Lightning Protection Guide

LIGHTNING
PROTECTION
GUIDE
2nd updated edition
LIGHTNING
PROTECTION
GUIDE
2nd updated edition
DEHN + SHNE LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE
2nd updated edition
ISBN 3-00-015975-4
Lightning Protection
Surge Protection
Safety Equipment
DEHN + SHNE
GmbH + Co.KG.
Hans-Dehn-Str. 1
Postfach 1640
92306 Neumarkt
Germany
Phone +49 9181 906-0
FAX +49 9181 906-333
www.dehn.de
[email protected]
Editorial state: September 2007
We reserve the right to introduce changes in
performance, configuration and technology,
dimensions, weights and materials in the course
of technical progress.
The figures are shown without obligation. Mis-
prints, errors and omissions excepted.
Reproduction in any form whatsoever is forbidden
without our permission.
Brochure No. DS702/E/2007
Copyright 2007 DEHN + SHNE
Since its foundation in 1980, the IEC TC 81 Light-
ning Protection of the International Electrotech-
nical Commission (IEC) has drawn up diverse stan-
dards for the protection of buildings from light-
ning, for the protection of electronic systems, for
risk analysis and for the simulation of the effects of
lightning. These standards were compiled one
after the other as they were required, and pub-
lished under different numbers with no recognis-
able system. The standards work therefore became
more and more unsystematic to the user. In Sep-
tember 2000, the IEC TC 81 therefore decided to
introduce a new, clearly arranged structure for
lightning protection standards (series: IEC 62305).
Revised and new standards will be integrated into
this new structure.
The new International Lightning Protection Stan-
dards IEC 62305 (Parts 1 to 4) were published at the
beginning of 2006. Almost at the same time they
came into force as new European Lightning Pro-
tection Standards EN 62305-1 to 4.
The standards IEC 62305 and EN 62305 provide
compact information as required for the protec-
tion of electrical and electronic systems in build-
ings and structures. So, this complex protection
successfully has been subdivided into a number of
concrete individual protective measures which the
designer and installer can compose to an overall
system adjusted and specific to the respective tar-
get of protection.
When signing new contracts on designing and
installation of lightning protection systems, in
future the contractor has to follow the series of
standards IEC 62305 or EN 62305 to work in com-
pliance with the State of the Art.
For this to be possible, the contractor must famil-
iarise himself with the contents of the new light-
ning protection standards.
With this completely revised LIGHTNING PROTEC-
TION GUIDE, we would like to support you as the
specialists in this field, regardless of whether you
are involved in design or executing, in becoming
familiar with the new series of lightning protec-
tion standards.
DEHN + SHNE
www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 3
Preface
Aerial photo of DEHN + SHNE
www.dehn.de 4 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE
Trademarks
BLITZDUCTOR
BLITZPLANER
DEHNALU-DRAHT
DEHNbloc
DEHNfix
DEHNgrip
DEHNguard
DEHNport
DEHNQUICK
DEHNrapid
DEHNsnap
DEHNventil
HVI
LifeCheck
... MIT SICHERHEIT DEHN.

and our logo
are registered trademarks of
DEHN + SHNE GmbH + Co.KG.
Product terms mentioned in the book that
are also registered trademark have not been
clearly marked. Therefore, it cannot be con-
cluded from an absent
TM
or
marking that
a term is an unregistered trademark. Equally,
it cannot be determined from the text if
patents or protection of utility patents exist
for a product.
