1.

Position element in Periodic Table

GROUP - The number of valence electrons
PERIOD - The number of shells occupied with electrons
3. GROUP 17 (HALOGENS)
Physical properties
Symbol
Physical
state at
Colour
Melting
point
Boiling
point

F Gas Yellow




Increase





Increase
Cl Gas
Greenish
yellow
Br Liquid
Reddish
brown
I Solid
Purplish
black

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
colourless gases
cannot dissolve in water.
cannot conduct electricity and heat.
low melting and boiling point.
low densities.

M.P and B.P INCREASE DOWN A GROUP
because the atomic size of each element
increases
the forces of attraction between the atoms of
each element become stronger
thus more energy is required to overcome the
stronger forces of attraction
2. Group 1 (alkali metal)
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Softmetals low melting & boiling
points
silvery and
shiny surfaces
good conductors of
heat and electricity
symbol Size
Melting
points
(C)
Boiling
points
(C)
Density
(g cm
-3
)
Li


Increase



Decrease



Decrease



Decrease
Na
K
Rb
M.P and B.P INCREASE DOWN A GROUP
the molecular size increases
Forces of attraction between molecules becomes
stronger
Need more energy to overcome the forces of attraction
between molecules
4.TRANSITION ELEMENTS
Between Group 2 to Group 13
Special Characteristics:
i) Form coloured ions or compounds
ii) Have different oxidation numbers
iii) Acts as catalysts
PHYSICAL CHANGES DOWN A GROUP
The atomic size increases - the number of shells
increases.
The density increases - increasing in atomic mass is faster
than the increasing in atomic volume/size.
The melting and boiling points decreases - the atomic size
increases, the metal bond between the metal atoms
becomes weaker.
The hardness of the metal decreases.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
X
2
+ 2NaOH NaX + NaOX + H
2
O ; X is halogen
Fe + 3X
2
2FeX
3
; X is halogen
X
2
+ H
2
O HX + HOX ; X is halogen



the proton number increases
the increasing of the attraction force
between nucleus and valence electrons.



Size of atom decrease
the increasing of the attraction force
between nucleus and valence electrons.
5.ELEMENTS IN A PERIOD
- Basic oxides reacts with acid to form salt & H
2
O
- Acidic oxides reacts with alkali to form salt & H
2
O
- Amphoteric oxides can react with both acids &
alkali
REACTIVITY decrease down a group
The atomic size increases down the group.
The distance of the outermost shell becomes greater
from the nucleus.
The force of attraction between nucleus valence electrons
decrease.
the tendency of an atom to receive one/two/three
electron to achieve an octet electron arrangement
decrease.
This causes the electronegativity decreases down the
group.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
G1 + H
2
O alkali + H
2

G1 + O
2
white solid oxide
G1 + Cl
2
white solid chloride
G1 + Br
2
metal bromide
REACTIVITY increase down a group
the atomic size increases
valence electron in the outermost occupied shell becomes
far away from the nucleus
the attraction between the nucleus and the valence electron
becomes weaker
Therefore, it is easier for the atom to donate the single
valence electron to achieve the stable electron arrangement.
This causes the electropositivity increase down the group
4. GROUP 18 ELEMENT

Known as Noble gas
Monoatomic
chemically unreactive because they achive octet/duplet
electron arrangement.




Atomic size DECREASE

CHAPTER 4: PERIODIC TABLE
Electronegativity INCREASE
PREPARED BY SULAIMAN SMKSM
1 valence
4 shells
occupied
with
electrons








Potassium has 19 electrons






































.


1
H*
1

2

13








4
He
2
7
Li
3
8
Be
4
11
B
5
12
C
6
14
N
7
16
O
8
19
F
9
20
Ne
10
23
Na
11
24
Mg
12
27
Al
13
28
Si
14
31
P
15
32
S
16
35
Cl
17
40
Ar
18
39
K
19
40
Ca
20

TRANSITION METALS
80
Br
35

Group 1 Alkali metals
Group 2 Alkali-earth metals.
Group 3 to 12 - Transition elements
Group 17 Halogens
Group 18 Noble gases
The number of valence
electrons
The group of an
element
Period
number

The number of shells
occupied with electron
GROUP

1



2


3


4



3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12
11 12
P
E
R
I
O
D
Proton Number
A
X
Z
Nucleon Number
For elements with 1 to
2 valence electrons
Add +10 for element
with 3 to 8 valence
electrons
For elements with 3 to 8 valence
electrons
First shell: 2 electrons
Second shell: 8 electrons
Third shell: 8 electrons
Last electron/s in the last outermost
shell, we called as valence electron.


