Analog Communication Unit2 Vtu
Analog Communication Unit2 Vtu
UNIT - 2
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Generation of DSBSC waves: balanced modulator, ring modulator. Coherent detection of
DSBSC modulated waves, Costas loop.
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TEXT BOOKS:
1. Communication Systems, Simon Haykins, 5thEdition, John Willey, India Pvt. Ltd, 2009.
2. An Introduction to Analog and Digital Communication, Simon Haykins, John Wiley India
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Pvt. Ltd., 2008.
RAGHUDATHESH G P
Asst Prof
ECE Dept, GMIT
Davangere 577004
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Cell: +917411459249
Mail: [email protected]
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Quotes:
1. Live as if you were to die tomorrow learn as if you were live forever.
2. Commitment leads to action. Action brings your dream closer.
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AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Communication:
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Basic Block Diagram of a Communication System:
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The information source produces the information which will be in the form of voice,
video and text. This information stored is electrical in nature (transmitter converts non-
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electrical signal into electrical one).
The O/P of the information source is fed to the transmitter where a process called
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modulation is carried out in which the information signal is superimposed on the carrier
signal, the modulation is then sent through the channel to the destination.
The channel is medium through which the information signal travels. The communication
through the channel may be wired or wireless communication.
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If the information signal flows through wire or transmission lines, the communication
system is said to be line or wired communication system. In line communication the
transmitter and receiver are connected through cables.
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The noise can be either natural (lighting & radiating from sun & stars) or man made
(ignitions, welding, electric motion).Even though noise cannot be completely eliminated,
its effect can be reduced by using various techniques.
The output of channel is then given to receiver where a process called demodulation or
detection is carried to extract the information signal from modulated carrier. The
information signal is then fed to the output devices, Such as loud speaker, monitor &
printer etc.
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Classification of Communication System:
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Based on the method used for signal transmission we can categories the communication
systems as:
1. Baseband transmission systems.
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Baseband Signals:
The information or the input signal to a communication system can be analog (sound,
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picture) or it can be digital (computer data). The electrical equivalent of the original information
signal is known as the baseband signal.
Ex.: 1. telephone networks where the sound signal converted into the electrical signal is placed
directly on the telephone lines for transmission (local calls).
2. Computer data transmission over the coaxial cables in the computer networks.
Thus the baseband transmission is the transmission of the original information signal as it is.
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because the voice signal (in the electrical form) cannot travel long distance in air. It gets
suppressed after a short distance.
3. Thus, for the radio communication of baseband signals a technique called modulation is
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used.
Modulation:
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Definition: Modulation is a process by which certain characteristics of a carrier (high
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frequency signal) are varied instantaneously in accordance with the
modulating/message/information signal (narrow band signal).
The 3 characteristics of a carrier are:
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1. Amplitude.
2. Frequency.
3. Phase.
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One of the above characteristics is varies in accordance with the modulating signal.
Message/information signal is referred to as the modulating signal and the result of
modulation process is referred to as modulated signal.
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Note: All the information is contained in the “varying characteristics” of the carrier but
carrier itself does not contain any information.
The baseband signal will modify the amplitude or frequency or phase of the carrier in the
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phase constant.
2. Frequency Modulation [FM]: Frequency of the carrier is varied in accordance
with the instantaneous amplitude of the baseband signal keeping the amplitude
and phase constant.
3. Phase Modulation [PM]: Phase of the carrier is modified in accordance with the
instantaneous amplitude of the baseband signal keeping the amplitude and
frequency constant.
Need/Necessity/Reason/Advantage of Modulation:
The low frequency signal such as voice, video and text cannot be directly transmitted
using antenna because these low frequency signals are heavily attenuated in the space
and are corrupted by noise. So the message signals are always transmitted using a
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technique called modulation.
In the process of modulation, the baseband signal is "translated" i.e. shifted from low
frequency to high frequency.
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The modulation process has the following advantages:
1. Reduction in the height of antenna
2. Avoids mixing of signals
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3. Increases the range of communication
4. Multiplexing is possible
5. Improves quality of reception.
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1. Reduction in height of antenna:
For the transmission of radio signals, the antenna height must be a multiple of ( ).
Here λ is the wavelength. .
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where :
c is velocity of light and
f = the frequency of the signal to be transmitted.
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Now consider a modulated signal at f = 1MHz. The minimum antenna height is given by,
This antenna can be easily installed practically. Thus modulation reduces the height of
the antenna.
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3. Increases the range of communication:
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The frequency of baseband signals is low, and the low frequency signals can't travel a
long distance when they are transmitted. They get heavily attenuated (suppressed).
The attenuation reduces with increase in frequency of the transmitted signals, and they
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4. Multiplexing is possible:
Multiplexing means two or more signals can be transmitted over the same
communication channel simultaneously. This is possible only with modulation.
