The True History of Scottish Esoteric Masonry

by Eric Wynants
In 1988 the Scottish historian David Stevenson published his research on the late sixteenth-
century Scottish origins and subsequent Scottish development of "modern" reemasonry!
"hich he placed "ithin a #uropean intellectual context of serious interest in the occult
sciences$ %1&
'or(ing from the surviving Scottish documents of operative and speculative lodges!
Stevenson filled the frustrating gaps bet"een early Stuart culture! its lin(s "ith Scottish
)asonry! and its preservation "ithin the *acobite diaspora after the expulsion of the last
Stuart (ing! *ames +II and II$
Stevenson,s doctoral student -isa .ahler carried this research further into the early
eighteenth century and documented the inaccuracies and distortions of the "orthodox" #nglish
version of )asonic history! "hich served /anoverian-'hig political purposes$ %0&
)ore importantly for my o"n research! this revisionist history enabled me to trace the
eighteenth century ramifications of #cossais )asonry bac( to their early roots in *e"ish and
Scottish architectural history$
Stevenson,s illuminating discussions of the role of the 1rt of )emory a mnemonic technique
of architectural visuali2ation-in the training of operative masons in Scotland provided a
missing lin( to the similar art of visuali2ation practiced by heterodox /ebraic mystics in the
*e"ish diaspora$ %3&
It thus became possible to utili2e ob4ective scholarly accounts of ancient and medieval *e"ish
building practices! guild organi2ation! and stone-technology to build a real "orld base for the
imaginative flights of visionary 5emple-building "hich appear in *e"ish mystical literature$ %6&
7einforced by #lliot 'olfson,s studies of the persistence of "iconic representation and
visuali2ation" in officially anti-iconic *udaism! it is possible to connect the previously
perplexing role of 8abalism in reemasonry to the 'hig-9e"tonian-/anoverian culture that
allegedly created "modern" reemasonry$ %:&
;re-modern Scotland provided a uniquely "*udai2ed" culture for the preservation of
architectural and Solomonic traditions that "ere largely suppressed or ignored in other
'estern countries especially in Scotland,s southern neighbor and traditional enemy! #ngland$
5he "or( of 1rthur 'illiamson on the strange history of the "4udeo Scots" sheds light on this
peculiarly /ebraic national self-image that made Scotland-a land "ith no public *e"ish
community-a ma4or repository of rare *e"ish traditions$ %<&
)oreover! an accident of geological history the ready availability of "he"able" stone for
monumental architecture in ancient Israel and medieval Scotland-provided an unusually
technological base for similarities of development in *e"ish and Scottish national myths$
1ccording to Stevenson! )asonic history has been generally led astray by the prevailing
misconception that the emergence of reemasonry too( place in #ngland - "a belief
maintained in the face of the over"helming preponderance of Scottish documentary evidence
relating to the process! evidence "hich is often simultaneously explained a"ay $$$ and then
used in an #nglish context to ma(e up for the lac( of #nglish evidence$" %=&
>ecause the occultist systems of )asonry that survived underground in post-Stuart >ritain
and that flourished in eighteenth-century #urope developed out of the architectural! scientific!
religious! and political policies of the Scottish descended Stuart (ings of >ritain! it is
necessary to examine those elements of early Stuart culture "hich "ere preserved "ithin the
secret enclaves of #cosaisses lodges$ 5he vigorous revisionism currently underta(en by
historians of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Scotland and #ngland ma(es possible a ne"
factual context! "hich sheds light on the deliberately secret history of Stuart reemasonry$ %8&
'ith the expulsion of *ames +II and II from the >ritish throne in 1<88! political exiles carried
)asonic traditions throughout the ,*acobite" diaspora! "here they attracted a startling variety
of monarchs! philosophers! scientists! and artists to their supposedly defeated creed and
culture$ 5he /ermetic-8abalistic masques of the Stuart court! "hich "ere often designed and
constructed by )asons! disappeared from >ritain after the "?lorious 7evolution!" but they
eventually reappeared in the elaborately theatrical ceremonies developed by *acobite exiles
and their local supporters in #cossaises lodges$ %9&
5he revival of the )asonic "masque" in late nineteenth-century Scottish 7ite lodges in the
@nited States is revealed in the recently published paintings and photographs of the scenic
designs! theatrical techniques! and illusionistic effects "hich recreated the Solomonic
magnificence and mystical radiance of the early Stuart performances$ %1A&
'ith the accession of the #lector of /anover as .ing ?eorge I of #ngland in 1=16! )asonic
supporters of the Stuarts mounted a decades long! clandestine campaign to regain the >ritish
throne$
In 1=1= a rival /anoverian system of )asonry "as established! "hich aimed to suppress and
defeat that campaign$ 'hen the /anoverian victors in #ngland-and their descendants among
'hig historians "rote the histories of this great cultural and political rivalry! they created their
o"n myth of ;rotestant progress and toleration! "hich almost obliterated the 8eltic-8atholic-
*e"ish elements in the opposition,s struggle and "hich ignored the survival of those elements
in an international *acobite culture$
/o"ever! the investigations of academic *acobite studies-$ led by #veline 8ruic(shan(s! ;aul
9ionod! ran( )c-ynn! #d"ard 8orp! >ruce -enman! and )urray ;ittoc(-overturns much of
the conventional "isdom about the 'hig-9e"tonian-/anoverian culture that allegedly created
"modern" reemasonry$"
5he Invention of 5he 1ncients B ;erennial ;hilosophy
5he today untenable idea of an 1ncient 'isdom 5radition that 5heosophists and #sotericists
are referring to! had its roots in the 7enaissance "here the 8abalah as "the oral 5orah!" "as
considered the 1ncient 'isdom 5eaching$
7enaissance philosophers %deemed "science"& taught the 8abalah contained the secret
teachings of )oses! an oral supplement to Scripture! ma(ing it possible to accurately interpret
the "ritten 'ord of the >ible$ %;ico della )irandola "Cn the Dignity of )an" p$ 09&
In other "ords the 7enaissance philosopherBscientists "or(ed "ithin a vie" of history in
"hich their o"n tradition "as represented as an ancient philosophy! contemporary "ith
)oses! only to have this legend gradually undermined by scholarly studies! the #nlightenment
re4ected this old order$
7enaissance 9eo-;latonist used the "prisca theologia" %ancient "isdom tradition& theory to
support their claim that ;latonism "as reconcilable "ith 8hristian doctrines$
5he notion of a "perennial philosophy!" a "isdom "hich the ancient sages had once been in
possession of but since then had been lost to man(ind! is a common theme in 7enaissance
scholarship$ 5he 8alvinist scholar )ichel Servet summari2ed it in this paragraphD
"5his "as from the beginning of the "orld the received doctrine about the 'isdom of ?od!
published in the /oly Scriptures! and taught to the ?ree(s by the 8haldeans and #gyptians
from the tradition of their ancestors $$$
Eoroaster and 5rismegistus taught it! from "hom! chiefly from 5rismegistus! all the ?ree(s
learnt it! from Crpheus to ;lato$"
%1s quoted and translated in 'al(er! "5he ;risca 5heologia in rance"! p$ 069$&
/igh Degree )asonry and Stuart ;olitics
Scottish )asonry had less to do "ith F.nights 5emplarG from the middle ages as is often
claimed in frince cottage industry /istory boo(s! but rather "ith an interest in the 8abalah!
and later for a period of time! in the restoration of the Stuart )onarchy$
#lias 1shmole and *ohn #velyn "ere both suspected by ;arliament of maintaining contact
"ith royalists abroad! and they may have facilitated communications "ith )oray,s Scottish
)asonic net"or($ 'hen Sir 7obert >ruce left the company of )oray and 1lexander >ruce in
/olland and returned to #ngland! he called on 1shmole and #velyn$ #velyn also received a
+isit from the )arquis of 1rgyll! -ord -othian! and "some other Scotch noblemen! all strangers
to me$ 1t this time! )oray believed that 1rgyll "ould support the royalist cause! "hich may
explain #velyn,s gro"ing intimacy "ith him$ 5hough -othian had developed friendly relations
"ith some of 8rom"ell,s officers in Scotland! his motivation "as the alleviation of his exiled
father,s poverty$ Despite some royalists, suspicions! )oray maintained his trust in -othian,s
essential loyalty$
#velyn also communicated "ith Sir *ohn Denham! "ho had returned to -ondon in late 1<:3!
"here his presence "as noted by /artlib! "ho described him as "a )ighty ingenious man for
all manner of "ater"or(s and other ingenuities" and "a great mechanical traveller$" %11&
It "as perhaps these interests and s(ills that led to his alleged association "ith )asonry and
to his later friendship "ith )oray$ In 1<:: Denham "as arrested as a royalist plotter! but t"o
years later he "as privy to the plans of >uc(ingham to return to #ngland! "upon some design!
for a rising in the city or against the ;rotector,s person$ %*$Denham F;oetical 'or(sG p$ 1<&
5he royalists hoped to ,'in Sir 5homas airfax to their cause! and >uc(ingham succeeded in
marrying his daughter$ 1s noted earlier! >uc(ingham "as also named as a )ason! probably
initiated during his service in Scotland$ 5hroughout the Interregnum! #velyn carried on a
ciphered correspondence "ith the exiles! "hile 1shmole "as (ept under surveillance$ In
1ugust 1<:9 1shmole recorded that ")y Study "as bro(en open by the Soldiers! upon
pretence of searching for the .ing! but I lost nothing out of it$ %10&
)oray,s other )asonic contact in #ngland "as -auderdale! his "friend at 'indsor!" "ho sent
"ord to him about the "or( of Dr$ >rian 'alton on the #nglish ;olyglot >ible %1<:6-:=&! "hich
stimulated a revival of, interest in +illalpando,s interpretations of the 5emple$ %13&
'alton,s ;olyglot featured an elaborate architectural engraving on the frontispiece! designed
by *ohn 'ebb! as 'ell as complex depictions of *e"ish architecture by 9$ +enscelas /ollar$
5hat )oray "anted to see this -ondon publication on the restored 5emple of *erusalem
points to the cross-channel lin(s established in the late 1<:A,s "hich laid the )asonic
ground"or( for the (ing,s restoration$ 5hat these lin(s also included a S"edish dimension
"ould become important to the international spread of Stuart-style reemasonry in the
eighteenth-century$
Since 1lexander >ruce,s arrival in >remen! )oray had solicited ne"s about the S"edes and
Danes! "hom the royalists assiduously courted$ Cn 09 1pril 1<:8 )oray informed >ruce that
he "as anxiously a"aiting the arrival of >ellenden! "hose effort to gain S"edish support no"
depended on the many Scottish residents in ?othenburg$ %16&
/e also recalled his earlier friendship "ith a S"edish military officer! "hose name he
uncertainly spelled as 8ol$ C"agh 8lough or 8loo(! and "ho "as an expert on fortifications$
"8loo(" "as a fello" prisoner at Ingolstach! at the time of )oray,s correspondence "ith
.ircher! and the t"o spent much time in discussions of their mutual interests$ )oray "ould
later maintain contact "ith S"edish scientists$
5hus! it is possible that he "as privy to the clandestine establishment of a )asonic lodge!
named "St$ )agnus!" in ?othenbur ! "hich "as chartered from #dinburgh$
5he lodge is mentioned in , *ohan Starc(! 1pologie do ranc-)acons %;hiladelphie$ 1= =9& p$
<8D also see ?otthold #phraim -essing$ -essing,s )asonic Dialogues %1==8& ! trans$ 1$
8ohen ,-ondon$ 190=,! p$99-1AA$ >oth Starc( and -essing attended S"edish 7ite lodges in
?ermany$
rom 1<:< on! there "ere rumors that ?eneral )on(! "ho "as currently employing the
S"edish reemason 5essin on fortification "or( at -eith! "as leaning to"ards the royalist
cause$ %1:&
8hristina! "ho had earlier recruited members of the 5essin family to S"edish service! no"
used her influence "ith S"edes! Spaniards! ?ermans! and *e"s to build support for 8harles$
%1<&
'hile this multi-national! )asonic net"or( carried out its clandestine collaboration! an
additional secret net"or( "as utili2ed for the restoration effort$ Since *anuary 1<:6 the
younger sons of old royalist families in #ngland had organi2ed a resistance movement (no"n
as "5he Sealed .not$" 8ollaborating "ith its agents "ere the Scottish royalists -auderdale!
from his prison cell! and #li2abeth )urray! daughter of the exiled 'illiam )urray$ #arl of
Dysart$ #li2abeth exploited her f,riendship "ith 8rom"ell,s "ife to prevent the execution of,
-auderdale and to arrange his transfer to a less onerous prison in 'indsor 8astle$ %1=&
9o" granted considerable freedom! -auderdale added to his great library and continued his
investigations of alchemical! architectural! and mathematical lore$ -i(e )oray! -auderdale
studied Druslus! Scaliger! 1mama! .ircher! and 1lsted! and he acquired 7osicrucian and
luddian "or(s$ %18&
8onsidered a "master of /ebre"!" he gathered rare "or(s on the *e"ish traditions! and he
apparently developed his "extraordinary memory" through study of his -ullist trcatiscs$" In line
"ith 8harles IIHs policy of bringing together royalists of different religious faiths! -auderdale
established communications "ith the ;uritan 7ichard >axter and other advocates of religious
pacification$
5he (ing,s ecumenical agenda "as not shared by his #nglish advisor #d"ard /yde! "ho "as
distrusted by Scottish ;resbyterians and >ritish 8atholics$ 8ontemptuous of >alcarres and
Dysart and suspicious of )oray! /yde instigated "false accusations" and "un4ust persecution"
of their Scottish party$ %19&
In 1<:: the Scots and 8atholics protested to 8harles II that /yde subverted their
restorationist efforts$ Dr$ 1lexander raser! the (ing,s Scottish physician! 4oined "ith >alcarres
and "other Scots at court" to dra" up a petition to the (ing that the Scottish ;resbyterians
could provide valuable advice and services but ""ere discouraged and hindered" by /yde!
