tip--positive side of connection

ring-negative side of connection

Normally telephone is open circuit
Loop start signalling---when phone lifted, the phone connects two wires causing
current to flow from central office
glare occures in Loop start--Glare --when u pick the phone to dial number and si
multaneously an incoming call comes and before it has the chance to ring.
Ground start signalling:
Supervisory signalling:
=======================
off hook--connection between ring and tip wires-closed circuit
on hook--open circuit
Ringing
Information signalling:
=======================
Dial tone , Busy, ringback, congestion, Re-order, receiver off hook
Address signalling:
===================
DTMF, Pluse
Digital Trunks:
================
CAS--Common associated signalling --signalling information is transmitted using
same bandwidth as voice.
CAS is sometimes called robbed-bit signaling because user bandwidth is robbed by
the network for signaling.
CCS--Common channel signalling --a separate channel is allocated for signalling
part
T1 & E1
========
T1: Uses TDM to transmit digital data over 24 voice channels using CAS. There is
no need for signalling channel since for CAS signalling is transferred with dat
a channel itself.
CAS Provides receipt and capture of DNIS(dialed number identification service) a
nd ANI(automatic number identification)
The most common signalling used with T1 CAS is E&M signalling
E1: Uses TDM to transmit digital data over 30 voice channels using either CAS or
CCS.
ISDN: Circuit switched telephone network system allowed to digital transmission
of voice and data over ordinary copper wires.
ISDN BRI :128 kb/s ;2 B channels; 1 D channel
T1 PRI :1.5Mbps; 23 B channels ; 1 D channel
PRI NFAS : Multiple ISDN PRI interfaces controlled by single D channel.
QSIG: Interopeartion of PBX from different vendors.
Three types of digital voice circuits are available
===================================================
1)T1 uses TDM to transmit 24 voice channels using CAS
2)E1 uses to transmit 30 voice channles using either CAS or CCS
3)ISDN: A circuited swicthed telephone network using CCS
BRI: 2 B (Bearer) channels and 1 D (Delta) channel
T1 PRI: 23 B channels and 1 D channel
E1 PRI: 30 B channels and 1 D channel
Channels are known as DS0 channels, The ds0-group command creates a logical voic
e port (a DS0 group) from some or all of the DS0 channels
Two main types of CAS are
--------------------------
T1 CAS
E1 R2 Trunk
T1 CAS:
=======
The type of signaling most commonly used with T1 CAS is E&M signaling
The main disadvantage of CAS signaling is its use of user bandwidth to perform t
hese signaling functions.
The voice device running the T1 line uses the eighth bit on every sixth FRAME in
each T1 channel (DS0)
for signalling.
There are 24 Frames in a T1 Extendede super Frame, the process of signalling occ
urs for every sixth frame. 12 frames in super frame.
Each DSO = 8 bits
24 DS0 = 8*24 +1 bit =193 bits ( 1 bit added was for framing bit)
Digital T1 lines send 8000 of these 193-bit frames every second
8000*193 =1.5444Mbps
E1 R2
======
A multiframe consists of 16 consecutive 256-bit frames.
Each frame carries 32 time slots.
The first time slot is used exclusively for frame synchronization.
Time slots 2 to 16 and 18 to 32 carry the actual voice traffic, and time slot 17
is used for R2 signaling.
16 Frames == Multi frame in E1 R2
1st frame--- time slot 17 is to declare the Frame as multiframe.
2. Frame, Time slot 17: Signaling for time slots 2 and 18
3. Frame, Time slot 17: Signaling for time slots 3 and 19
it goes on like tat
ISDN:
====
ISDN comprises digital telephony and data-transport services offered by regional
telephonecarriers. ISDN involves the digitization of the telephone network, whi
ch permits voice, data, text, graphics, music, video, and other source material
to be transmitted overexisting telephone wires.
In contrast to the CAS and R2 signaling, which provide only DNIS, ISDN offers ad
ditional supplementary services such as Call Waiting and Do Not Disturb (DND).
ISDN applications include high-speed image applications (such as Group IV facsim
ile), additional telephone lines in homes to serve the telecommuting industry, h
igh-speed file transfer, and video conferencing. Voice service is also an applic
ation for ISDN.
ISDN BRI: 2 bearer channel(64kbps) ( for voice traffic)+ 1 D channel (16kbps)(D
channel for signalling)
ISDN PRI: 23 B + 1 D(64kbps) in north america and 30 B +1 D in rest of the world
T1 PRI: Use this interface to designate North American ISDN PRI with 23 B channe
ls and one CCS channel
E1 PRI: Use this interface to designate European ISDN PRI with 30 B channels, on
e CCS channel, and one framing channel.
