feel
"at home" around computers. Things like:
How a CPU is organized; how it follows
sequences of orders to solve problems
Illustrates basic instructions from
almost every microcomputer
Discusses
common memory addressing modes
illustrates typical uses
What to know to
tell a computer what to do when using
machine language programming
Use of
flow charts; program worksheets; hand
assembly of source codes into object codes;
memory maps; purpose of Editor,
Assembler, Monitor.

Hardcover $14.95. Paperback $9.95

How a computer communicates
Commonly used I/O devices and
operational concepts
Practical aspects of
Plus,
selecting a small computer system
hundreds of other practical facts and
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computers, you must own this 300 page
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UNDERSTANDING MICROCOMPUTERS. The
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Order your copy today!

%((B1 (OM(IJIER

COMMUTING IN(.

P.O. Box 133

PP STN, Dept. RE-6
Milford. CT 06460
Prices shown for North American customers.
Master Charge, VISA, Postal and Bank Money
Orders preferred. Personal checks delay shipping
up to 4 weeks. Pricing, specifications, availability subject to change without notice.
IMPORTANT! Include 75C postage /handling for
each book delivered by U.S. Mail; or $2 for
each book shipped via UPS.
CIRCLE 23 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

books

Why buy a multi - capability

counter for frequency- only
measurements?

For accurate readings in the presence

of noise. Our new 1911/12A multi- counters have both trigger -level and attenuator controls.

For high resolution measurement of

low frequency control tones in the period
or period- average mode.

SERVICING SONY COLOR TV FOR 1969 -1972,

by Stan Prentiss. Theodore Audel & Co., Div. of
Howard W. Sama & Co., Inc., 4300 W. 62nd St.,
Indianapolis, IN 46268. 304 pp. 8'/, X 11 in. Soft -

For economy. They're priced about the

same as many frequency-only models, with

cover 849.95.
This service guide contains adjustment and
alignment specifications, troubleshooting information, schematics, parts lists, disassembly instructions and operational theory. Chapter 1
gives the reader a basic understanding of the
barrier AGC system used in today's TV receivers.
Other chapters deal with specific troubleshooting
methods for the models covered in this book.
Foldout schematics are included in the back of

totalize, autozero, autoranging, manual

and automatic range selection, and more.
Standard.
1911A for 250 MHz applications: $495.'^
1912A for measurements to 520 MHz:
$620.*

Call (800)426 -0361, toll free, or write:

John Fluke Mfg. Co., P.O. Box 43210,
Mountlake Terrace, WA 98043.

the book.
RADIOMAN'S GUIDE, Fourth Edition, by Robert
G. Middleton. Theodore Audel & Co., Div. of
Howard W. Sams & Co., Inc., 4300 W. 62nd St.,
Indianapolis, IN 46268. 470 pp. 5'/, X 87. in.
Hardcover $7.50.
When radio was first developed, it was greeted
as the miracle of the age, but no one could have
predicted its many present -day uses in such
diverse fields as industry, navigation, space exploration, surveillance -the list is endless. This
book provides the layman with a sound understanding of the basic principles of radio. It presents its material clearly and simply. Some of the
chapter titles are: "Elements of Radio," "Magnetism," "Inductors," "Capacitors," "Basic Electronic Circuits," Radio Transmitters," and "Radio

Testing."

THE 8080A BUGBOOK, MICROCOMPUTER INTERFACING AND PROGRAMMING, by Peter R.

Rony, David G. Larsen and Jonathan Titus.
Howard W. Sams & Co., Inc., 4300 W. 62nd St.,
Indianapolis, IN 46268. 416 pp. 5'/, X 8'/, in. Soft cover $9.95.
This latest in the Bugbook series contains the
basic Interfacing concepts of the Intel 8080 IC
along with a discussion of I/O programming so
that you can then develop your own interfaces to
other devices such as teletypes, panel meters,
A/D and D/A converters, etc.
The first three chapters introduce you to the

microcomputer, describe a small 8080 device

and how to program it. Later chapters deal with
device select -pulse generation, clock cycles, the
international operation of 8080 IC; subroutines,
interrupts, external flags and stacks are discussed in Chapter 7. The appendixes contain
references, and instruction set summaries for
both the 8080 and 8080A microcomputers.
ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS,
Second Edition, by George Kennedy. Gregg/
McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1221 Ave. of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. 774 pp. 6'/, X 9'/.
Hardcover $16.95.
This book is written for postsecondary-level
engineering students having a basic familiarity
with electronics communications and who have
completed algebra, trigonometry and binary
arithmetic. This volume includes all the latest
developments in the field, and chapter sequence
has been reorganized. Two new chapters have
been added: Broadband Communications Systems and Television Fundamentals. Each communications system is described in logical progression -what it does and how, where it is
applicable and what its future applications could
be. An instructor's manual with exercises and
solutions is contained in the back.
R -E

*(U.S. price)
The 1911A multicounter makes accurate
field transmitter frequency checks easy
with the optional battery -pack and whip
antenna.

1912A 520 MHz model

Fluke Multicounters for Communications Service

FLUKE
2110 -8001

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HOBBYISTS! ENGINEERS! TECHNICIANS! STUDENTS!

Write and run machine language programs at home, display video graphics
on your TV set and design microprocessor circuits
the very first night
even if you've never used a computer before!

RCA COSMAC

SPECIFICATIONS

microprocessor/mini-

ELF II features an RCA COSMAC

COS / MOS 8 -bit microprocessor addressable to 64k bytes with DMA, interrupt, 16 registers, ALU, 256 byte
RAM, full hex keyboard, two digit hex
output display, 5 slot plug -in expansion
bus, stable crystal clock for timing pur-

A THOUGHTFUL GIFT
ANYONE WHO MUST
STAY UP TO DATE IN
COMPUTERS AND

FOR

poses and a double -sided plated- through

PC board plus RCA 1861 video IC to
display any segment of memory on a
video monitor or TV screen.

Use ELF

II

your TV for

to ... PLAY GAMES using

a video display ...CREATE

GRAPHICS pictures, alphanumerics, animated effects ... learn how to

DESIGN

CIRCUITS

microprocessor
are infinite!

...

using

the possibilities

ELF I1 explodes into a giant when you

plug the GIANT BOARD'" into ELF's
expansion bus. This powerful board includes cassette I /O, RS 232 -C /TTY, 8bit P I/O and system monitor;
editor...meaning your ELF II is now the
heart of a full-size system with unlimited
computing power! $39.95 kit. S2 p&h.
4k Static RAM addressable to any 4k
page to 64k. $89.95 kit. S3 p&h.
Prototype (Kluge) Board accepts up to
32 I.C.'s of various sizes. $17.00 kit. $
p&h.
Expansion Power Supply. $34.95 kit.
$2 p&h.
Gold plated 86-pin connector. $5.70
postpaid.
Coming
I

Tiny Basic
ASCII KEYBOARD CONTROLLER
BOARD D-A, A -D CONVERTER
CABINET

corn puter
ELECTRONICS!

ELF"

$9995

SEND TODAY
rNETRONICS R &D LTD., Dept. RE-6
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Yes! I want to run programs at controllers, etc. (soon to be
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COSMAC ELF II kit. Featured testing, programming, video
In POPULAR ELECTRONICS. graphics and games plus how
Includes all components plus you can get ELF II User's Club
everything you need to write bulletins. Kit can be assembled
and run machine language pro- in a single evening and you'll
grams plus the new Pixie chip still have time to run programs,
that lets you display video including games. video graphics,
graphics on your TV screen. De- controllers, etc., before going to
signed to give engineers practice bed!
$4.95 for 1.5 amp 6.3
in computer programming and VAC power supply, required for
microprocessor circuit design, ELF I1 kit.
$5.00 for RCA
ELF II is also perfect for college 1802 User's Manual.
and college -bound students (who
I want mine wired and tested
must understand computers for with the power transformer and
any engineering, scientific or RCA 1802 User's Manual for
business career). Easy instruc- 5149.95 plus $3 p &h.
tions get you started right away, Conn. res. add sales tax.
even if you've never used a computer before!
NAME
As your need for computing
power grows, five card expan- ADDRESS
sion bus (less connectors) allows CITY
memory expansion, program debugger /monitor, cassette I /O, A STATE
7IP
to D and f) to A converters,
Send info on other kits!
PROM, ASCII keyboard inputs,
Dealer Inquiries Insited

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www.americanradiohistory.com

117

Organize
Your Junkbox
FRED BLECHMAN
A SIMPLE

For just $895 your DISCUS

system is
complete. Complete with software.
Completely assembled.
It's full -size floppy format gives you a
quarter of a million bytes per diskette.
And twice the speed of mini -floppies.
Plus, DISCUS P is both S -100 and
IBM compatible.
And unlike other disk systems,

DISCUS

-a

P comes assembled and tested

Disk Jockey
controller, cables,
and a free -standing Shugart disk drive
in a handsome cabinet complete with
power supply.

And you get the software you need,

ready to self -load and run: DOS, ATF"
assembler /editor, patches for CPM, and
Advanced BASIC (delivered mid- 1978).
CPM ($70) and Microsoft Extended
Disk BASIC ($199) are options.
Ask your local computer store to
order DISCUS P today at our special
$100 -off introductory price: $895 only
until June 30, 1978. Or send your check

or money order to THINKER TOYS'",

1201 10th Street, Berkeley, CA 94710. Or
call (415) 527 -7548, 10-4 pm PST. Add
$3.00 handling; California residents

INEXPENSIVE WAY TO FIND

small parts easily and quickly is to use

match boxes. Parts cabinets can be made
from pocket -size match boxes available in
supermarkets, the brand used here is
Ohio Blue Tip Matches (Ohio Match
Company, Wadsworth, OH 44281). Each
box is approximately 2 -long, l'/2 -wide
and '/2- inches high. A 10 -box package
only costs around 200!
To make small -parts storage cabinets,
glue, self- adhesive plastic and labels are
needed. Rubber cement is ideal since it
doesn't "set" immediately. The self-adhesive plastic comes in various designs and
colors, and is available in most five -andten -cent and variety stores for about 700
a yard in the 18 -inch width. The Avery
Label Company (Azusa, CA 91702)
makes No. S -620, '/e X 1'/4 -inch selfadhesive labels sold in stationery stores in
boxes of 1,000 labels for around $2.
To make a parts cabinet, empty the

matches out of the individual boxes and

glue them together in a convenient arrangement. Four -boxes -wide by five -boxes -high makes a cabinet about 6 X 3 X
2- inches, with 20 drawers. Before the
cement has dried thoroughly, cut a 2'/2inch -wide strip of self- adhesive plastic
long enough to band the tops and sides of
the assembled boxes. (A walnut-grain
design makes the finished cabinet look
like wood.) Peel off the paper backing
and carefully apply the plastic around the
boxes so that it holds them together
securely. Trim with scissors or a razor
blade and the cabinet is finished.
R -E

g -:

For

faster

TABLE TOP
MICROCOMPUTERS

service

TT -8080

KIT $440

SYSTEM W /16K & I/O

KIT $1050

TT- 8080 -S

10 -SLOT MAIN FRAME

TT -10 KIT $325

USE

CARD CAGE &

MOTHER BOARD

ZIP

ECT -100 KIT $100

CCMB -10 KIT $75
WITH CONNECTORS
& GUIDES

CODE

ECT-100 -F

CCMB -10 -F

KIT $200
KIT $125

CPU'S, MEMORY
MOTHER BOARDS
PROTOTYPING BOARDS
EXTENDER CARDS
POWER SUPPLIES

on

all

SHIPPING EXTRA

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

ELECTRONIC CONTROL TECHNOLOGY

FACTORY ADDRESS
763 Ramsey Avenue

mail
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INTRODUCTORY
KIT PRICE

10 SLOT

A PRODUCT OF

118

FULLY STATIC

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add tax.

MORROWS MICRO-STUFF FOR

16K RAM

m omm

Hillside, NJ 07205

Ili w

MAILING ADDRESS
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Union, NJ 07083

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um

mill

HOBBY CORNER
continued from page

91

dirty" PC board, perhaps for

a circuit
that uses only a couple of transistors and a
few other parts. It hardly seems worth-

while to draw with resist and then etch

such a small board. You don't have to if
you have a hand -held grinder or a flexible
shaft tool.
If the pattern is not too small and /or
complex, you can grind away the copper
that you would have etched away. You
can isolate pads of copper to receive two,
three or more leads. Transistor sockets
are not difficult to make, except for DIP
sockets for IC's which are very difficult
to construct. It can be done but it
requires patience and a very steady
hand.
The unwanted copper can be ground
away with any of the small steel cutters
that are normally used with a flexible
shaft or hand -held tool. I have discovered
that the round end cutters are less satisfactory than those with square and pointed ends. Some of the grinding bits used
by dentists are excellent for PC board
use. Ask your dentist to save his dull ones
for you -they have a lot of copper grinding life left in them.
When cutting away copper, try not to
dig too deep into the board. Cutting away
too much of the base material will weaken
the board mechanically. If the tool slips
and you cut across a copper run (and you
will do this at first), don't discard the
board because you can always jump the
cut with wire. Finally, always wear safety
goggles to protect your eyes-those fast spinning cutters really throw out very
fine slivers of material.
You now have a quick and easy way to
construct PC boards that should speed up
your prototype and one -of -a -kind con-

struction.
Reader suggestions
From time to time we have invited
readers to send in ideas and suggestions
for this column. We have especially welcomed circuits that you would like to
share with other readers. Numerous ideas
and suggestions have been received, and
we appreciate every one of them.
We've also received letters about circuits, but most of the letters begin, "I
." Well, someneed a circuit that will .
times I have such a circuit, but most often
I can only suggest how it can be developed.
However, some of you must be building circuits, too. Just what kinds of things
are you constructing? How about sharing
your projects and ideas with others?
All you have to do is sketch a schematic
diagram, attach a parts list and a short
description of the project, and mail it to
Radio-Electronics. We will examine each
entry carefully and publish the best in
.

future "Hobby Corner" articles. Of

it is done in calculators.
A model railroad club in

course, your name will be listed as the

contributor.
Here are a few items that others have
asked for:
A reader in New York wants an
add -on for his model rocket
launcher that would provide a digital readout, automatic countdown
and close the launch circuit at

New York
would like to have a layout running -time counter that would be
cumulative from one session to
another yet continue to operate
under derail conditions.
A reader in Connecticut wants a
rate counter for motor RPM, a
wind -speed indicator and similar

time zero.

devices.
Those are only a few ideas. Electronics
is present in every field of human endeavor. If you've developed a circuit to perform a task, why not consider sharing it?
Send it along to Hobby Corner, RadioElectronics. 200 Park Avenue South.
R -E
New York, NY 10003.

Someone in Ohio wants to discourage burglars. He needs a

timer that will turn lights on and
off in different parts of the house
at different times.
A Florida reader needs a simple
circuit to put numbers on a digital
readout from a keyboard the way

Are You still using an Audio

Generator that has a Crank?
FUNCTION GENERATOR

270 FUNCTION GENERATOR

F SOAT

THE

LOIOK

HICKOK

by

REG. $199.

SAVE

$179.00

Sines, Squares, Triangles to 500 kHz

and much, much more

Complete with
Deluxe
Carrying Case:

new, versatile service and lab instrument

the feature packed Model 270 Function Generator
gives you much more waveform generating capability than
A

you'd expect for its low price. This compact, precision unit puts stable, calibrated,
high quality sine, square and triangle waveforms from 1Hz to 500kHz at your
fingertips. But that's not all. With external connections you can produce logic
pulses, sweeps and ramps, amplitude and frequency modulated outputs, phase
and frequency shift keying signals, tone bursts, and a host of mixed signal outputs. It's even a stand -alone wideband inverting amplifier!

Beslc Outil t Waveforms:

veform:

5,0.

Spauupa Mangle

1Hzyt

1MMz in su pusnbottonselected
decade ranges.
,.,teed
Txplcal 500
z
m uppekvr Ireu quency
Frequency A
.
F

Amplitude Stability
(Alter 1f2 Saw warm upt
With Line Voltage.
Wit

.3%

01 F.S. up to 203

kHz

Amplitude
0. dB
dBfrom
from 20 Hx to 20 kHz; x0.3 de from l
Hz to 100 kHz.

Output Level:
0 to 24 volts peak to peak 18.5 volts RMSI .Pen
Outpucircuit
protected against .non circuits.
t lmp.d.
800 ohms
5 % constant regardless of at
nenuamr setting.
Ae.Tuatore:
Total dynamic range of step and continuous
is BO dB minimum. Step dB and
-m dBattenua provide n .
dB and

-ip

-40

ConoOde providecon
MPLtTUaE) conlrol provides a.
tinuous (A
(AMPLITUDE)

dB

least 40 de additional control.

212 -687 -2224

gr

50C

pp

0.5% with

_ D5% per

10% line

nom OC to

from 20 Hz to 20 kHz.

Square

WavRIIWJFall
0.5 ewe

Time:

Square Saw Symmetry:

mYY

fait, Sf2 ha.,w

ontrol,

na

ch

so

t0., /e

with 10% and

erfora. z0., %per .0 tram DCm

Power Required:

Rear Panel Inputs:

AM input, FM input. Frequency Shift Keying
FSK resistor, FSK Sync
(ESA)
S

Offset:
Output DC level on all waveforms is variable

With Line Voitaga;

95% minimum In% maximum asymmetry).

Triangyle W... Llneeaty:
9B %minimum (2% maximum nonlineenty) to
00 kua.

Offer expires
Aug. 31, 1978

Iron $V to 60 Mt 0 dB ATTENUATION)
Fmga.
Sbbl.1

Sine Wave Distortion:

Max. total harmonic distortion (1x0) is 1%

105 -125
w it

VAC/210-250 VAC,

50 -400 Hz

swaws gilt

Not including lee0 B4Yw x 3Vz" h x Bea

cn x 152 cm); + pounds (1.8 kg).

121 5

Accessed.:
mx8.9

Rear pane' connector and detailed instruct.,

manual.

Rear Panel Input Protection:

15
Another Model 270 for other unit with
be connacled Io
volt500
oh l outp ut/ may
rear inputs

THE TEST EQUIPMENT SPECIALISTS

TOLL FREE HOT LINE

800 -223 -0474

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REC

_
119

Solid -State Update

.h

Schottky rectifiers
Schottky rectifiers are ideal for power
rectification because of their lower forward voltage and the resulting lower power dissipation. The 17- device MBR7520
family from Motorola has a greater transient capacity than other rectifiers on the
market. The diodes have a forward current rating from 25 to 75 amp and

NEW ElCO 480

TRIGGERED SWEEP

RI MIlz SCOPE
100% Solid State

Includes 10:1 Probe

More Professional scope performance for your money! DC to 10

MHz bandwidth, AC and DC coupling, 11 position calibrated attenuator, 10 mV /cm sensitivity, push-

button

operation.

forward current and 45 volts, test units

have been subjected to 8.3 -ms, 1300 -amp
pulses once-per- minute, with no failures.
The diodes recover from transients above
the operating voltage specifications that
drive them into temporary avalanche
breakdown.
The rectifiers are mounted in DO -4
and DO-5 stud packages. Additional data
is available from Motorola Semiconductor Products, Inc., Box 20912, Phoenix,
AZ 85036.

Operational amplifiers
Signetics' SE /NE5534 operational
amplifier has a 10 -MHz small- signal
bandwidth and a 200-kHz power bandwidth. It can drive 600 ohms to 10 volts
RMS. The operational amplifier is internally compensated for gains equal to or
higher than 3, and can be used in high quality audio equipment, instrumentation
and control circuits and telephone chan-

Outstanding

features: Built -in TV Sync Separator; Digitally controlled trigger circuits; reference baseline display;
calibrated 21 step sweep speed;
Fully regulated power supply; Custom Bezel for standard camera
mounting. Assembled $425.00

FREE 78 EICO CATALOG

Check reader service card or send 505
for first class mail. See your local EICO
Dealer or call (516) 681 -9300, 9:00
a.m. -5:00 p.m. EST. Major credit cards
accepted.
EICO -108 New South Rd.

SCHOTTKY RECTIFIERS FROM MOTOROLA

have reverse voltage ratings up to 45

volts. Most devices in the series have dV/
dt ratings of 100 volts -per -s.
At a 100 C case temperature, 70 -amp

Hicksville, N.Y. 11801

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nel amplifiers.

The DC gain is 100,000 volts, the AC

gain is 6000 volts at 10 kHz and the
supply range is 3 to 20 volts. The
amplifiers are available in 8 -pin mini -DIP
and TO -5 packages, cost between $1.50

GET ALL THE FACTS ON THE NEW

GTS -1 O GENERAL TELEVISION SERVICER
- the concept that is changing the course
of TV servicing!
SEND FOR A FREE GTS-1 0 TWO- VOLUME
OWNER'S MANUAL!
addition to

In

free two -volume set of the GTS -10

owners manuals you will receive

WR

comprehensive

S-11_O

2MAL

VOLUME

full color brochure - describing its profit

making potential and its many unique patterns as
well as information on our 30 -day Shop Trial offer
of the GTS -10 General Television Servicer.
6 -page

NINO

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IS

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OM

es
iM

A Platt tool case

AslfcOMIlOF
POR/1

Eft

START tLACE

OFF

ti.

416
Patents Pending
on many unique features.

Ir`

/A

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because there are no seams.

Co.

The GTS -10. with in -home portability. replaces an ordinary color bar pattern generator
and includes the most used functions of a
substitute tuner and an analyst. It also
provides capabilities that none of these other

Unlike other tool cases, the pockets on a Platt Pallet are

molded without any seams, stitches or rivets to form a one piece unit. It's practically indestructible.
The case itself has that same rugged construction. It comes
in either tough, lightweight ABS Thermoplastic, rich looking
expanded vinyl or a combination of both.
Platt also has rugged hardware. Like an aluminum rim for
extra strength. Steel core handles. And tough brass locks.
Inside there are compartments for larger tools, parts boxes
and testing equipment. And multiple lid pockets for paper
and order books.
Besides having a tough case Platt
has a tough 5 -year guarantee on both
the case and pallet.
Pat. No. 3.H80.2leb
Cases for business and industry.

instruments can match.

Advanced yet sensibly priced at $349.00 the
GTS -10 is the ultimate instrument for increasing servicing profits.
For VI SA and MASTER CHARGE orders call (303) 275 -8991

AMERICAN TECHNOLOGY CORP.

225 Main Sreet,
t
Canon City, Colorado 81212 RE06

Send $1.0011 First Class

delivery is desired.

Phone

Company
Address
c ty

State

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and $2.00 in quantities of 100. Details are

available from Signetics, 811 East Avenue, Box 9052, Sunnyvale, CA 94086.
Texas Instruments has expanded their
BIFET (Bipolar Field -Effect Transistor)
operational -amplifier line to 12 circuits.
The TL061 and TL071 series combine
JFET's (Junction Field-Effect Transistor) and bipolar transistors, which results
in low input -bias current requirements
with higher internal current levels for
higher performance levels.
The TL061 has a 3.5- volt -per -s slew
rate and a 0.2 -mA current drain that
makes it suitable for battery operation.
Specifications for the TL071 are a 13volt- per -s slew rate and a 2.5 -mA maximum current drain. The low noise and
distortion levels for the TL071 makes it
suitable for use in preamplifiers. Inquiries should be sent to Texas Instruments
Incorporated, Inquiry Answering Service, Box 5012, M/S 308 (Attn: TL061
and TL071), Dallas, TX 75222.

Technicians -

RCA Flameproof Film

Resistors simplify your

replacement problems.
More and more technicians are switching
to RCA Flameproof Film Resistors. Here
are 5 important reasons why:
Many of today's circuits require
flameproof resistors.
Simplified inventory: RCA's 2% tolerance flameproof resistors replace
many conventional types having 5%
and 10% ratings.
High quality service demands high
quality replacement parts.
They're available in the popular
wattage ratings
1/4, 1/2, 1 and 2
watts.
Values run from 1.0 Ohm to 1.5
Megohms. Altogether there are 523
film resistors to choose from.
And, RCA's convenient, preloaded and
prelabeled Flameproof Resistor Kit makes
it easy to store and locate your resistors.
See your RCA Distributor for details or
write to RCA Distributor and Special
Products Division, 2000 Clements Bridge
Road, Deptford, NJ 08096.

Voltage regulator
Silicon General's SG 1532, SG2532
and SG3532 precision general -purpose
regulators are substantially improved versions of the industry standard SG723.
The SG1532 has a minimum required

flCil

Flameproof
Film Resistors

"My father built this

Schober Organ for me!"

SILICON GENERAL'S SG1532 VOLTAGE REGULATOR

input voltage of 4.5 compared with the

SG723's 9 -volt specification. Lower voltages can be sustained across common 5volt regulators, reducing the dissipation.
The SG1532 has thermal shutdown
and current -limit protection. The IC is
protected even if an external pass transistor fails. A sense voltage of only 89 mV
is needed to current -limit the SG 1532
compared with 650 mV for the SG723. A
series -current sense resistor is inserted in
the output current path to trigger the
current -limit protection circuit. At 650
mV and, for example, 10 amps, the sense
resistor dissipates 0.65 X 10 or 6.5
watts
lot of wasted energy.
turn page

You'd be proud to buy her an organ this

good... but how would you feel if you'd also
built it? It's a special kind of satisfaction. The
gift of a lifetime of magnificent music, crafted
with your own hands!
And you can do it! You need no prior
electronic or mechanical abilities. Just the
capacity to follow instructions. Every step is
clearly detailed, every component is supplied.
You'll find the assembly process as enjoyable
as the music which follows!
And what music! For this is a truly fine
instrument you will build. Far superior to most

"ready- made" organs...easily comparable to

others at twice the price. Kit costs range from
$650 to $2850 for all basic components, and
you can purchase it in sections to spread
costs out...or have two-year time payments.
When you've completed the basic organ,
Schober offers a full complement of accessories...plus complete organ playing courses!
People have been building Schober Electronic
Organs for their daughters, sons, wives, husbands...for themselves...for 20 years now. Join
the thousands of delighted Schober people.
You can have all the details, without cost
or obligation. Just send the coupon for the
fascinating Schober color catalog (or enclose
$1 for a record that lets you hear as well as
see the quality of Schober). Why not clip it
right now, before you forget?

_Eau

1')74'i'

The
Organ Corp., Dept. RE-175
43 West 61st Street, New York, N.Y. 10023
Please send me Schober Organ Catalog.
Enclosed please find $1.00 for 12 -inch L.P.
record of Schober Organ music.

NAME

ADDRESS

-a

CITY

CIRCLE 53 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

www.americanradiohistory.com

STATE

ZIP

JUST $495
GETS YOU THIS
DUALTRAGE
GOULD SCOPE
PLUS TWO X10
PROBES.

You know that's a

great price. Especially when you consider the outstanding
performance you get

The older SG723 design uses a Zener

diode reference, while the SG 532 has a
lower noise band -gap reference.
Line regulation is 0.01%-per-volt maximum, and the output current capacity is
a minimum of 100 mA. The price is $1.10
per unit in quantities of 100. Silicon
General, Inc., 7382 Bolsa Avenue, Westminster, CA 92683.
1

Another radio circuit

SGS -ATES Semiconductor Corp. also
AM /FM integrated circuits the
TDA 1220 and TDA 1230. The TDA 1220
has an FM IF amplifier -limiter, an FM
detector, and an AM RF amplifier, mixer, oscillator, IF amplifier and detector.
The FM limiting sensitivity is 30V, the
has

amplitude modulation rejection (AMR)

is 50 dB and the SAN ratio is better than
60 dB.

Portable; weighs

just

11

lbs.

Carries full two

with this Gould

0S24 5A oscillo-

scope.
And you get clear,
bright displays. 5mV
/div. sensitivity and

exceptionally versatile trigger

performance. It's ideal for TV or
general electronic service work;
perfect for hobbyists and educational institutions. You can rely on
Gould to live up to these specs:
DC to 10 MHz; dual trace
Trigger performance in excess
of 15 MHz
TV trigger facilitates solid synchronization with TV signals

year warranty on all

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literature and ordering information on the 0S245A as well as other
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kins Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio

44114.

alz

(-:

SGS-ATES FM /IF amplifier

The TDA1230 goes further with an

AF power amplifier that is driven from
the on -chip FM detector or from an
R -E
external audio source.

CROSSTALK IN ORGAN
I wrote about a crosstalk problem in a
home -made electronic organ I am building. You said it was out of your line but
made some helpful suggestions! One
suggestion was to reduce the signal level
at the point where the problem started.
I also found a lot of good data in some
articles written by John S. Simonton,
especially the article in which he wrote
that, in some cases, too many grounding
points would actually be a drawback.
Thanks to you both. -H. B., Lancaster.
PA.

You're welcome!
LONG -TERM INTERMITTENT

I wonder if you can give me some clue

on this RCA model CTC-16X. It works for
quite a while, then goes out of focus. The
picture turns red, then it blacks out. The
worst part is it's MY set!- L. S., Oak Park,

LU

IL.

U
U

o
IL

Oh, you've got one of the later models;

mine's a model CTC-I5! Anyway, I
remember a model CTC-l0 that showed
exactly these symptoms. After watching

o
cc

122

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Kleps 40

it in vain for some time, I finally caught

the symptom. A quick check in the back
of the set showed that the damper tube
heater was slowly going out! In this case,
it was not the damper tube, but a bad
contact on one of the heater pins in the

socket. You already changed the damper

tube, but you should clean up the contacts on that socket. (I still haven't
figured out why the picture turned red as
it went out, but I saw it.)

For

Kleps 10

- 20

faster
service

NO VERTICAL HOLD
This Philco model 21KT40 has a unique
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good, the vertical sync is very critical,
and, the unique part, the vertical hold
control has no effect whatsoever! I replaced the plate -load resistor, the multiplier grid resistor, etc., nothing. I changed
capacitor C62, nothing. Everything else
seems to check OK. I'm just scratching
my head!-K. S., Seymour, IN.
What can mess up this circuit is a
leakage in the capacitors in the feedback

USE

Clever Kleps

ZIP
CODE

on

loop, especially capacitor C59. Somehow,

the time constant in the input -grid circuit
is way off. As a last resort, get out your
shotgun and change them all at once.
(Feedback: "You're right. I loaded up
the shotgun and the third capacitor was
the one -059, the coupling capacitor
from the end of the feedback loop to the
R -E
input grid. Thanks a million. ")

all

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Accepts banana plug or plain wire. 61/2" long.
$2.59
Kleps 1. Economy Kleps for light line work (not lab quality).
Meshing claws. 41/2" long.
$ .99
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phenolic. Doubles as scribing tool. "Bunch" pin fits banana
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$ .89
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Write for complete catalog of - test probes, plugs, sockets,
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Available through your local

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In Canada: Rye Industries (Canada) Ltd.
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wide range) but with its drawbacks gone:

no plugging into an AC outlet, no waiting
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possible low loading, instant-on battery operation and small size. Excellent for
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Compare these valuable features:
High impedance low loading: 11 megohms input on DC, 1 megohm on AC
500 -times more sensitive than a standard
20,000 ohms -per -volt VOM
Wide -range
+ersatility: 4 P -P AC voltage ranges: 0-3.3,
33, 330, 1200V; 4 RMS AC voltage ranges:
D-1.2, 12, 120,1200V; 4 DC voltage ranges:
D-1.2, 12, 120, 1200V; 4 Resistance ranges:
0 -1K, 0-100K, 0-10
meg., 0-1000 meg.;
4DB ranges. -24 to +56DB.
Sensitive ,easy-to-read 41" 200 micro amp meter. Zero center position available. Comprises FET transistor, 4 silicon
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--4
Send FREE catalog of complete EMC line
and name of nearest distributor.

RE-6
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co

123

What is
an LCD?

one side. Both plates have a strip of solderable metal - gold

over copper over chrome
on the side with the opening.
This opening is used to introduce the liquid crystal material
into the display envelope, after which the metal strips are
soldered to seal the opening.

REFLECTIVE LCD OPERATION

A reflective LCD consists of a vertical polarizer, liquid
crystal field- effect cell, horizontal polarizer, and reflector
(Figure 2). With no voltage applied, the treatment of the
FIELD -EFFECT CELL
INDIUM OXIDE COMMON
ELECTRODE PATTERN

IDIOM OXIDE
CHARACTER SEGMENTS

LII;HT

BY KEITH RIORDAN

LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAYS (LCD'S) DIFFER FROM OTHER

types of displays in that they scatter, rather than generate,

light. Two basic types are available: reflective, which
require front illumination, and transmissive, which require
rear illumination. Both types use a field- effect cell that is
filled with liquid crystal material.
A liquid crystal material is an organic compound
that
is, a compound containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and
nitrogen
that has the optical properties of solids and the
fluidity of liquids. In the liquid crystal state, which is
exhibited over a specific temperature range, the compound
has a milky, yellow appearance. At the high end of the
temperature range, the milky appearance gives way to a
clear liquid. At the low end of the range, the compound
turns to a crystalline solid.
The molecules of a liquid crystal compound are in the
form of long, cigar- shaped rods. Because of the special
grouping of the atoms that form these molecules, the rods
act as dipoles in the presence of an electrical field. This
characteristic enables the molecules to be aligned in the
direction of the electrical field and provides the basis for
operation of a liquid crystal display.

VERTICAL
POLARIZER

FIG. 2

FRONT
GLASS
PLATE

LISUID CRYSTAL MATERIAL

BACK
GLASS
PLATE

HORIZONTAL

REFLECTOR

POLARIZES

- UNENERGIZED REFLECTIVE LCD

liquid crystal cell plates produces a uniform alignment of

the crystal molecules. If the front and back plates are
mounted at right angles to one another according to the
way in which the crystal molecules line up - a 90- degree
rotation, or twist, of the alignment occurs. Vertically
polarized light entering the front of the cell (A) follows the
rotation of the crystal alignment as it passes through the cell
(B, C, D). Having been rotated 90 degrees, the polarized
light passes through the horizontal polarizer to the reflector
(E). The light is then returned through the cell, again
rotating 90 degrees, and passes out of the LCD through the
vertical polarizer.
When voltage is applied across one or more of the character segments (Figure 3), the crystal molecules in the area

MOLECULES ALIGNED WITH

ELECTRICAL FIELD

01

FRONT GLASS PLATE

SILICON MONOXIDE
DIELECTRIC COATING

tI#/t,#

INDIUM OXIDE
SEGMENT PATTERN
CONNECTOR PATTERN

GLASS SEAL RING

END SOLDER SEAL

INDIUM OXIDE RACK PLATE

PATTERN WITH SILICON MONOXIDE
DIELECTRIC COATING

A/JOSIFA/'?

ettitrsrrT

RACK GLASS PLATE

FIG.

- FIELD -EFFECT CELL STRUCTURE

FIELD- EFFECT CELL STRUCTURE

A field- effect liquid crystal cell consists of two glass
plates, each with a transparent conductive coating, between
which the liquid crystal material is sandwiched (Figure 1).
A thin film of indium oxide
a transparent electrical conductor - is deposited on the top, or front, glass plate. This
oxide is patterned to produce a series of 7- segment characters. Each segment has a lead that extends to the long
edge of the glass. The bottom, or back, glass plate also has
an indium oxide coating, but the pattern is designed as a
common electrode that, when the plates are fused, registers
to the top glass pattern. The oxide -coated side of both the
top and bottom glass plates is entirely covered by an evaporated layer of silicon monoxide dielectric, which produces
the desired alignment of the liquid crystal molecules.
After the conductive and dielectric coatings have been
applied, the top and bottom plates are fused to within
0.0005 inch by a glass ring that has a 0.05 -inch opening on

O
cc
F-

ow
Jw

FIG. 3 - ENERGIZED REFLECTIVE LCD

of the segments align themselves with the electrical field.

Rotation therefore does not occur in the region of the
energized pattern elements. The vertically polarized light
conforming to the image produced by these elements cannot
pass through the horizontal polarizer but is, rather, absorbed
by it. The energized display elements therefore appear as
black images against a light background.
TRANSMISSIVE LCD OPERATION
A transmissive LCD consists of a vertical polarizer, field effect cell, horizontal polarizer, and light source. The light
source, which may be of any suitable type, is in the same
position as the reflector in a reflective display.
With no voltage applied to the cell, light from the source
passes through the horizontal polarizer, is twisted by the
cell, and passes out of the LCD through the vertical polarizer
at the front of the display. When voltage is applied to the
cell, the twist is destroyed in the region of the energized
pattern segments. The horizontally polarized light emitted
by the source is absorbed by the vertical polarizer, forming
the black -on -white image of the energized pattern segments.
A white-on -black effect can be achieved by using two horizontal (or two vertical) polarizers. In this case, light in the
area of the energized pattern elements passes through both
polarizers while light in the surrounding area is absorbed. R -E
Reprinted from "Progress ", m copyright 1978
Fairchild Camera & Instrument Corp.

124

www.americanradiohistory.com

Radio - Electronics
Tests Lux
R -1120 Stereo AM/FM Rcivr

LEN FELDMAN
CONTRIBUTING

HI -FI

EDITOR

LUX AUDIO OF AMERICA, LTD., THE AMERICAN

subsidiary of Lux Corporation of Japan, has

labeled their three receivers as tuner- amplifiers in the advertising campaigns introducing
the products to the U.S. market. After three
years establishing its reputation as a maker of
top -quality separate components, the firm now
seeks to capture some of the high -volume sales
potential of the all -in -one receiver market.
The Luxman model R -1120 stereophonic
AM /FM receiver is shown in Fig. 1. It is clear
from this photo that Luxman receivers (all of
which bear a family resemblance) are not
merely carbon copies of other better -known
integrated units. The front panel contains a
large bronze -colored dial area opening camouflaging less-used controls and switches while
the most -used controls are neatly positioned
below them, creating a distinctly uncluttered
rich look.
Major controls are arranged along the bottom of the panel. They include an input
program selector switch (with two phono
settings, AM, FM and AUX); BASS and TREBLE
controls, which, when gently pulled forward,
offer alternate crossover or turnover frequencies; a large central tuning knob; dual- concentric volume /balance controls; and a SPEAKER
selector switch. The headphone jack is located
to the right of this last switch.
Secondary controls and switches blend neatly into the dark -colored area above the dial

scales. These controls include a Dolby FM

switch (active only if you purchase an optional
extra Dolby decoder board that plugs into the
chassis via an otherwise empty multiple -pin
connector), a tape- monitor switch, a tape selector switch (up to two tape decks can be
handled by the model R-1/20), a tape dubbing
switch (one -to-two or two-to -one), a mono/
stereo mode switch, a LOUDNESS switch, a
SUBSONIC switch, low- and high -cut filter
switches, a selector switch that governs the
sensitivity of two series of peak indicator
power switches and a main POWER on -off
switch.
Linear FM and AM dial scales positioned
just below these controls illuminate softly
when power is applied. Below the dial scales, at
the left, are indicator lights for the Dolby
switch and for stereo FM reception, plus illuminated signal- strength and center-of- channel
tuning meters. The lower right -hand side of
the dial area includes two symmetrically
placed groups of LED indicators, calibrated at
and 0 dB. The 0 -dB
-18, -15, -12, -9,
calibration corresponds either to the rated
power output of 120 watts (into 8 -ohm loads)
or, when the sensitivity button is depressed, to
an output of 7.5 watts. This arrangement

-6

extends the usefulness of the LED indicators

so that power output can be read instantaneously even when you listen at low levels
(down to 120 milliwatts -per- channel). An additional LED serves as a power -on indicator
and, when power is first applied, flashes
intermittently for a few seconds as voltage in

MANUFACTURER'S PUBLISHED SPECIFICATIONS

FM TUNER:
IHF Sensitivity: mono, 1.8 V (10.3 dBf); stereo, 4.0 AV (17.2 dBf). 50 -dB Quieting:
mono, 2.8 AV (14.1 dBf); stereo, 38, V (36.8 dBf). S/N Ratio: mono, 74 dB; stereo, 70
dB. Selectivity: 80 dB. Frequency Response: 20 Hz to 15 kHz, +0.2, -1.5 dB. Distortion: mono, 0.1% at 1 kHz, 0.3% at 6 kHz; stereo, 0.2% at 100 and 1000 Hz, 0.4% at 6
kHz. Capture Ratio: 1.3 dB. Image Rejection: 80 dB. IF Rejection: 85 dB. AM
Suppression: 55 dB. Stereo Separation: 48 dB at 1 kHz, 45 dB at 100 Hz, 42 dB at 10
kHz. Subcarrier Rejection: 60 dB. SCA Rejection: 60 dB.

AM TUNER:

Sensitivity: 200 MV- per -meter (internal antenna). Image Rejection: 75 dB. IF Rejection: 80 dB. S/N Ratio: 52 dB. THD: 0.5% (30% modulation). Selectivity: 32 dB.
AMPLIFIER & PREAMPLIFIER:
Power Output: 120 watts -continuous - per -channel into 8 -ohm loads, 20 Hz to 20 kHz.
Rated THD: 0.03%. Rated IM: 0.03 %. Frequency Response: 15 Hz to 60 kHz, 1.0 dB.
Residual Noise: 1.3 mV. Input Sensitivity: phono, 2.6 mV; high level, 160 mV. Phono
Overload: 160 mV. S/N Ratio: phono, 72 dB (94 dB referenced to 10 mV, A- weighted);
high level, 88 dB (95 dB referenced to full output, A- weighted). Bass Control Range:
6 dB or 11 dB at 100 Hz. Treble Control Range: 8 dB or 13 dB at 10 kHz.
High- and Low -Filter Cutoff Frequencies: subsonic, 15 Hz; low, 70 Hz; high, 7 kHz (all
at -12 dB per octave).
GENERAL:
Power Consumption: 500 watts maximum, 120 volts, 60 Hz. Dimensions:
73/32 H X 167/32 D. Weight: 37.4 lbs. net. Suggested Retail Price: $895.

195/,6 W X

the receiver become stabilized. The light remains continuously lit when this process is
completed, and only then is sound fed to the
speaker systems.
The rear panel of the model R -1120 is
shown in Fig. 2. Three sets of spring -loaded
speaker terminals are located to the left,

together with switched and unswitched convenience AC receptacles. Two sets of speaker
terminals are used for connecting two pairs of
conventional dynamic speaker systems, while
the third set of terminals is specifically for
connecting electrostatic wide -range speakers
that often require (or present) different amplifier impedances. Speaker -line fuses for each
channel are located below the three sets of
speaker terminals.
A metal grill in the center of the rear panel
covers and protects the four output transistors
that are mounted directly to projecting heat
sinks. In the right -hand section of the panel are
four antenna input terminals (for connection to
external AM, 75 -ohm and 300 -ohm FM antennas), a chassis ground terminal, two sets of
phono input terminals, auxiliary input terminals, two sets of tape input and output terminals and a DIN connector that parallels the
pin-jack tape -I terminals. An antenna attenuator switch is located in this area for use during
reception of overly strong incoming FM signals. A large AM ferrite -bar antenna can be
rotated away from the metal chassis surface
and oriented for best reception.
A wide variety of equipment can be connected to and used with the model R -1 I 20 receiver
(see Fig. 3). Rather surprisingly, there are no
jacks for separate operation of the two sections
of the receiver (preamplifier- out /main amplifier-in jacks), despite the emphasis Lux places
on the tuner /amplifier characteristics of this
receiver. There is no FM detector output jack
(for possible future use with four -channel FM
adapters) nor any jacks for connection to an
oscilloscope to observe multipath interference
and antenna orientation.