"ho "as "an old (no"n and declared enemy to their partyI in "hom they could repose no
trust$" %0A&
5hey urged that /yde be removed from the council or "at least not be suffered to be privy to
anything that should be proposed by them$" raser had accompanied 8harles 11 to Scotland!
"here he carried out important intelligence and military operations! and he en4oyed the full
confidence of the (ing and the Scottish ")asonic" party$ /is distrust of /yde "as shared by
Dr$ )assonet! "ho accused /yde of disloyalty and collusion "ith 8rom"ell$ rom no" on! the
separation of Scottish from #nglish plotting "ould be reflected in the activities of Scottish
)asons and #nglish ".notters$"
Despite the 1nglo-Scottish rivalries! the energetic #li2abeth )urray tried to provide a lin(
bet"een the t"o factions$ 'hen 'illiam )urray died in December 1<::! #li2abeth assumed
his title and became the 8ountess of Dysart$ ?ilbert >urnet! a later protege of )oray! noted
that the beautiful -ady Dysart had "a "onderful quic(ness of apprehension" and had studied
divinity! history! philosophy! and mathematics$ %01&
@sing the cover of arranging her family,s business affairs in >elgium! she often travelled to
the 8ontinent "ith messages from -auderdale to )oray! her late father,s cousin and
confidante$ #arlier! Dysart had hoped his daughter "ould marry )oray! but no" the t"o
maintained a "true friendship$" -earned in the occult sciences and gifted "ith second sight!
she collaborated "ith )oray on the production of invisible in(s and other chemical services to
the (ing,s cause *ane 8lar( argues that the Dysarts "ere undoubtedly )asons and that
#li2abeth utili2ed )asonic symbols and techniques of communication to transmit her
messages to royalists abroad$ %00&
'ith considerable courage and defiant insouciance! she also carried out dangerous missions
for the Sealed .not! "hile she cultivated friendships "ith 8rom"ell,s "ife and intimates$
In )arch 1<:= 8rom"ell received reports that >alcarres! from his base in /olland! "as
holding "a secret intelligence" "ith )on(I even "orse! >alcarres "as spreading rumors that
?enerall )on( is revolted" in order to build support for the royalists, "intended insurrection$"
%03&
5hough )on( defended himself to 8rom"ell and continued to enforce the military occupation
in Scotland! his letters suggest some ambivalence in his position$ In September he reported
from Dal(eith that the Scottish ministers "begin to pray again for 8harles Stuart! so there may
be a ne" pro4ect$" /e then added offhandedly that he had arrested "some straggling fello"s
come over lately! the most of them from the .ing of S"eden,s army$" In )ay 8rom"ell,s spies
reported that 8olonel 1lexander /amilton! (insman of )oray,s late comrade! "brought <6
Scottish soldiers from the S"edish army to Cstend$ %06& 'ere these recruits members of the
lodge at ?othenburg and ready to *oin their brethren in /olland and ScotlandJ
1 rare surviving masonic document! composed at ;erth in December 1<:8! suggests that
there "as a rene"al of royalist commitment among local masons$ *ohn )ylne! "ho had
cooperated "ith )on( in the building of fortifications and served "ith the Scottish
commissioners to 8rom"ell! subsequently resigned all share in the conduct of public affairs$
/o"ever! he retained the mastership of the "1ncient -odge of Scone and ;erth" until shortly
before his death in late 1<:=$ 5hough it is un(no"n "hether )ylne "as the inspiration for the
proud assertions made in the 1<:8 document! it is clear that the ;erth masons "ere
determined to reclaim their ancient independence and royal patronage$ 5hus! on 06
December they issued a ne" "8ontract by the )aster )asons and fello"-craftsmen $$$ on the
decease of *ohn )ylne! )aster )ason and )aster of the said -odge"D
"5hat as formerly "e and predecessors have and had from the temple of temples building
on this earth one uniform community and union throughout the "hole "orld from "hich temple
proceeded one in .il"inning in this our nation of Scotland and from that of .il"inning many
more "ithin this (ingdom of "hich there proceeded the 1bbey and -odge of Scone! built by
men of art and architecture "here they placed that lodge as the second lodge "ithin this
nation! "hich is no" past memory of many generations! and "as upheld by the .ings of
Scotland $$$ the said )asters! reemen! and ello" 8rafts! inhabitants "ithin the said >urgh
of ;erth! "ere al"ays able "ithin themselves to maintain their first liberties! and are yet "illing
to do the same as the )asters! reemen! or ello" 8rafts did formerly %"hose names "e
(no" not&->ut to our record and (no"ledge of our predecessors there came one from the
9orth country named *ohn )ylne! a mason! a man "ell experted in his calling! "ho entered
himself both reeman and >urgess of this >urgh! "ho in process of time by reason of his s(ill
and art "as preferred to be the .ing,s )a4esty,s )aster )ason and )aster of the said -odge
at Scone! and his son *ohn )ylne being after his father,s decease preferred to the said office!
and )aster of the! said -odge! in the! reign of /is )a4esty *ames the Sixth of blessed
memmy! "ho by the said second-*ohn )ylne "as by the .ing,s o"n desire entered reeman!
1lason! and ello" 8raft! and during all his lifetime he maintained the same as one member
of the -odge of Scone--so that this -odge is the most famous -odge %if "ell ordered& "ithin
this (ingdom-of "hich name of )ylne there had continued several generations of )aster
)asons to his )a4esties the .ings of Scotland $" %0:&
5he rest of the document dealt "ith the choosing of a ne" master and "arden for the lodge
and instructions about the traditional duties %including the gift of gloves& incumbent upon the
members$ 5hat *ohn )ylne fils "as not elected to fill his father,s role "as probably due to his
residence in #dinburgh! "here he "as employed on various architectural pro4ects %such as
erecting a great vertical sundial&$ Importantly! the younger )ylne also represented the 8ity at
the 8onvention of, 7oyal >urghs in 1<::-:9! "hen he gained the acquaintance of, ?eneral
)on($
1ll the royalist plans "ere thro"n into full gear "hen ne"s arrived on the 8ontinent of the
death of Cliver 8rom"ell in September 1<:8$ 'hen the inept 7ichard 8rom"ell assumed the
;rotectorship! the royalists increased their overtures to )on( in Scotland$ Cn 3A September a
8rom"ellian officer in -eith "rote to 5hurloe that Scottish preachers "ere no" using mystical
language! "hile they pray for the deliverance of, the exiles and captives to be delivered from
the yo(e of ;haraoh and out of #gyptD "5hus they spea(e! but so ambiguously that they can
evade! if questionedI yet see plainly that the "hole people (no"es their meaning$" %0<&
5he use of mystical /ebraic terminology har(ed bac( to the days of the first 8ovenantand its
underlying )asonic organi2ation$ )oreover! many Scottish masons "ere currently employed
on the fortifications at -eith! "hich "ere directed by the S"edish architect 5essin and his
commander )on($ 5essin had earlier been initiated in the #dinburgh -odge! "hich "as
directed by *ohn )ylne$
)on( had no respect for 7ichard 8rom"ell! and he sensed that the political situation "ould
become increasingly volatile$ 5hus! he began the systematic reversal of the late ;rotector,s
policies in Scotland$ 'hile he replaced #nglishmen "ith Scots on the courts of 4ustice and
#xchequer! he consolidated his o"n po"er and made his rule more acceptable to the
sub4ects of the northern (ingdom$ %0=&
@nli(e Cliver 8rom"ell! "ho despised the Scots! )on( en4oyed the company of local nobles!
soldiers! and craftsmen$ During his travels to all parts of, the (ingdom! he had developed an
intelligence net"or( that (ept him abreast of the gro"ing royalist sentiments of all segments
of the population$ )ore significantly! he allegedly became a reemason and thus privy to the
communication net"or(s! oaths of secrecy! and bonds of, loyalty bet"een the brethren$
1ccording to a report made in 1=61 by the exiled *acobite )ason 1ndre" -)ichael 7amsay!
certain royalist )asons (ne" of )on(,s affiliation and sought to attract him to their cause$
1$$ von >usching in F >eitraegeG +I! 309! >usching noted that "hen 7amsay lectured in the
lodges! he did not mention )on(,s )asonic strategy for the 7estoration because he did not
"ant to arouse suspicions that the )asons in rance "here active in affairs of state$ See also
1ndre .ervella! -a )aconnerie #cossaise dans la rance de lH1ncient 7egime ;aris! 1999!
0A8$
5hat 7amsay revealed this political secret to 8ount 8arl ?ustaf 5essin! a S"edish (insman of
)on(,s architect! gives it a certain piquancy$
5hough 7amsay,s account has been ignored by #nglish historians of, the 7estoration! there is
enough evidence for )on(,s )asonic contacts to give it credibility$ Shortly after 8rom"ell,s
death! a young Scottish architect-'illiam >ruce of .inross -approached )on( to solicit his
support for a Stuart restoration$ en"ic( suggests that >ruce participated in the construction
of )on(,s citadels at 1ire and -eith! "hich provided him contact "ith 5essin and )ylne! "ho
directed the masons at those pro4ects$ %08&
>ruce "ould later become 8harles II,s Surveyor of 'or(s in #dinburgh and! according to
1nderson! the ?rand )aster of Scottish reemasonry$ %09&
During the Interregnum! he reportedly pursued his architectural studies in rance and
/olland$ 1 friend of )oray and cousin of 1lexander >ruce! he provided a lin( bet"een their
)asonic net"or(s in #urope and Scotland $
)oray later collaborated "ith Sir 'illiam >ruce on architectural pro4ectsI see /enry )$;aton!
"-etters from *ohn! Second #arl of -auderdale! to *ohn! Second #arl of 5"eeddale! and
Cthers!" in )iscellany of the Scottish /istorical Society! +I 1939! 033$
1nother cousin of 'illiam >ruce! the 8ountess of Dysart! provided communication bet"een
the exiled )asons and the Sealed .not! and 'illiam visited her in -ondon$ rom his later
friendship "ith -auderdale! it seems that 'illiam also contacted the latter during his
imprisonment at 'indsor$ 5hrough her contacts "ith 8rom"ell,s inner circle! -ady Dysart may
have learned that parliamentary spies had penetrated the "Sealed .not" and had suborned its
chief! Sir 7ichard 'illis! "ho continued to correspond "ith /yde and 9icholas "hile receiving
8rom"ellian bribes$
1ccording to >urnet! "ho probably received the information from )oray or the >ruces! "5hus
8rom"ell had all the (ing,s party in a net$ /e let them dance in it at his pleasureI and upon
occasion clapt them up for a short "hile$" %3A&
"5here is no department of (no"ledge that gives us more certainty of 8hristKs divinity than
magic and cabala!" "rote ?iovanni ;ico della )irandola! the translator of the so called
"ritings of "/ermes" in 168<$
5he rituali2ed unification of the )asters 'ord dre" on 8hristian 8abalistic lore! in "hich the
unification of the letters of the 5etragrammaton "as "predicated on and facilitated by some
form of visuali2ation of these letters "ithin the imagination$
5hough the seventeenth-century )asons externali2ed the internal process into ritual gestures
and ;ostures! they still re-enacted the 8hristian 8abalistic belief that "'hoever has
(no"ledge it as if, the 5emple "ere built in his life!" because "such a person (no"s ho" to
unify the unique name and it is as if he built the palace above$
>ut during the re-creation of Scottish )asonry at the courts of the exiled Stuart .ing in
rance! the search for "the lost "ord" signified "the royal "ord" given by 8harles II that he
"ould reclaim the throneI the "son of the "ido"" pointed to 8harles II as son of /enrietta
)aria$ 5o increase security! these royalist symbols "ere changed to the "signs of the 7ose-
8ross )asons$"
Initiates of the eighteenth-century 8lermont 7ite preserved a tradition that David 7amsay "as
succeeded as head of the order in 1<:9 by 8harles II! "ith "#duard ra2er" serving as his
"+i(ar$" %31& >aron von Starc(! the ?erman source for these early Scottish-5emplar )asons!
"as often inaccurate or confused about their forenames and spellings! and "#duard" "as
probably Dr$ 1lexander raser! "ho had earlier distanced Scottish ;resbyterian plotting from
/yde,s #nglish agenda$ Since 1<:: raser had "or(ed as a confidential agent for -auderdale
and )oray$ Starc( claimed that raser,s successors included 'illiam >ruce %1<=9-8<& and
1ndre" )ichael 7amsav %1=A8-16&$ 'hether these 7osicrucian-5emplar 7estoration
traditions "ere developed in the 1<:A,s or after the 1<88 fall of the Stuart dynasty remains an
historical pu22le$ >ut some pieces of that pu22le can be verified by historical documents$
Sir 7obert )oray,s letters provide a unique insight into the intellectual and spiritual "orld of an
active reemason in the 1<:A,s$ 5hey also ma(e clear that many "modern" trends of
speculative )asonry "ere already emerging among the royalist exiles on the 8ontinent$
)oreover! )oray may have shared his )asonic interests "ith his "comrade" and fello"-
lodger! the rench physician )assonet! and the rench military officers! "ith "hom he
regularly dined and sociali2ed$ %.incardine )S!:A69 p$06&
;eter )assenet "as created an )$D$ by 8harles I in 1<6<! served as "riting instructor to the
princes 8harles and *ames! and then fought for 8harles II in #ngland$
'hile in exile! he became the confidential friend of >alcarrcs and )oray$ %#$ 9icholas!
