2 Functions and Graphs

2 Functions and Graphs

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Activity 1.Xx x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
x) f(x) = x2 9 4 1 0 1 4 9
2
Activity 2.1 (p. 67) x)g(x) = x + 3 12 7 4 3 4 7 12

1. Yes 2.

2. Yes, the graph has a minimum point.

3. Any reasonable descriptions including the curve

always lies on or above the x-axis, opening upwards,
etc.

Activity 2.2 (p. 73)

3. Yes
1. open upwards
4. The graph of y = x2 + 3 can be obtained by translating
2. A positive number or zero. the graph of y = x2 upwards by 3 units.

3. (a) 0
(b) 2; (1, 2) Activity 2.4 (p. 101)

4. (a) x 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 g ( x )  f ( x  2)
y 11 6 3 2 3 6 11
1.  ( x  2 ) 2  2( x  2 )  1
 x2  4x  4  2x  4  1
 x2  2x  1

2. x 4 3 2 1 0 1 2
g(x) 9 4 1 0 1 4 9
3.

(b) Yes
(c) x=1

5. (a) k
(b) (h, k); x = h

4. Yes

5. The graph of y = g(x) can be obtained by translating the

graph of y = f(x) leftwards by 2 units.

Activity 2.3 (p. 95) 6. The graph of y = h(x) can be obtained by translating the
graph of y = f(x) rightwards by 2 units.

30
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4A

2
1 1 1
f        1
Follow-up Exercise    
3 3 3
(b) 1 1
  1
p. 56 9 3
11
1. x 4 2 0 2 4 6  
9
y 17 11 5 1 7 13
11
2.  The value of the function is  when
9
x=
1 .
3

3
f ( 3) 
( 3) 2  2
2. 3

92
3
 
11

h ( 2)  ( 2) 2  5( 2)  6

3. (a)  4  10  6
3. (a) true  20
(b) true
(c) false h ( 2)  2 2  5( 2)  6
(d) true
 4  10  6
4. (a)  0
x/cm 1 2 3 4 5
y/cm2 6 12 18 24 30 h (0)  0 2  5(0)  6
(b)  6

(b) (i) h( 2)  h ( 2)  0  20

 20
but h(0) = 6
i.e. h(2) + h(2)  h(0)

(ii) h (2)  h ( 2)  0  20

 0
h ( 4)  ( 4) 2  5( 4)  6
but
(c) y = 6x  16  20  6
 42
p. 60 i.e. h ( 2)  h ( 2)  h ( 4 )

4. (a)  g(4) = 0
f ( 3)  ( 3) 2  ( 3)  1
1. (a) 4 2  2k  0
 9  31  16  2k  0
 11 k  8
 The value of the function is 11 when
x = 3.
(b) From (a), we have
g ( x )  x 2  16
g ( 2)  ( 2) 2  16

 4  16
  12

31
 2 Functions and Graphs

5. (a) f ( 3a )  2( 3a ) 2  ( 3a )

 18a 2  3a
2. (a) From the graph, y = ax + b cuts the x-axis and the
f (b  1)  2(b  1) 2  (b  1)
y-axis at (2, 0) and (0, 4) respectively.
(b)  2(b 2  2b  1)  b  1  x-intercept = 2 and y-intercept = 4
 2b 2  4b  2  b  1
(b)  The line passes through (0, 4).
 2b 2  5b  3
4  a ( 0)  b

b  4
p. 66  The line passes through (2, 0).
0  a ( 2 )  4
1. (a) x 1 1 3  a  2
f(x) 9 3 3 a   2 and b   4
The graph of y = f(x) is:

p. 70

1. Direction of
Function y-intercept
opening
y = x  x + 1
2 open downwards 1
y = 3 + x + 2x2 open upwards 3
y = (1  x)2  4 open upwards 3
y =  (x + 1)2 + 2 open downwards 1
y = (x + 2)(x  5) + 9 open upwards 1

2. (a) x 0
4 3 2 1
y 8 2 0 2 8

From the graph, y = f(x) cuts the x-axis and the y-

axis at (2, 0) and (0, 6) respectively.
 x-intercept = 2 and y-intercept = 6

(b) x 3 1 1
h(x)1 3 7
The graph of y = h(x) is:

(b) (i) Axis of symmetry is x = 2.

(ii) Coordinates of the vertex = (2,0)
(iii) y-intercept  8
(iv) The graph opens upwards.

p. 76

1. (a) Consider the equation y = 2x2 + 1, we have a = 2,

h = 0 and k = 1.
(i) a = 2 > 0
From the graph, y = h(x) cuts the x-axis and the y-  The graph of y = 2x2 + 1 opens
5 , 0) and (0, 5) respectively. upwards.
axis at (  (ii) The vertex is at (0, 1)
2
(iii) The axis of symmetry is x = 0.
5
 x-intercept =  2 and y-intercept = 5
(b) Consider the equation y = 2(x + 1)2 + 3, we have
a = 2, h = 1 and k = 3.

32
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4A

and it has a maximum point.

(i)  a = 2 < 0  The maximum value of y is 9.
 The graph of y = 2(x + 1)2 + 3 opens The axis of symmetry is x = 2.
downwards.
(ii) The vertex is at (1, 3) y  2x 2  4x  3
(iii) The axis of symmetry is x = 1.
 2( x 2  2 x )  3
(c) Consider the equation y = 4(x  2)2  1, we have (d)
 2( x 2  2 x  12  12 )  3
a = 4, h = 2 and k = 1.
(i)  a = 4 > 0  2( x 2  2 x  1)  2  3
 The graph of y = 4(x  2)2  1 opens  2( x  1) 2  1
upwards.
 a=2>0
(ii) The vertex is at (2, 1).
(iii) The axis of symmetry is x = 2.  The graph of the function opens upwards
and it has a minimum point.
(d) Consider the equation y = 3  2(x  1)2, we have  The maximum value of y is 1.
The axis of symmetry is x = 1.
a = 2, h = 1 and k = 3.

(i)  a = 2 < 0 y  x 2  10 x  k
 The graph of y = 3  2(x  1)2 opens  ( x 2  10 x  52  52 )  k
2.
downwards.
(ii) The vertex is at (1, 3).  ( x 2  10 x  25)  25  k
(iii) The axis of symmetry is x = 1.  ( x  5) 2  25  k
2. (a) The optimum value (minimum value) of y is 1.  The minimum value of y is 25 + k.
(b) The optimum value (maximum value) of y is 5. 25  k  8

k  33

p. 79
3. Let x m be the length of the rectangle, then the width of

y  x2  4x 1 the rectangle is  4  x  m i.e. (2  x) m , and y m2

2 
1. (a)  ( x 2  4 x  22  22 )  1
be the area of the rectangle.
 ( x 2  4 x  4)  4  1 y  x(2  x )
2

 ( x  2)  5  x2  2x
 a=1>0 By conpleting the square,
 The graph of the function opens upwards y  x2  2x
and it has a minimum point.
 The minimum value of y is 5.  ( x 2  2 x )
The axis of symmetry is x = 2.
 ( x 2  2 x  12  12 )
y  x 2  2x  2  ( x 2  2 x  1)  1
 ( x 2  2 x )  2  ( x  1) 2  1
(b)  The maximum value of y is 1.
 ( x 2  2 x  12  12 )  2
 The maximum area of this rectangle is 1 m2.
 ( x 2  2 x  1)  1  2
 ( x  1) 2  1 p.85
 a = 1 < 0
 The graph of the function opens downwards 1. number of x-intercepts : 1
and it has a maximum point. no axis of symmetry
 The maximum value of y is 1. no maximum or minimum point
The axis of symmetry is x = 1.
2. number of x-intercepts : 2
2 axis of symmetry : x = 2
y  2 x  8 x  1 minimum point : (2, 5)
 2( x 2  4 x )  1
(c) 3. number of x-intercepts : 3
 2( x 2  4 x  2 2  2 2 )  1 no axis of symmetry
 2( x 2  4 x  4)  8  1 no maximum or minimum point

 2( x  2) 2  9
 a =  < 0
 The graph of the function opens downwards

33
 2 Functions and Graphs

p. 90

1. When x > 2.1 (cor. to 1d.p.), the corresponding

portion of the graph of y  3 x lies above the straight 6. Draw y = 4 on the graph of y = 2x2  5x  8.
line y = 0.1.
Hence, the solution of 3 x  0.1 is x > 2.1.