Circuit highlights
The preamplifier section of the model R-

/120 uses a three-stage, direct -coupled circuit

using PNP transistors, followed by a two -stage
direct- coupled voltage amplifier, a buffer stage
using NPN transistors and a two -stage direct coupled control amplifier section using PNP
devices. In the power amplifier section, a
difference amplifier using low -noise transistors

c-

m
co

125

www.americanradiohistory.com

ANTENNA

A SPEAKERS

SPEAKERS

drift. A constant
current -drive system loads the predriver
stages. A power limiter circuit protects the
output transistors from excessive current, and
a time -delay muting circuit safeguards the
suppresses any possible DC

DIPOLE INDOOR
B

300S2ANTENNA

75Q ANTENNA

speakers.
AM
OUTDOOR

ANTENNA

MOW

.1=1-

4.0
EI-

I-

A SPEAKERS
B

SPEAKERS

ELECTROSTATIC
SPEAKERS

AIM

The FM section uses a four -gang tuning

capacitor and a dual -gate MOSFET RF stage
in its front end. The IF section uses linear
phase ceramic filters to achieve sharp skirt
selectivity while maintaining adequate bandwidth for low distortion mono and stereo
reception. A quadrature detector /limiter circuit in the form of an IC is used to recover the
composite signal that is fed to a phase-lockedloop multiplex decoder IC stage, followed by
an IC low -pass filter that suppresses subcarrier
products. A modified form of AFC circuitry
that Lux terms its closed- lock -loop tuning
system locks received signals but, unlike conventional AFC circuits, is limited to a locking
range of only 100 kHz to prevent pulling in
adjacent strong -signal channels.
The AM tuner uses a three -gang tuning
capacitor and amplified AGC circuitry as well
as a ceramic filter in its IF section. The front panel signal- strength meter can be used both in
the

AM

and FM modes.

FM measurements
Table I summarizes FM tuner lab measurements made on the model R-1120. While the
receiver either equaled or exceeded most of the

ELECTROSTATIC
SPEAKERS

TABLE

RADIO -ELECTRONICS PRODUCT TEST REPORT

Manufacturer: Lux Audio of America, Ltd.

Model:

R -1120

FM PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENTS
SENSITIVITY, NOISE AND
FREEDOM FROM INTERFERENCE
IHF sensitivity, mono: (AV) (dBf)
Sensitivity, stereo (MV) (dBf)
50 -dB quieting signal, mono (AV) (dBf)
50 -dB quieting signal, stereo (AV) (dBf)
Maximum S/N ratio, mono (dB)
Maximum S/N ratio, stereo (dB)
Capture ratio (dB)
AM suppression (dB)
Image rejection (dB)
IF rejection (dB)
Spurious rejection (dB)
Alternate channel selectivity (dB)

R -E

Measurement

Evaluation
Excellent
Excellent
Very good
Very good
Excellent
Excellent

3.7 (16.6)
2.7 (13.8)
30 (34.8)
76
71

57
80
88
90
82

Very good
Good
Very good
Very good
Very good
Excellent

0.5
0.07
0.08
0.085
0.10
0.09
0.12
0.7
0.5

Excellent
Superb
Superb
Superb
Excellent
Excellent
Superb
Very good
Good

Stereo threshold (NV) (dBf)

Separation, 1 kHz (dB)
Separation, 100 Hz (dB)
Separation, 10 kHz (dB)

3.3 (15.6)
54
60
33

Excellent
Superb
Superb

MISCELLANEOUS MEASUREMENTS
Muting threshold (NV) (dBf)
Dial calibration accuracy ( kHz at MHz)

3.3 (15.6)
40 at 98

Excellent
Excellent

FIDELITY AND DISTORTION MEASUREMENTS

Frequency response, 50 Hz to 15 kHz ( dB)
Harmonic distortion, 1 kHz, mono ( %)
Harmonic distortion, 1 kHz, stereo ( %)
Harmonic distortion, 100 Hz, mono ( %)
Harmonic distortion, 100 Hz, stereo (%)
Harmonic distortion, 6 kHz, mono ( %)
Harmonic distortion, 6 kHz, stereo ( %)
Distortion at 50 -dB quieting, mono ( %)
Distortion at 50 -dB quieting, stereo ( %)

1.2

STEREO PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENTS

EVALUATION OF CONTROLS,
DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION
Control layout
Ease of tuning
Accuracy of meters or other tuning aids
Usefulness of other controls
Construction and internal layout
Ease of servicing
Evaluation of extra features, if any
OVERALL FM PERFORMANCE RATING

kHz.
Figure 4 is a sweep -frequency analysis of
FM audio response (including 75 -s deemphasis) of a desired output signal (shown in
10

R -E

1.7 (9.8)

published specifications, particularly noteworthy were the incredibly low harmonic distortion figures that were obtained in both mono
and stereo modes and the unusually high stereo
FM separation figures obtained at 100 Hz and

Good

Superb
Very good

Excellent
Excellent
Very good
Good
Very good

Excellent

www.americanradiohistory.com

the upper trace) and an undesired opposite channel output signal, which confirms higher
separation at low audio frequencies. Note, too,
the steep filtering action at 19 kHz that virtually eliminates any high- frequency subcarrier
output signals at the output of the tuner or of
the complete receiver. The AM suppression
ratio was less impressive. Although this figure
was better than specified, it seemed rather low
for a set of this quality and price. Stereo
threshold, sensitivity and overall muting
threshold were ideally set by the factory to
provide the best possible results in mono and
stereo.
Table II summarizes amplifier and preamplifier performance, and a comparison with the
manufacturer's published specifications shown
elsewhere in this report shows that the amplifier is very conservatively rated.
Both the available phono inputs have identical input sensitivities (2.8 mV) and identically high overload capabilities (200 mV as

compared with the 160 mV claimed). While

we prefer to measure signal -to -noise ratios
based upon rated input sensitivities, it should
be noted that if the reported 75 -dB figure were
referred to a 10 -mV input, it would be equivalent to 87 dB-still without the benefit of any
weighting curve. RIAA equalization was
found to be accurate to within 0.2 dB from 30
Hz to 15 kHz.
Figure 5 is a scope photo showing the range
of control of the BASS and TREBLE controls.
With the control knobs in their depressed or
normal positions, turnover frequencies are 200
Hz and IO kHz; with the control knobs pulled
out, the turnover frequencies shift to 400 Hz
(for the BASS control) and 2 kHz (for the
TREBLE control) for additional tone -control
flexibility. In Fig. 6, it is not possible to
observe the action of the steep subsonic filter
since it begins to roll off well below the 20 -Hz

TABLE II
RADIO -ELECTRONICS PRODUCT TEST REPORT
Manufacturer: Lux Audio of America, Ltd.
R -E

POWER OUTPUT CAPABILITY

RMS power /channel, 8 -ohms, 1 kHz (watts)
RMS power /channel, 8 -ohms, 20 Hz (watts)
RMS power /channel, 8 -ohms, 20 kHz (watts)
RMS power /channel, 4 -ohms, 1 kHz (watts)
RMS power /channel, 4 -ohms, 20 Hz (watts)
RMS power /channel, 4 -ohms, 20 kHz (watts)
Frequency limits for rated output (Hz -kHz)

DISTORTION MEASUREMENTS
Harmonic distortion at rated output,

kHz ( %)

Intermodulation distortion, rated output ( %)

Harmonic distortion at 1 -watt output, 1 kHz ( %)
Intermodulation distortion at -watt output ( %)
1

HIGH LEVEL INPUT MEASUREMENTS

Frequency response (Hz -kHz, dB)
Hum /noise referred to full output (dB)
Residual hum /noise (minimum volume) (dB)

TONAL COMPENSATION MEASUREMENTS

Action of bass and treble controls
Action of secondary tone controls
Action of low frequency filter(s)
Action of high frequency filter(s)

lower limit of the spectrum analyzer's log

sweep range. The 12 dB- per -octave roll -off of
the low-cut and high -cut filters is shown clearly in Fig. 6, however, and the -3 -dB cutoff
points correspond closely to the 70 -Hz and 7kHz frequencies specified by Lux.

Summary
In order to arrive at the summary conclusions in Table Ill (along with our over:ill

R -1120

COMPONENT MATCHING MEASUREMENTS

Input sensitivity, phono 1 /phono 2 (mV)
Input sensitivity, auxiliary input(s) (mV)
Input sensitivity, tape input(s) (mV)
Output level, tape output(s) (mV)
Output level, headphone jack(s) (V or mW)

-E

137
130
130

Evaluation
Excellent
Superb
Excellent

N/A
N/A
N/A
13 -23

Very good

Measurement

Superb

0.0095
0.025
0.03
0.02

Good
Good
Very good

40

Very good

0.2
200

Excellent
Excellent

75

Excellent

8 -44, 1.0

Very good

95
97

Very good

DAMPING FACTOR, AT 8 OHMS

PHONO PREAMPLIFIER MEASUREMENTS
Frequency response (RIAA dB)
Maximum input before overload (mV)
Hum /noise referred to full output (dB)
(at rated input sensitivity)

Model:

AMPLIFIER PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENTS

See Fig. 5
See Fig. 6
See Fig. 6

Excellent

Excellent
N/A
Excellent
Very good

2.8/2.8
175
175
175
460 mV /8 ohms

EVALUATION OF CONTROLS,
CONSTRUCTION AND DESIGN
Adequacy of program source and monitor switching
Adequacy of input facilities
Arrangement of controls (panel layout)
Action of controls and switches
Design and construction
Ease of servicing
OVERALL AMPLIFIER PERFORMANCE RATING

Excellent
Very good

Superb
Very good
Very good
Good

Excellent

TABLE III
OVERALL PRODUCT ANALYSIS

product evaluations), we listened to a great

deal of recorded and broadcast material using
the model R -1120. More than one pair of
speakers was used so that we could characterize the sound produced by the receiver itself
rather than judge the sound reproduction solely on the basis of the speakers used. Our experience with conventional dynamic speakers
(both low- and high -efficiency types) leads us
to believe that serious audiophiles will be
willing to pay just a bit more for Lux equipment. As far as power output is concerned,
very few- loudspeakthere are only a few
ers that would ever demand more power than
that provided by the model R -1120 in any
home listening situation. If, as Lux's brochures
maintain, their engineers spend as much time
listening as they do designing circuits, then the
extra effort has paid off in the model R -1120.

-a

$895
Retail price
High
Price category
Good
Price /performance ratio
Excellent
Styling and appearance
Superb
Sound quality
Very good
Mechanical performance
Comments: The Lux Corporation's emphasis on listening quality (as opposed to just power output
and measurable specifications) is as evident in this, their most powerful receiver, as it
is in their separate components. The model R -1120 sounds good -and its audible
superiority is evident even if you connect relatively inexpensive loudspeakers
(although its true potential is best realized when accurate-sounding, more costly
speakers are used with it). A good deal of human engineering has obviously gone into
the layout, and all controls have been positioned for the easiest, most logical operation. The idea of a separately available Dolby decoder board makes good sense, since
many areas do not as yet have Dolby FM broadcasts and to have penalized all
purchasers of the receiver with the added built -in cost of a Dolby decoder would have
been unfair. Lux's description of this receiver (as well as of their lower- powered, lower priced models R -1050 and R -1040) as a tuner /amplifier is justified in some ways and
not in others. The implication is, of course, that the unit offers the same sort of
reproduction provided by a separate tuner and amplifier. The model R -1120 does just
that. However, the absence of separate access to its preamplifier output and its main
amplifier inputs (a feature found on many less-costly receivers) limits its flexibility to
that of an all -in -one integrated receiver. Like other Lux products we have seen, the
receiver cannot be judged on power output alone, for if so its price would be on the
high side. This component must be seen and heard at a properly equipped audio shop,
with a bit of hands -on operation. There is a sense of handcrafted detail about this
receiver that offers positive aesthetic advantages but also makes for a slightly
crowded internal layout that is not the easiest to service. Still, if superb sound in an all in-one receiver is what you crave and 120 -watts -per -channel plus are what you need to
drive your speakers, the model R -1120 may well be for you.

R -E

www.americanradiohistory.com

Electronic Warning Flasher Kit

This batte,y npe,aterl derive rnntr nuously
emits bursts of intense light. Great safety -`,
for

!R
'7

device
bicycle riders, skiers, hikers,
boaters & campers. Comes complete w/ all
electronic parts, quality glass -epoxy P -C
board & easy to understand instructions.
Uses high-output xenon flash tube which
lashes 2 times per second when batteries
are fresh. Operates continuously for 12
hours on 2 alkaline "C" batteries. You
need only to supply the batteries and, if C23207
esired, a battery holder & case.
3 for $18.00

''.Rv`;1-

56.95

Strobe Light Kit

61IV

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bp,

TRIGGER

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n,Or...L.

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5100

20

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200 VOLT

1,

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pelt.

14 "

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SHUTTER

Electronic Flash Unit

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51.00

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2
penlight shutters
ou need
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holder
batteries.
if dosrued,
some sort
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overall
3oit hoard, preflector &
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Of c
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PHOTOfLRIH CAPI
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'.htai rn.ar.
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electronics

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1303) 973 -1052

unique! ems

All Are Brand New

In Or Under Dash

Reg.

tvlounts

12 VDC

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PUSHBUTTON
AM AUTO RADIO

899

PLANS & KITS

CONSTRUCTION plans; over 100. From TV to
telephone, from broadcasting to computers. Catalog air mailed $1.00; includes year's subscription to Electronic Newsletter. DON BRITTON
ENTERPRISES, PO Box G, Waikiki, HI 96815
MINI -laser plans $1.00. Science project catalog
256. MOTEN, 323 S. Franklin, #804, Chicago, II
60606

EDUCATION & INSTRUCTION

HOBBYIST give your project the professional

look. Printed circuit boards from your sketch or
artwork. Affordable prices. Also fur kit projects.
Rush free details. DANOCINTHS, Box 261, Westland, MI 48185

GRANTHAM's FCC License Study Guide -377

pages, 1465 questions with answers /discussions -covering third, second, first radiotelephone examinations. $13.45 postpaid. GSE PUBLICATIONS, 2000 Stoner, Los Angeles, CA
90025

MANUALS for Govt. surplus radios, test sets,

scopes. List 506 (coin). BOOKS, 7218 Roanne
Drive, Washington, D.C. 20021

UNIVERSITY degrees by mail! Bachelors, Masters, Ph.D's

Free revealing details. COUNSELING, Box 317 -RE6 Tustin, CA 92680
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STEREO PLAYER
.

J9

*Enjoy Your

Music In
AU-42e Van. Etc

24111

Adapt. 117V to 6, 7.58 9VDC. BA -159

Gutter Mount Antenna. AA -929
CB Trunk Mount Antenna. AA -999
"Message Minder" Tape Recorder. As -Is. RA -731
"Bib" Groove Klean Record Cleaner. HF -604
500' Hook -Up Wire Kit. WW -579
Cassette Tape. Pkg of 3 -30 Minute TA -819
8-Track Tape. 40 Minute TA-901
Earphones. 8 Ohm, Less Cord Pkg of 4 PHJ05
Singer 12 Digit MOS Calculator Chip Wrth Data 5M-635
Ceramic Capacitors, Pkg of 100 CC -111
RED LED.2 Volt, 10mA Pkg of 5 PL -133
AC

CB

7D9 High Gain OP AMP RE -131

Car

3.99
6.99
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7.99

To run your own classified ed, put one word on each of the lines below and send this form along with your check
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49t
49t
119
00

15.00

59e
194

Cassette Laplel Mike. 3 5mm Plug MM- 174

Slidemount For Auto Stereo or CB AU- 149
6 to 12 Volt DC Converter. 6V Acc On 11V Batt

LINEAR Amplifier: Ham only 2 -30 MHz, 100

watt, solid- state. Frequency Counter: 300 MHz,
miniportable /mobile, memory! VOX- Compressor: Splatter-free modulation booster. Construction plans $3.00 each. All $7.50! Kits, others,
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42.00

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45.00

electronics
260 S. Forge St.
Dept. LC Akron, Ohio 44327

NAME
ADDRESS
CITY
Oty.

Stk. k

STATE

Z P
Description Price Ea. Total

ease
Send
Catalog
UrP

51

SI

Phone orders are welcome_

BOX 27038, DENVER, CO. 80227 Ph

Sp

C Minimum order $5.00

Please Include $1 for postage
Visa. MC and COD accepted.

CHANEY
Of

ar
I

L1

2.00;

2.00

t,e

//)

C23280

strobe rubes,

,,,,,e

520 rnf 500V 200

ssoememnf

REFLECTOR

^in

720 mf 360V 1.50

222967

Brand nn,s

...

`.

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working day.

28 ASA 25

bt

erfe

com itted

market
center

HOHEYWEl
n11DRE '

MICRO- MINIATURE

LASCR
'

\\

i/

ASSORTMENT

''' nr

51.25

SPECS

bfor $109

so._.
QUID
RYSTAL
ATCH DISPLAY

rorn

Green Neon

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This new instrument has taken a giant step in

front of the multitude of counters now available.
The Opto- 8000.1 boasts a combination of features and specifications not found in units costing several times its price. Accuracy of 0.1

PPM or better
with a
Guaranteed
factory- adjusted, sealed TCXO (Temperature
Compensated Xtal Oscillator). Even kits require no adjustment for guaranteed accuracy! Built -in, selectable -step attenuator, rugged and attractive, black anodized aluminum
case (.090" thick aluminum) with tilt bal. 50
Ohm and Megohm inputs, both with amplifier
circuits for super sensitivity and both
diode /overload protected. Front panel includes "Lead Zero Blanking Control" and a
gate period indicator LED. AC and DC
power cords with plugs included.
1

SPECIFICATIONS:
Time Base -TCXO -0.1 PPM GUARANTEED!
Frequency Range -10 Hz to 600 MHz
Resolution -1 Hz to 60 MHz; 10 Hz to 600 MHz
Decimal Point -Automatic
All IC's socketed (kits and factory- wired)
Display
digit LED
Gate Tmes -1 second and 1/10 second
Selectable Input Attenuation -X1, X10, X100
Input Connectors Type -BNC
Approximate Size
"h x 71/2 "w x 61/2"d

-8

-3

Approximate Weight -21/2 pounds

Cabinet -black anodized aluminum (.090" thickness)
Input Power
-15 VDC, 115 VAC 50/60 Hz
or internal batteries
OPTO- 8000.1 Factory Wired
OPTO- 8000.1K Kit

-9

$299.95
$249.95

ACCESSORIES:
Battery -Pack Option-Internal Ni -Cad Batteries and charging unit
$19.95
Probes:

P- 100
P- 101

-DC Probe, may also be used with scope $13.95

-LO-Pass Probe, very useful at audio frequencies

P- 102 -High

usage

$16.95
Impedence Probe, ideal general purpose
$16.95

VHF RF Pick -Up Antenna -Rubber Duck w /BNC #Duck -4H $12.50
Right Angle BNC adapter #RA -BNC $ 2.95
FC -50

Opto -8000 Conversion Kits:

Owners of FC -50 counters with #PSL -650 Prescaler can use
this kit to convert their units to the Opto -8000 style case, including most of the features.
Kit $59.95
FC -50
Opto -8000
*FC -50
Factory Update $99.95
Opto -8000F
FC -50
Kit $109.95
Opto-8000.1 (w /TCXO)
*FC -50
Factory Update $149.95
Opto- 8000.1F
*Units returned for factory update must be completely assembled and operational

---

OPTOELECTRONICS, INC.
5821 NE 14 Avenue
Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33334

Phones: (305) 771 -2050

Phone orders accepted

TERMS: Orders to U.S. and Canada, add 5% to maximum of $10.00 per order
for shipping, handling and insurance. To all other countries, add 10 of total or-

771 -2051

der. Florida residents add 4% state tax. C.O.D. fee: $1.00. Personal checks must
clear before merchandise is shipped.

days, until 7 p.m.

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129

BEST BUYS

OUR BEST SELLER:

ECONORAM II'"

TELEPHONE bugged? Don't be Watergated!

Countermeasures brochure $1.00. NEGEYE LABORATORIES, Box 547-RE, Pennsboro, WV
26415

NEW!

16K ECONORAM

S -100

compatible 8K x 8 in a cast- effective

package. All lines buffered, fast, low power, unique
configuration as two 4K blocks, handles DMA, and
many other features ... packed on a Figh quality
board and using high quality parts (all sockets included). Totally static design.
See the 1/78 issue of Kilobaud for an in -depth

KIT

IVT"

S -100

compatible 16K x 8 memory. Static design,

current under 2000 mA, manual write protect switches for 4K blocks, can be used with or without phan
tom line
and it actually costs less than dynamic
equivalent,'

F.C.C. EXAM MANUAL

PASS

Memorize, study -Test,

EXAMS!

Ist and 2nd dass Radio-

FCC

telephone licenses. Newly revised multiple

rhoire questions and diegrams cover all
areas tested in FCC exams, plus Self.Study
Ability Test. 59.95 postpaid. Money
back guarantee.

evaluation, or send SASE to "KB Reprint" and we'll

send you a copy ... or better yet, talk tc somebody
who owns one.

Klt: 8135.00;

FCC

Answers for

kits: 8375.00;
Assembled: $155.00
3

COMMAND PRODUCTIONS
RADIO ENGINEERING.DIV.

COMING SOON:
24K ECONORAM VII'" KIT

WIN an electronics workshop! Plus Instant prizes!

R.T.T.'s new accelerated radio & TV course.
RADIO TELEVISION TRAINING, P.O. Box 279 R68, Syracuse, NY 13206

...

Just around the corner for the S -100 buss

we
you'll like it. All the regular features of our static
conorams, plus some extras. It's static, it's 24K, it's
an Econoram ... watch for it!
v mk

P. 0 BOX 26348 E
SAN FRANCISCO, (AL. 94126

BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES

H8 COMPATIBLE
ECONORAM VI'" KIT

CABLE FM STATION. No experience required,

excellent spare -time income, others operate for
you. Details free. BROADCASTING, Box 5516
F6, Walnut Creek, CA 94596

PLUG FROM BILL:

There's more to life than computers... like

Craig Anderton, noted author and designer of our Muslkit prod,

ctsmusic

has produced a cassette tape of original music that is distributed by

our friends at PAIA Electronics f 1020 W. Wilshire. Oklahoma City, OK
73116: 56.45 piss) In addition to hearing our Musik its In action, you get
to hear some really good modern music. We like it
you probably will
,

12Kx8 for the H8, with the same features that

have made Econoram the name in E -100 buss
memory. Static design, buffering, plus all sockets and
bypass caps are already soldered in place so you can
get right into the best part of kit building.

tiro.

HIGHLY
PROFITABLE

TERMS:

Please allow up to 5% for shipping; excess refunded. Calitor

Mans add tar. COD orders accepted with street address for LIPS. For

Klt form: 8235.00

ONE-MAN
FACTORY

ELECTRONIC

VISA'7Mastercharger'
orders call our 24 hour order desk at
(415) 562.0636. Prices good through cover month of magazine.

Investment unnecessary, knowledge not required, sales handled by professionals. Ideal

home business. Write today for facts!
Postcard will do. Barta -RE -F, Box 248,
Walnut Creek, CA 94597.

These are just a few of the items we carry for the corm
puter enthusiast. We also stock a broad line of semiconductors, passive
components, and hobbyist items. We will gladly send you a flyer describ.
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GODBOUT ELECTRONICS
BOX 2355, OAKLAND AIRPORT. CA 94614
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UNIVERSAL 4Kx8 MEMORY BOARD KIT
1

EXPANDABLE F8 CPU BOARD KIT

$99.00

41

2'.51:

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2N6233 NPN SWITCHING POWER $ 1.95

MRF8004 a CB RF Transistor NPN $ 1.50
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TCIa 54.50
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68UF15V

.28

7a05138

740505
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7405139
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740511
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al

70
70
0
70
70
70
72

1.20

65
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75
75

65

1.05
I. 70
1.85
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as
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44

74

5157

L515
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70L5160

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74L521

26

741522

26

7405163

740526

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7a1S168
74LS169
74LS110
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79
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7a1.527
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70L540

74LSa2
74L547

74L551
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740574

95
35
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7a0s76

88
85
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85

LS162

10

Ia L566
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55
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560

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585
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1056
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7aL5258
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7,05368

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MC14683

100
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600

10A

40

70

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110

1.70

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25
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0.83046
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140
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2.50

250
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LM307
LM 308
LM 311
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80
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50

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ALLO MINIATURE TOGGLE SWITCHES

MIS SE

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DATA CASSETTES
$1.25
ir .156" Connector
$2.20
MM 53B7AA new clock chip which will directly

51 00

35V 4 51 00
15V 51$1,00

7405126
7405132
7405136

44 Pin Solder Ta

7U

10v
5 .25
25V
5 40
35V 3/51,00
6V
5/$1.00
47170 20V
$ .35

.21
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10F
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MTA 106 SPOT

MTA 206 DPDT
MTA 206 P -DPDT CENTER OFF
MSD 206 P'DPDT CENTER OFF
LEVER SWITCH...

16 PIN

68uF 35V 451 00

5
00
5 51 00

55100
55100

22UF 20V5

30

91

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PIN .22 24 PIN .40

28 PIN .50
40 PIN 60
18 PIN 30
B

14 PIN 25

10 WATTS
20 WATTS
50 WATTS.

G
G
G

tuF 35V

cc

130

43.00

SHUT 35V

5 5

drive LED's 12/24 hrs., supply & alarm $5.95

NO. 24 8 CONDUCTOR SPECTRA FLAT
CABLE
10' $1.50
100' 513.50
NO. 30 WIRE WRAP WIRE SINGLE
STRAND
100' $1.40

.4V at 500 ma 54.00

RS232

REDICON 1024
6',9ade" shift register.
SAD 1024

IN4148IfIn141

SILICON SOLAR CELLS

214" diameter

Si

RED, YELLOW GREEN or AMBER

LARGE LED's .2"
t: R
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105 Si
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ea S .60
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18 or 22V
ea S .25
MC6860 MODEM CHIP
S9.95
MCM 657'A 7 x 9 character gen ... 510.75

CTS 206.8 eight position dip switch

2.00

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SANKEN AUDIO POWER AMPS

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8080A......................-....................

VERIPAX

55

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e2523

1.25

22F 35V
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tool used
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C :R.iM.

to wrap. unwrao & shut,

39
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16

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(DIODE CLAMPED)

4012
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100
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TRANSISTOR SPEC ALS

PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD

S69.95
2102
fully bull,,,ed, 16 address lines, on
board decoding for any 4 of 64 pages, standard
44 pin buss, may be used with F -8 & KIM
12

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139.95
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110 CMOS Digital IC P-ojects
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25.95
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375.00
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IS OUR GUARANTEE YOUR COMPLETE SATISFACTION IS OUR GUARANTEE YOUR COMPLETE SATISFACTION IS OUR GUARANTEE
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no purchase obligations; newsletter; discount dividend certificates; 100% guarantees. Free details. DISCOUNT MUSIC CLUB, 650 Main St.,
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FOR SALE
FREE catalog. IC's, Semi's. CORONET ELECTRONICS, 649A Notre Dame W., Montreal, Que.,
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RECONDITIONED test equipment. $0.50 for catalog. WALTER'S TEST EQUIPMENT, 2697 Nickel, San Pablo, CA 94806
LOGIC

VERSATILE

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XI6 WORDS

PICTURE TUBE MACHINE

ORGAN

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COMPUTER, peripheral, technical reports; project supplies; kits. Send $1 for THE CPU HOBBYIST, Box 738 -RE, College Park, MD 20740

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sitivity

SUPER- SLEUTH AMPLIFIER

A super -sensitive amplifier which will
pick up a pin drop at 15 feet! Great
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watts of output, runs on 6 to 12 volt,,
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COLOR ORGAWMUSIC LIGHTS

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TONE DECODER KIT
A complete tone decoder
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Complete Kit, TD-1
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LED SLINKY KIT
A great attention getter which alternately flaehes,Z Jumbo LEDs. Use for
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Complete Kit, BL-1.
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POWER SUPPLY KIT
Complete triple regulated power supPly provides variable -115 volts at 200
mA and 5 volts at 1 Amp. 60 mV
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Complete Kit, PSr3LT
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SIREN KIT
Produces upward and downward wall
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presacle

Display: 8 digit red LED .4 "height

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Input: BNC, megohm direct, 50 Ohm with
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Power: 110 V ac 5 Watts or 12 V dc @ 300 -400 ma
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1

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Compete Kit, VD-1

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CT 50,60 MHz Counter Kit

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CT -50 wt 60 MHz Counter wired & Tested
$159.95
CT -600, 600 MHz prescaler option for CT -50, add.. $29.95

on rer n LE R

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feeds, rev. line feeds, home, returns cursor. Also clears

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emory,
co purer a d keyboara
cur
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tool, power -on type,uzation,
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puter control backspaces, forward spaces, line
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DC -9

TV TYPEWRITER KIT
A Lo

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P

59 .95

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VIDEO MODULATOR KIT

Converts any TV to video Monitor,
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less

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SIX DIGIT
12/24 HOUR
CLOCK KIT

'"

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FM WIRELESS
KIT
Transmit
to r300'
any
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any type of
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FM -1
FM
52.95
-2 $495

Iris.: alalhmiss

This counter

jIIIil1L4D0'

u,

installation surplus shipped from stock. Unbelievable prices on connectors, wall plates,
splitters, transformers, amplifiers, etc. Write
for free catalogue. Order now & compare.
TASCO. PO Box 30143 Houston Tex 77009

this the

LARGEST SELLING
IOW COSt COUNTER KIT?

5872 Amapola Dr.

San Jose, CA 95129

(718) 271.8487

CIRCLE 39 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

www.americanradiohistory.com

NEGATIVE ION GENERATOR

Scientists have long known that negative ions can be beneficial to

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Oulpal 9 s 10 Wns/sec.

REALEM

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WANTED

Weight

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14" a 8"
pounds

GOLDEN ENTERPRISES
P.O.

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(Please send $1.00 for fascinating details)

TUBES, receiving and Industrial, semiconductors, factory boxed, low prices, free price list.
TRANSLETERONIC INC., 1365
39th Street,
Brooklyn, NY 11218 212 -633 -2800

NO -ETCH

Duplicate or make additions to,

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or wire wrap breadboards.
Complete set of (3) tools IP6003
$25.00 ppd. A.F. Stahler Co.,
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95014 (408) 252 -4219.
-

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AVAILABLE NOW!

ONLY S5.90

JAPANESE TRANSISTOR SUBSTITUTION MANUAL

An

MAY SPECIAL

ORDER NOW
LIMITED Q'IY

invaluable Japanese to Japanese

substitution guide for appromixately

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Covers the 2SA, 2SB, 2SC, and

2SC1306
2SC1307

2SD series.

TA7205P

Introduction includes a guide

to understanding Japanese
transistors.
A 90 -page, 814" by
cover book.

11

$1.90
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", soft

Seeking Original Japanese Replacement Parts for CB, TV and Stereo Repair Use?
2SA

2SA 744
,59
.59

25A 49
2SA
2SA
2SA
2SA
2SA
2SA
2SA

52
53
70

.59

102

1.10
.45
.59

234
235

.59
1.00

25A 240

.90

2SA 329
25A 342
2SA 353
2SA 377
2SA 440
2SA 473

.70

2.00
.90
.70

25A 483

3.00

484
485
489

2.50
2.00
1.60

490
25A 493
2SA 495

.90

2SA
2SA
2SA
2SA

2SA
2SA
2SA
2SA
2SA
2SA
2SA

101

.90
.70

.59
.45
1.10
1.60
1.20
.70

496
497
505
509
525
530

2.25

545

.59
.59

561

.59

562

.59
.59
1.10

2SA 566
2SA 606
25A 607

3.40
1.60
1.60
1.10

25A 624

3.60

627
628
634
640
643
653
659
661
663
666
672
673
678

.59
.70
.59
.70
2.80
.59
.70

4.90
.70
.70
.70
.70

2SA 680
SUB 2SA 744
682
683
684
695
691

699A

25A 705
2SA
2SA
2SA
2SA
2SA
2SA
2SA
2SA
2SA
2SA
2SA

2SA
2SA
2SA
2SA
2SA
2SA
2SA
2SA
2SA

818
839
841
844
847
850

872A
885
908

25A 913

25B 22
2SB 54
2SB 55
2SB 75
2SB 77

1.00
.59
1.60
3.70
5.80
4.40
.59
1.00
1.00
.70
1.40
1.90
1.00
.70
1.30
2.15
.59
.59
.59
.59
.59
.70
11.00
1.20

721

.59

2SB 507

725
726
733
738
740

.59
.59
.59
.70
2.65
1.60

2S8 509

2S8 523
2SB 526C

1.00
1.60
1.60
1.10
1.90
1.00
1.30

2SB 527

1.60

2SB 511

258 514

-------

25C 710
2SC 711
2SC 712
2SC 717
2SC 727

25C 730
2SC 731
2SC 732
2SC 733
2SC 734

.59
.59
.59

2SC 735

2SC 773
2SC 775

2SC 394

.90
.59
.59
.45
.45
.59
.70
.59
.59
.59
.90
.59
1.00
.59

2SC 403
2SC 430

.59
.90

2SC 454
2SC 458

.59
.59
.59
.59

2SC 353A
2SC 367
2SC 369

2SC 377
2SC 380
2SC 381

2SC 382
2SC 383
2SC 387A
2SC

388A

2SC 460
2SC 461
2SC 478
2SC 481
2SC 482
2SC 464

.59
.59

2SC 738
2SC 756

2.50
2.50

.59

2SB 471

2SC 708

2SC 352A

2SB 303

-258 440
2SB 449
2S8 461
2SB 463

2SC 696

2SC 756A

2SB 202
2SB 220

258 435

2SC 6939

SUB 2SC 458

2SC 284
1.20
2SC 317
1.20

2SC 374

.59
1.20
1.40
1.00
1.60
1.20
1.20
1.60
2.80
1.20
1.00
1.20

2SC 684

2SC 283

2SC 373

.70
2SB 337
1.60
2SB 346
.70
2SB 367
1.50
25B 368
2.15
2SB 379
1.10
2SB 381
SUB 258 415
2SB 400
.59
2SB 105
.59
2S8 407
1.40
258 411
DISC. BY MFR.

2SC 681A

2SC

.45
.45
.70
.45
.45
1.60
.70

256 324

2SC 650
2SC 665H
2SC 668
2SC 680

7.00

2SC 183
2SC 184
2SC. 281

.45

2SB 434

.59

2SB 600A

5.90
.45
.70
1.30
8.50
.45
2.80
5.80
1.10
.59
1.95
1.90
.45
.45
.59
.59
1.90
4.40
5.80
.59
.59
.59

2SC 644
2SC 645

SUB 2SB 507

.45

2SB 176
2SB 178
2SB 186

2SC 642A

2SB 596

2S8 175

2S8 415
1.50
.70
.70
.70
.70
.90
.10
1.60
1.40

.59
.59
.59
.45

2S8 5280
1.60
2S8 529
.90
2SB 530
SUB 2SB 541
2SB 531
3.40
2SB 536
1.60
2SB 537
1.60
256 539
4.90
2SB 541
4.40
258 554
10.00
2SB 556
4.90
2SB 557
3.40
2S8 56113
.70
2SB 564
.70
2SB 566
2.80
1.90
25B 595

2SB 173

.59

743A

5.80

2SC 371
2SC 372

2S8 472
2SB 473
258 474
2S8 481
256 492

706
715
719
720

4.90
4.90

2S8

.2SB 187

2SA 679
SUB 2SA 744

2SA
2SA
2SA
2SA
2SA
2SA

25A 815
26A 816

.70

564A
25A 565

2SA
2SA
2SA
2SA
2SA
2SA
2SA
2SA
2SA
2SA
2SA
2SA
2SA

2SA 747
2SA 748
2SA 750
2SA 755
2SA 156
2SA 758
2SA 764
2SA 774
2SA 777
2SA 794A
2SA 198
2SA 810
2SA 814

1.30

537A
2SA 539
2SA
2SA
2SA
2SA

2SA 7459

2.80
3.00
.59
.45
.70
2.00

2SC 763
2SC 772
2SC 774

2SC 776
2SC 777
2SC 778
2SC 781
2SC 783R

2SC 784

2SC 799

2SC
2SC
2SC

1.10
1.60
1.50

25C
2SC
2SC
2SC
2SC
2SC
2SC
2SC
2SC
2SC

486
493
495
497
509
515A
517
535
536
537

2SC 538A
2SC 562
2SC 563
2SC 605
2SC 619
2SC 620
2SC 627
2SC 631
2SC 632A

2SC 634A

1.60
3.90

90
1.60
.70
1.40
3.95
.59
.59

2SC 1116A

25C 1124
2SC 1127
2SC 1161
2SC 1162

2SC 1166
2SC 1167
2SC 1170B
2SC 11728
2SC 1173
2SC 1175
2SC 1177

2SC 1189
2SC 1209

5.90
.59
.59

2SC 1215
2SC 1222

25C 1330
2SC 1335
2SC 1342
2SC 1344
2SC 13450
2SC 1346

2SC 1347
2SC 1358
2SC 1359

2SC 897

3.40
4.40

2SC 930
2SC 941
2SC 943
2SC 945
2SC 959
2SC 971

,59

2SC 984

.45
1.50
1.00
.90
1.00
.90

.70
.70
1.10
.70
.59
.59

2SC 994
2SC 996

3.90
3.40

2.25
.90
.45
.59

2SC 1017
2SC 1018

2SC 982
2SC 983

2SC 1000BL

.59

2SC 1012

1.50
1.10
1.10

2SC 1013
2SC 1014

1.40
1.20
2.80
.70

2SC 1030C
2SC 1047

_---------- ------- ---- --

1.30
1.40
1.90
1.10
.59

6.60
6.60
8.50
.90
.90
14.00
1.20

1.40
.70

.59
.59

.45
.45
.59
.70

3.70
4.40
4.90
6.60

2SC 1212A
2SC 1213

4.25

.45

1.00
1.10
3.4U

2SC 12110

2SC
2SC 871

2SC 923
2SC 929

5.90
4.40

.70
.59

2SC 1327

,45
,45

2SC 898

1.60

2SC 1114
2SC 1115
2SC 1116

2SC 1325A

$u 2SC 485
2SC 485

2SC 1111

25C 1239
2SC 1279
25C 1306
2SC 1307
2SC 1310
2SC 1312
2SC 1313G
2SC 1317
2SC 1318

.59

815
828
829
830H
838
839
867
870

2SC 1079
2SC 1080
2SC 1096
2SC 1098

3.50
3.60
2.65
3.60

2SC 802
SUB 2SC 799
2SC
2SC
2SC
2SC

1.40
1.40

2SC 1061

2SC 1226A
2SC 1237

2.80
3.60

2SC 793

4.49

2SC 1060

1.95
2.65

.59
.59
1.00

2SC 785
2SC 789

2SC 1051

2SC 1360
2SC 1362
2SC 1364
2SC 1377
25C 1383
2SC 1384
2SC,1396
2SC 1398
2SC 1400
25C 1402
2SC 1403
2SC 1407
2SC 1419
2SC 1444
2SC 1447
2SC 1448
2SC 1449
2SC 1451
2SC 1452
2SC 1475
2SC 14785
2SC 1509
2SC 1567
2SC 1567A

.70
.45

.90
4.25
3.90
.70
3.90

4.90
.59
.59
.59
.45
.45
7.60
.59
.70
.70
.59
.59
.59
.70
.70
5.90
.5
1.00
,59
.70

4.90
.59
.59
.70
1.10
.59

4.90
4.90
.90
1.10
2.80
1.60
1.60
1.00
2 P5

1.60
1.40
.70
1.10
1.10
1.10

2SC 1569
2SC 1584

1.40

8.50
7.60
1.30
1.10
1.30

2SC 1586
2SC 1624
2SC 1626
2SC 1628
2SC 1647
2SC 1669

1.00
1.60
.59
.59
2.25
4.25
.70
.45
.59
.70

2SC 1674

2SC 1675
2SC 1678
2SC 1679
2SC 1681
2SC 1682

2S0 1684
2SC 1681
2SC 1688
2SC 1108
2SC 1128
2SC 1730
2SC 1756
2SC 1760
2SC 1765
2SC 1775
2SC 1816
2SC 1846
250 1885
2SC 1908
2SC 1909
2SC 1913
2SC 1945

.70
.59
1.90
.59
1.40
1.90
8.80
.45
3.90
.70
.70
.59
3.90
1.20
5.60
1.10
1.20
4.90
1.10
1.90
4.40
.90
3.90
.59
2.80
3.90
4.90

2SC 1951
2SC 1957
2SC 1969
2SC 1973
2SC 1974

250 1975
2SC 2028
2SC 2029
2SC 2076
25C 2091
2SC 2092
2SC 2098

250
250 16
280 28
250 72

5.90
2.50
1.10

2S0 75

240 187

SUB

250 77
250 81
250 90

.90

3.00
1.60
1.60
1.90
2.80

2S0 91
250 92
250 93
2S0 118
2S0 130
2S0 141
2S0 142
250 143
2SD 178
250 180
250 187
2SD 188
250 201
2SD 205
250 213
250 217

4.40

2SD 224

250 226
250 227
250 234

TOLL FREE TELEPHONE

Nationwide 800/543 -1607
Ohio 800/582 -1630
Hours. Mon -Fri

LOCAL 513/874 -0220

874 -0223
10-7 Sat. 11 -5

298 3570
2SD 358

2S0 359
2S0 360
2S0 361
2S0 370
SUB 2S0 427

2.80

250 385
2SD 388A

3.40
4.40

2SD 389
2SD 390

.90
1.00
8.50
6.50
4.60
3.00
1.60
1.10
6.60
1-90

7.60
1.40

250
250
250
250

424
425
426
427
250 525
2S0 526
2S0 555A
250 610
SG 613 (TV)
E E

2SK 19BL

25K 23
25K 30
2SK
2SK
2SK
25K
25K
2SK
2SK
2SK
3SK
3SK
3SK
3SK
3SK

33
34
40
41

49
58
61

68

22Y
35
37

39

40

35K 41
35K 45
MSK 49

5.95

203
211

2140
217
234
239
240
241
245
247
264
274

2778
288

AN 315
AN 328

AN
AN
BA
BA

348
362
511
521

HA 1137
HA 1138
HA 1149
HA 1151
HA 1156
HA 1158
HA 1159
HA 1196
HA 1197
HA 1201
HA 1202
HA 1211
HA 1306W
HA 1312
HA 1322
HA 1339
HA 1339A
HA 1342A
HA 1452
LA 1111P
LA 1201
LA 1221
LA 1364
LA 3300
LA 3301
LA 4030P
LA 4031P
LA 4032P
LA 4051P
LA 4400
LO 3120
M 5111 AP

.90
1.10
.70
1.10
1.10
-70
1.10
1.30
3.60
1.40
1.30
2.55
2.25
3.00
2.25
2.25
2.50
2.50
5.90
2.50
2.00

IC
AN
AN
AN
AN
AN
AN
AN
AN
AN
AN
AN
AN
AN
AN

2.50
2.50
3.00
1.90
4.90
7.00
2.15
2.80
4.90
4.40
2.00
3.40
2.10
6.60

M
M
M

5112
5115PR

51513L
5152L

3.70
3.90
3.70
3.00
3.40
3.70
4.90
q.40
5.60
4.40
3.00
5.30
5.80
4.90
3.90
1.50
Y.Y5
1.50

3.70
3.90
4.40
q,q0
g,gp
g,4p
3.40
2.50
2.50
4.40
3.00

100
3.40
3.00
3.40
3.70
3.10
2.50
2.80
7.00
4.90
4.90
2.50

TO 3505AP
UPC 41C
UPC 554C
UPC 555H
UPC 566H
UPC 575C
UPC 576
UPC 577H

TA
TA
TA
TA

7045M
7054P
7055P
7060P

TA 1061AF
TA
TA
TA
TA
TA

1.60
1.90
1.90

7062P
7063P
7064P
7066P
7014P
TA 7075P
TA 7076P
TA 7089P

2.00
4.90
4,90
4.90
3.00

TA 7102
TA 7106P

5.80
4.90

1.60
1.90

8.50
3.70
2.60
2.25
1.60
2.80
3.70
2.25
1.60

UPC 1020H

UPC 1025

3A0

UPC 1026C
UPC 1032

3.70
2.25

3.70
3.40
8.80
8.80

UPC 1152H

8,80
7.60
7.60
9.50
6.60
8.50
11.00
14.00
8.50
9.80
11.00
8.80
9.60
3.10
3.00
2.50
3.00

3.95
5.80
5.80
6.60
5.80
6.50
5.80
3.70

4.90
7.00
3.00
3.70

2.25
2,80
Y_50

3.50

UPC 1001H
UPC 1008C
UPC 1016C

P.80

51B41P
5320 OP
5327 3P
M 53274P
M 54730 P
M 53393
STK 011
STK 014
STK 015
STK 016B
STK 022
STK 032
STK 435
STK 437
STK 439
STK 502
STK 503
TA 7027M
M

1.90
3.40
1.90
2.15
1.90
1.60
1.90
2.80
1.30
4.20
4.40
2.50
4.60
4.60
3.70
3.40

UPC 592HZ

Dept. Radio Electronics

P.O. Box 40325 Cincinnati, Ohio 45240

www.americanradiohistory.com

TA 7130P
TA 71361'
TA 7146P
TA 7150P
TA 7159P
TA 7200P
TA 7201P
TA 7203P
TA 7204P
TA 7205P
TA 7310P
TA 78005M
TA 8005P
TA 78012M
TA 78012P
TA 78015M
TA 78015P
T8A 810SH

Division of Fuji -Svea Incorporated

ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

TA 7122AP
TA 7124P
TA 7129P

UPC 1156

FUJI -SVEA ENTERPRISE

a

TA 7108P
TA 7109P
TA 7120P
TA 7120PC

PLL 01A
PLL 02A
SN 7400
SN 7490

21 -4732

.19
.60

DIODES
S

84

.60

188

332
953
1007
1209

1211

.25
.45
25
45
.45
.45
.25
.25
.25
.25
.45
.25
.25
.25
.40
.60
.40
.40
.45
.45
.45
.45
.45
.45
.45
45
45

S
S

1555
1588
S 1885
S 2076
S 2093
S 2473
N 34
N 60
S

001

0010
VO6B
VO6C
W2-050
WZ-052
WZ-061
WZ-070
WZ-075

WZ081
WZ-192

than $500 no deposit required w2 280

IMMEDIATE DELIVERY VOITHIN 48 HOURS
ON ALL TRANSISTORS IN STOCK

Telex

CIRCLE

1.10
1.20
1.20
1.10
1.00
5.60
5.90
.90
1.10
1.00
1.30
1.00
1.20
1.00

2S0 3115
250 380
250 382

MK 10

ess

Minimum order S5.00 Ohio residents add 4% sales tax Add S1.00 postige and hancll.iiq
Quantity discount prices Ask For Our Complete Price List Manufacturer inquiries Welcomed
ALL PARTS GUARANTEED AGAINST FACTORY DEFECT

5.60

2S0 356D

2.00
2.80
1.10
2.50

.45
1.00

1.40

2SD 350
2SD 352

3SK 48

3.00
3.40
1.40
5.90
4.40
3.40
2.50
1.90
1.90
1.60

1.00
.60
3.70

200 341

1.20
1.40

.59

2S0 218
250 220
250 223

2SD 235
2SD 261

2S0 287
250 288
2S0 300
250 313
HD 314
2S0 315
250 325
250 330

TELEPHONE recording equipment and other

"unusual" electronic devices. Free info: GARRISON, Box 128 -B, Kew Gardens, NY 11415

GULLEY ELECYMONICS
PHONE ORDERS
MASTERCHARGE
/VISA

ON

GOOD REASONS TO BUY FROM BULLET,

We are an established company.'' business since 1976
Mail order
a
only bu
II Time.
].Componenssa&uunassemb'eas kits may be returned
2

'elan

repair service on ens ko we

Important

are

for help.