ELEMENTS ELEMENTS
H Hydrogen Hajat Na Sodium Nak
He Helium Hendak Mg Magnesium Mgorat
Li Lithium Lihat Al Aluminium Alamak
Be Berylium Bedah Si Silicon Si
B Boron Balas P Phosporus Peli
C Carbon Cinta S Sulphur Sedia
N Nitrogen Nanti Cl Chlorine Clewang
O Oxygen Orang Ar Argon Aku
F Flourine Fikir K Potassium Kena
Ne Neon Niat Ca Calcium Chow

First 20 elements
Determine by
Determine by
2 . 8. 8. 1
4 electron shells
Period 4
1 valence electron
Group 1
2 . 8. 4
3 electron shells
Period 3
4 valence electron
Group 14

PREPARED BY SULAIMAN SMKSM
GROUP 18: NOBLE GAS









































Colourless gas
Cannot conduct electricity
Poor conductor of heat
Insoluble in water
Low melting point

Elements Electron
arrangement
Helium 2
Neon 2.8
Argon 2.8.8
Krypton 2.8.18.8
Radon 2.8.18.32.18.8


Known as monoatomic gas/inert gas
Chemically uncreative because chemically unreactive
because they achive octet/duplet electron
arrangement
Do not release, accept or share electron with other
element
Helium
Argon
Neon
Krypton
Xenon Radon
Atomic size of element increases Density of elements increases
Change in Physical properties down a group 18
Melting and boiling points of
elements increases
Number of occupied with
electron increase
When atomic size of each element increase
The forces of attraction between the atoms
of each element become stronger
thus more energy is required to overcome
the stronger forces of attraction during
melting or boiling.
the atomic mass of each element
is increases.



Used to fill airships and
weather
balloons
Used to fill oxygen tank used
by divers.



Used in lasers to repair the
retina of the eye
Used to fill photographic flash
lamp.


Used to fill light bulbs
Used in the brightest bulb in
lighthouse

Used in advertising lights and
television tubes.
Used in the treatment of
cancer.
To detect pipe leakage
Physical Elements
Chemical properties
PREPARED BY SULAIMAN SMKSM
Example:
Na Na
+
+ e
2.8.1 2.8

K K
+
+ e
-

2.8.8.1 2.8.8


Alkali metals have one valence electron in their
outermost occupied shells.
To achieving the stable electron arrangement (octet or
duplet)
They will donating one electron from its outermost
occupied shell to form an ion with a charge of +1










































Elements
Symbol of
Element
Lithium Li
Sodium Na
Potassium K
Rubidium Rb
Caesium Cs
Francium Fr

Change in physical properties down the group 1
Chemical properties and electron arrangement
Density
Increase mass
is faster than
increase of
atomic radius
Density
increase
Melting and
boiling
points
Valence electron in the outermost occupied
shell becomes far away from the nucleus

Force of attraction between the nucleus
and valence electron become weaker
It is easier for the atom to donate the
single valence electron to achieve stable
electron arrangement
Reactivity increase
When size of atom increases
Reactivity
The easier to
lose an electron,
the more
reactive
Less reactive
More reactive
Reactivity of
group 1 depend
on ability to
lose electron Size
Number of proton
increases
Size increase
Number of shells
occupied with
electron increase
Melting and
boiling point
decrease
When size
atom increase

Metal bond
become weaker

GROUP 1 (ALKALI METAL)

Reaction with water
2Na + 2H
2
O 2NaOH + H
2

Reaction with oxygen

4Na + O
2


2Na
2
O


Reaction with halogen
2Na + Cl
2


2NaCl


Chemical reaction
Physical
properties
Soft metals
Low melting &
boiling points
Silvery and shiny
surface
Good conductor
of heat and
electricity
Good conductor
of electricity
Low density
Elements
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Alkali metals have 7 valence electron in their outermost
occupied shells.
To achieving the stable electron arrangement (octet or
duplet)
They will accept one electron to form an ion with a
charge of -1


Example:

Cl
2
+ 2e 2Cl
-

2.8.7 2.8.8

Br
2
+ 2 e

2Br
-

2.8.18.7 2.8.18.8









































Elements
Symbol of
Element
Flouroine F
Chlorine Cl
Bromine Br
Iodine I
Change in physical properties down the group
Chemical properties and electron arrangement
Increase mass
is faster than
increase of
atomic radius
Density
increase
Melting and
boiling
points
The distance of the outermost shell
becomes greater from the nucleus.