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Classification of Modulation System:
Various types of practically used modulation systems are as follows:
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Amplitude Modulation:
Definition: Amplitude of the carrier is varied in accordance with the instantaneous
amplitude of the baseband/modulating signal keeping its frequency and phase constant.
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is transmitted by a transmitter. The information in the AM signal is contained in
the amplitude variations of the carrier of the envelope shown by dotted lines in
Figure above.
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4. In the above figure the frequency and phase of the carrier remain constant.
5. Now let the AM waveform for m(t) be a square wave as shown below. Here, the
principal of AM remains same with the non sinusoidal modulating signal.
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--------------------- (1)
Here
Ac = Peak amplitude of the carrier
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fc = Carrier frequency in Hz, and
The standard form of AM wave is represented as,
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-------------- (2)
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In the above expression "ka" is a constant which is called as the modulation index or
amplitude sensitivity of the modulator.
In the Equation (2), the term is called as the instantaneous amplitude
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of the modulated wave and it is denoted by a(t). It is also called as the envelope of the
AM wave.
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------------------------------ (3)
The second term in Equation (2) is which shows the frequency of AM wave
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s(t) is same as the carrier frequency fc and the shape of AM wave is sinusoidal.
Percentage Modulation:
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Removing the mod sign, expression for the envelope is given as,
For this case the percentage modulation will be less than or equal to 100%.
This type of modulation is known as linear amplitude modulation.
The Amplitude modulated waveforms for this case are as shown below
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Case II: Over modulation:
Here for some values of t.
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Important Observations:
The envelope of the AM wave has exactly the same shape and has one-to-one
correspondence with the message signal if the percentage modulation is less than or equal
to 100 %.
No such correspondence is observed when the percentage modulation is greater than 100
%. Thus envelope distortion takes place and the AM wave is said to be overmodulated.
Due to above reason the shape of the AM wave envelope should be same as that of the
modulating signal because this reduces the complexity of the demodulator circuit to a
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great extent.
The above condition can achieved if the following 2 conditions are satisfied:
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1. The percentage modulation should be less than 100 % to avoid the envelope
distortion.
2. The message bandwidth "W" of the modulating signal should be small as
compared to carrier frequency fc which will help to visualize the envelope a(t)
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satisfactorily.
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Frequency Domain Description (Frequency Spectrum of AM Wave):
Below equation defines the equation for standard AM wave s(t) as a function of time.
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---------------------- (1)
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To develop the frequency description of the above AM wave, we will take the Fourier
transform of both side of the equation (1).
Let S(f) denotes the Fourier transform of s(t).
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Let M(f) denotes the Fourier transform of the message signal m(t); here M(f) is the
message spectrum.
Thus,
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---------------------- (2)
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As and
Thus we get,
-------- (3)
Here,
= Left shifted weighted delta function Shifted delta functions
= Right shifted weighted delta function
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We can plot the spectrum of AM wave from Equation (3) as shown in Figure (A) below.
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Here we select the triangular shape of the spectrum M(f) which is arbitrary. We can
choose any other shape. Above figure (A) shows the double sided spectrum of AM wave,
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but note that the negative frequencies are imaginary, and used for mathematical
convenience. The single sided spectrum of an AM wave is shown in Figure (B) below
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Spectral Description:
Figure (A) shows the spectrum of modulating signal M(f) and the double sided
spectrum of the AM wave. Negative frequency spectrum does not actually exist.
Figure (B) shows the single sided spectrum of AM wave.
Upper side band: The portion of the AM wave spectrum lying above the carrier
frequency is called as upper sideband or USB. The frequency components
corresponding to USB range from to , as shown in Figure (B)
Lower side band: The portion of AM wave spectrum which extends below the
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carrier frequency fc is called as the lower sideband LSB. The frequency
components corresponding to LSB;.range from to , as shown in
Figure (B)
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Highest and Lowest Frequencies: From Figure (B) it is evident that the highest
frequency in the spectrum of an AM wave is equal to .
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----------------------- (4)
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And the lowest frequency in the spectrum is equal to .
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— ----------------------- (5)
-
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Single-Tone Modulation:
Consider a modulating wave/signal m(t) consists of a single tone or only one frequency
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-------------------------- (1)
Here,
Am = Amplitude of the modulating wave.
fm = Modulating frequency.
In this case we need to find time and frequency domain characteristics of the resulting
AM wave.
Time Domain Description:
Equation for the generalized AM signal is
----------------------- (2)
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---------------- (3)
Here,
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---------------- (4)
Equation (4) represents the time domain description of the single tone modulation.
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Here, µ = modulation index/depth/factor.
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Figure below shows the time domain description of the single tone modulation.