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1y

THE SMALL PRINT

Mercnana.seNo Junk

eit's

We tell n

For

dual

6.

P{so

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We want
try
an your
businessnlaorrr now on

8. We

.5
We are

always avail

P'^9

Parts area

&sc
ipoi

Enell

MOBILE CLOCK CALENDAR KIT

Seems tike eeverybody

ten

MG -01 ELECTRONIC GRANDFATHER CLOCK

mg'IaI clerk k,n, howeeet

DIGIITALL CCLOCK

while
talking about clocks c
out
FATHER
Rev wed
CLOCK
c4 April
ELECTRONICS
We have the only kit

CALENDArour

feat,. no

wa supply air toe parts out

smart

Cana
-Swinging

ee

eta

AM,PM

s
b an

weav or TR IAC

to controi

sleep

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VAC x

Pendulum
on our crocke In addition
3 ttones
Hardwood Case, the uni

LED READOUT
stelae tone & duration

Aon

LET/Pendulum

makes

39.95

(Jr

N:',
ULTRASONIC SENDER RECEIVER KIT US -02
TOTAL SECURITY! Completely
c 123KHZI Sound beam works like a
by light, h
e. Separate
T
and !Receiver yen be used from 6 inches to 25 feet, A
beam causes an output to go to
sink u
o 150 MA to Drive a Relay. TRI AC, etc Complete

umegu'atedla

Iut COMPLETE KIT

21.50

LESS CASES

to believe this

gem

Opt

2.50

PARTS

Imeny more listed in catalog)

House.

CA3011

/,A positive Voltage Reg

FM IF and Sound System
Widebana IF Amp IC

MM5375

Digit Aiarm Clock Chip

6D'

555

Timer &Pulse Gen Chip

Op amps B pm MINI DIP
QUAD OP AMP

MCI351P

741

LM3901

73

2N6111

3014/

45

Ss
65
99

House.

TCA430

Inild

Mg.

35v Tent

A..

45
gs

A7mfo

400VDC

20V ON Tent

OP

35V

100

3/16

10 0

&

Alum.

2 /1.00

3/100

standard numbers.
10 pieces

00

ii

ASSEMBLED 5275 SOLISTATE. WORKS ON

ANY
TV SET. OPTIONAL SOUND KIT 570.95.
PHONE or WRITE for catalog. Dial 402 -987 3171

,n

IL6313iED

Common

tout

k'

of 15.00 or more

rnrr

A public

en

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sw

Py

95 or

merlu

Noma A.mpl.11on

en

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pcooa HiagraccTooinei

Terms

Prices, specifications and availability soli

U.Sact to change without notice.

& Canadian orders minimum $10.00.
All other foreign orders $20.00 minimum.
Please add $1,00 postage and handling.
Foreign orders (exc. Canada) add 15% for postage
Colorado residents add 3%% sales tax.
.

3050

VALMONT ROAD
BOULDER, COLORADO 80301
Toggle Switch

Slide
Switch
Smooth

ll

act'

r1N4148

15A/125 volts.

ion, 4-pole,

triple throw,

`J -5100

80c

Jumbo LED

LED

,200" factory
prime LED's for
experimenters.

-4002

12/

Hex Nuts

Sensitive 12 VDC
reed relay, DPST,
%" long, with

Standard size
hex nuts for use
on pots, switches, etc. 3/8" I.D.

-C

leads.

J-5047

$1.50

-7006

"Transformer
J

5012

4801U

4804.0

650 Ns cycle time,

250 Mw typical operating power, single
5 volt power supply.

650 Ns cycle time,

250 Mw typical operating power, single
5 volt power supply.
K (2pcs1 28.00

51

2.00

EA

4K$106;00

-5003

8005

J-1001

PC Trimmer
mount trimmer pot.

(J -8018)

5K ohm.

(J-8019)
3

$1.10

J-7102

al

ed

Miniature 1/8"
shalt, 1/4" mount

potentiometer.
100 ohm value.

r-

704

Battery
Holder
AA

All metal, size

AA, 4 batteries.

51.50 _4 `J-8006

406

206

J -1000

100 tor

S14.50J

PC Trimmer Pot
1

automotive type,
bayonet-base.
J.4003
20 6

50c

Rubber Edging,

$1.00

For up to 1/16"
material. Soft &
pliable.
J-8008

10'/$1.60

.1007$12.00

Much easier and

faster than electrical tape, Twelve
peices, ass td.

$1.45

Brand new by Rubycon, 600 of @

360 VDC. Use w/ our strobe tube
& transformer for a strobe light !!!
J -3002
51.95

calculator keyboard assemblies, with all "point closure" (non -matrix) switches,
Includes 2 miniature slide
switches and 17 momentary
action (SPST) pushbutton
keytop switches. With a little imagination,
you can find literally hundreds of uses for
this item. We give you complete specifications and a data sheet that even shows you
how to make an alphanumeric keyboard using three of these units !!!

rHeat Shrink

www.americanradiohistory.com

Double contact

High quality, black plastic

J-7004

1.75 6

-4001

Keyboard

Horizontal
type, 1K-oh
PC trimmer.

6"

transformer.

Beat our price!!!

J

Photoflash Cap

replacement diode, rat1000 piv at 2.5 amps.

Potentiometer

ger

Lamp Socket

3:8 " female BNC type

sheilded connector with
jacketed 6" leads.

3/4" long,

for $2.00

J
BNC
Connector

R0170 Diode

J -2100

Brand new, prime

quality AA nicads
made by Sanyo. These
won't last long !!!

756

3000

$2.50

The tamuus HO -170 gener-

$1.50

rAA Nicad

cir-

20 turn miniature PC

for $3.60

2 x 8

Solid state Voice Operated

Switch. Complete and assembled. With schematic.
J

3 x 6 (J-8017)
5 for $2.25

6 x 6

256

V.O.X.

.1016,

Memories:

4K(8pcs 190.0 0

te

4 x 6 (J-80161
5 for $3.00

Popular audio type power

transistor.

trimmer cap

for crystal
cuits, etc.

.062" thick.

Xenon strobe
tube & 4kv trig-

r2N3055

-3pf miniature

PC

Strobe

22 ga. magnet
wire w/ solder-

J-7003

Trimmer Cap

PC

Wire Special
through insulation. Appx. 500'.

$1.50

board blanks.

felt feet in peeloff strips of 25 feet per

strip. Prevent scratches,

Type 4N27 Motorola 6 pin

DIP, w/ specs. 1500V isolation, freq. resp. to 300khz.
,J.4000 $1.00 10 for 59.00

2.50

N -MOS
Random
Access

Feet

3/8" diameter

$1.00 `J -8010

@ 19oma.
W/ specs.
J -5005

on soldee
peme.

glass-epoxy

400

500

ma or 12V

Jalol

25
for

8V

PC Board

Standard, soldertype, low profile 28

pin IC socket.

"Transformer

J-7100

Opto Isolator

Unique split primary allows two

outputs., 9 or 18 volts at 1,5
amps. W/ specs & data.

fit l.00

Socket

I Felt

O+.
spade
l

28 Pin

$1

Connector
rinter-

r-

Panel Clip

Reed Relay
P

12

No C.O.D.'s please.
Foreign orders send U.S. funds ONLY.

connector

1002

Black plastic
clip for mounting
LED in panels.

5for i1

J4004

956

J-5004

Diode

Miniature glass type

high speed switching
diode. Case AA.

Heavy duty, SPST

toggle, rated @

DAKOTA CITY, NE, 08731

OPTO-ISOLATORS GE H11A2, 25/$10, 100/$35.

RCA zero voltage switch CA 3079 25/$12.50,
100/$45. All prime & 100% guarantee. AMAN
KHAN, 2355 Burch Cir., Atlanta, GA 30319

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ATV Research

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ECIAL

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MODEL KTIA, SERIES D
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Most cases of high blood pressure

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t /8

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When blood pressure goes higher

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TUBING

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blood pressure But 50 percent of

those who have It, don'! know It

ZENER GRAB BAG. A very nice assortment of 10 different

voltages between 2.7v and 30 VDC in 400 MW, AW and W
All are prime units but most have Mlg's, nu
ere. We supply

50
69

BUILD YOUR OWN TV CAMERA!

Ideal for home & business

million Americans have high

21

6 /100
8/100

Programmable Uneunction
PNP Ned Power

2N6028

20

25/100

TAPE head cleaner. 8oz.- $2.30. Includes postage and handling. Write: "CLEANER," Box 176,
Whitewater, WI 53190

4,144 l'<'il

Pair /300

611600.N1,11000, healthed Pell BA Oarl'nglon

IN4148
Switching Diodes
2N359
NPN Silicon Switching
252712
NPN Small Signal
PCnannelJ Fet
2Na343

25
50
50
49

Op amp
PLL DIP
Quad Audio oscillator Dip

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3 95

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295

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rovided

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OTHER GREAT KITSI We have 15A power supplies COI's.

OVP's. mini mobile clocks, clock tirrer s.. sound c cu
and many more it Cain our latest nulog

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PRINTED CIRCUIT
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Send stamp & address label for flyer

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Order from KRYSTAL KITS, BOX 445,

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blow

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CODE. 1111E1KE:8

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SOLID HARDWOOD 1).95

these fascinating
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informed. Tunes all scramble frequencies, works with all scanners, and is factory built and guaranteed.

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ELECTRONIC
SYSTEMS
Box 9641 San Jose,
95157 (408) 374-5984
P.O.

CA

RS-232/TTY*
INTERFACE I+A
l'art no. 600
Converts RS -232 to 20mA

turrent loop, and 20mA current

loop to RS -232

FOR CATALOG INCLUDING PARTS LISTS AND SCHEMATICS,

SEND A SELF ADDRESSED ENVELOPE WITH 24e POSTAGE.

RS-232/ TTL

INTERFACE *

Part no.

I I

TELEVISION
TYPEWRITER

TAPE
INTERFACE *
UART
& BAUD
RATE
GENERATOR *
Part no. 101

Converts serial to parallel and

parallel to serial
Low cost on board baud rate
generator
Baud rates: 110, 150,
300, 600, 1200, and 2400
Low power drain +5 volts and
-12 volts required

TTL compatible
All characters contain a start
bit, 5 to 8 data bits, 1 or 2 stop
bits, and either odd or even
parity.
All connections go to a 44 pin
gold plated edge connector
Board only $12.00; with parts
$35.00

8K
STATIC
RAM
Part no. 300

8K Altair bus memory

Uses 2102 Static memory chips
Memory protect
Gold contacts
Wait states
On board regulator
S -100 bus compatible

Vector input option

TRI state buffered
Board only $22.50; with parts
L.$160.00

To Order:

Two separate circuits

Requires +12 and -12 volts
Board only $4.50, with
parts $7.00

-, aril
ii.ii

.r,, :..d

rc.e

gold plated edge connector

Board only $4.50; with parts
$ 7.00

DC

POWER
SUPPLY *
Part no. 6085

Board supplies a regulated

+5 volts at 3 amps., +12, -12,
and -5 volts at 1 amp.
Power required is 8 volts
AC at 3 amps., and 24 volts AC
C.T. at 1.5 amps.

Board only $12.50; with

parts $42.50 excluding
transformers

TIDMA*

pottrrsa

Part no. 112

Tape Interface Direct Menlo, I
Access

Record and play programs without bootstrap loader (no prom)

has FSK encoder /decoder for
direct connections to low cost
recorder at 1200 baud rate, and
direct connections for inputs and
outputs to a digital recorder at
any baud rate.
bus compatible
Board only $35.00;
with parts $110.00
S -100

Converts a low cost tape

recorder to a digital recorder
Works up to 1200 baud
Digital in and out are TTL -serial
Output of board connects to
mic. in of recorder
Earphone of recorder connects
to input on board
Requires +5 volts, low power
drain
Board $7.60; with parts $27.50
No coils

Part

,t
,:
igal

GM

LS

r`

.Q, iY
ata

ti.;,u,,,i,,t:is.h.. iZF

Play and record Kansas City

Standard tapes

Part no. 232

Converts TTL to RS -232, and
converts RS -232 to TTL
Two separate circuits
Requires -12 and +12 volts
All connections go to a 10 pin

sa

rg;;

._

AA

Lli

Part no. 106

Stand alone TVT
32 char /line, 16 lines, modifications for 64 char /line included

Parallel ASCII (TTL) input

Video output
1K on board memory
Output for computer controlled curser
Auto scroll
Non- destructive curser
Curser inputs: up, dou n. Left.

right, home, EOL EOS

Scroll up, down

no. 107

RF
MODULATOR*
Converts video to AM modulated RF, Channels 2 or 3
Power required is 12 volts AC
C.T., or +5 volts DC
Board $7.60;

with parts $13.50

Apple II
Serial I/O

dounsmis

Requires +5 volts at 1.5 amps.

and -12 volts at 30 mA

All 7400, TTL chips

Char. gen. 2513

Upper case only

Board only $39.00; with parts
$115.00

MODEM *

Interface*

Part No. 2
Baud rates up to 30,000
Plugs into Apple Peripheral

connector
Low-current drain
RS-232 Input and Output

SOFTWARE
Input and Output routine from
monitor or BASIC to teletype or
other serial printer.
Program for using an Apple II
for a video or an intelligent terminal. Board only $15.00;
with parts $42.00; assembled
and tested
$62.00.

Part no. 109

Type 103

Full or half duplex

Works up to 300 baud
Originate or Answer
No coils, only low cost components

TTL input and output -serial

Connect 8 ohm speaker and
crystal mic. directly to board
Uses XR FSK demodulator
Requires +5 volts
Board $ 7.60; with parts $2 7.50,

Mention part number and description. For parts kits add "A" to part number. Shipping paid for orders
accompanied by check, money order, or Master Charge, BankAmericard, or VISA number, expiration
date and signature. Shipping charges added to C.O.D. orders. California residents add 6.5% for tax.
Parts kits include sockets for all ICs, components, and circuit board. Documentation is included with
all products. Dealer inquiries invited. 24 Hour Order Line: (408) 374- 5984.' Designed by John

Bell.
135

www.americanradiohistory.com

SUMMER special! New, adjustable, three output, regulated power supply, plus 900 parts
worth over $400.00 in complete cartrivision television electronics assembly. Documentation included. Perfect for microprocessor and all electronic applications. $11.50 plus $3.50 S&H. Master Charge, BankAmericard. MADISON ELECTRONICS, 369, Madison, AL 35758. Money back

NEW periodic table of chemical elements. Striking wall chart $3.00. CIRCLON, Greenriver
George, Enumclaw, WA 98022

VOICE

guaranteed.

ACTIVATED CONTROL SWITCH. Self

excellent ad.
testable sensitivity. Recorder activated
by voices or other sounds. Uses recorder
contained, solid state.

Has

210, $239.00. Regency Touch,

$234.00. CB -40, $54.95. Free freight on orders
over $200.00. Quotes: tell us what's wanted.
JOHNNY'S, Box 584, Sturtevant, WI 53177

BEARCAT

mike or remote mike. Single AA bat. incl.

Great for home, business

etc.

AMAZING ELECTRONIC
World's smallest, solid state, self contained with 1.3V I
Merc. Bat. turn. Picks up most sounds and transmits I
without wires up to 300 it. thru FM Radio. Tuneable.
Use as mike, ampf., alarm & alert system, baby sitter, I
hot line, etc. VOX only $24.95'. Mike only $18.95'
('plus 51.80 ea. pstg. & band.) B /A, M /C. cod. ok.l
Cal. res. add tax. Free data. Mail Order. Qty. disc.
avail. AMC SALES, Depl. 19.

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contains
8
EXPERI-

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oar latest kit catalog. If you like,
send us the name & address of a
friend who may also be interested
and. we'll include to you our booklet

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MENTERS

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SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS
BOX 1054R LIVERMORE CA 94550

90241

CA

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Fabulous First: Motion Detector ICs, converts
motion to a voltage which triggers internal alarm circuitry. May be programmed for certain
changes in light (motion). Includes on-chip musical sequence generator
MDIC $6.95
Premium OP AMP! BB -3500 from BURR- BROWN.
features: LOW NOISE, DRIFT. LOW INPUT BIAS.
A

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Audio Synthesis Literature: "Tech Notes" featuring circuits. ideas. new products, parts'sour.
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more Our own R&D newsletter.12 issues/$17.50

Hybrid Active Filter: identical to the AF100 -ICJ
DIP Package. D.C. to kHz. 4 on-board op amps,
state-variable filter Simult. HP. BP. LP & notch
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PSI: nn15 @ .5A, 5V @ 2.5A, and 0 -35V with 24V @ .5A,
PS2: 015V @ .3A, 5V @ 3.3A, and 0 -16V with 12V @ lA
Both have four excellently regulated voltages (resister
programmable). From three winding; compare. Great for
hone computer, bench or hobby work. Just add AC cord
and plug 'em in. Assembled; PSI or PS2
527.95.
Kit (less transformer!; PSK1 or PSK2
$19.95.
52.00 postage & handling; in Calif. add 6% sales tax.
PLUS"' Electronics, 1260 El Camino No.306
Ca. 94030
Millbrae

43113S

x.95

POLNEER
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Radio Shack: No.

Parts Place

Buy Off-the -Shelf! Low Prices! Huge Selection!

Top -quality devices, fully functional, carefully inspected. Guaranteed to turer's quality control procedures. These are not rejects, not fallouts, not
meet all specifications, both electrically and mechanically. All are made seconds. In fact, there are none better on the market! Always count on
by well -known American manufacturers, and all have to pass manufac- Radio Shack for the finest quality electronic parts.

Wire Wrapping Accessories

Linear ICs

By National Semiconductor

and Motorola

first quality

Type
301CN

Cat. No
276-017

324N
339N

276-1711

386CN
555CN
556CN
566CN
567CN
723CN
741CN
741H
3900N
3909N
3911N
4558CN
75491
75492
7805
7812
7815

ONLY
490
1.49

276-1712
276-1731
276-1723
276-1728
276-1724
276-1721
276-1740
276-007
276-010
276-1713
276-1705
276-1706
276-038
276-1701
276-1702
276-1770
276-1771

1.49
990
790
1.39
1.69

1.99
690
490

Sockel Wrapping Tool. Strips and wraps

wire. 276 -1570
14 -Pin Wire Wrapping Sockets. 276-1993
16 -Pin Wire Wrapping Sockets. 276-1994
0IP Header. 16 pins. 276-1980
50 Red 30 -ga. Kynar- Wire. 278 -501
50 White 30 -ga. Kynar Wire. 278 -502
50 Blue 30 -ga. Kynar Wire. 278.503
IC

49t
99C
99C

BONUS OFFER

1.99
790
99c
990

With Any S5
Parts Purchase

1.29

1.29
1.29

276-1772

990

Only

-gauge
6.95
2/1.29
2/1.39
1.29
1.99
1.99
1.99

Trim Multi- Purpose Cabinets

Computer
Chips

Prime Devices
8080A Microprocessor. 8 -bit, NMOS.
276 -2510 Reg

REGULARLY $t95. Archer' Semiconductor

Reference and Application Handbook. Corn plete specs and application data on every
Archer semiconductor display devices, too!
46,000 cross -reference /substitution listings
plus glossary of words, symbols, abbreviations.

17.95

Sale 12.95
2102 1K Static RAM. Under 450 ns
276 -2501
..
2.49 Ea. or 8/14.95

276 -4002

...

. Compact. Makes even your small projects look professional.

10.95
5'x9x46i" 270 -281
Low -Profile. Slim-design
only 57/ex113/ex3Vu1
270-282. Reg. 14.95
Sale 12.95

With Any $5 Parts Purchase, Only 99C

Offer good at participating Radio Shack stores and dealers

LED Digital Displays

TTL and
CMOS Logic ICs

IC

Accessories

Full -Spec Devices

Direct from
Motorola and
National Semiconductor
Digits
Type
7400
7402
7404
7406
7410
.7413
7420
7427
7432
7447
7448

Cat. No.
276 -1801
276-1811
276 -1802
276 -1821
276 -1807
276-1815
276 -1809
276 -1823
276-1824
276 -1804
276 -1805
276 -1816

7451

2761825

7473
7474
7475
7476
7485

276-1803
276 -1818
276 -1806
276 -1813

7486

276 -1827

7490
7492
74123
74145
74150
74154
74192
74193
74194
74196
74C00

276 -1808
276 -1819
276-1817
276 -1828
276 -1829
276 -1834
276-1831
276 -1820
276 -1832
276 -1833
276 -2301
276 -2302
276-2303
276 -2305
276 -2310
276 -2312
276 -2315
276-2321
276 -2322
276 -2401
276 -2411
276-2413
276 -2417
276.2420
276 -2427
276 -2449
276 -2450
276-2447
276 -2490

7441

74CO2

74C04
74C08
74C74
74C76
74C90
74C192
74C193
4001
4011

4013
4017
4020
4027
4049
4050
4511
4518

ONLY
35C

390
351
490
390
79C

390
490

.7

Size
0.6"
0 6"

0.3"
0.3"

IFIPPPP

Drive
Anod
Cath.
Anod.
Cath.

Cat. No.

Reg

SALE

276-056
276.066
276-053
276-062

2.99

2.29
2.29
1.49
1.49

299
99
1.99
1

Digits
_

n
k7

1
1

Size
0.3"
0.3"
0.5"
0.5"

Dave
Anod.
Cath.

Anod.
Cath.

Cat No
276 -1210
276 -1211
276 -1201
276-1202

Reg

SALE

4/6.99
4/6.99
6.95
6.95

45.49
4.5.49
5.99
5.99

"

DIP Switch. For changing preset

logic states. 275- 1301.... ......1.99
.0 Right -Angle 16 -Pin Socket.

Archer' Project- Boards

MA1003 Automotive

Clock Module

49C

276 -1985

49

Predrilled PCB's

990
99C

990
390
490
49C
79C
59C
1.19

2761826

f
<

490
790
690

SALE
SALE
SALE
SALE
SALE
SALE
SALE
SALE
SALE

29C

291
290
291
490
490

Just add switches and install, t2 -hour readout,

0.3" digits, r 0.5 sec./day accuracy. 12VDC.
277 -1003. Reg. 24.95
Sale 19.95

Full -Wave

Time Base Generator. Built -in 10 MHz )(tai or

ext Input. Decade selector. switch TTL output Requires 5VDC Reg. 55.99
277 -115 (PCB less parts)
Sale 4.99

Shown Built with Recommended Parts and Cases

Mike
Elements

Bridge Rectifiers

3 -Amp Power Supply. Metered output

current, foldback limiting Remote sensInq
For all 5V TTL projects.
277 -119 PCB less parts)
7.95

5V,

G
35VDC

2 -Foot
Mini Test Clips

Electrolytic Pak

89C
1.00
1.00

491
490
89c
1.49

1.49
89C

690
691
1.69
1.49

NEW

99C

1.19
1.39
1.29
1.19
1.19
1.19
1.29

1KrCSUa9rrwts:*.

1 -Amp,
50 PIV. Mini DIP fits
PCB or 8 and 14 -pin sockets.
69C
276 -1161
6 -Amp, 50 PIV. Heavy -duty
leads, heat sink mtg. hole.
1 99
276-1180

Dynamic. Tiny yet delivers

80- 10.000 Hz response.

WHY WAIT FOR MA L ORDER DELIVERY?

`IN STOCK NOW AT OUR STORE NEAR YOU!

Prices may vary at individual stores and dealers

65

dB. 200 ohms. '/4x7/e ".

270 -093
1 69
Hi -Z Crystal. 50 -8000 Hz response. 55 dB. 1',zx11/4'/
270 -095
139

Red. Reg. 1.99

278-1158

Sale 1.49

Package of 10 with two of each

value: 4 7 10. 25. 50 and 100 HF

Sale 1.49

PC

Black. Reg. 1.99

278 -1159

mounting. 272 -1035

adre IhaeK

DIVISION OF TANDY CORPORATION

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OVER 6000 LOCATIONS IN NINE COUNTRIES

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99

.41

AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
DIGITAL CASSETTE TAPE C -60
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CAPACITORS

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FOR DIGITAL
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All these tapes made in U.S.A.
Never Recorded -Reg. $6.80 each
ANSI Notch

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,.o..

MICROPROCESSOR
CRYSTALS
MICROPROCESSOR
OR CLOCK IC

Price

6800/S6860
1.8432 MHz
MC14411 Baud Rate Generator
2.0 MHz
F -8 /CPU 3850
2.097152 MHz MM5378

$5.95
$9.80
$5.95
$8.50

FREQUENCY
1.0 MHz

All capacitors

5600MFD
8500MFD
9000M F D
4200M F D
3000MFD
11000MFD
20000M F D
23000M F D
58000M F D
100,000M F D

60V
35V
50V
150V

5.185 MHz
5.7143 MHz
6.00 MHz
6.144 MHz
6.40 MHz
6.5536

Auto Clock
34702 Bit Rate Generator
Pace

MCS 48

RCA 1803

Intersil ICM 7205

NSC MM5369 (TV Color Burst)
Intel 4040/4004/4201
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$8.50
$1.25
$4.95
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Intersil ICM 7038A

Standard Clock Frequency
Non -standard MPU Frequency
COM 5016 Dual Baud Rate Generator
COM 50161 Dual Baud Rate Generator
Intel 4040/4004/4201
$4.95
National Semiconductor
$4.95
MCS 48
$4.95
Intel 8085
$4.95
RCA 1803
$4.95
Intersil Precision Timer Crystal
$4.95

$2.20
$2.75
$3.25
$2.60
$1.50
$3.20
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15V

35V
55V
20V
20V
6V

EA.
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Mail to: Radio -Electronics

SUBSCRIPTION DEPT., P.O. BOX 2520,
BOULDER, COLO. 80322

(Size of

(please print)

name

address

VHF
MODULATOR

city

Match Box)

MM 5379

2.4576 MHz
2.667 MHz
3.00 MHz
3.20 MHz
3.2768 MHz
3.579545 MHz
4.0 MHz
4.0 MHz
4.194304 MHz
4.91520 MHz
5.0 MHz
5.0688 MHz

are Brand New

U.S. made in standard size

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delivered right to your door, and before it
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state

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This unit converts the video

signal to RF signal. Ideal for
computer terminal or TV
games.

-12 issues ONLY $9.98

-24 issues SAVE MORE

Year

Years

$19.00

(You save $5.00 over newsstand)

Video input: 1V DC RF
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Preset at 61.25 MHz

3 Years

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Extra Shipping: Canada $3.00 per

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year.

SWITCHES

40F8

ICM 7045

8.0 MHz

4
4

10.0 MHz
14.318 MHz
18.00 MHz

18.432 MHz
20.0 MHz
22.1184 MHz
27.0 MHz
36.0 MHz
48.0 MHz

Signetics
Non -standard MPU Frequency
Processor Tech
Intel 8080/8008/8224
Intel 8080/8008/8224
Non -standard MPU Frequency
Intel 8080A
Intel 8080A Series
Intel 8080A Series
T.I. Mod. TIM9904 P.N. SNLS362

$4.95
$4.95
$4.95
$4.95
$4.95
$4.95
$4.95
$4.95
$4.95
$4.95

(On -Off Contacts)

4 positions

positions
6 positions
7 positions
8 positions
10 positions
5

$1.50
$1.60
$1.70
$1.70
$1.80
$2.00

N E W

TV CAMERA

USE INDOORS
OR OUTDOORS

ALL. SOLID
STATE

(BARE) $24.50 PER BOARD

Memory Chips: 21 L02 X 64 pcs.
Fully buffered; all support chips are LS type; total of 26 bypass capacitors on the
board; four 340T -S voltage regulators give more than enough power to the board.

15 FOOT CABLE

DIGITAL AUTO INSTRUMENTS

sl

TACHOMETER

e2

WATER TEMP.

As,

HarouReE
Tsar SENLERS
PC

BOARo

FEATURES:
S- ORACLE LOOS

ADD

Ali

ASSEMBLER MAIN

OIL PRESSURE
+6 OIL TEMP.
e7 BATTERY MONITOR

$29.50 BARE

PRESSURE e

510 FOR REOUIRED SPEED SENDER

KIT: $49.95

".I "ACS [ASE

S15 FOR $PEE SENDER ALONE

ASSEMBLED: $59.95

SPECIFY

120R24

CPU BOARD

$29.50 BARE

HOURS

With 8 level vector interrupt. CPU chip 8080A; clock chip: 8224; X'tal freq.:
18 MHz; vector interrupt chip: 8214.

RTC -1 REAL TIME CLOCK BOARD for S -100

On Board Oscillator:

Number of Interrupt: 2, one

KIT INCLUDES:

FUEL LEVEL
e4 SPEEOOMETER

layout.

is 16
Sec step.

SEVEN MODE LS!

*3

This Quiet Mother is standard 2 -100 BUS with 13 slots; Kluge area; extensive
ground plane; passive terminal for all lines; double solder mask; silk screen parts

top

5195.00
Complete

NOT A KIT
Fully Guaranteed

MEM -2 uses 2114 any speed any power

Start address and stop address selected on board so board can be used portionally
populated; capable of block address, can be used in SOLTM and systems without
front panel.

The MO -1 QUIET MOTHER BOARD 13 SLOT

AND

PISTOL GRIP

16K STATIC RAM MEMORY BOARD (BARE) $24.50 PER BOARD

Second

ANY V.T.R.
RTL,.SSTV.
HOME SECURITY

TO 30 mm f 1:9 Lens

8K STATIC RAM MEMORY BOARD

8080A

USE WITH

wltll
ZOOM LENS

bit counter, it

is

BUS
MHz Crystal

$24.50 BARE

117 VAC
6

decade; it steps from 1001 Sec to 100 Sec.

selectable from 101 Sec to 655, 360/1 Sec in

is

MINIMUM ORDER 510.00. Californie residents add 6% sales tax and 10% shipping.
Oct of state add 15% of total purchase for shipping charges, out of USA and Overseas add 25% of total purchase.
SEND CHECK OR MONEY ORDER TO:

HAWTH()HNE (AIIFnRNIA 90250

11607CHENSHAW BOULEVARD
For more information please call (213) 973 -7927. (213) 679 -5162
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All above boards include all documents

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SUPER 15 WATT AUDIO AMP KIT

Hybrid Power Amp
Kit includes: STK -015 Hybrid IC, power supply with
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harmonic distortion at full power '/:dB response from
20- 100,000 Hz. This amplifier has QUASI- Complimentary class B output. Output max is watt (10 watt
RMS) at 4S2

ONLY $23.50 each

FM WIRELESS MIC

C-

Uses STK -015

freq. transistors, works in

the FM range (88-108
MHz). It transmits the

SOUND ACTIVATED SWITCH

All parts completed on a PC Board
SCR will turn on relay, buzzer or trigger other
Orr it for 2 --10 sec. ladi unable)
ideal for use as door elan, sound control. to
end many other projects
Supply voltage 4.5V
9V D.C.
$1.75 ea./2 for $3.00

30MHZ FREQUENCY COUNTER KIT

Take advantage of this new state-of-the -art counter featuring the many benefits of custom
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red LED 6digits display
R.
Resolution: 1 Hz at 1 sec. 10 He at 1/10 sec_

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Onlu

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This new model FM wireless MIC kit uses 3 high

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er Microphone

$2.50 each

FET Transistor Built -in

Sensitivity: 10 Mu RMS to 30 He
Internal power supply: 5.2V et amp regulated
Input connector: 8NC type
Input power required: 117V AC 50/60 Hz
Diode protected for over voltage input
1

Model 250 -30A

PC

Includes all parts,

Board and Transformer

CALCULATOR
with STOPWATCH

WITH DAY AND

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watch count to 1/10 of a second.
Special Price Only
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only $5eOOSa.
TIMER KIT
Time Controlled from 1.100sec.
Ideal to lie used as time delay
unit for burglar alarm, photo
service, and other purposes
Max. loading
10V, 2 AMP
Supply voltage 12.18V D.0
$11.50 each
LIFTRON,E ,L TI MER

EASY-TO-BUILD
LED PROJECTS ON ONE BOARD
HO -Guage railroad crowing blinker
Variable LED flasher
Six -bit binary counter

ELECTRONIC ALARM SIREN

COMPLETE UNIT

Ideal for
as
Alarm Unit,
or hookup to your car back u p
to make a reverse indicator
Light Output up to 130 dB

Voltage Supply

, y
t1,
r`
a.

-12h

$750

19 KEY HEXADECIMAL
3,
1

-0

KEY PAD

16

Key Pad

"'r,

'
idle m
ea. d;
4D,gbs ProgramabiP r,
Mos 1.c.
Any
CIRCUIT

$6.50
N

RELAY AND REY

PAID

NOT INCLUDED

BIPOLAR LED
Jumbo Size red /green change color
reverse polarity of
Ideal for go /vogo indicator.

when

y,

$19.50

voltage.

Built in X'TAL controlled

time base. Protected against
automotive volt transients.
Automatic brightness control with 0.3" green color
display.
Display turnoff
with ignition "OFF".

Only $8.50

$1 25 EA
$1 50 EA.

SIZE
SIZE
SIZE
SIZE

02.50 EA.

5490

EA

TOGGLE SWITCH

S,MM
60
66MM
White Face Type

eared

-ski

$5.50 ea.

imnA

5M

ci

4AMP
3AMP
SAMP
3AMP
2AMP
0.8AMP
O.BAMP

6V DC

I2V

DC

150UA METER
only
$1.50

ea.

200MA
100MA
120MA
100MA

00

20

Ur 0,
OnO,I
<)nOn

SPOT

_!!!!

OPDT
OT

,1

l,so

99

$130ea
4150ea
)5e
S,neR
rT
e al the SameP.ice
e
1

MINI SIZE REED RELAY

Approx. 1" square

SPST Normal Open
Contact rated 1AMP
Coil 6,--12V DC
All brand new by AMF
3 for $2.00

$2.75 EA.
$2.10 EA.

$190 EA.
$1.90 EA.

.a,,r `,

10

090
090
110
LARGE QUANTITY AVAIL
FOR OEM

Well Type Transformer

Output
Output
Output
Output

090

SWITCHES

57.50 EA.
56.50 EA.
56.50 EA.
$6.50 EA.
$3.90 EA.
$1.80 EA.
$1,80 EA

AC POWER SUPPLY

12V AC
16V CT AC

amp 125V AC contact

SUBMINIATURES TOGGLE

ALL 117 VOLT INPUT

36V CT
48V CT
24V CT
12 or 24V
24V CT
12V CT

or submits, ,uggleswncr,
1

sv
mou

TRANSFORMERS
s30 V

2.932P SPST
MS 244
SPOT
Ms 245
OpOT

tooMA

PUSH -SUTTON SWITCH

N /Open Contact
Color: Red, White, Blue,
Green, Black.
4/$1.00
N /Close also
Available
504 ea.

LARGE CITY AVA,LABLE

HOUR

INDICATOR

I.C. TEST CLIPS

Same

as the E Z clips
With 20" Long Leads
In Black and Red Colors

$2.75 per pair

$6.50

MA1003, 12V DC CLOCK MODULE

pack

PAN EL METER ((D.C. Type)

5" MUFFIN FAN

HEAVY DUTY
5 Blade Type
110V 50 /60HZ
Cese made of Die -Cast metal
used but almost brand new
SPECIAL PRICE $9.60 ea,

MINI -SIZED I.C.

AM RADIO

Sub Mini Size

PANEL METER
500 UA
ONLY $1.20 ea

$17.50 EACH

$10.50 each
x 2

12V Mini Sue

M,iron ycl.. nere ., Idle
v na,mry bAMP,Hnm
Bend new, nut ltd uenr
$12.50 EA.

SECOND DISPLAY SWITCH

AUTOMATIC BRIGHTNESS
CONTROL
COMPACT AND HANDSOME
PACKING
110V AC 60HZ INPUT

TR output can be adjusted from

0 -30V, 2 AMP. Complete with PC
board and all electronic parts.

Sun

Two for $1,50

0 -30V D.C. REGULATED

Uses A723 and ZN3055 Power

Transformer for Power Supply, 2 AMP 24V

30V DC Panel Meter $4.20

AM /PM ALARM INDICATORS

POWER SUPPLY KIT

It

10 MINS. SNOOZE SET

s-->Key
SPECIAL $10.50 ea.

DIGITAL ELECTRONIC LOCK KIT

400A

LED
ALARM CLOCK
COMPLETE UNIT
NOT A KIT
0.5" RED LED READ OUT
24 HRS. ALARM SET

ABCDEF

Designed for Calculator

Can he used for Computer
Data Entry Pad or Digital I. ock
All key tops blank with super
good touch feeling
$0.95 ea.

AA
C

(Battery not included)

$12.50 PER KIT

Homekey

Low Cost Hexadecimal

- 5 colors

Alligator clips on
a 22" long lead. Ideal
for any testing.
$1.85 /pack

Size smaller than a box of matches!!

Receives all AM stations
Batteries and ear phone included

NI -CD
RECHARGEABLE
BATTERIES

Wheel of fortune
Kit includes all electronic
components and PC Board
Especially designed for experimenters
Guaranteed - they all work!!

FT e0

ONLY $28.50 ea.

KIT

sod'

10 pairs

Kit!

digits display. Turn off

readouts when car is not running. X'tal
controlled time base for time accuracy.
Special designed case for easy mounting
on top of your dashboard. Ideal for c
boat and campers.

kit

Not

ELECTRONIC
SWITCH KIT

Super Buy Only $22.50 each

Complete Unit
0.4" blue color

2 pcs. Fisher PA 301

IC all electronic parts with PC
Board. Power supply.
16V DC (nut
included). Power band with (KF =
1% 1. 3001.
Voltage gain: 33dB,
20112
2OKHz.

Hybrid

DIGITAL CLOCK

2AMP Contact SPOT $1.30 EA

2AMP Contact OPDT $1.75 EA
SAMP Contact 4PDT $2.20 EA

21

HEAVY DUTY
CLIP LEADS

12V D.C. AUTO

P.C. Board Solder

"FISHER" 30 WATT STEREO AMP

Kit includes'.

upra

12V DC MINI RELAY

Type

AUDIO AMP

All parts are pre assembled

on a mini PC Board
Supply Voltage 6--- 9V D.C.
SPECIAL PRICE $1.95 ea.

Yack

Supply Voltage 110V AC. limited quantity $15.50 ea.

BATTERIES NOT INCLUDED

12V DC POWERED
Lights up 8^-15 Walt
Fluorescent Light Tubes
Ideal for camper, outdoor
Auto or Boat
Kit includes high voltage coil, power transistor,
heat sink, all other electronic parts and PC Board,
light tube not included!
ONLY $5.50 PER KIT

MECHANICAL DIGITAL CLOCK

Men

FLUORESCENT LIENT DRIVER KIT

This unit is 1 5/8" long operating volt.

age 4V D.C. will tell you how many
hours your circuit or machine has been
in service up to 100 hours.

SOLIO STATE ELECTRONIC BUZZER

.rl

..

12V

or r one

Limited Quantity ONLY $1.75 ea.

51.5o each pl

MINIMUM ORDER 510.00. Californie residents add 6% SEIM tea and 10% shipping.
Out of state add 15% of total porches.) for shipping charges, out of USA and Oversees add 25% of total purchase.

11

SEND CHECK OR MONEY ORDER TO

FORMULA INTERNATIONAL INC.

I41_I,I

,,

HAW BOULE. ASO

HAWTHOHNE CALIFORNIA
For mon information please call (2131 973.1921,1213)679-5162
STORE HOURS 10.7 Monday Saturday

CIRCLE 3 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

www.americanradiohistory.com

902;0

BARNAMfRIG1No

139

Mates with two rows of 025- sq or COP 1802

dia posts on patterns of 100"
centers and shielded receptacl
8212
access noies In Derck Choices p14
of 6- or 18" length
8216

SOCKET
Pen No
924003 -8R
924003 -068
924005 -180
924005 -068
9240061813

Nee

Length

Na. of Contacts

18"

26
26
40
40

38 ea.
4 78 ea.