ISDN-PRI Nonfacility Associated Signaling (NFAS): Multiple ISDN PRI interfaces c
ontrolled by single D channel.
Fractional PRI:
Table 4-2 BRI and PRI Interfaces
Capability BRI T1 PRI E1 PRI
B-Channels 2 64 kbps 23 64 kbps 30 64 kbps
D-Channels 1 16 kbps 1 64 kbps 1 64 kbps
Framing 16 kbps 8 kbps 64 kbps
Total Data Rate 160 kbps 1.544 Mbps 2.048 Mbps
Framing NT, TE Frame SF, ESF Multiframe
Line Coding 2B1Q or4B3T AMI or B8ZS HDB3
Country World North America, Japan Europe, Australia
Benefits of ISDN:
-----------------
ISDN has a built-in call control protocol known as ITU-T Q.931.
ISDN supports call waiting, call forwarding,speed dialing
T1 line encoding are B8ZS(binary 8-zero substitution), AMI and E1 line encoding
are high-density bipolar 3(HDB3), AMI
CLOCKING:
=========
Single voice port receiving internal clocking.
line receives the clock from the PSTN
Router2(config)#controller T1 1/0
Router2(config-controller)#framing esf
Router2(config-controller)#linecoding ami
Router2(config-controller)#clock source line
Router2(config-controller)#ds0-group timeslots 1-12 type e&m-wink-start
internal clocking:
=================
Internal clock supplies the clock to the PBX
Router1(config)#controller T1 1/0
Router1(config-controller)#framing crc4
Router1(config-controller)#linecoding hdb3
Router1(config-controller)#clock source internal
Router1(config-controller)#ds0-group timeslots 1-15 type e&m-wink-start
Configuration of T1:
====================
DSO groups:
Dso groups can be deactivated only when the voice port is deactivated.
1)Defines the T1/E1 channels for compressed voice calls
2)Automatically creates a logical voice port
3)Defines the emulated analog signaling method the router uses to connect to the
PBX or PSTN
T1 CAS Controller Configuration Example
=======================================
1)Enter controller configuration mode.
Router(config)#controller {t1 | e1} slot/port
2)Select frame type for T1 or E1 line.
note:The service
provider determines the framing type that is required for your T1/E1 circuit
T1 Lines:
Router(config-controller)#framing {sf | esf}
E1 Lines:
Router(config-controller)#framing {crc4 | no-crc4} [Australia]
3)Router(config-controller)#clock source {line [primary | bits] |internal | free
-running}
4)Define the T1 channels for use by compressed voice calls and the signaling
method the router uses to connect to the PBX or CO.
Router(config-controller)#ds0-group ds0-group-number timeslots
timeslot-list [service service-type] type {e&m-fgb | e&m-fgd | e&mimmediate-
start | fgd-eana | fgd-os | fxs-ground-start | fxs-loop-start
| none | r1-itu | r1-modified | r1-turkey}
The ds0-group command automatically creates a logical voice port. The resulting
logical voice port will be 1/0:1, where 1/0 is the module and slot
number and :1 is the ds0-group-number argument you assign in this step.
5)Activate the controller.
Router(config-controller)#no shutdown
Digital Voice Port Parameters
==============================
After setting up the controller, you can configure voice port parameters for tha
t digital
voice port. When you specified a ds0-group, the system automatically created a l
ogical
voice port
Enter voice-port configuration mode.
Router(config)#voice-port slot/port:ds0-group-number
Router(config-voiceport)#cptone locale
Activate the voice port.
Router(config-voiceport)#no shutdown
Configuring T1 CAS Trunks: Inbound E&M FGD and Outbound FGD EANA
================================================================
Follow this procedure to configure a T1 CAS digital voice port with inbound and
outbound
ANI:
Step 1. Enter controller configuration mode.
Router(config)#controller T1 0/0/0
Step 2. Specify the framing format.
Router(config-controller)#framing esf
Step 3. Specify line coding.
Router(config-controller)#linecode b8zs
Step 4. Configure one DS0 group to use time slots 1 to 12 and E&M feature group-
D.
Router(config-controller)#ds0-group 0 timeslots 1-12 type e&m-fgd
Step 5. Configure another DS0 group to use time slots 13 through 24 and E&M feat
ure group-D EANA.