2. When 1  x  3 , the corresponding portion of the

graph of y  x 2  4 x  6 lies on or below the
straight line y = 3.
Hence, the solution of x 2  4 x  6  3 is
1 x  3 .

3. When 2  x  1 , the corresponding portion of the

graph of y   x 2  x  2 lies above the straight
line
y = 4.
Hence, the solution of  x 2  x  2  4 is From the graphs, the solutions of 2x2  5x  8 > 4 is
2  x  1 . x < 1.5 or x > 4.

4. Draw y = 2 on the graph of y = x2  5x  4.

p. 100

g ( x)  x 3  x  2
1.
 ( x 3  x  2)  4
 f ( x)  4
 The graph of y = f(x) is translated in the negative
direction of the y-axis by 4 units.

2. From the y-intercepts of y  2 x and y = g(x), we

find the number of units the graph of y  2 x has
translated upwards.
From the graphs, the solution of x2  5x  4 < 2 is  y-intercept of y = g(x) is 4,
1 < x < 6. and y-intercept of y  2 x is 1.
 The difference in y-intercepts of the two graphs is
5. Draw y = 1 on the graph of y = x2 + 6x 9.
4  1 = 3.
 The graph of y = g(x) is obtained by translating
the graph of y  2 x upwards by 3 units.
 g(x) = 2 x  3
 The required symbolic representation is
g(x) = 2 x  3 .

3.  The graph of y = g(x) is obtained by translating

the graph of y = f(x) in the negative direction of
the y-axis by 4 units.
 g(x) = f(x)  4

x
f(x)
f(x)  4

From the graphs, the solution of x2 + 6x  9 ≥ 1 is  The tabular representation of g(x) is:
2  x  4.
x 2 1 0 1 2 3
g(x) 7 0 3 2 1 12

34
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4A

f ( x)  x 2  4 x  4
4. Let
 x 2  2( 2)( x )  2 2
 ( x  2) 2
p. 106 The graph of y = g(x) is obtained by translating the
graph of y = f(x) in the positive direction of the x-axis
1. (a) The graph of y = f(x + 3) can be obtained by by 3 units.
translating the graph of y = f(x) in the negative g ( x)  f ( x  3)
directions of the x-axis by 3 units. 
(b) The graph of y = f(x  2) can be obtained by  [( x  3)  2]2
translating the graph of y = f(x) in the positive  ( x  5) 2
direction of the x-axis by 2 units.
 The required symbolic representation is
g(x) = (x  5)2.
g ( x)  x 2  6 x  9
2. (a)  x 2  2(3)( x)  32
 ( x  3) 2 Exercise
 f ( x  3)
 The graph of y = f(x) is translated in the Exercise 2A (p. 61)
positive direction of the x-axis by 3 units.
Level 1
g ( x)  x 2  2 x  1
f (3)  2(3) 2  1
(b)  x 2  2(1)( x)  12 1. (a)
 18  1
 ( x  1) 2
 17
 f ( x  1)  The value of the function is 17 when x = 3.
 The graph of y = f(x) is translated in the
negative direction of the x-axis by 1 unit. f ( 0)  2 ( 0) 2  1
(b)
3. (a)  1
x 5 4 3 2 1 0 1
 The value of the function is 1 when x = 0.
f(x) 8 3 0 1 0 3 8

f ( 2)  2( 2) 2  1
(c)
 8 1
 7
 The value of the function is 7 when
x = 2.

g (1)  41  1
2. (a)
 4 1
5
 The value of g(x) is 5 when x = 1.

g ( 0)  4 0  1
From the graph, the coordinates of the vertex are (b)
(2, 1). 11
 2
(b)  g(x) = f(x  2)  The value of g(x) is 2 when x = 0.
 The graph of y = g(x) can be obtained by
translating the graph of y = f(x) in the
positive direction of the x-axis by 2 units. g ( 2)  4 2  1
 The vertex of the graph of y = g(x) is also 1
translated in the positive direction of the x- (c)  1
axis by 2 units.
16
 The coordinates of the vertex of y = g(x) are 17

(0, 1). 16
 The value of g(x) is
17 when x = 2.
16

35
 2 Functions and Graphs

f ( 30)  cos 30 f ( 4)  3( 4)  2

3. (a)  12  2
3
  10
2

f ( 45)  cos 45 (b) [ f ( 2)]2  4 2

(b)  16
2

2
but f ( 2)  f ( 4)
2

 10
f ( 60)  cos 60 i.e. [ f ( 2)]2  f ( 2 2 )
(c) 1

2 G ( 2)  2[2( 2)  1]
7. (a)  2( 3)
1 1  6
f   
 3 1
2
9   1 1
G   
1 2 1   1
 3 2 2   2  
1 1
  (0)
1 2
4. (a) 9   1
9  0
1

11 1
(b) G   0
1 2

2 1 1
but 
G ( 2) 6
1 1 1
f (1) 
9(1) 2  1 i.e. G   
2 G ( 2)
(b) 1

9 1 1 1
1  The relation G    does not
 2 G ( 2)
10 hold.

g ( 0)  ( 0  2)( 0  3) 2 f ( 4)  2( 4)( 4  1)

5. (a) 8. (a)  2( 4)( 3)
 ( 2)( 3)
 6  24

g (1)  (1  2)(1  3)
(b)
 ( 1)( 2)
 2 f ( 2)  [ f ( 3)]2  2( 2  1)  [ 3( 3  1)]2
g ( 1)  ( 1  2)( 1  3)  2(3)  [ 3( 2)]2
 ( 3)( 4)  6  62
 12  42

(b) g (1)  g ( 1)  2  12 g (3)  f (0)  2(3)  (0 2  1)

 14 9. (a)
 6 1
but g(0) = 6
 7
i.e. g(1) + g(1)  g(0)

f ( 2)  3( 2)  2 f (1)  g ( 1)  (12  1)  [ 2( 1)]

6. (a) (b)
62  2( 2)
4  4

36
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4A

g ( 4) 2( 4) Level 2
 2
f (3) 3 1
f (0)  3[2 3( 0 ) ]
8
 14. (a)  3( 2 0 )
(c) 91
 3(1)
8
  3
10
4
 2
3  
5 2
f     3[2  3  ]
 3
h (3)  1  3( 2  2 )
3(3)  m  1
2 (b)
1
 3 
10. 
27  m  1
4
m   26
3

4
f (3)  20

11. 3  a (3)  2  20
2
 g (50)  sin(50  10)
3a  11  20
15. (a)  sin 60
a  3
3

2
g ( 1)  1
( 1  k )( 1  2)  1
g (35)  sin(35  10)
12.  ( 1  k )( 3)  1
(b)  sin 45
3  3k  1
2
4 
k  2
3

