mkdir - make directories

Usage
mkdir [OPTION] DIRECTORY
Options
Create the DIRECTORY (ies), i the! do not a"read! e#ist$
%andator! arg&ments to "ong options are mandator! or short options
too$
'm, mode(%ODE set permission mode (as in )hmod), not r*#r*#r*# '
&mask
'p, parents no error i e#isting, make parent dire)tories as needed
'+, +er,ose print a message or ea)h )reated dire)tor!
'he"p disp"a! this he"p and e#it
'+ersion o&tp&t +ersion inormation and e#it
cd - change directories
Use )d to )hange dire)tories$ T!pe )d o""o*ed ,! the name o a
dire)tor! to a))ess that dire)tor!$ -eep in mind that !o& are a"*a!s in
a dire)tor! and )an na+igate to dire)tories hierar)hi)a""! a,o+e or
,e"o*$
mv- change the name of a directory
T!pe m+ o""o*ed ,! the )&rrent name o a dire)tor! and the ne* name
o the dire)tor!$
E#. m+ testdir ne*namedir
pwd - print working directory
/i"" sho* !o& the &"" path to the dire)tor! !o& are )&rrent"! in$ This is
+er! hand! to &se, espe)ia""! *hen perorming some o the other
)ommands on this page
rmdir - Remove an existing directory
rm -r
Remo+es dire)tories and 0"es *ithin the dire)tories re)&rsi+e"!$
chown - change fle owner and group
Usage
)ho*n [OPTION] O/NER[.[1ROUP]] 2I3E
)ho*n [OPTION] .1ROUP 2I3E
)ho*n [OPTION] ''reeren)e(R2I3E 2I3E
Options
Change the o*ner and4or gro&p o ea)h 2I3E to O/NER and4or
1ROUP$ /ith ''reeren)e, )hange the o*ner and gro&p o ea)h 2I3E to
those o R2I3E$
'), )hanges "ike +er,ose ,&t report on"! *hen a )hange is made
'dereeren)e a5e)t the reerent o ea)h s!m,o"i) "ink, rather than the
s!m,o"i) "ink itse"
'h, no'dereeren)e a5e)t ea)h s!m,o"i) "ink instead o an! reeren)ed
0"e (&se&" on"! on s!stems that )an )hange the o*nership o a
s!m"ink)
'rom(CURRENT6O/NER.CURRENT61ROUP
)hange the o*ner and4or gro&p o ea)h 0"e on"! i its )&rrent o*ner
and4or gro&p mat)h those spe)i0ed here$ Either ma! ,e omitted, in
*hi)h )ase a mat)h is not re7&ired or the omitted attri,&te$
'no'preser+e'root do not treat 849 spe)ia""! (the dea&"t)
'preser+e'root ai" to operate re)&rsi+e"! on 849
', 'si"ent, '7&iet s&ppress most error messages
'reeren)e(R2I3E &se R2I3E9s o*ner and gro&p rather than the
spe)i!ing O/NER.1ROUP +a"&es
'R, 're)&rsi+e operate on 0"es and dire)tories re)&rsi+e"!
'+, '+er,ose o&tp&t a diagnosti) or e+er! 0"e pro)essed
The o""o*ing options modi! ho* a hierar)h! is tra+ersed *hen the 'R
option is a"so spe)i0ed$ I more than one is spe)i0ed, on"! the 0na" one
takes e5e)t$
': i a )ommand "ine arg&ment is a s!m,o"i) "ink to a dire)tor!,
tra+erse it
'3 tra+erse e+er! s!m,o"i) "ink to a dire)tor! en)o&ntered
'P do not tra+erse an! s!m,o"i) "inks (dea&"t)
chmod - change fle access permissions
Usage
)hmod ['r] permissions 0"enames
r Change the permission on 0"es that are in the s&,dire)tories o the
dire)tor! that !o& are )&rrent"! in$ permission ;pe)i0es the rights
that are ,eing granted$ <e"o* is the di5erent rights that !o& )an grant
in an a"pha n&meri) ormat$0"enames 2i"e or dire)tor! that !o& are
asso)iating the rights *ith Permissions
& ' User *ho o*ns the 0"e$
g ' 1ro&p that o*ns the 0"e$
o ' Other$
a ' =""$
r ' Read the 0"e$
* ' /rite or edit the 0"e$
# ' E#e)&te or r&n the 0"e as a program$
N&meri) Permissions.