Force of attraction between the nucleus
and valence electron become weaker
the tendency of an atom to receive
electrons to achieve an octet electron
arrangement decrease.

Reactivity decrease
When size of atom increases
Reactivity
decrease down
a group
The easier to
attract an
electron, the
more reactive
Less reactive
less reactive
Reactivity of
group 1 depend
on ability to
attract electron

Size
Number of proton
increases
Size increase
Number of shells
occupied with
electron increase
Melting and
boiling point
increase
When size atom
increase
Force
attraction
between
molecules
More heat is
required to
overcome the
attractive force
GROUP 17 (HALOGEN)
Valance electron 7
exist as diatomic
molecules.
{ F
2
, Cl
2,
Br
2,
I
2
}
Density

Reaction with iron
3Cl
2
+ 2Fe 2FeCl
3

Reaction halogen with water
Cl
2
+ H
2
O

HCl + HOCl

Reaction halogen with sodium hydroxide
2KOH + Cl
2

KCl + KOCl + H
2
O
Chemical reaction
Elements
PREPARED BY SULAIMAN SMKSM










































Number of proton increase
The positive charge of the nucleus increase
The attraction force on nucleus on the electron become stronger
Electron pull closer to nucleus causes atomic size decrease


When atomic size decrease the positive charge will increase
The attraction force between nucleus and electron become
stronger
The element will easily to accept electron


Na
2
O MgO Al
2
O
3
SiO
2
P
4
O
10
SO
2
Cl
2
O
7

Basic Amphoteric Acidic
reacts with acid to
form salt & H
2
O
can react with both
acids & alkali
reacts with base to form
salt & H
2
O



Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
Metal Metalloid Non metal

Change across period 3
Size of element decrease
Electronegativity increase
Change in oxide properties
Metallic properties
Act as catalyst
Fe Haber process
Pt ostwald process
Form colour of ions
Cu2+ - blue
Fe2+ - Green
Have different
oxidation number
Form complex ions
Transition metal
Example:
Copper, iron, zinc, Nickel
Going down a group 1




Lithium (2.1)






Sodium (2.8.1)
Going down group 17



Fluorine(2.7)





Chlorine ( 2.8.7)
Size of sodium bigger than lithium
The number of proton sodium more than
lithium atom
Number of shell occupied with electron
of sodium more than lithium atom.
Sodium is more reactive than lithium atom
Size of sodium larger than lithium
The attraction forces between nucleus
and valence electron in sodium stronger
than lithium
Sodium more easily to released electron
to form positive ions
Fluorine more reactive/electronegative than
chlorine:
Size of Fluorine larger than lithium
The attraction forces between nucleus and
valence electron in fluorine stronger than
chlorine
Fluorine atom easily to accept electron to
form negative ions
Across period of 3






Sodium (2.8.1)





Chlorine (2.8.7)
Chlorine atom smaller than sodium:
Number of proton chlorine more than sodium
The attraction force on nucleus on the electron
become stronger
Electron pull closer to nucleus causes atomic size
decrease
Chlorine atom more electronegative than sodium:
Size of chlorine atom smaller than sodium
The attraction forces between nucleus and
valence electron in chlorine stronger than sodium
Chlorine atom easily to accept electron to form
negative ions
Aim: To investigate the reactivity of alkali metal toward
water
PS : How does the reactivity of alkali metal toward water
HyPo: when going down a group 1, reactivity of A.M toward
water increase





Variable Action to be taken
M Metal G1
Repeat exp using diff. alkali
metal
R
Reactivity of
alkali metal
Observe movement alkali
metal on water surface
C
Size of alkali
metal
Use same size of alkali
metal

RESULT:
Metal*
Observation

Li
Lithium moves slowly on water surface
with hiss sound.
The colourless solution formed; turns red
litmus paper to blue.
Na
Sodium moves quickly on water surface
with hiss sound.
The colourless solution formed; turns red
litmus paper to blue.
K
Potassium moves vigorously on water
surface with hiss sound.
The colourless solution formed; turns red
litmus paper to blue.

Chemical equation:



React with oxygen gas to produce metal oxides [white
solids].