16. (a) H (0)  4(0) 2  8(0)  1

g ( x )  f (2 x )
13. (a) 1
 2( 2 x )  3
 4x  3 H ( p  2)  4( p  2) 2  8( p  2)  1
 The symbolic representation of g(x) is
g(x) = 4x + 3. (b)  4( p 2  4 p  4)  8 p  16  1
 4 p 2  16 p  16  8 p  16  1
h( x )  f ( x  2)
 4 p 2  24 p  33
(b)  2( x  2 )  3
 2x  4  3 f (8)  6 g ( 4)
 2x  7 2(8  m )  6( 4  m )
 The symbolic representation of h(x) is 17.  16  2m  24  6m
h(x) = 2x + 7.
4m  8
1 m   2
g ( x)  h( x )  1
2
1 f ( 2)  2
4x  3  ( 2 x  7)  1 18. 
2 (2  2)( 2  2)  a ( 2)  b  2
7 2a  b  2
(c) 4x  3  x  1
2
1 (1)
3x   f ( 2)  4
2 
1 ( 2  2)( 2  2)  a ( 2)  b  4
x  
6  2a  b  4

(2)
(1) + (2),

37
 2 Functions and Graphs

2b  6 f ( x  2)  f ( x  2)  kx  32
b  3
x 2
 (4  k ) x  4  2k 
By substituting b = 3 into (1), we have
2a  3  2 x 2
 ( 4  k ) x  4  2k ]  kx  32
1 8 x  4k  kx  32
a   By comparing coefficients,
2
k  8

f ( x  2)  f ( x  2)  40
2 f ( a )  3g ( a )  5
(c) f ( x  2)  f ( x  2)  40
2(3a  1)  3( a  2)  5 
8 x  32  40 (by (b))
19. (a) 6a  2  3a  6  5
 x9
3a  1
1
a  [(2 x  1)  (3 x  2)]x
3 S ( x) 
22. (a) 2
f ( 2b)  g (3b)  5 x(5 x  1)

3( 2b)  1  (3b  2)  5 2
(b)  6b  1  3b  2  5
(b)  The area of the trapezium is 60 cm2.
3b  4 S ( x )  60
4 x (5 x  1)
b 
3  60
 2
x (5 x  1)  120
f ( k )  2k
5 x 2  x  120  0
( k  3)(k  2)  k 2  2k
20. (a) ( x  5)(5 x  24)  0
 k 2  5k  6  k 2  2k
3k  6
x  5  0 or 5 x  24  0
k   2 24
x  5 or x   (rejected)
5
(b) From (a), we have When x = 5, 2 x  1  11
f(x) = (x + 3)(x + 2)  4 3x  2  13
Consider the equation  The lengths of AD and BC are 11 cm and 13
2 x  f ( x)  0 cm respectively.
2 x  [( x  3)( x  2)  4]  0
F (50)  500  4(50)
2 x  ( x 2  5 x  6  4)  0 23. (a)
 500  200
2 x  x 2  5x  2  0
 700
x 2  3x  2  0  The cost for holding a party with 50 guests
( x  1)( x  2)  0 is $700.
x 1  0 or x20 (b)  The cost for holding a party is $840.
x  1 or x  2 F ( n )  840

500  4n  840
f ( x  2)  ( x  2) 2  k ( x  2 )
n  85
21. (a)  x 2  4 x  4  kx  2k  The number of guests is 85.
 x 2  ( 4  k ) x  4  2k H ( n )  10n  F ( n )
(c) (i)  10n  (500  4n )
2
f ( x  2)  ( x  2)  k ( x  2)  10n  500  4n
 x 2  4 x  4  kx  2k  6n  500

 x 2  ( 4  k ) x  4  2k
H (150)  6(150)  500
(ii)
(b)   900  500
 400

 The profit is $400 when there are 150

38
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4A

guests. 4  a ( 0)  b

b  4
Exercise 2B (p. 71)  The line passes through (3, 0).
0  a ( 3)  4
Level 1 4
 a 
1. (a)
3
x 1 1 3 4
y 6 2 2 a  and b  4
3

4. (a) From the graph, the line cuts the x-axis and the
y-axis at (4, 0) and (0, 4) respectively.
 x-intercept = 4 and y-intercept = 4

(b)  The line passes through (0, 4).

 4  a ( 0)  b
b  4
 The line passes through (4, 0).
0  a ( 4)  4
 a  1
a   1 and b  4

(b) From the graph, y = 2x  4 cuts the x-axis and the 5. (a) For y = x2  3x + 6,
y-axis at (2, 0) and (0, 4) respectively.  Coefficient of x2 = 1 > 0
 The graph opens upwards.
 x-intercept = 2 and y-intercept =  4
The y-intercept of y = x2  3x + 6 is 6.

(b) For y = 2x2 + 6x 4,

 Coefficient of x2 = 2 < 0
 The graph opens downwards.
The y-intercept of y = 2x2 + 6x 4 is 4.
2. (a) x 3 1 1
y 6 2 10 (c)
y  5  (2  x ) 2
 5  (4  4 x  x 2 )

y  x 2  4x  1
 Coefficient of x2 = 1 < 0
 The graph opens downwards.
The y-intercept of y = 5  (2  x)2 is 1.

y  ( x  1)( 3  x )  2
(d)
 x 2  4x  3  2

y  x 2  4x  5
 Coefficient of x2 = 1 > 0
 The graph opens upwards.
The y-intercept of y = (x + 1)( 3 + x) + 2 is 5.
(b) From the graph, y = 4x + 6 cuts the x-axis and the
6. (a) Axis of symmetry is x = 1.
y-axis at ( 
3 , 0) and (0, 6) respectively. (b) Coordinates of the vertex = ( 1,  2 )
2 (c) y-intercept = 1
3 (d) The graph opens upwards.
 x-intercept =  2 and y-intercept = 6

7. (a) Axis of symmetry is x = 1.

(1, 3)
3. (a) From the graph, the line cuts the x-axis and the (b) Coordinates of the vertex =
y-axis at (3, 0) and (0, 4) respectively. (c) y-intercept = 1
 x-intercept = 3 and y-intercept = 4 (d) The graph opens downwards.

(b)  The line passes through (0, 4). 8. (a) Axis of symmetry is x = 2.
(b) Coordinates of the vertex = (  2, 10)

39
 2 Functions and Graphs

(c) y-intercept = 6
(d) The graph opens downwards.

9. (a) Axis of symmetry is x = 2.

(b) Coordinates of the vertex = ( 2,  7 )

(c) y-intercept = 5
(d) The graph opens upwards.

Level 2

10.  The graph of y = ax2 + bx + c opens upwards.

 a is positive.
 The y-intercept is negative.
 c is negative.

11.  The graph of y = ax2 + bx + c opens downwards.

(b) (i) Axis of symmetry is x = 2.
 a is negative. ( 2, 5)
 The y-intercept is positive. (ii) Coordinates of the vertex =
 c is positive. (iii) y-intercept  1
(iv) The graph opens downwards.
12.  The graph of y = ax2 + bx + c opens upwards.
 a is positive. 16. x 2 1 0 1 2
 The y-intercept is positive. y 3 0 1 0 3
 c is positive.

13.  The graph of y = ax2 + bx + c opens downwards.

 a is negative.
 The y-intercept is negative.
 c is negative.
14. (a) x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 14 4 2 4 2 4 14

(b) (i) Axis of symmetry is x = 0.

(ii) Coordinates of the vertex = ( 0, 1)
(iii) y-intercept = 1
(iv) The graph opens downwards.

17. x 1 0 1 2 3
(b) (i) Axis of symmetry is x = 3. y 1 2 3 2 1
(ii) Coordinates of the vertex = ( 3,  4 )

(iii) y-intercept = 14
(iv) The graph opens upwards.

15. (a) x 5 4 3 2 1 0 1
y 4 1 4 5 4 1 4

(b) (i) Axis of symmetry is x = 1.