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present in the AM wave and what their amplitudes are. Consider the equation,
---------- (1)
--------- (2)
------- (3)
---------------- (4)
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Figure below shows the double sided spectrum of single tone AM wave
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Modulation Index:
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In AM wave the modulation index (µ) is defined as the ratio of amplitudes of the
modulating and carrier waves and is given as below,
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-------------- (1)
When the modulation index “µ” has values between 0 and 1 and no distortion
is introduced in the AM wave.
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If then µ is greater than 1 it will distort the shape of AM signal. The distortion
is called as "over modulation."
The modulation index is also called as modulation factor, modulation depth, modulation
coefficient or degree of modulation.
Modulation index is expressed as percentage it is called as "percentage modulation".
------------------- (2)
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To calculate modulation index "µ", we must represent Am and Ac in terms of Amax and
Amin.
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From the figure we can write,
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----------------------- (1)
------------------------ (2)
Putting (1) in (2) we get,
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--------------------- (3)
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------------------------------- (1)
Here,
Acarrier = rms value of the carrier.
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AUSB = rms value of the USB sideband.
ALSB = rms value of the LSB sideband.
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R = characteristic resistance of antenna in which the total power is dissipated.
------------------- (3)
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Total Power:
----------------------------- (5)
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---------------------------- (6)
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Equation above tells us about the relation between the total power of AM wave and the
power contents of an unmodulated carrier.
With increase in the value of "µ", total power also increases.
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Pt will be maximum for µ = 1 and it will be 1.5 Pe.
--------------------------- (1)
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The total power Pt of an AM wave can be expressed in terms of currents I t which is rms
current for AM wave and R be the characteristic impedance of an antenna through which
these currents flow. Then,
R
------------------------ (1)
---------------------- (2)
----------------------- (3)
P
----------------------- (4)
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---------------------- (5)
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es -------------------- (6)
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Transmission Efficiency:
contains information (i.e. the total sideband power) to the total transmitted power.
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------------------------ (1)
------------------------ (2)
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The total modulating signal will be the sum of these two in the time domain.
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------------------------- (1)
[1+ ] cos2π
cos2π
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cos2π
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But thus,
cos2π
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----------------- (3)
The Equation (3) shows that in the AM wave along with carrier there are four sideband
components.
There are two USB components at frequencies ( fc+f1 ) and (fc + f2) and two LSB
components at frequencies (fc-f1) and (fc-f2). The frequency spectrum of AM wave is as
shown in Figure below
Thus for every modulating signal two sidebands are produced. The amplitude of the
sidebands is proportional to the corresponding modulation index.
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Total Power in Multitone AM Wave:
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------------------ (1)
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We know that
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--------------------- (2)
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Extending the concept to the AM wave with n number of modulating signals with
modulating indices µ1,µ2…..,µn the total power is given by,
------------------ (3)
For the AM wave with two modulating signals let us assume that the effective
modulation index is µt. Therefore substitute µt for µ in Equation (A) we get,
------------------------- (1)
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Comparing equation (1) and equation (3) of previous derivation we get,
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------------------ (2)
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Bandwidth with several modulating signals:
Looking into the spectrum of AM wave shown in Figure below. As there are 2
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modulating signals, the bandwidth of Multitone AM wave is given by,
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-------------------- (1)
---------------------- (1)
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--------------------- (2)
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Let , Then
= 0.333
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Thus, only 33.333% of power is used and 66.66% is present in carriers.
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Problems:
1. A modulating signal 10 sin (2π x 103t) is used to modulate a carrier signal 20 sin (2π x 104t).
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Find the modulation index, percentage modulation, frequencies of the sideband components and
their amplitudes. What is the bandwidth of the modulated signal?
Solution:
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Modulation Index:
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Percentage Modulation:
Upper Sideband:
Lower Sideband:
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Bandwidth:
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Bandwidth
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modulating signal. Calculate the sideband power, total power and the transmission efficiency of
the AM wave.
Solution:
Given: Pc = 10 kW, µ = 0.8
Sideband power:
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Total Power:
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Transmission Efficiency:
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4. The antenna current of an AM transmitter is 8 Amp. When only carrier is transmitted, but
increases to 9 Amp, when the carrier is modulated by a single sine wave. Find the percent
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modulation. Find the total antenna current if the modulation index is changed to 0.9
Solution:
Given: Ic = 8 Amp, It = 9 Amp
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When modulation index is changed to 0.9 then,
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5. A transmitter radiates 10 kW power with the carrier unmodulated and 10.5 kW, when the
carrier is modulated by one sinusoidal signal. Calculate the modulation index. If another
modulating signal corresponding to 30% modulation is transmitted simultaneously determine the
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6. The antenna current of an AM transmitter is 10 Amp when it is modulated to a depth of 30%
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by an audio signal. It is increased to 11 Amp when another signal modulates the carrier. What
will be the modulation index due to second wave?
Solution:
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Given: It1 = 10 Amp, m1 = 0.3, It2 = 11 Amp
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Also,
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7. The carrier wave is represented by the equation, . Draw the wave form of an
AM wave for µ = 0.5.