6'

8 27 ea

1802M

33 ea
10 31 ea
9 15 ea

MOM
2650M

50

to PC boards for instant

access via socket- connector
-simpers
025" sq posts Choice
d straight or right angle

JUMPERSolder
,lug -,n

HEADERS
E7d Mo.
923863-R
923873-R
923865-R
923875-R
923866-R

No

of

Posti

Angle
straight
right angle
straight
right angle
straight
agni anode

26
26
40
40
50

50

923876 R

Pelee

Si 28 ea

Dui

132 Bd
512 Dy me

it

INTRA -SWITCH

1529
2532
2533

Dual 24o

3341

Fdo

74L5670

4 X 4

2513121401
2513130211
2516

4F- 5.1013

CASE

PRICE

000MHz
8432MHz
000MHz
010MHz
500MHz
2768MHz
579545MHz
000MHz
916MHz

HC33

5 95

HC33
HC33
HC33
HC33

5 95

11C33

4 95

HC33
HC18
HC18

4 95

HC18

95
4 95
4 95
4 95
4 95
4 95
4 95
4 95
4 95

CY1A
CY1 84

CY2A
CY2 01
CY2 50
CY3 27
CY3 57
CY3A
CY4 91

2
3
3
4
4

000MHz
5 185MHz
6 144MHz
6 400MHz
6 5536MHz
10 000MHz
14 31818MHz
18 000MHz
18 432MH1

CY7A
CY5 18
CY6 14
CY6 40
CY6 55
CY12A
CY14A
CY19A
CY18 43
CY22A
CY30A

SWITCHES

IOGGIf

IsuDmnaturel

SPOT

JMi723

DPOi

DOSI

MPC121

n oh on

nonOn
on-on-on

51 43

65

111

55

156

5153

MPC223

DPDT

onnOde.Ori

225

P8123
P8126

SPOT

m6nIa1M0

SPOT

momeo,,

MPC123

on one o
on on on n

ICroaPi

Mlalure

206.4

,DIPSwIrCH
5P1T

15

65

31

206

14

23

lr pin ru

Pore SPatilo

Pan

it

95

97

169P44

169P44 082WE
169P84 062160

30

35

30

95

25

1 15

'r

369

65

650

256
5 M

231

;50

,700

923

826
612

r'00

50

01

Adds

9 95

34500

Ay

.'

'

err
daiw

am

Moor

0,10

ip

Replacement wire-wrap
REPLACEMENT WRAP BIT
wire for P180 *28 AWG
Iia P180 Slit N Wrap
rl l
.,5 ,31
$2.75 each
wes- 2 -emu
No. P180A $12.95 each W282APe.n

CLOCK CASE
wan
red bezel
w

495-

4 . 1-9n

$3.49
140

19 95
5 00

EPROM
EPROM
EPROM

63301

256
512
256

In State 8p0.r
C &polar
00en CoMnm

Opa.

MEMOMEE
MCM6571 51350

11090
519 95
1195
MC3061P
495
MC140817
MC140618
5 15

10110i111

2 010 1.602 CRAW

Imes ro

Kit

1//1

Assembled

iss

sin OLD 060Me

3e

Va

I
0

Model 10 KK
8attp1414
Model 19

09

DC

read.

Attutaly
DC

os

0.1000V

ompem1

serf

Bn Sfil

38

eel

109 power SOON

MAX -tag

$134.95

veneer 0
trip ryspun0e 50 400 Ht
AC

0.100.

ocrAC Current

Adapter BC 28
S9 00
Rechargeable
20.00
Batteries 8P-26
Carrying Case LC-213 7.50

ACCESSORIES FOR MAx

Mobile Charger Eliminator

cl...

9528

S49.00
$17.50

JE700

1110

CLOCK

$16.95

KIT ONLY

JE803

100

Low Power
Single IC Unit

Model KB500 DPM Kit

Model KB503 5V Power Kit

115 VAC

Accessories
AC

Auto Polarity

New Bipolar Unit

Auto Zeroing
5" LED

IA 95

DPM KIT

Pi!

$229.00

100 MHz 8 -Digit Counter

20 Nr100 MHr Rang,
Four Rowe' sui..
8- LEO q ,p11
oanene1
o or zru, .'.
CrysW -oo /wog, hmewM marger
win au
Fully WO..
151001 gaper mn Welt,
Portable --

1 190.1

Volage

519 95

31/2 DIGIT

eleAli

10 mea noun rmperoel

S5 95

ohm respuibn

nunn,

539.95
549.95

Some appllcahuns are

Troubleshooting memprocessor
address instruction and data floe
Examine contents of ROMS
Tracing operation of Control logo
Checking counter ano shift
register operation
Monitoring -0 sequences
Verifying proper system ageratum,
during testing

Connects drrect to Model 100A or rnla5rM0 0111

Battery or AC 06141n
Bulo romp

Model 2800
S99.95

ap

Stop Watch Chip Only 172051

scorra,

Heavy Outy Carry Case

'

Base

IIt

31/2-Digit Portable OMM

10

59 minutes 59 59

Contr.. iure

0,00111

Mdeel

byn 9

DIGITAL STOPWATCH

95

79

97.961

S4 951

and 24-be InO9er word

11

S25001e1

M161)N161

tingle

Leases two hands free for

315
1020

11130e
951490

warn

0n

ma,

working
' Clamps on edge of bench. table
or work bench
Position board on angle or Ilar
position for soldering or clipping
Sturdy. aluminum construction
for hobbyist. manufacturer or
school rooms

49

S17 SO

25002601

95
9 95
3 95

M540240

1'equenr, Lour.

Hand
each
. the 3rd $9.95

0995 Collector

comOOnenln m o ran I
prmle0 <ir[u11 DOar, 4r
AIr

.1l i glu

07,;,'

95
10 95
29 95
59 95
1

16x

nl
nl

00

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'20 voC ample Ouse

dd

404

14 95

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Staut

Toler. C.

Power R.N2.meM,
PhyPCat

nrotrre.

OpeOr

463muwm^roily cowl.

Inwmtr

5 95

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Addu53/04 from
6 dbm
5 OUm
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20 066
ratpence automabplly &OHM'S 10
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0
ao for 0911e5 0elween 600.0 aha 1400 Hr
EIA RS 2320 or 20 ma current bop Irecuoy is

0i9141 Oita Interlace

95

061[

1611

PROBE
4MID!

Charger Eliminator
Mode 100

IKEYBOARDSI Hexadecimal

This is a 63 -key, terminal keyboard newly

inanulactured by a large computer manufacturer. It is unencoded with SPST keys. unattached to any kind of PC board. A very solid

Gi

59 91

Encoder

S9.95 Per Kit

5V 1A Supply

molded plastic 13
tion IN STOCK

4" base suits most applica-

$29.95 /each

S5.00 Minimum Order - U.S. Funds Only

California Residents - Add 6% Sales Tu

19 -key pad includes t -10 keys.

ABCDEF and 2 optional keys and a
shift key
$10.95/each

Spec Sheets

MP=
515.95
ih

- 25d

long x

4
AA

1979A Catalog Available -Send 35d stamp

PROTO BOARDS

PROTO BOARD 6
n
ra,

P8100-45 o6
06101.58 045
1'6102 -7 x 4 5
06103 -9 x6
0E1104

0 blue

NAME

59.95 Per Kit

JE225

lameco
ELECTRONICS

1100600 010100 una

COn1

It

32X8

PARATRONICS TRIGGER EXPANDER - Model 10

16 additional bits Provides glgne delay and Ouagriilen of input dock

SEW
INSTRUMENT/

595
29 95

to mart

2025 Hr for space 2225 Hr for man

1070 span.
swdch h
6te 10w IrnrlNl
1270 man High
015 space 2725 nun

news

Recur. Sensitivity
,mil lever
Reciso

rMk.

202561 tech character,

ics

00.556, Fr
Danner

PL

$24.50

Model P180

49

R68.

Trans.

Steh

0tuaei

1111111111

method

16213 2

95

4096

1024

300 Bawl
ASYM annul Senil

printed incuit board

AWG

10

3248

Moder 1004

63-Key Unencoded

66

a9

2 95

STATIC

411

Fre.ar9Y

4 53

21

15
165

695

Denamoc
DvNAMIC 16 PIN
DYNAMIC 16 PIN

456L

1Y/AREL'11IFSET

85

332

6 50
11 DO

SMhc
SMhc
SMoc

2716 dote
6301 r

195

54

50

50

Model P180 includes 2.100' Spools

wire weep wire

....

1700

695

sol9
1

6K

1CM1209

1495
795

10.y

72

76
iUPD4141

595

51.19
1

.5

5u1[

1014

13 50

Pr.
1

450

1604406206EC1

Lltipa

6 50

450

0620000

062W
841614

sure

35

75

Pa ner ri

50

510,

PROMS
,,moos
2040
Famous
2040

1350

17

1,9
4

64P44 06206E

EPDXY GLASS
COPPER CLAD

open

256

M54116,UP04161

11046515

47

95

NO

64144 062004P

EPDXY
GLASS

X 4

X 4

256

540546574

se0

pin Orp
pin dig

10 95
Statif 30Ons
Start 3001s Low Power I1 95

1014 X

19 95

95

168

16 VECTOR BOARD

PHENOL

DPsT
SPSI

M5102
M5103

8599
21102
74200

16

750

19 95

00erarge

PUSH BUTTON

.50ns
995
Start 45051 low Power r0 95

X 4

of criticalust

75

suri

256

74116
74161

nal for Pit...

terminal

Oil. transmission Mee.

MMO7IIEADOaLT

524 95

Ranges:
IRI

256

111,

ICM7201
dCM1206

PUSH BUTTON

t1t64:1

16

0101

SPECIAL REQUESTED ITEMS

esI0ELW1EWi

11

115
5205

11661e0 Cncudd MPC221

TDGGLE

595

(Model 100A Manual

95

SPOT
SPOT
DPO1

YAae't

95

7489

51

on none on

SPO1

i r.

0414 Format

rnar

695

Easy to assemble
comes with step-by -step construction
050013a1 which educes 80 pages on logic analyzer operaten

10.

995
10 95

norser

SMOG

156X4
X

17074
5203
62523
815115
125123
145017
2701
2116 I

99
95

Mearmum Data Rate

1MS4014

49

.95

45 X
45 x

MU011

Dynamo

40

93.21
MM5262

Kit Only

y [aoow of re
[riliUl note, reguiremenln or Ole re
The Pmemml elle 160

45

2111

$129.95

4096 x

211.3

1495

95

95

14

1024

2114
21141

Analyzes any type of digital system

Checks data rates in excess of 8
mllhon words per second
Trouble shoot TIE CMOS DEL RTL
Schottky and MOS families
Displays 16 logic states up to 8 diges wide
See ones and zeros displayed on your
CRT octal or hexadecimal format
Tests circuits under actual Operating condmons

95
95

t 995

2,02
2t01 5260
21t1

$229.00 /kit

4 95

95
2 95
6 95
95

Character Generator lupo. usti

Character Generator rower usti
Character Generator
2010 et rya, O66 *401105

1495

2101

Logic Analyzer Kit

Model 100A

HC18
HC18

101I121
JM1123
lA1T221

95

11C18

32 000MHz

95

HC18
OCIO
OCIO
HC18
HCIB
HC18
HC18

20 000MHz

v." mourning holes

00

.00

Rapala.

305 8500

95
11 50
7

Slab[

103

95

interface Adapter

"Pennywhistle

Dyham
Stahc
Suu[

1103

PARATAONICS

5 95
4

Salt

256 x 1
1021 X I
256 X 4

1101

rCM1015
ICM7205

AY-5-231B
1100165

FREQUENCY

1024

95

295
795
400

M Sight

Oa,

299

Stat

TEEDE109M

140922

PART NO.

2 95

395

60 Or Start

MC6850

EEyeOaRe OOPS
Al
51495

AY,5-9500

CRYSTALS

Dyumc

roe,

9100
An'5 9200

50
Ro

Dual 256 8r Static

Dual 253 S1ah4

61452301

Permits instant line -by -line switching for diagnostic or 04

testing Switches actuated with pencil or probe tip Mates with
standard 10 o 10 dual-row connectors Low profile design.
Switch buttons recessed to eliminate accidental switching
Price $13 80 ea
Pad No.: 15-26
Na. et contacts: 26

00

50
56

101. Dynamic

1529

P,ovideS both straight and right angle functions Mates

with standard 10" e 10" dual row connectors h e 3m, Ainsley.
etc Permits quick testing of inacceSsIble lines
Part Ns: 922576-26
NA
mints: 26 Pela S6 90 ea

Penph interface Adapter

1024 X B Or ROM
Al9cnronous Comm Adapter

500512 M Oynenec

2524
2525
2521

INTRA -CONNECTOR

611

Peron

SO

Dual 100 61 siglo

Dai 61 00 AccumuWOr
1024 41 Accumuralor DnMma

n22

82 ea

MC6B20

50
50

25 41 Dynamic

Dual 500 511 Or

1024 Dyhavo
'Oes 32 Bd Static
He. 40 e1 5ralic

1995

Stiro Ram

MC6821
MC683018

128

RAMS

Dual 50 81 Dynan,.
Dual 16 St Slabc
Dual 100 el slats

26 50

95
95

5 95

1s0

M4503N

024 95

MC68t0APl

SHIFT REGISTERS

M150114
MM5
MM507H
MM51D1
MM50116
MM501611
MM5O17N

2650
MC6600

95
95

5750

Soli

7519

36 ea

CPU
MPU
MPU

ou

MUM"

M54500rr

2510

2 30 ea

CDP1e02 Manual
280 Manual
2650 Manual

150.1

52 ea
94 ea

t
t

Duedlorul Sus Driver

Br

OUR

Clerk Generator Driver

System Controller. Bus Driver

18

18

50

8i &t Input%Output
Priority Interrupt Control

6224
8220

95

29 95
10 95

CPU

5'9

CPU

MA

ebe

JUMPERS

The Incredible

MICROPROCESSOR COMPONENTS

CPU

MAIL ORDER ELECTRONICS

PHONE
ORDERS
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(415) 592-8097

www.americanradiohistory.com

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8000

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WORLDWIDE

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1995
29.95

08203 9 75x6'2 X214

06203A 9 75 x 6' X 2'a 129 95

PIN

54 50

ti PIN

4 75

1021 HOWARD AVENUE, SAN CARLOS, CA 94070

Advertised Prices Good Thru June

MI9NIIIIII

PIN

40 PIN

8 SO

13.7

7400
SN7400N
SN740IN

BUGBOOKR

TTL

18

59
79

25

SN1485N
SN7486N

25

9174894

1.75

40

SN7490N

45

70

9174919

59
43
43

SN741799

65

89

SN74180N
5N74181N
SN74182N
SN74184N
SN141B5N

35

SN71111114

9 95

59

SN74188N
S974190N
SN74191N
SN74192N
SN74193N
SN74194N
SN74195N
SN74196N
SN74197N
SN71198N
SN74199N
SN74200N
SN74251N
SN74279N
SN74283N
SN71284N
SN74285N

3.95
1.25
1.25

18

5974059

20

SN7/06N

29

SN7407N
SN7408N
SN7409N
SN7410N
SN7411N

29

59741281

SN7413N
SN7414N
SN7416N
SN7417N
SN7420N
SN7421N

5974226

39

SN7423N
68174259
SN7426N
SN7427N
SN7429N
SN7430N

25

5974329
SN743IN
59743139
SN7439N
SN7440N
SN7441N
SN7442N

20
20
18

SN7472N
SN7473N
SN7474N
SN7475N
SN7476N
SN7479N
SN7480N
SN7482N

25

5N74929

25
20

as

5N7493N
SN7494N
SN1495N
SN7496N
SN1497N
SN74100N
SN74107N
SN74109N
SN74116N

20

59741218i

25
25

5N74122N
SN74123N

25
.25
20
89
49

SN74125N
SN74126N
0817413281
SN74136N
SN74111N

75

29

29
29
25

35

35
49
35
5 00

50

.99

35

65
65

3.00

1.95
35
39
49

49
.19
75
75

79

SN74142N

2.95

SN7444N
SN7445N

75

SN71143N

2 95

75

69

5N74144N
SN74145N

2 95

5974469
$N14476
5974489
SN7450N

59

SN74147N

1.95

SN7451N
SN7453N
SN7454N

20

79

20

20
25
25

SN7459A
SN7460N
SN7470N

20
29

79

1.29

SN74148N
SN74150N
5N74151N
SN74153N

89
59

SN74154N
SN74155N
SN74156N
SN74157N

89

99
79
79
65

59

6.00
25
89

79
79
79

95
79

79

1.95
1.95

THE 568 TIMER APPLICATIONS

23
23

23
1

89
.69
89
.89

SOURCE1100N WITH EXPERIMENTS

by Howard M.
W31111

Win

100

Noes

49
49

CD4D40

23
25

CD4041

25

39
1

39

is

99

CD4042
CD4043
C04044
C04046

is
25
99

89

dlsnw moons*

99

C04049

49

CC/4050

19

C4051

19

39

CD4053

19

coasse

119

C04056

2 95

49
19

004047
C0/048

50

35

49
49

12s-.
XC209
5C209

6022
6C22

Yellow

Xc22
SSL-22

Orange
RT

55

MAN

23

49

MAN 2
MAN 3

39

MAN 4

23

MAN 52
MAN 71
MAN 72
MAN 74

23
99
2 49

14 95
14 95
14 95

4.95
19 95

39

MAN 3630
MAN 3640
MAN 4810
MAN 4640
MAN 4710
MAN 4730
MAN 4740

75

99
14.50
3 50

3.95
29

MAN 4810

CD4515

2 95

MAN 6610

C04518

1.29

MAN 6630

39
45

C04520

1.29

coa568

2.25

MM

74C163
740164

300

74338
74C10
74014

75

65

71C90
74C93

2 60

300
2.00

74C193

2.75

00

74C95

2.00

74C195

2 75

65

74C107

25

65
2 15

740151
74C154

2.90

74552

74x8

2 15

74C73

150

74C74

74C157
74C160
74C161

14C922
74C923
74C525
740926

74C30

75
15

M31gH
LM301H

80

LM301CN
LM302H
LM304H

.35

35
75
1

LM305H
LM307CN/H

00

60
.35

100
100
110

LM308H
LM308CN

1M309N
LM309K

125
1.15

LM310081

90

LM311H
LM311N

90

6.50

LM3171(

LM318CN
LM319N
LM320K-5
2

LM320612

LM340641

1.35

NE510A

6 00

35

NE529A
NE531H

4.95

25

LM3105-24
LM340T-5
LM340T-6

135

6 00

LM2901N

6 00

LM3053
LM3065N

30

.39
99

500
500

LM3905N
LM3909
MC5558V

00

LM7525N

75

NE565H
NE565N
81E567H

NE567V
NE570

19

35
35
39
79
79

39
39

90
19

140
85
2 95

65

75

59
95

95

95
75

3.00
2.95
1

100
90
75

19

39
39

75452CN

75453CN
7545/CN
75/91CN
75192CN
75/94CN

39

R151
944194

595

55

1517239

55

RC4195

4 49

741503
741504
741505

23

.29
.29

141508

23

741510

23
.49

74L514

.99

741.520

23
29

.29
.29
23
.29

.29
69
59

741351

23

741555
741573

.35

23

741500

TT

39
79
69

7/13114

89

35
35

7415195
7415253
7415257
7113260
7415279
7415367
7435368
7413670

89

75

741386
74L590

35
49

741.592

59

74L593
741395
741396
7415107
7415109
7415112
7415123
7413132
7422136
7413130
7415139

59

35

99

.79

99
79
39
69

.89
59

100/58

XC556
XC556
X0556

4/51

651
431

MICE
2

95

4.95
25
1

95

Rea

Green

4 51

Yellow

Orange

4 51

All

MV50

100/58
4/St

SI

6 51

Yellow

Orange
Clear

4131

INFRAREO LED
ls x1/4
116

7/51

nat

/S1

25

POLARITY

MAN 8680
MAN 6710
MAN 6730
MAN 6740
MAN 6750
MAN 6760

Common Cathode -orange

Common Anode.red.D D
Common Anode red .1

125

DL701

99

01702

Common

99
99
99

DL704
DL707

Common
Common
Common
Common
Common
Common
Common
Common
Common
Common
Common
Common

25
99

MAN 6780

OL741

99

g16

99
99

0L747

99

OL749
O 1750
O L338

99

FND70

99

400

99
99

.560
560
560
560
560

99
99
99
99
99

FND359
FN0503
F40507
5082-7300

5/51.50

PRICE

NT

C13600

3.75
1.39
1.25
1.25
49

3.50

IC SOLDERTAIL
124

2549

50.1 0

Cathode -red
Cethode. red
Cathode
Anode
Cathode (FN0500)
Anode IFN0510/
5U. Olpt -RHOP
sp. Dige.LHOP

Overrange character (11)

4 R 7 Sgl Digit- Hendeamal

25

40011

4/1 00

6 8
8 2

400m

4009

4/1 00
4/1 07

1N9656 15
195232
56

40011

4/100

500th

23

164734

195234
195235
165236
19456
19458

6.2

500.

28

60

500m

7.5

500.

28
28
6/1 00

194735
164736
1N4738
194742
194744

11959

49

69

600

19 95

500

19 95

75

99
99

15 00

1891055
194001

150
180
50 PIV

22.50

IN4002

100 PIV

164003
144004

200 PIV
400 PIV,

69
89
89

89
89
99
79
2

49

89
89
89

89

79

59

.59
59
1

95

9.95

9374

"

9 95

7- segment LEO driver

argrnon anode

LEDs S

.99

2549

-24

50.100

34

32

'`

25

24

30

27
32

25

LR 5

SOLDERTAIL STANDARD (TIN)

27

1a

SG

32

29

SG

35

37

43

ASST. 3

ASST. 4

5 ea.

28 Dm WW
36 pin WW
40 run WW

ASST. 5

5 ea

ASST. 6

5 ea.

ASST. 7

5 ea

12 OHM

15 OHM

18 OHM

22

27 OHM

33 OHM

39 OHM

47 OHM

56 OHM

02 OHM

ISO OHM

120 OHM

150 OHM

220 OHM

270 OHM

330 OHM

390 OHM

560 OHM

680 OHM

820 OHM

126

56

185

3311

395

476

566

26

108

12K

155

226

275

ASST. BR

25

30

336

685

828
2206

2105

3305

470K

560K

6806

820h

2M
3M

5M
9M

851

1M

57

90
26

145

59

95

95

OS
1

75
65

85

40

59

25
45

75

30
40

50 PCS

50

1/4 WATT 5%

1N1185
191186

1206

1/4 WATT 5%.

1/4 WATT 5%

KS

50 PCS.

50 PCS.

50 PCS.

50 PCS.

2M

1/4 WATT 5%

5 5M

Spec Sheets

SCPCS.

$9.95 ea.

251

ELECTRONICS

MAIL ORDER ELECTRONICS

9803

MDA

PHONE
ORDERS

WELCOME
(415) 592 -8097

- WORLDWIDE

1021 HOWARD AVENUE, SAN CARLOS, CA 94070

Advertised Prices Good Theta June

CIRCLE 58 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

www.americanradiohistory.com

64.@ 3005

28

150 PIV 35 AMP

200 PIV 35 AMP

60

70

70

BC

3 00

00

6/1.00
6/1.00

TIS9B
110133

511 00

15135

75

75

195

175
3/1 00
4/1 00

5/1.00
5/1 00

41100
5/1.00
4/1 00
4/1 00
5/1 00

00

293904
293905
293906
294013
2N4123
PN1249

4/I 00

1864250

111 00

5/1 00

294400
264401

293055
MJE3055
2N3392

511

293398

5/100

P93567
PN3560
PN3569

311

89

00
00
3/1 00
411

40

6/1.00

51100

2814482

5/1 00

2814403

4/I 00

511 DO

MP53705
293706
9183705
293707
293711

5/1 00
5/1 00

294409
2N5086
295057
295088
295089
295129
PN5134
PN5138
295139
295210
295449
255951

5/1 00

5/100
5/1 00
5/I 00

253772
2N3823
263903

2'1 00

4/1 00

e813704
MPS37D4
263705

2N37246
2N3725A

5/1.00
1.25

00
00

MPS3638A
MP53702

1/1 00

2622134
2422214
2422225
1N2369
2423694
MP52369
292484
292906
292907
292925
MJE2955
253053

195

FW BRIDGE REC

4/1 00
4/1 00
411 00
4/1 00
4/1 00

5/1 00

0409
40110
40673
29918

FW BRIDGE ROC

TRANSISTORS

30

5/I

9-

51

SCR

12A @ 2005
50

610681
MPSA05
MPSA06
TIS97

CAPACITOR
9

In

01

55

22

pi

47 of
100 pl

65
00

2.25
1

D0

411

00

00
4/1 00
4/1 00
4/I 00
511

4/I

00

5/1 00
5/1 00
5/1 DO

51

DO

30

001m1

0022

I/35V
15/355
22/35V
33/355
47/35V
68/350

1.0/350

035
035
035
04

07

022/n1

13

07

047/n1

21

17

led

27

23

22m1

33

27

04
03
06
04
151
035
12
109 VOLT MYIAN FILM CAPACITORS

12

10

12

10
10

12

10

07

07

28

23

28

23

28

23

17

28

23

17

23
23

17

26
28

11
17

17

15
16
14

1.5/350
2.2/25V
3.3/25V
4.7/25V
6.8/25V
10/255
15/25V

10

14

11

12

09

13

10

13

10

16

22/255
22/505
47/255
47/50V

17

15

12

24
19

20
17

18
15

25
24

21

470255
10001160

2200/160

30

04
075

08
13

17
22

31

26

21

27

22

27

22

31

32

28

23

M
40

Radial

13

10/5016

1001251/

11

31

35

28
23
17
63
50
MINIATURE ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS

15

100/509
220/255
220/505

05
09

+26% DIPPED TANTALUMS (SOLID) CAPACITORS

7/25V
10/25V
4

50 -100

05

03
03

12

1049

06

04
04

03

Add Lud
4701/
0/500

3.3/500

04
04
04

05
05
05

'

05
05
05

05

05

CORNER

001eF
00479F
01F
02294
0479F

03

470 or

.01111

50 VOLT CERAMIC
DISC CAPACITORS

1049 50.100
04
04

220 pi

1978A Catalog Available -Send 355 stamp

lameco

28

191188 400 PIV 35 AMP

12A @ 50V

MOO 980-1

0041111

1/4 WATT 5%

20 /1 00
28
28
28
28

10

PER ASST.

Includes Resistor Assortments 1-7 (350 PCS.)

$5.00 Minimum Order

U.S. Funds Only
California Residents Add 6% Sales Tax

40

416

1806

75

00

1/4 WATT 5%

18K

395

1006

686

566

53

10

1/4 WATT

2 76

3906

15

10/1 CO

SCR AND FW BRIDGE RECTIFIERS

15

1500

1M

81
I

OHM

60 OHM

]5

$1.75

10 OHM

61

26
45

#3

180 OHM

ea.

2420 n WW
NW

470 OHM

5 ea.

SG

NM

50 PCS. RESISTOR ASSORTMENTS

62

90
1

70

WIRE WRAP SOCKETS (GOLD) LEVEL

ASST.

58

SOLDERTAIL STANDARD (GOLD)

35
3B

5 ea.

53

530

59

28 pin 5T 5 95
36 pin ST t 39
40 pm ST
59

pin SG

ASST.

37

LP
40 pin LP

14 pin 5G

62

1w

Iw

5 95

75

4"

10/1 00
6/1 00
15 /1 00
12/1 00

Iw
191183 50 PIV 35 AMP
161184 100 PM 35 AMP

7001

00

15

10/1 00

15

SCR

5 77

41

iw

12

SC1(2N10491

pin ST

68

6.8
8.2

16 pin ST

42

Iw
Iw

35A @ 6000

50

37

56
62

154 95 4000

36 pin

38

25m

75

262328

28

An WW

10n

35

C38M

100

AMP
AMP
AMP
1011

C360

75
1

PRICE

2000

50
75

4.95
6.95
9.95
2.95

29

37

4 95

295

18 pin LP
20 pm LP

41

4 95

43

45

12/1 00
1211.00

800 PIV

MM5312
MM53i4
MM5316
MM5318
MM5369
MM5841

36

ID pin WW

1211 00

600 PIV
1000 PIS

MM5311

LOW PROFILE (TIN) SOCKETS

35

AMP
AMP
AMP
AMP

164006
194007
193600
114148
144154
194305

95

35

38

5/1.00
12/1.00

10m

00

45

3.60
2.05

00

1.95

t,p

47

6/1

VOLTS

44

52

7m

25

1.25
2.85

RECTIFIERS

S 5

69
55

CLOCK CHIPS

37

3.40

40m

25

3.20
2.99

X54741

TYPE
1414005

6 2

36

8 pin W1V

MACE

1/754

45

IB pin SG

DIODES

114753

49

38

5G

4 25

4 /1.00

LP

pit

45

4/1 00

28 pin LP

75

4/1.00

16

400m

35

4 35

512240
602264

400th

110

MM5309

5.25

5112212

400.

250
350
500
500

600
600

X52211

5 6

149
1

VOLTS

5.20

XR2209

85

14752

21

45

25

1.30
3 85
39

1N746
3 3
1197514 5.1

22

24 pin ST

39
99
99

502555
X42567
503403
X41136
X5415'
954194
X14202
444212
55455e
504739

3.20
4.40

25

20

30
12

155

39

99

517

35
49

X01800
502206
592207
502208

149

99
1

LP
pin LP

16 pin 5T

501489

4 40

TYPE

XR2206KB-$19.95

40

4 40

5 8

ZENERS

pin LP

14

XR2206KA-$14.95
X0205
X0210
XR215
64320
01555
50556

$1.50

cuits.

99

300
300
600
630
600
630
600

4,081.red
Catnodered -1

Dissipates

down to 2.7 volts. Perfect for

battery operation and CMOS cir-

99
1

$1.95 /spool

Precision timing circuit for

1/1510 the power and operates

1011488

16

16

interchangeable.

99

300

$3.95 ea.

Blue -Yellow -White -Red

generating timing pulses in TIPInubs, hours and days or up to

year by using two. Reduces
cost of time delay circuits. Basic
555 Timer with built -in 8-bit
Counter.

99

560
300

XR2242CP

560

5082 -7304
5082 -7340

popular 555 Timer and directly

Mode -red

4 it 7

1005. $2.95 100015 $15.00

Yellow - Red - Green - Blue - Black

EXAR

50567C7
541310F
XR1468C9

99

46.95

XR -L555
$1.50
Micro -Power version of the

XR567CP

99

14

White

UNWRAP

30 AWG

REPLACEMENT DISPERSER SPOOLS FOR WD 30

99
99

50827302

FCM3817
MM5725
MM5736
MM5738
OM8864
DM8865
DM8887
OM8889
5030

1.60
.85

soft $1.95

Cuts wire to desired length

Strips 1" of insulation
Specify

560
560
560
560
560

Dalnode. red
Anode -red 51
Camode.red
Camo4e -re4
Anode -red
Anode -red
Anode-red - I

STRIP

WIRE DISPENSER
WD -30
501. roll 30 AWG KYNAR wire wrap wire

Cethooe.Ied.O D
Cathode red -1

CALCULATOR CHIPS
AND DRIVER

$3.95

095" dia.

TYPE

WRAP

Specify blue, yellow. white or red

.190- dia.
531

5/51

Green

CC556

WIRE WRAP TOOL WSU -30

WIRE WRAP WIRE

guIOeS. basic

xc

015

Red
Red

Common
Common
Common
Common
Common

400

2.00

1M

35

741583
74LS85

49

2.00

3.25
3.25

95

89

35

200"

Xcss6

89

7qLS157
7415160
7415161
7115162
7<15163
7415164
7415175
74L5181
7/1.5190
7415191
7415192
7415193

741574
741675
741576

74L5151

.85

CA3082
CA3083
CA3086
CA3089
CA3130
CA3140
CA3160
CA3401

2.48
1.35
1.30

95

1.25

23

2.15
2.56

75

7H5ICN

39

CA3035
CA3039
CA3046
CA3059
CA3060
CA3080
CA3081

WW

LM75450

79

CA2023

WW

25

CA3013

18 pm

1.25

1.35

58.50

union

50I11

Red

300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
400
400
400

RCA LINEAR

16 pm

75

29
29

D wImol

9550 struwure el CMOS mows mm'Ri mm9rgn boo MS!

XC556

125

000

69

1.25
99
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79

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119

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35
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LM1301N
LM1305N
LM1307N

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LM340K-5

LM351CN
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30

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100

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LM739N

95

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80095
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1.49

74689

00526
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X0526
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431

1.95

9.95

75

4151

4/51

519.00

DISPLAY LEDS

CD4066
CD4068

74C00

185
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COMPLETE MANUAL FOR DIGITAL CLOCKS by John Weise and John atom
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dlannensucs of clocks, soldering techniques. clack component data sheets and 09l911ottgn tips

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SUGIOOKS 1184 II

Continuing Education Serles

15

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141

TRANSFORMER HINT
Steve P. Dow, Gibsons, BC, Canada,
writes:
"Low -end stereos which need unavailable OEM transformers can be replaced
with standard brands, as you said in the
Service Clinic, January 1978 issue. Many
of the originals fail because a thermal
fuse was used in the primary circuit. The
UL and CSA safety tests on these
receivers are based upon this intrinsic
energy -limiting device. However, many
of the standard low- voltage transformers
in replacement lines do not have this
protective device. So, when these are
used, a fuse should be added, if the original part isn't used.

"This thermal fusing seems to be the

result of tightened transformer standards
since 1973. Manufacturers had to guarantee that when a transformer burned out
it could not short any primary terminal to
the core. Since this burnout test was
made with the primary energized and the
secondary shorted, the simple solution
was to use thermal links. Burnout then
terminated with the open primary circuit,
and the insulation did not overheat."
(Thank you very much, Steve. To be
honest, I didn't know that! However, I
had wondered about the rash of cases
with open primary winding. You may
remember that the older power transformers rarely, if ever, opened the primaP.O. Box 4430E Santa Clara, CA 95054

will call only: (408) 988 -1640

2996 Scott Blvd.

For

Same day shipment. First line parts only Factory

tested. Guaranteed money back. Quality IC's and
other components at factory prices.
1n
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
CD
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94

CO25,5

40TTS

41

7403N
74029
9409K

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4

Cheap Clock Kit $14.95

Includes everything except case. 2 -PC

boards. 6 -.50" LED Displays. 5314 clock
chip, transformer, all components and full
instrucs. Green and orange displays also
avail. Same kit w /.80'4 displays. 521.95

07

190

75

290 MM5176
MA15J

72792

5
8 75
8 75

MM5169

2,

4 45

INI047B41

M5865

Sp

70
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47912

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6 95

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14

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28

27
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450

50fi86WIT

514MN4

450
450
427
450

6506104

82,6

l75

B274

150

,0432NHz

5 27

21 1754 MHz

I4318184117

50

Indoor and outdoor. Automatically

switches back and forth. Beautiful. 50"
LED readouts. Nothing like it available.
Needs no additional parts for complete,
full operation. Will measure -100` to
+200 F, air or liquid. Very accurate.
Complete instructions.
539.95

KS

IC

Update Master Manual

1978 IC Update Master Manual $30.00

Complete IC data selector 2175 pg. Master reference guide. Over 42,000 cross
references. Free update service through
1978. Domestic postage $3.50. Foreign
$6.00. Final 1977 Master closeout $15.00

464. 6W

Ov

Yellow..

}70

Jon OO

9r

C11pa

n19rm

green

tM

loci
WIRF WRAP 77L5 rn
318.00
PoNable Multimets
THERMOMETER
er

310237
Mary

General
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Como

COMPUTER

as

343

purpose
probe
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mnOnal

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51'4

95

495

67 slat RAM boom lot

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Aid

wm na4

BOARD S%ITS ccm

RAM Board
uK EPROM Kit

e x23

0
m
14 0
12

39700
5665

1L

(MOM

727

0:7777

'50

CA

CC

PN790617

CC
CC CA

a'

CL. CA

Kansas
On ROM Monitor $38.00
Super Elf owners take 304 off.

$89.50
14.95

$9.95

Convert your TV set into a high quality

monitor without affecting normal usage.
Complete kit with full instructions.

300

I95
1

00

70
95

570
800

90
20

fi0

bubble

45N9

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8043

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50

9023E

Converts digital clocks

from AC line frequency to crystal time
base Outstanding accuracy. Kit includes:
PC board, MM5369, crystal, resistors.
capacitors and trimmer.

Clock Calendar Kit

There are several possible causes for

this. One, make sure that the service
switch is good. The ohmmeter must show
zero resistance between the vertical -output base and the bottom end of the 39ohm resistor to the vertical driver's collector circuit. Also, read the emitter voltage of the vertical -output transistor. If
this reads normal ( +5.21 volts), then the
output stage is working, and there should
be an open circuit in the secondary of the
vertical- output transformer or vertical deflection yoke. Check all yoke plug contacts.
If all these seem to be OK, check the
220-F electrolytic capacitor in the yoke
circuit. This is the yoke- return capacitor,
and if it's open there will be no sweep.
For the blue line, check the red and
green screen -control settings.

00
90

t
1

607
500

DGB {WOrescent

5969

Pearl, MS.

drgn Bubble
yst

THIN BLUE LINE

I'm having a time with this J.C. Penney
model 2874. All I get is a thin blue horizontal line on the screen! I've checked
several things and come up dry. -M. B.,

N
]00125

00
CC

90
39

SASS
ACC 670

ENO.

35

270
25
ITN

r_

4207

90690 R7

me0x4

can

wau plug

0X0503710

OX

7171701

lamp

707614
707611

25
25

stead

ES

OISPl41r LEGS
MAN'
CA
MAN]
CL
MAx7274
CA CA

15

CONTINENTAL SPECIALTIES In 51701

rd lest
Complete
MA%
S WRll Prep. LN.
9119.65

Memory I/F $5.30

Video Modulator Kit

MXz

Kit $4.75

Board only

6t'

60 Hz Crystal Time Base

TERMS: $5.00 min. order U.S. Funds. Calif residents add 6 %tax.
BankAmericard and Master Charge accepted.
Shipping charges will be added on charge cards.

142

25

New Cosmac Super 14ELF"

All parts and instructs.

27
fi 95

Opera es 5-18 Von DC to

display
,p47 25 LEO

$23.95

C7015 direct drive chip displays date

and time on .6" LEDS with AM -PM indi-

ALDELCO ELECTRONICS COMPANY

NEW IMPROVED DIGITAL ALARM CLOCK KIT
0.5 LED Display 12 hour format
Snooze Feature
Elapsed Timer
$24.95
Simulated Wood Grain or Black Leather Cabinet
12 or 24 Hour Clock Kit. Similar to above but without Alarm or
Only S23.95
Timer features
4.95
Crystal Time Base Kit for 12 Volt DC use

COMBINATION FREQUENCY COUNTER A CLOCK. 04 LED

Display. .00005% accuracy. 12 or 24 Hour Clock uses 8 AA
$99.95
Nicad batteries (not supplied) Assembled Unit
17.50
8 Size AA Nicad Batteries
5.95
110 Volt AC Power Supply A Battery Charger
VOLTAGE REGULATORS
10220 Package
Negative
Positive
$1.25
$100
7905
7805
7906
7806
7912
7808
7915
7812
7918
7815
$1.10
LM309H
1.10
LM309K
.55

044723

Prescaler Kit to 350 MHz

Stopwatch Kit

$19.95

$26.95

Full six digit battery operated. 2 -5 volts.

3.2768 MHz crystal accuracy. Times to
59 min.. 59 sec., 991/100 sec. Times std.,
split and Taylor. 7205 chip, all components minus case. Full instruc. Molded
$5.00
plastic case with bezel.

Auto Clock Kit

$15.95

DC clock with 4 -.50" displays. Uses

National MA -1012 module with alarm
option. Includes light dimmer, crystal
timebase PC boards. Fully regulated,
comp. instructs. Add $3.95 for beautiful

dark gray case. Best value anywhere.

FREE: Send for your copy of our NEW 1978

OUEST CATALOG. Include 24e stamp.

CIRCLE 13 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

www.americanradiohistory.com

25a

.01

$1.00
.033
470.E
20pF 510pF

1005F 800pF
.001
.01 Disc 30 volt 100 for $3.50

500 for $15.50

TURNER PTT Hand Mike
Model J360DM with 5 pin
DIN. GOOD for Ham CB marine and aviation only $10.95

includes schematic
$17.95
5 Von. 6 Amp
+15 and -15 2 Amp $16.95

and instructions, less case.

2.5 MHz Frequency Counter

537.50
Kit Complete kit less case
30 MHz Frequency Counter
$47.75
Kit Complete kit less case

CAPACITOR SPEC.

Kit of parts for Power supply

cator. Alarm /doze feature includes buzzer. Complete with all parts, power supply

Original Cosmac "ELF" kit

'78

50

X70,65 -5

En0pdM

Pw

9.00

,usnbu"

Mom
slide

display

6300

LEOS
Red T01P
Grego OOrrange,

Tiny Basic for ANY 1802 System

249.00

215

Wy...Nde0.,,ndoun BJ 95

City Standard Cassette $10 00

RCA CosmacVlP Kit

Dos

RCA CMOS expandable microcomputer

wIHEX keypad input and video output for
graphics. Just turn on and start loading
your program using the resident monitor
on ROM. Pushbutton selection of all four
CPU modes. LED indicators of current
CPU mode and four CPU states. Single
step op. for program debug. Built in pwr.
supply, 256 Bytes of RAM, audio amp. &
spkr. Detailed assy. man WPC board &
all parts fully socketed. Comp. Kit
$106.95 High address display option

S -100

Video computer with games and graphics.

Available on board options: 1K super ROM

monitor $19.95 Parallel I/O port $7.95
RS232 I/F $3.50 TTY 20 ma OF $1.95

Opens shorted cells that won't hold a

charge and then charges them up, all in
57.25
one kit w/full parts & instruc.

31cPt.

,0

4K Elf Expansion Board Kit

$79.95
with Cassette I/F

NiCad Batt. Fixer /Charger Kit

board

PC

Analyser KII
5199.00
4790 Mode1r10 Tuner
5299470
9.95 Mode1150
Bus r
RESISTORS re earl 5',.
Ora1per K0
3369 DO
10 Ow lope
03
707170 a, tree 1112
1RA10FORMERi
27 per type 025
30 mete pack
yon 300 ma ,randarme 115
per tree 015
Seer 1r0e65
1269 CT 600 ma
3.75
7.44OAROS
12V 250 ma NMI plug
2 95
xe e ba,4rd510 95 frilly
re
120 01 250 ma wall plug
350
am wet and r7v ns 329 95 AV 11 400 ma
95

omen new

8.95, Low address display option 9.95:

Custom hardwood cab.: drilled front
panel 19.75 Nicad Battery Backup Kit
w /all parts 4.95 Fully wired and tested in
cabinet 151.70 1802 software xchng.
club: write for info.

Digital Temperature Meter Kit

11.95

Extender Bnar0 9oonnector

77

]0
800

84

Special oanslormn and me xellches

when purchased w/molule
196
MAIM car module 3'

Orange,
50
50
15

MHz
,0 MHz

1091152 MN7

21

24

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BOOM wnndata

95

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10
10

C7NxECTO9s

7650

75

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21011

2709
DM9517
8223

SOCKETS

74

50 'C
18
J 0
II
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B28
91

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1w Pronte
js So..IT9
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3,U

8126

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65

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61

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5110
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8095
65

95

MMS37NR 9
0.205

21044

150

fi0

728
1702.1
00407 100 2102014160
,85
074708425 21P02
704517

395
195

J 80

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15

CLOCK MODULES Cmgele aarm aolhs

M111104. C or E
102P2 Tan9mmn

NIAMI531,

2' OYfrMEMORY

31/2 Digit Multimeter

Batt. oper. l mV and .1 NA resolution. Resistance to 20 meg. 1% accuracy. Small.
portable, completely assem. in case. 1 yr.
559.95
guarantee. Best value ever!
a

11
25

40

1040134

Sinclair

Not

4C915 10
7419t6 '0 50
4C92 10

CO
50

90.6571A

120

74716

742923

42

91102A

10

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'S195
1100

etsz5

CIAV38500,

21

00

29

63
67

1995

28
9w
2i C10CN0
215 57MS09

7G
7a614

x 8096
097
36

704049

M 0 CONKRTER 104079

55

25

L04046

5,01
4190A

141741

746906

75

59

Ac1p

SPECIAL PRODUCTS
91447865 Slupoetln Timer

,015

33

74C905

55

904
74010
74014

)6

'0

15a94CN

74182211

2549414
1549214

51

L04066
104067
104069
C04010

78.08
75407

C04p44

,7u7n4

75
3 00

63

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p0u70d

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CO4p43

Jp C04060

NkOCY
8105

740520N

141.51441

20

tlr35

1M30L5

25

25
40

695

00

774040

4445320

' 71
79

575

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01
67

ELECTRONICS

11102
4405261

C04192 390

'9 24C914

C74019

02

749,60
49775

15

C0445

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251I8

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C04593

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774017
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C74013

100 C0401

29

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104726
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741536101

100 904079

190 1M1YM

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114,41138

746544

001400,

,.5

35
35

10

450 004001
I

29

74954

L43B1

69

74 SN

35

277N

89

47N
7.489
.57N

17M

'

174377
781379
7M31104.

