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Binomial Theorem (For A Positive Integral Index)

The document discusses the binomial theorem, which expresses the expansion of powers of binomial expressions (x + a)n where n is a positive integer. Some key points: - (x + a)n expands to a sum of n+1 terms with coefficients called binomial coefficients. - The binomial coefficients are arranged in Pascal's triangle. - There are formulas for special cases like when x = 1, x = -1, and properties of the coefficients. - The binomial theorem can be generalized to any real index n, not just positive integers, with an infinite series expansion.

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121 views2 pages

Binomial Theorem (For A Positive Integral Index)

The document discusses the binomial theorem, which expresses the expansion of powers of binomial expressions (x + a)n where n is a positive integer. Some key points: - (x + a)n expands to a sum of n+1 terms with coefficients called binomial coefficients. - The binomial coefficients are arranged in Pascal's triangle. - There are formulas for special cases like when x = 1, x = -1, and properties of the coefficients. - The binomial theorem can be generalized to any real index n, not just positive integers, with an infinite series expansion.

Uploaded by

Johnny Murray
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 51 SEPTEMBER 2009

Binomial Theorem (For a positive Integral Index) :


If n is a positive integer and x, a are two real or
complex quantities, then
(x + a)
n
=
n
C
0
x
n
+
n
C
1
x
n 1
a +
n
C
2
x
n 2
a
2
+
... +
n
C
r
x
nr
a
r
+ .... +
n
C
n 1
x a
n1
+
n
C
n
a
n
..(1)
The coefficient
n
C
0
,
n
C
1
, ......,
n
C
n
are called binomial
coefficients.
Properties of Binomial Expansion :
There are (n + 1) terms in the expansion of
(x + a)
n
, n being a positive integer.
In any term of expansion (1), the sum of the
exponents of x and a is always constant = n.
The binomial coefficients of term equidistant
from the beginning and the end are equal, i.e.
n
C
r
=
n
C
n r
(0 r n).
The general term of the expansion is (r + 1)
th
term
usually denoted by T
r + 1
=
n
C
r
x
n r
a
r
(0 r n).
The middle term in the expansion of (x + a)
n

(a) If n is even then there is just one middle term, i.e.
th
1
2
n
|
.
|

\
|
+ term.
(b) if n is odd, then there are two middle terms, i.e.
th
1
2
n
|
.
|

\
|
+ term and
th
2
3 n
|
.
|

\
| +
term.
The greatest term in the expansion of (x + a)
n
,
x, a R and x, a > 0 can be obtained as below :

r
1 r
T
T
+
=
x
a
r
1 r n +

or
r
1 r
T
T
+
1 =
rx
) x a ( r a ) 1 n ( + +

=
)
`


+
+ +
r
x a
a ) 1 n (
rx
) x a (
=
rx
x a +
|k r|,
where k =
x a
a ) 1 n (
+
+

Now, suppose that
(i) k =
x a
a ) 1 n (
+
+
is an integer. We have
T
r + 1
> T
r

r
1 r
T
T
+
> 1 r < k (i.e. 1 r < k)
Along , T
r + 1
= T
r

r
1 r
T
T
+
= 1 r = k,
i.e. T
k + 1
= T
k
> T
k1
> .... > T
3
> T
2
> T
1

In this case there are two greatest terms T
k
and
T
k+1
.
(ii) k =
x a
a ) 1 n (
+
+
is not an integer. Let [k] be the
greatest integer in k. We have
T
r+1
> T
r

r
1 r
T
T
+
r < k = [k] + (fraction)
r [k]
i.e. T
1
< T
2
< T
3
< ..... < T
[k] 1
< T
[k]
< T
[k] + 1

In this case there is exactly one greatest term viz.
([k] + 1)
th
term.
Term independent of x in the expansion of
(x + a)
n
Let T
r + 1
be the term independent of x.
Equate to zero the index of x and you will find the
value of r.
The number of term in the expansion of
(x + y + z)
n
is
2
) 2 n )( 1 n ( + +
, where n is a positive
integer.
Pascal Triangle
In(x + a)
n
when expanded the various coefficients
which occur are
n
C
0
,
n
C
1
,
n
C
2
, .... The Pascal triangle
gives the values of these coefficients for n = 0, 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, ....
n = 0 1
n = 1 1 1
n = 2 1 2 1
n = 3 1 3 3 1
n = 4 1 4 6 4 1
n = 5 1 5 10 10 5 1
n = 6 1 6 15 20 15 6 1
n = 7 1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1
n = 8 1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1
MANISH KALIA'S MATHEMATICS CLASSES 9878146388
BINOMIAL THEOREM
XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 52 SEPTEMBER 2009
Rule : It is to be noted that the first and least terms in
each row is 1. The terms equidistant from the
beginning and end are equal. Any number in any row
is obtained by adding the two numbers in the
preceding row which are just at the left and just at the
right of the given number, e.g. the number 21 in the
row for n = 7 is the sum of 6 (left) and 15 (right)
which occur in the preceding row for n = 6.
Important Cases of Binomial Expansion :
If we put x = 1 in (1), we get
(1 + a)
n
=
n
C
0
+
n
C
1
a +
n
C
2
a
2
+ ..................
+
n
C
r
a
r
+ ...........
n
C
n
a
n
...(2)
If we put x = 1 and replace a by a, we get
(1 a)
n
=
n
C
0

n
C
1
a +
n
C
2
a
2
..................
+ (1)
r

n
C
r
a
r
+ .... + (1)
n

n
C
n
a
n
...(3)
Adding and subtracting (2) and (3), and then
dividing by 2, we get