Solution:
Given: , µ = 0.5
Thus, to draw the AM wave form 1 st we have to find the amplitudes of carrier, modulating
signal, maximum and minimum amplitudes of AM wave.
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Amplitude of Modulating Signal (Am):
Equation for modulation index is,
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Maximum and Minimum Amplitudes of AM Wave:
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Wave form of an AM wave for µ = 0.5 as below:
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8. The carrier amplitude after AM varies between 4 v and 1 v. Calculate depth of modulation.
Solution:
Given: Amax = 4 v, Amin = 1 v
9. The antenna current of AM broadcast transmitter modulates to the depth of 40% by an audio
sine wave of 11 Amp. It is increased to 12 Amp as a result of simultaneous modulation by
another audio sinewave. What is the modulation index due to the second wave?
Solution:
Given: µ1=0.4, It1=11 Amp, It2=12 Amp.
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Calculating Total Modulation index (µt): es
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10. A certain transmitter radiates 10 kW with carrier unmodulated and 12 kW when the carrier is
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Calculate the total modulation index µt:
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New transmitted power is:
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11. A multitone modulating signal has the following time-domain form:
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We know that
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Amplitude Spectrum of AM Wave is as shown below
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12. Consider the message signal volts and the carrier wave
Volts.
a. Give the time-domain expression for the resulting conventional AM wave for 75%
modulation.
b. Find the power developed across a load of 100 Ω due to this AM wave.
c. Sketch to scale resulting AM wave for 75% modulation.
d. Sketch the Spectrum of the Wave.
Solution:
Given: message signal volts
Carrier wave volts
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Modulation index µ = 0.75
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But
es ---------------- (1)
Here
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c. Sketch of AM Wave:
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d. Spectrum of the Wave:
Time-domain expression for the AM wave is
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--------- (2)
Taking Fourier transform on both sides for equation (2)
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Spectrum:
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13. An audio frequency signal 10sin2π (500)t is used to amplitude modulate a carrier of
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Bandwidth required:
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14. Am amplitude modulated signal represented by
v.
Determine the following:
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a. Modulation index corresponding to each frequency
b. Various frequency components present
c. Sketch the line frequency spectrum
d. Bandwidth
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Solution:
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Given:
-------- (1)
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----------- (3)
Comparing equation (1) and (2), we get
µ1=0.5, µ2=0.2
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Bandwidth:
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Generation of AM Waves:
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A square law modulator circuit is as shown in Figure above. It consists of the following 3
essential components:
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1. A summer circuit for summing carrier source and modulating signal
2. A nonlinear device
3. A bandpass filter
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The summer circuit is implemented by connecting modulating signal m(t) and carrier
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signal c(t) in series with each other
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---------------- (1)
Their sum V1(t) is applied at the input of the nonlinear device, such as diode, transistor
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etc. The I/O relation for nonlinear device follows square law if the input to the non-linear
device is a low level signal. Thus, square law is given as follows,
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-------------------- (2)
Here,
a1, a2 = device constant
V2(t) = output of nonlinear device
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----------- (3)
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In the above equation there are 3 frequency components:
Two terms centered around carrier frequency fc. They are
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.
Component frequency greater than fc. They are .
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Component frequency lower than fc. They are .
less than fc are unwanted terms.
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The require term is centered around fc and components having frequency greater than and
By passing the signal through a bandpass filter which is tuned to fc we can select the
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unwanted term and can be eliminated.
Thus, output of the bandpass filter is,
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Switching Modulator:
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The switching modulator is as shown in the figure above.
Diode is used in the above circuit. It is assumed to be ideal i.e, when the input voltage is
greater than zero the device is closed and offers zero impedance. When input voltage is
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less than or equal to zero volts the device is open and offers infinite impedance.
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The circuit exploits the switching characteristics of the diode i.e, modulation is
produces by switching on and off the diode.
Let m(t) be the message signal and c(t)=Ac cos2πfct be the carrier wave.
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It is assumed that the amplitude of the carrier is much larger than that of the message
signal i.e., m(t)<<c(t), and c(t) decides the status of the diode thus the input to the diode
is,
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------------ (1)
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Thus the output of the diode varies between zero and V1(t) at the rate of the carrier
frequency,
The turning on and off the diode can be modeled as a rectangular train of pulses g p(t)
where amplitude being one and frequency is fc as shown below
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Mathematically the diode output can be represented as
es -------- (2)
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gp(t) can be represented using Fourier series as,
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------- (3)
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The odd harmonics components are unwanted and are removed by passing them through
band pass filter. Thus, expanding the summation for n=1 we get
The above equation contains higher order frequencies, lower order frequencies f c
frequency terms. By passing the signal through a band pass filter we get the fc term.