Router(config-controller)#ds0-group 1 timeslots 13-24 type fgd-eana
Chapter 4: Performing Call Signaling over Digital Voice Ports 217
Note This creates two voice ports, 0/0/0:0 and 0/0/0:1.
Step 6. An inbound dial peer is configured using the 0/0/0:0 trunk, which suppor
ts inbound ANI:
Router(config)#dial-peer voice 1 pots
Router(config-dialpeer)#incoming called-number .
Router(config-dialpeer)#port 0/0/0:0
An outbound dial peer is configured using the 0/0/0:1 trunk, which supports
outbound ANI:
Router(config)#dial-peer voice 90 pots
Router(config-dialpeer)#destination-pattern 9T
Router(config-dialpeer)#port 0/0/0:1
Example 4-5 T1 CAS Trunk Configuration Example
----------------------------------------------
Router4(config)#controller T1 0/0/0
Router4(config-controller)#framing esf
Router4(config-controller)#linecode b8zs
Router4(config-controller)#ds0-group 0 timeslots 1-12 type e&m-fgd
Router4(config-controller)#ds0-group 1 timeslots 13-24 type fgd-eana
Router4(config)#dial-peer voice 1 pots
Router4(config-dialpeer)#incoming called-number .
Router4(config-dialpeer)#direct-inward-dial
Router4(config)#dial-peer voice 90 pots
Router4(config-dialpeer)#destination-pattern 9T
Router4(config-dialpeer)#port 0/0/0:1
Example 4-6 E1 R2 Trunk Configuration
======================================
Router5(config)#controller E1 0/0/0
Router5(config-controller)#ds0-group 0 timeslots 1-31 type r2-digital r2-compell
ed ani
Router5(config-controller)#cas-custom 0
Router5(config-ctrl-cas)#country china use-defaults
Router5(config)#dial-peer voice 90 pots
Router5(config-dialpeer)#destination-pattern 9T
Router5(config-dialpeer)#direct-inward-dial
Router5(config-dialpeer)#port 0/0/0:0
Configuration of ISDN:
=======================
isdn incoming-voice: Configures the interface to send all incoming calls to the
DSP card for processing
interface serial ---Enter voice port configuration mode for the D channel
Example 4-7 ISDN Configuration
Router(config)#isdn switch-type primary-qsig
Router(config)#controller t1 0/0
Router(config-controller)#pri-group timeslots 1-24
Router(config-controller)#interface serial 0/0:23
Router(config-if)#isdn incoming-voice voice
Configuring a PRI Trunk Example
=================================
network-clock-participate wic 0 ----The DSP clocking will be synchronized with t
he WIC in slot 0.
The line coding for the E1 controller will be linecoding ami-- default
Router2(config)#interface Serial0/0/0:15---16 line will be the signalling chann
el
Example 4-9 PRI Trunk
Chapter 4: Performing Call Signaling over Digital Voice Ports 225
Router2(config)#network-clock-participate wic 0
Router2(config)#isdn switch-type primary-net5
Router2(config)#controller e1 0/0/0
Router2(config-controller)#pri-group timeslots 1-31
Router2(config)#interface Serial0/0/0:15
Router2(config-if)#isdn switch-type primary-net5 Router(config-if)# isdn overlap
receiving
Router2(config-if)#isdn incoming-voice voice
Summary of voice ports:
=======================
Router#show controller T1 1/0/0
Router#show voice dsp
Router#show voice call summary
show voice port summary -----command to identify the port numbers of voice inte
rfaces installed in your router.
show call active voice ---- command to display the contents of the active call
table, which shows all the calls currently connected through the router or conc
entrator.
show call history voice ------command to display the contents of the call histo
ry table.
QSIG:
=====
Example 4-17 Global QSIG Support Configuration for BRI
Router(config)#isdn switch-type basic-qsig
Example 4-18 Global QSIG Support Configuration for PRI
Router(config)#isdn switch-type primary-qsig
Specify the card type (T1 or E1) at the specified slot so the router provides
sufficient DSP resources.