9icholas ;aper! III! p$1<8$&
rench historians refer to a mur(y tradition of Stuart-rench )asonic interchange during the
Interregnum! and )assonet may have been privy to )oray,s )asonic strategies as "ell as his
/ermetic experiments$
5hough )oray claimed to live as a hermit in )aastricht! he continued to serve as a political
intelligencer and contact person for the international royalist net"or($ 5hus! by examining that
net"or( in the context of possible )asonic associations! "e can evaluate the plausibility of
eighteenth-century claims about )asonic contributions to the Stuart restoration$
@nfortunately! there is a dearth of information on reemasonry in #ngland during the
Interregnum! despite speculation about the possible )asonic activities of 1shmole and
5homas +aughan$ ragments of evidence do suggest! ho"ever! that )oray and -auderdale
could have called upon a fe" royalist )asons in -ondon$ 5hough 1shmole did not record any
further )asonic participation until 1<80! he became friendly "ith *ohn #velyn "ho "as
currently investigating operative masonry$ >oth men travelled through #ngland to inspect the
condition of religious and royal architecture$ %30&
5hey also helped 'illiam Dugdale,s research for his royalist architectural treatise! 5he /istory
of St$ ;aul,s 8athedral %1<:8&$ #velyn began a manuscript account of "5radesD Secrets and
7eceipts )echanical as they come casually to hand!" for "hich he tried to investigate the craft
of masonry$ %33&
;lanning to fill over six hundred pages! #velyn listed alphabetically the technical sub4ects he
"ould cover$ 1mong the fe" he actually recorded "as section ) on the duties and techniques
of "the ree-)ason!" "hich revealed his contact "ith operative masons "ho shared a fe" of
their secrets$ #velyn noted the intellectual and manual challenges required in their "or(! and
he included the architectengineer under - for "-iberal 1rts!" thus giving him gentleman status$
/o"ever! these "ere not propitious years for the masons! for their trade suffered from
8rom"ellian iconoclasm$ #velyn,s friend 8hristopher 'ren later recalled that "there "ere no
masons in -ondon "hen he "as a young man" %i$e$! during the Interregnum&$ %36& 5hough it is
unclear "hether 'ren meant operative masons or speculative reemasons! #velyn found the
former disappointingly uncooperative$ /e ultimately confessed that the necessity "of
conversing "ith mechanical capricious persons" proved too unpleasant to him$
1fter 8rom"ell,s death! his successors "ere "orried by rumors of ne" lin(-ups bet"een
royalists in Scotland! #ngland! and /olland$ /aving penetrated the ".not!" they may have
suspected a )asonic element in the plotting$ 1 rare surviving )asonic manuscript! dated
1<:9! suggests that parliamentary intelligencers "ere investigating )asonry in >ritain$ 5he
manuscript "9arrative of the ree )asons 'ord and Signs" "as a "copia vera" drafted by
5homas )artin! "hose identity is other"ise un(no"n$ %3:&
It provided an account! hostile in tone and apparently made by a spy! of contemporary lodge
practices$ In passages that "ould have interested suspicious government agents! )artin
described in detail the recognition signs used by )asons-i$e$! the signs! postures! movement
of hat! square paper! croo(ed pin! etc$! used to identify the "free" "or(er to other operative
masons! "ho "ere bound by similar oaths$ /e pointed out that these techniques allo"ed
them to secretly exchange money$ Cther more amusing signs "ere blo"ing the nose in a
hand(erchief! "hich is then held straight out and sha(enI (noc(ing at any door "ith t"o little
(noc(s and then a big oneI saying "Star the ?uile" "hen the glass goes around too slo"ly!
etc$
)artin expressed his scorn for the )asons, claim to international brotherhoodD
5o Discourse a )ason in rance! Spain! or 5ur(ey %say they& the sign is to (neel do"n on his
left (nee and hold up his right hand to the Sun and the Cutlandish >rother "ill presently ta(e
him up! but believe me if, they go on their (nees on that account they may remain there or
any persons observe their Signs as long as the *e"s "ill remain on their >eliefs! to receive
their "ish,d for )essiah from the #ast$
'ith 8harles II currently trying to forge a unified front out of rench! Spanish! and *e"ish
%*e"s from 5ur(ish territoriesJ& supporters! )artin,s criticism "as perhaps relevant to rumors
of international )asonic cooperation$
)artin then announced! "/ere follo"eth their private Discourse by 'ay of Luestion and
1ns"er!" in "hich the esoteric and essentially *e"ish traditions "ere obliquely expressed$ 5o
the catechistical questioner! the initiate ans"ers that a "*ust and perfect -odge is $$$ t"o
prentices! t"o fello"-crafts! and one )aster on the highest hill or lo"est +alley in the 'orld
"ithout the cro" of a 8oc( or the bar( of a Dog$" 5o the question! "from "hence do you
derive your principles!" the initiate ans"ers "rom a greater than you$" "'ho is he on #arth
that is greater than a free )ason" provo(es the response! "/e that carried to the highest
pinnacle of the 5emple of *erusalem$" )artin noted that "In some places they Discourse as
follo"eth"D "'here did they first call their -odgeJ 1s the /oly 8happel of St$ *ohn$" 5his
allusion to the .nights of St$ *ohn of the /ospital suggests a chivalric theme in certain lodges-
a point later reinforced by S"ift,s reference to "-odges" of the ".nights of St$ *ohn of
*erusalem$
@niversal >rotherhood or 5yranny
rom the time of 8harles II,s oral commitments to the *e"s at the 7estoration! his philo-
Semitic policies over the next t"enty-five years fueled a secretive tradition of *e"ish-)asonic
collaboration that emerged dramatically in the next century$ )oreover! this tradition "ould be
strongest in the 7osicrucian degrees of #cossais rites developed by exiled supporters of the
Stuart dynasty$ >ecause this lin(age of *e"s and reemasons "ould prove so controversial
and volatile! it is important to examine the Stuart context that fueled the rumors and the
reality$ 5hough the question of Stuart sympathy for 8atholicism "as the burning public issue
of the latter part of 8harles II,s reign! it "as intrinsically lin(ed "ith less (no"n but broader
issues of tolerancc that "ould eventually define the "modern" )asonic theme of universal
brotherhood$ In the Stuart 5emple of 'isdom! not only ;rotestants and 8atholics but *e"s
and )oslems "ould be "elcomed as comrades in chivalric fraternity$
In 5angier! the pro4ected gate"ay to the -evant! the governors, cooperation "ith *e"ish
interpreters "as crucial to completion of the great )ole and stone forts! pro4ects of continuing
interest to )oray and 'ren$ 5o facilitate the >arbados trade in "hich Davidson! -auderdale!
and other Scots "ere heavily invested! the (ing granted full privileges to their *e"ish agents$
%3<&
In 4anuary 1<<3 8harles and his foreign secretary 1rlington established a ne" precedent by
allo"ing a naturali2ed *e" from >arbados! the diamond merchant Da +ega! to become a
reeman of a 8ompany in -ondon$ %3=&
5hough 8harles still could not count on parliamentary support! he communicated to various
;ortuguese *e"s in 1pril that "he "as resolved to grant" permission to a large number of
)arranos to immigrate to #ngland$ %38&
'hen *acob 1bendana dedicated /alevi,s .u2ari to Davidson! the royalist panegyric
smoothed the "ay for his brother Isaac 1bendana to bring copies of the "or( to #ngland and
to establish himself as a /ebre" teacher at 8ambridge in 1<<3$ %39&
5he (ing,s policy also opened the doors for rene"ed /ebre" studies in Scotland! "here it
"as "ell-(no"n that -auderdale "as an expert in the language$ Cne *e" travelled to
Scotland! "here he instructed ;atric( ?ordon! "ho became ;rofessor of /ebre" at .ing,s
8ollege! 1berdeen$ %6A&
1t St$ 1ndre"s the (ing donated ;ound :A for a ;rofessor of /ebre"! "hile at #dinburgh a
converted *e" "as invited to teach *e"ish language and history$ %61&
7abbi *acob Sasportas "rote from -ondon to a friend in 7otterdamD
'e live at a time in "hich ?od has seen fit greatly to ameliorate the condition of his people!
bringing them forth from the general conchnon of serfdom into freedom $$$ specifically! in that
"e are free to practise our o"n true religion $$$ a "ritten statement "as issued from him
M8harles IIN! duly signed affirming that no unto"ard measures had been or "ould be initiated
against us$! and that they should not loo( to"ards any protector other than his )a4estyI during
the continuance of "hose lifetime they need feel no trepidation because of any sect that might
oppose them! inasmuch as he himself "ould be their advocate and assist them "ith all his
po"er$ %60&
Shane observes that it "as the (ing,s ans"er ""hich established the right of the *e"s to re-
settle in #ngland rather than the non-committal reply "hich 8rom"ell had earlier given to the
petition of )enasseh ben Israel$" %63&
1rlington! "hom 1nderson identified as a reemason! "ould later be involved "ith 7abbi
-eon,s visit to -ondon$
#ncouraged by the (ing,s policy! the -ondon *e"s began raising funds for the enlargement of
their synagogue$ 5hey probably learned from their Dutch brothers that -eon,s architectural
theories received international exposure and critical praise! "hen *ohan Saubert published an
expanded -atin version of the rabbi,s treatise! De 5emplo /ierosolymitano %1<<:&$
5he translation "as printed at the request of Du(e 1ugustus of >runs"ic(! and Saubert
included -eon,s /ebre" song of praise for 1ugustus$ 'hen the boo( first appeared! the
latter,s brother Du(e rederic( of >runs"ic( visited the 7oyal Society on 0: ebruary 1<<:$
%66&
5hus! 'ren and the ello"s could have learned about the architectural explications and
designs that -eon contributed to the edition$ )oray! especially! "ould have been interested in
.ircher,s letter to Saubert! in "hich his "epistolar correspondent" praised -eon,s treatise$ Cn
31 Cctober 1<<6 .ircher sent Saubert his critical evaluation! "hich the latter published in the
editionD
I also read "ith utmost enthusiasm your boo( about the 5emple of Solomon! "hich your 2eal
for the public good and your concern for illumination ensured the publication at your o"n
personal expense$ It is a quite exceptional "or( and one "hich the literary "orld could not but
value for its exposition of the minutiae$ %6:&
Saubert included a portrait of -eon! placed above his models of the 5abernacle and 5emple!
and an admiring biography! "hich recogni2ed his importance as a *e"ish savant$ /e also
noted -eon,s disagreement "ith +illalpando,s explications of *e"ish architecture! "hich the
large fold-out engravings of -eon,s designs demonstrated$ Dra"ing purely on *e"ish sources!
including the ".abbalistas!" -eon made clear that he hoped for an actual rebuilding of the
5emple and thus included practical advice relevant to operative masons involved in
synagogue and church construction$ /e described the columns of *achin and >oa2! the
sculptured 8herubim! and the lapis fondationis-all sub4ects of interest to *e"ish and 8hristian
builders in -ondon$
'ith *e"s in >ritain and its colonies! as "ell as their co-religionists on the 8ontinent! no"
perceiving 8harles II as their protector! the earlier Stuart support for -eon,s architectural
endeavors possibly provo(ed a /ebraic )asonic tribute$
In a manuscript entitled "5he /istory of )asonry!" "ritten by 5homas 5reloar in 1<<:! there is
a stri(ing merger of Scottish )asonic tradition and /ebre" royalist panegyric$ 1n inscription
on the manuscript readsD "/istory and 8harges of )asonry! 8opied by me *on 7aymond
)D88+$" %6<&
In the surviving fragment! there are inscriptions in /ebre" lettering "hich reinforce the stress
of *e"ish and Solomonic traditions in the restored fraternity$ 5he text begins "ith the /ebre"
inscription! "in the beginning ?od created the heaven and earth!" and then recounts the story
of, /iram the architect$
5he text then relates a highly *udaised version of the Cld 8harges! adding peculiar details
and claiming *e"ish sources for the discoveries of #uclid and ;ythagoras$ )c-eod observes
that in standard #nglish texts of the Cld 8harges! Solomon,s 5emple is simply one episode of
many and not the most important at thatD
#uclid and #d"in both claim considerably more space$ >ut for *on 7aymond Mand 5reloarN
Solomon is at centre stage right from the preliminary verses$ /e includes an attestation! "1ll
may "itness my seal and hand!" "ith the "signature" of "Solomon the .ing" %in /ebre" letters
and in transliterated /ebre"& and "Solomon,s Seal!" the hexalpha "ithin a circle$ /e adduces
the 5abernacle of )oses as a prototype of the 5emple$ /e describes the artificer of the
5emple in these termsD "1nd /iram the 5yrian "ido",s son "as sent to .ing Solomon by
/iram the .ing of 5yre$ 1nd he "as a cunning "or(man in brass and purple and all medals$"
%6=&
)c-eod expresses pu22lement at this "remar(able I early- naming of the architect as /iram!