Thus, output of switching modulator is
------------ (4)
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Expression for standard AM wave is,
------------ (6)
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Comparing the equations (5) and (6) we get,
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In this wave AM wave is generated using switching modulator.
Detection of AM Waves:
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The process of detection or demodulation is a method of recovering the message signal
from a received modulated wave/signal.
The process of detection is exactly opposite to that of modulation and is as shown in the
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figure.
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It contains two parts:
1. Non Linear Device (NLD).
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2. Low pass filter.
The output of the non linear device can be represented as
----------------- (1)
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Where
V1(t) = input of NLD (amplitude modulated wave).
V1(t) = Ac(1+kam(t))cos2πfctes
Substituting V1(t) in equation (1) we get
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Out these terms the only desired term is which is due to the term
due which it is termed as square law detector.
The only desired term is obtained by passing the above signal through a low pass filter
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we get,
------------------- (2)
This term is an unwanted signal and will give rise to the signal distortion. The ratio of
desired signal to the undesired one is given as follows,
--------------- (3)
We should maximize the ratio in order to minimize the distortion. We can achieve this by
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choosing | | small as compared to unity for all value of t. but if is small then the
AM wave is weak.
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Envelope Detector:
It is a simple and very efficient device which is suitable for the detection of a narrowband
AM signal. A narrowband AM signal is one in which the carrier frequency f c is much
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higher as compared to the bandwidth of the modulating signal.
AM signal exactly.
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An envelope detector produces an output signal that follows the envelope of the input
Operation Logic:
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As soon as the capacitor charges to the peak value, the diode stops
conducting.
The capacitor will discharge through R between the positive peaks as shown
in the Figure below.
During the -ve half cycle of the input:
The diode is reverse biased
The capacitor will discharge through R.
Waveform Description:
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The input-output waveforms for the envelope detector are shown in Figure below. It
shows the charging/discharging of the filter capacitor and the approximate output
voltage.
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It can be seen from these waveforms, that the envelope of the AM wave is being
recovered successfully.
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Design Criteria:
1. Fast charging
2. Slow Discharging
The capacitor charges through D and R s when the diode is on and it discharges through R
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--------------- (1)
Slow Discharging:
The discharging time constant RC should be long enough so that the capacitor discharges
slowly through the load resistance R.
This time constant should not be too long which will not allow the capacitor voltage to
discharge at the maximum rate of change of the envelope.
--------------- (2)
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Diagonal clipping:
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This type of distortion occurs when discharge time constant is too large.
If the discharge time is too long then the detection circuit cannot follow the fast charge in
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the envelop, resulting in a portion in the –ve half cycle lossed or clipped as shown in the
above figure.
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This type of distortion occurs due to a fact that the modulation index on the output side of
the detector is greater than that on its input side.
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Advantages of AM:
1. AM transmitters are less complex.
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2. AM receivers are simple, detection is easy.
3. AM receivers are cost effective.
4. AM waves can travel a long distance.
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5. Low bandwidth.
Disadvantages of AM (DSBFC): es
The AM signal is also called as "Double Sideband Full Carrier (DSBFC)" signal. The two main
disadvantages of this technique are:
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1. Power wastage takes place.
2. AM needs larger bandwidth.
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information is contained in the two sidebands only. But the sidebands are images of each
other and hence both of them contain the same information. Thus all the information can
be conveyed by only one sideband.
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------------------ (1)
-------------- (2)
Out of the three terms in Equation (1), carrier component does not contain any
information and one sideband is redundant. So out of the total power the
wasted power is given by:
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Effect of Noise:
When the AM wave travels from the transmitter to receiver over a communication
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channel, noise gets added to it.
The noise will change the amplitude of the envelope of AM in a random manner. As the
information is contained in the amplitude variations of the AM wave, the noise will
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contaminate the information contents in the AM. Hence the performance of AM is very
poor in presence of noise.
Applications of AM:
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1. Radio broadcasting.
2. Picture transmission in a TV system.
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Problems:
15. using the message signal , obtain the expression for AM wave when the
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c. 125%
Also sketch the modulated AM wave for the above percentage modulation.
Solution:
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------------- (1)
To determine maximum value of m(t), we should differentiate the equation (3) and equate it to
zero thus,
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Putting the value t in equation (3) we get,
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Putting the value in equation (2) we get,
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Putting the value in equation (1) we get,
es ---------------- (4)
Thus,
t 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
m(t) 0 0.192 0.345 0.44 0.49 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.235 0.192
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For µ=0.5,
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For µ=1,
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For µ=1.25,
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16. A 250 W carrier of 1000 kHz is simultaneously modulated by sinusoidal signals of 2 kHz, 6
kHz and 8 kHz with modulation indices of 35 %, 55 % and 75 respectively. What are the
frequencies present in the modulated wave, Effective modulation index and what is the radiated
power?
