UML Certification - Fundamental Exam

All UML 2.0 Sections on the Fundamental Exam are highlighted in yellow,
with Topic Areas from the Coverage Map and links to the Emphasis Table below.
If a Section is not highlighted, you do not need to know it for the Fundamental Exam.

Category Emphasis
1.1 - 1.3 Class Diagrams (Basic) 30%
2.1 Activity Diagrams (Basic) 20%
3.1 Interaction Diagrams (Basic) 20%
4.1 Use Case Diagrams (Basic) 20%
5.1 - 5.3 Miscellaneous basic notions 10%
Total 100%

1 Scope ............................................................................................ 1
2 Conformance ............................................................................... 1
3 Normative references .................................................................. 3
4 Terms and definitions ................................................................. 4 5.2 Glossary (basic only) (Sec 4)

5 Symbols ...................................................................................... 18
6 Additional information .............................................................. 18
6.1 Changes to Adopted OMG Specifications..................................18
6.2 Architectural Alignment and MDA Support.................................18
6.3 How to Read this Specification ................................................. 18
6.4 Acknowledgements ................................................................... 19

Part I - Structure ........................................................................... 23

7 Classes ....................................................................................... 25 1.1 Demonstrate the ability to

7.1 Overview.................................................................................... 25 understand the core modeling
7.2 Kernel – the Root Diagram ........................................................ 27 concepts of UML.
7.2.1 Comment (from Kernel) ................................................... 28 Classes::Kernel
7.2.2 DirectedRelationship (from Kernel) ...................................28
7.2.3 Element (from Kernel) ..................................................... 29
7.2.4 Relationship (from Kernel) ................................................30
7.3 Kernel – the Namespaces Diagram .......................................... 31
7.3.1 ElementImport (from Kernel) .............................................31
7.3.2 NamedElement (from Kernel, Dependencies) ..................33
7.3.3 Namespace (from Kernel) .................................................35
7.3.4 PackageableElement (from Kernel) ..................................37
7.3.5 PackageImport (from Kernel) ............................................38
7.3.6 VisibilityKind (from Kernel) ................................................39
7.4 Kernel – the Multiplicities Diagram ........................................... 40
7.4.1 MultiplicityElement (from Kernel) ......................................40
7.4.2 Type (from Kernel) .......................................................... 43
7.4.3 TypedElement (from Kernel) .............................................44
7.5 Kernel – the Expressions Diagram ............................................ 45
7.5.1 Expression (from Kernel) ................................................. 45
7.5.2 OpaqueExpression (from Kernel)......................................46
7.5.3 InstanceValue (from Kernel) .............................................47
7.5.4 LiteralBoolean (from Kernel) .............................................48
7.5.5 LiteralInteger (from Kernel) ...............................................49

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 7.5.6 LiteralNull (from Kernel) .................................................. 49
7.5.7 LiteralSpecification (from Kernel) ......................................50
7.5.8 LiteralString (from Kernel) .................................................51
7.5.9 LiteralUnlimitedNatural (from Kernel)................................51
7.5.10 ValueSpecification (from Kernel).....................................52
7.6 Kernel – the Constraints Diagram ............................................. 53
7.6.1 Constraint (from Kernel) .................................................. 54
7.7 Kernel – the Instances Diagram ............................................... 57
7.7.1 InstanceSpecification (from Kernel) ..................................57
7.7.2 Slot (from Kernel) ............................................................ 60
7.8 Kernel – the Classifiers Diagram......................................... 61
7.8.1 Classifier (from Kernel, Dependencies, PowerTypes) ......61
7.8.2 Generalization (from Kernel, PowerTypes) .......................66
7.8.3 RedefinableElement (from Kernel)....................................70
7.9 Kernel – the Features Diagram ................................................. 71
7.9.1 BehavioralFeature (from Kernel) .......................................72
7.9.2 Feature (from Kernel) ...................................................... 73
7.9.3 Parameter (from Kernel) .................................................. 73
7.9.4 ParameterDirectionKind (from Kernel) ..............................74
7.9.5 StructuralFeature (from Kernel) ........................................75
7.10 Kernel – the Operations Diagram ........................................... 76
7.10.1 Operation (from Kernel) ................................................. 76
7.11 Kernel – the Classes Diagram................................................. 80
7.11.1 AggregationKind (from Kernel)........................................80
7.11.2 Association (from Kernel) .............................................. 81
7.11.3 Class (from Kernel) ....................................................... 86
7.11.4 Property (from Kernel, AssociationClasses) ...................89
7.12 Kernel – the DataTypes Diagram ............................................ 94
7.12.1 DataType (from Kernel) ................................................. 95
7.12.2 Enumeration (from Kernel) ..............................................96
7.12.3 EnumerationLiteral (from Kernel) ....................................97
7.12.4 PrimitiveType (from Kernel) ............................................98
7.13 Kernel – the Packages Diagram ............................................. 99
7.13.1 Package (from Kernel) .................................................. 99
7.13.2 PackageMerge (from Kernel) ........................................101