C:%OD )an a"so to attri,&ted ,! &sing N&meri) Permissions.
>?? read ,! o*ner
?>? read ,! gro&p
??> read ,! an!,od! (other)
@?? *rite ,! o*ner
?@? *rite ,! gro&p
??@ *rite ,! an!,od!
A?? e#e)&te ,! o*ner
?A? e#e)&te ,! gro&p
??A e#e)&te ,! an!,od!
ls - Short listing of directory contents
'a "ist hidden 0"es
'd "ist the name o the )&rrent dire)tor!
'2 sho* dire)tories *ith a trai"ing 949
e#e)&ta,"e 0"es *ith a trai"ing 9B9
'g sho* gro&p o*nership o 0"e in "ong "isting
'i print the in ode n&m,er o ea)h 0"e
'" "ong "isting gi+ing detai"s a,o&t 0"es and dire)tories
'R "ist a"" s&,dire)tories en)o&ntered
't sort ,! time modi0ed instead o name
cp - Copy fles
)p m!0"e !o&r0"e
Cop! the 0"es Cm!0"eC to the 0"e C!o&r0"eC in the )&rrent *orking
dire)tor!$ This )ommand *i"" )reate the 0"e C!o&r0"eC i it doesn9t e#ist$
It *i"" norma""! o+er*rite it *itho&t *arning i it e#ists$
)p 'i m!0"e !o&r0"e
/ith the C'iC option, i the 0"e C!o&r0"eC e#ists, !o& *i"" ,e prompted
,eore it is o+er*ritten$
)p 'i 4data4m!0"e
Cop! the 0"e C4data4m!0"eC to the )&rrent *orking dire)tor! and name
it Cm!0"eC$ Prompt ,eore o+er*riting the 0"e$
)p 'dpr sr)dir destdir
Cop! a"" 0"es rom the dire)tor! Csr)dirC to the dire)tor! CdestdirC
preser+ing "inks ('poption), 0"e attri,&tes ('p option), and )op!
re)&rsi+e"! ('r option)$ /ith these options, a dire)tor! and a"" it
)ontents )an ,e )opied to another dir
ln - Creates a symbolic link to a fle.
"n 's test s!m"ink
Creates a s!m,o"i) "ink named s!m"ink that points to the 0"e test
T!ping C"s 'i test s!m"inkC *i"" sho* the t*o 0"es are di5erent *ith
di5erent inodes$ T!ping C"s '" test s!m"inkC *i"" sho* that s!m"ink points
to the 0"e test$
locate ' = ast data,ase dri+en 0"e "o)ator$
slocate -u
This )ommand ,&i"ds the s"o)ate data,ase$ It *i"" take se+era" min&tes
to )omp"ete this )ommand$This )ommand m&st ,e &sed ,eore
sear)hing or 0"es, ho*e+er )ron r&ns this )ommand periodi)a""! on
most s!stems$"o)ate *hereis 3ists a"" 0"es *hose names )ontain the
string C*hereisC$ dire)tor!$
more - =""o*s 0"e )ontents or piped o&tp&t to ,e sent to the s)reen
one page at a time
less - Opposite o the more )ommand
cat ' ;ends 0"e )ontents to standard o&tp&t$ This is a *a! to "ist the
)ontents o short 0"es to the s)reen$ It *orks *e"" *ith piping$
whereis ' Report a"" kno*n instan)es o a )ommand
wc - Print ,!te, *ord, and "ine )o&nts
bg
,g Do,s P"a)es the )&rrent Do, (or, ,! &sing the a"ternati+e orm, the
spe)i0ed Do,s) in the ,a)kgro&nd, s&spending its e#e)&tion so that a
ne* &ser prompt appears immediate"!$ Use the Do,s )ommand to
dis)o+er the identities o ,a)kgro&nd Do,s$
cal month year ' Prints a )a"endar or the spe)i0ed month o the
spe)i0ed !ear$
cat fles ' Prints the )ontents o the spe)i0ed 0"es$
clear - C"ears the termina" s)reen$
cmp fle1 fle - Compares t*o 0"es, reporting a"" dis)repan)ies$