Solution:
Given: Pc = 250 W, fc = 1000 kHz, fml = 2 kHz, fm2 = 6 kHz, fm3 = 8 kHz, m1 = 0.35, m2 = 0.55,
m3 = 0.75.
Frequencies present in the modulated wave:
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The modulated wave consists of the following frequency components:
Carrier fc = 1000 kHz.
Sidebands of fm1 i.e. fc+ fm1 = 1002 kHz and fc - fm1 = 998 kHz.
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Sidebands of fm2 i.e. fc + fm2 = 1006 kHz and fc - fm2 = 994 kHz.
Sidebands of fm3 i.e. fc + fm3 = 1008 kHz and fc - fm3 = 992 kHz.
Effective modulation index:
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Radiated power:
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17. An AF signal 20 sin (2 π x500 t) is used to amplitude modulate a carrier of 50 sin ( 2 π x 105
t ). Calculate :
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a. Modulation index
b. Sideband frequencies
c. Amplitude of each sideband frequency
d. Bandwidth required
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Sideband frequencies:
Upper sideband fUSB = fc+ fm = 100.5 kHz,
Lower sideband fLSB = fc-fm = 99.5 kHz.
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G
Bandwidth required:
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18. A carrier wave c(t) = 4 sin (2π x500x103t) is amplitude modulated by an audio wave x(t) =
0.2 sin 3 [ ( 2π x 500 t )] + 0.1 sin 5 [ ( 2π x 500 t) ]. Determine the upper and lower sidebands
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and sketch the complete spectrum of the modulated wave. Estimate the total power in the
sidebands.
Solution:
Given:
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Thus, it consists of two sinewaves. The peak amplitude of the first sinewave is "0.2" and its
frequency is fml = 1500 Hz. The peak amplitude of the second sinewave is “0.1" and its
frequency fm2 = 2500 Hz.
The USB and LSB corresponding to the second modulating signal are at,
USB2 = (fc + fm2) = 500 kHz + 2.5 kHz = 502.5 kHz
LSB2 = (fc - fm2) = 500 kHz- 2.5 kHz = 497.5 kHz
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Modulation index for the first signal,
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Modulation index for the second signal,
h
(c) Sideband amplitudes:
Amplitudes of USB1 and LSB1 will be:
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Amplitudes of USB2 and LSB2 will be:
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19. The rms antenna current of AM transmitter increases by 15% over its unmodulated value,
when sinusoidal modulation by 1 kHz is applied. Determine the modulation index.
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Solution:
Let It = rms antenna current of modulated signal.
Ic = rms antenna current of unmodulated signal.
G
Thus,
We have,
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20. In AM signal, power in upper sideband is 500 W for 100 % modulation. Determine the
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power in carrier.
Solution:
Given: PUSB = 500 W, µ = 1
Thus,
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21. An AM transmitter radiates 9 kW of carrier power and delivers at its output 10.124 kW of
power. What is the depth of modulation? If the same carrier is modulated with a sinewave of 40
% modulation then find the total transmitted power. Now if both the signals simultaneously
modulate this carrier then what is the resultant transmitted power?
Solution:
Given: Pc= 9 kW, Pt = 10.124 kW
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Pt when both signals modulate simultaneously:
h
Total modulation index is,
22. A complex modulating waveform consisting of a sine wave of amplitude 3V and frequency
1000 Hz plus a cosine wave of amplitude 5V and frequency 3000 Hz, amplitude modulates a
carrier of 500 kHz and 10V peak. Plot the spectrum of modulated wave and determine the
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average power when the modulated wave is fed into a 50Ω load.
Solution:
Given: Am1 = 3V, Am2 = 5V, Ac = 10V
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The spectrum of AM signal consists of three frequency components namely the carrier, upper
sideband and lower sideband.
The frequencies of these components are:
Carrier
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The amplitudes of the upper and lower sidebands are given by,
Amplitudes of USB1 and LSB1 is:
h
Amplitudes of USB2 and LSB2 is:
The complete spectrum is as shown below,
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Also,
23. An AM signal with a carrier of 1 kW has 200 Watts in each sideband. What is the percentage
of modulation?
Solution:
Given: Pc = 1000 W, PUSB = PLSB = 200 W
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h
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24. A sinusoidal carrier V c=100cos(2πx105t) is amplitude modulated by a sinusoidal voltage
Vm=50cos(2πx103t) upto a modulation depth of 50 %. Calculate the amplitude and frequency of
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each sideband and the rms voltage of the modulated carrier.
Solution:
Given: Ac = 100 V, Am = 50 V, µ = 0.5, fc = 100 kHz, fm = 1 kHz
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------ (1)
----- (3)
Putting (2) and (3) in (1)
25. A sinusoidal carrier has amplitude of 10 V and frequency 30 kHz. It is amplitude modulated
by a sinusoidal voltage of amplitude 3V and frequency 1 kHz. Modulated voltage is developed
across a 50Ω resistance.
a. Determine the modulation index.
b. Write the equation for modulated wave.
c. Plot the modulated wave showing maxima and minima of waveform.
d. Draw the spectrum of modulated wave.