2
1
{(1 + a)
n
+ (1 a)
n
} =
n
C
0
+
n
C
2
a
2

+
n
C
4
a
4
+ .... ...(4)

2
1
{(1 + a)
n
(1 a)
n
} =
n
C
1
a +
n
C
3
a
3

+
n
C
5
a
5
+ ...... ...(5)
Properties of Binomial Coefficients :
If we put a = 1 in (2) and (3), we get
2
n
=
n
C
0
+
n
C
2
+ ...... +
n
C
r
+ ....+
n
C
r
+ .....
n
C
n1
+
n
C
n

and 0 =
n
C
0

n
C
1
+
n
C
2
...... + ...... + (1)
n

n
C
n


n
C
0
+
n
C
2
+ .... =
n
C
1
+
n
C
3
+ .... =
2
1
[2
n
0]
= 2
n 1
...(6)
Due to convenience usually written as
C
0
+ C
2
+ C
4
+ ... = C
1
+ C
3
+ C
5
+ .... = 2
n 1

and C
0
+ C
1
+ C
2
+ C
3
+ ...... + C
n
= 2
n

Where
n
C
r
C
r
=
! ) r n ( ! r
! n


=
! r
) 1 r n )...( 2 n )( 1 n ( n +

Some other properties to remember :
C
1
+ 2C
2
+ 3C
3
+ ... + nC
n
= n . 2
n 1

C
1
2C
2
+ 3C
3
.... = 0
C
0
+ 2C
1
+ 3C
2
+ ... + (n + 1)C
n
= (n + 2) 2
n 1

C
0
C
r
+ C
1
C
r+1
+ ... + C
n r
C
n
=
! ) r n ( . ! ) r n (
! ) n 2 (
+

C
0
2
+ C
1
2
+ C
2
2
+ .... + C
n
2


=
2
) ! n (
! ) n 2 (

C
0
2
C
1
2
+ C
2
2
C
3
2
+ ...
=

even is n if , C . (1)
odd is n if , 0
2 / n
n n/2

Binomial Theorem for Any Index :
The binomial theorem for any index states that
(1 + x)
n
= 1 +
! 1
nx
+
! 2
) 1 n ( n
x
2

+
! 3
) 2 n )( 1 n ( n
x
3
+ ..... ...(7)
Where n is any index (positive or negative)
The general term in expansion (7) is
T
r + 1
=
! r
) 1 r n )......( 1 n ( n +
x
r

In this expansion there are infinitely many terms.
This expansion is valid for |x| < 1 and first term
unity.
When x is small compared with 1, we see that the
terms finally get smaller and smaller. If x is very
small compared with 1, we take 1 as a first
approximation to the value of (1 + x)
n
or 1 + nx as
a second approximation.
Replacing n by n in the above expansion, we get
(1 + x)
n
= 1 nx +
! 2
) 1 n ( n +
x
2

! 3
) 2 n )( 1 n ( n + +
x
3

+ ... + (1)
r
! r
) 1 r n )...( 2 n )( 1 n ( n + + +
x
r
+ ...
Replacing x by x in this expansion, we get
(1 x)
n
= 1 + nx +
! 2
) 1 n ( n +
x
2
+
! 3
) 2 n )( 1 n ( n + +
x
3
+
....... +
! r
) 1 r n )...( 2 n )( 1 n ( n + + +
x
r
+ ....
Important expansions for n = 1, 2 are :
(1 + x)
1
= 1 x + x
2
x
3
+ ...+ (1)
r
x
r
+ .... to
(1 x)
1
= 1 + x + x
2
+ x
3
+ ..... + x
r
+ .... to
(1 + x)
2
= 1 2x + 3x
2
.... + (1)
r
(r + 1)x
r
+
....to
(1 x)
2
= 1 + 2x + 3x
2
+ ..... + (r + 1)x
r
+ .... to
(1 + x)
3
= 1 3x + 6x
2
10x
3
+ ...
+ (1)
r
! 2
) 2 r )( 1 r ( + +
x
r
+ .....
(1 x)
3
= 1 + 3x + 6x
2
+ 10x
3
+ ...
...... +
! 2
) 2 r )( 1 r ( + +
x
r
+ ....

MANISH KALIA'S MATHEMATICS CLASSES 9878146388

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