PROCEDURE:

The lithium is heated in jar spoon until its start
burn and put into gas jar containing oxygen gas
The observation is recorded
When the reaction stops, 5 cm3 of distilled water
is poured into gas jar and solution formed is
tested with red litmus paper
The experiment is repeated with sodium and
potassium

RESULT:
Metal* Observations

Li
Lithium burns slowly with a red flame.
A white / fume solid is produced.

Na
Sodium burns brightly with a yellow
flame.
A white solid is produced.

K
Potassium burns very bright with a
purple/lilac flame.
A white solid is produced.

Chemical equation
React with chlorine gas to produce metal chlorides
[white solids].










PROCEDURE:


PROCEDURE

The lithium is heated in jar spoon until its start
burn and put into gas jar containing chlorine gas
The observation is recorded
The experiment is repeated with sodium and
potassium

RESULT:
Metal
Observations

Li
Lithium burns slowly with a red flame.
A white solid is produced.

Na
Sodium burns brightly with a yellow
flame.
A white solid is produced.

K
Potassium burns very bright with a
purple flame.
A white solid is produced.


Chemical Equation





2Li + 2H
2
O 2LiOH + H
2
2Na + 2H
2
O 2NaOH + H
2
2K + 2H
2
O 2KOH + H
2


Metal G1 + O
2
metal oxide
Gas jar
Metal*
Oxygen gas
2Li + O
2
2Li
2
O


4Na + O
2
2Na
2
O


4K + O
2
2K
2
O
Metal G1 + Cl2 metal chloride


Chlorine
White

White fume
Chlorine gas
Gas jar spoon
Metal*
Gas jar spoon
White fume
2Li + Cl
2
2LiCl
2

2Na + Cl
2
2NaCl
2

2K + Cl
2
2KCl
2

water
Metal*
R
e
a
c
t
i
o
n

b
e
c
o
m
e
s

m
o
r
e

v
i
g
o
r
o
u
s

R
e
a
c
t
i
o
n

b
e
c
o
m
e
s

m
o
r
e

v
i
g
o
r
o
u
s

Chemical reaction of Group 1(alkali metal)
Gas jar



PREPARED BY SULAIMAN SMKSM




















Aim : To investigate the reactivity of halogen toward iron
Problem statements : How does the reactivity of halogen toward iron
Hypothesis : When going down a group of 17, reactivity of
halogen toward iron decrease

















Variable Action to be taken
Manipulated Type of halogen
Repeat the experiment by using
different halogen
Responding
Reactivity of
halogen
Observe the burning of iron
Constant Size of iron Use same size of iron metal

Observation:
Halogen Observation Equation
Chlorine,
Cl
2

Iron wool ignites rapidly with
bright flame
2Fe + 3Cl
2
2FeCl
3

Bromine,
Br
2

Iron wool glow moderately
bright, moderate fast
2Fe + 3Br
2


2FeBr
3

Iodine, I
2
Iron wool glow dimly 2Fe + 3I
2


2FeI
3


Potassium
manganate(VII)
Iron wool
Heat
Concentrated
hydrochloric acid

Aim : To investigate the halogen with water
Problem statements : How does halogen react with water
Hypothesis : When going down a group of 17, reactivity of
halogen toward iron decrease






Variables:
Manipulated : Type of halogen used
Responding : The rate at which the halogen dissolves in water and
product of reaction
Constant : temperature of water

Halogen Observation Equation
Chlorine,
Cl
2

Dissolve quickly in water to form
light yellowish solution. Turn
blue litmus paper to red and
then white

Cl
2
+ 2H
2
O

2HCl + 2HOCl

Bromine,
Br
2

Dissolve slowly in water to form
brown solution. Turn blue litmus
paper to red and then white

Br
2
+ H
2
O

2HBr + 2HOBr

Iodine,
I
2

Dissolve very slowly in water to
form brown solution. Turn blue
litmus paper to red very slowly

I
2
+ 2H
2
O

2HI + 2HOI


liquid
bromine/
Solid
Iodine
Heat
Iron
wool
Heat
Chlorine
gas
water
Halogen Observation
Chlorine,
Cl
2

Dissolve rapidly in sodium
hydroxide to produce
colourless solution.
Bromine,
Br
2

Dissolve steadily in sodium
hydroxide to produce
colourless solution.
Iodine,
I
2

Dissolve steadily in sodium
hydroxide to produce
colourless solution.

Chlorine
gas
Sodium
hydroxide solution
3. Reaction with NaOH
1. Reaction with iron wool, 2. Reaction with water, H
2
O
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