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e. Calculate the total average power.
f. Calculate the power carried by the sidebands.
Solution:
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Given: Ac = 10 V, Am = 3 V, fc = 30 kHz, fm = 1 kHz, RL = 50Ω
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b. Thus Equation is given as,
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e. total average power:
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f. power carried by the sidebands:
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26. For an AM DSBFC envelope with +Vmax = 20 V and +Vmin = 4 V, determine the following:
a. Peak amplitude of the carrier
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c. Peak amplitude of the upper and lower side frequencies:
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27. Suppose nonlinear devices are available for which the output current io, input voltage vi, are
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related by where al and a3 are constants. Explain how these devices could be
used to produce a DSBSC wave.
Solution:
Given:
Let
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, thus i0 becomes,
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------------- (1)
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As, and
Thus,
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------------ (2)
Taking Fourier transforms on both sides of the above equations we get,
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Spectrum Plotting
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Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC):
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Definition:
“Type of amplitude modulation in which the carrier is suppressed/removed before
transmission”.
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“Type of transmission where only two sidebands are transmitted without the carrier”.
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Time-Domain description:
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Let m(t) be the message signal band limited to “W” Hz. C(t)=Accos2πfct be the carrier
wave. Then DSB-SC modulated wave can represent by,
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---------------- (1)
The DSB-SC waveform undergoes a phase reversal at the zero crossing point of the
message signal and thus the envelop of DSB-SC is completely different from that of
DSB-FC as shown below.
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below.
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From the above spectrum we can clearly see that the DSB-SC comprises only two side
bands and there is no carrier wave.
The upperside band is located from fc to fc+W.
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Thus, the bandwidth required for DSB-SC wave is same as the standard wave.
Note:
DSB-SC modulated wave can be generated simply multiplying m(t) and c(t) using a
multiplier circuit as shown below
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The product of the modulator circuit is the DSB-SC modulated wave. This multiplier
circuit is also known as Product modulator.
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Single Tone DSB-SC Modulation:
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In single tone DSB-SC modulation, the message signal m ( t) will be a sinusoidal signal
and it is represented as,
----------- (1)
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Here Am = amplitude and fm = frequency of the modulating signal
This is the time domain representation/description of the single tone DSB-SC wave. The
figure below shows the DSB-SC modulated wave.
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This is the spectrum of .DSB-SC modulated wave, which contains the delta functions at
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frequencies ( ) and ( ) as shown in Figure below.
G
h
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The spectrum shows that the DSB-SC wave consists only of the two sidebands (USB and
LSB) at frequencies ( ) and ( ) respectively.
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Power Saving:
Due to the suppression of carrier, a lot of power saving takes place in DSB-SC. At 100%
P
modulation, µ = 1 the percent power saving is given by (P c/1.5 Pc) i.e. 66.66% shown as
below
The total power in AM wave,
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At 100 % depth of modulation µ = 1,
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At 50 % depth of modulation µ = 0.5,
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Transmission bandwidth:
The transmission bandwidth of DSB-FC with a single tone modulation is 2fm where fm is
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the frequency of the modulating signal. Thus transmission bandwidth of DSB-SC is same
as that of the standard AM wave.
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The block diagram of a balanced modulator (BM) is shown in Figure above. It consists of
two standard amplitude modulators arranged in the balanced configuration, so as to
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suppress the carrier completely.
Both the standard amplitude modulators are fed from a common carrier wave
phase reversal as shown in Figure.
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Both the standard amplitude modulators are fed with a same message signal but with a
The outputs of the standard AM modulators are fed to a summer circuit to get the
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difference of two standard AM waves and this is the DSB-SC modulated wave.
Let s1(t) represent the output of the modulator with a no-phase reversal message signal as
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input.
------------ (1)
Let s2(t) represent the output of the modulator with a phase reversal message signal as
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input.
------------ (2)
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------------ (3)
The above equation is the DSB-SC modulated wave.
Taking Fourier transform on both sides for equation (3) we get,
-------------- (4)
Spectrum of above equation is as shown below,
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Ring Modulator:
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It consists of
1. Four diodes or Diode Bridge.
2. An audio frequency transformer T1
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3. An RF transformer T2
T1 and T2 are selected in such a way that they are balanced.
The diode bridge consists of 4 diodes D1 to D4 connected in series back to back forming a
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Waveforms are as shown below,
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hu
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Thus,
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Taking Fourier transform on both sides for equation we get,
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Its spectrum is as shown below,
h
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hu
From the spectrum it is clear that to obtain DSB-SC wave the output of the ring
modulator has to passed to the bandpass filter with the centre frequency of fc Hz and
bandwidth of 2W Hz.