40
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4A

(ii) Coordinates of the vertex = (1, 3) y  x2  2x  3

(iii) y-intercept = 2  x 2  2 x  12  12  3
10.
(iv) The graph opens downwards.
 ( x 2  2 x  1)  1  3
Exercise 2C (p. 80)  ( x  1) 2  2
 a=1>0
Level 1  The graph of the function opens upwards and it
has a minimum point.
1. Consider the equation y = (x  2)2  4, we have a = 1,  The minimum value of y is 2.
h = 2 and k = 4. The axis of symmetry is x = 1.
(a)  a = 1 > 0
 The graph of y = (x  2)2  4 opens y  x 2  6 x  36
upwards.
(b) The vertex is at (2, 4). 11.  x 2  6 x  32  32  36
(c) The axis of symmetry is x = 2.  ( x 2  6 x  9)  9  36
2. Consider the equation y = 2(x  3)2  7, we have a = 2,  ( x  3) 2  27
h = 3 and k = 7.
(a)  a=2>0  a=1>0
 The graph of y = 2(x  3)2  7 opens  The graph of the function opens upwards and it
upwards. has a minimum point.
(b) The vertex is at (3, 7).  The minimum value of y is 27.
(c) The axis of symmetry is x = 3. The axis of symmetry is x = 3.
3. Consider the equation y =  (x  1)2  2, we have
a = 1, h = 1 and k = 2. y   x 2  8x  7
(a)  a = 1 < 0
 The graph of y =  (x  1)2  2 opens  ( x 2  8 x )  7
downwards. 12.
 ( x 2  8 x  4 2  4 2 )  7
(b) The vertex is at (1, 2).
(c) The axis of symmetry is x = 1.  ( x 2  8 x  16)  16  7
 ( x  4) 2  23
4. Consider the equation y = 3(x + 3)2 + 1, we have
a = 3, h = 3 and k = 1.  a = 1 < 0
(a)  a = 3 < 0  The graph of the function opens downwards and
 The graph of y = 3(x + 3)2 + 1 opens it has a maximum point.
downwards.  The maximum value of y is 23.
(b) The vertex is at (3, 1). The axis of symmetry is x = 4.
(c) The axis of symmetry is x = 3.
y  x 2  6x  k
5. The optimum value (minimum value ) of y is 1.  ( x 2  6 x )  k
13.
6. The optimum value (minimum value) of y is 0.   ( x 2  6 x  32  3 2 )  k

7. The optimum value (maximum value) of y is 5.   ( x 2  6 x  9)  9  k

 ( x  3) 2  (9  k )
8. The optimum value (maximum value) of y is
3.  The maximum value of y is 9 + k.
2 9  k  12

2 k  3
y  x  4x
 ( x 2  4 x )
9.
 ( x 2  4 x  2 2  2 2 )
 ( x 2  4 x  4)  4
 ( x  2) 2  4
 a = 1 < 0
 The graph of the function opens downwards and
it has a maximum point.
 The maximum value of y is 4.
The axis of symmetry is x = 2.

41
 2 Functions and Graphs

y  ( x  2)( 2 x  3)  x  k y  ( x  3) 2  1
 2x  7x  6  x  k
2
 ( x 2  6 x  9)  1
 2x 2  6x  6  k  x 2  6x  8
or let a = 2 and k = 3, we have
 2( x 2  3 x )  6  k
14.  3
2
3 
2
y  2( x  3) 2  3
 2  x 2  3x         6  k
 2 2   2( x 2  6 x  9)  3
9 9  2 x 2  12 x  18  3
 2 x 2  3x     6  k
 4 2  2 x 2  12 x  15 (or any other reasonable answers
2
3 3
 2 x      k 
 2 2  Level 2
 The minimum value of y is
3  k.
2 y  ( x  2)( x  3)
3  x2  x  6
 k  8
 2 2 2
1 1
k 
19  x 2  x        6
2 18. 2 2
1 1
  x 2  x     6
15. Let x be one of the numbers, then the other number is  4  4
16  x, and y be the product of these two numbers. 2
1 25
 y  x (16  x )   x   
 2 4
  x 2  16 x
1 and k = 25
By completing the square,  a = 1, h = 
y   x 2  16 x 2 4
(a) The optimum value (minimum value) of y is
 ( x 2  16 x ) 25 .

 ( x 2  16 x  8 2  8 2 ) 4
 ( x 2  16 x  64)  64
(b) (i)  a=1>0
 ( x  8) 2  64  The graph of y = (x + 2)(x  3) opens
 The maximum value of y is 64. upwards.
 The maximum value of the product of these two
(ii) The vertex is at 1 ,  25  .
numbers is 64. 2 4 
16.  The maximum value of the quadratic function is
(iii) The axis of symmetry is x =
1.
1. 2
 The quadratic function can be written as
y = a(x  h)2  1, where a < 0 y  2(2  x )( x  2)  4 x
Let a = 1 and h = 1, we have
 2(  x 2  4 )  4 x
y  ( x  1) 2  1
 2 x 2  4 x  8
 ( x 2  2 x  1)  1
19.  2 ( x 2  2 x )  8
  x2  2x  2
or let a = 1 and h = 2, we have  2( x 2  2 x  12  12 )  8
 2( x 2  2 x  1)  2  8
y   ( x  2)  1
2

 2( x  1) 2  10
  ( x 2  4 x  4)  1
 a = 2, h = 1 and k = 10
  x 2  4 x  5 (or any other reasonable answers)
(a) The optimum value (maximum value) of y is 10.
17. Let y = a(x  h) + k be the quadratic function.
2

 The graph opens downwards and its axis of (b) (i)  a = 2 < 0
symmetry is x = 3.  The graph of y = 2(2  x)(x + 2)  4x
opens downwards.
 a < 0 and h = 3.
(ii) The vertex is at (1, 10).
Let a = 1 and k = 1, we have
(iii) The axis of symmetry is x = 1.

42
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4A

y  ( x  1)(2 x  3)  5 x  The coordinates of C = (1, 4)

(b) To find the coordinates of A and B, we have to
 ( 2 x 2  x  3)  5x solve y = 0.
 2 x 2  6 x  3 y  0
4  ( x  1) 2  0
 2( x 2  3x )  3
20. 2 2 x2  2x  3  0
 3 3 
 2  x 2  3x         3 ( x  1)( x  3)  0
 2 2 
x + 1 = 0 or x  3 = 0
9 9
 2 x 2  3x     3 x = 1 or x = 3
 4 2  The coordinates of A and B are (1, 0) and
2 (3, 0) respectively.
3 15
 2 x    
1
[3  ( 1)]( 4)
 2 2  Area of △ABC 2
3 and k = 15  8
 a = 2, h = 
2 2
y  x 2  2kx  k
(a) The optimum value (maximum value) of y is
23.  x 2  2kx  k 2  k 2  k
15 .
2  ( x  k ) 2  k ( k  1)
 [ x  ( k )]2  k (k  1)
(b) (i)  a = 2 < 0  The axis of symmetry of y = x2 + 2kx + k is
 The graph of y = (x  1)(2x + 3)  5x x + 4 = 0, i.e. x = 4.
opens downwards.
  k  4
(ii) The vertex is at   3 , 15  . k  4
 2 2   The optimum value (minimum value ) of the
3. function is 4(4  1) = 12.
(iii) The axis of symmetry is x  
2 24. (a) Let y cm2 be the area of the parallelogram.
y  2 x (6  x )
  2 x 2  12 x
  2( x 2  6 x )
  2( x 2  6 x  3 2  32 )

y  ( x  1)  2 x  2( x  1)
2   2( x 2  6 x  9 )  18
  2( x  3) 2  1 8

 The maximum value of y is 18.

 x2  2x  1  2x  2  The maximum area of this parallelogram is
18 cm2.
21.  x2  4x  1
 x 2  4 x  22  22  1 (b) When y = 18, x = 3
2x  6
 ( x 2  4 x  4)  4  1
6 x  3
 ( x  2) 2  5  The height and the base of the parallelogram
 a = 1, h = 2 and k = 5 are 6 cm and 3 cm respectively.

(a) The optimum value (minimum value) of y is 5.