7.14 Dependencies........................................................................ 105 1.2 Verify the understanding of

7.14.1 Abstraction (from Dependencies)..................................107 UML modeling dependency
7.14.2 Classifier (from Dependencies) .....................................107 constructs.
7.14.3 Dependency (from Dependencies) ...............................108 Classes::Dependencies (Sec.
7.14.4 NamedElement (from Dependencies)...........................109 7.14)
7.14.5 Permission (from Dependencies)..................................109
7.14.6 Realization (from Dependencies)..................................110
7.14.7 Substitution (from Dependencies).................................110
7.14.8 Usage (from Dependencies) .........................................111

7.15 Interfaces .............................................................................. 112 1.3 Confirm the ability to

7.15.1 BehavioredClassifier (from Interfaces)..........................113 understand and represent
7.15.2 Implementation (from Interfaces) ..................................113 operations that characterize the
7.15.3 Interface (from Interfaces) .............................................114 behavior of an element.
Classes::Interfaces (Sec. 7.15)

7.16 AssociationClasses ............................................................... 117

7.16.1 AssociationClass (from AssociationClasses) ................118
7.17 PowerTypes........................................................................... 120
7.17.1 Classifier (from PowerTypes) ........................................121
7.17.2 Generalization (from PowerTypes) ...............................121
7.17.3 GeneralizationSet (from PowerTypes) ..........................121

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7.18 Diagrams ............................................................................... 128

8 Components ............................................................................. 133

8.1 Overview.................................................................................. 133
8.2 Abstract syntax ....................................................................... 134
8.3 Class Descriptions .................................................................. 136
8.3.1 Component .................................................................... 136
8.3.2 Connector (from InternalStructures, as specialized).......143
8.3.3 Realization (from Dependencies, as specialized) ...........146
8.4 Diagrams ................................................................................ 147

9 Composite Structures ............................................................. 151

9.1 Overview.................................................................................. 151
9.2 Abstract syntax ....................................................................... 151
9.3 Class Descriptions .................................................................. 156
9.3.1 Class (from StructuredClasses, as specialized) .............156
9.3.2 Classifier (from Collaborations, as specialized) ..............157
9.3.3 Collaboration (from Collaborations) ................................157
9.3.4 CollaborationOccurrence (from Collaborations)..............160
9.3.5 ConnectableElement (from InternalStructures)...............163
9.3.6 Connector (from InternalStructures)................................163
9.3.7 ConnectorEnd (from InternalStructures, Ports)...............165
9.3.8 EncapsulatedClassifier (from Ports)................................166
9.3.9 InvocationAction (from Actions, as specialized)..............167
9.3.10 Parameter (Collaboration, as specialized) ....................167
9.3.11 Port (from Ports) .......................................................... 167
9.3.12 Property (from InternalStructures, as specialized) ........171
9.3.13 StructuredClassifier (from InternalStructures)...............173
9.3.14 Trigger (from InvocationActions, as specialized) ..........177
9.3.15 Variable (from StructuredActivities, as specialized)......178
9.4 Diagrams ................................................................................ 178