Router(config)#card type t1
Example 4-19 QSIG over PRI Interface Configuration
===================================================
Router(config)#controller t1 0/1
Router(config-controller)#pri-group timeslots 1-24
Router(config)#interface serial 0/1:23
Router(config-if)#isdn switch-type primary-qsig
Router(config-if)#isdn protocol-emulate user
! OR
Router(config-if)#isdn protocol-emulate network
Example 4-20 QSIG over BRI Configuration
========================================
Router(config)#interface bri 1/1
Router(config-if)#isdn layer1-emulate user
! OR
Router(config)#interface bri 1/1
Router(config-if)#isdn layer1-emulate network
Router(config-if)#isdn incoming-voice voice
Router(config-if)#isdn protocol-emulate user
! OR
Router(config)#interface bri 1/1
Router(config-if)#isdn protocol-emulate network
Example 4-22 show isdn status Command
======================================
Router#show isdn status
The show isdn status command shows tat Layer 1 =active and layer 2="MULTIPLE_FRA
ME_ESTABLISHED" indicates that there is no
problem with layer 1 and 2
If a TEI_UNASSIGNED or AWAITING_ESTABLISHMENT state is reported, verify the conf
iguration
Global ISDN Switchtype = primary-qsig
ISDN Serial0/1/1:23 interface
dsl 0, interface ISDN Switchtype = primary-qsig
**** Slave side configuration ****
Layer 1 Status:
ACTIVE
Layer 2 Status:
TEI = 0, Ces = 1, SAPI = 0, State = MULTIPLE_FRAME_ESTABLISHED
Layer 3 Status:
0 Active Layer 3 Call(s)
Active dsl 0 CCBs = 0
The Free Channel Mask: 0x00000000
Number of L2 Discards = 0, L2 Session ID = 0
Total Allocated ISDN CCBs = 0
Voice-gateway:
==============
Difference between the AS5300 and AS5350
The main difference is the Nextport Universal ports of the AS5350 can handle bot
h voice and data calls on every port. An AS5300 will have to have both Mica mod
ems for data calls and voice ports for voice calls. The are specialized and onl
y have one function. The Nextport Universal ports of the AS5350 actually downlo
ad the modem firmware to the ports during trainup if the incomming call is a mod
em call. So they are multi functional. We traded our AS3640 for an AS5350 and
cannot be happier. I have all the same functionality as before, but I have a vo
ice gateway also. It also does true voice switching that the 3600 series cannot
T1 configuration:
=============
Configuring T1 CAS Ports
------------------------
Router#config t
Router(config)#controller t1 0/1/0
Router(config-controller)#framing esf
Router(config-controller)#linecode b8zs
Router(config-controller)#clock source line
Router(config-controller)#ds0-group 0 timeslots 1-12 type fxo-loop-start
Router(config-controller)#ds0-group 1 timeslots 13-24 type e & m-immediate-start
One thing to keep in mind about digital circuits such as T1s is that they re sti
ll considered
POTS lines because they do not use IP for transport. In that regard, confi gurin
g POTS
dial peers for T1 CAS interfaces is very similar to confi guring POTS dial peers
for FXO
interfaces. The difference is that the T1 CAS circuits have multiple timeslots.
In the next
confi guration example, we will assume that the CAS T1 is set up to use all 24 c
hannels for
the same signaling type
Router(config-dial-peer)#dial-peer voice 91 pots
Router(config-dial-peer)#destination-pattern 91..........
Router(config-dial-peer)#port 0/1/0:D
Router(config-dial-peer)#end
Configuring T1 PRI Ports:
==================
difference between T1 CAS has over the T1 PRI.
---------------------------------------------
pri - group is just a single global group that cannot be broken up into subgroup
s
T1 PRIs that utilize the Q.931 ISDN signaling can allow for the phone endpoint s
full DID number to be used as the identity for off - network calls. This functio
nality is
not available on the T1 CAS
T1 PRIs(CCS-Common channel signalling) use Q.931 ISDN signaling, we must confi g
ure the ISDN switch type that our PSTN provider uses
As soon as you set the T1 to use Q.931 signaling, timeslot 23 is automatically r
eserved for signaling
Router#configure terminal
Router(config)#isdn switch-type ?
Router(config)#isdn switch-type primary-ni
Pri - group Options
The pri - group option simply sets the timeslots you wish to use. Here is how to
confi gure a
pri - group for a full PRI:
Router#configure terminal
Router(config)#controller t1 0/1/0
Router(config-controller)#pri-group timeslots 1-24
Configuring POTS Dial Peers for T1 PRI Ports
------------------------------------------
There is very little difference between confi guring a T1 PRI POTS dial peer and
any other POTS dial peer, as you will see here:
Router(config-dial-peer)#dial-peer voice 91 pots
Router(config-dial-peer)#destination-pattern 91..........
Router(config-dial-peer)#port 0/1/0:23
Router(config-dial-peer)#end
The one difference in the PRI setup is the :23 that specifi es the D timeslot of
the PRI circuit.
This is because all of the channels within the PRI are labeled as port 0/1/0:23,
as
we saw previously in the show voice port summary command.