but Stevenson suggests that the /iramic legend in Scottish reemasonry "as already present
in 'illiam Scha",s time$ 5hus! "the mental lodge" or "memory temple" described in late
seventeenth-century catechisms contained the grave of /iram! "the greatest of all architects$"
5hrough certain 8abalistic and necromantic rituals! the initiate could discover and re4uvenate
/iram$ 5he emphasis on his role as the ""ido",s son" pointed to 8harles II,s role as /enrietta
)aria,s son----a Stuart reference that "ould ta(e on more poignant significance for *acobite
exiles in the next century$ %68&
#ven more stri(ing in the 5reloar )S$ "ere the unique references to certain sixteenth- and
sevcnteenth-century monarchs claimed as rulers of "the "hole 8raft"D
1nd yet another /enry did rule over ye "hole 8raft even ye seventh of, that name$
1nd after many days 8harles did reign in ye land and lo his blood "as spilled upon ye earth
even by ye traitor 8rom"ell$
>ehold no" ye return of pleasant for doth riot ye Son of ye blessed )artyr rule over ye
"hole land$
-ong may he reign in ye land and govern ye 8raft$
Is it riot "ritten ye shall riot hurt ye -ords anointed$
5he elimination of /enry +III and #li2abeth I from )asonic history should not surprise! for
they "ere considered enemies of ecclesiastical and royalist building pro4ects$ >ut the
omission of *ames +I and I possibly indicates that *ames "as not recognised as "governor"
over #nglish )asons! despite his initiation in Scotland$ Cr perhaps 5reloar did not believe that
true "/iramic" reemasonry really existed in #ngland until the restoration of 8harles II$
5he 5reloar )S$ concludes its po"erful royalist statement "ith an inscription in /ebre"! "'hy
do the heathen rage! and the people imagine a vain thingJ" 5his quotation from ;salm 0 "as
often applied to the radical ;rotestants of the Interregnum! and the rebellious heathen "ere
subsequently admonished to serve the -ord,s anointed (ing$ In the year "hen the manuscript
"as "ritten! the *e"ish community in -ondon must have "orried that religious sectarians in
>ritain "ere lin(ing their cause to *e"ish millenarian developments in the )iddle -ast$
7eports of the messianic claims of Sabbatai Eevi! a 8abalistic prophet in Smyrna! stimulated
"aves of enthusiasm among many *e"s on the 8ontinent$
Lueen 8hristina became so fascinated by Sabbatai,s claims that she almost became a
disciple$ In /amburg she danced in the streets "ith her *e"ish friends in anticipation of the
apocalyptic moment$ %69&
In -ondon Cldenburg eagerly sought ne"s about the movement from the alchemist >orri! the
chiliast Serrarius! and the philosopher Spino2a! "hich revived his millenarial hopes-and made
him vulnerable to royalist suspicions of sedition$ %:A&
In 9ovember 1<<: 7obert >oulter published in -ondon a Sabbatian message to serve the
agenda of radical dissidents! "ho opposed 8harles II,s policy of toleration$ /e claimed that he
received a letter from 1berdeen "hich dcscribed the arrival on the Scottish coast of a
mysterious ship! loaded "ith /ebre"-spea(ing *e"s "ho "ere gathering their brethren from
all over the "orld to return to *erusalem$ %:1&
5he Sabbatians boldly proclaimed on their satin sails! "5/#S# 17# 5/# 5#9 57I>#S C
IS71#-!" "ho "ould give liberty of, conscience to all %except the 5ur(s&$ It is unclear "hether
>oulter believed there "ere actual *e"s living in Scotland! or "hether he hoped to insult the
Scots and their Stuart (ing by implying that they "here *e"ish$
)ean"hile in 1msterdam! some *e"ish admirers of Sabbatai Eevi hoped that the #nglish
(ing "ould assist them! despite the current state of "ar bet"een #ngland and /olland "hich
had spread to the )editerranean$
>ut "hen Sabbatal Eevi -under threat of death-apostasi2ed to Islam! the royalists in >ritain
"ere relieved that the potentially incendiary movement fi22led out$ 5here is little evidence that
*e"s in -ondon supported the campaign! "hich threatened to undermine their delicate
position under the (ing,s protection$ %:0&
Cldenburg! ho"ever! continued to correspond about the millenarian implications of the affair!
and his indiscrete comments to friends in /olland during the 1nglo Dutch "ar placed him
under government suspicion$ -etters from the radical Serrarius "ere impounded! and an
order for Cldenburg,s arrest "as issued in summer 1<<=$ %:3&
#velyn noted that Cldenburg "as held a close prisoner in the 5o"er "for having been
suspected to "rite Intelligence! etc$" %:6&
>ecause #velyn appreciated the secretary,s "or( for the 7oyal Society! he got permission
from 1rlington to visit Cldenburg in the 5o"er! and he came a"ay confident that he "as
innocent of seditious intent$ /o"ever! Cldenburg,s interest in Sabbatian millenarianism "as
still considered ris(y! and he "as not released until a month after the signing of the 5reaty of
>reda$ %::&
5he perceived lin(age bet"een Sabbatians and ;rotestant subversives possibly spurred
Solomon ranco to publish a royalist panegyric! 5ruth Springing Cut of the #arth! "hich he
dedicated to 8harles II on 0 *uly 1<<8$
1s /ebre" instructor of 1shmole! ranco may have learned that 1shmole,s friend #velyn "as
no" underta(ing a study of Sabbatai Eevi and similar radical enthusiasts$ In his pamphlet!
ranco announced his conversion to the 8hurch of #ngland! "hich he credited to the
miraculous nature of 8harles II,s restoration and to the arguments of 8hristian friends that the
8abala proved that *esus "as the )essiah$ /e stressed that the ancient *e"s "ere devoted
to monarchy and that rebels against the (ing "ere punished "ith death$ ranco "as also
determined to defend 8abalistic traditions against critics li(e Samuel ;ar(er! "ho t"o years
earlier had ridiculed 7osicrucian exponents of 8abala$
;erhaps ranco also hoped to forestall #velyn,s potential criticism of Sabbatai Eevi,s
8abalistic pretensions$ 5hus! he gave detailed expositions of 8abalistic traditions of the male
and female 8herubim! the role of the She(inah in reception of divine influx! the architecture of
the 5emple! etc$ In a passage "ith )asonic resonance! ranco affirmedD "5he 5emple! "hich
is the /eart of the 'orld! "hose Influence is communicated to all parts of the >ody! "hich
no" is of Stone! after the coming of the )essias shall be of flesh$ %:<&
'ith 8abalistic study reclaimed by ranco as permissable for royalist 8hristians! #velyn,s
expose of the Sabbatian movement "as rendered less threatening to *e"s %and )arranos&
"ho en4oyed the protection of the (ing$
Oo 1rlington! #velyn lin(ed 8hristian partisans of the Sabbatians "ith 8rom"ellian radicals!
"ho still posed a threat to the Stuart regimeD
>ut "hil,st the 5ime is not vet accomplish,d! I could "ish our modern #nthusiasts! and other
prodigious sects amongst us! "ho Dreame of the li(e 8arnal #xpectations! and a 5emporal
)onarchy! might seriously "eigh ho" nearly their 8haracters approach the Style and Design
of these Deluded 'retchcs M*e"ish SabbatiansN! least they fall into the same 8ondemnation!
and the Snare of the Devil$ %:=&
Despite the attac(s by militant ;rotestants! 8harles II continued to "elcome pacific
7osicrucians and 8abalists to his court$ In Cctober 1<=A! "hile attending the 9e"mar(et
races! he "as 4oined by $)$ van /elmont! "ho "as a longtime friend of ;rince 7upert! the
(ing,s cousin and partner in chemical and artistic studies$ %:8&
)oray "as familiar "ith +an /elmont,s 1lphabetum 9aturae! "hich Cldenburg had revie"ed
for the 7oyal Society in *anuary 1<<8! noting that +an /elmont learned /ebre" so "ell that
he understood the "hole /ebre" >ible$ 5he "*udai2ing 7osicrucian" then visited /enry )ore
and 1nne 8on"av! "ho "ere currently studying the "or(s of /endri( 9i(laus$ founder of the
"amily of Iove$" 5hough 8on"ay defended amilist doctrines! )ore critici2ed them as similar
to Lua(er beliefs$ +an /elmont,s /ebre" studies "ould soon stimulate 8abalistic interest and
controversy in the mystical circles of 8on"ay$ )ore! and ?eorge .eith! the Scottish Lua(er$
%:9&
'ith the Sabbatian movement and its millenarian supporters no" discredited! 8harles II
expressed his appreciation for the loyalty of the *e"s by appointing many of them as "s"orn
bro(ers$"%<1&
In 5he /istory of the 5hree -ate amous Impostors %1<<9&! dedicated Lueen 8atherine! "as
also (no"n as a friend and protector of *e"s$ Crrery "or(ed "ith 'ebb to design an
elaborate production by the .ing,s 8ompany to be held in *anuary 1<=0! but a fire destroyed
the 5heatre 7oyal$ rom the script! it is clear that Crrery intended stunning vie"s of the
5emple! "hich "ould appear mysteriously "hile singing priests in "hite robes praise /erod
on his sumptuous throne$ 1midst the corruption! sensuality! and violence of, the /ebre"
court! certain noble *e"s "ere "illing to die in order to save a friend$ 5hus! the themes of
elevated con4ugal love and mystical friendship "ere lin(ed "ith the good *e"s "ho tried to
regenerate *erusalem and the 5emple$ %<0&
In 5he 5ragedy of .ing Saul! composed circa 1<=1 but published posthumously! Crrery
further elaborated the theme of fraternal bonding$ 1s David and *onathan ma(e vo"s of
eternal friendship %"one Soul in both our >odies be"&! they stand in contrast to oath-brea(ers
"ho lift their hands against the -ord,s anointed$ %<3&
5he royalist panegyrics occur amidst scenes of a mystically-shrouded 5emple! magician,s
cave! flying spirits! and prophetic visions$
"*esuit 8onspiracy"
1s #veline 8ruic(shan(s describes in her boo( "5he ?lorious 7evolution" %0AAA& 8harlesHs
secretary of state 'illiamson "as sent to the 5o"er because of his effort to employ Irish
regiments released from rench service$ 8harles believed that the Du(e of >uc(ingham and
Shaftesbury! no" allied "ith the opposition 'higs in ;arliament! instigated the actions of
5onge and Cates$
*ames >utler! "ho "as privy to >uc(ingham,s intrigues! added to the political complications
"ith his charges of ranco-Scottish-*e"ish sedition in /udibras III! "hich "as reprinted in
1<=9$
>ecause rancophilia ma(es marriage unfashionable %a dig at promiscuous courtiers and the
profusion of royal bastards&! /udibras and the Scots no" serve the cause of ;apist agentsD
"your ;resbyterian "itsB*ump punctual "ith the *esuits$G %/ubridas! p$ 01A! 016&
'hile /oo(e and the 7osicruciani2ed virtuosos "or( "ith 9apier,s >ones! they implicitly
support the Scots and 8atholics$ %p$0:A&
'hile they study .ircher,s "or(s! they not only support the *esuits but the *e"sD
">ut *esuites have deeper 7eaches In all their ;olitic( ar-fetchesD 1nd from their 8optic(
;riest! .ir(erus! ound out this )ystic( "ay to 4ear us$
5hey thought! all ?overnments "ere best!
>y /ieroglyphic( 7umps! exprest$
5he -earned 7abbins of the *e"s
'rite! there,s a >one! "hich they call -ue2!
IH th, 7ump of man! of such a +ertue!
9o force in 9ature can do hurt toD
1nd therefore! at the last ?reat Day!
1ll th, other )embers shall! they say!
Spring out of this! as from a Seed!
1ll sorts of +egetals proceedD
rom "hence! the -earned Sons of 1rt!
Cs Sacrum! *ustly stile that part$ %p$08A-81&
5he 8abalistic theory of the mystical bone -u2 "as explained in the .abbalah Denudata!
"hich "as currently being discussed by vanious ello"s of the 7oyal Society$ In a letter of <
*une 1<=9 *ohn -oc(e! 7S! "ho had earlier studied under the 7osicrucian Sthael! noted
that 7obert >oyle informed him of the publication of the Eohar! ne"ly translated into -atin by
"un tres habil homme avec des notes qui expliquent ancien 8abala des *uifs$" %<6&
-oc(e "as interested in /elmontian theories of medicine! and he subsequently learned of
$)$ +an /elmont,s contribution to the .abbalah Denudata! "hich he then acquired$
7osenroth later sent to -oc(e interesting 8abalistic commentaries on the philosopher,s
essays$ In his letter to >oyle! -oc(e also revealed that Isaac 1bendana "s,est brouille" "ith
the authorities at 8ambridge and thus too( his 1lishna pro4ect to Cxford$ 7osenroth later
complained of the harsh treatment he received from many clerics in ?ermany because of his
publication of .abbalah Denudata! and /elmont found the climate in #ngland becoming
increasingly intolerant$
'ith the country reeling from the sensational revelations of the phony ";opish ;lot!" the
'higs rummaged through 5onge,s chaotic papers for more evidence of the 8atholic
conspiracy$ or decades 5onge had collected occultist prophecies "hich he applied to
imagined *esuitical intrigues and "hich he no" resolved to publish$ 'riting furiously in late
1<=9! 5onge prepared G5he 9orthern StarD 5he >ritish )onarchyG! dedicated to 8harles II and
published early in 1<8A$ Dra"ing on 1bbot *oachim! ;aracelsus! 1gripa! 7euchlin! ;ostel!
9ostradarnus! 9apier! Sendivogius! and )ax"ell! 5onge assured 8harles II of his prophetic
role as the northern (ing "ho "ould settle ?od,s 5emple in the 9orth 8ountry$ In 8hapter I+!
entitled "5he 8onfession of the 7osie-8ross!" he lin(ed 8harles "ith the mythic ?od-Son 8$7$
"ho founded the 7$8$ society$
/e further assured him of scientific support! for the secretary of the 7oyal Society
%Cldenburg& had received similar prophecies in 1<<8$ Ccular proof "as currently provided by
the ?erman visionary )artin #yler! "ho "as in -ondon "ith his agate she"-stone in "hich
spiritual figures revealed political prophecies$
1ccording to #2erel 5onge! the only obstacle to 8harles,s role as 7osicrucian savior of
international ;rotestantism "as the nefarious plot of the *esuits! "ho had learned from the
"1ssassins of ;hoenecia" ho" to train adepts for their campaign$ >ecause 5onge,s bi2arre
lin(age of *esuits and 1ssassins "ould re-emerge in anti-)asonic propaganda in the
eighteenth century! it is "orth a brief loo( at his fevered argument$
In "*esuits 1ssassinsD or the ;opish ;lot urther Declared" %1<8A&! he made oblique )asonic-
sounding comments$ 5he sect of 1ssassins lived in the mountains near 5yre! "here their
)aster "as! not hereditary but elected$" %p$6-<& 8alled the "Cld )an of the )ountain!" this
prophet "as a great builder! "ho designed "onderful palaces adorned "ith pictures$
>y intoxicating his disciples "ith a certain drin( %hashish&! he gave them a glimpse of paradise
"hich inspired them to s"ear obedience to the )aster! loyalty to their brothers! and death to
their enemies$ /aving studied the 1ssassins! the *esuits then adopted their methods in order
to destroy ;rotestantism$
7ather than giving their agents hashish! the *esuits used charms and exorcisms! performed
in "8hambers of )editation and other 7ecesses of Dar(ness"D they "con4ured up gradually to
that prodigious fury! as to thin( that in bloody assassinations of .ings and ;rinces! and
merciless blo"ing up of .ingdoms! they do acceptable service to ?od! and merit everlasting
-ife$" 5hrough their magical meditation techniques! the *esuit agents become angeli2ed and
divini2ed to prepare for their deadly "or($
Luoting the Spanish *esuit +aninus! 5onge interpreted his description of a brother "ho "as
sent to -ondon! "here he labored forty-nine days "in cutting stones!" as an allusion to the
?un ;o"der ;lot to blo" up "the 'alls under the ;arliament /ouse$" Such false stone-cutters
then arranged the murder of 8harles I and the ?reat ire of -ondon$
5hrough his earlier "or( on church construction and his collaboration "ith )oray! /oo(e!