10 Deployments .......................................................................... 181

10.1 Overview................................................................................ 181
10.2 Abstract syntax ..................................................................... 181
10.3 Class Descriptions ................................................................ 184
10.3.1 Artifact ......................................................................... 184
10.3.2 CommunicationPath .................................................... 186
10.3.3 DeployedArtifact .......................................................... 187
10.3.4 Deployment ................................................................. 187
10.3.5 DeploymentTarget ....................................................... 189
10.3.6 DeploymentSpecification...............................................190
10.3.7 Device ......................................................................... 191
10.3.8 ExecutionEnvironment ................................................ 192
10.3.9 InstanceSpecification (from Kernel, as specialized) .....194
10.3.10 Manifestation ............................................................. 194
10.3.11 Node .......................................................................... 195
10.3.12 Property (from InternalStructures, as specialized)......197
10.4 Diagrams .............................................................................. 198
10.5 Graphical paths ..................................................................... 199

Part II - Behavior ......................................................................... 201

11 Actions .................................................................................... 203

11.1 Overview................................................................................ 203
11.2 Abstract Syntax ..................................................................... 205
11.3 Class Descriptions ................................................................ 216
11.3.1 AcceptCallAction ......................................................... 216
11.3.2 AcceptEventAction ...................................................... 217
11.3.3 AddStructuralFeatureValueAction.................................219

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 11.3.4 AddVariableValueAction................................................220
11.3.5 ApplyFunctionAction .................................................... 222
11.3.6 BroadcastSignalAction ................................................ 223
11.3.7 CallAction .................................................................... 224
11.3.8 CallBehaviorAction ...................................................... 224
11.3.9 CallOperationAction .................................................... 227
11.3.10 ClearAssociationAction ............................................. 228
11.3.11 ClearStructuralFeatureAction......................................229
11.3.12 ClearVariableAction ................................................... 230
11.3.13 CreateLinkAction ....................................................... 231
11.3.14 CreateLinkObjectAction ............................................ 232
11.3.15 CreateObjectAction ................................................... 233
11.3.16 DestroyLinkAction ..................................................... 234
11.3.17 DestroyObjectAction .................................................. 235
11.3.18 InvocationAction ........................................................ 236
11.3.19 LinkAction .................................................................. 236
11.3.20 LinkEndCreationData ................................................ 237
11.3.21 LinkEndData .............................................................. 239
11.3.22 MultiplicityElement (as specialized) ............................240
11.3.23 PrimitiveFunction ....................................................... 240
11.3.24 QualifierValue ............................................................ 241
11.3.25 RaiseExceptionAction ............................................... 242
11.3.26 ReadExtentAction ...................................................... 243
11.3.27 ReadIsClassifiedObjectAction.....................................243
11.3.28 ReadLinkAction ......................................................... 244
11.3.29 ReadLinkObjectEndAction ..........................................246
11.3.30 ReadLinkObjectEndQualifierAction.............................247
11.3.31 ReadSelfAction .......................................................... 248
11.3.32 ReadStructuralFeatureAction......................................249
11.3.33 ReadVariableAction ................................................... 250
11.3.34 ReclassifyObjectAction ............................................. 251
11.3.35 RemoveStructuralFeatureValueAction........................252
11.3.36 RemoveVariableValueAction ......................................253
11.3.37 ReplyAction ............................................................... 254
11.3.38 SendObjectAction ...................................................... 254
11.3.39 SendSignalAction ...................................................... 255
11.3.40 StartOwnedBehaviorAction .........................................257
11.3.41 StructuralFeatureAction ............................................ 258
11.3.42 TestIdentityAction ...................................................... 259
11.3.43 VariableAction ........................................................... 260
11.3.44 WriteStructuralFeatureAction ......................................260
11.3.45 WriteLinkAction ......................................................... 261
11.3.46 WriteVariableAction ................................................... 262
11.4 Diagrams ............................................................................... 263

12 Activities ................................................................................. 265 2.1 Verify the skills required to

12.1 Overview................................................................................ 265 understand and represent models
12.2 Abstract Syntax ..................................................................... 267 of traditional sequential flow
(up to Fig. 179) charts in UML.