(b) (i)  a=1>0 25. Let x be one of the numbers, then the other number is
 The graph of y = (x + 1)2 + 2(x  1) 20  x, and y be the sum of the squares of these two
opens upwards. numbers.
(ii) The vertex is at (2, 5). y  x 2  ( 20  x ) 2
(iii) The axis of symmetry is x = 2. 
y  4  ( x  1) 2
 x 2  ( x 2  40 x  400)

 4  ( x 2  2 x  1)  2 x 2  40 x  400
By completing the square,
 x2  2x  3 y  2 x 2  40 x  400
22. (a)
 ( x 2  2 x )  3  2( x 2  20 x )  400
 ( x  2 x  1  1 )  3
2 2 2
 2( x 2  20 x  10 2  10 2 )  400
 ( x  2 x  1)  1  3
2
 2( x 2  20 x  100)  200  400
 ( x  1)  4
2
 2( x  10) 2  200
 The function attains its maximum value  The minimum value of y is 200.
when x = 1.  The minimum value of the sum of the squares of
When x = 1, y = 4 these two numbers is 200.

43
 2 Functions and Graphs

 The maximum area of the playground is

h  15  10t  5t 2 450 m2.

 5t 2  10t  15 (b) From (a), y = 2(x  15)2 + 450

2
 5(t  2t )  15  When x = 15, the area of the playground is
26. (a)
maximum.
 5(t 2  2t  12  12 )  15 When x = 15, 60  2x = 30
 5(t 2  2t  1)  5  15  The dimensions of the rectangular
playground is 15 m × 30 m.
 5(t  1) 2  20
 When t = 1, h attains its maximum value. 29. (a) Let x cm be the length of a side of one of the
 The object will attain its maximum height squares, then the length of a side of the other
after 1 second. square is
1
2 (80  4 x ) cm = (20  x) cm
(b) From (a), h  5(t  1)  20 8
 The maximum height reached is 20 m.  Total area of the two squares
= [x2 + (20  x)2] cm2
h  30t  5t 2
(b) Let y cm2 be the total area of the two squares.
 5t 2  30t y  x 2  ( 20  x ) 2
2
27. (a)  5(t  6t )  x 2  ( x 2  40 x  400)
2 2 2
 5(t  6t  3  3 )  2 x 2  40 x  400
 5(t 2
 6t  9)  45 
 2( x 2  20 x )  400
2
 5(t  3)  45  2( x 2  20 x  10 2  10 2 )  400
 When t = 3, h attains its maximum value.
 The ball will attain its maximum height  2( x 2  20 x  100)  200  400
after 3 seconds.  2( x  10) 2  200
 When x = 10, y attains its minimum value.
(b) From (a), h = 5(t  3)2 + 45
When x = 10 , 20  x = 10
 The maximum height reached is 45 m.
 The lengths of a side of the two squares are
 Half of the maximum height reached is
both 10 cm, so that the total area of the two
22.5 m.
squares is a minimum.
By substituting h = 22.5 into the function
h = 30t 5t2, we have 30. (a)  △ABC ~ △AFE (AAA)
22.5  30t  5t 2 EF AF

2t 2  12t  9  0 CB AB
Using the quadratic formula,
AF
EF   CB
 AB
12  ( 12) 2  4( 2)( 9)
t  8 x
2( 2 )  (12) cm
8
12  72 3
   8  x  cm
4
2
 0.879 or 5.12 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
(b) The area of rectangle BDEF
 When t = 0.879 or 5.12, the ball reaches half of
the maximum height.  DE  EF
3
28. (a) Let x m be the width of the playground, then the  x (8  x ) cm 2
2
length of the playground is (60  2x) m,
and y m2 be the area of the playground. (c) Let y cm2 be the area of rectangle BDEF.
y  x(60  2 x )
 2 x 2  60 x

  2( x 2  30 x )
 2( x 2  30 x  152  152 )
 2( x 2  30 x  225)  450
 2( x  15) 2  450
 The maximum value of y is 450 m2.

44
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4A

From the graph, the number of x-intercepts is 1.

3
y x (8  x )
2 3. x –3 –1 1 3 5
3 y 12 0 –4 0 12
  x 2  12 x
2
3
  ( x 2  8x)
 2
3
  ( x 2  8x  42  42 )
2
3
  ( x 2  8 x  16)  24
2
3
  ( x  4) 2  24
2
 When x = 4, y attains its maximum value of
24.
3
When x = 4, (8  x )  6 From the graph, the number of x-intercepts is 2.
2
 The dimensions and the area of the largest
rectangle that can be inscribed in △ABC are
4 cm × 6 cm and 24 cm2 respectively.

Exercise 2D (p.92)

Level 1

1. x –5 0 5
y –3 –3 –3

From the graph, the number of x-intercepts is 1.

5. Draw y = 1 on the graph of y = 2x2 – 1.

From the graph, the number of x-intercepts is 0.

2. x –1 1 3
y –5 –1 3

From the graphs, the solution of 2x2 – 1  1 is x  –1 or

x  1.

45
 2 Functions and Graphs

6. Draw y = 1 on the graph of y = x2 + 4x + 4.

From the graphs, the solution of 2x + 5  21 is x  4.

From the graphs, the solution of x2 + 4x + 4 > 1 is 9. (a)  The graph of y = f(x) has three distinct
x < –3 or x > –1. x-intercepts.
 The cubic function y = (x – a)(x – b)(x – c) has
7. Draw y = 3 on the graph of y = 2x – 1. three distinct real roots.
 a, b and c are distinct.
Put a = –1, b = 1, c = 2 or a = –2, b = –1, c = 1. (or
any other reasonable answers)

(b)  The graph of y = f(x) has two distinct

x-intercepts.
 The cubic function y = (x – a)(x – b)(x – c) has
two distinct real roots.
 Two of a, b and c are the same.
Put a = –2, b = 1, c = 1 or a = –1, b = 2, c = 2. (or
any other reasonable answers)

10.

From the graphs, the solution of 2x – 1  3 is x  2.

8. Draw y = 21 on the graph of y = 2x + 5.

(any reasonable answers)

Level 2

11. (a) Draw y = 2 on the graph of y = x3 – 2x – 2.

46
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4A

From the graphs, the solution of x3 – 2x – 2  2 is

x  2.0.
x 3  2( x  2)
(b)
x3  2x  4
x3  2x  2  2 From the graphs, the solution of x2 + 2x – 6 < 2 is
 x > 2.0 (By(a)) –4.0 < x < 2.0.
 The smallest integer x required is 3.

12. (a) Draw y = 4 on the graph of y = 2x – x2.

14. Plot the graphs of y = 4 – x – 2x2 and y = 3.

From the graphs, the solution of 2x – x2  4 is

x  4.7.

2 x  4 x  ( x  2) 2 From the graphs, the solution of 4 – x – 2x2  3 is

(b) –1.0  x  0.5.
2x  4x  x 2  4x  4
2x  x2  4 15. Plot the graphs of y = x2 + 2x – 2 and y = 5.
 x  4.7 (By(a))
 The smallest integer that x required is 3.

13. Plot the graphs of y = x2 + 2x – 6 and y = 2.

47
 2 Functions and Graphs

From the graphs, the solution of x2 + x – 7  5 is

x  –4 or x  3.
 The solution of x2 + x – 12  0 is x  –4 or x  3.

18. We may rewrite x2 – 2x – 1 < 0 as x2 – 2x + 3 < 4.

Hence, we can solve x2 – 2x – 1 < 0 by solving
x2 – 2x + 3 < 4. In other words, x2 – 2x – 1 < 0 can be
From the graphs, the solution of x2 + 2x – 2 < 5 is solved by drawing y = 4 on the graph of y = x2 – 2x + 3.
–3.8 < x < 1.8.