;imi"ar to the di5 )ommand, tho&gh the o&tp&t ormat di5ers$
di! fle1 fle ' Compares t*o 0"es, reporting a"" dis)repan)ies$
;imi"ar to the )mp )ommand, tho&gh the o&tp&t ormat di5ers$
dmesg - Prints the messages res&"ting rom the most re)ent s!stem
,oot$
fg
g Do,s ' <rings the )&rrent Do, (or the spe)i0ed Do,s) to the oregro&nd$
fle fles - Determines and prints a des)ription o the t!pe o ea)h
spe)i0ed 0"e$
fnd path -name pattern -print
;ear)hes the spe)i0ed path or 0"es *ith names mat)hing the spe)i0ed
pattern (&s&a""! en)"osed in sing"e 7&otes) and prints their names$ The
0nd )ommand has man! other arg&ments and &n)tionsE see the on"ine
do)&mentation$
fnger users - Prints des)riptions o the spe)i0ed &sers$
free - Disp"a!s the amo&nt o &sed and ree s!stem memor!$
ftp hostname
Opens an 2TP )onne)tion to the spe)i0ed host, a""o*ing 0"es to ,e
transerred$ The 2TP program pro+ides s&,)ommands or
a))omp"ishing 0"e transersE see the on"ine do)&mentation$
head fles - Prints the 0rst se+era" "ines o ea)h spe)i0ed 0"e$
ispell fles - Che)ks the spe""ing o the )ontents o the spe)i0ed 0"es$
kill process"ids
ki"" ' signa" pro)ess6ids
ki"" '"
-i""s the spe)i0ed pro)esses, sends the spe)i0ed pro)esses the
spe)i0ed signa" (gi+en as a n&m,er or name), or prints a "ist o
a+ai"a,"e signa"s$
killall program
ki""a"" ' signa" program
-i""s a"" pro)esses that are instan)es o the spe)i0ed program or sends
the spe)i0ed signa" to a"" pro)esses that are instan)es o the spe)i0ed
program$
mail - 3a&n)hes a simp"e mai" )"ient that permits sending and
re)ei+ing emai" messages$
man title
man se)tion tit"e ' Prints the spe)i0ed man page$
ping host ' ;ends an e)ho re7&est +ia TCP4IP to the spe)i0ed host$ =
response )on0rms that the host is operationa"$
reboot ' Re,oots the s!stem (re7&ires root pri+i"eges)$
shutdown minutes
sh&tdo*n 'r min&tes
;h&ts do*n the s!stem ater the spe)i0ed n&m,er o min&tes e"apses
(re7&ires root pri+i"eges)$ The 'r option )a&ses the s!stem
to ,e re,ooted on)e it has sh&t do*n$
sleep time - Ca&ses the )ommand interpreter to pa&se or the
spe)i0ed n&m,er o se)onds$
sort fles - ;orts the spe)i0ed 0"es$ The )ommand has man! &se&"
arg&mentsE see the on"ine do)&mentation$
split fle - ;p"its a 0"e into se+era" sma""er 0"es$ The )ommand has
man! arg&mentsE see the on"ine do)&mentation
sync - Comp"etes a"" pending inp&t4o&tp&t operations (re7&ires root
pri+i"eges)$
telnet host ' Opens a "ogin session on the spe)i0ed host$
top - Prints a disp"a! o s!stem pro)esses that9s )ontin&a""! &pdated
&nti" the &ser presses the 7 ke!$
traceroute host ' Uses e)ho re7&ests to determine and print a
net*ork path to the host$
uptime - Prints the s!stem &ptime$
w - Prints the )&rrent s!stem &sers$
wall - Prints a message to ea)h &ser e#)ept those *ho9+e disa,"ed
message re)eption$ T!pe Ctrl-# to end the message$