12.3 Class Descriptions ................................................................ 280

12.3.1 Action .......................................................................... 280
12.3.2 Activity ......................................................................... 283
12.3.3 ActivityEdge ................................................................. 293
12.3.4 ActivityFinalNode ......................................................... 298
12.3.5 ActivityGroup ............................................................... 301
12.3.6 ActivityNode ................................................................ 302
12.3.7 ActivityParameterNode ................................................ 304
12.3.8 ActivityPartition ............................................................ 307

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 12.3.9 CentralBufferNode ....................................................... 311
12.3.10 Clause ....................................................................... 313
12.3.11 ConditionalNode ........................................................ 313
12.3.12 ControlFlow ............................................................... 315
12.3.13 ControlNode .............................................................. 316
12.3.14 DataStoreNode .......................................................... 318
12.3.15 DecisionNode ............................................................ 319
12.3.16 ExceptionHandler ...................................................... 322
12.3.17 ExecutableNode ........................................................ 324
12.3.18 ExpansionKind .......................................................... 324
12.3.19 ExpansionNode ......................................................... 325
12.3.20 ExpansionRegion ...................................................... 325
12.3.21 FinalNode .................................................................. 331
12.3.22 FlowFinalNode .......................................................... 333
12.3.23 ForkNode ................................................................... 334
12.3.24 InitialNode ................................................................. 335
12.3.25 InputPin ..................................................................... 336
12.3.26 InterruptibleActivityRegion ..........................................336
12.3.27 JoinNode ................................................................... 338
12.3.28 LoopNode .................................................................. 341
12.3.29 MergeNode ................................................................ 343
12.3.30 ObjectFlow ................................................................ 344
12.3.31 ObjectFlowEffectKind ................................................ 349
12.3.32 ObjectNode ............................................................... 349
12.3.33 ObjectNodeOrderingKind ............................................352
12.3.34 OutputPin .................................................................. 352
12.3.35 Parameter (as specialized) .........................................352
12.3.36 ParameterSet ............................................................ 354
12.3.37 Pin ............................................................................. 355
12.3.38 StructuredActivityNode .............................................. 361
12.3.39 ValuePin .................................................................... 363
12.3.40 Variable ..................................................................... 363
12.4 Diagrams .............................................................................. 364

13 Common Behaviors ............................................................... 369

13.1 Overview................................................................................ 369 5.3 Confirm the basic knowledge
13.2 Abstract syntax ..................................................................... 374 of common behavior concepts
13.3 Class Descriptions ................................................................ 378 Common Behaviors::Basic
13.3.1 Activity (from BasicBehaviors) ......................................378 Behaviors (Chapter 13)
13.3.2 AnyTrigger (from Communications) ..............................379
13.3.3 Behavior (from BasicBehaviors)....................................379
13.3.4 BehavioralFeature (from BasicBehaviors,
Communications, specialized)..................................................382
13.3.5 BehavioredClassifier (from BasicBehaviors).................383
13.3.6 CallConcurrencyKind (from Communications) ..............384
13.3.7 CallTrigger (from Communications) ..............................385
13.3.8 ChangeTrigger (from Communications)........................385
13.3.9 Class (from Communications, specialized) ...................386
13.3.10 Duration (from Time) ................................................. 387
13.3.11 DurationConstraint (from Time)...................................388
13.3.12 DurationInterval (from Time) .......................................389
13.3.13 DurationObservationAction (from Time)......................390
13.3.14 Interface (from Communications, specialized) ............391
13.3.15 Interval (from Time) ................................................... 391
13.3.16 IntervalConstraint (from Time) ....................................391
13.3.17 MessageTrigger (from Communications)....................392
13.3.18 OpaqueExpression (from BasicBehaviors, as
specialized) ...............................................................393
13.3.19 Operation (from Communications, as specialized) .....393