16. Plot the graphs of y = –x2 – 3x + 3 and y = 4. From the graphs, the solution of x2 – 2x + 3 < 4 is
–0.4 < x < 2.4.
 The solution of x2 – 2x – 1 < 0 is –0.4 < x < 2.4.

Exercise 2E (p. 107)

Level 1

1. The graph of y = g(x) can be obtained by translating the

graph of y = f(x) in the positive direction of the y-axis
by 3 units.

2. The graph of y = g(x) can be obtained by translating the

graph of y = f(x) in the positive direction of the x-axis
by 3 units.

3. The graph of y = g(x) can be obtained by translating the

From the graphs, the solution of –x – 3x + 3  4 is
2 graph of y = f(x) in the negative direction of the x-axis
by 1 unit.
x  –2.6 or x  –0.4.
4. The graph of y = g(x) can be obtained by translating the
17. We may rewrite x2 + x – 12  0 as x2 + x – 7  5. graph of y = f(x) in the negative direction of the y-axis
Hence, we can solve x2 + x – 12  0 by solving by 1 unit.
x2 + x – 7  5. In other words, x2 + x – 12  0 can be
solved by drawing y = 5 on the graph of y = x2 + x – 7. 5.  The graph of y = q(x) is obtained by translating the
graph of y = p(x) in the negative direction of the y-

48
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4A

axis by 3 units.
 q(x) = p(x) – 3
x 0 1 2 3 4
p(x) –4 –3 0 2 2
p(x) – 3 –7 –6 –3 –1 –1
 The tabular representation of q(x) is as follows:
x 0 1 2 3 4
q(x) –7 –6 –3 –1 –1

6. (a) g ( x)  x  2
 f ( x)  2
 The graph of y = f(x) is translated in the
positive direction of the y-axis by 2 units.

7. (a) g ( x )  ( x  1) 2
From the graph, the coordinates of the vertex are
 f ( x  1) (3, –5).
 The graph of y = f(x) is translated in the
positive direction of the x-axis by 1 unit. (b)  g(x) = f(x) + 5
 The graph of y = g(x) can be obtained by
translating the graph of y = f(x) in the positive
g ( x )  x 2  10 x  25
direction of the y-axis by 5 units.
8. (a)
 ( x  5) 2  The vertex of the graph of y = g(x) is also
translated in the positive direction of the y-axis
 f ( x  5)
by 5 units.
 The graph of y = f(x) is translated in the  The coordinates of the vertex of y = g(x) are
positive direction of the x-axis by 5 units. (3, 0).

f ( x)  x 2  4 x  4
 ( x  2) 2
9. g ( x)  x 2  4 x  4
 ( x  2) 2
 [( x  4)  2]2
 f ( x  4)

 The graph of y = f(x) is translated in the negative

direction of the x-axis by 4 units.

Level 2

f ( x)  x 2  2 x
 x ( x  2) From the graph, the roots of f(x) = 0 are 1 and 3.
10. g ( x)  x 2  8 x  15
(b)  g(x) = f(x + 2)
 ( x  3)( x  5)  The graph of y = g(x) can be obtained by
 ( x  3) ( x  3)  2 translating the graph of y = f(x) in the negative
direction of the x-axis by 2 units.
 f ( x  3)  The x-intercepts of the graph of y = g(x) are
 The graph of y = f(x) is translated in the positive also translated in the negative direction of the
direction of the x-axis by 3 units. x-axis by 2 units.
 The roots of g(x) = 0 are –1 and 1.
11. h( x )  g ( x)  2 14. Let f(x) = 3x2 – 4x + 2.
 f ( x  3)  2 The graph of y = g(x) can be obtained by translating the
 The graph of y = f(x) is translated in the negative graph of y = f(x) in the negative direction of y-axis by
direction of the x-axis by 3 units first, and then in 3 units.
the positive direction of the y-axis by 2 units. g ( x)  f ( x)  3

 3x 2  4 x  2  3
 3x 2  4 x  1

49
 2 Functions and Graphs

 The required symbolic representation is t ( x)  s ( x)  2

g(x) = 3x2 – 4x – 1. (ii)  x 2  3x  3  2
2
15. Let f(x) = x – 6x + 8.  x 2  3x  5
The graph of y = g(x) is obtained by translating the
graph of y = f(x) in the positive direction of the x-axis
by 2 units.
Revision Exercise 2 (p. 113)
g ( x )  f ( x  2)
  ( x  2) 2  6( x  2)  8 Level 1
 x  4 x  4  6 x  12  8
2

1. (a) f (0)  (0) 2  3(0)  4

 x 2  10 x  24  4
 The required symbolic representation is
g(x) = x2 – 10x + 24.
f ( 2)  ( 2) 2  3( 2)  4
2
16. (a) f(x) = 2x + 1 (b)
 4  6  4
 The coordinates of the vertex of y = f(x) are
(0, 1).  4
g ( x)  2 x 2  12 x  19
f (1)  g ( 2)  12  2(1)  3(2)  5
 2( x 2  6 x )  19 2. (a)  1 2  6  5
(b)  2( x 2  6 x  32  32 )  19  10
 2( x 2  6 x  9)  18  19
 2( x  3) 2  1 (b)
 f ( x  3)
[ g (1)]2  f ( 1)  [3(1)  5]2  [( 1) 2  2( 1)]
(c) The graph of y = f(x) is translated in the negative
direction of the x-axis by 3 units.  82  3
(d)  The graph of y = g(x) can be obtained by  192
translating the graph of y = f(x) in the negative
direction of the x-axis by 3 units.
 The vertex of the graph of y = g(x) is also f ( 2) 2 2  2( 2)
(c) 
translated in the negative direction of the g ( 2) 3( 2)  5
x-axis by 3 units.
 The coordinates of the vertex of y = g(x) are 0
(–3, 1). 3. (a)  f ( 0)  2
17. (a)  The graph of y = s(x) is obtained by translating  2(0)  b  2
the graph of y = r(x) in the direction of the b  2
x-axis.
From the tabular representations of the
functions r(x) and s(x), we have (b) From (a), we have
s(x) = r(x – 2). f ( x)  2 x  2
 f ( 3)  2( 3)  2
(b)  The graph of y = t(x) is obtained by translating
the graph of y = s(x) in the positive direction  6  2
of the y-axis by 2 units.  4
 t(x) = s(x) + 2
x –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 f (3)  2 g (1)
s(x) 7 3 1 1 3 7 13
s(x) + 2 9 5 3 3 5 9 15  2(3)  k  2(1  2k )
4. 6  k  2  4k
 The tabular representation of t(x) is as follows:
x –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 4
k 
t(x) 9 5 3 3 5 9 15 3

s( x )  r ( x  2) 5. (a) Axis of symmetry is x  1 .

(c) (i)  ( x  2) 2  ( x  2)  1
(b) Coordinates of the vertex  (1,  4)
 x2  4x  4  x  2 1
 x 2  3x  3 (c) y-intercept  3

(d) The graph opens upwards.

50
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4A

6. (a) Axis of symmetry is x  2 .

(b) Coordinates of the vertex  (2, 11)

(c) y-intercept  3

(d) The graph opens downwards.

7. x 5 0 5
y 15 5 5

Number of x-intercepts: 3

Number of x-intercepts: 1

8. x 4 2 0 2 4
y 33  5 3 9

10. Draw y  10 on the graph of y  3x  1 .

Number of x-intercepts: 0

9. 
1 3 5
x 1 1 0 1 2 3
2 2 2
2
 
11 9 From the graph, the solution of 33  1  10 is
y  9 2 11 0 2 2
8 8 x2.
8 8

11. Draw y  7 on the graph of

y  x3  x 2  4 x  1 .