5,

0 5.2N

60

15
39

NeiCD..

151
,0

ry; they just overheated and burnt up.

Thermal fusing is a very good idea, and
I should have added that. Also, if the
replacement transformer is well derated,
as suggested, there won't be as much risk
of overloading it, as the original obviously
was.)

FETS

transistors.

NA oem MAORd Car CM&

win 3 push
New

trey.

button Switches end Otters

94nwJm cabinet la MA

Sendstamp torca

'.55

MMPF102

1003

$19.95
56.95

Monsanto MV5053 Jumbo Red

LED and LED Holder .25 each
Green. Yellow or Orange LEDS
5 for $1.00
FND 70 CC 0.3 Display LED .49
FND 500 CC 0.5 Display LED .89
1.35
FND 503 or FND 5077
CLOCK FILTERS 2`/.x547/!' Red.
Blue, Green or
.60 ea
Amber

MC145SP SPEC.
Only .49
AMATEUR TV CONVERTER
Covers 420 to 450 AM TV
BAND. Works on unused
Commercial TV Channel
ONLY $39.95
KR
ASSEMBLED
$49.95
BUNKEY ELASRER nMER KIT

Includes 555, PC Board Parts

$2.50
& Instructions

ACCUKEYER KIT. Uses TTL, Includes IC's. sockets. Speaker, PC

ONLY $19.95
Board, instructions and all parts
MEMORY KIT. Matches above A other accukeyer kits ONLY $19.95
VARIABLE POWER SUPPLY KITS..5 Amps 5-15 Volt DC 56.95
6.95
.5 Amps 12 -28 Volt DC
add $ 1.00 per kit shipping
Visit Our Store. Hours 9:00 AM to 8:00 PM Mon. to Frl. Sat. 9:00 AM
to 2:00 P.M. Phone Orders accepted. Visa A Master Charge. ADD
5% FOR SHIPPING. ORDERS UNDER $10.00 add $1.00. Foreign
Orders add 15% shipping (Except Canada A Mexico) send Certilied Check or Money Order 1n USA funds.

ALDELCO

22e1R BABYLON TURNPIKE, MERRICK, N.Y. 11566

(516) 378 4555

CIRCLE 10 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

INTERNATIONAL ELECTRONICS
C LED SALE
PC BOARDS

for use with

ELEKTOR #27/28 Jul -Aug 77

LEO peak indicator
knotted handkerchief

LED DISPLAYS
MAN
MAN
MAN
MAN
MAN
MAN
MAN
MAN
MAN
MAN
MAN
MAN
DL
DL
DL

.27"
.30"
.27"
.27"
.30"
.60"
.30"

2
5

54

66
72
82

10A
702
707

DL 747

FND 359
FND 500
FND 507/510
NSN 74R

6610
6630
6640
6650
6710
6730
6740
6750
DL 336
DL 338
NSN 33
HP 5082
HP 5082
SP425 -09
Calc Disp
TI 434

Jumbo
Jumbo
Jumbo
Jumbo

CA LHD
5x7 LHD

.99

3.95

Green CA LHD
Yellow CA LHD
Green CC RHD
Red CA LHD

.99
.49

.99

.69
.69
.59
.59
.99
.79

.59
.69
.69
.69

.17" Red CC
.17" Red CC
.11" Mag. RHD
.11" Mag. RHD

Dig
Dig Gas
Dig Red

Red LEDs

12/$1.00
8 /51.00
8/51.00
12/$1.00

2518
2522
.69
.59
.69
.59
.69
.59
.69
.59
.29

1M5016
SL.5-4025
C75002
CT5005
MM5725
MM5736
MM5738
MM5739

.39
.49
.69
.79
.49

Discharge

MAN 3s on board Red

Green LEDs
Yellow LEDs
Clear LEDs

2511

1.19

Dig .56" Orng CA RHD

-1/2 Dig .56" Orng CA RHD
Dig .56" Orng CC RHO
-1/2 Dig .56" Orng CC RHD
Dig .56" Red CA RHD
-1/2 Dig .56" Red CA RHD
Dig .56" Red CA RHD
-1/2 Dig .56" Red CC RHD
Dig .17" Red CC
Dig
Dig
Dig

CT7001
2510

.79

EXAR

.95

2.95
.95

3.95
2.95
4.95

1.25
.95
.95
.59
.35
.75
.65
.95
.95

4136
4202
4212
4739

1.49

4008657

77084
77101
77109

69

100 /51.00
15 /$1.00

S5.95
$.19

302H
308H
3119

.39

2522K
2755G
2760D

(w/ handle /stand)

2525F 2.8",x5.4 "x2 4"
(ventilated)
HAMMOND - blue
1591C
2.6 "x4.8 "x1.6"

.49
.69

;I

KEYBOARD,L?lC O LiO
isJ

20 Keys - 2 slide switches

3" x 3 -3/4"
51.00/3

140-2
140 -4

81

EI

L7IZLCIO

nnr;n

BEZELS - with red filters

cut -out 1.125" x 2.375"
max .062" panel thickness
cut -out 1.160" x 4.375"
max .125" panel thickness

BOARD

'

p,Y

Min 10 /value
$.15
.10

Ea.

-99
100 -999

$.20

.20

Carbon Film
Qty.
-99
100 -999
1000-

Fesistors

5%

Min 10 /value
$.05

Ea.

$.10

.10

BREADBOARD KIT

29

7401
7402
740,

59.00 /100
8.00/100
/4w,

05

06
7407
07
/l09
7409

/2w

.04

7413
7414
7415
7416
7417
7420

$3.00/100
2.50/100

1.50
6.90

9419 -1
9419 -2

5.15
9.95

9447 -2
9447 -3
9741
9759
9765

3.60
2.55
1.45
16.25
1.10

16
19

29

7470

20
20
20
35
35
38

28
27

.72

65

7474
7475
7476
7483
7485
7486
7499
7490
7491
7493
749]
7494
7495
7496
74100
4107
74121
74122
21
74125

59

7,7x6

25

43
65
25
35
35

71.9

l0
742
4 13

0
5

65
73

7445
4
7446
7447
..e
7450

Carbon Film + 5%
/4w or /2w
Usage Evaluated Assortment
5
to 20 ea of 44 values.
$12.95
Supplied in 15 Drawer 60 Comp.
Cabinet.
$22.95 + $2.00 Sh.
1

.44

Wire Wrap
8
pin
14 pin

.61

16 pin

$.36

40 pin

.28

SI LN

ceramic disc
10 capacitors each
33pf 82pf
220pf
820pf
.022uf
5pf
47pf 10Gpf 270pf
.001uf
.030uf
lOpf 56pf 150pf 4700
.0047uf
.050uf
.luf
22pf
68pf
180pf 600pf
.Olaf
capacitors only...$11.95
Packeged in 15 drawer, 60 compartment
cabinet....$19.95 plus $2.00 shipping
50V,
1pf

24 values,

CERAMIC DISC CAPACITORS

50V

22pf 56pf
27pf 68pf
33pf 82pf

120pf 270pf 820pf

.022uf
5pf
150pf 390pf .001uf
.030uf
7pf
180pf 470pf .0047uf .050uf
lOpf 47pf l00pf 2208f 600pf .Olaf
0 -10 per value..$.10ea
10 -up per value $.05ea
10 -up per value $.05ea
TANTALUM CAPACITORS - solid dipped
.lu /35V $.20
6.8/6
15/50
5.25
.22/35
.20
6.8/16
.25
22/16
.33/35
.20
6.8/50
.30
33/10
1/35
.20
10/16
47/6
.30
2.2/20
.25
10/25
.35
47/25
2.2/35
.25
10/50
.35
56/6
3.3/35
.25
15/10
150/15
.35
4.7/16
.25
15/20
.35

$.40
.40
.50
.50
.55
.65

1.25

Silicon SW diode assorted 400 mw

$.05ea
194148 (19914) Silicon diode 400 mw
.10
193064 Silicon SW diode 400 mw
.10
194006 Silicon rect. diode 600V 400mw .10
Zener diode 400 mw - .2.4V, 3.68, 5.18,
6.58,

6.88,

10V,

12V, 14.5,

15V,

120V

.15

Germanium diode 400 ma

.08

TRANSISTORS
291132
2N2218A
I2N2222A
292223
292369
292904
2N2905A
293227
293904
293906
SCA 13572

PNP Gen
NPN Low
NPN Low
NPN Low
NPN Low
PNP Low
PNP Low
NPN Low

NPN Low
PNP Low
NPN Pwr

Purp.
Power
Power
Power
Power
Power
Power
Power
Power
Power
Trans

Ampl

TO -5
Trans TO -5
Trans TO -18
Trans. T0-5
Trans T0 -5
Trans TO -5
Trans TO -5
Trans TO -18
Trans TO -92
Trans T0 -92
-

.69
.69
.29
.69
.29
.49
.76
.69
.17
.17

200V TO-5

1.75

65
61

59
79
11

35
35
31

49
34

69
66
35
x

31
74141

74115
74150
74151
74153
>4154

25
43
75
49
49
15
75
15

74161
74162
7416]

741es
61
74166
74170
7]

74174
71175
4177

7418
74180
74151

v
37
5
5

99

54
55
15
95
98

74197
74199
74199

,5

66
50
20

75
75

55
39
23

95
t

95
95

74182
74195
4190
1191
74192
4193
74194
74195

.95

74155
56
74157
74156
74160

742700

379

95
19

190
1

49

19

95
54
91
95
2 30
65

120
1.15
15

99
es
1

69
69
95
79

LM372N

9 71

29
85
80
26

30

1M378CN
LM380N
LM3808CN
LM38tN
10382N

1.163095

99

NE540L

LMN310C

07

NE5484
NE5504

19

LM555C4
NE5564
LM580N
LMSBIN
LM565N
LM565H
1M5870

159

U.158eCN

L5131 IH

89

LM311N
LM319N

89
3

0632014

52

12

129

15

LM3201
12

15

1M322N
1M32474

152
158

I1.512002N1

LM339N
1063405

56
5

12

19

24

129

LM3401
5 6

12

18

24

9--E9urv

19

93
59

107330
LM739N

79

29
95

LM711CN191

32

75

LM741 CH

75

LM7470
LM747N

190
290

NE531v

89

LM3851t
095

311CN

45

126309.

15

74
95
95
1

LM3000.
LM301CN
103020
LM304H
LM307CN
LM307H
103080

LM587CN
LM587H
U41030
LM703CN
LM7095

39

85
95
95
19

39
39
19
29
49

'5
9

35

1074150N
2

LM1458CN

39
55

75491N
754925

39
25

59
99

248
99
99

119
I

49
49

I.M3900N

4H

59

80
59

129

45.N
LM1498N
LM1900N
ULN2209
ULN2209
CA3048
C43081
1M7524
107525
80399
75451CN
75452CN
75453CN
7545405

LM'090

ON
LM711N
LM723H
IM723N

32

09
75

99

CN11+1

79
75
4

59
3S
35

35
35

65

52

COMPLETE SATISFACTION GUARANTEED. SHIPMENT TO US AND CANADA PREPAID

UNLESS INDICATED OTHERWISE.
OTHER COUNTRIES ADD 10% - EXCESS REFUNDED.
ORDERS SHIPPED IN 3 WORKING DAYS FROM RECEIPT. MINIMUM ORDER $10.00
CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS ADD SALES TAR. MINIMUM COD OR CHARGE ORDER $15.00

SOCKETS

Low Profile Solder Tail

8
pin
24 pin
$.16
14 pin
.19
28 pin

CIRCLE

CAPACITOR KIT

1pf

transformer
$13.95

20

7439

7437

11

.21

9376

SHIPPING

TANTALUM CAPACITOR KIT

solid dipped, 12 values, 5 each
.1uf /350
2.2/35
10/25 33/10
.33/35
4.7/16
15/20 47/25
1/35
6.8/16
22/16 56/6
capacito -s only
$14.95
supplied in styrene utility
box.....
$19.95

.85

31

7453
7454
7460
7464
7465

Id

16
37
35
22
35
20
23
25
25

7423
7125
7426
7127
7430
7432

Carbon Film + 5% 1/4 w or 1/2 w

15 ea. of 12 values:

16 pin
18 pin

30

1151

1e
14

16

70

Min 100 /value

RESISTOR PACKAGE

IC

2.80

MOISI

LINLAR CIRCUITS

7400

1441

Solderless breadboard section has

94 breadboard strips of 5 sockets
each. 2 bus strips of 40 sockets
each. Component bracket for switches
lamps etc., accepts leads .01" to
.035" diameter.
$11.95 ea.

9815 -1
9815 -2

111,1411,1

539.50

n1

$5.45

}l

WITH TI TMS IOW

MICROPROCESSOR CHIP
PROGRAMMED TO PLAY
24 DIFFERENT TUNES

.M4111014.

8111481011E

100, 220, 470, 1K, 1.5K, 3.3K

4.7K 6.8K, 10K, 33K, 100K, 1M.

6.85
3.55

PRECISION RESISTOR PACKAGE

Metal Film + 1% 1/4 watt
Starter Kit-- 2ea. 60 values
120 Resistors 10.5 ohm- 464K
$14.95
Supplied in 15 Drawer 60 Comp
Cabinet - $26.50 + $2.00 5h.

$1.75

$2.75

26

with 12V/300 ma

Min 100/value

1000-

$1.29 ea.
$1.29 ea.

[HUES

Qty.

9796 -1
9796 -2

CLOCK KIT - Mark

6 digit clock kit with one PC
board. Accommodates 1115314
clock chip and 6 FND 359 displays
contains all components except
transformer. Includes 3 switches.
Board has terminals for remote
displays.
$10.95

otii,

METAL FILM RESISTORS

auull
+
%,
/4w, + 50 PPM/9C
Standard Decide Values 10.5 - 464K

2.65

1.50
3.90

$1.75 ea

10.78
1

.80

9785

Plus 8 minus 50, 120 and 152.

Uses 3 LM34OT and 3 LM320T
regulators, 1150/290 CI transformer
plus PC board capacitors 6 diodes.
All parts, schematic, instructions
PS 29
$12..95 + $1.00 Shppng

.29

7RIMPOT - 25 turn
Bourns - Cermet 3299W
PC Mount, vert. adj.

5.40

4.30

9803

.99
.45

Turn
- Single
Cermet 8014
100 PPM /oC + 205!
500 ohm, 2K, 10K, 75K, 50K,
100K, 500K, 1M.
$.75 ea.
.69/10-

20K

9768

oper.)
Oper.)

(8-20V

(024,25)

.59
.59
1.59

2K, 10K,

5.75
5.20

.49

dark and light gray

nominal 0.D.
2 "x4 "xl"
$4.34
2 "x4 "x1.6"
4.90
2.6 "x 4.7 "x1.6"
5.48
3.2 "x6 "x2"
6.24
4.3 "x7.4 "x2.4"
8.28
2.6 "x4.7 "x2.6"
6.74
4.3"x7.4 "x2.4"

2514F
2516G
2518H
2520J

-1

REGULATED POWER SUPPLY

TRIMPOT
Mepco -

VERO

-1

9763

(4 -9V

ELECTRONIC DOOR CHIME KiT

BACK ISSUES OF ELEKTOR MAGAZINE

containing a variety of electronic
projects, with schematics, PC layPC boards are
outs, parts list.
available. Regular $1.50 /copy
$4.00/5 issues

.69

LINEAR ASSORTMENT
each of following - all functional
301M, 302H, 307M, 311N, 3401-5,
3401 -6, 3407 -15, 380 -8, 385K, 723N,
739N, 741M, 746M, 75453M
$4.75

PLASTIC CASES

77075

15ma
15ma

6V
12V

.69

301m

.5w,

77071

9721

Miniature, Solid State

.69

Prec. Op Any
Volt Follower
Prec Op Amp
Hi Perf V Comp.
340T6v Pos. V Req.
540H
Power Amp
5556
Genl Purp PLL
723N
Volt Reg
733H
Diff Video Arno
7396
Dual Audio Preamp
1414N
Dual Diff Comp.

Silver plated copper circuits

holds 5 - 16 pin SIP IC's and
interconnection holes.
$1.00

77059

9448
9448

ELECTRONIC BUZZER

2.50
4.10
2.45
3.50
2.10
1.50
1.45
4.50
1.40
4.70
1.50
3.40
1.30

77005
77020
77021

ELEKTOR #25 May 77

music cleaner
mode? car track (524)
multiplex encoder
infrared transmitter
ultrasonic alarm (519)
single transducer /recur
transmitter
ELEKTOR #24 April 77
digisplay (E13)
LEO volume unit meter
rectifier section
display section
FM tuner (523)
i.f. converter
stereo decoder
auto slide changer
nurse decoder
signal injector

.95

.45

TV games

1E25)
model car track
servo ampi

.95

3.00
2.70

9830

77001

25

111111

BREADBOARD

.95

9525

phaser
distortion meter
guitar preamp
time switch
0-10V supply
it
- qualiser
automatic Ni Cad charger

40 car radio ampl

3 -1/2 digit
DVM
ELECTOR #26 June 77
precision time base
Power supply for time base
music synthesiser
keyboard interface (525)
levitator
loudspeaker cross -over filters

.55

Chip
Chip
Chip
Chip
Chip
Chip

1.19
3.90
1.49

320
2206
2207
2567

.75

IASIS MICROCOMPUTER
APPLICATIONS HANDBOOK

Silver placed copper circuits

fits any IC and related
components.
2 triple rows of
3- 3/16 "x5 -1/16"
27 holes for DIP.
$1.00

Calc.
Calc.
Calc.
Calc.
Calc.

.65

4.75

MV108 TO 18 clear

BREADBOARD

Calc.

SIGNAL DIODES

140/$10.00
100 /510.00
100 /$10.00
140/$10.00

$8.95
2.95
2.95

8K EROM
Char. Gen.
Char. Gen.
256 bit RAM
1K RAM
EROM
1K RAM
1K RAM
256 bit RAM
Cloc, Chip
Clock Chip
Clock Chip
Clock Chip
Clock Chio
Dual 50 bit
Shift Reg.
Dual 100 bit
Shift Reg.
Hex 32 bit
Shift Reg.
Dual 132 bit
Shift Reg.
500/512 bit
Shift Reg.
Quad 25 bit
Shift Reg.

MM1103
1702A
MM5261
MM52b2
F93410
MM5314
M45316
MM5370
MM5375AA

1.19
1.19
.59

Red CA LHD
.30" Red CA LHD
.30" Orange CA RHD
.30" Orange CC RHO
.40" Orange CC RHD
.56" Orange CA RHD
.27" Red CA LHD
.30" Red CC LHD
.30" Red CA RHD
.60" Red CA L110
.375" Red CC RHD
.50" Red CC RHD
.50" Red CA RHD
.30" Red CC RHD

3610
3640
4610
6660

MAN
MAN
MAN
MAN
MAN
MAN
MAN
MAN

Red
Red

7D8

2513(caps)
2513(L.C.)
MM1101

NLIMITED

ELEKTOR MAGAZINE PROJECT

.45
.49
.55

INTERNATIONAL ELECTRONICS UNLIMITED

VILLAGE SQUARE, P.O. BOX 749, CARMEL VALLEY, CA 93924 USA
TELEPHONE 406054 -3171

ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

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143

LEADER

OSCILLOSCOPES

Instruments Corp.

Model LBO -508

Model LBO -515

20 MHz, TRIGGERED

20 MHz, DUAL TRACE

Single trace: automatic trigger for

highly stable, bright display.
17.5nSec rise time.
10mV/cm to
20V /cm Vertical Sensitivity; 11
steps.
Displays signals to 27 MHz
with ease.

Add, subtract modes on CH -1 &

CH -2 facilitate easy checkout for
simultaneous pulses, signal levels,
distortion & noise cancelling.
Front
panel X-Y operation for phase shift
measuring, sweep alignment, vector
scope service. 17.5nSec rise time.

Before you buy, check our

Call

FREE
VALUE

Fixed delay facilitates hi -speed

Dual trace, 30 MHz bandwidth

5mV/cm Vertical Sensitivity.

Rectangular, 8 x 10Div

CRT with internal graticule.

readings of the leading edge of a

pulse or pulse train.
Add, subtract,
alternate selection, chopped, and
front panel X -Y modes

Selectable synchronization,
automatic, normal, single trace and
reset modes.
14nSec rise time.

prices

(800) 645 -9518

TOLL FREE

o_

4g,^ o

3.X4MEA

CAPO

N.Y. State call (516) 752 -0050

YOUR ONE STOP

wnnany order from

accompany order.

Sensitivity.

FOROHAM
DISCOUNT CENTER

kr..

>

this ad. Ad must

30 MHz,
FIXED DELAY, DUAL TRACE

RADIO SUPPLY CO.. INC.

855R Conklin St.
Farmingdale. N.Y. 11735

20 KS2 /V VOM
Multimeter
$29.95

25 MHz,
DELAYED SWEEP, DUAL TRACE
Built in variable delay circuitry
1Sec to 5 Sec. 5mV /Div. Vertical

Send for new 1978 catalog of over 3.000 items ... 164 pages of test equipment,
CB. tools, tubes, components and electronic supplies.

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ADD $3.00 TO COVER

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CIRCLE 64 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

rRECTIFIERSo
10 100

more than
20,000 different

1N4001
N4002
1N4003
N4004
1

VOLT. REG

5400 SERIES

LM340K-5
LM340K-6
LM340K-8
LM340K-12
LM340K-15
LM340K-18
LM340K-24
LM340T-5
LM340T-6
LM340T-8
LM340T-12
LM340T-15
LM340T-18
LM340T-24

5400
5404
5410
5426
5473
5475
5486
5493
54100

1.00
1.25
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.50

54LSO4

1.00

1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
i .70
1.70
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50

1.90

2.00
1.80

7400 TTL
7400

.18

7401
7402

.21
.21
.21

7404
7405
7407
7408
7409
7410
7411

7413
7416
7417
7420
7422
7425
7427
7428
7430
7432
7437
7438
7440
7441

.24
.45
.25
.25
.20
.30
.85
.43
.43
.21

1.50
.43
.37
.35
.26
.31

.47

.40
.21

1.10

7442
7448
7450

1.08
1.15

7451

7453
7454
7480
7472
7473
7474
7475
7482
7483
7485
7486
7489
7490
7491
7492
7493
7494
7495
7498
74100

.28
.27
.27
.41

.22
.39
.45
.45

.80
1.75
1.15
1.12
.45
2.49
.89
1.20

.82
.82
.91
.91
.91

1.25

74107
74121
74122
74123
74125
74126
74132
74141
74150
74151
74153
74154
74157
74161
74164
74166
74166
74174
74175
74180
74181
74191
74195
74197

.49
.55
.49
1.05
.80
.81

3.00
1.15

1.10
1.25

1.35
1.54
1.30
1.45

1.65
1.65
1.70
1.95
1.95
1.05
3.55
1.50

1.00
1.00

For

.60
.70

5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00

1N4005
1N4006

.80
.90
1.00
1.10

1144007

1.20

components

For

.25 2N2905A
.25 2N2906

.30

2N2906A
1N270
1N914
2N173
2N404
2N443
2N508A
2N718
2N930
2N956
2N1302
2N1305
2N1540
2N1544
2N1560
2N1605
2N1613
2N1711
2N2102
2N2160

.25
.10

.45 2143053
.25 2143054
.25 2143055
.30 2143227

.30
.25
.30
.75
1.20
1.00
.30
.70
.75
1.00

2N3247

3.40

2143250
2143393
2143394
2143414
2143415
.50 2143416
.50 2N3417
.70 2143442
.70 2N3553
.25 2143563
.30 2N3565
25 2N3638
.30 2143642
.25 2143643
.30 2143645
.25 2143646
.30 2143731
.40 2143740
.25 2N3771
.32 2143772
.18 2N3773
.25 2143819
.30 2N3823
.25 2143866

.50
.20
.17
.17
.18
.19
.20
1.85
1.50
.20
.20
.20

2N2218
2N2218A
2N2219
2N2219A
2N2221

2N2221A
2N2222
2N2222A
2N2270
2N2369
2N2484
2142712
2142904

2N2904A
2N2905

2N3904

2142907

2N2907A

1.75 2142913
.75

2142914

2.50 2143019

1.25
.75
.90
.80
2.80
1.75

2143903

.0

.20
.20
.14
3.75
1.00
1.75
1.90
3.00
.40
.70
1.25

2143905

2N3906
2N3954A
2N3955
2143957
2143958

2N4037
2N4093
2N4124
2N4126
2N4141

.16
.16
.16
.18
3.75
2.45
1.25
1.20
.80
.85
.16
.20
.20
.20

2144142

2N4143
2N4220A

.45
.95
.16
.16
.16
.20

2144234
2144400
2144401
2144402

2N4403
2N4409
2N4410
2144441
2144442
2144443
2144852
2145061

2N5064

.16
.16
1.00
1.15
1.35
.55
.30
.50

2145130
2145138
2145296
2145306
2145400

.10
.50
.20
.40
.50
35
.30

2N5401
2145457
2145458

N.J. residents add 5% sales tax,

All orders add $1.00 Postage $1.50 Canada

minimum order $5.00

PARTIAL LISTING

OEM SPECIALS
1N34
1N60

JAPANESE TRANSISTORS
2SA484
2SA495
2SA497
2SA634
2SA636
2SA673
2SA678
2SA682
2SA683
2SA699
2SA699A
2SA733
2SA777
2S854
2S856
2SB186
2SB187
2SB324
2SB370
2SB405
2S8415
2SB461
2SB463
2SB507
2SC371
2SC372
2SC481

2.44

2SC482
2SC495
2SC517
2SC634A
2SC710
2SC711
2SC735
2SC756A
2SC778
2SC781
2SC789
2SC798
2SC799
2SC1000
2SC 1013

.60
1.44
1.00
1.25
.70
.65
1.49
.60
1.30
1.45
.49
.99
.49
.95
.49
.55
.60
.65
.60
.65
1.60
1.40
1.40

2SC 1014

3.

.49
.49
.49
2.40
3.50
2.50
1.00
3.95
3.25
.49
.95
.95
1.20
1.00
1.25
3.95
.80
1.00
3.00

2SC1017
2SC1018
2SC1061
2SC1079
2SC 1096
2SC1098
2SC1115
2SC1170B 4.95
2SC1172 5.25
2SC1173
.75
2SC1209
.75

.49
1.50

2SC1226A .85
2SC1237 4.00
2SC1239 3.50
2SC1306 3.50
2SC1307 4.75
2SC1377 4.80
2SC1383
.50
2SC1448 1.00

2SC1449

.85

2SD170
2SD180
2SD188

2.50
2.70

2SD235
2SD313
2SD314
2SD315
2SD358
2SD360
2SD427
2SD525
2SK19
2SK30A
2SK33
2SK55

.85
.85
1.05
1.50
1.20
1.10
1.05
2.55
1.50
1.25
.75
.90
1.00

3SK22Y
3SK40
3SK45
3SK49

2.20
2.00
2.20
2.20
3.00
3.00

2S0234

AN214
AN239
AN241
AN315
BA511
BA521
HA1202

HA1306
HA1308
HA1322
LA1201
LA4031 P

LA4032P
LA4051P

2.90
3.35
6.50
2.40
3.50
3.00
3.40
2.20
4.90
4.50
4.20
4.25
3.20
4.20
3.20

LA4400FS
LA4400FR
LD3120
M5115PR
PLLO1A
PLLO2A
PLLO2A-G
SG613
STK011
STK015
STK032
STK050
STK056
STK415
TA7045M

2SC1678
2SC1728
2SC1760
2SC1816
2SC1908
2SC1909
2SC1957
2SC1973
2SC1975
2SC2028
2SC2029
2SC2091
2SC2092

2.00

2SD72
2SD77
2SD88
2SD118

.80
1.50

4004
4005

4.80
3.00

40081

1.50

40082

3.00

1.85
1.60

3.50
.49

3.75
1.00
.90

3.50
.80

3.40
2.50
3.25

3.40
3.40
2.40
7.80
13.50
8.50
8.50
6.75
7.50
6.50
14.20
24.50
11.35
8.50
3.25

TA7055P
TA7060P
TA7061P
TA7063P
TA7075P
TA7089P
TA7120P
TA7150P
TA7153P
TA7203P
TA7204P
TA7205P
UH1C003
UH1C004
UPC16C

3.00
1.40
1.50
1.50

3.75
2.90
1.50

3.75
6.90
4.25
3.70
3.60
6.50
6.50
2.50

UPC20C
3.75
UPC41C
2.80
UPC563H2 8.00
UPC566H
1.25
UPC575C
2.60
UPC595C
2.95
UPC1001 H2 3.50
UPC1008C 5.75
UPC1020H 3.25
UPC1025H 3.50
UPC1166H 4.50
UPD277C
4.50
UPD857C 15.50
UPD858C
9.50
U PD861C
18.50

CHECK OUR NEW LOWER PRICES

'
i^

/semomek
/111=A11
MOM.
IV, a
I1
!::L:
11111160

NEW-TONE
ELECTRONICS

Bloomfield, N.J. 07003

Phone (201) 748-6171, 6172, 6173

PO Box 1738A

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Outside Continental U.S. send U.S.funds
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first class mail.

OPTO SPECIALS

Order by Cat. # & Type #

seg. Display
.33" 707 MAN C.A. or C.C....59 ea. or 10/$5.00
Diffused Jumbo Red Leds 0.2" .7/$1.00, 100/511.00
DL741 Jumbo Displays C.A
$1.35
25PK LEDS ASSTD Sizes & Colors
$2.50
10/51.00, 100/$9.00
Jumbo Red Leds
$1.00
9 digit display by National
7

4/51.00
D2
I
10/51.00
D3
10/51.00
D6
2/51.00
D13
D14 25AMP 200V Bridge Rect.
$1.75
D23 IN4148 Switching Diode ....50151.00
10/.55
D16 IN4001
10/.65
D17 IN4002
10/.75
D18
N4003
10/.85
D19 I N4004
10/.95
D20 IN4005
10/51.00
D21
N4006
10/51.00
D22
N4007
I

DISC Caps

Cat. #

C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C34
C41
C42

MOBILE CLOCK
1MODULE (National)
$1895 complete

Attaches directly to 9 -12V Battery. Automatic

Nighttime Dimming. Fluorescent Display
gives Color Choice (Red, Blue, Green or
Yellow) when used w /corresponding Color
Module, Switches, & Filter
Filter. Includes

C45
C47
C49
C52
C54
C57
C59

ALUMINUM CASE WITH FILTER. $5.75

(switches included with clock kit). In Silver,

red, blue,

LM555 TIMERS

3/ 99

Cat. #

Order by Cat. #

& Type

M9 Sound Actuated Switch

.85
M10 Dry Reed Switch, 5 AMP, 115 VAC ....25/$1.98
M13 250 K Slide Volume Control By Mallory .4/$1.00

DPDT Momentary Slide Switch

M52 DPDT Slide Switch Low Profile
M53 DPDT Slide Switch Long Button
M56 DP4T Slide Switch
M51

10/$1.00
10/51.00
10/51.00
10/$1.00

M2
M3
M4

IC SOCKETS.
#
Order by Cat. # & Type #
Grain of Wheat Display Lamps 10/51.00
8 PIN ..5/51.00 M5 18 PIN ..5/51.00
14 PIN .5/51.00 M6 24 PIN ..2/51.00
16 PIN .5/51.00
M7 28 PIN ..2/51.00
M8 40 PIN ..2/51.00

M22
M32

Order by Cat. #

Cat. #

Order by Cat. # & Type #

M16 AC DC 120 V input 6 UDC 130 MA output
M65 AC Input 120 VAC,
3.7w /output 9 UDC, 100 MA

$1.00
M40

Line Cords
Battery Holder
M29 SPDT 12 Volt Relay
6 FT.
M49 6 DC

T10
T11

T12
T13
T15
T16
T17
T18
T19
T20

Electrolytics
CAT.

C15
C16
C17
C18
C19
C20
C21
C22
C24
C25
C40
C46
C53
C56
C63

all Axial Leads

Order by Cat. # & Type #

.15F 400 V ... ....5/51.00
1/2FF 50 V .. ... ....5/51.00

50V

101.LF

... ....5 /51.00

... ....5/51.00

1.01./F 200 V
25AF 25 V
5/F 25 V ...
500F 15 V

...5/51.00

..

... ....5 /51.00

.. .. .5/51.00
...5/51.00
1500F 3V
...5/51.00
1000F 6V
2000F 2.5V .......5/51.00
....4/51.00
500F 50V
4.7F 50V
4/51.00
4.7 F 35 V ........4/51.00
220F 16 V ... ....4/51.00
1000MFD 35V ......4/51.00

Tantalum, Axial Leads

Order by Cat. #

Cat.#
C13
C44
C48

047F 200
1

&

Type#

....10/51.00

...10/51.00

MF 35V

15F 35V ..

......10/51.00

Voltage Regulators
Order by Cat. #
Pos
Pos
Pos.
Neg.
Pos.
Pos.
Neg.

Cat. #
1

&

Type #

7805
7815
7806
7905
7812
7824
7915

C1

1C2
1C3
1C4

105
106
1C7

51.00
$1.00
$1.00
$1.25
$1.00
$1.00
51.25

Mylar Caps
10/$1.99

Cat.

C9

$2.90
$1.49

C11

C12

Order by Cat. # & Type #

10/51.00
1.0100V- 5%
.018MF 400V1- 10% 10/51.00
.47F 100V- 10% 10 /51.00

$1.50

SPECIAL
WESTINGHOUSE TUBES -BOXED AND BRANDED

Cat. #

M41

MPS5172 MOTO ...

2N3638 S.S
2N2102 House # ....5/51.00
3N140 Fet N C -annel .2/51.00
2N2907 ITT
5/51.00
5/51.00
2N914 ITT
10/$1.00
2N2369A ITT
10/51.00
2N23681TT
10/51.00
2N706 MOTO
10/51.00
D41 E1 Ge P. C
2N3416 Sprague ....5/51.00
10/51.00
MPS2369 ITT
10/51.00
MPS3704 ITT
5/51.00
2N708 MOTO
2/51.00
2N3055 S. S.

T6
T7

Type #

Mini Audio 1" square

70 Volt Line Transformer,
10 watts
6.3 Volts 1.2 amp

SPECIALS
Order by Cat. # & Type #
M12 6" Pioneer Pincusion speakers,
3.2 OHMS, 71/2 watts
M17 8 FT. Stereo Extension Cord.
RCA plugs at both ends.
M33 16 Pin Strip sockets, By AMP

&

Type #

5/51.00
5/$1.00
5/51.00
2/51.00
10/51.00
10/51.00

2N4949House#

Transformers
Cat. #

ADAPTORS

20/51.00
20/51.00
20/51.00
20/51.00
20/$1.00
20/$1.00
20/51.00

100 PF 100V -10%

16 PF 500V= 5% P.0
22 PF 150V-2=10% P.0
22 PF 200V- 10%
33 PF 100V -5%

C61

Cat.
M1

Order by Cat. # & Type #

20/51.00
680 MMF 500V- 10%
20 /51.00
200 MMF 500V- 10% P.0
20/51.00
390 MMF 400V- 10%
20/51.00
220 F 500V - 10% P.C.
820 PF 10001/L. 10% P.C... 20/51.00
20/51.00
27 PF 500V 10%
20/51.00
470 F 2kV - 20% ...
20/51.00
470 PF 2kV- 20% ....
20/51.00
.03 AF 100V -20% P.C.
20/51.00
16 F 500V -15% P. C
20/$1.00
.001 PF 100V- 10% P.C.
20/51.00
.1 MF 50V - 10%
20/51.00
15 PF 100V-10 % P.0

22p.F750V -10o/ P.0

22 PF 500V -10%

C62

SWITCHES

T2
T3
T4
T5

Cl

MA1003

Order by Cat. # & Type #

N 1084
IN4384
IN645
35AMP 50V DO -5 Case

&

2N9181TT
2N2904 ITT
2N22191TT

T1

T8
19

Rectifiers
Cat. #

Order by Catalog #

CAT #

10/51.00
10/51.00
10/51.00
10/51.00
10/51.00
10/51.00
10/51.00

D4
D5
D7
D8
D10
D11

TERMS AND CONDITIONS

Black and Gold. Filter colors

green, or yellow.

Transistors
Type #

&

5.1V watt
22V watt
3.9V 400MW
6.8V 400MW
8.2V 400MW
30V 400MW
10V Watt

D1

Add $1.50 postage and handling for all

orders within U.S.. COD orders -- add
52.00 for postage and handling.
$7. Min. order. Phone orders accepted.
$15 Min B.A. /Visa, Master Charge orders.

03
04
05
06
07

Open Saturdays

Zener Diodes
Cat. #

Send f or Free Hobbi House Catalog

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Retail Store Open Mon. -Sat., 9 to 6

01

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lowest prices

hous
Cat. #

- 800
New Jersey Call

Toll -Free Wats Line

$3.95 a pair

2/$1.99
10/$1.00
6/$1.00
3/$1.00

5 AMP contact, Plug in style

$1.00
M35 Variable Trimmer Cap 3 -18 PF, 50 volt ..5/51.00
5/51.00
Pot
M48 2.5 MEG Trimmer
M69 50K Trim Pot, Pc mount thum wheel ...10/51.00

1V2
2AV2

3A3C
3AT2B
3CU3A

50

2.00
3 10
3 00
3 75

3D83/3CY3
3HM5/3HA5
5GH8A
6A05A
6AU6A
6BK4C/EL4A.
8BL8/ECF80

3.30
2.50
2 75

2 00
2 00
.

4.50
1.75

6CG3/W3/03
6CJ3/6CH3

60W4B
6EA8
6EJ7IEF184
6EW6

6F07/6CG7
6GF7A
6GH8A
6GJ7/ECF801
6GM6
6GU7

2.50
2.50
2 50
2.50
2.20
2 20

6HB7
6HM5 /6H5
6HZ6
..
6JC6A
6JS6C

2.40
2.30

6JL8A

2.60

1.85
3 20
2 00

6KD6
6KE8
6KT8
6KZ8
6L6GC
6L66

2.25
2.50
2 50

....

200
2.65

450
490
3 60
3 25

240
360
4 75

6L0E /6JE6C ... 4.85

430
6Z10'6J10
8F07/8C67 .... 2.00
12AT7 /ECC81 2.00
12A..7 /ECC82 2.00
12AX7/ECC83 2.00
12BY7A/V /O ... 2.20
12H37/6N7A ..3.30
.

17JZ8
23Z9
33G`t7A
36MC6
38HE7

250
300
3 75

C-

500

3 85

m
iD

CO

CIRCLE

19 ON FREE

INFORMATION CARD

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145

ADVANCED

COMPUTER
PRODUCTS

THE FIRST TO OFFER PRIME PRODUCTS TO THE HOBBYIST

AT FAIR PRICES NOW LOWERS PRICES EVEN FURTHER!

Proven Quality

1.

Factory tested products only, no re -tests

or fallouts. Guaranteed money back. We stand behind our products.

2. Same Day Shipment All

prepaid orders with cashiers

check, money order or charge card will be shipped same day as received.

SUPPORT DEVICES

S100 PRODUCTS
LOGOS
-

8K STATIC RAM

3881 1280 P101

388212 en CM
3882-414MHr1
8205/7.118 Decoder
8212841 I/O

Z- 80/Z -80A CPU BOARD

* On board 2708
* Power on jump
* 2708 included (45ons.)
* completely socketed

Low Power

* Selectable Memory
* Totally Buffered
* Phantom
* Battery Back -up
* Address on 1K boundary
* Requires no front panel

$185.00
$129.95
$ 34.95

Bare PC Board
For 4MHz Speed Add $15.00

250ns.
45ons.

*Can

BYTE USER 8K EPROM BOARD

Power on Jump
Assembled & Tested

Reset Jump
94.95

Kit

64.95

Bare Pc Board

21.95

Special Offer: Buy 4 kits only $59 95 each

Memory mapping

* Phantom

8080A CPU BOARD

* Address 32K Boundary

450ns. 2.8 amps typ.
* Power
* No wait states on 2MHz
* Fully Buffered
* Phantom can be added

Uses CPM
Persci,Shugart,etc
$269.95

S100 Compatible
Two interrupts

$179.95
$124.95
$ 29.95

Bare PC Board w /data

M0!l0N.b0ok
M

MICRODESIGN MR -18 2716

EPROM BOARD

MID

Data
Schottky Data

Assembled and Tested

174.95

Kit

99.50

Mai MOS/LSI Data

GI MOs/191 Dala
a 95
Os0ome miro to Micro Va. 0 7.50
OSOOme Intro lo Micro Vd.
7.50

P. O.

Osborne Intro to Micro Va. II 780

Osborne 8080 Programming 750
Cebome 6800 Programming 7.50
Osborne 260 Rogramming
7 50
Tl

Pow Semis Data

250

T1

Tlanaietas

650

n Mama, Das

Diode,

Tl

Opl0WectronlKl

Ti

&pda

11

111115, e

3.95
..

n Linear Dala

dolor.

6800

BOX 17329

3.95

Memory
Data
Semi Dale I,

2.3

195
195
195
495
995

Mol. Vole Mecl Dala

Mor Vol 5 CMOS Data
Mol. Vol. 6 Linear Dala

2716.5V
27145V, 2V

2 95

475
595

3.25

44.1

5262
5270
5280
1103

ACP Prolo

9.50
10.95

140M6571

1075
1075

14

Mot,

Vd.9 Sclpaky TTL

Appl.eions

Mot. MPU Proq. Ref Manuel

SW., Tran
MOl2erlers
Mol.

Baer Software SRI Vol./

Bas. Software SRI Vd Ill
Osas 5oewale SRI Vol IV
Base Software SRI Vd VI
Basic Software SRI Vol VII
9781C Master

11

pV

295
2495

AMI EVK 200 Kit

AMI EVK 300 Assembled
EVK Kluge Board
EVK 16K Byte Ram Board
EVK 6 Slot Motherboard
EVK Extender Board
EVK Solid Frame Chassis
EVK Connectors
AMI 6800 Proto Rom
AMI 6800 Micro AssemblerRom
6800 Tiny Basic Paper Tape
6800 Tiny Basic Eprom

4995

3e600

ZDC Disc Controller

MEM 16/65K Memory

9 95

..

649.00
95.00
75.00
35.00
45.00
129.00
6.50
30.00
30.00
20.00

twcuL

..

125.00
395.00
395.00
595.00

Irvine, California 92713

9792

9:
8750
8036
140818

1408.8

.95
5.95
4 95
5.95

Several MPU,

60800
8080A

36 0001.

5080A
111

595
5.95

p904

15.95

2.95

99

495
1595
50

895

795
925
1795
9 95
995
2.20
2

89
75
5/1 00
1

4n00

14 Rn
16 Pin

5/r skels 1000 0cs

10

SR sockets 1000 pcs

11

22 Rn 5/7 sockets 1000 pcs

beam.. 518500

12

F5G60 /464

166 CCOS
5410 914000C Ste. Rain
4116/ 16 1614 Dynamic Rams
1489 or 1459 RS232 Oliver
6797 BuXer
8130 0 6131

TA Una

a.95
10 95

51or/20000

8833 or 8935
74367 o 74358

795
395
395

TV INTERFACES
Pli. Vener
850
Inlece
Pl
6.95

1.99

78105 Rego 101

aN25 Ootoisolaior

2/1 00

3/1.99

MCT2

2510A Slim RRepsmr

25195 55111 Register
M5056 5h51 Register

51011

295
295
295

LM76014-1a Comgrtor

2000

Mod Kit

DS0025CN Clock Oliver

DS0026CN Clock Driver
8720 &direct oneshol

2.95

349

NOTICE

8.

looking for software

support packages to offer in
We are

IS5D

12aaaii,
Volt TS
Frey
3.1/2 Digs BCD
lion

13.95

3.95
5.95
3.95

6 fro
8 00

235.00
245.00

Intercept Jr 6100
Teo... 9900 101
RCAVIP Cosmos

28100
29900

2500

500

DISCOUNT COMPUTER
CORNER
500c
All

5hrpmentl FCM
5100.00 add

0.