/arley! and various master masons! 5onge "as familiar "ith operative masonry$ Cates too
had observed the masons at "or( in 5angier$ /o"ever! it is unclear "hether their paranoid
polemics "ere consciously aimed at royalist reemasonry$ 9evertheless! the scare
engendered by their revelations placed not only )asons but 7osicrucians and 8abalists in a
ha2ardous position$ 5hat >uc(ingham! "hom the (ing believed to be the inventor of the
;opish ;lot! allegedly served as an "indolent" ?rand )aster in 1<=9 gave an ironic t"ist to
5onge,s revelations$" %<:& ;robably pressured by an angry 8harles II! >uc(ingham "demitted"
from the office$ /e "as replaced by his rival! the ever loyal 1rlington! "ho ho"ever ""as too
deeply engaged in affairs of State to mind the -odges$"
9evertheless! 1rlington continued to represent the tolerant traditions of Stuart reemasonry!
for he "as sympathetic to 8atholics and *e"s! as "ell as being a great admirer of Spanish
and rench architecture--sub4ects "hich filled 5onge "ith iconoclastic disgust$ #velyn
considered 1rlington a learned and pious man! "ho devoted his architectural s(ills to ?od,s
service$ 5"o years earlier! #velyn praised 1rlington for rebuilding the church at #uston!
ma(ing it "for elegance and cheerfulnes $$$ one of the prettiest country churches in #ngland!"
and he "as moved by 1rlington,s motives in the pro4ectD
)y -ord told me his heart smote him that! after he had besto"ed so much on his magnificent
palace there! he should see ?od,s /ouse in the ruin it lay in$ /e has also re-built the
parsonage- house! all of stone! very neat and ample$ %<<&
5hough 1nderson claimed that during 1rlington,s ?rand )astership! "the raternity "as
considerable still! and many ?entlemen requested to be admitted!" there is no surviving
evidence of developments in "speculative" reemasonry in #ngland over the next t"o
decades$ Stevenson observes that "#nglish gentlemen non-operatives "ere not organised
into lodges "ith set memberships of a Scottish or modern (ind! but met in fluid occasional
lodges" connected "ith building sites$ %<=&
/o"ever! "hen 8harles sent his embattled brother *ames to Scotland in 9ovember 1<=9! the
du(e,s intermittent presence over the next thirty months encouraged a revival of royalist
)asonry in the north$ In this political context lay the roots of the later dcvelopment of *acobite
reemasonry! "hen Scottish and Irish )asons loyal to *ames +II and 11 too( their "ancient"
traditions into exile "ith their banished (ing$
Custon argues that the (ing sent the Du(e of Oor( to Scotland to (eep him out of the "ay of
an #nglish 8ommons inflamed by the ;opish ;lot and to enable him to develop an alternative
political po"er base$ %<8&
During his previous "exile" to the 8ontinent from )ay to 1ugust 1<=9! *ames appreciated the
generous support of .incardine! "hom he in turn consoled "hen the earl had problems "ith
-auderdale$ %<9&
.incardine no" served as an #xtraordinary -ord of Session! and he "as instrumental in
bringing factions together to "elcome *ames to #dinburgh$ rom -ondon -auderdale helped
to organi2e the loyal reception! and the heir apparent "as greeted "armly by the aristocratic
and professional classes$ 5he latter had become fearful of civil "ar after the murder of
1rchbishop Sharp by radical ;resbyterians in )ay! follo"ed by an armed rising of
8overranters in *une$ Despite *ames,s 8atholicism! the ruling establishment vie"ed him as a
beneficent presence! compared to the sadirons opponents of royal government$ 5here "as
also popular enthusiasm for the first Stuart prince to establish a royal court in #dinburgh since
1<A3$
*ames cultivated an image of himself as the heir of his grandfather,s Solomonic tradition! for
*ames +I "as still a revered figure in Scotland$ 5hough he encouraged the architectural "or(
of 'illiam >ruce! 7obert )ylne! and *ames Smith %a 8atholic-educated designer&! )asonic
historians have long assumed that he "as the first Stuart (ing in three reigns "ho did not
become a reemason$ /o"ever! that claim "as made by 1nderson "ho! though a native
Scot! "as a staunch supporter of the ;rotestant revolution "hich overthre" *ames 11 in
1<88$ 1ccording to the eighteenth-century 8lermont 7ite! Sir 'illiam >ruce served as chief of
the secret 5emplar-)asonic order from 1<=9 until 1<8<! at the time "hen he "as closely
associated "ith *ames$ %=A&
)oreover! until the death of .incardine in *uly 1<8A! *ames "as the intimate friend of that
loyal and idealistic )ason$ 1s "e shall see! *ames "ould receive important )asonic support
in Scotland "hen he succeeded to the throne in 1<8:$ )oreover! in 1=== his grandson!
">onnie ;rince 8harlie!" "ould reveal to an initiatic of a ?erman 5emplar lodge that "the
secret ?rand )astership of the )asons "as hereditary in the house of Stuart$" %=1&
*ames "as probably introduced to military masonry during the Interregnum! "hen he
frequently "or(ed "ith Scottish and Irish engineers serving "ith him in the rench army$ 1=0
During his residence in #dinburgh! he too( a (een interest in architectural pro4ects! "hich
"ere often minutely supervised from 'hitehall by -auderdale$ In fact! 8ruic(shan(s argues
that *ames "led an artistic renaissance "ith the rebuilding of /olyrood ;alace$" %=0&
)any private as "ell as public buildings no" included heraldic devices and deliberate
reminders of Scotland,s historic independence and lin(s "ith a 'ider #uropean scientific and
artistic "orld$ %=3& Determined to extend 8harles,s intellectual and virtuoso culture to
Scotland! *ames made #dinburgh an extension of the Stuart court$ During his cultural
campaign! he received strong support from Sir ?eorge )ac(en2ie! -ord 1dvocate! "ho "as
an old friend of -auderdale and )oray and "ho shared the latter,s devotion to bonded
friendship! stoic philosophy! and scientific heraldry$ %=6&
-i(e )oray! )ac(en2ie hoped that the 9e" ;hilosophy could overcome religious fanaticism!
and he published "7eligio StoiciD the +irtuoso or Stoic( "ith a riendy! 1ddress to the
anatics of all Sects and Sorts$" %1<<3&$
Sharing *ames,s interest in chivalric revival! )ac(en2ie no" prepared a treatise on "5he
Science of /eraldry" %1<8A&! "hich paid tribute to the "auld alliance" "ith rance and defined
many themes that "ould later emerge in the (nightly degrees of #cossais reemasonry$
Dedicating the "or( "to my country-men!" )ac(en2ie lamented that $$"'e only of all nations
have never published anything! to let the "orld (no" "hat mar(s of honour our predecessors
had gained$" %=:&
/e became fascinated by heraldry "hile studying in rance! and he subsequently explored a
vast literature on the sub4ect$ Dra"ing on 1ldrovandus and avyn! he cited a >iblical
"*acobite" origin for heraldryD "some thin( that the giving of arms arose from the example of
*acob blessing his children! in "hich he gave them mar(s of distinction$" /e then traced the
contributions made by ?odfrey of >ouillon and other crusaders at *erusalem! as "ell as the
rench (ing "ho made the Scottish archers his personal bodyguard %"an honour they retain to
this day"&$ 9o" encouraged by *ames! )ac(en2ie,s friends revived the 7oyal 8ompany of
1rchers! "hich had traditional lin(s "ith the ?arde #cossais and "hich stressed fraternal
loyalty! militaristic royalism! and patriotic achievement$
;rovo(ed by 1shmole,s claims for the ?arter! )ac(en2ie argued the priority of the Crder of
the 5histle! "hich "as created in =8= 1$D$ to honor the alliance bet"een the rench (ing
8harlemagne and the Scottish (ing 1chalus! "ho defeated the #nglish (ing 1thelstan$ 7obert
the >ruce subsequently revived the 5histle and contributed ne" arms for the citi2ens of
1berdeen to honor their +ictory over the #nglish$ 1fter the 7eformation the order "as
suppressed as "a Dreg of ;opery!" but many Scottish nobles (ept its symbols alive in their
heraldic arms! architectural decorations! and emblematic coins$ %=<&
Despite )ac(en2ie,s nationalist fervor! he "as careful to praise the current union of Scotland
and #ngland under their Stuart (ing$ Determined to build a secure po"er base in Scotland!
*ames "as impressed by )ac(en2ie,s claims! and he "ould later revive the 5histle as a
royalist chivalric order$
In *anuary 1<=9 )ac(en2ic "as admitted freeman of a craftsman,s corporation %"hich ?ould
reports in a )asonic context&! and he had many )asonic associates$ %==& /is arguments
about heraldry! the 5histle! and the ?arter "ould later influence the development of chivalric
high degrees in Scots-Irish and #cossais )asonry$
1nother strong supporter of *ames,s virtuoso campaign "as Sir 7obert Sibbald! royal
geographer! "ho had earlier been a protege of )oray$ -i(e ?ilbert >urnet earlier! Sibbald had
visited the *e"s, synagogue in 1msterdam and 8atholic chapels in ;aris! experiences that
"disposed me to affect charity for all good men of any persuasion$" %=8&
Sibbald collected rare "or(s on 8abalism! -ullism! /ermeticism! and 7osicrucianism! and his
library became a valuable resource for students of "speculative reemasonry$" %=9&
or the 8atholic *ames! the support of the #piscopal Sibbald for toleration "as invaluable
during his stay in Scotland$ In fact! the t"o men virtually revived )oray,s earlier successful
policy of religious and political moderation$
*ames introduced his #nglish physician Sir 8harles Scarborough to Sibbald! and the three
men developed a plan to construct a 7oyal 8ollege of ;hysicians in #dinburgh in 1<81$
Scarborough had been the protege and successor of, Dr$ 'illiam /arvey! the old friend of
7obert ludd! and he participated in their /ermetic and 8abalistic studies$ 'hile in Scotland!
he solicited the support of *ames Drummond! ourth #arl of ;erth for the medical college!
and the earl "ould later play a leading role in *acobite reemasonry$
-i(e Sibbald! Scarborough amassed a great occultist library! "hich included "or(s by 7abbi
1braham! 5rithemius! ;ostel! Dee! >runo! Scaliger! ludd! .ircher! +an /elmont$
*ohn alconer! a Scottish expert in cryptography! "ho "as entrusted "ith *amesHs private
cipher$ alconer argued that cryptography derived from /ebre" roots$ 1naly2ing the methods
of 5rithemius! >aptista ;orta! >acon! 'il(ins! and .ircher! he made important brea(throughs
in code-ma(ing! "hich "ould later be used in *acobite and rench military intelligence$ -i(e
7obert /oo(e! "ho argued that *ohn Dee,s angelic conversations contained an ingenious
diplomatic code! alconer argued that 5rithermus,s mystical expressions "ere "all
cryptography$"
>ecause alconer (ne" many of the royalist )asons in Scotland! his instructions on
"Saemaelogia" and "Dactylogy" %secret communication by signs! gestures! and fingers&! as
"ell as "1rthrologia" %discovering by "the 4oynts or remar(able parts of a )an,s >ody"& may
have influenced the complex and often indecipherable codes and body-language used by
later *acobite )asons$
*ohn alconer$ 7ules for #xplaining and Deciphering 1ll )anner of Secret 'ritingG -ondonD
Dan >ro"n! 1<90&! <! 1A1-10-1<A =3$ alconer later deciphered the Du(e of, 1rgyll,s
correspondence! "hich led to the exposure of his plot against *amesHs succession$
#nglish #ndings
In 1<=9 "hen 1lexander Dic(son! professor of /ebre" at #dinburgh @niversity! "as removed
for refusing to sign the oath of allegiance! *ames approved the appointment of 1lexander
1medeus! a lorentine *e"! to the post$ %8A&
5he royal brother,s actions did not go unnoticed south of the border! "here radical opponents
lin(ed toleration for *e"s to 7osicrucian intrigue and rancophilia$ In 1<8A an #nglish
translation of ne 8ount of 8abalis appeared in -ondon! claiming to be published by "the
8abalistical Society of the Sages! at the Sign of the 7osicrucian$" 5he author "orried that
many of his friends "do seriously study" these ")ysteries of 8abalism!" and therefore he must
refute them "by the strength of solid arguments$" %81&
5he latter consisted of railing against the renchified nature of the erotici2ed spirituality of "the
8abalistic sciences$" 5he 8abalist! both *e"ish and 8hristian! is "a great hater of "omenI yet
much addicted to +enery! in a philosophical "ay"I thus! "only a renchman "ould give credit
to 8abalistic "himsies$"
In the northern (ingdom! *ames may have learned of Lua(er interest in the 8abalistic system
of +an /elmont! "ho "as "idely believed to be a ,*udai2ed" 7osicrucian$ 5he du(e "as a
close friend of 'illiam ;enn! the Lua(er leader and a supporter of the Stuarts, toleration
policy$ +an /elmont had "on over ;enn,s Scottish friend ?eorge .eith to his 8abalistic
beliefs! and .eith in turn recruited /elmont to Lua(erism$ .eith "as convinced of similarities
bet"een the Lua(er doctrine of inner light and the 8hristian-8abalistic notion of the "8hrist
"ithin$" %80&
/e and /elmont further believed that a synthesis of 8abala and 8hristianity could provide a
"a nucleus for 5homas >ruce! )emoirs of 5homas! arl! of 1i(sbug$ 7oxburghe 8lub$
1 religious movement uniting 8atholics! ;rotestants! ;agans! and *e"s$ #ncouraged by
*ames,s sympathy for Lua(ers! ;enn,s movement attracted many ne" follo"ers in Scotland$
?iven this eclectic and tolerant environment! it is not surprising that lodge records in
1berdeen! "ritten circa 1<=9-8A! indicate the presence of Lua(ers! as "ell as "lando"ners!