51
 2 Functions and Graphs

3
The axis of symmetry is x   .
2

y   x2  4x  5
 ( x 2  4 x )  5
17.
 ( x 2  4 x  2 2  2 2 )  5
  ( x 2  4 x  4)  4  5
  ( x  2) 2  9
 a20
 The graph of the function opens downwards and
it has a maximum point.
 The maximum value of y is 9.
The axis of symmetry is x  2 .

y  x 2  8x  k
From the graph, the solution of 18.  x 2  8x  42  42  k
x 3  x 2  4 x  1  7 is x  3 .  ( x 2  8 x  16)  16  k
 ( x  4) 2  (16  k )
12. The optimum value (minimum value) of y is 1.
The axis of symmetry is x  2 .  The minimum value of y is (16  k ) .
 (16  k )  12
13. The optimum value (maximum value) of y is 4. k  4
The axis of symmetry is x  3 .

14. The optimum value (maximum value) of y is 3.

The axis of symmetry is x  4 .

y   x2  6x  4
 ( x 2  6 x )  4
15.
 ( x 2  6 x  32  32 )  4 19. Let x be one of the two numbers, then the other number
  ( x 2  6 x  9)  9  4 is 8  x , and y be the product of these two numbers.
 ( x  3) 2  5 y  x(8  x)
 a  1  0   x2  8x
 The graph of the function opens downwards and  ( x 2  8 x )
it has a maximum point. 
 The maximum value of y is 5.  ( x 2  8 x  4 2  4 2 )
The axis of symmetry is x  3 .  ( x 2  8 x  16)  16
 ( x  4) 2  16
y  2x2  6x  1
 The maximum value of y is 16.
 2( x 2  3 x )  1  The maximum value of the product of these two
numbers is 16.
 2 3  3 
2 2

 2 x  3x         1
16.   2   2   g ( x )  2( x  1)( x  1)

 9 9  2( x 2  1)
 2 x 2  3 x     1 20.
 4 2  2 x 2  2
 3 7
2  2 x 2  3  1
 2 x   
 2 2  f ( x)  1
 a20  The graph of y  f (x ) is translated in the
 The graph of the function opens upwards and it negative direction of the y-axis by 1 unit.
has a minimum point.
7
 The minimum value of y is  .
2

52
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4A

g ( x)  ( x  5)3 4(1)  b  5
21. b 1
 [( x  3)  2]3
Put a = 1 and b = 1 into (1),
 f ( x  3)
11 c  4
 The graph of y  f (x ) is translated in the
c2
positive direction of the x-axis by 3 units.
 f(x) = x2 + x + 2
or put a = 2 into (3),
g ( x)  x 2  10 x  28 4( 2)  b  5
 x 2  10 x  52  52  28 b  3
 ( x 2  10 x  25)  25  28 put a = 2, b = –3 into (1),
22.
23 c  4
 ( x  5) 2  3
c5
 [( x  7)  2]2  3  f(x) = 2x2 – 3x +5
 f ( x  7) (or any other reasonable answers)
 The graph of y  f (x ) is translated in the Level 2
negative direction of the x-axis by 7 units.
 f (1)  3
g ( x )  3( x 3  x  1) 27.  a (1  2)(1  2)  b  3
23.  3 x3  3x  3  3a  b  3 ...... (1)
 3 x3  3x  2  1  f (3)  13
 f ( x)  1  a (3  2)(3  2)  b  13
 The graph of y  f (x ) is translated in the 5a  b  13 ...... ( 2)
positive direction of the y-axis by 1 unit. (2) – (1),
8a  16
24.  The graph of y  g (x ) is obtained by a  2
translating the graph of y  f (x ) in the
By substituting a  2 into (1), we have
positive direction of the x-axis by 3 units.
3( 2)  b  3
g ( x)  f ( x  3)
b 3
  3( x  3) 2  1
 3( x 2  6 x  9)  1 28. (a) S ( 40 000)  5000  0.2 ( 40 000)
 3x 2  18 x  28  13 000
 The symbolic representation of g(x) is  His salary in that month is $13 000.
g ( x)  3 x 2  18 x  28 .
S ( x )  11 600
(b)  5000  0.2 x  11 600
25.  The graph of y  g (x ) is obtained by x  33 000
translating the graph of y  f (x ) in the  His sales figure for that month is $33 000.
negative direction of the y-axis by 2 units. h( x)  g ( 2 x  1)
 g ( x)  f ( x)  2  2(2 x  1)  1
29. (a)
 2x2  x  2  4x  2 1
 The symbolic representation of g(x) is  4x  3
g ( x)  2 x 2  x  2 .  The symbolic representation of h(x) is
h( x )  4 x  3 .
26. Let f(x) = ax2 + bx +c be the quadratic function.
 f (1)  4 (b)  g ( p  2)  h ( p )
2 2( p  2)  1  4 p  3
 a (1)  b(1)  c  4
 2p 5  4p  3
abc  4 …… (1)
 f (3)  14 p  1

 a (3) 2  b(3)  c  14
9a  3b  c  14 …… (2)
(2) – (1): 8a + 2b = 10
4a + b = 5 …… (3)
Put a = 1 into (3),

53
 2 Functions and Graphs

f ( x  3)  ( x  3) 2  3k
 x 2  6 x  9  3k
30. (a)
g ( x  3)  ( x  3) 2  k .
 x  6x  9  k
2

(b)   f ( x  3)  g ( x  3)  12 x  1


x 2  6 x  9  3k  ( x 2  6 x  9  k )  12 x  1
12 x  2k  12 x  1 
1
k
2 (b) (i) Axis of symmetry is x  1 .
(ii) Coordinates of the vertex  ( 1,  9)
(iii) y-intercept  8
31. (a) x 1 1 3 5 7 (v) The graph opens upwards.

y 16 4 0 4 16 33. (a) x 2 4 6

2 
y 10 2 6 2 

(b) (i) Axis of symmetry is x  3 .

(ii) Coordinates of the vertex  (3, 0)
(b) (i) Axis of symmetry is x  2 .
(iii) y-intercept  9
(ii) Coordinates of the vertex  ( 2,  6)
(iv) The graph opens downwards.
(iii) y-intercept  2
(vi) The graph opens upwards.

y  ( x  2)( x  4)  3
 x2  6 x  8  3
34.  x 2  6 x  11
 x 2  6 x  32  32  11
 x 2  6 x  9  9  11
32. (a) x 5 3 1 1 3  ( x  3) 2  2
y  5 9 5 
(a)  a 1 0
 The graph opens upwards.

(b) y-intercept  11

(c) Axis of symmetry is x  3 .

(d) Coordinates of the vertex  (3, 2)

54
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4A

y  3((1  x)( x  5)  6 x
 3( x 2  4 x  5)  6 x
 3x 2  18 x  15
35.  3( x 2  6 x)  15
 3( x 2  6 x  32  32 )  15
 3( x 2  6 x  9)  27  15
 3( x  3) 2  42

(a)  a  3  0
 The graph opens upwards.
From the graphs, the solution of 5 x  2 x 2  12
(b) y-intercept  15
is x  1.5 or x  4.0 .
(c) Axis of symmetry is x  3 .
38. Plot the graphs of y  ( x  5)( x  2) and
(d) Coordinates of the vertex  (3, 42) y 2.

36. (a) By substituting A(1, 0) into y  x 2  px  q ,

we have
0  1 p  q
q  1  p ..... (1)
By substituting B(6, 0) into y  x 2  px  q ,
we have
0  6 2  p ( 6)  q
0  36  6 p  q ..... ( 2)
By substituting (1) into (2), we have
0  36  6 p  1  p
p  7
By substituting p  7 into (1) , we have From the graphs, the solution of
q  1  ( 7) ( x  5)( x  2)  2 is 1.4  x  5.6 .
6

(b) From (a), we have

y  x2  7 x  6
By completing the square,
y  x2  7 x  6
2 2
7 7
 x  7x        6
2

2 2
 49  49
  x2  7 x   6
 4  4
2
 7  25
 x  
 2 4
 The optimum value (minimum value) of
25
x 2  px  q is  .
4

37. Plot the graphs of y  5 x  2 x 2 and y  12 .

39. Plot the graphs of y  ( x  1)( x 2  3 x  1) and

55
 2 Functions and Graphs

y 2. x  1.0 or x  1.5 .