1ape
na

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ove.

postage_

or UPS

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and

510000 ado
M

25;
6 ara

accepted r w /25.5e
deposit
alifcardreOD
Residents
64
Orders add ay. ken.
All pant Rene
factory tested
d
Samee day
shipment
25 cents lot Data

Fgn

A.

New Phone (714) 558 -8813

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1978 CATALOGUE
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MPU A COMPUTER
KITS
MEK 6800 D2 KII
KIM 16502

10

149
2.50

5 95

2995

25
1.25
1

2 45
6 /500
10/.50
239

75451/52/53

13T26 Bus Driver

375
595

300
3/199

aI

MONTHLY SPECIALS

CpitalaPPit.eon

Ponies s

25
95
35
95

250

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3695 our new catalogue. Please

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AMI EVK 99

495

6080 /8006/6224
5000/8008/6224

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4.95

Mix.

MCT 2 Opts 1soleter

4133 DS,npton !SOL
Red Led's 195 Dia

$219.95
Moda

995

Color TV Geme

4.95
95

Mac

00

559 50

C
Hipp qualifyeassettes manNectuted

1n95

4.95

IC517045
Several MPU,

95

/3

11.25

495

5180685

5 1003 12 auto clock

MA 1002. dpi) clock mock.

2495

A/D CONVERTERS
8700

512500

5.95

Miss

TIL 309 7 ,eg *11o1Pc

MIL 311 HEX Dsplay

Expand your 615.1 to 5.100

Ku

4.95

PACE

5.95

MA
digs clock mods.
N SN 373/374 Cox! CC /CA 300
555 583/584 Uual CC /CA 500
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3300

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M. Bd

KIMSAI

5.50
9.95

995

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514

Praessrmal.00

95
50
95

795

57386151 Cold Gonade

57387001 Tank Ohio

449.95

11

Modal 5.527

MM5320 TV Synch
MM5369 Preacher
LM1889 Modslela
CW300 Saw Functon
MM57100 Color N Gem.
M6157104Clock
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39.95

ZILOG COMPATIBLE BOARDS

Z -80 CPU

3
5

wD941
TV CHIPS

39 95
9.95

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50

495

P7340 HEX Disday

TIL 305 5 e 7 Array

lime
Backed by 45 years UV eapenerlce

UARTS/USRTS
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AY5101315V, 1201

495
595

UV r'Eprosn" Er
1

MCI4411

Modal UVe11E
Hogs 4 Edam's at

BAUD RATE
GENERATORS

2.95
2.95
2.95

Mot Rectifier Dala

34,95
29.95
25 95
25 95

1450

1671B Astros

395

Mot Paver Date

.95

5100

5554 Video I/O

5554 102 Perase1 PO

sea

6038

FND 500 /507 /CC/CA 500

FN0 503/510 CC /CA 500
FND 800/907 CC /CA Bon
Bowman 9 dpil bubble
F5C 8024 4 ap11 CC 800

5.95

Reei me Cloa k
WMC 13 Slot Mother Bd

KEYBOARD
ENCODERS

2350 USRT

295
2500

Mot. MPU

95

14.50

I146402
M8403

2.95
3.95

/Vann

5.85

Sld CLK Free.

Several MPU's

DL 704 /707 /CC/CA 300

FN11359 CC 357

2195
5995
3995
2995
1995
2795

BO

295

DISPLAYS/OPTO

21 95

ar5ell Cassette
Vectd 8600 Rolo

R031513-00115V1 Upper
R032513-002 /50 Lower

495
585

OOKC

3495

32 5tal. 5.100
Tar5all Floppy l/O

55 95

4004/4040

194304MH7
4 91520MHz

3.95

BK EpromByyteuser

CHARACTER
GENERATORS

5752376
Ay54600

3579545MHZ
40u4S

34 95

5tatx Logos

814

Gen.

NGames
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M53691NCOior1
50 Rae Gen

6.050.

80800 CPU

89.95

T9

MC14411
G.BRV Games

S.OMHZ

Z.80 CPU 9THACAI

Z40 CPU ROL comp.)

2295
3595
a995

or.r OuamO

00 /56865

2.01MHz
.0971525110

NAKED PC BOARD
SALE S-100

295

75

25

CCD
you can eamnmem w.1h CCD

22 116000
27 0501

19 95

95

245

CHARGE COUPLED
DEVICES
16K CCDe-FyII I!Ime 0501ed Farr.. 460

2.OM.

495
95
195

25

50688
57143MH.

25

75

stock full of 7400,

5 144
74LS, 74L Linear and CMOS 6.5536
10 01.1114
130MHz
Send for pricing or use our
I. 3t818
competitors STD catalog
18 051H
18 432MHz
pricing.
20 051H

95

95

OR2208VFunction
0
Generator

micreproneaiew

We also

4.25

10.95

8036 Function Gan

MC4024VCO

okatir
18432

CTS207.7 SI 75

5261

9.25

295

.95

990

10.25
10 25

CRYSTALS

2.95

425

414.1

1050

10 95

4100

CTS208.4 SI75 CTS2058 SI 95

CTS20&5 SI 75 CT52099 SI 95
CT52084 SI75 CTS209-10 SI 95

Aas

995

8.25

10.95

818.95 each
(reg. 43.00)

NEW CTS
DIPSWITCHES

9.50
9.50

995

x01

'.75
M

45

406045.1
400

9 50

Apaeation note rsupaled wd each

56.59

27.95

9.95

25

1025
1025
1195

10

1295
10 25
11 95
460/48416K CCD Only SIB 95 Each

SET

.50

210784 4K

95

...nature

Hood

95
995
1295
295

6834 -1
M 5610
629123
825126
829129

2104

49
95

235

0825P
D8255

95
24 95

3.95
2.85

365
255

WAVEFORM GENERATORS
1

5203x0
520450

4098 6

1101

50/100 Mau SR

75

1.50

63

W /Nuod

FSC

6 50

Pura

15

45

110

AMD9130/31

35

Pe suple S/E
15/30 Dual SIE
16/36 Dual S/E
` 2 /44 Dual SIE
3/36 Dual SR
43/66 Dual WAY
50 /1001MSAI WAY
50 /100 Iosal SR
50 /1m Adair WAY
25

I
1

375
355

1095

995

upd410142001
AM09140/41

31

595

1702.6

EM44402
51010E

20
22

24 Rn SR
28 PIn SR
40 Pin SR

4.95

TM540a

CONNECTORS

TWX:

146

93
17

RS232
CONNECTOR

WAS 601115V, 12V

395

DESIGNER BOARDS
MODULES PROTO BOARDS

Motorola Compatible Modules

MEK 6800 D2 Kit
$235.00
9600 6800 MPU Module
495.00
9601 16 slot Mother Bd.
175.00
9602 16 slot Card Cage
75.00
9603 8 slot Mother Bd.
99.00
9604 System Power Supply
250.00
9610 Prototype Board
36.00
9615 4KEprom Module
250.00
9620 16 pon parallel I/O
375.00
9826 8K Static RAM
295.00
9526K 8K Static RAM Kit
225.00
9630 Extender Card
60.00
9640 Multiple Tuner Prog.
395.00
9650 8 port Duplex Asyn. I/O 395.00
Mot 43/86 Connectorsw/wor sit
5.95
AMI EVK 99. 6800 sub Kit
145.00
AMI EVK 100 Kit
269.95
.

80
90

22 Pin see
8 Pin S/T

129s

17025

11.25
11.25
11.25
12.50

5/i

14.95

AY51014N 161215.14VI
AY510155/186315V)

3.95

95

14 95

MCM6575

* Individual Prom Address

* Uses Low cost 16K TI EPROMS
* Optional 1K RAM * Phantom. Control

4 95

595

Ler

1550

0MS4045
E10542005

14 Rn
15 PI, 5/r
18 Pin S/T
22 Pm S/I

.38

20 Pin env

1550

MC/46571A
MCM657a

DATABOOKS S MANUALS

AMD

Rn.wr

15.50

3851 F1 Prop Store

3853 Fe Memory I/O

eOSasI340M315V1 Lower

$279.95
$ 49.95

T.50
95
4.95

le PIP war
18Rnaye

.37

Kit

* Telephone/TWX * S-100 compatible

* Bell 103 freq. * Originate & answer mode

395

32

14

8 95

711/08. only
1771.01 6). Mindlopoy
uP0372 Nec Flom.
1781 Dual Floppy

MHz Crystal Oscillator

Assembled and tested ....

CATIONS ADAPTER

3.95
2.95

BRnenv

4.75
7.95
11 95

FLOPPY DISK I/O

*Software programmable

DC HAYES DATA COMMUNI-

395

1995

6530-005

21144 45On5

SOCKETS

1695

6530003
5530004

11616N.1
4115814.1

*
*

25Ons. $875.00
(Special offer 16K version (expandable)
450ns. $435.00)

Rig Dele
NSC Memory Data
NSC M0531 Dele
55C Power Transistors
Int. Databo05
1.1 MC985 Manual
Intel MCS80 Manual
Intel MCS40 Manual

50

2114.33001s

1295

2995

100

15

395
290

3295

19 95

5582
P

1095

TM54070 1614.1

ASSEMBLED & TESTED ONLY

450ns. $775.00

NSC val.

6502
I146100

2500

006.

* Phantom
TMS4044
* Addressable 4K Blks ** Independed reg.

2.95
3.95
2.95

8 95

695
895
995
1550

RAMS DYN.

Kit
$179.95
Bare PC Board
$ 39.95
NOTE: For CPM Add $70.00
Documentation Add $20.00

MICROBYTE 32K STATIC RAM

NSC CMOS Data

2.95

995

27084

WMC REAL TIME CLOCK

II

425

21121
21L011
21011

9.95
2.39

CD VO

S100 Compatible
JumperSelectable
Assembled and tested

ASSEMBLED &TESTED
KIT
250ns. $849.00
250ns. $790.00
450ns. $799.00
450ns. $740.00
Bare PC Board w/Data
$59.95
SPECIAL OFFER:
Kit without Memory only $99.95. Add
2114 Memory for $160.00 per 8K

NSC Linear APP/nele

21L12.1

39.95

1750
2595

6520 PM
8522 Muq
6530-002

395
385
410
285
375
270

8995

95
9 95

CO 32 r8 RAM
CO 8 50 1/O
CO co

TARBELL FLOPPY INTERFACE

* 2114/TMS4045 or 9135

39s
395

1824
1552
1856
1857

4.10
175

29 95

dear

6880 Bus

165

21 95

1295

Modulator
65715 IOMH. OSC
2350 USRT

CP1600

27 95

68862
6

155

1.

14.95

2795

6852 sense Adeder

125

OAS 9900JL

11

Epsom

25-99
125

1.59

8008.1
2901
29015

25

795

2706

S100 compatible with 8 level Vector Interrupt

fully socketed.
Assembled & Tested
$149.95
Kit
$ 99.95
Bare PC Board w /data
$ 34.95

S-100 32K STATIC RAM

6850 ACM

124
130

2102
91L02APC

395
239

PROMS

ASSEMBLED & TESTED ONLY

450ns. $439.95
250ns. $495.95

68341512.8

21L02450ns
21102 250n5.

21.11-1
2111

2795

Key.ard

2895

lMSAI Care Guides

* Address 16K Bound

* Use with or w/o front panel
* Power 2.1 amps typ.
* Uses 2114

NSC TTL Dale

NSC Linear Dala
NSC Linear APP /nota

Contra
Con

18215CD1K RAM
18225CD 256 a s RAM

IMS 18K STATIC RAM

Assembled & Tested

Bare PC Board w /data

8251 Prop

8820 RA
6828 Pointy Id

be upgraded

software & hardware

for 4MHz operation
Assembled and tested
$199.95
Kit
&139.95
Bare PC Board
$ 34.95

Bare PC Board w /Data

$21.95
Now over 1 year successful field experience
'Special Offer" Buy (4) 8K 450ns. Kits $117.00
ea.

Driver

8255 POS 1/O

8257 Rog DMA
8259 Prop Int

TDL COMPATIBLE Z-80 CPU

149.95
125.95

12.95

86101 128.8 RAM

KIT

24.95
1995

808.A
8065

395

diver

8279 Wog

* Compatible to TDL

2850
Co1802

95

12 95

Kt

199.95
179.95

1495

1995

325
795

8224 Clock Gen

8224.14 M H r

ASSEMBLED 8 TESTED
250ns.
450ns.

29.95

F- 8135501

Reply In!
8216 Bus diver

Assembled and tested

* No wait states

z.805

STATIC RAM HEADQUARTERS

521.95

z.

7x.95
11.25

8214

8226 Bus
8726 Bus
8228 Sys.
6238 Sys

MICROPROCESSORS
25

11

3861.4 145110)

910 595 -1565

-

vi

10

Crdnemco 2-2
Honzon
nh 9Mr
MCS122

TE0

bole

ve/ 1614

Decwnter

11

Compute..

Par.

ces Croas Ca
89500
92500
62900
64700
28900
27800
53600
55100
1x3900
1479 00
59900
81700
45000
46200
119600
1234.00
1475 00
132000
565 00
38000
123000
1580.00

Shugart 002
14905
Low cost
m 5100 esa 149 as

Store
Locate

120

w/22 sois

Speech.

590

15595

0 "B" E. Edinger,

Santa Ana, CA 92705

TER

COMPONENT CENTER
7400 Series

30 MHz LOW COST FRE QUENCY COUNTER KIT

Features:

51474006

COMPARE

Frequency Range -100HZ to 30MHz min., resolution 100 Hz

and
All TTL Circuitry -No tears in the eyes when replacing ICs
F ET Input Stage- Offers high input impedance
SAVE!
High Sensitivity -15rnV typical
Xytel Time Bose- 0.001% 1OMHz for better accuracy
On Board Regulator -No external power supply needed
All ICs Socketed -Easy to service
Easy to Operate -No switches to flip
Tin Plated & Screened Board -For easy assembly
KIT INCLUDES: Detailed Instructions (22 pages).
All parts including transformer

$54"

Now Low Cost

7/16"

for Kit

t-

.,.,,R

and in 6 varying heights

also compatible
other

CH200

PUT YOUR HAM GEAR OR CB IN

YOUR HOUSE WITH THIS SPECIALLY
DESIGNED POWER SUPPLY KIT!

Features:

PRICE: $17.50

Output Voltage
Output Current

13.5V
3.5A Min.
0.01%

Load Regulation

Line Regulation = 0.02%

Internal Current Limiting

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T -8K/ Static Ram Memory Kits

Ka Include. Extra Large Heat Sink Pow

er Tr., IC Regulator, P.C. Beard, with OvF
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$11.95
MT a T -404.
With Optional Rectifiers and
Filtering Capacitor.
$14.95

IX'former not available)

HERE'S A MUST FOR THE EXPERIMENTER!

a 1.3A Continuously Variable Pow
er Supply Kit. Kit Includes. P C Board,
Transformer, Power Transistor, Heat Sink
IC Regulator a all the parts with detailed
27201(

instruction_

B.
C.

tun

. T...

THIS

IS

0.8" FSC8000 Display Array

A BIG ONE!
Fairchild Super-Chip F-3817PC
P.C. Board, Transformer, Speaker and all

parts included (less case)

D. Detailed

$19.50

Instructions

6 -DIGIT

AUTO CLOCK KIT WITH ALARM

Features.
A. Feies
SOD
Series Display
splay
B. D
Beard may be
rem Ote

.,

C.

XI.'

191r9

ba e

and all a.m.

Detailed Instructions

Voltage Regulation
Four 340T -5 five volt regulators give power
even if all chips on board are regular power
devices.

Protect
Protect /Unprotect

is selected on board so
board can be used in systems without a
front panel.
Address Select Delay
Can be set in 8K increments. Delays can be
selected on board that any speed 2102

memory chip can be used.

D. P.C. Beards, speaker, IC's

E.

Memory Chips
2102 low power chips. Boards operate with
the fastest 2102 on the market (250ns).
Buffering Support Chips
Input and output data lines fully buffered.
All possible support chips are low power
Schottky. Support chips at bottom of board
for strong drive signals to bus.
Bypass
26 bypass capacitors on the board.

$12.95

Jumbo Display Alarm Clock Kit

A. Fairchild

350ns

45ons

250ns

$139.95 $169.95
Assembled & Tested $150.00 $169.95 $189.95
Baseboard (without parts): $25.00

Kit $129.95

Z80 KIT

i0

014766

5674056
5674066

20

51747914

35

54474801

567407N

35

5674826

514740814

20

SN1493M

5674096

25
20

014851
5141480

30

51474861

3 50

S_ 100 COMPATIIE

LOWEST PRICE

above 32K. Power -on -Jump to any 4K boundary above 32K,

or the on -board 2708. A wait state may be added to any
2) Memory request cycle
31 On -board ROM cycle (for use at 4 MHz)
5) Out -put cycle
4) Input cycle
M1 cycle

flip -flop and optional generation of

MEMORY WRITE allow front panel-less operation.

On -board run -stop

Selectable 10 addressing mode: 1) 8080 Mode where

peripheral address byte is duplicated on high and low
order address bytes. 21 1-80 mode where the peripheral
byte appears on the low order address, and the contents
of the accumulator appears on the high order byte,
allowing simultaneous I /O. DMA Grant tri- states all
signals from the processor board. 8224 clock generator
provides 8080 look -alike 61 and 0 2 for the S -100 bus.
Status signals SINP, SOUT, SMEMR, & SWO are latched
per S -100 bus specs.

Price

Frequency

MHi

MHz

1.0000
1.8432

e 4.90

2.000
2.0100
2.097152
2.4575
2.667
3.000
3.200
3.2768
3.6795

4.0000
4.1943
4.9152

5.000

04.50

1 IN

Frequency
MHz

@3.65

5.0688
5.1850
5.7143
6.000
6.144
6.400
6.5536
8.0000

10.000
14.318
14.391
18.000
18.4320
20.0000
22.1184
27.0000
32.0000
36.0000
48.0000

$135.00 EA.
$149.95 EA.
BARE BOARD

(2MHZ)
(4MHZ)

$35.00

ASSEMBLED & TESTED: ADD $50 to each KIT PRICE

KITS INCLUDE ALL PARTS AND 2708 UNPROGRAMMED

Terms: Money Back Guarantee

Calif. residence add 6% sales tax.
Please add $1.00 for postage inside Calif.,
52.00 tom out of state, oversees add 10% of order.

Minimum order $5.00, C.O.

D.

$20.00 ($1.00 handling)

STORE HOURS: MON.SAT., 10 -7

BANKAMERICARD

MASTERCHARGE

CIRCLE 32 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

www.americanradiohistory.com

5674173N

6.00
1.50

51741741
55741751

1.25
.99

567417744

79

19

557/1796

249

55741714

35

5574936

49

5674206

20
.39

5M149455

79

5N71160N
5N74181M

5671955
5674961
5674975
55741604
51741076

79

S674180

79

567118414

00

55741856

25

511141861

99
49
.95
1.95
1.95
15.00

39
95

56111476
51414109

95

947419011

5674191N
55741526

49

31
29
29
37

49

5/4741096

55)4296

42

56743014

.25

$6741211

39

5674326
5674376
5674386
9474396

25

597412214

35
35

517/1239

39
50

54474405
510474415

21
89

5N7<42N

69

514744314

75

5674445

15

514741161

56741255
SN741261
59741326
56741366
56711401

60

51471193M
567419114

60

56711956

75

6.00
3.96
1.79

1.25
.89
.89
1.25

567/14211
5974143N

2 95

94741991

.75
1.00
1.00
1.75
1.75

3 25

9474209

5.59

75
59

09741446

00

514741451

15

SX7125114
567427911

5674476
0744814

69

51174147171

2.35

561/2836

2.25

557414811

00

6 00

56745014

25

25

5674516

25

5417/28/9
55742559
56743656

56745311

25
25

25

5674645
5971594
5971606
5574706

25
25
45

CD411o0

23
19

56741501
56741516
91741536
59741516

25

557119644

15
115

5147419711

79

514741556

01/1566
5147115714

604021
C04028
C04029

567419614

89
25

0713666

89
89
89

074368M

CMOS

23
23

C04001
C04002
C04006

79

.90

6.00
75
.75

07136714

55743906
5674393N

75
75
2 25

C04069
C04070
69

CD4071

89
19

224072
C04076

49

604081

99

CD4082

25

45
.55

23

49
39
23

004007
C04009
504010
224011

25
49
49
23

CD4030
C04015
C04040

CD4012
C04013
C01014
CD4015

25

CNN,

125

C04042

99

CD1098
MC11109
MC14410

1495

39
39

054044
554046

89

0414111

14 95

119

MC14419
MC14506

4.95

119

50016

49

504017
co4018
601019
C04020
604021
504022

19

99

49
I 39

19

CD4056

23
79

001059
604080
004066
004068

50023
C04021
CD4025
CD4026

CD4017
C04019
CD4049
C04050

504051
C04053

19

23
25

19

2.50
1

75

9014507

C0508

3.95

49

C54510

139

19

CD4511

29

19
49

04515

95

9 95

49

23

249
14 95

35
19

1
1

001518
C01620
MC14562

99

129
1.29
14.50

c01566

2 25

1.4C1450

3 50

15

74C160

3.25

00

745191

325
300

79

39

74C00 Series
74000

39

74CO2

55
75

74004
74C10

55
3 00
65
65

74014
74020
74C30
74042
74073

215
150

71074
74299
74060
74093
74095

740107
740151

740154

7C1n

300
2.00
2.00

74C763
74C164

2.90
3.00

740173
740193
740195
40095

215

SOC91

25

3.25
2

60

2.15
2 15

50

150

LINEAR
IM300H

80

0043407-8

25

71.130114

35
35

1M310112

25
.25

75

1M340715
1M340121

25

167415

79

.25

1.9717M

1M350N
15135104

.61

1.67486
LM718N
L6I30114

79
39

0M301CN

003026

I304N

I.00

1M309,

60
35

09130911

1913090

1.14136414

1.19

25

25

193774

115

LM380N

LM13056
LM1307M
LM13106
LM13516

2.95
165

1M1414M

1.75

00
25

90

LM38t5

07131710

750
150

563826

79

NE5010
NE5105

00
00

30

135
135
1

35
35

1M3201-5

125

003207

5 2

I 25

NE555V

703201
703201

25

_99
79

6E5294
NE5319
155397
6E5401
6055014

2.95

30

LM39006134011 49

39
00

1639056

25

25

6E5650

75

25

615656

25

95

NE566014

75

00
00

LN3909
LM55566
MC55565

14E5676

95

80388
L675450

M339N

NE567V

49

754510

35

.M34a,6

25

65

100
75
4

95
49
39

LM703CN

45

76452CM

LM7099

29

7545304

35

1M70914

75151CN

39

35

1M11014

29
79

15191CN

.79

35

LM7119

99

LM123H

39
55

75192CN

35

1519104

09

135

197235

55

50194
60195

25

125

29
35

)40505

35

711506
740510

29

74L513

69

741514
711520
741526
741.527
711528
7a1530
741532
71L510
741542
711547

175

741573
741574

99
1

141504

741555

69

135

;ii4so2

141551

50

1675256
1615316

99

0M3406-5

75

195

I 80

59
95

18415565

162901e
163053
1630656

191158C6
1611961

IM321N

.5

55

1142111N

I 25

I.10

00
00

95
00

NE5608
NE5618
6E5625

.643207 -24

.63238

39
90

15

1M37317

0913119

03207-15
.M3207 18

35
39

1M370N

1N1380CN

12

35

116

10

90

LM32a(-12

1.1.1711

0.43101

LM32o9-5

1074169
L674104

IS

46308
1

191310715

1611G

; 00

140503

2795 W. Lincoln Ave., Suite L

Anaheim CA 92801
Tel: (714) 821 -0234

210

5671170

35

IM3405 12
rM3400-15
0M3400-78
1M3406-21
IM3407-5
003407.6

(Formerly Trico)

51711761

89

70

19320715

INTERNATIONAL

567416744

70

29

.99

51474166

16340 B

IIC

99

125
225

5674146

LM318014

02.85

50

567/17644

07131414

Price

95
.99

56741651
56741661

45
75

EVER'

Price

.99
1

5674906
5971911
5574925

003200.5

Frequency

3147416411

56748914

0431004

HIGHEST ACCURACY.

35
5.00

1.25

.69

0.002

5117418311

51474136

71.13066

CRYSTALS

50

35

0M307CN

On board 2708 EPROM addressable to any 4K boundary

11

94740414

$19.95

nmr a r t,or

T -8K

IMSl11l*LT41e

0741821

07175e

514744611

Over -voltage Protected

4 Digit
Features:

56741811

35

20

55744544

WOW! LOOK AT THIS!

5V 10A Power Supply Kit for your
TTL Circuits!

0.8"

39

5514745

5X7103N

16

5614226
5674236
5674255
5674265
5674275

KIT INCLUDES: Transformer, PC Board, Large heat sink,

Large filtering capacitor and all parts
with detailed instruction.

instrument housingg
Mod.

SM741606

514747314

IO

56742111

D -9 %"

W. 8%"

39

18

597402N

5M/41a4
5674116
5674126

Instrument Case
H. 2

56111214

5104740114

29

29
39

39
39

29
39
39
1

25

125
29
29

19
49

1M73317

tM739N

00
19

74LS00
740575
741583
711585
141586
74L590
74L592
711593
711595
741596
7415107
7415109
7415112
7415123
7415132
7415136
7415138
7415139
7415151

39
39

49
I 75
2 19

49
89

89

89

150
89

59
59
59
25
25

iii

7405755

1415160
7415151
1415152

7415163
7115164
7415175
7415181
7115190
7115191
7405192
7415193
7415194
7415195
7415253
7415257
7415260

125

7415275
7415361
7415358

25

7415670

59
I 25
1

i s
1,95
1.95
1.95

1.95
1

95

1.95
3

69

249
2

19

2 19
2

49

89
89

75

175
55
79

99
99

195

147

SOCKET SALE

Tarbell
Floppy Disc Interface

WIRE WRAP SOCKETS

Designed for Hobbyists and

Systems Developers

14 Pin
16 Pin

Wire Wrap
Wire Wrap

.30
.32

.27/400
.29/350

EDGE CARD CONNECTORS.

44 Pin ST Edge Card Connector
1.75
1.50/10
100 Pin ST Edge Card Connector
3.50
3.00/10
100 Pin WW Edge Card Connector
3.50
3.00/10
All Sockets & Connectors Include Gold.

SOLDERLESS
BREADBOARDS
SK 10

Plugs directly into your IMSAI or ALTAIR' and handles up

to 4 standard single drives in daisy- chain.
Operates at standard 250K bits per second on normal disc
format capacity of 243K bytes.
Works with modified CP /M Operating System and BASIC -E
Compiler.
Hardware includes 4 extra IC slots, built -in phantom bootstrap and on -board crystal clock. Uses WD 1771 LSI Chip.

2.2" x 6.5"

$16.50

INCLUDING:

Over 100 pieces of precut wire

in assorted lengths
free!
Choose 1 color: Red, Black, Blue,
Yellow, Green, White, Orange
Or Assortment.

6 -month warranty and extensive documentation.

PRICE: Kit $190

ALTAIR

is a

PAGE DIGITAL
ELECTRONICS

Assembled $265
trademark /tradename of MITS. INC.

Avenue,

SCoQulHomia

ICl.l10`lJ / (213)

JUMBO LED READOUT ARRAY

By Bowmar. .5 in.
//
/ /
character common
/ /_

II / /7r

cathode. Designed

for

ttttttfittttttt

$1.95

use

with multi-

plexed clock chips

LIMITED STOCK 4 digits in pack!
1

CIRCLE 20 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR

SPECIAL OFFER!

SIX DIGIT ALARM CLOCK CHIP

With purchase of Clock Chip at left.

National' second generation clock chip

24 Pin

3W. AUDIO AMP

$1.95 each

FEATURES:
12

SNOOZE ALARM

ed. Not

kit.

- 990

SPECIAL

MM5375AA

PURCHASE!

EACH (WITH DATA)

EXPERIMENTER'S CRYSTAL
L

MCM6605

$I$

,.10966 WORDS OF RAM)

470

SURPLUS BUY OF THE DECADE!

FAIRCHILD
JUMBO READOUTS
.5 Inch Char High Efficiency,
END-503-Common Cathode
FND -510- Common Anode

YOUR CHOICE 694

10 FOR $5.75

Jumbo Red Leds

New by G.E. Like

Number

SSL -22.

6/$1.

25/$3.75

DISC CAPACITORS
MFD 16V. P.C.
Most popular
value! By Sprague.
.1

leads.

20 for $1.00
Motorola PNP Power!
2N4905 TO -3 case. 90W.
VCEO -60. HFE -100 max. at
2.5A. Good mate for the
PRIME!
2N3055.

756 ea.

144KHZ. This frequency

y15z
the 18th power. Easily dl
divided
down to any power of 2. and even
to 1HZ New by CTS-Knight A$5
value,

O. BOX 401247 B

$1.25 each

NS

GUARANTEED'

Full Wave Bridge

4 Amp 200 PIV
696ea. 10/5.75
GE POWER TRIAC
SC 146D. House #.
10 AMPS 400 PIV
TO -220 CASE 754 ea.

4/$2.50

4 FOR 2.50

Digital Research Corporation

P.

MOTOROLA 7805R
Voltage Regulator
Same as standard 7805
except 750 MA output.
TO -220. 5VDC output.
44c each
10/$3.95

HUGE

major U.S. computer mfg_ removed these parts from PC boards, then retested
them to full specs. Best Memory Buy in the U.S.A.! 4096 x Bits. One of the easiest
Dynamic RAM's to use A complete memory board design using these chips is
detailed in the MOTOROLA M6800 APPLICATIONS MANUAL starting on page 470. The 6605 is the popular 22 Pin Dip.

MV5024.

BUILD YOUR OWN CLOCK!

WE SUPPLY DATA!

LOW POWER

WE SUPPLY FULL DATA. SPECS

(OF TEXAS)

GARLAND, TEXAS 75040

(214) 271 -2461

LED IC Counter Kit

You Get: 1 -7490; 17475; 1 -7447; 1 -Led
Readout. All this for $1.99
(Led Readout is famous
SLA -1. .33 in. By Opcoa.)

MALLORY
POWER SUPPLY CAPACITOR

1500 MFD

3/$1.10

COMMON ANODE LED READOUTS

#T1 L-312
33 INCH
HIGH EFFICIENCY!
A PERFECT MATE.
ea.

R-

EASY LED INTERFACE

Has

tapped output for

either 4, 8 or 16
OHMS. With schematic.

FOR

OR

FAIL INO
BRIGHTNESS CONTROL
AM/PM INDICATION
SINGLE POWER SUPPLY
FAST AND SLOW SET

590

COMPARE AT TWO
THREE TIMES
OUR PRICE,

24 HOUR ALARM
ALARM TONE OUTPUT

HOUR DISPLAY

40R 6OIGITS

Assembled & test-

MOTOROLA 4K RAM's

Dip Super easy lo use

POWER

0
2g5

Dealer Inquiries Invited

538-4251

CIRCLE 34 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

(T9

Orders under $25 and COD's, add $2

All others. shipped Ppd in U.S. via UPS
For Blue Label (Air) or 1st Class, add $1
We accept Visa & Master Charge
Most orders shipped same day

135 E. Chestnut Street 4A

Monrovia, California 91016
Phone (213) 357 -5005

Suite P

90

CaNOn,

ORDERING INFORMATION

16 WVDC

10/$2.95

FACTORY FRESH, SMALL SIZE

LS SERIES TTL
74LS00 -33c 74LS74 -49c
74LS02 -35c 74LS90 -69c
74LS04 -35c 74LS138 -89c
74LSO8 -35c 74LS154 -1.49
74LS10 -33c 741_5175 -1.10
74LS20 -33c 74LS367 -75c
74 LS73 -49c 74LS368 -85c

2N3904-House No.

TO-92. NPN.

VCEO-45.
100 to 300
10 for $1.00

HFE

Motorola Quad OpAmp MC3401. Pin for

Pin Sub for popular
LM3900.

3/$1.00

TERMS: Orders under $ 5. add 75c. No COD's. We

accept VISA, MasterCharge and American Express
Cards. Money Back Guarantee on all items! Texas
WE PAY POSTAGE!
Residents add 5% Sales Tax.

CIRCLE 90 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

www.americanradiohistory.com

NEW LSI TECHNOLOGY

FREQUENCY COUNTER
TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THIS NEW STATE -OF-THE -ART COUNTER FEATURING THE
MANY BENEFITS OF CUSTOM LSI CIRCUITRY. THIS NEW TECHNOLOGY APPROACH
TO INSTRUMENTATION YIELDS ENHANCED PERFORMANCE, SMALLER PHYSICAL
SIZE, DRASTICALLY REDUCED POWER CONSUMPTION [PORTABLE BATTERY
OPERATION IS NOW PRACTICAL], DEPENDABILITY, EASY ASSEMBLY AND
REVOLUTIONARY LOWER PRICING!
$11995
KIT #FC -50C
60 MHZ COUNTER WITH CABINET & P.S
COMPLETE!
650 MHZ PRESCALER NOT SHOWN]
KIT #PSL -650
29.95
MODEL #FC-50WT
60 MHZ COUNTER WIRED, TE
CAL.
165.95
MODEL #FC- 50 /600WT.. 600 MHz COUNTER WIRED. TES '
199.95
f

SIZE:
3" High
6" Wide
51/2" Deep

/CCC

OIkTOCLETRON1MINC

FEATURES AND SPECIFICATIONS:

DISPLAY: B RED LED DIGITS .4" CHARACTER HEIGHT
GATE TIMES: 1 SECOND AND 1/10 SECOND
PRESCALER WILL FIT INSIDE COUNTER CABINET
RESOLUTION: 1 HZ AT SECOND, 10 HZ AT 1/10 SECOND.
FREQUENCY RANGE: 10 HZ TO 60 MHZ. 165 MHZ TYPICAL].
SENSITIVITY: 10 MV RMS TO 50 MHZ, 20 MV RMS TO 60 MHZ TYP.
INPUT IMPEDANCE: 1 MEGOHM AND 20 PF.
[DIODE PROTECTED INPUT FOR OVER VOLTAGE PROTECTION.]
ACCURACY: +
PPM 1+ .0001%] ;AFTER CALIBRATION TYPICAL.
STABILITY: WITHIN / PPM PER HOUR AFTER WARM UP 1.001 %P XTALI
IC PACKAGE COUNT: 8 [ALL SOCKETED]
INTERNAL POWER SUPPLY: 5 V DC
REGULATED.
INPUT POWER REQUIRED: 8 -12 VDC OR 115 VAC AT 50/60 HZ.
POWER CONSUMPTION: 4 WATTS
1

LEAD ZERO

SUPPNESS

KIT AFC -50C IS COMPLETE W TH PREDRILLED CHASSIS ALL HARDWARE AND STEP -BY -STEP INSTRUCTIONS
WIRED & TESTED UNITS ARE CALIBRATED AND GUARANTEED.

PLEXI

ABINET

SEE THE WORKS Clock Kit

CABINETS

3FFH,6Y4"W,51/2"D

CABINET Il

XTAL TIME BASE

Clear Plexiglas Stand

Great for Clocks or any LED

project. Clear -Red
Digital
Chassis serves as Bezel to
increase contrast of digital

6Big

12 or

M. time
set switches
Plug transformer
.J,parts included

displays.

Black, White or
Clear Cover

24

r6 x1/8"

Plexiglas is
Pre -cut & drilled
Kit 8850-4 CP

\
*

rinrK
1

1000 AND OVER

9.95

& C -I

Cord, Switches and all Parts. Ideal Fit

in Cabinet II

DIS PL

JUMBO DIGIT
$995 ea.
CONVERSTION KIT
Convert small digit LED clock to large
.5" displays. Kit includes 6 - LED's,
Multiplex PC Board & Hook up info.
Kit #JD -1CC For Common Cathode
Kit #JD -1CA For Common Anode

A.

Er

..... $42.95

Plaid qa53

..$45.95

KITS ARE COMPLETE (LESS CABINET)

'rei x DIS PI AT
1(X)1
ALL 7001 KITS FIT CABINET AND ACCEPT QUARTZ CRYSTAL TIME BASE KIT
PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS for CT-7001 Kits
Specify for 7001
sold separately with assembly info. PC Boards are
drilled Fiberglass. solder plated and screened
B, Cor X-S7.95
with component layout.
I

AUTO BURGLAR
ALARM KIT
E AST TO ASSEMBLE ANO EASY TO INSTALL
RROV]DING MANY FEATURES NOT
NORMALLY FOUND KEYLESS ALARM HAS
P
ION FOR ROs
GROUNDING
SWITCHES OH SENSORS WILL PULSE HORN
RELAY AT IRR RATE OR DRIVE SIREN MIT
PROVIDES PROGRAMMABLE TIME DELAYS
ALARM PERIOD UNIT
OR EXIT. ENTRY

TESTED

MODEL

AMP

#2001

WIRED &
TESTED
$19.95

MOUNTING BRACKET INCLUDED

KIT 2001

COMPLETE KIT

OR

$2595

MORE

TESTED
ORDER #2001 WT [LESS 9V. BATTERY]
Wired for 12 -Hr. Op. it not otherwise secified.

OPTOELECTRONICS,

17 ON FREE

2795

ASSEMBLED UNITS WIRED

CIRCLE

or

DC POWERED

JUMBO .4" RED LED'S BEHIND RED FILTER LENS WITH CHROME RIM
SET TIME FROM FRONT VIA HIDDEN SWITCHES
12/24 -Hr. TIME FORMAT
STYLISH CHARCOAL GRAY CASE OF MOLDED HIGH TEMP. PLASTIC
BRIDGE POWER INPUT CIRCUITRY
TWO WIRE NO POLARITY HOOK -UP
OPTIONAL CONNECTION TO BLANK DISPLAY [Use When Key Olt in Car, Etc.]
TOP QUALITY PC BOARDS &
COMPONENTS - INSTRUCTIONS.

TRANSFORMER 24V CT Will

provide 300MA at 12V and
Amp at 5V.
53.50

5821 N.E. 14th AVENUE,

FORT LAUDERDALE, E, 33334
PHONE (305) 771 -2050 / 771 -2051

12 VOLT AC

4 to 14V
SHORT CIRCUIT PROOF
723 IC REGULATOR
2N3055 PASS TRANSISTOR
CURRENT LIMITING AT 1 ATTO
KIT IS COMPLETE INCLUDING
DRILLED 9 SOLDER PLATED
FIBERGLASS PC BOARD AND
ALL PARTS (Less TRANSFORMER)
KITAPS -01 58.95

VARIABLE FROM

KIT #ALR -1
$9.95
#ALR -1 WT

T: -1

lll_l.,ll_,. LEC CLOCK

1.
"a,'1 "
,2 :24

POWER SUPPLY KIT

REMOTE SWITCH
MOUNTS UNDER DASH
CAN BE MOUNTED WHERE DESIRED CMOS
RELIABILITY RESISTS FALSE ALARMS I
PROVIDES FOR ULTRA DEPENDABLE ALARM
DO NOT BE FOOLED BY LOW PRICES. THIS IS*
Toy OUALITYCOMPLETEMIT WITH ALL PARTS
INCLUDING DETAILED DRAWINGS ANO IN
AVAILABLE WIRED AND
ST RUCTIONS OR

VARIABLE REGULATED

AN

Roy

/i,P1

2138.

$1995

Kit #5314 -5

700IC

..539.95

ea.

VAC /60Hz power pack with cord and top quality components through -out.
KIT -7001B WITH 6 -.5 "DIGITS
KIT
7001C WITH 4 - .6" DIGITS
2 -.3 " DIGITS FOR SECONDS
KIT 7001X WITH 6 - .6" DIGITS

9.29

A ccmplete Kit (less Cabinet) featuring

six .5" digits, MM5314 IC 12/24 Hr.
time, PC Boards, Transformer, Line

BUILDER THAT WANTS THE BEST. FEATURING 12 OR 24 HOUR TIME

29.30-31 DAY CALENDAR.
SNOOZE
Will alternate time (8 seconds) and date (2 seconds) or may be wired for time or date display only,
with other functions on demand. Has built -in oscillator for battery back -up. A loud 24 hour alarm
with a repeatable 10 minute snooze alarm, alarm set & timer set indicators. Includes 110

FOR THE

4%'s

JUMBO DIGIT CLOCK

___=ri_ih
f:l
. MORE 1;1-i 7n_71
_rlllll"b__ il_2.111; 1111_!i;_..,
AND AUX. TIMER CIRCUITS
ALARM.
i

HIGH SPEED RAM

LOW POWER - FACTORY FRESH

$1.75 ea.
1 -24
100 -199 S1.45 ea.
1.60 ea.
25 -99
200 -999 1.39 ea.

#113-1 (Adjustable
Complete Kit $415

it

21L02-3

ea

F-1_URIT %n
1
h-1 _- 11111_
ORTE-

PRIME

from 12V DC.

t "x2 "PC Board
Power Rea 5 -15V
(2 5 MA. TYP.)
Easy 3 wire hookup
Accuracy:
2PPM

E.1rt

$6.50 Pa
234 "IH,5 "W,4"D
REDOR GREY PLEXIGLAS FOR DIGITAL BEZELS
J'

SPECIAL PRICING!

Will enable
Digital Clock Kits
or Clock- Calendar
Kits to operate

.4" digits

INC.

&

Power Pack
RAC

q
53795
MORE

ORDERS TO USA & CANADA ADD 5u FOR SHIPPING

HANDLING & INSURANCE. ALL OTHERS ADD 10%.
ADDITIONAL 51.00 CHARGE FOR ORDERS UNDER
$15.00 - COD FEE 51.00. FLA. RES. ADO 4% STATE
TAX.

INFORMATION CARD

www.americanradiohistory.com

EA.

-1

$3595
ea.