merchants and craftsmen!" among the reemasons$ %83&
Cne royalist )ason "ho supported the Lua(ers "as the #arl of ;erth! "ho "as ;enn,s
partner in the settlement of #ast 9e" *ersey in 1<81$ %86&
In the portraits of t"o members of the 1berdeen lodge there appear in the bac(ground the
pillars of *achim and >oa2! suggesting their )asonic initiation into Solomon,s 5emple$ %8:&
*ames,s revival of his grandfather,s Solomonic policies "as effective and popular in Scotland!
and his support of religious toleration "as "idely believed to be sincere$ 'hen he returned to
-ondon in )arch 1<80! he left behind in #dinburgh a reservoir of good "ill and patriotic
support! especially among the royalist )asons "ho "ould later defend his threatened throne$
In 1<8A 8hristopher 'ren "as persuaded to accept the presidency of the 7oyal Society in
"hat "as an urgently needed salvage operation$ 1t the same time! he continued his role as
Surveyor of the .ing,s 'or(s! "hile he and /oo(e carried on the massive tas( of rebuilding
more than fifty churches in -ondon$ /o"ever! the 'higs, campaign to exclude *ames from
the succession polari2ed #ngland! "hile increasingly radical attac(s "ere made on the
royalist institutions "hich supported Stuart claims$ 'ren "as dismayed "hen parliament
"ithdre" its support and cut off the funds for many of his pro4ects$ %8<&
ighting bac( against the #xclusionists! the poet laureate Dryden published 1bsalom and
1chitophel %1<81& to counter critics "ho threatened to destroy hereditary monarchy$
;ortraying >uc(ingham as "Eimri!" Dryden moc(ed the inconstancy and opportunism of the
du(e and his 'hig opposition party$ Eimri,s enthusiasms shifted from
Despite *ames,s political and architectural success in Scotland! 8harles II found his policies
under increasing attac( by his religious opponents in #ngland$ 5he radicals, iconoclastic fury
soon ramified to 5angier! "here the fate of the greatest engineering pro4ect of the century "as
no" in the hands of the parliamentary 'higs$ 'hat alarmed them most "ere reports of the
successful progress of the fortification and military enterprises$ In 1<<9 the (ing had sent the
irst #arl of )iddleton! )oray,s former colleague! to govern 5angier! "here he dre" on his
experience as liaison "ith the Dutch *e"s to continue the policy of toleration$ %8=& >ecause
the stone for constructing the )ole and fortifications had to be quarried from outside the
existing lines! it "as crucial that he maintain good relations "ith the *e"ish and )oslem
inhabitants$ ?iven his Scottish bac(ground and duties in 5angier! it seems li(ely that
)iddleton "as a )asonI his grandson! the 5hird #arl! "ould later participate in the *acobite
lodge in ;aris$ %88&
Despite the heavy drin(ing that earlier led to his dismissal from Scottish office! )iddleton "as
an effective governor until his death in 1<=6$ %89&
/is successor! the Irish governor Inchiquin! continued to rely on Simon ;ariente! their trusted
*e"ish interpreter! and positive reports on /ebre" beliefs and customs "ere sent to -ondon$
-ancelot 1ddison! "ho spent several years in 5angier! dre" on his conversations "ith local
*e"s to "rite 5he ;resent State of the *e"s! ;articularly 7elating to 7ose in >arbag %1<=:&! a
respectful and straightfor"ard account$ 1ddison dedicated the "or( to *oseph 'illiamson!
secretary of state! "ho recommended it to his friend /oo(e! "ho subsequently read and
discussed it$ In 1<=:! during a food shortage! Inchiquin utili2ed crypto-Sabbatians "illing to
brea( *e"ish ritual la" to import salted por( for the >ritish garrison$ %9A&
5heir heretical actions provo(ed the >eth Din of 5etuan to excommunicate the #uropean
*e"s of 5angier! but Inchiquin insisted that the herein be lifted$ 'hen )orrocan authorities
expelled all *e"s as "suspected nationals" in 1<==! he helped "in their readmission as
valuable traders in 1<8A$
During the 1<=A,s! increasing numbers of masons and soldiers "ere shipped out from
Scotland and Ireland! and they soon "on popular fame for their courageous stands against
)oorish attac(s$ /o"ever! in 1<=9 "hen the 'higs tried to force 8harles II to accept the
"#xclusion >ill!" they lin(ed his "illingness to deny the succession to his 8atholic brother "ith
their "illingness to provide funds for 5angier$ -urid charges of ;apist conspiracy among the
colony,s governors! troops! and masons "ere flung during parliamentary debates$ %91&
>ut 8harles "ould not sacrifice his brother to save 5angierI instead! lie prorogued ;arliament
in )arch 1<81 and governed "ithout it until the end of his reign$
Despite ;arliament,s hostility! there "as support for the colony ill the 7oyal Society! "hich
had long follo"ed the masonic "or($ /enry Sheeres! 7S! "as chief engineer of
construction! and he sent optimistic reports to the ello"s$ In 1<80 the )oroccan ambassador
/amet travelled to -ondon to urge the (ing to preserve the colony! and he "as "elcomed by
#velyn! 1shmole! and interested virtuosos to the society! "here he "as elected a ello"$ %90&
;ressure also came from the .nights of )alta! "ho counted on the colonists, assistance in
their struggle to liberate 8hristian slaves from their )oorish captors$ In *une 1<83 the ?rand
)aster of )alta arrived in -ondon! "here he pleaded the colony,s cause and "as entertained
"ith #velyn and Dryden$
5hough 8harles had proclaimed that 5angier "as "the brightest 4e"el of his 8ro"n!" he
succumbed to ;arliament in 1<83 and announced his decision to level the fortifications!
destroy the )ole! ruin the harbour! and recall the garrison and colonists to #ngland$ It "as a
sad day in masonic history "hen the commission met in 5angier to plan the destruction of, the
great )ole "hich! as 7iley notes! "as an engineering feat "comparable "ith the construction
of the 8hannel tunnel today$ %93& 5he S"edish architects 5essin and >ec(man! as "ell as
Sheeres! reluctantly agreed to undo their labor of t"o decades$ %96& It "ould ta(e t"o
thousand men "or(ing round the-cloc( for three months to finally destroy the massive stone-
"or(s$ 'hen the evacuated "5angerines" arrived in #ngland in 1pril 1<86! they "ere
"elcomed by the royalists as returning heroes$
5he question of, placing the returning troops greatly agitated ;arliament! "ho feared that they
formed a ready army to defend the Stuart cause$ 1 7oyal 'arrant suggested the stationing of
-ord Dumbarton,s Scots regiment-"hich included veterans of the ?arde #cossaise at the
strategic port of ;ortsmouth$ ;erhaps "ith an eye to that ranco-Scottish tradition! the (ing
proposed to ma(e the Scotch-Irish ?renadiers his personal bodygard$ 5he 'higs protested
these measures! and the troops "ere eventually dispersed throughout the country! "here
they "ere considered "eyesores$" 8olonel *ohn it2gerald! "ho earlier served as -ieutenant
?overnor of 5angier! had labored to abolish "that national distinction bet"een #nglish! Irish!
and Scotch" and to maintain the "remar(able" policy of toleration$ %9:&
>loc(ed from promotion by anti-Irish )$;$s! it2gerald "as falsely accused of complicity in the
;opish ;lot$ /e and his 5angerine regiment "ould loyally serve the Stuarts through revolution
and exile$
or many royalists! the destruction of 5angier "as a betrayal of the great architectural and
masonic traditions of the Stuart dynasty$ 1n anti-'hig ballad! "5angiers -amentation on the
Demolishing and >lo"ing up of the 5o"n! 8astle! and 8itadel!" lambasted the politicians
"hose political factionalism! xenophobic provincialism! and technological ignorance led to the
destruction of architectural "or( "orthy of Solomon! /iram! and the ancient *e"ish masons$
5he seeds of future )asonic rivalries "ere planted on < ebruary 1<8: "hen 8harles II! a
")ason .ing!" died after a four-day illness$ Cn his deathbed! he secretly converted to
8atholicism and received the last rites of the 7oman church$" %9<&
1s far as the public (ne"! 8harles had died as a tolerant 1nglican! "ho hoped that
#nglishmen "ould no" accept his brother! a tolerant 8atholic! as .ing *ames II$ /o"ever! the
radical exclusionists no" stepped up their campaign against the legitimacy of his brother,s
succession$ In order to remind >ritons of the earlier storms of civil "ar "hich disrupted the
natural order and to bolster the claims of *ames! 5homas Ct"ay composed "'indsor 8astle"
in )arch 1<8:$
In his poetic "monument" to the late (ing! Ct"ay strolled through 'indsor 8astle! seeing in its
massive stone architecture a revelation of the mind and heritage of 8harles II$ %9=& /e further
praised the ""onders of raternal love!" as exemplified by *ames,s behavior at 8harles,s
deathbed$ 5hat scene reminded him of the chivalric ideals of the .nights of, the ?arter! so
brilliantly expressed in the intricate stone carvings of the ?othic chapel at 'indsor$ 1s *ames
II,s cause came under fire from "5he meeting of a numerous Senate!" "ho provo(ed "bold
5umults and Disorders" throughout #ngland! Ct"ay,s poem provided potent royalist
propaganda$
'ith >ritain headed into another revolution and possible civil "ar! the question of "hat
"toleration" really meant too( on urgent significance$ Did it consist of liberty of conscience and
universal brotherhood or protection of ;rotestantism and suppression of 8atholicismJ 5he
contradictory ans"ers "ould shatter the Stuarts, attempt to build a 5emple of 8oncord$ 'hile
one man,s tolerance "as defined as another,s tyranny! the struggle "ould ramify into the
emerging "modernist" development of reemasonry$
5he #uropean Diaspora of Scottish-#soteric )asonry
5he fate of Stuart reemasonry during the early 'illiamite regime is difficult to piece together!
because of destruction of documents and increasing secrecy maintained by *acobite resisters
and exiles$ 1nderson noted that "many of the raternity,s records" from 8harles II,s reign
"ere lost during *ames II,s reign and "at the 7evolution$" %98&
'illiam >ruce continued to secretly "or( for *ames,s cause! and he "as indirectly
instrumental in the *acobite outreach to S"eden-"here many Scots fled after 'illiam,s
victories$ Despite government surveillance! >ruce and his *acobite-)asonic allies sought
contacts "ith sympathi2ers in northern #ngland! such as the steel-manufacturer 1mbrose
8ro"ley! "ho maintained important trade "ith S"eden and Scotland$ 1round 1<88 -9A
8ro"ley established a masonic lodge at Sunderland! close to 9e"castle! "hich served the
operative masons involved in constructing the large stone buildings for the steel "or(s$ %99&
5he lodge probably also served as a means of bonding his religiously and ethnically diverse
"or(force$ 1s a Lua(er! 8ro"ley "as grateful to *ames II for his policy of, religious toleration
and for the royal protection given to the steel-ma(er,s foreign "or(men! "ho included
8atholics and -utherans$ %1AA&
Several Lua(ers had 4oined lodges in Scotland during *ames,s residence in the north and!
follo"ing their leader 'illiam ;enn! they retained their sympathy for the *acobite cause$ -i(e
8ro"ley,s employees! they agreed "ith *ames that "liberty of conscience" "ould benefit
industry and trade$
8ro"ley provides an early previe" of *acobite-)asonic lin(s bet"een #dinburgh! 9e"castle!
and ?othenburg that "ould endure for the next seven decades$ >y 1<91 Sir *ames
)ontgomerie! radical 8ovenanter turned *acobite plotter! gained S"edish support for *ames
II,s cause! and t"o years later the S"edish ambassador in -ondon "ould hide *acobite
agents$" %1A1&
5he S"edish (ing 8arl PI allo"ed a Scottish-affiliated lodge to continue meeting in
?othenburg$ /is son 8arl PII "ould become a staunch supporter of *ames II,s son! the "Cld
;retender!" and allegedly a protector of #cossais reemasonry in S"eden$ %1A0&
5he 5essin family "ould provide important support for *acobite exiles and )asons in S"eden
and on the 8ontinent$ >y 1=88 the S"edish (ing ?ustaf III "ould inherit the ?rand )astership
of the )asonic .nights 5emplar directly from *ames II,s grandson! the "Ooung ;retender!"
8harles #d"ard Stuart$ %1A3&
In the meantime in #ngland! 'illiam III "as preoccupied "ith #uropean "ar plans and paid
little attention to architecture in his ne" (ingdom$ 1fter a hiatus in 1<89! 'ren managed to
resume his position as Surveyor of 'or(s! and he attempted to complete his rebuilding
pro4ects$ /o"ever! as Summerson notes! during the next decade--"this vacant interval"---fe"
churches "ere built in #ngland$ %1A6&
rench and 8ontinental historians argue that 'ren maintained his private *acobite
sympathies! "hile he "or(ed discretely and cautiously under the ne" regime$" %1A:& *effery
suggests that the lac( of "ritten documents about 'ren,s "or( during these years "as
deliberateD
$$$ his trac(s are usually "ell-hidden$ /is early brushes "ith authority had taught him to be
"ary of committing himself to paper and of exposing his ideas to public criticism and debate
$$$ he may 4ust have carried on! un"illing to record decisions on paper$" %1A<&
'ren still maintained contact "ith reemasons in Scotland! and the /amiltons often
consulted him and >ruce about the progress of their grandiose palace$ %1A=&
1fter the 'illiamite repressions of December 1<91! the exiled Scots "ere 4oined by thousands
of Irish refugees! "ho fled to rance! Italy! and Spain$ 5hese "'ild ?eese" included nobles
and soldiers "ho carried their ")asonic traditions into the armies of friendly 8atholic
sovereigns! "ho still maintained chivalric orders of military and religious (nights$" %1A8&
5he Irish )asonic historian -epper observes that the army ""as a great disseminator of the
true light!" for "our militant forefathers" found that "the secrets of a mason "ere very useful
pieces of equipment to carry "ith them to a campaign$" %1A9&
/e further argues that "masonic degrees "ere in full vogue long prior to the creation of the
Mmodern #nglishN ?rand -odge in 1=1=" and that "the lodges of St$ *ohn maintained their
association "ith the operative lodges$" /e implies that the *acobite lodges developed
degrees beyond the basic operative ones$
5he many rench! ?erman! Italian! S"edish! and 7ussian publications! issued from the
eighteenth through t"entieth centuries! "hich reveal oral traditions about the export of
*acobite )asonry to the 8ontinent "ill be discussed in my pro4ected boo(s on eighteenth
century! high-degree reemasonry$ /o"ever! it is "orth mentioning no" the version of that
history learned by a Scottish )ason! ;rofessor *ohn 7obison! in the 1==A,s! "hen he
participated in lodges established by *acobite exiles and their supporters in rance! >elgium!