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 13.3.20 Reception (from Communications)..............................394
13.3.21 Signal (from Communications)....................................395
13.3.22 SignalTrigger (from Communications) ........................396
13.3.23 TimeConstraint (from Time) ........................................396
13.3.24 TimeExpression (from Time).......................................397
13.3.25 TimeInterval (from Time) .............................................398
13.3.26 TimeObservationAction (from Time) ...........................399
13.3.27 TimeTrigger (from Communications) ..........................399
13.3.28 Trigger (from Communications) ..................................400

14 Interactions ............................................................................ 403

14.1 Overview................................................................................ 403

14.2 Abstract syntax ..................................................................... 404 3.1 Demonstrate the basic

(up to Fig. 328) knowledge and comprehension of
the various Interaction Diagrams
and their concepts.

14.3 Class Descriptions ................................................................ 409

14.3.1 CombinedFragment (from Fragments)..........................409
14.3.2 Continuation (from Fragments) .....................................414
14.3.3 EventOccurrence (from BasicInteractions) ...................416
14.3.4 ExecutionOccurrence (from BasicInteractions).............417
14.3.5 Gate (from Fragments) ................................................ 418
14.3.6 GeneralOrdering (from BasicInteractions) ....................418
14.3.7 Interaction (from BasicInteraction, Fragments).............419
14.3.8 InteractionConstraint (from Fragments) ........................421
14.3.9 InteractionFragment (from Fragments) .........................422
14.3.10 InteractionOccurrence (from Fragments) ....................423
14.3.11 InteractionOperand (from Fragments).........................425
14.3.12 InteractionOperator (from Fragments) ........................426
14.3.13 Lifeline (from BasicInteractions, Fragments) ..............427
14.3.14 Message (from BasicInteractions)...............................428
14.3.15 MessageEnd (from BasicInteractions) ........................431
14.3.16 PartDecomposition (from Fragments) .........................431
14.3.17 StateInvariant (from BasicInteractions) .......................433
14.3.18 Stop (from BasicInteractions) ......................................434
14.4 Diagrams ............................................................................... 435

15 State Machines ...................................................................... 455

15.1 Overview................................................................................ 455
15.2 Abstract Syntax ..................................................................... 456
15.3 Class Descriptions ................................................................ 459
15.3.1 ConnectionPointReference (from
BehaviorStatemachines) .............................................459
15.3.2 Interface (from ProtocolStatemachines, as
specialized) .................................................................461
15.3.3 FinalState (from BehaviorStatemachines) ....................462
15.3.4 Port ( (from ProtocolStatemachines, as specialized) ....463
15.3.5 ProtocolConformance (from ProtocolStatemachines)...463
15.3.6 ProtocolStateMachine (from ProtocolStatemachines) ..464
15.3.7 ProtocolTransition (from ProtocolStateMachines) ........466
15.3.8 PseudoState (from BehaviorStatemachines) ................469
15.3.9 PseudoStateKind (from BehaviorStatemachines).........475
15.3.10 Region (from BehaviorStatemachines) .......................476
15.3.11 State (from BehaviorStatemachines) ..........................477
15.3.12 StateMachine (from BehaviorStatemachines) ............489
15.3.13 TimeTrigger (from BehaviorStatemachines, as
specialized) .................................................................498

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 15.3.14 Transition (from BehaviorStatemachines)...................498
15.3.15 Vertex (from BehaviorStatemachines) ........................505
15.3.16 TransitionKind ........................................................... 506
15.4 Diagrams .............................................................................. 507

16 Use Cases .............................................................................. 511

16.1 Overview................................................................................ 511 4.1 Verify the skills required to