1-800 -527 -2304

Puiuo Hui
Jumbo LED Car Clock Kit
FEATURES
Bowmar Jumbo 5inch LEO array
MOSTEK
B
50250
Super clock chip
C
On board precision crystal time base.
D 12 or 24 Hour Real Time format
Perfect for cars. boats. vans. etc
E
F
Pc board and all parts (less case) me
Alarm option
Si 50
AC XFMR
$1 50
A

--

;r:,...

ll/,pr!/

--

$16.95

\l

DIGIT ALARM CLOCK KIT

Features: Litronix dual 1/2" displays, Mostek

50250 super clock chip, single I.C. segment
segment
50250. SCR digit drivers. Kit includes all
driver.
parts (except case). Xfmr optional.
Eliminate the hassle.
AC XFMR
$1.50 Case $3.50

11

7442

47

13
13
15

7444
7447

59
68
71

29

7448
7450

44

7451

13

16

7453
7460

13
19

747C

27
25

02

7403
7404
7aL0a

74504
7406
7408
7410
7411

19
13
18

7412

26

7420
7423
7x25
7433

25
29
26

7437
7438

23
23

7440

13

744

76

31
Or

74164
74165

71174

30

7n4

55
57

7482
7487
7485
7489

7x,63

74104 49
74107 28
74109 31
74121 29
74123 48
74132 99
74136 99
745178195

47

74175
74180
74181 1
74182
74191
74192 79
74183 e1
74194 81
74195 69
9316 rr,
9601 713,
9104
35

75

74151
74153
74154
74155

67
89
25

89
55
55
65
65
85
89
85
85
67
93
68
98

7a16611

7496 67
7411x1

29
29

7481

74156
74167

749467
749567

13

7472
7473
7474
7475
7476
1480

15
13

7490 65
7491
43
7493 43

61
61

98
89

74LS00 LOW POWER SCHOTTKY

7aL500
7x1502

21
21

741547
741551

73

74LSI36

26

701503

Or

741654

26

7415138
74101 39

28

741555
741573

26
35

IxLSO4

]x1&05

18

741508

74574
74576

35

21
21

741583

73

45
99
26

741586

21

74LSO9

28

74L510

74 5/1

741513

74514
74515
74521

28

741526

32

741527
741532
741537
741478
73L542
741542

55
55

741593
7415112
7414113

38

32
32
32

26

65

70

7415153
7415155

70

745293

61

69

7415295

95
95
55
55

74LS164

711.5765

7415366
74LS367

71

74LS160

85
85
85

7415163

110

Zr,

712
749

LM 701
LM 307
LM 308
LM 309K
LM 710
LM 311

LU318
LM
LM
LM
LM
LM
LM

15491

15492

)(IO
9038

49

745125

99
47

7415126
7415133
74151 33

47
79
35

0134001

CD4002
CD4006
CD4007
CD4009

19
19
19

CD4C17
0134018

20

CD4020
CD4021
CD4022
CD4023
CD4024
0134025
C(34027
D4028
CD4029
CD4030

00019

19

C0010

47
39

CO40t1

19

C(34012
0134013

29
32
78
78
32

CD014

CD0t5
C04016

Pn Loa Prote
,,,n

95
95
19

97

7410169
7415173

74S174

es

10

00

7415175
7415190

7415193
7415195
7415196
7415197
7415253
7415257
7410257

et
95
95-

7415191

19
75
19

C0049
004050

39

CD4051
C134053

85
99
35

oa Paoli e

C04056

t
1

00

C134071

69
69
60
60
39
50

0134081
0134507

119
1

35

19
15

78

00

10
79
t 10
1

20

'9 P'n Low Profile

30

22

25

oa

69

P'vI

35

Dr

49

or

a9

Dr

49
49
49

Dr

55
59

UL914
UL923

150

H LI

se/n-

4004
4007

1
1

746
752
N 1958
N 5259
N 5271
N 5280
N

e,`05
ds

o+

25 3392 Pie-Ao;
_

Moe

10/51
10/51

8/$1
10/&1

6/51

CAPACITORS
ELECTROLYTIC

S1

5'

S'

1
1

Amp
Am
Amp
Amp

RADIAL TYPE
Leads 1031
15/S1
68MFD 25V PC Leads 831
5/St
330MFD 50V PC Leads 531
1000MFD 35V PC Leads 431
150 PF MICA S .
1031
COMPUTER GRADE

1MFD 70009130 PC Leads

7MFD 10WVDC PC Leads

4754E1) 35V PC

3/52

5/31

22PF1010WVDC

Each
CERAMIC DISC
001MF0 50V
002FMD 200V

68PF 500
100PF 100V

15151

zSOPE

330PF

50V
W,MFD 5009
Leads
ads 25,99

* *JOY STICKS* *

v
(

100PF 500V
cents No M'

$1.95

FOUR 100 K-OHMS

POTS
Ideal for
I

electronic
games

OtMFb
330F 5000

MICRO -DIP

New
Series 2300
The World's Smallest
CAdeo BCD DualLine
Switch! PC Mount
2300 02G BCD 1 -2 -4 8
2300 12G BCD -2 -4-8

$3.95

Compliment

61, 00

lIt 00

300

KHI

S' 50

125

357945

3,1 00

505

NPN
TIP 701EP929i
PNP
TIP 3 +PC Leads NPN

MJE 27]0

95
a

5'

2N 3055

CIRCLE 92 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

www.americanradiohistory.com

-i

f'

f,
75

75

2021 By RCA
FET 715 75 HOUSE a

95

Srf1

99

7818 Pos

18V

99
99
99
99

7824

24v

7912 Nm
7915 Neg

5V
129

Arnp

15V

Amp
Amp
Amp

99
1
1

10
10

t 10

MOTOROLA VOLTAGE REGULATOR

MC1469R 10.66 9 lead package for 3 10 309 oui
psto Provides 600 MA Coact output or more by
u
g an external power lransis,or Regular catatog p ,ice
Si 00 each' W nh specs
51.95 wets

TO

HEATSINKS

Similar to Thermalloy1r 2205G

Finned with insert. 5/$1.
TO -5 HEATSINKS
STANDARD SLIP - ON 6 /nil.
HEATSINKS FOR VOLTAGE
REGULATORS
Black anodized aluminum "U" shaped.
p
Fits TO -220 cases.
4 FOR $1.00

RAMS

BRIDGE
RECTIFIERS

21102 -500NS
21L02 -250N5
2114

6151

BAmp 505
Amp 50V
25 Amp 50v
10

=
=

8/1595

25
39

14.95

8/0400

35

MK 4115 - 8K
74$ 700

19 45

256

95

60 Hz. Crystal Time Base

for Digital Clocks

=_

$4.50
Buy 2 for $8.

=
=
=

8/11 50

-4K
10tA -256
1103 -1K

A 60
B
C

Hr outputw,lh accuracy comparable Io

digital

Di'ectl interfaces oath all MOS clock Chipa

Directly
Super low power consumption It 5 ma type I

tesor0

er

pedeidlA

Eiimma,es forever the problem bl AC I,ne glitches

Pe,ict for cars. boala, campers. or even for portable
clocks at ham field days
G Small sire, can be used in enating enclosures
KIT INCLUDES CRYSTAL, DIVIDER IC, P C BOARD
PLUS ALL NECESSARY PARTS A. SPECS
E
F

Money back guarantee. NO COD'S Texas residents add 5% sales tax Add 5 a of order for
postage and handling. Orders under 515.00 add 75 cents. Foreign orders add 20% for postage.
For your convenience. call your Bank Americard or Master Charge orders in on our Toll Free
Watts Line -800- 527 -2304 Texas residents call collect 1- 214 -271 -8423
1

CO

CRYSTALS

5'1 00

723 VOLTAGE REGULATORS

Oulput voltagas var,aDl from 2 volts to 37 volts
Avery versatile and popular device -14 PIN DIP

9514.00

(All prices !pbled to change

without prior notice I
P.O. BOX 38323C
DALLAS, TEXAS 75238
AN EMPIRE Pale

6V

8V
129
15V

POs

ZENER

SWITCHING DIODES

t,900MFD 35WVDC (Minh

250

2/11

yS'

7812 P00
7815 Pos

10/51
10/51
10/51

4148/IN914 Long Leads 20 /$1

4148/IN914 Cut Leads
40/51
4148/ IN914 PC Leads
100/52

33,000MFD 40WVDC
TANTALUM

25

e9e

V 500 MW
10V 1 Watt
15V 500 MW
22V 5 Watt

531

10
'

7806 Pos

4/$1
4/51
4/$1

3.3V 400M
5.6V 400M
8.2V 400M
39V 5 OM
100V 500M
180V 500M

DUAL 2 INPUT NOR

.99
JK FLIP FLOP
$1.19

SC

POWER TRAN

25'5'

4x00 NextN
15 402 PNP
EN 2222 NPN
E N 7901 PNP

15/81
10/81

4.7V 500 MW

IN
IN
IN

ENPU K
`NN,N ICt---

8 95

VOLTAGE REGULATORS

Amp 100 PIV

Amp 400V
AmpP 1000V

8 95

ET

1Pt
,tit 5ED
1
SFOpCHP

1+5 W 2000
TIP
iE Pg671

6,5'

:N 3906 PNP

GERMANIUM DIODES
IN 54A
$5 /$1
IN 270
10/51

e,tuusan
0, ; tex gais
s
.,,s
se parse
m
T 00e pl

AXIAL TYPE
20MFD 250V
35MFO 25V
500MFD
359

$3.95 Ea.

0
o

7400

TT 501 Quad beg Dr

DL 728 - C. C.
DL 727 - C.A.
Si 29

`O
T

8/1 00
3/1 00

IN
IN

sto

79

IN 4002

con,patlb

Produced Very hard to find!

5 -100 Connector

1 II

prime

7.95

650ns

SOCKf90CK

850
12 95

Per Pack

GENERAL PURPOSE
25 290` PNP
4 5,
75 7904 NPN
6,41

10.95

DIODES

tro

The most popular digital IC's ever

J
W

Da,ts

m,R

FAIRCHILD RTL's

LIMITED SUPPLY
IMSAI SPECIAL

U
w

"

7437
7438

tnal you
74013
74,41
7420 10,100 are orderin 9 77453
House Nmber TTl

250
995

95

495

TRANSISTORS

or 10/35.

-1K

HOUSE

69
85
45
32

UNMARKED
1702A EPROMS
3.50 Ea. or 10/$32.00

10/1 00

TT 502 He. Digit

TT 503 Quad Sei)
TT 506 Hex Digit
ST 5088 D,g Dr
TT 509 8 Seg Dr
TT 511 Quad Seg
TT 5148 Digit Or

19
19

CD4510
CD4512
CD4516
CD4518
0134520
CD4528
74CO2
74004
74C107

35
39

C134066

DL 722 - C.C.
DL 721 8 C.A.
99c

Ir

K-t.

1cs

1011 00
10,1 00

775

IC's
IC s

10,1 00 Please

0.50

2708
2708 -BK Intel -450ns
5204 - 4K

825129
27085 - 8K signet

TTL
#sway

HOUSE
7400
7404

SPEC

53

iN7E R$Il DUAL TRANSi570R5

originally Coat 53 each
Similar 12N911

PROMS

Nit

.99
1.25
1.50
3.95

1131863 Uart

55
35
35
75

ITT LED DRIVERS

B
71

JUMBO .5O DIGITS ON ONE STICK!

WITH COLONS & AM/PM INDICATOR
$3.95

,6 /100

9026. 74049
93W 74195

95
85
85
85
85

to

96

MK50252 Clock Chi

MK50250 Alarm Cock
MK50380 Alarm Chip
FCM7010 Direct Dr ive Clock Chip
MK5005
4 Digit Counierwl Latch
MK5002 4 DIgil Counter
MK50395 6
UPI Down Counter
MK50397 6 Digit Elapsed Timer
CT5005
Calculator Chip w /specs
MK5021
Cal Chip w'so ,1

ZENER DIODES

CD4040
C04041
CD4042
CD4043

C13044
CD4046
C04047

97
97

125

10/1

Bowmar 4 Digit LED Readout Array

Full 1/2" Litronix Jumbo Dual
LED Displays

1071 00

9007 7430

30

SOCKETS

6P.

10/100

8.20
10.95
13.50
1.75
1.75
7.50
2.00

195

Ox

14 95

7415138N
118 decoder
8797-Hex Tri -Stale Buffer
1488/1489 RS232
TR1602B Uart

25

Dual Tuna,
Tone Decoder
Dual Op.Ampiil.er
ment Driver
oued
Hex D, g' t Driver

904:7460

CMOS
CD400

85

9002 7400
9003 7410

55

--

429,

CLOCK &COUNTER CHIPS

3.50
12.95
4.95
4.95
3.95
14.95

-P

95

operalioma, Ampuuer
Quad Time,
Timer

ONLY $4.50

8212 -I /O port
8214
LC
8216
Non Invert Bus
8224
Clock Gen.
Invert Bus
8226
PIO for Z -80
CTC for Z -80
Sys. Controller
8251 Prog comm.
interlace
g
8255 Prog perp interface
8820 Dual Line Recr.
8830 Dual Line Dr.
2513 Char. Gen.
8838 Quad Bus. Recur.

14D

Voltage comparator
Voltage Comparator

AMP POWER SUPPLY

FORMER.

MICROPROCESSOR
SUPPORT CHIPS

TTL SPECIAL!

7415393145
74L0670

Essay tuned
Full inslruc,wn ncwded
Drilled tiLarglass P C Board
OM Hou, Assabiy
m

30

5V Lamp Regulator

Coni

12V

INPUT VOLTAGE 25V MAX. OUTPUT CUR RENT 1 AMP. MAX. LOAD REGULATION
SomV- OUTPUT VOLTAGE 12V. LINE REGULAETON 0.01%.
KIT CONTAINS
PARTS
EXCEPT
FOR
LINE CORD AND TRANS

$25.00

Operaona, Amputier
Operational Amplifier

Automatically Starts & Stops Tape Recorders

Punched and Printed Case

Ope,a,wnai Arnoldtier
25
Do rerentiai Comparators
40
Duai D,ilereniiai Camp
35
Hai, Adder
25
Pre
Stereo
-Amp by Fairchild 2,51
Operational AmputiN
30

IF
Van

,.1

Surreptitious Interception of telephone conversation Is e

violation of Federal Law and this device is not intended for
Add $10.00 such use.

1:

r IS
OperationalAmpl,hN
voltage Comparator
69
Quad Operational Amputier
20
Dual
Amputier
1tl5
3900 Ouad Op- Amplifier
0
741
Operational Ampfil,e,
25

1458

TELEPHONE RELAY

{.,
(
,.!
Assembled
& Tested
$29.95

NEW IMPROVED
UNSCRAMBLER!

723
324
777

748
NE 557
NE 555
NE 556

55

74153668

49

55
75

745298

70
75

74516,

26

LINEARS
709

38

7415122
7415124

26

7415151

7415279
7415290

26

745156
745157
745158

35
36
55

74590
74592

28

741522

71

7415266

745145100

49

7585
4

7415258
7x15260

71

isr earphone or external

speaker of any Scanner or Monitor
Guaranteed io unscramble any
loes call

NE567

37
7,

- -- - -

P1e.k

7400 TTL DIGITAL CIRCUITS

7400

--

$12.95

GO

For Master Charge and BankAmericard Orders

One tune Supplied with each kit Additional tunes

$6.95
each. Special tunes available Standard tunes now available'
Dixie
Eyes of Texas
On Wisconsin
Yankee Doodle
Dandy
Notre Darne
Pink Panther
Aggie War Song
Anchors Away
Never on Sunday
Yellow Rose of Texas
Deep in the Heart of Texas
Boomer Sooner
Bridge over
River Kwai.
Special Design Assembled
CAR & BOAT
.95 KIT HOME KIT Case $3.50

imm

Oar Toll Free Malls Line

MUSICAL HORN

Ilt;

II

Use

Induce Ourselves
PACKAGE NO.
UNB0400 Unitrode Semiconductor Data
Book. 500 pages on rectifiers, fullwave
bridges, transient voltage suppressors,
zeners, programmable unijunction transistors, etc.
LCC4162 TTL Supplement. The most recent
TTL functions are included in this supplement to the 2nd edition of the TTL Data
Book.

INTRODUCTORY PACKAGE
With any order valued at
$30.00 or more

PACKAGE NO. 2

You receive
AT NO EXTRA CHARGE

FSB0104 Fairchild Bipolar Memory Data

Book. Bipolar memories, ECL static
memories, TTL static memories, TTL
dynamic memories and macrologic.
FSB0105 Macrologic Bipolar Microprocessor
Data Book. Microprogramming for implementing as many system functions as
possible in one centralized logic block.
FSB0112 Fairchild Hybrid. Custom and
standard product as well as reliability and

A 1978 ACTIVE

ELECTRONICS Catalogue
Your choice of any of the
following packages

PACKAGE NO.

ADVANCED MICRO DEVICES

AMB0203 8080A/9080A MOS Microprocessor Hand Book. Detailed descriptions
of the 8080A and associated CPU
components.
AM80205 MOS/LSI Data Book. Static RAM's
dynamic 4K RAM's, 2K EROM, shift registers,
FIFO memories and complete microprocessor and support circuits.
AMB0206 Linear and Interface Data Book.
Comparators, data conversion products,
Line drivers/receivers, MOS memory and
microprocessor interface, Op Amps, Voltage
Regulators etc,

Value $17.85

RAB0606 Raytheon Selection Guide. A full

line condensed quick reference source on
all Raytheon Components,
LCC4151 T.I. Linear and Interface Circuits
Data Book. 688 pages. Complete specifications on the 75 series of MOS interface
peripheral driver, memory sense amplifiers,
display interface circuits etc.

Value $16.90

Post marked prior to July 31, 1978

design considerations.

PACKAGE NO.4
LCC4041 T.I. Power Semiconductor Data
Book. 816 pages germanium and silicon
power transistors, SCR's, Triacs, darlingtons,
silicon power high voltage and low voltage

types etc.

Slliconix High Speed Analog

Switches. Complete specifications, characteristics and applications of the DG300
series.
Slliconix FET Data Book.
SIB0304
Complete data on selecting the right FET
for your application, characteristics and
PC board layout.
SIB0305 VMOS Power FET's. Technical
information, application and design aids,
characteristics and device / application
selection for this latest in technology.
5180303

Value $16.30

GSB0100 Zener, Transistor and Transzorb

Catalogue. Discrete devices and pertinent
data and complete device characterization.
FSB0103 Fairchild Power Data Book. Basic
parameter and data information as well as
information on technology, safe operating
area, reliability etc.

Value $14.35
PACKAGE NO 5
Analog Switches and their
Applications. Introduction to FET Analog
Switches and the way the switch control
or driver circuit affect pelormance.
LCC4280 T.I. Peripheral Driver Data Book.
Total information and typ cal application of
complete peripheral drivers and interlace.
LCC4290 T.I. Line Driver and Line Receiver
Data Book. Complete daa on line circuits
and application information.
MicroGIM0100
General Instrument
electronics. Complete specifications and
data on calculator, clock and T.V. game
chips, microprocessors, industrial devices,
static RAM's, EAROM's and ROM's
SIB0300

Value $19.30

We reserve the right to ship a package of our choice, if one or more items of a requested package is
out of stock. This offer available in the United States only.

11=

Active
Sales Corp.

P.O. BOX 1035 FRAMINGHAM, MASSACHUSETTS 01701

Over the counter sales,
12 Mercer Rd., Natick, Mass. 01760
Behind Zayres on Rte. 9
Telephone Orders 8 Enquires f 61 7 j 879 - 0077
IN CANADA 2 LOCATIONS
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Foreign customers please remit payment on an

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MINI MINI TOGGLE

EXTRA SMALL
P.D.T.
3A 125VAC CONTACTS

each

lo.

$1.35 10.512
X7103

actual

size

.7_1111WI11
(

250V

2A NPN 1066

POWER TRANSISTOR

Tcc Pryi

FACTORY
s

uATT

43k, 68k, 240k

'MINTED ON A
:::. ..-

10

for $6

80

BISTABLE RELAY
S

SPOT 6VDC 200 OHM COILS

WATT DC CONTACTS

120

LONG LIFE (I X

2A 750V bridge

440

79 ea. 10- $ 6
POTTER
I

Type KHP Relay

PDT 3A Contacts

.i'

'

l''

,l\

',.
Llppi,M1

!1

4'

24VDC COIL
650 ohms

I.

r
-_
iby

120VAC
10.5M

r.N
1'

Iri'

$ 1.60 ea.

'

.J0
i'As

te

IA

11511

FOR

y4

if 11L 1Kr sl!

f

peripheral driver

"
tab

15V

limos

sv

761'16

4 term.

adj.

79MG
7805T

"

"

7812

BINARY INPUT

SUPER
SAVER

P.O. Box 2,

617 -388 -4705

40
16
14
.

1
1
1

BoTH$2.75

20
50
20
90
29

"

"

_5A

+ reg.
- reg.

tab lA 5v regul
to-3

<0>

POBOX

10

29
59
1.29
1.39
.89
.59

41778

Sacramento

Ceie
J

if

U l7

RCA 40536
400V TRIAL

FACTORY ASSEMBLED ON
HEAT SINK READY TO
PUT IN YOUR CIRCUIT BD.

$.90 ea.

10 for $7.50

100-$99

Money back guarantee- S5minimurn order.

we Poy post on orders for 510 or more. All
payment
sl be In U.S. fund
orders mulal include posi BAs & Foreign
MC are
not prepaid orders end hipping is added
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CIRCLE 61 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

hiiMI

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o
Ii

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IHTEE3NWEEI
ELEEThL1F1kC5

5100 El Camino Real, Los Altos, CA 94022. (415) 969 -7827

74LS01

BR
LO
BY
ELECTROr11CS
916 334 2161

7 Oakland St.,
Amesbury, Mass. 01913

74LS00

EPDXY BRIDGE RECTIFIERS

10 AMP 50V
V1048

for $12

DELTA ELECTRONICS

1.25
1.75
1.75
.59
.85

VARO SEMICONDUCTOR

1.39 ea.

95841

2/30.00

$16.95 ea.

TRIAD -N67A ISOLATION transformer. 115 or 230 VAC to 115

AC. 150 VA. Limited quantity. 7 lbs. 4 "x4 "x31 /2 ".
STOCK NO.6788
$7.95 ea.
2/15.00

7.95

+regal.

.SA

2A

1/4" HIGH DIGITS --

DISPLAY or IC$1.50

"

78L15

rk

248880 IC DRIVER FOR "NI7lIE" ABOVE

DISPLAYS 0123456789AbCdEF WITH 0-15

.20
.25
.90

29

SPERRY 9 DIGIT PLASMA DISPLAY, 011414

CATHCO

I'.

-SUPER SPECIALS -

. :
=

ran

78165

5K or 20K only
mfg. DALE

4`

STOCK NO.6554R

table

12 TURN /4x1/4X1/4

lth

TTL nor gate

TEL nand gate
CERAMIC FILTER 10.7 MHz.
.
MM5058 1024 bit static SR
UA715
60MHz. op-amp
74S206 256 z 1 45NS RAM
78L2.6 2.6V T092 .1A +regul.

DIP TRIMMER
,

13 lbs. 41/2 "x43/4 "x 33/4 '

buffer

will directly actuate

relay
!this
was

7402
7430

2/5.00

Two 115 volt primaries,(can be used on 230V). 4 secondaries. 11.5V

@ 4.E A, 23V @ 9.0 A., 14 V. @ 20 A. and 125 V 1.5 A.

DIAC 27 TRIGGER DIODE

PULSE XFMR. 1/1 TOROID- ENCASED
600MFD. 360VDC PHOTO FLASH CAP.
1702A 2K, lus, EPROM
SF425 SPERRY 9 digit se RV
multiplexed 7.seg.
MM5369 time base'osc. chip
T.V. crystal for above
1101A 256 x 1 MOS RAM
93410 256 x 1 45NS RAM

75451

these.

$2.95 ea.

-i

$2.95 ea) ova

PICTURE IS APPROXIMATION, RELAY HAS

FOUR PINS ON ONE END AND TWO ON OTHER,
PINS ARE SPACED .1" X 1 ". I /2A CONTACTS.

TRANSFORMERS

STOCK NO.6772R

pull-in
3s less ale
ma.
A TTL hate
wall drive many of

nifty

t.1 "-- 4 n.o.

The game we have been selling for $27.50 in kit form. NOW complete, ready to go including VIDEOCUBE, the TV interface,used
for iterfacing minicomputers and cameras, as described in August
RADIO- ELECTRONICS. Games have 2 levels of skill, LED readouts for scoring, 2 joysticks which move players in all planes, not
just vertical & horizontal. Game sold for $79.50 in Boston stores.
STOCK NO.5495R Complete TV game & VIDEOCUBE $18.95

NEW

with

` dpst

BR UMF E LD

it.T.3

_...

115 V primary. Sec.1- 12.6V @1.0 A. ct. Sec.2- 33.5V, tapped

13.1 V @1.OA. Sec.3- 140V @100 ma. 2Lbs. 4 "x2 "x23/4".

SIngle Polo nornully,

open dry bled relay.
Unbelievable
hens

\ co i

39ea

ultra sensitive relay

ea.

12 vdc

'-

$4

FOR

3/8X3/8X3/4"

ELEC -TROL
REED RELAY

tot.

5 percent
P

2 .9 5

109) OPER.

HIGH SPEED (500 HZ)

HERMETICALLY SEALED

$.75 ea.

e1

%WATT RESISTORS
10 ea.-390, 1.8k, 3.9k, 6.8k, ilk

1\

40374

Single pole double throw

center off (3 position)
toggle switch

^ter,,,

RCA

a.. i

ACTUAL SIZE

loo -$105.

SOCCER GAME PLUS

VIDEOCUBE -TV INTERFACE

I;

$1,50

TV HOCKEY

74LS02
74LS03
74LSO4
74LS05
74LSO8
74LS09
74LS10
74LS11
74LS12
74LS13
74LS14
741515

74LS20
74LS21
74LS22

.25
.25
.25
.25
.32
.32

TTL 74LSXX

JUNE SPECIAL - guuanteed pnme

74LS74
74 1575

74LS76
74LS78
74LS83
74LS85
74LS86
74LS90

.30
.36
.30
.33

74LS91

.35
.65

74LS92
74LS95
74LS96
74LS107
74LS109
74LS112
74LS113
74LS114
74LS122
74L5123
74LS124
74LS125
74LS126
74LS132
74LS136
74LS138
74LS139
74LS148
74L5151
74LS153
74LS155
74LS156
74LS157

1.50
.33
.27
.33

.33
.37
.35

74LS26
74LS27
74LS28
74LS30
74LS32
74LS33
74LS37
74LS38
74LS40
74LS42
74LS47
74LS48
74LS49

1.20
1.25
1.45
1.45

74LS51
74LS54
74LS55
74LS73

.28
.33
.28
.47

.38
.30
.35
.39
.39
.39
.37

.47

74LS158
74LS160
74LS161
74LS162
74LS163
74L5164
74LS165

.86

741.5168

1.30
1.10
1.45
1.85

74LS169
74LS170
74LS173
74LS174
74LS175
74LS181
74LS190
74LS191
74LS192
74LS193
74LS194
74LS195
74LS196
74LS197
74LS221
74LS240
74LS241
74LS242
74LS243
74LS244
74LS247
74LS248
74LS249
74LS251

.45
.63
.47
.40

1.65
1.90

.56
.56
.56
.54
.54

.90
1.20
2.00
1.00
1.00
1.20
.56

1.20
1.20
1.60
1.20
1.20
1.25
1.60
1.40

21L02 Guaranteed prime

3 digit A/D LD 130

parts

1.35
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.95
1.95
2.60
1.80
1.80
1.80
3.55
2.40
2.40

2.40
2.40
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.85
2.80
2.80
2.70
2.70
2.80
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75

74LS253
74LS257
74LS258
74LS259
74LS261

1.70
1.70
1.75
2.00
3.25

741.526e

.75

74LS273
74LS279
74LS283
74LS290
74LS293
74LS295
7415298
74LS299
74LS324
74LS352
74LS365
74LS366
74LS367
74LS368
74LS374
74LS375
74LS377
74LS378
74LS379
74LS366
74LS390
74LS393
74LS395
74LS399
74LS490
74LS668
74LS669
74LS670

2.75
.75

1.60
1.60
1.60
2.00
2.00
7.00
2.25
1.85

.95
.95
.95
.95

2.25
1.25
3.25
2.35
2.25

95
3.75
2.75
2.85
2.60
3.75

225
1.85
3.95

$1.50, 10 up
$6.50

Minimum order $5.00 US currency. Check or money order only.

Add 5% to cover shipping and handling charges. Calif. residents
add 6% sales tax. Santa Clara Co. residents add 6.5% sales tax.
CIRCLE 83 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

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Ilr
MS 15 MINISCOPE x289

"s;G3sa2,

with

With
Rechargeable
Batteries {
Charger

unit
i

$195

nYaw

'

For p
olec

as

if

Parts A Labor guaranteed

to to 1, 10 meg probe
S,oLeather carrying case

%.`

8;1

'

o`^"ws

mew

100

1av
A,...

ly

12com1ns me 25010w spapng.

10i

Vector pan
ion

Curren

imp es Pe, au

1oefo

E{

F'

slPa7s mm
as expander

more

BOARD

1/16

10 -24

013 46

011 96

l`

E LLI:nmatedwron
..

spacing for IC's

Sae

PART

4.5x17"

Epoxy Glass
PART NO.

17"

"

.w `

All- for fast, solderless,

Model
plugin circuit building 236
Evaluator and testing

Circuit

Just plug in any components wills leads to .03r dia. Interconnect wuln solid vote up to 20ga Assembled nadele tool
a

r. Pry

811e's
8116'5

728

972

,9,

5.9i.,
.5 -0 /lfi

e r

1032

12

ale leseenl

reel

De (awn

1760

12114',
19114'

2712

270s

wave

36

101/4

236

Issa

Cm's

v2

59.95

ww

,nn 19 es

for .042 dia. holes

all boards on this pages
142 -1 pkg. 100 S 1.50
T42 -1 pkg.

1000

SA L E
8"

2.03

tl
I

$u.00

...

9.6 "x4.5"
510.97

2.80

Gen.

{'

1.

''i

abet

6.5"

3662

9.6"

pattern
P

P lit 9 boards

^.,..,e'

es614 025"
i22leng)On

for

Pw.

W5E.'00'SPOOLS
w.

5,

'
t

eDC^aco. lea

DIP solder

ping or

, :, des w^d

mother

67 35

SOCKETS

'

\\\\

Cad For
Price

for

14 -T3 100

$30.00

for

16 -T3 100

$30.00
50 of ea. for $32.00

1.24
8
10
14
16
18

I
I

_..._.

"

'

i2' 48

vemmarn^!a

.)

'......

Price Breakthrough!

'

2549
.42

.43

.42
.68
.77
97
.94
98

pen

75

.B4
1.00
1.00

5099

17 ss

37
37
37

41

-38

tog

40 pin

59

45

i 39

40
.62
.71

95
75
84
30

129

SPECIAL

MA1003

140$2 100 for '14

16CS2 100 for 61600

14 pIn CS2 10
1e pm CS2 6

CAR CLOCK

for

for`r

These low cost DIP sockets will accept

both standard width plugs and chips.
For use with chips, the sockets offer
low
profile height

of

only .125" above the board.

These sockets are end Steckeble.

ELECTRONICS

24 PIN DIP PLUGS

WITH COVERS

CAD 91343

,P

w`.Cq,

v,

phone orders welcome (213) 893 -8202

47
.45
39

20 pin
22 pin
36 pin

Woodley Ave. Sepulveda

pin
pin
pin
pin

24 pin
28 pin

Bright Green Fluorescent Display Crystat Time Base Assembled, just add
switches and 2 VDC

ONE

for IMSAI

bwms. gad
65.85
6681.3 perced solder eyelet ails gold

$2.00

roe

$5.00
wrapp length Pposts

cedrowslorwrae-

3 LEVEL
WIRE WRAP

$34.95.

3 LEVEL
GOLD WIRE
WRAP SOCKETS

For Auto. Home, Office

Small in size (2x21Ox K)
Push button for seconds release for date.
Clocks mount anywhere with either 3M double.
mew weer VELCRO ncluded.
2 MODELS AVAILABLE.
LCD,101, portable model runss n sellcOntalned
batteries for better than year
na On 12 Volt system and is back
LCD-102. runs
Ilgnlee.

sa

14 & 16 PIN

510.00
EA
1 %a

C
255

spaced
boards Fns
67.35

pIn con. spaced 156

FACTORY PRIME

,.
uwanpewimeene

brochure.

golc

ICs Epoxy Glass 1/16.

Terms:
VISA, MC, BAC, check. Money Order. C.O. D U S. Funds Only CA residents add 6% sales tax. Minimum order $10.00. Orders less than $75.00 include 10% shipping and handling, excess refunded. Just in case
please include your phone no
Good thru July 15, 1978
"Sorry, no over the counter sales"

_AL6end for our latest

Peic

ROM
EPROM

P1T

cont

51.19

025" s4. 3 wrap tengtns

621ong) on 250 spaced rows.

8661 -1

4.5"

$11.45
44

Um

140

ALTAIR mother

042 ma nines. geld

4.5'

$7.65

3662 -2
P

solder eyelets tans

DIP solder tails on

rows for

D.I.P.

recepllcle 22/44 cool

pierced

8K 450

w1RE

LED Alarm Clock

cos

2708

80

w,tnlw
eroj2eg.

LED ALARM CLOCK

10031

156

s-lgg
Bus P.O. Edge connectors

4.S'

Purpose

90d
receplicle 22/44
8644.3 P C
t55 clrs Woe Wrap tails OP

u
!

R644

6" e 4.5'

6.5"

63.50
516.00
012.00

,1
:

Boards with Bus Pattern

for Solder or Wire Wrap.
P
Epoxy Glass 1/16" 44
pin con. spaced 156

wieiee.0000

$9.74
$9.74

59.81
Dual -In -Line
Plugbgard for Wire Wrap
with Power & Grd. Bus
Epoxy Glass
/16" 44
pin con spaced .156

SLITN,WRAP

,,.w....

$10.9U

Hi- Density

P,1

i,-0 r.
. ^a wi - _.e.
r i..,

"

6.5" x 4.5"

3682 -2

3677 -2

N0.28 GAGE INSULATED

PRIORITY
,,F*

.S 2.28

hand installing
Idol

3682

$"7 95 or 2l$15.00

e/

(all bbeards oethis page)

WRAP POST

A-13

^' ^, Bog.
made in tor

R`^'

l000

611.00

tool

pkg. 100
T-44 pkg

is

uses 3 /e
digit 8" LED Display with AM /PM
Indicators and colons Direct drive
PIN to PIN Interface with i1991
C
Just. add switches. AC Supply
Display and C only
Alarm
12 hr

P -149 hand Installing

T -44

46 9s

0700.07:4_

MICROKLIP

.
eiy

34 95

- I228
o

nap,.
ub amwe48

"...11.'

LIQUID CRYSTAL DIGITAL

CLOCK -CALENDAR

,>

24 as

7-1,8

IS

,.,d,.....

.g

28 es

7e

491is,r
6

na
lei 95

decant

gal -x laid

227 meson

BP

"'m

ACE

20e- 51i11
ese laueml

'

i+

'oeh110e

s`ot .;;m,eaawe

,.

"."

$75.00

f.

x40

7' W

Plugboards

SPOOL.FEDWI3.ES
w Wwa.d wi
>n m,ogie 1w low as1
^gtwien col
cost Aew,

1.70
S 2.10
S 4.30
5 6.39

..r.

Tilt Stand Option. add

Leather Case
3AA N1Cad Batts.&Charger
Standard AA-sae batteries prowde up to 20 nours of operation
Rechargeable NtCad battens and charger unit a.a nabte aboptionalequi omen
not included

Aaanei

NOPRESUTTING
NO PRECUTTING'

4.5x8.5"
4.5x17"
8.5

3.51

PRICE

SIZE

4.5 x 6.5"

64P44 -062
84P44 -062
169P44 -062
169P84 -062

Fro

9' Hs

Baeenes & Charger 51.00

with the rite=nase of Meter and
the mention of This magazine

1.49

AC volts.

SPECIAL!!

024.50

PRICE

SIZE

4.5 x 6.5"

64P44- 062XXP
169P44- 062XXP

wow

awn.

Phenolic

PPFCIFICATIDDs

Parts and labor guaranteed for

L.1

''- ^w "mi

4}

on a rear

wrap,
025 squarposle
FOUR TIMES FASTER

042diaholeson
0.1

5-9

-4

014 95

aim

10-24
615.98

5 -9
017 95

Same as 8800V except plain. less power

buses 8 heat sink

S29.50

euw.w.eaim.,.W

/t8

8801 -1

nec

iw

$19.95

aageOuesrilieeaeenoaaxs:.t ersnru_

AaPSI

M'11

i...h.

Includes nm .dn,cunsand in5ir.ciano tor Owndl

caril- uP.wlaro See

Piro 48841808a mars/mm.1m

$}

Microcomputer /processor
Universal
plugboard. use with 5.100 buS Corn.
plate with heat sink E. hardware 5 3 x

moos
osit

ompw x881.2 or moms 10rewti eswus marmwn08818 Wallet manor 80810

IA

adjustment and no full'.

3677

Solos, ma with saber mndpw. On

etches oroxsre a.wdxcdeniai snort

is )/nemeses ..e
rows,

j}

both 2mm

ee

'

MICROCOMPUTERS

dealers

cooper soberpuled and 039

fa,r helve a w

rMo

.-

digits
$125.00'
3Y2

Large LCD display for easy

reading without interpolation

$24.50
$30.00

sum

j1
Wiring
side
sae eaeeepoxy
wens mm woe ours ngs lo,

sloop,

,c

no
OCM1

has adlust

s=ale

this MAGAZINE

he MENTION of

0.5010

x]00

VDC

and overload indication

year

SOT

No

MS -215 Dual Trace Version of MS -15 6395.00

es..

and

-'
V

35

Automatic polarity. decimal

5,

Measures coenlls

Vertical Gain
.01 to 50 Vldiv 12 settings
Viewing area 1.1" x 1.35 ".
Case size 2.7"H x 6.4 "W x 7.5 "D, 3 pounds.

eumtip.

\ \

V I,

I/

PROBE 1t with the purchase of SCOPE and

.azioHr

LM -300
Full three digits
9

.1 microsec. to 0.5 Sec Idly \21

settings .3%.
Battery or line operation.
Automatic & line sync modes.
\
Power consumption < 15 watts.

Time base

J.

lairs 18.

{r

It,

megahertz bandwidth.
External and internal trigger.

^a44as

A495

'

-' ,

+1. 9

114

15

techn'I a hobbisir
Sde,
st .tan

42' leach

FEATURES

balanced, uuoresct
with precision magmaie

3deete, lens

..

'

Display-

With LCD

Excellent Readability in Direct Sunlight!

5
lair

s71

MG 10A
List $72.00

%iiiiiilk

NEW VOLKSMETERS!

Charger Unit

i\

LEDU

Has die.

&

Features Include
By us n g the new AILS SC -5 Prescaler, the range of
the FM -7 Frequency Meter which IS 10 X to 60 MHz, may be extended
The FM 7 u1
to 512 MID (Me upper VHF 6 UHF frequency bands)
The FM -7 can be
hies an LEO readout providing 7 Egt
tan
S C- 5
urate to n
to
Ras
marmite
s battery
per
million
30
sensnorry,
pen
Each unit
Dnnpons of each are 19
powered and has a charger unit included
Separately 01 a a
H x 2 7'nW x 3 9
Parts he unit puarznleed tayear.
Tilt stand option
S 3.50
015.00
Leather case

lens

Batteries

FM7

SC.5
With
Rechargeable
Batteries A
Charger
Unit
$89

Perfectly

Rechargeable

OEM and in6tnutional inquiries

$1.00
401 $10.00
3 I

V
OD

153

www.americanradiohistory.com

YI

CLOSEOUT SALE!

WITH EACH ORDER OF

$10.00 OR MORE
2 of these 12 vdc DPST
PC BOARD RELAYS,
Request 2 No. K066RL.

EVERY ONE A BARGAIN!

K242SU 110 VAC solenoid water valve

,er

(6 oz.) ....33.95, 10/$34.95

K054EK Eico Blacklite strobe (5 lb.)

$39.95
K197KT Educational electric motor kit
(5 0x.)....$1.99, 10/$15.95
K233HP 12V -2 A. (4A. surge) CB /car stereo
power supply (1 lb.).....$9.95
K 15oT R 1200' 5" reel Philips recording
tape (6 oz.)$2.95, 10/$19.95
K338PT
lb. asst. 2 sided glass epoxy PC

CTACULAR
PURCHASE
I

RADAR
WARNING
SYSTEM

sit-1.X.

boards
.$2.95
lb. asst. 1 sided glass epoxy PC
boards
$2.95
K112MP New electret shotgun microphone
12 lb.)
$59.95
K088DS Hamlin 3% digit liquid crystal
$4.95 (2 Oz.)
watch display
K2630P 5 assorted optical lenses

K339PT

$1.98
K308SU Surprise relay board (4 oz.)
$2.95, 10/$24.95
K604TR Popular 8 track stereo head
(4 oz.)
92.89, 10/$24.95
K180AE 10 section 50" whip antenna
(5 oz.)

99c

tubes (3 oz )
$1.29
tubes (3 oz.) 99c, 10/$8.95.

5Y4G

6A06

100/$79.95.

MONEY BACK

TEE-

you have to be
pleased Of return
Brand new. Originally used in wireless classroom
from
systems. picks up transmitted frequencies
ft.) surrounding
a closed -loop antenna (40 x 40
185,
4
channels:
feet.
square
1600
an area up to
230, 285, 350 KHz. Operates on 1.4 V mercury
cell (Mallory RM -12) not included. 4 pushbutton channel selector switches, 2 headphone jahead
cks, volume control. Automatic "on" when
phone is plugged in. Bears Sylvania No. STU '41031. Fascinating application possibilities.
1'h lb. K310SU.

95

BUILD YOUR OWN

DUMMY TV CAMERAS!
BANKRUPTCY
PURCHASE!

nally manufactured for "Foto-Vu"

security equipment. Professional
appearance. Black plastic with
clear lucite lens. 21/2" diameter
x 3" long. 6 oz. K292SU.

POTTER & BRUMFIELD

4PDT 24 VDC RELAYS!

VALUE

stock!

4 amp contact rating. Sen-

99

sational value. Add diode

rectifier for AC use. A
thousand applications. 1'' /e"
x 1" x 1: ". 2 oz. KO1ORL.

3/$5.49
10/$14.95
50/$59.95

pounds of pure pleasure!

Parts, gadgets, assemblies, hardware - easily worth 5 to 10
times our low price. A box of
goodies specially prepared by
ETCO to endear us to our cus
tomers forever. Each kit is diffefent - order several. A super
money saver for servicemen
P.S. Don't tell your wife wheys
you got it shell shoot us!
5 lb. K097PT.
5

Originally used in the manufac'

ture of an electronic turtle!
Sensitive crystal mike picks up
sound which is amplified to
trigger an SCR. Operates on 36 VDC. A great experimental
item. Clap hands to operate
motors, lights, alarms. A factory surplus assembly. 2 oz.
K210SU.

In

ETCO scoops the industry - buys up closeout vrventory of fine, sophisticated X-band radar detectors - and
brings them to you at the lowest price ever! Sealed
factory display cartons (excellent dealer item). Audio/
visual warning. Sensitivity control. Dual brackets. Picks
up radar signals at twice the distance that radar operator is able to "sight' you! Easily worth 3 times our
low price. Order today while inventory lasts. (1 lb.)

3/579.95

K013HM.

MAIL YOUR ORDER TODAY FIVE POUND

10/$24.95

We bought up thousands of these

dummy TV camera lenses. Origi-

it within 10 days
for refund.

40374 POWER TRANSISTOR

WITH HEATSINK!

SURPRISE BOX!
HOME CONVERTER FOR CAR STEREO!

THE

MAGI

29 SOUND

SWITCH

DIAGRAM
INCLUDED

40536 TRIAC WITH HEATSINK'

29

10/510.88
TO-66 case. Complete with

heat sink as pictured. NPN

silicon, AF high voltage 6W
power transistor very similar to SK3021. 1 oz. K169DS

10/$9.95

SAVE
TO -5 case, in heat slink as in
photo. Simular to SK3506.
Off -state voltage - 400. Foi
ward current: 2.5 A RMS
(surge 25 A.) Brand new
Factory surplus. 2 oz.
-

A sensational ETCO purchase) Designed to accept and

power AR Automatic Radio Car stereo models SPC -5002
& SPE -5004, but can be adapted to just about and car
stereo or car radio! (could power CB sets and scanners,
tool) 2 speakers included. Exactly as pictured, less car
stereo unit. AR No. HCS -5103. Walnut woodgrain finish.
Built in 110 VAC power supply. Pilot light. On .off switch. Stereo headphone jack. Original factory sealed cartons. An excellent dealer item. (9 lb.). K725HP

K168DS.

SURPLUS WANTED
-

TELEPHONE YOUR ORDERS Phone in your charge

card orders at low station -to- station rates!
CALL: 1 518 561 8700.
-

SURPLUS WANTED Contact our buying office at

1.514.695.0400 or send list and samples to Plattsburgh address below.

Tica

ELECTRONICS

Ordering from this ad is simple. Please remit in U.S. funds (or add
10% to overall total and remit in Canadian funds) - (Chargex and Mastercharge welcome). We do the paperwork and ship to you direct from the U.S.A. at low American
prices. You pay duty and tax to Canadian Customs (Canadian schools are exempt).
We have stores in Canada, too! Write for Canadian catalogs. We invite you to visit
our Plattsburgh store - just 50 minutes from Montreal on U.S 87,

CANADIANS

T. M.

Rush Your Order Today

Shipped to you direct from our new
mailorder headquarters and
warehouse store!

ETCO ELECTRONICS CORP. U.S.A.