?ermany! and 7ussia$ 7obison lamented "the heap of rubbish "ith "hich 1nderson
disgraced his 8onstitutions of ree )asony!" "hich had unfortunately become "the basis of
masonic history$
7ecounting the different historical instruction he received in #cossais lodges! *ohn 7obison
assertedD
"'e also (no" that 8harles II "as made a )ason! and frequented the -odges $$$ /is
brother and successor *ames II "as of a more serious and manly cast of mind! and had little
pleasure in the frivolous ceremonies of )asonry$ /e did not frequent the -odges$G
7ather than repeating 1nderson,s claim that *ames "as not a ">rother )ason!" 7obison
implied that he did not attend often or en4oy lodge meetings$ )oreover! 7obison added that
the lodges had become the rende2vous of "accepted" )asons "ho had no association "ith
actual building pro4ects--"hich suggests that *ames "did not frequent" #nglish lodges$ In
Scotland and Ireland! the lodges continued to be closely associated "ith practical
architecture$ 1fter the 'illiamite revolution! *ames and "his most 2ealous adherents" too(
refuge in ranceD
F5hey too( ree )asonry "ith them to the continent! "here it "as immediately received by
the rench! and "as cultivated "ith great 2eal in a manner suited to the taste and habits of
that highly cultivated people$ 5he -odges in rance naturally became the rende2vous of the
adherents to their banished .ing! and the means of a carrying on a correspondence "ith their
friends in #ngland$" %p$0=&
rom rance the exiles scattered across #urope and established clandestine )asonic
net"or(s$ 7obison notes that "1ll the >rethren on the 8ontinent agree in saying! that
reemasonry "as imported from ?reat >ritain about the beginning of this century Mca$ 1<9A-
1=AAN and this in the form of a mystical society$" %p$:61&
7obison then described a special chivalric degree created by the *acobitcsD
It "as in the -odges held at St$ ?ermain,s that the degree of 8hevalier 1lafon #cossais "as
added to the three SO)>C-I81- degrees of #nglish )asonry $ $ $ this ran( of Scotch .night
"as called the first degree of the )aton ;arfait$ 5here is a device belonging to this -odge
"hich deserves notice$ 1 lion! "ounded by an arro"! and escaped from the sta(e to "hich he
had been bound! "ith the bro(en rope still about his nec(! is represented lying at the mouth of
a cave! and occupied "ith mathematical instruments "hich are lying near him$ 1 bro(en
cro"n lies at the foot of the sta(e$ 5here can be little doubt but that this emblem alludes to the
dethronement! the captivity! the escape and asylum of *ames II and his hopes of re-
establishment by the help of the loyal >rethren$ 5his emblem is "orn as the gorget of the
Scotch .night$ It is not very certain! ho"ever! "hen this degree "as added! "hether
immediately after .ing *ames,s 1bdication! or about the time of the attempt to set his son on
the >ritish 5hrone$ >ut it is certain! that in 1=1<! this and still higher degrees of )asonry "ere
much in vogue in the court of rance$" %p$08&
5hese claims of chivalric developments "ithin *acobite )asonry continue to provo(e
arguments among historians! because of the dearth of contemporary documentation until the
1=0A,s$ /o"ever! an oblique reinforcement comes from S"ift! "ho dre" upon his experiences
in Dublin in 1<88 and @lster in 1<9: to later describe the chivalric %as "ell as 8abalistic!
-ullist! and 7osicrucian& associations of Scots-Irish reemasonry$ S"ift,s comical summary of
"8eltic" traditions in "a -odge of ree-)asons at A ---- h in @ ---- r" %Cmagh in @lster& thro"s a
retrospective light on developments in the fraternity in the 1<9A,s$ %11A&
In 1<89 S"ift fled the political turmoil in Dublin and moved to #ngland! "here he became
amanuensis to the retired diplomat Sir 'illiam 5emple at )oor ;ar($ 5emple shared S"ift,s
sceptical curiosity about 7osicrucianism! "hich he had encountered in its radical form in
Ireland during the 1<:A,s$ %111&
/e also dealt "ith operative masons there! "ho dre" on Scots-Irish traditions$ 1fter the
7estoration! 5emple "as employed on delicate secret missions by 8harles II and -ord
1rlington! both )asons! and he "as (ept abreast of Scottish affairs "hile serving at 5he
/ague$ In 1<<8 1rlington sent 5emple a paper "ritten by )oray and praised the Scot,s
expertise in chemistry$ %110&
5"o years later 5emple met )oray! "ho sought his assistance for the export to /olland of
.incardine,s building stone! an enterprise "hich involved 'illiam >ruce and 'illiam
Davidson$ %113&
5hus! "hen 5emple discussed "ith S"ift the secret diplomacy of 8harles II! he may have
revealed the role of reemasonry in Stuart politics$
In ";rose" vol$ +! p$ 308-09 "e see *$ S"ift "ritingD
"5he >ranch of the -odge of Solomon,s 5emple! after"ards call,d the -odge of St *ohn of
*erusalem $$$ is $$$ the 1ntientest and ;urest no" on #arth$ 5he famous old Scottish -odge of
.il"inning of "hich all the .ings of Scotland have been from 5ime to 5ime ?rand )asters
"ithout Interruption do"n from the days of ergus! "ho 7eign,d there more than 0AAA Oears
ago! long before the .nights of St$ *ohn of *erusalem or the .nights of )altha! to "hich t"o
-odges I must nevertheless allo" the /onour of having adorn,d the 1nticin *e"ish and ;agan
)asonry "ith many 7eligious and 8hristian 7ules$
ergus being eldest Son to the chief .ing of Ireland! "as carefully instructed in all the 1rts
and Sciences! especially the natural )agic(! and the 8aballistical ;hilosophy %after"ards
called the 7osecrution& by the pagan Druids of i,vlona! the only true 8abalists then #xtant in
the 'estern 'orld $$$
ergus before his Descent upon the ;icts in Scotland rais,d that famous Structure! call,d to
this Day 8arric(-ergus! the most misterious ;iece of 1rchitecture no" on #arth! %not
excepting the ;yramids of the #gyptian )asons! and their /ieroglyphic(s or ree )asons
signs& $$$ he built it as a -odge for a 8ollege of ree )asons in those days call,d Druids$"
1n exiled Scot and convert to "universalist" 8atholicism! 7amsay "rote S"ift to than( him for
supporting 5he 5ravels of 8yrus %1= 0 =&! 7amsay,s allegorical novel! "hich "as suffused
"ith *acobite and )asonic themes$ %116&
1 decade later! 7amsay revealed to the #cossais lodge in ;aris a *acobite version of
)asonic history that echoed and colaborated many of S"ift,s revelations in 1 -etter from the
8rand )istress$
S"ift stressed the *e"ish roots of )asonry! noting that it "as originally called 8abala! and he
revealed the initiates, preoccupation "ith 8abalistic gematria and notari(on$ %11:&
or their )asonic relationship! see )$.$ Schuchard! "7amsay! S"ift! and the *acobite-
)asonic +ersion of the Stuart 7estoration!" in #soterisme! ?nosis et Imaginaire Symbolique
%0AA1&! 691-:A$
7amsay similarly stressed the *e"ish origins and 8abalistic descent! noting that "5he secret
Science can be preserved pure only amongst ?od,s people!" the *e"s! because the )asons,
traditions$$$ are founded on the annals of the most ancient race in the! "orld! the only one! still
in existence "ith the same name as of old and not intermingled "ith other nations although so
"idely dispersed and also the only one that has preserved its ancient boo(s! "hereas those
of almost all other races are lost$" %11<&
'hile S"ift referred to the preservation of *e"ish secrets in lodges of "the .nights of St$ *ohn
of *erusalem or the .nights of )altha!" 7amsay described the concealment of Solomon,s
hieroglyphic "riting %"the original 8ode of our Crder"& in the foundations of the Second
5emple and its subsequent discovery by the crusading (nights "ho liberated *erusalem$
1ccording to S"ift and 7amsay! "hen the crusaders returned to #urope! they infused the
Solomonic secrets of 8abalism and 5emple building into their lodges$ )ore explicitly than
S"ift! 7amsay named "*ames! -ord Ste"ard of Scotland" as "?rand )aster of a -odge
established at .il"inning" in 108<! "hen he also initiated the #nglish #arl of ?loucester and
the Irish #arl of @lster$ Cbliquely identifying early )asonry "ith the 5emplars! 7amsay noted
that "an intimate union" "as formed "ith the .nights of St$ *ohn of 4erusalerd %the
/ospitallers,&$ @nli(e S"ift! he did not mention the .nights of )alta! "ho subsequently
absorbed 5emplar and /ospitaller traditions and "ho under"ent a short-lived revival in
Ireland during *ames II,s residence there in 1<9A$ Since the merging of the chivalric orders
into )asonry! the brothers continued to imitate their *e"ish forefathersD "5he union "as made
after the manner of the Israelites "hen they built the Second 5emple! "hilst some handled
the tro"el and the compasses! others defended them "ith s"ord and buc(ler$"
5hough little documentation survives concerning reemasonry at the turn of the seventeenth
century! the seeds "ere already planted for the almost startling gro"th of the fraternity in the
eighteenth century$ 1fter the accession of the #lector of /anover to the >ritish throne in 1=16!
the suppression of the *acobite rebellion of 1=1:! and the exposure of the *acobite- S"edish
plot of 1=1<! a rival system of "modern" /anoverian reemasonry "as established in 1=1=!
and it struggled in bitter competition "ith the "ancient" Stuart system until 1813$
Cutside of >ritain! the "ancients" recruited many more follo"ers and became associated "ith
nationalist movements in #astern #urope and 9orth and South 1merica$ or these
liberationists! the Scottish traditions of resistance to foreign domination and mystical elevation
of ordinary men to brotherhood "ith (ings seemed fraught "ith contemporary relevance$
5hroughout the eighteenth century! the "ancient" Stuart traditions "ere maintained in
clandestine *acobite lodges in >ritain and in the lodges of the Stuart diaspora$ 5he *e"ish
associations "ere carried on by rancis rancia %the ,*acobite *e""&! Dr$ Samuel *acob al(
%the ">aal Shem of -ondon"&! )artines de ;asqually %the "#lu 8ohen"&I the S"edish-Stuart
loyalties "ere preserved by 8arl PI- 8arl ?ustaf 5essin! 8arl ?yllenborg! #manuel
S"edenborg! and ?ustaf III$
CC59C5#S
1 David Stevenson! 5he Crigins of reemasongD Scotland,s 8entury %1:9A -1=1A& 8ambridge!
1988&! and 5he irst reemasonsD Scotland,s #arly -odges and 5heir )embers 1berdeen!
1988&$
0 -isa .ahler! "reemasonry in #dinburgh! 1=01-1=6<D Institutions and 8ontext" ;h$D$ 5hesis!
St$ 1ndre"s @niversity! 1998&$
3 Stevenson dra"s on rances Oates,s ?iordano >runo and the /ermetic 5radition -ondon!
19<6&! and 5he 1rt of 1lemog %-ondon! 19<<&$
6 Salo >aron! 1 Social and 7eligious /istory of the Oe"s! 0nd rev$ ed$ %193=I 9e" Oor(!
19<<&I #r"in ?oodenough! *e"ish Symbols in the ?reco-7oman ;eriod %9e" Oor(! 19:3,Q!I
?eorge Sarton! 1 /istog of Science %8ambridge! 19:9&I )ar( 'ischnit2er! 1 /istog o*
*e"ish 8rafts and ?uilds %9e" Oor(! 19<:&
: #lliot 'olfson! 5hrough a Speculum that ShinesD +ision and Imagination in )edieval *e"ish
)ysticism %;rinceton! 1996&$
< 1rthur 'illiamson! "1 ;il for ;or(-#aters,D #thnic Identity! 1pocalyptic ;remises! and the
Strange 8reation of the *udeo-Scots!" in 5he #xpulsion of the *e"sD 1690 and 1fter! ed$ 7$>$
'addington and 1$/$ 'illiamson %9e" Oor(! 1996&! 03= :8$
= D$ Stevenson! irst reemasons! 3$
8 or clear summaries of the revisionists, "or(s! see )aurice -ce! ?reat >ritain,s SolomonD
*ames III and I in /is 5hree .ingdoms %@rbana! 199A&I 7oger -oc(yer! *ames +I and I
%1998&I *ulian ?oodare and -)ichael -ynch! eds$! 5he 7eign of *ames +I %;hantassie! 0AAA&
I #veline 8ruic(shan(s! 5he ?lorious 7evolution %9e" Oor(! 0AAA&$
9 or the architectural-masque culture! see especially +aughan /art! 1rt and )agic in the
8ourt of the Stuarts %-ondon! 1996&$ or illustrations of its revival in eighteenth-century
S"edish #cossais lodges! see 8old and /immelblau$ Die Eeitloses Ideal %1bo! 1993&$ 1n
attempted revival of this 8ulture occurred in >ritain in the clandestine *acobite "7ite of
/eredom of .il"inning" %1=61 -18AA&
1A 8$ -ance >roc(man! ed$! 5heatre of the raternityD Staging the 7itual Space of the
Scottish 7ite of reemasons! 189<-1909 %)inneapolis! 199<&$
11 /artlib ;apersD 08B0B811$ #phermeridesD part I+$
10 8$ *osten! 1shmole! 11! =<1$
13 .incardine )S$:A:A$f$08 %18 1pril 1<:8&$ 1mhmole spent much time at 'indsor! "hile he
"or(ed on his history of the Crder of, the ?arter! and -auderdale spent man&! years in prison
there$ 5he t"o men became friends$
16 .incardine )S$:A:A$ff$66I see also ?oran >ehre! "?othenburg in Stuart 'ar Strategy!