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Vo(t)
DSB-SC signal s(t) Product Modulator m(t) Low Pass Filter
c’(t)=cos(2πfct)
Local Oscillator
The coherent detector for the DSB-SC signal is shown in Figure above. The DSB-SC
wave s (t) is applied to a product modulator in which it is multiplied with the locally
generated carrier cos (2πfet).
Here the locally generated carrier is exactly coherent or synchronized in both frequency
and phase, with the original carrier wave c (t) used, to generate the DSB-SC wave. This
method of detection is therefore called as coherent detection or synchronous detection.
The output of the product modulator is applied to the low pass filter which eliminates all
the unwanted frequency components and produces the message signal as proved below.
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Analysis of Coherent Detection:
Let the output of the local oscillator be given by,
G
--------- (1)
Thus its amplitude is 1 (unity), frequency is fc and the phase difference is arbitrary
h
equal to equation (1). This phase difference has been measured with respect to the
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original carrier c (t) at the DSB-SC generator.
Hence the output of the product modulator is given by,
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--------- (2)
Here,
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------- (4)
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Equation (4) shows that the output of product modulator i.e. m (t) consists of two terms.
The first one represents the message signal m (t) with an amplitude of . So this
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--------- (5)
Thus output voltage of the coherent demodulator is proportional only to the message
signal m (t) if the phase error cos ϕ is constant.
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In this expression ϕ represents the phase error and the amplitude of demodulated output is
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.
Hence the amplitude of demodulated output is maximum and equal to when ϕ = 0 &
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the amplitude is zero when ϕ = ± 900 or ± π/2 radians. This effect is called as the
quadrature null effect of the coherent detector. Here "quadrature" term represents the
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phase difference of 900 or π /2 radians.
In other words the phase error attenuates the demodulator output.
In practice the phase error varies randomly with time due to the random variations taking
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place in the communication channel.
So cos ϕ will vary randomly and the detector output also will vary in a random manner.
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This is undesirable.
Hence circuitry must be provided in the detector to keep the locally generated carrier c'(t)
in perfect synchronism, in both frequency and phase, with the original carrier c (t).
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Costa’s Loop:
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Costas loop is a method of obtaining a practical synchronous receiver system suitable for
demodulating DSB-SC waves as shown in the figure above.
The receiver consists of two coherent detectors supplied with the same DSB-SC
modulated wave but with separate carrier waves which are 90 0 apart from each other.
The detector in the upper point is referred to as the in-phase channel or I-channel and
lower part is referred to as quadrature channel or Q-channel.
These two detectors are coupled together to form a –ve feedback system designed in such
a manner as to maintain the phase of the local oscillator in synchronous with the carrier
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wave of transmitter.
Operation of Circuit:
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Case I:
When the local oscillator signal is in phase with the carrier wave A ccos2πfct
(used at the transmitter end) the I channel output will be
h
But When ϕ=0 then cosϕ=1 Thus,
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The Q channel output will be,
th
But When ϕ=0 then sin ϕ = 0 Thus,
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Case II:
When the local oscillator phase changes by a small angle ‘ϕ’ then the Q-
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Formulas:
DSB-FC:
AM Equation:
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applied to a coherent detector. Assuming perfect synchronism between the carrier waves
in the modulator and detector. Determine the spectrum of the detector output when:
a. fc= 1.25 kHz
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b. fc= 0.75 kHz
What is the lowest carrier frequency for which each component of the modulated signal
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S(t) is uniquely determined by m(t). December 2008 (6 M)
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4. Define standard form of amplitude modulation and explain the time and frequency
domain expression of AM wave. June 2009 (6 M)
5. Explain with the help of a neat sketch, how a square law modulator is used to generate
AM with relevant equations and spectrum. June 2009 (8 M), June 2014 (8 M)
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December 2012
6. A carrier wave volts is amplitude modulated by an audio wave
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7. Show that a square law can be used for the detection of an AM wave. May 2010 (6 M)
8. Consider the message signal volts and the carrier wave
Volts.
a. Find the power developed across a load of 100 Ω due to this AM wave.
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(8 M)
10. An audio frequency signal is used to amplitude modulate a carrier of
. Assume modulation index as 0.5 find:
a. Side band frequencies.
b. Amplitude of each side band.
c. Bandwidth required.
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14. An AM wave is given by is applied to the
system, show below.
G
h
Assume that the message signal m(t) is limited to the |W|≤fc and that the carrier frequency
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fc> 2W show that m(t) can be obtained from the square-rooter output V3(t).
December 2012 (06 M)
15. What is the significance of DSBSC modulation? Explain with time domain description.
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June 2013 (04 M).
16. Using the message signal .Determine and sketch the modulated wave for
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AM whose % modulation are i) 50% ii) 100% iii) 125% December 2013 (05 M)
17. What do you mean by coherent detection? What is quadratude null effect? December
2013 (04 M)
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