41. (a) x 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
y 43 4 1 2 1 2  34

From the graphs, the solution of

( x  1)( x 2  3 x  1)  2 is x  3.0 .

(b) We may rewrite  x 3  x 2  x  3  5 as

40. (a) x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
x 3  x 2  x  1  1 .
y  8 1 2 1 4 13
Hence, we can solve  x 3  x 2  x  3  5
by solving x 3  x 2  x  1  1 . In other
words,  x 3  x 2  x  3  5 can be solved
by drawing y  1 on the graph obtained in
(a).

From the graphs, the solution of

x 3  x 2  x  1  1 is x  2.0 .
 The solution of  x 3  x 2  x  3  5 is
x  2.0 .

42. (a) Draw y  2 on the graph of y  f (x ) .

(b) We may rewrite 2 x 2  x  3  0 as

2 x 2  x  2  1 . Hence, we can solve
2 x 2  x  3  0 by solving
2 x 2  x  2  1 . In other words,
2 x 2  x  3  0 can be solved by drawing
y  1 on the graph obtained in (a).

From the graphs, the solution of

2 x 2  x  2  1 is x  1.0 or
x  1.5 .
 The solution of 2 x 2  x  3  0 is

56
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4A

g ( x)  ( x  3) 2
44.  x2  6x  9
 x2  6x  8  1
 f ( x)  1
 The direction of y  f (x ) is translated in the
positive direction of the y-axis by 1 unit.

g ( x)  x 2  4 x  5
45.  x 2  4 x  22  22  5
 ( x 2  4 x  4)  4  5
 ( x  2) 2  1
 The coordinates of the vertex of the graph of
y  g (x ) are (2, 1).
 The vertex of the graph of y  f (x ) can be
From the graphs, the solution of f ( x )  2 is obtained by translating the vertex of the graph of
x  1 or x  2 . y  g (x ) in the negative direction of the x-
axis by 4 units.
(b) From (a), the solution of f ( x  1)  2 is
 The graph of y  f (x ) can be obtained by
x  1  1 or x  1  2 .
translating the graph of y  g (x ) in negative
 The solution of f ( x  1)  2 is x  0
direction of the x-axis by 4 units.
or x  3 .
f ( x)  g ( x  4)

5 5  [( x  4)  2]2  1
43. We may rewrite  2 as   2 . Hence, we
x x  ( x  2) 2  1
5 5  The symbolic representation of f(x) is
can solve  2 by solving   2 . In other
x x f ( x )  ( x  2) 2  1 .
5
words,  2 can be solved by drawing y  2 46. (a) AP  DS  CR  BQ  (10  x) cm
x
on the given graph. 

1
S ( x )  (10  10)  4 ( x )(10  x )
2
 100  20 x  2 x 2
 2 x 2  20 x  100

S ( x)  2 x 2  20 x  100
 2( x 2  10 x)  100
(b)
 2( x 2  10 x  52  52 )  100
 2( x 2  10 x  25)  50  100
5  2( x  5)  50
From the graphs, the solution of   2 is
x  When x  5 , S(x) attains its minimum
5 value.
 x0.  The value of x is 5 so that the area of the
2 remaining part attains its minimum.
5 5
 The solution of  2 is   x  0 .
x 2 47. (a) (i) x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
y 8 3 0 1 0 3 8

57
 2 Functions and Graphs

EF AF

CB AB
AF
EF   CB
 AB
8 x
  6 cm
8
3
 (8  x) cm
4
3 
  x(8  x) cm 2
 Area of BDEF
4 
 3 
   x 2  6 x cm 2
 4 
(ii) From the graph, the roots of f ( x )  0 (b) Let y cm2 be the area of BDEF.
are 3 and 5.
3 2
y x  6x
(b) (i) The graph of y  f (x ) is translated in 4
the positive direction of the x-axis by 1 unit. 3
  ( x 2  8 x)
(ii) The graph of y  g (x ) is translated in 4
the negative direction of the x-axis by 3 3

units.   ( x 2  8 x  4 2  42 )
4
(c) From (b), the x-intercepts of the graph of 3
y  g (x ) can be obtained by translating the   ( x 2  8 x  16)  12
4
x-intercepts of the graph of y  f (x ) in the
3
positive direction of the x-axis by 1 unit.   ( x  4) 2  12
 The x-intercepts of the graph of 4
y  g (x ) are 4 and 6.  The maximum value of y is 12.
 The are of the largest rectangle that can be
inscribed in triangle ABC is 12 cm2.
From (b), the x-intercepts of the graph of
y  h(x) can be obtained by translating the
x-intercepts of the graph of y  g (x ) in the Multiple Choice Questions (p. 118)
negative direction of the x-axis by 3 units.
 The x-intercepts of the graph of 1. Answer: C
From the table, we have
y  h(x) are 1 and 3.
30 45 60 75 90 105
 The roots of h( x )  0 are 1 and 3.       15
2 3 4 5 6 7
g ( x)   x 2  4 x  2 P
  15
t
 ( x 2  4 x )  2
 P  15t
48.  ( x 2  4 x  2 2  2 2 )  2  The symbolic representation of the function in the
 ( x 2  4 x  4)  4  2 table is P  15t .
 ( x  2) 2  2 2. Answer: A
 f ( x  2) 1
f (0) 
 The graph of y  f (x ) is translated in the 02  2
negative direction of the x-axis by 2 units. 1

2
49. (a)  AEF ~ ACB ( AAA)
3. Answer: B
f ( x  1)  ( x  1) 2  1
 x2  2x  1  1
 x2  2x

4. Answer: A

58
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4A

f ( x  1)  f ( x )  ( x  1) 2  ( x  1)  1  ( x 2  x  1) x
 (r 2 )
 x  2x  1  x  1  1  x  x  1
2 2
360
  2x 9r
 (r 2 )
r
5. Answer: C  (9  r )((r )
f ( 2 x  1)  2(2 x  1)  1
  r 2  9r
 4x  2  1
Area of the sector  ( r  9r )
2
 4x  3
 2 9 9 
2 2

   r  9r       
6. Answer: D   2   2  
 The vertex of the parabola is at ( 2, 1) .  81  81
  r 2  9 r   
 The axis of symmetry is x  2 .  4 4
2
7. Answer: A  9 81
 The graph opens upwards.   r   
 2  4
 a0
 When the radius is r, the area of the sector attains
 The graph has no x-intercepts. the maximum value
 The quadratic equation ax 2  bx  c  0 has 9
no real roots.  r 
2
0

b 2  4ac  0
 1 1
f  x    x2  2
8. Answer: C  x x
y  x2  4x  8 1
 x2  2  2  2
 x 2  4 x  2 2  22  8 2. x
 ( x  4 x  4)  4  8
2
1 1
 x 2  2( x)   2  2
 ( x  2) 2  4  x x
2
 The axis of symmetry of y  x 2  4 x  8 is  1
 x   2
x2.  x
9. Answer: C  f ( x)  x 2  2
The graph of y  f (x ) is obtained by translating  f (5)  52  2
the graph of y  cos x in the positive direction of  23
the y-axis by 2 units.
 f ( x )  2  cos x
 The required symbolic representation is
f ( x )  2  cos x

HKMO (p.119)

1. Let x be the angle of the sector of the circle.

 The perimeter of the sector is 18.
x
( 2r )  2r  18
 360
x 9r

360 r

59
2 Functions and Graphs

60