1<69-1=<A!" in ?$ Simpson! Scotland and Scandinavia! 9A-99$
1: -$ 9icholas! 9icholas ;apers! III! 0:9$
1< D$ 8rips! #li2abeth$ 39-:A$
1= -auderdale! >ibliolheca 1<85$ ?$ >urnet! /istory! 1! 186$
18 ?$ >urnet! /istory 1! 186$
19 7outtedge! 8alendar $$$ 8larendon! 111! 3:! 0:9! 0=9$
0A 8larendon! /enry /yde! #arl of! 5he /istory of the 7ebellion and 8ivil 'ars in #ngland!
ed$ '$D$ )acray %CxfordD 8larendon! 1888&! +! 1=A-=1! 31<! 306-09$
01 ?$ >urnet! /istory! 1! 63=-39$
00 *$ 8lar(! "-ord >urlington!" 089-93! 3A6$
03 5 5hurloe! 8ollection! I+! :A! 1:<! 183$
06 $ 7outledge! 8alendar $$$ 8larendon! 111! 083$ ?eneral 1lexander /amilton! the
9e"castle initiate! died in December 1<69$
0: 7$ Plylne! )aster )asons! 108-09$ Spelling moderni2ed$
0< *$ 5hurloc! 8ollection! +II! 61<$
0= 5ed *amieson! ?eneral )onc( and the 7evolution %ort 'orthD 5exas 8hristian @niversity
;ress! 19=: ! 11-10$
08 /ubert en"ic(! 1rchitect 7oyalD 5he -ife and 'or(s of Sir 'illiam >ruce! 1AA 1=1A
%.inetonD 7ound"ood$ 19=A&! xiii! xvi! 6-9$
09 *! 1nderson! 8onstitutions %1=38&! 1A6$
3A ?$ >urnet! /isloil,! 1! 11=-18
31 '$ Eimmerman!+on den alten 2ur 9euen reimaurerei$
30 8$/$ *osten! #lias 1shmole! p$11 %19<<&
33 >ritish -ibraryD #velyn )S$<:$
36 'ren,s comment in 1ugust 1=1<I see 5homas /earne! 7eliquiae /eamianae! 0nd ed$! ed$
;hilip >liss %-ondon! 18<9&! 11! 39$
3: )anuscript presently in 7oyal Society! -ondonD 59IS$ 7egister >oo( %8&! IP! $06A :0$ It
"as copied into the 7egister >oo( circa 1=A8$
3< '$ Sanniel! "7eviexR of,$$$ >arbados$" 0:-0=! -16$
3= 9$ 7oth$ "Social and Intellectual 8urrents!" 180-83$
38 -$ 'olf,! ,*e"ry!" 1:=$
39 D$ .at2! "1bendana >rothers!" 3=-38$
6A ?$ >lac(! ">eginnings!" 6=3$
61 1$ -evy! "5he Crigins of Scottish *e"ry$ 5*/S#! 0A 19:9-<! 136--3!:$
60 D$ .at2 *e"s in /istory! 163$
63 1$ Sharie! "-eon!" 1:8$
66 5$ >irch$ /istory! 11! 9$
6: *acobi *ehuda -eonis de 5emplo /ierosolymitano% /elmstadtD *acob )ullerus!1<<:&! -ibri
I+! %d$0&
6< 7eproduced by *ohn 5horpe in "Cld )asonic )anuscript$ 1 ragment!" -odge of
7esearch! 9$ 0609 -eicester 5ransactions for the Oear 190<-0=! 6A-68$
6= 'allace )c-eod! "1dditions to the -ist of, Cld 8harges!" 1L8$ 9< 1983$ ) 99$
68 D$ Stevenson! Crigins! 1<3$
69 S$ 1(erman! 8hristina! 188-91$
:A /$ Cldenburg! 8orrespondence! 11! 681! <3=-111! 66=$
:1 7eprinted in 7$>$ M9athaniel 8ronchN! )emorable 7emar(& @pon the 1ncient and )odern
State of the *e"ish 9ation %>oltonD >$ *ac(son! 1=8<&! 68! 10:-<3
:0 Evi -o(er! F*uan de Ollan! )erchant 1dventurer and 8olonial ;romoter$ Studia
7osenthaliana$ 1= %1983&! 03$
:3 /$ Cldenburg! 8orrespondence! 111! xxvi-vii! 66=!
:6 *$ #velyn$ Diary! 11! 0=8I 111! 691$
:: 8harles 'ebster! rom ;aracelsus to 9e"ton %8ambridge @;! 1980&!08$
:< S$ ranco$ 5ruth! :8$
:= *ohn #velyn Imposters %1<<9& p$131 %8lar()emorial -ibrary! 19<8&
:8 *ohn #velyn$ 5he /istory of the ,5hree -ate amouss Impostors %1<<9&! 1ugustan 7eprint
Society! 131$ %-os 1ngelesD 8lar( )emorial -ibrary! 19<8&
:9 1$ 8oudert! Impact! 1::-:<! 18A- 8 1$
<A ;hilosophical 5ransactions! 11! no$ 31! pp$ <A0-A6$
<1 Dudley 1brahams! F*e" >ro(ers of the 8ity of -ondon!" )*/S#! III %193=& 8=-88$
<0 7$ -oeber! >ioq Dict$! 0:-0=$
<3 7oger >oyle! ,5he Dramatic 'or(s o 7oger >oyle! #arl Crreg! ed$ '$S$ 8lar( 8ambridgeD
/arvard @;! 193=,1! 1$ ' 11! <A1-13$
<6 8orrespondence of *ohn -oc(e! ed$ #$S$ dc >eer %CxfordD 8larendon! 19=<&! 11! 3AD 11!
399-6A6$
<: *$ 1nderson! 8onstitutions %1=38&! 1A:$
<< *$ #velyn! Diag! I+$ 116$
<= D$ Stevcnson! Crpns! 00< 03A$
<8 /$ Custon! "Oor( in #dinburgh!" 133$
<9 ;aul )onod! *acobitism and the #nglish ;eople! 1<88 1=88 %8ambridgeD 8ambridge @;!
1989&$ 3A3$
=A $)$?$ /igham! .ing *ames the Second$ %-ondonD /amish /amilton! 1936&! 66$
=1 #$ 8ruic(shan(s! ?lorious 7evolution! 6=$
=0 )$ ?lendinning! /istog! =1-86$
=3 .incardine 9IS-:A:A f$ 9:I Stevenson! Crigins$
=6 Sir ?eorge )ac(en2ie! 5he Science of /eraldry %#dinburghD printed by the heir of,
1ndre" 1nderson! 1<8A&! preface! 0$
=: 1lexander 9isbet! 1 System of /eraldry! Speculative and ;ractical %#dinburghD *$
)ac(uen! 1=00&!$ 116I he utili2ed )ac(en2ie,s manuscript collections on heraldry$
=< 7$ ?ould! /istory! If! <A$
== 7obert Sibbald! ,5he 7ernains of Sir 7obert Sibbald! .night! 1-D$ %#dinburg 1833&! 1:
1=! 3A$
=8 See 8atalogus >ibliothecae Sibbaldiane % #dinburgh! 1=A=&! and >ibliotheca Sibbaldiana
%#dinburgh! 1=00&$
=9 '$S$ 8raig! /istory of the 7oyal 8ollege of ;hysicians! %19=<& <1-<0$
8A 1$ -evy! "Crigins!" 136-3:$ 1medeus may have converted to 8hristianity by this time$
81 5he 8ount of ?abalisD trans$ ;$ 1yres %-ondon! 1<8A&! Dedication! 1-0$
80 1llison 8oudert! "1 Lua(er-.abbalist 8ontroversyD ?eorge ox,s 7eaction to rancis
)ercury van /elmont!" *'8I! 39 %19=<&! 1=A-89$
83 D$ Stevenson! irst reermasons! 13< 39! 160$
86 *ames Drummond! ourth #arl and irst Du(e of ;erth!" D+>$ or his )asonic affiliation!
see *ohn Oar(er! "Drummond-#arls of ;erth!" 1L8! 16 19A1" 138$
8: Stevenson! Crigins! 16=$
8< >$ -ittle! 'ren! 1A9$
8= ?eorge /ilton *ones! 8harles 1liddletonD ,5he Iife and 5imes of a 7estoration ;olitician$
%8hicago @;! 19<=&! 1A -1=$
88 #d"ard 8orp! -ord >urlington F5he )an and /is ;olitics "-e"istonD #d"in 9ellen! 1998!
0A$
89 5he Diary of Samuel ;epysD 1<<0 by Samuel ;epys! 7obert -atham! 'illiam )atthe"s$
9A 5$ >enady! "7ole of *e"s!" 6=$
91 *$8$ 7iley$ "8atholicism and the -ate Stuart 1rmyD the 5angier #pisode$" 7oyal Stuart
;apers PIIII /untingdonD 7oyal Stuart Society %1993&! 1 08$
90 *$ #velyn Diarry III! =:! ==! 86$
93 *$ 7iley! "8atholicism!" <=$
96 #nsign >ernard 5essin! member of 5he 5angier 7egiment in 1<83! "as probably /ans
#"ald,s son$ )artin >ec(man evidently! became a reemason in ScotlandD see /o"ard
5omlinson! "5he Crdnance Cffice and the .ing,s orts %1<1A& 1=11- 1=1< %19=3&! 1=$
9: *$ 7iley! "8atholicism!" 11 10$
9< or a critical examination of the false accounts given of, 8harles,s conversion! see 7$
/utton! 8harles 11! 663 6:$
9= 5$ Ct"ay! 'or(s! 11! 6:=-<:$
98 *$ 1nderson! 8onstilutiom %1=38&$ 1A:-A<$
99 -eo ?ooch! 5he Desperate actionJ 5he *acobites of 9orth-#ast #ngland %/ull @;!
199:&! 0A0n$16I also 39! 111$
1AA )$'$ linn! 1len %&f IronD ,5he 8ro"lg!s in the #adv Iron Indusiq %#dinburghD #dinburgh
@;! 19<0&! 1<! 39-6A$
1A1 ;$1$ /op(ins! "Sir *arnes )ontgomeric of S(elmorlie!" in #$ 8orp! Stuart 8ourt! :1 :<I
)ar( ?oldie! "5he 7oots of 5rue 'higgism!" /istory of ;olitical 5hought! %198A&! 008-09$
1A0 )$Schusshard "S"edenborg! *acobitisin! and reemasonry$" in #rland >roc(! ed$!
S"edenborg and /is Influence %1988&! 3:9 - =9$
1A3 8laude 9ordmann! ?ustave III$- un democrate couronne %-illeD ;resses @niversitaire!
198<&! 016 ) ran( 1S1c-ynn! 8harles #d"ard Stuart "1988I CxfordD Cxford @;! 1991 Q! :30-
3<$:&
1A6 *$ Summerson! 1rchitecture in >ritain! 1:3A 183A %-ondonD ;elican! 193:1&! 186$
1A: ?$ >ord! ranc-1lafonnerie! ::-: = -! )argaret *acob! -iring the #nlightenmentD
reemasong and ;olitics in #ighteenth-8entury #urope %CxfordD Cxford @;$ 1991&! 90$
1A< ;aul *efferv! ,5he 8io 8hurche!s of 8hristopher 'ren % 199<&! 08-09$
1A= 8harles 5rench! ?ace,s 8ard$- Irish 8atholic -andlords! 1<9A 18AA %DublinD )ercier!
199=&! 36I S$ )urphy! "Irish *acobitism!" =6 80$
1A8 *ohn /eron -epper! 5he ;ifferences >et"een #nglish and Irish 1lasonic 7ituals 5reated
/istoricall! %DublinD ?eorge /ealy$ 190A&! 1=! 03! 39$
1A9 *ohn 7obison! ;roofs of a 8onspiracy! %1=98&! 1=$ 5hough most historians rightfully scoff
at 7obison,s charges of a )asonic conspiracy in the 1=9A,s! they have not examined his
accounts of his personal experiences in #cossais lodges in the 1==A,s$ 5he latter material is
important for its insight into the Scottish-*acobite traditions that "ere preserved in various
#uropean )asonic rites$ 5hese latter descriptions are corroborated by the 8ontinental
)asonic documents published in 8harles ;orset ! -es ;hiladelphes el les 8onvent de ;aris
%1998&$
11A *$ S"ift! ;rase! +! 306$
111 'illiam 5emple! ive )iscellaneous #ssays! ed$ Samuel /olt %1nn 1rborD )ichigan @;$
19<3&! 0AA-A1I "Sir 'illiam 5emple!" D9>$
110 1rlington! letters! 6:A$
113 /$ ;aton$ "-etters from $$$ -auderdale!" 1=3! 181! 19A! 036-3!&$
116 See 5he 8orrespondence of *onathan S"ift$ ed$ /arold 'illiams %19<3&! 111! 003! 331D
1lbert 8herel! In 1dvenurier 7eligieux an P+II e Siecle! 1$)$ 7ainvil %190<&
11: *$S"ift! ;rose$ +$ 30: 3A$
11< 8$ >athain! "7amsay!" 3A1-A0$