16.2 Abstract syntax ..................................................................... 511 understand and represent Use
16.3 Class Descriptions ................................................................ 512 Case models. Use Cases
16.3.1 Actor (from UseCases) ................................................ 512 (Chapter 16)
16.3.2 Classifier (from UseCases, as specialized)...................514
16.3.3 Extend (from UseCases) ...............................................515
16.3.4 ExtensionPoint (from UseCases) ..................................516
16.3.5 Include (from UseCases)...............................................517
16.3.6 UseCase (from UseCases) ...........................................519

16.4 Diagrams .............................................................................. 523

Part III - Supplement ................................................................... 529

17 Auxiliary Constructs ............................................................. 531

17.1 Overview................................................................................ 531
17.2 InformationFlows .................................................................. 531
17.2.1 InformationFlow (from InformationFlows)......................532
17.2.2 InformationItem (from InformationFlows) ......................533
17.3 Models .................................................................................. 535
17.3.1 Model (from Models) ................................................... 535

17.4 PrimitiveTypes ...................................................................... 537 5.1 Recognize and understand

17.4.1 Boolean (from PrimitiveTypes) ......................................538 UML primitive typesAuxiliary
17.4.2 Integer (from PrimitiveTypes) ........................................538 Constructs::Primitive Types (Sec
17.4.3 String (from PrimitiveTypes)..........................................539 17.4)
17.4.4 UnlimitedNatural (from PrimitiveTypes) ........................540

17.5 Templates ............................................................................. 541

17.5.1 ParameterableElement ................................................ 543
17.5.2 TemplateableElement ................................................. 545
17.5.3 TemplateBinding ......................................................... 547
17.5.4 TemplateParameter ..................................................... 548
17.5.5 TemplateParameterSubstitution....................................549
17.5.6 TemplateSignature ...................................................... 550
17.5.7 Classifier (as specialized) .............................................552
17.5.8 ClassifierTemplateParameter........................................556
17.5.9 RedefinableTemplateSignature.....................................557
17.5.10 Package (as specialized) ............................................558
17.5.11 NamedElement (as specialized) .................................560
17.5.12 Operation (as specialized) ..........................................563
17.5.13 Operation (as specialized) ..........................................563
17.5.14 OperationTemplateParameter.....................................564
17.5.15 ConnectableElement (as specialized).........................565
17.5.16 ConnectableElementTemplateParameter ...................566
17.5.17 Property (as specialized).............................................567
17.5.18 ValueSpecification (as specialized).............................568

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18 Profiles .................................................................................... 569
18.1 Overview ................................................................................ 569
18.2 Abstract syntax ..................................................................... 570
18.3 Class descriptions.................................................................. 570
18.3.1 Extension (from Profiles) ...............................................570
18.3.2 ExtensionEnd (from Profiles).........................................573
18.3.3 Class (from Constructs, Profiles)...................................574
18.3.4 Package (from Constructs, Profiles)..............................575
18.3.5 Profile (from Profiles) ................................................... 575
18.3.6 ProfileApplication (from Profiles) ...................................578
18.3.7 Stereotype (from Profiles)..............................................580
18.4 Diagrams................................................................................ 583

Part IV - Appendices ................................................................... 585

Appendix A. Diagrams .................................................................. 587 5.2 Diagrams (App. A)

Appendix B. Standard Stereotypes ............................................... 593 5.2 Stereotypes (basic only)

B.1 Basic ........................................................................... 593 (App. B)

B.2 Intermediate................................................................ 596

B.3 Complete ................................................................... 597
Appendix C. Component Profile Examples ................................... 599
C.1 J2EE/EJB Component Profile Example ......................599
C.2 COM Component Profile Example ............................ 600
C.3 .NET Component Profile Example ............................ 600
C.4 CCM Component Profile Example ............................ 601
Appendix D. Tabular Notations ..................................................... 603
D.1 Tabular Notation for Sequence Diagrams...................603
D.2 Tabular Notation for Other Behavioral Diagrams ........605
Appendix E. Classifiers Taxonomy ............................................... 607
Appendix F. XMI Serialization and Schema .................................. 609

Index ..............................................................................................611

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