North Country Shopping Center,
Route No. 9, Plattsburgh, N.Y. 12901.

MERCHANDISE SUBJECT TO PRIOR SALE. Full remittance with each order, please. Money Order, Certified check, BANKAMERICARD, VISA, MASTERCHARGE or CHARGEX. Add 20% for UPS (or postage)
and handling (we refund excess). Please try to bring your order total to $10 or more. Worldwide export orders solicited. Open account to Government agencies, schools, institutions and triple "A" rated industrial &
commercial accounts. S ciel uotes for uantities. N.Y. state residents: add 7% sales tax.

CIRCLE 46 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

www.americanradiohistory.com

S-100
32K STATIC MEMORY BOARD

Q- BUS -FULLY

ADDRESSABLE

MAPPABLE IN 4K INCREMENTS

with noise suppressed control inputs.

populated in 1k increments.
4. RELIABLE
single source + 5V regulator
monitors available on request.
5. PROM COMPATIBLE
2.

BUFFERED

3.

MODULAR

128K WORDS

TO

ASSEMBLED.

COMPLETE

$115900

NIT

TESTED
BURNED IN

$1249D

LARGEST A FASTEST STATIC MEMORY AVAILABLE

HAVE

ALL

ARE

BOARDS

10

GLASS

AND GROUND
EDGE CONNECTORS

NIT

ASSEMBLED

$27000
$44000
$58000
$69500

$29600
146500

No.

MICRO CPU

$61200
$74000

PRICES QUOTED ARE FOR 3009s MEMORIES

KITS AND ASSEMBLED UNITS INCLUDE DOCUMENTATION

ORD

WITH S.IDO BUS.

SOCKET

0MO I.0 SOCKET

1700+ HOLES.

SPACING

CONFIGURATIONS

HAS

NO.

FOR

KEYBOARD

KEYBOARD

ASCII

DISCHARGE

CENTER

10

16

50V at

IA

1N4003

200e at

IA

1114007

1000V at

IA

MORE

IN250
IN3909

METER

16 BUTTON PADS
650ns 600m.
150ns 300mw 510.95
300ns 200mw $11.95

2114

4015.4

TMS

HM 472114

IN4436 /T

for that prolwssronar

I.C. SOCKETS

TRANSISTERS

LOW

,.

ASSORTMENT

10/$960

5.

NO

TERMINALS

TAB

53.75

IV

9.IV
15V

VOLTAGE

78E05

I.

39c

Iw
Iw

39c
39c

MOUTONS

IIASte MUM

TO-220

38c

69c
3/98c
2/98c

10A

PLASTIC

89c

10A

TO

95c

30A

T0.3

51.95

TO.92

5V at 100mA
6V at

340T 6

AMP

PASS TRANSESTORS

MIE30S5
2N3055
2N5301
CROWBAR CIRCUIT

TO

WITH

IOOV at 12A

PROTECT YOURSELF.

55

NO

10 MIX/$12,9

MIX/$749

$4.25

IDA

VA723- VARIABLE 2V to 3 7V

CARBIDE DRILL BITS

FROM

OF SIZES

BRIDGE

200V at

IN4733A
IN4139A
IN4744A

BOARD WORK

for P.C.

PROFILE SOLDERTAIL

51.25

5% 1ENERS

STACKABLE

PHOTO

30A

"MINI BRIDGE"

10E

PR

$95

414 MATRIX ENCODED

95c

SOR at

FULL WAVE

$249

MINIATURE

8c
125

60V at 20A

RECOVERY AVALANCHE

FAST

20.0 40

READS

SCALE

6c

HEDGES

$9995

only

+60..120mA

S6 25

SUPPLY PARTS

IN4001

MAIN

KEYS,

135 OHMS

4K STATIC RAMS

7/$975

$119

for

$495

24 TO 92. SMALL SIGNAL DARLINGTONS

AND 24 LEDS -ALL FUNCTIONAL
oely

DIODES

OF 58

ENCODED

MOVEMENT

$295

REED RELAY
400 OHMS

PAPER TAPE
READER

PROM,

UV

EDGE VIEW

FOR

TTL COMPATIBLE

BUILD YOUR OWN

POWER

OF 15 KEYS AND

$995

SOCKET CONNECTOR
NO. 2 KEYBOARD

$299

IN NOOSE

HOLES

FOR

CHARGE

WIRE WRAP SOCKET CONNECTOR

AS

LOGIC PROBE

PERIPHERAL KEYS. 89 KEYS TOTAL &

$2995
NO.

BOARD

ON

HEX PAD

BEIGE METAL FRAME MOUNT

$1195

BUILD YOUR OWN

COM

KEYBOARD

KEYBOARD SECTION

-53 key keyboard

1
auxiliary power /control
DPDT rocker arm switch

86

CONTACT

LEADING

BY

PIN

NEW

ASCII

No. 2

$3995

MADE

41/1".7 5/1"

SIZE

OUR

ON G 10
GLASS EPDXY BOARDS A BLACK
METAL FRAME KEEPS KEY SWITCHES SECURELY IN PLACE.

-53 key main keyboard

-10 auxiliary & cursor control keys
11 key numeric pad
Bank of 5 auxiliary power and
control, rocker arm switches'
one of them lights up.

010'

WITH

1600 +

BOARD

$2395

MAXI SWITCH KEYBOARDS

FITS

PUTER MANUFACTURER

5'110

UNENCODED- MOUNTED

No.

UNIVERSAL BOARD

ON BOARD REGULATORS. FITS ALL STMT

SIZE

connector

WUh

MUST For troubleshooting your Computer boards

A

No. 2

MARKET"

BEST ON THE

EXTENDER BOARD

Vcc

HAVE

EPDXY.

32K

ASSEMBLED$8900

$6600

S -100

"U DESIGN" WIRE WRAP BOARDS

UNIVERSAL

PLANES. PLATED THROUGH HOLES, A GOLD PLATED

24K

-in

IN.

BARE BOARD $38

8K
16K

BACKPLANE

UNITS WHICH

ASSEMBLED

FULLY TESTED AND BURNED

BEEN

SLOT EXPANDABLE

COMPLETE
KIT

AVAILABLE EITHER IN COMPLETE KITS

OR ALREADY

EXPANDABLE MOTHER BOARD

line male and female connectors enable

backplanes to be plugged together, or the
female may be used in place of an extender
board.
QUIET -grand plane decouples all signal
lines.
RELIABLE -SAE 8100 phenolic body, gold
contact connectors.

PROM COMPATIBLE

MODULAR

usable with all DMA devices.

FULLY STATIC

1.

BUFFERED AND
NOISE SUPPRESSED

STATIC

features

S -100

16K MEMORY BOARD

DEC* LSI.11

,-

CROWBAR

INSTALL

POWER SUPPLY.

IN YOUR

400V at IBA

C220D

SCR

ELECTRONIC

51.75

100 MIX/89990

GOLD

WIRE WRAP

GOLD

SOCKET STRIPS
MME UNIVERSAL

PIN

END AND SIDE

STACKABLE WIRE
WRAP BOARDS

12 PIN
LEVEL

48C

48c
56c

LEVEL

No 2

SINGLE
PIN

I6

SINGLI

22 PIN

5/11.69

5/31.49

24 PIN

5/81.89

5/81.59

5/S1.99

5/81.69

40

4151 99

4/81.69

PIN

WIRE

CON

2VH3 I /ICB6

ROW.

PIN

TACT SPICING

22

CONNECTOR

WITH

0156"

SAGT

SPACING

99c

CON

31

SOLDER

LUG
WITH

CONNECTOR
0

125"

CONIACI

SPACING

99

CRYSTAL

4/98c

CHARACTER

DANUNGTONS

0 SNs
RISE TIME

MC1458

501I5

PARTS

OR

QUAD

29c

LM3900

IN270
IN914

12c

2112222

12e

CONVERTER
SIGNETICS

2113904

12e

1113600

15c
15c

2013906

12e

INI1/8

IOc

2113053

NE5008

IA10M

SUB MI

LEDS

CRYSTAL

YELLOW.

FILTER

GREEN. OR

455 KH2

AMBER

DATA

WITH

$295

i995

49c

10/$215

(SPECIFY COLORI

3/88c

49c

WE PAY POSTAGE & HANDLING

ORDERS

IMMEDIATE

RF

HIND

ON

HOUR

PROCESSING

,NOS

MD

SEND

US

ORDERS

LED

ONLY'

DEVICES

CALIF

RES

500

6t SAIL`

IAA

$20 MINIMUM

EXCLUDED(

MONEY ORDER, CERTIFIED

CANNOT ACCEPT PURCHASE ORDERS. COD'S,

SORRY' WE

CANADA
PUERTO
POSSESSIONS ADD U

DIODES
a'

AMP

2500V at 350mA
6KV at

SUBJECT TO PRIOR

39c

15e

LED LAMP
t1151ML RIN ANGIi MINING

3/98c

6/SIN

TRANSISTORS

IN91

rLNSITY
RED

IA.

LED

STATUS

DIODES

DUAL

1000/$1900

Woo

CM

DI

10c
12c

741

FOREIGN ORDERS

SUBMINIATURE

$299

130ma

CASHIERS

OR

CHECK.

Reichert Sales

F.

1110

GARVEY

AVE.

91790

COVINA. CA.

ORDERS OR CREDIT CARDS.

PHONE

$395

HIGH VOLTAGE

HV6OEL

PACNARO
JUMBO-RED
NIGH EFFICIENCY

Iran ware,

D/A

709

212cm

$159 ea. 1O/$99c

$495

F---HEWLETT-

br

RCMi1Nt .I
several Mn

SINGLE

SO

LIST PRICE

PIV 7V
i on Ama

$375

OP AMPS

GOLD

100 /596

FOR UNDER

SIZED INSTRUMENTS

$69`

REIS

DETECTOR

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

THIS MINIATURE L C D
IS IDEAL FOR POCKET

WITH CONNECTOR

ALL

PHO10
MOTOROLA

SOCKET PIN
ID

SCR
musraae

PHOTO

WIRE WRAP

1000/072 00

YOUR

No. 2
-

MI -REL

NO BACK

DISPLAY

1.6050

100

FPT

SENSITIVE
LIGHT ACTIVATED

ULTRA
HIGH
SPEED

TRANSISTORS
SIMILAR TO

SOLAR CELLS

ULTRA LOW LEVEL

r--

DIGIT LC.D.'s

LIQUID

WRAP

POST
2 LEVEL
10/985
100 /$1 40
1000/$61 00
3 LEVEL
1041
31 25
IDO 'SS 60

99c

3 -1/2
No.
0 4"

10/S1.59

No. 3

SAC225/2.2

ROW

CONNECTOR

WITH 0 156

10/31.49

10/81.99

RED

DETECTOR

EXTREMELY

4/98c

SAC185/2

10/31.89

16 PIN

28 PIN

INFRA

PHOTO

14 PIN

EDGE CARD CONNECTORS

GOLD

No.

TOP VIEW
SIDE VIEW

PIN...,

14
3

STRIP

10/81.35

10/51.59

8 PIN

OPTO DEVICES

TIN

INLAID

20KV at

IO

SI 99
95

25mA

195

100mA

S2 95

RICO.
S

53 50

ALL

8700

OTHER ADD

US

IMMEDIATE

SHIPPING ON

MANHATTAN,

DROP INTO ONE OF OUR LOCATIONS

FIRST

CHASE

CITIZENS

CASHIERS CHECKS 6 CANADIAN

POSTAL MONEY ORDERS

PORTLAND

LOS ANGELES

U S

1042

1503) 646 4044

(3031 573 5214

LMN ELECTRONICS

WIZARD OF PARTS

ELECTRONIC LOLLIPOP

GAMEY

(VINCENT 6

Tu

DENVER

(213) 9671611

is sAT

III

AV

SM
-

COVINA

RENDO

FRY

510310 SIN

CA

8225
I

ROLL

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BUS

DR

BEAVERTON. ORE

CNTR/WASIINGION SOLMMI

5643

BROADWAY

N
1

125

DENVER.

8 58t5 AVE

CO

MON

RICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE

SALE

CIRCLE 84 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

www.americanradiohistory.com

155

DIGI-KEY
CORPORATION

FREE

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597464

Type

.20
.20
.26
.20
.20
.22
.20
.40
.66
.30
.20
.30
.26
.26
.30
.26
.26
.30
.20
.70
.70
.66
1.00
1.36
1.26
1.36
.20
.20
.20
.20
.20
.20
.20
.20

.19

SN7455
L7

S97465
SN7470
SN7471

SN7474

597475

SN7476
SN7478
SN7480
SN7482

197483

SN7485
5N7486
SN7488

597490
597491

5N7492
SN7493
SN7494
SN7495

597496
597498
5974100
5974107
1974112

[,

SN74113

5974114
5974121
5974123
5974125
5N74126
5974132
5974140
5974141

2 for

Type

.19

.20
.26
.26
.26
.56
.30
.80
.60
.60
.30
.40
1.00
1.50
.40
1.96
.70
.80
.46
.50
.70
.70
.70
.70
1.50
.40
.26
.20
.26
.50
.70
.60
.40
1.26
1.00
1.50

SN74145
SN74148
SN74150

.25
.25
.25
.55
.29
.79
.59
.59
.29
.39
.99
1.49
.39
1.95
.69
.79
.45
.49
.69
.69
.69
.69
1.49
.39
.25
.19
.25
.49
.69
.59

197472
197473

Each

.39

1.25
.99
1.49

1.26
1.76
1.00
1.00

1.25
1.75
.99
.99
.99
1.75
.79
.69
.99
.99

SN74155

5974156
5974157
5974158
5N74160

5974164
5574165
5574175
5974177

SN74179

5974180

SN74182
SN74190
51(74191

1574192
5574193
5N74194
II 5574195
5974197

SN74199

5.50
1.75
51(74284 4.50
S974200

C7

S1.174251

n 5974285 4.25

cnde:

l=T0-220 Power

Type

5.49

LM300H
LM308V-H
C LM309K
E LM311H-V
C LM318V
[- LM320H-5,12.15
C LM320K- 15

LM320T-6, 5
E LM322N
E
C

2 for
$.50

Each

LM301HV

.45
.79
1.29
.79
1.29

l_

.46
.80

1.30

.80
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.20
1.76
1.10

1.29
1.29
1.29
1.19

LM324N
E LM339N

1.75
1.09

E LM340K-5, 6. 8,
12,15. 18,
H LM340T-5, 6, 8,

1.29 1.30
1.29 1.30
.60
.59

12,15,18,24

rl LM35ON

'Fah.
Typ(

[D

21or

Each
1.29

1.79
LM376V
.29
LM377N
2.25
1.69
[` LM381N
1.49
LM531H
.29
E LM532H-N

1.30
1.80
.30
2.26
1.70
1.50
.30

.75

.76

LM37414

C LM555V

LM1304
LM1310
LM1312
LM1414V
LM1458V
LM1800N
LM3028H
LM3900N
LM3909V

.29 .30
.79 .80
.99 1.00
1.99 2.00
.79
.80
.69 .70
.99 1.00
.66
.65
.49 .50
1.75 1.76

LM4250
LM75451

1.19 1.20
.39 .40
.39 .40

LM741V-H

''l
'-]
LI

.79 .80
1.00 1.01
.99 1.00
.49 .50
.29 .30
LM709NH .25 .26
.39 .40
C LM710N
.79 .80
LM733N
.89 .90
1-1
LM739N
161558V

C 1114195

E LM5619
D LM5659
LM703H
LM704H

17

Cl

H LM75453

LM75491
LM75492
LM75494

Cl

1.95

1.96

.79
.79

.80
.80

Cl

LJ

HI -POWER STUD RECTIFIERS

YOU GET 120 -DAY

MONEY BACK
GUARANTEE
10 AMP

Cat. No. 683567

50 5 2.95
100
3.95
200
4.95
7.50
400
9.00
600
1050
800
1250
1000

POWER TABS!

TIt:1(:S!
('Itti!
ADIt1('1!
QI-

69

.70
.89

98

1.19
1.59

400

060

V.

1.49 2fw
1.69 2 for
1.99 2 for

100
200
400
600
800

1.20
1.60
I

Each

SALE
$

4.96

651

21w

2 for

Each

V.

50
100
200
400
600

2.26
2.51

5.95

135

1.95
2.50
2.95

IC

2for
2
2
2
2

for
for
for
for

194001
194002
194003
194004
194005
194006

6R2379

PIV
50
100

Type No.

Cat. No.
C 6112377
C 6R2378
C 6R2380

6R2381
6R2382
682383

200
400
600
800
1000

1144007

1. 0
1. 0
1. 0

TIWES:
DIP Mill(603668)

6R4037
6R5087

KLINIC
LYTIC
Cat. No.6R3269
der
OF

Style

Sale

1C

10

15
15
25
25
15
15

P.C.
P.C.
P.C.
P.C.

lO for $1.00
8 for 1.00
8 for 1.00
6 for 1.00
10 for 1.00
10 for 1.00

20 for $1.01
16 for 1.01
16 for 1.01
12 for 1.01
20 for 1.01
20 for 1.01

50
15

50
20
20

Axial
P.C.

LEDS:

1-'

COPYRIGHT 1978

SPOT'

1.39
1.45
1.95

DPDT

{PDT'

Cat, R3584

Each

V.

SALE

11.V
12.V
15.V

Center

BUY

OFF

S0

100
200
400
600

'

800
1000

s .36

.61
.79
.90
1.19
1.39

5
5
5
5
5

for
for
for
for
for

I.
1.
1.
1.
1.

10
10
10
10
10

for
for
for
for
for

PRICE

1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01

SALE
2 for 5 .37
2 for
2 for
2 for
2
2

for
for

AT OUR

SALE

IC

Order byCat.
No.6R5210 8 voltage A wattage!
1c SALE
1 Watt
Sale
7.5V 5 for $1. 10 for $1.01

8.2V
9.1V

1.40
1.46
1.96

RECTIFIERS

ZENERS!

YOUR CHOICE 5 for $1.00

IC SALE
10 for $1.01
Order by Cat. No.
0602135 JUMBO RED LEDS
6R2137 MICRO RED LEDS
0602790 JUMBO RED CLEAR LEDS
6R2792 JUMBO TAPERED AMBER
t6R2140 MICRO GREEN LEDS

Sale 2 for
$1.29 $1.30

6 AMP CARTWHEEL

!pa:ILUn`

and value

by

Type
SPOT

Each
5

.62
.80
.91

130

GET
FOR

1y

LMORE

1.40

WATTS
Sale
3.3V 3 for $1.
6. V 3 for 1.
6.2V 3 for 1.
8.2V 3 for 1.
9.1V 3 for 1.
12. V 3 for 1.
15. V 3 for 1.
18. V 3 for 1.
24. V 3 for 1.
30. V 3 for 1.

11 SALE

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

Each

2 for
$4.96

$4.95
4.50
6.95

for $1.01
for 1.01
for 1.01
for 1.01
for 1.01
for 1.01
for 1.01
for 1.01
for 1.01
for 1.01

4
3
3

6 foe

8
6
6
12
4
4
8

Ohms

t0'
G

200"
500

SN
0K

''.I
I`

y`{C

120

**********

r1

r1"r

4h0(
I'!

e a

,.

2 for
$5.96
4.96

1.51-

for
$1.51
2.96
1.96
1.96

Each

$1.49

2.95
1.95
1.95

BRIDGE

Order by Cat. No. 6R2447 & voltage

Sale
2 for
50
$129 $1.30
100
1.50
1.69
1.70
1.99
2.00
600
2.25
226
800
25.r 2.51

IIII
;Oy ([UILE: s
Order
:Uld Co

Cat. N1.. (423') 1'/

ductor.c

I1.

Gond.

20

7-tt.

34
40

4 -H.
3 -N.
3 -N.

Sale

IC Sale

14t

$1.98

8-t
6-f
6fL

1.98
1.98
1.98

$1.99
1.99
1.99
1.99

Cal. o.

** * * * ****9ww * * * **

WRITE FOR

POLY PAKS
CATALOG
FEATURING

BEST BARGAINS
IN ELECTRONICS

POLY PAKS INC.

2 for $1

No.1603863 25 torn uprl 8h

at type 64
No. 683866 Nngleee urn, Bat type 63

2N
}} 11(' SON'
'a
2K [J 00N
PLI:.
* * * * * ***
-

11

1.50
1.96
1.50

1.95
1,49

A
1

$1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20

SPECTROL "SKINNY- TRIMS"

-, r 4.

2 for
$1.99

$1.98
1.49

RECTIFIERS!

10
.3

for
for
for
for
for
for
for

4.51
6.96

Each

FULL WAVE
10 AMP

.78

for

$4.51
1.50
1.50

1.50

**** * * ** ** **** * * * * * * * * ** * * * * * * * * ***

luar,.

for $1.19
for 1.19
for 1.19
1.19
2 for 1.19
2 for 1.19
4 for 1.19

8-PIN MINI -DIP (6R2123)

14-PIN DIP 06R1308
16.1119 DIP (5601309
18-PIN DIP (0603378
24-PIN MSI/DIP (6q 886)
28-PIN MSI/DIP 6R3887)
8 -PIN TO -5 (6R307)

$4.50

Each

2 for

.77
.88
1.29

ONE CENT SALE

6 for $1.20
2 for 1.01
4 for 120
4 for 1.20
12 for 1.01
4 for 1.01
4 for 1.20
2 for 1.96
2 for 1.51

$5.95
4.95

IC SOCKETS!

with mounting hardware.

603936
685085

(0603669)
(0603671)

20 for $2.01
30 for 2.01
20for 2.01
300 for 2.01
200 for 2.01
60 for 2.01
80 ft. for 2.01
100 for 2.01
6 for 2.01
30 tor 2.01
200 for 2.10
60 for 2.01
20 for 2.01
60 for 2.01
400 for 2.01
400 for 2.01
200 for 2.01
80 for 2.01
30 for 2.01
200 for 2.01
200 for 2.01
100 for 2.01
40 for 2.01
50 for 2.01
30 for 2.01
300 for 2.01
200 for 2.01
400 for 2.01
400 for 2.01
120 for 2.01
60 for 2.01
IO for 1.01
10 for 1.01
60-ft for 1.01
10 for 1.01
2 for 2.96
10 for 1.01
2 for 1.96
2 for 3.51
2 for 1.96
2 for 2.96
2 for 4.96

1.49
1.49

12V TRANSFORMER, 300ma, pc leads, 110prl. (0603412)

12V TRANSFORMER, lA, 110/220pr1, open trame (06R4040)
24VCT TRANSFORMER. 300ma, open frame, 110pri. (0603323)
2.95 NI-CAD CHARGER PAK. plughn, 125m9 125 VAC ed (9684098)

with chrome handle., complete

Cat. No

1.01
1.20
1.01
2 for 1.50
4for 1.01
2 for 2.51

Each

AMPLIFIERS!

2 SWITCHES ON A DIP
3 SWITCHES ON A DIP
6 SWITCHES ON A DIP

SWITCHES!
BULLET RECTIFIERS! TOGGLE
3 Amps, 125 VAC contacts.
Order by Cat No.60601384 and voltage
20 for $.60
50V
10 for 559
100V
10 for .69
20 for .70
20 for .80
200V
10 for .79
400V
20 for .90
10 for .89
600V
20 for 1.10
10 for 1.09
800V
20 for 1.20
10 for 1.19

for
/or
for

8 WAITS ON A BOARD, with hallt -In preamp 06115040)

U 9 WATTS ON A CHIP, Toshiba TA7205 (0685057)
3 WATTS ON A CHIP, G -E PA 263 (06111522)

1.50

MICRO MINI

1.5 AMP

T7iANSI'Y)ItHERS:

.
.

2
2

CONDENSOR MIRES, sensitive, 500 ohms. 1SV 0603178)

COMMUNICATIONS MIRE, 500 ohms, CB -HAM (0604074)
NOISE CANCELLING MIRE, Nam-CB, 500 ohms (0853902)

for
for
for
for
20 for

for

6 for

SPDT 12V BLOCK RELAY, SA contacts (0604032)

SPOT 12V REED RELAY, IA contacts (6R4094)
SPOT 12V SENSITIVE. 2000 ohm colt ( 683044A)
1
SPST 24V REED RELAY, nom, open. dp stylo, 1250 ohms (116R5175)

.96
1.26
1.96
2.51
2.96

20
20
20
20

1.00
1.19
1.19
1.00
1.00
1.19
1.95
1.50

BELA YS!

Order by Cat. No. and ype No.

11 MOR
. 6
20 for
6
20 for

Price
10 for $.65
10w .75
10 for .85
10 for .99
10 for 1.29
10 for 1.39
10 for 19

for
for

.III It (P11 ()NLS!

L7

N .MNNNNNNNMN.NBN.NSNeSSSN8NMeMN
Miniature!
5
pl

1N4000 Epoxy Rectifiers

2
2

C 6" TWIN CONE SPEAKER, hi-fl, for ear'o home (c60 5059)
C 2'. x 5" OVAL SPEAKER, 8 ohms (0602553)
2 x 6" OVAL SPEAKER, 8 ohms (06R3454)

SALE
5

SI'I',.AKEILS:

7.51

8.51
10.51
13.01
14.51

Cat. No. 6R- 14A147 (SCRs)

at. No. 6R- 60686A (THacs)

1.50
1.70
2.00

225 2fw
230 2fw

16

for
for
2 for
2 for
2 for
2
2

25 AMP POWER
STUD SCRS, TRIACS

by Cat. No. 6R2273 A voltage

IC
V
Each
SALE
50
51.95 2 for $1.96

50

O 200

Salo

for 5 2.96
for
3.96
for
4.96
for
7.51
for
9.01

50 S 4.95
100
6.50
200
7.50
850
400
600 1050
2fw 10.51
800 13.00
2 for
1000 14.50
12.51
Oder by Cat No. A Voltage
2
2
2
2
2

25 AMP BRIDGE
Orda, RECTIFIERS

voftage!
Order by Cat No. and
-SCR
16R1448 TRIACS6R1730
6R1590- QUADRACS
2 for
Sale
PRY

IC

V.

Cat. No. 6R87U685 . 250 amp

150 amp

3for $1.19

3S DIGIT LCD WRISTWATCH DISPI AY. (6R3960)

1 -GE.FLUORESCENT "NIXIE5 ", hhr, OEA" dur, 9.11n tube (6R3684)
2
SPERRY FLAT MIMES, orange..3" duel digit 6R5014)
SPERRY FLAT NIXIES, orange, .3 ", 1S-dig 0605015)
MAN -3 BUBBLE READOUT, .19" red, tom cath. (0603338)
2
MAN-4 READOUTS bubble, red, tom. anode, .19" (6 1503)
FND -10 BLOCK READOUT, .122" tom cathode (0602082)
8 -DIGIT READOUT. led, com cathod, red (4695190)
FND -503, .5" red, com cathode, 7 -seg. (0602949)

4.96
1.50
9.96
1.96

2for

7- SEGMENT READOUTS
Cl

i1

1.01

for
for
for
for
10 for
2 for
2
2
2
2

1.95
1.00

--SPST
METER, 50uA, I'," square, 0-20db 016R3705)
RELAY. norm. open 12 -24 VDC, 1250

for 51.50

4 for

2-

.60

.59

1.00
4.95
1.49
9.95

1.19
ohms, dip style 06R5175)
1.00
I VEEDER ROOT COUNTER. 000 -999, resettable, panel mt. (6R5081)
1.49
DUAL GATE MOSFET, sim. to 39200, 39187, for RF A Mixer (0665101)
1.00
t -A-TRACK TAPE HEAD. with plug' cord (16R3468)
2.50
10
CALCULATOR KEYBOARDS, 20 keys and more (683524)
$2.00
15
SLIDE VOLUME CONTROLS, asstd values (683057)
2.00
10
CRYSTALS, may Include CB, Ham A more (683250)
2.00
150
MOLEX IC SOCKETS, on a strip, cut to length 6R3144)
2.00
100
TERMINAL STRIPS, from 2 lugs up 16R3136)
2.00
30
NE.2NEON LAMPS. all 100% good 6R2613)
2.00
40.14. SHIELDED CABLE. 1 cond. mikes, honos, (683577)
2.00
50 TRANSISTOR ELECTROS, asstd vales, styles 6R2747)
2.00
3
SOUND TRIGGERS. sound triggers scr w /amp (6R3625)
2.00
15
6V TEST INDICATORS, leads, grain -o -wheat 16R3526)
2.00
100
CAPACITOR SPECIAL discs, myiar, ytics, more (692738)
2.00
30 MINI TRIMPOTS, to 1 meg, 1 turn, '.W (6R3345)
2.00
10
VOLTAGE REGULATORS, hobby LM320, 340, TO-3 (603330)
2.00
30
PANEL SWITCHES. slides, rotaries. mod, etc (683268)
2.00
200 RESISTOR SPECIAL,'. to 1W, carbon, metal (603054)
2.00
200
HALF WATTERS. resistors, carbon, metal )5R3046)
2.00
NATIONAL IC BONANZA, linear., 7400s ROMS (6R2860)
100
2.00
40 HOBBY LEDS, asstd types, mostly useable )6R2859)
2.00
15
LM340T VOLTAGE REGULATAORS, 5 to 24V, TO -220 (6R2635)
2.00
100
TWO WAITERS, resistor., carbon -metal marked (602735)
2.00
100
POLYSTYRENE CAPS, asstd values, voltage, hFQ 16R2729)
2.00
S0
THERMISTORS, resistors that change with temp (604089)
2.00
20 BRIDGES, untested, 2, 4, 6, 10, amp, full wave (684022)
2.00
25 LAMP'N'SOCK ET SETS, micro, 1.5V. T2 )603957)
2.00
15
MIXED READOUTS, hobby. untested, .127, .3, .5, etc. (6R3619)
2.00
150
QUARTER WATTERS, resistor., metal film, marked (693413)
2.00
100
PLASTIC TRANSISTORS, untested. RO -92 (6112604)
2.00
200
PREFORMED RESISTORS,'., S, 1W, marked, asstd (6R2608)
2.00
200
PRECISION RESISTORS,'., S, 1W, 1 %, 2% marked (602428)
2.00
60 DIPPED MYLARS, shiny finish, asst values 16112597)
2.00
16112421)
30 VOLUME CONTROLS, audio, llenar, asstd values
2.00
5
7.5 VOLT ZENER DIODES, 1 watt (685187)
1.00
5
9.1 VOLT ZENER DIODES, 1 watt 1695188)
1.00
30-ft. WIRE WRAP WIRE. 30 gage, for ICs, terminals (06R3803)
1.00
-- TANTALUM ELECTRO CAPACITORS, 22uF, 25V (46R5189)
1.00
ALARM CLOCK CHIP. MM5316, 4-digits (6111759)
2.95
PANCAKE PHOTOCELLS, 600 to 15K ohms )682939)
1.00
1001HZ MARKER CRYSTALS, ayproa for marker gen. (6R3896)
1.95
MOTHERBOARD EDGE CONNECTOR. 106 pins, .125" (6R3987)
3.50
48 -PIN EDGE CONNECTOR, .156" spacing (603963)
1.95
JOYSTICK, two 101( pots, for computers. TV games )685037)
2.95
CHARACTER GENERATOR, 5 x 7 Mostek MK 2002P (6R3898)
4.95
1
1

V=Mini dip: K= IO-3: H= T0-5. N-.(11.

Ea(h 2f,,.
T4u..

L LM370NH

J CSALE

Sale

$1.49

2-

-8-TRACK TAPE TRANSPORT, with preamp (6R3010)

1- PLESSEY TV SIDEBA ND FILTER, for chan. 3 or 4 (6R3975)
5- TRANSITORS, 2N3904 equal, NPN, switching (6R5209)

1.76
.80
.70
1.00
1.00
1.26
1.26
1.20
1.00
1.26
1.26
1.26
1.50
1.00
.80
1.50
.50
.70
1.50
1.76
.86
.86
1.26
.50
.76
1.76
5.51
1.76
4.51
4.26

1.25
1.25
1.49
.99
.79
1.49
.49
.69
1.49
1.75
.85
.85
1.25
.49
.75
1.75

SN74166
SN74173
SN74174

Description (Order by Cat No. In parenthesis)

1r.- WOODGRAIN CABINET. 3', x 10 a'." deep. spkrs, alarms. /6R5201)
LCD THERMAL INDICATORS, 88-108'T, 7x1 ", flexible (16R195)
1 - JOYSTICK, four 1001( pots, with knob 06R3808A)
1 -EECO THUMBWHEEL SWITCH, BCD, 0.7 0682870A)
1

1.00

1.25
1.25
1.19
.99
1.25

S574161
SN74163

2 for

Each

5974151
SN74153
5974154

HELPS FIGHT INFLATION!

POP -AMPS AT "CENT -CIBLE" PRICES

Case

REVOLUTION

LIBE

MT'& OP AMPS!
[

ars osi

arma 7,NF

POLY PAKS' PENNY

'ONE
::ENT

ONE fFNT Cal

A I.

Terms: Add 110:1x0 (tared: net 30

Phone : Wakefield, 5a -.s. 16171 24:73829
Retail: 111.18 I)el Carmine St.. WakeliJd,
MINIMUM ORDER
$6.00

POLY PAKS
942-R6
u.l),' MAY
BE 2HONEll

P.O. BOX

tl7I

LYNNFIELD, MA.
l'

1940

zm

(O

CO

CIRCLE 52 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

www.americanradiohistory.com

157

ADVERTISING INDEX

MESHNA SPECIALS
PHOTO FLASH complete on PC board w /flash
tube in reflector, 2 ni-cads & camera connecting
cable. Cycles in 3 seconds
$6.00
8 SWITCHES In MINI DIP

1.80

10 SWITCHES in MINI DIP

2.00

AA NI -CADS fast charge

1.25

5 WAY BINDING POST US made

U- FIX -EM TV games,

11.00
6 /1.00

ft

.75

LIQUID CRYSTAL thermometer, reads 86 to 108

degrees F
4/1.00

MULTI USE xfmr puts out 140 volts, 12.6, 6,

33.5 volts Many home projects
1.50
SEISMIC DETECTOR radio transmitter, used in
Viet Nam for troop detection.
4.00
COPY LENS FROM ZEROX in mount.

81/4

length Iris f4.5 to f8

U- FIX -EM hand

focal
10.50

calculator 4 function

66

ULTRA SONIC transducer 37 or 40 Khz

10

75

pad, chip &

Instructions

79
61

80
67
48

dark

to use, see in the

199.00

All above FOB LYNN MASS (you pay shipping)

Amazing 64 page catalog free
JOHN MESHNA JR, INC. PO Box 62,
Mass. 91904

E.

Lynn

CIRCLE 49 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

11

36

87
44
68
90
71

59
70

76
64

60,3
2

47

power, more gas mileage, tune-ups eliminated, lifetime plugs and points, reduced
repairs and pollution.
The TIGER can be built and installed in
your car in 80 minutes. The TIGER is
unique)
The TIGER comes with a switch for TIGER
or standard ignition for 12V negative ground

only.

Simpli -Kit $21.95

POST PAID U.S.A.

WE ACCEPT:

Mastercharge or Bank Americard.

Send check or money order with order to:

iStar Corporation
DEPT. FF, P.O. Box 1 72 7
Grand Junction, Colorado 81501

E-

Command Productions
Communications Electronics
Computalker Consultants
Continental Specialties
Creative Computing
C R E I -Div. of McGraw Hill
Continuing Education
Doge Scientific Instruments
Davis Electronics
Delta Electronics
Devtronix Organ Products
Digi -Key
Digital Research Corporation
D R I Industries
Edsyn

18 -21

130
106
107

Coy.

105

84 -87
136
108
152
132
156
148
31

123

EICO

120

L Instruments

Electronic Control Technology

I I8
Electronic Systems
135
Electronics & Control Engineer's Book
Club -McGraw Hill Book Division
I
E M C- Electronics Measurements
123
Energy Control Systems
105
Enterprise Development
100

C F R Associates
Chaney Electronics
CI
Cleveland Institute

69

56
46

is "in." Update your car

with the TOPS in power, efficiency and reliability
the TIGER SST capacitive discharge ignition (CD).
The TIGER delivers everything other CD's
promise
and more: quicker starting, more

Audio -Technics
Avanti Research & Development
Babylon Electronics
Karel Bartz
Forest Belt's Training Workshop
B & K Precision Dynascan Co
Bullett Electronics
Central Data

E &

63

Electronic ignition

American Technology

55

38

FROM KIT TO CAR

IN 80 MINUTES!

136
120
134
93
26
152
130
103
34
134
35
136
128

of Electronics

12.95

IR NIGHT VIEWER, new ready

Ace Electronics
136
Active Electronics
151
Advance
Electronics
104,106,111,113,115,119
Advanced Computer Products
146
Aldelco
142

ATV Research

89

.75
.60

Page

AMC Sales

$2.00

The above includes data on alarm system

PL 259 coax connector
SO-239 coax socket
TOUCH TONE ENCODER KIT,

3.00

LAMBDA solid state regulated slim line power

supply 12 volts DC 8 amps
50.00

88
51

Free Information Number

w /power pack & video

JUMBO LED .187 diam. long leads

TV CHEATER CORDS 6

RADIO- ELECTRONICS does not assume

any responsibility for errors that may
appear in the index below.

.35

Cube in original boxes (sold for $50)

15,16

81
4
S

100
6
19

96
77
40

115

Epsco
107
Etco Electronics
154
Fair Radio Sales
132
Fluke
117
Fordham Radio Supply
144
138,139
Formula International
Fuji-Svea
133
G F N
97
130
Godbout Electronics
132
Golden Enterprises
Gould
122
112
Grantham College of Engineering
29
G.T.E. Sylvania- Consumer Renewal
5,36
Heath

Hickok Electrical Instruments

Hobbi House
Hobby World
IMSAI Manufacturing Corp.

98
145
131

Cov. -4

Indiana Home Study

Information Unlimited

100
136
152
112
143

Integrated Electronics
International Crystal Mfg. Co.
International Electronics
94
International Peripheral
Coy. 2
8,57,58 James Electronics
101,140,141
J & E Electronics
136
Krystal Kits
134
132
Lab Science
132
Lakeside Industries
22
74
Leader
155
LMN Electronics
84
136
Logical Services
83
91
7

24
49
SS

14

Mallory

Meshas

158
118
114

Morrow's Micro Stuff

Mountain West Alarm Supply

CIRCLE 41 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

www.americanradiohistory.com

42
82
18,17
20

93,116
National Camera Supply
National Radio Institute (NRI) -Div of
McGraw Hill Continuing Education
8 -11
Center
15
National Technical Schools
117
Netronics
New -Tone Electronics
O.K. Machine & Tool
Olson
Optoelectronics

144
17

128

129,149

Page Digital

148

21

PAIA

91

78

Panavise

113

65

Platt Luggage

120
136
157
114

Plus Electronics
Poly Paks
Pomona
Priority 1 Electronics
Professional Aids
P T S Electronics
Quest
Radio Hut
Radio Shack
Ramsey Electronics

52
62
22
97
13

92
39

RCA

23,153
98
100
142
150
137
132

16,108,109,121

Rye Industries

43
93

123

Sabtronics

H.W. Sams
73
23
53
28,37
26
29
27
30

32 -33
25

Sansui
Scelbi Computer
Schober Organ
Seacore
Solid State Sales

116
121

28,91
130
138

32

Solid State Time

Southwest Technical Products
Spacekom
Special Functions
A.F. Stabler Co.
Sybex
Tab Books
Tarbell Electronics
Tasco
TK Enterprises
Trinico International

41

Tri-Star

158

Trumbull

134

95
33
34

72

86
35

13

99
134
132
102
105
148

132
104
147

Vaco
Vector

27
24

VIZ Mfg.

30

Weller-Xcelite Div. of Cooper Industries 110

102
Wersi Electronics

12

54

MOVING?
Don't miss

single copy of

Radio -Electronics.

Give

ATTACH

US:

LABEL

Six weeks' no-

HERE

tice

Your old address and zip

code

Your new address and zip

code
name

(please print)

address
city

state

zip code

Mall to: Radio- Electronics

SUBSCRIPTION DEPT., P.O. BOX 2520,
BOULDER, COLO. 80322

FREQ OUT. FOR LESS.

100 Hz to 50 MHz.

$89.95*

Introducing CSC's new

Mini -Max. It brings down the
cost of counting up the frequency
for CB -ers, hams, computer enthu
siasts, audiophiles...just about any engineer. technician or hobbyist will find it indispensable.
Its mini sized, too
pocketable 3 x 6 x %2 inches.
But when it comes to performance. Mini -Max
means maximum value. Measuring signals as low as
30 mV from 100 Hz to a guaranteed 50 MHz, with
3 ppm timebase accuracy and better than 0.2
ppm / C stability from 0 to 50 C. Completely
automatically Advanced LSI circuitry with a crystal

-a

controlled timebase provides precise frequency

readings on a bright, six -digit LED display, with
automatic KHz /MHz indications. Mini -Max is versatile.
too. You can connect it directly to the circuit under

test, or use its matching mini antenna for easy RF

checking. Either way, the input is protected against
overload to 50V (100V below KHz).
Mini -Max is as inexpensive to use as it is to own.
An ordinary 9 volt alkaline battery gives up to 8 hours
of intermittent operation, and you have the flexibility of
1

eliminator for AC operation. For increased

versatility, there's a complete line of accessories,
including standard clip -lead cable and mini antenna
eliminator and carrying case are optional.
CSC s new, all- American made Mini -Max is
everything you need for highly- accurate checking
of frequencies up to 50 MHz. At a price that will Freq
you out. Order today Call 203 - 624 -3103, 9a.m.5 p.m. Eastern Standard Time. Major credit cards
accepted. Or see your CSC dealer. Prices slightly
higher outside U.S.A.
a battery

CONTINENTAL SPECIALTIES CORPORATION

'Manufacturer's suggested retail price.

1978 Continental Specialties Corporation

70 Fulton Terrace, Box 1942. New Haven, CT 06509, 203- 624 -3103 TWX 710-465 -1227
WEST COAST. 351 California St.. San Francisco, CA 94104, 415- 421 -8872 TWX 910- 372 -7992
GREAT BRITAIN CSC UK LTD., Spur Road, North Feltham Trading Estate, Feltham, Middlesex, England, 01- 890 -0782 Intl Telex. 851
CANADA. Len Finicler Ltd.; Ontario

CNtCLE

11 ON FREE

INFORMATION CARD

Price! Performance
no one else has put together.

IMSAI Introduces the PCS-80/30

Integrated Video Computer

mHz microcomputer

3K ROM monitor
2K RAM
8 expansion slots
14 mHz integrated intelligent
CRT (24 x 80)
Intelligent Keyboard
Parallel interface
2 serial interfaces
Graphic and edit CRT
functions
28 amp power supply
All for $1499* assembled
and tested.
Software:

ASSEMBLER, DOS, TTY and ACR

BASIC, Commercial /Scientific BASIC,
FORTRAN IV and more.

Men. -v Options:
1

64K RAM memory boards.

Peripherals:
Printers, floppies -mix and match;
standard, mini and high performance
double density floppy disks on the same
system (an industry first), 'h" magnetic
tape drive, CRT and TV monitors.

Gentlemen:

Send today for your copy of the 250-page

IMSAI PCS. 80/30 User Manual. Price
55.00. The cost ofthe manual may be
applied towards your purchase of a PCS80/30 Integrated Video Computer. Use
tie coupon provided.

35

Send me the IMSAI PCS -80/30 User Manual, price

$5.00. I understand that the $5.00 may be applied
towards the purchase of a PCS -80/30 Video
computer System.

Check/Money Order enclosed. Amt

Charge my DiBAC

Exp Date'

Sig.
Name
Address

City
State/Zip
IMSAI

14860 Wicks

Blvd.

San Leandro. CA 94577

The Standard of Excellence

in Microcomputer Systems
IMSAI Manufacturing Corporation
14860 Wicks Bivd. San Leandro, CA 94577
(415) 483 -2093 TWX 910-366 7287
U.S. domestic prise only.

ORMATION CARD

D N4 /C

PCS -80/30 kit available. Other PCS-80 lots start

at 5699. Prices and specifications subject to change

without notice.