Signs and symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
1. State of the art for the installation of lightning protection systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
1.1 Installation standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
1.2 Work contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
1.3 Product standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
2. Characteristics of lightning current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
2.1 Lightning discharge and sequence of lightning current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
2.2 Peak value of lightning current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
2.3 Steepness of lightning current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
2.4 Charge of lightning current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
2.5 Specific energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
2.6 Assignment of lightning current parameters to lightning protection levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
3. Designing a lightning protection system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
3.1 Necessity of a lightning protection system legal regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
3.2 Assessment of the risk of damage and selection of protective components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
3.2.1 Risk management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
3.2.2 Fundamentals of risk assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
3.2.3 Frequency of lightning strikes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
3.2.4 Probabilities of damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
3.2.5 Types of loss and sources of damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
3.2.6 Loss factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
3.2.7 Relevant risk components for different lightning strikes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
3.2.8 Tolerable risk of lightning damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
3.2.9 Choice of lightning protection measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
3.2.10 Economic losses / Economic efficiency of protective measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
3.2.11 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
3.2.12 Designing aids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
3.3 Inspection and maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
3.3.1 Types of inspection and qualification of the inspectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
3.3.2 Inspection measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
3.3.3 Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
3.3.4 Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
4. Lightning protection system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
5. External lightning protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
5.1 Air-termination systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
5.1.1 Designing methods and types of air-termination systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
5.1.2 Air-termination systems for buildings with gable roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
5.1.3 Air-termination systems for flat-roofed structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
Contents
5.1.4 Air-termination systems on metal roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62
5.1.5 Principle of an air-termination system for structures with thatched roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
5.1.6 Walkable and trafficable roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
5.1.7 Air-termination system for green and flat roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
5.1.8 Isolated air-termination systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
5.1.9 Air-termination system for steeples and churches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
5.1.10 Air-termination systems for wind turbines (WT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
5.1.11 Wind load stresses on lightning protection air-termination rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
5.2 Down-conductor system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
5.2.1 Determination of the number of down conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
5.2.2 Down-conductor system for a non-isolated lightning protection system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
5.2.2.1 Installation of down-conductor systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83
5.2.2.2 Natural components of a down-conductor system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
5.2.2.3 Measuring points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
5.2.2.4 Internal down-conductor systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87
5.2.2.5 Courtyards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87
5.2.3 Down conductors of an isolated external lightning protection system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87
5.2.4 High voltage-resistant, isolated down-conductor system HVI conductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87
5.2.4.1 Installation and performance of the isolated down-conductor system HVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
5.2.4.2 Installation examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90
5.2.4.3 Project example: Training and residential building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93
5.2.4.4 Separation distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95
5.3 Materials and minimum dimensions for air-termination conductors and down conductors . . . .97
5.4 Assembly dimensions for air-termination and down-conductor systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97
5.4.1 Change in length of metal wires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
5.4.2 External lightning protection system for an industrial structure and a residential house . . . . . .99
5.4.3 Application tips for mounting roof conductors holders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102
5.5 Earth-termination systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
5.5.1 Earth-termination systems in accordance with IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116
5.5.2 Earth-termination systems, foundation earth electrodes and foundation earth electrodes
for special structural measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118
5.5.3 Ring earth electrodes Earth electrodes Type B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124
5.5.4 Earth rods Earth electrodes Type A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125
5.5.5 Earth electrodes in rocky ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125
5.5.6 Intermeshing of earth-termination systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125
5.5.7 Corrosion of earth electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127
5.5.7.1 Earth-termination systems with particular consideration of corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127
5.5.7.2 Formation of voltaic cells, corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128
5.5.7.3 Choice of earth electrode materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
5.5.7.4 Combination of earth electrodes made of different materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
5.5.7.5 Other anticorrosion measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133
5.5.8 Materials and minimum dimensions for earth electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135
5.6 Electrical isolation of the external lightning protection system Separation distance . . . . . . .135
5.7 Step and touch voltages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140
5.7.1 Control of the touch voltage at down conductors of lightning protection systems . . . . . . . . . .144
6. Internal lightning protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147
6.1 Equipotential bonding for metal installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147
6.2 Equipotential bonding for low voltage consumers installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151
6.3 Equipotential bonding for information technology installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151
7. Protection of electrical and electronic systems against LEMP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155
7.1 Lightning protection zones concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155
7.2 LEMP protection management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156
7.3 Calculation of the magnetic shield attenuation of building/room shielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158
7.3.1 Cable shielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162
7.4 Equipotential bonding network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164
7.5 Equipotential bonding on the boundary of LPZ 0
A
and LPZ 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166
7.5.1 Equipotential bonding for metal installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166
7.5.2 Equipotential bonding for power supply installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167
7.5.3 Equipotential bonding for information technology installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170
7.6 Equipotential bonding on the boundary of LPZ 0
A
and LPZ 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171
7.7 Equipotential bonding on the boundary of LPZ 1 and LPZ 2 and higher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173
7.8 Coordination of the protective measures at various LPZ boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175
7.8.1 Power supply installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175
7.8.2 IT installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176
7.9 Inspection and maintenance of the LEMP protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179
8. Selection, installation and assembly of surge protective devices (SPDs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180
8.1 Power supply systems (within the scope of the lightning protection zones concept
according to IEC 62305-4 (EN 62305-4)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180
8.1.1 Technical characteristics of SPDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181
8.1.2 Use of SPDs in various systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182
8.1.3 Use of SPDs in TN Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184
8.1.4 Use of SPDs in TT systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185
8.1.5 Use of SPDs in IT systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192
8.1.6 Rating the lengths of the connecting leads for SPDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197
8.1.7 Rating of the terminal cross-sections and the backup protection of surge protective devices . .201
8.2 Information technology systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .206
8.2.1 Measuring and control systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214
8.2.2 Technical property management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215
8.2.3 Generic cabling systems (EDP networks, TC installations) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216
8.2.4 Intrinsically safe circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218
8.2.5 Special features of the installation of SPDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223
9. Application proposals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227
9.1 Surge protection for frequency converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227
9.2 Lightning and surge protection for outdoor lighting systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .230
9.3 Lightning and surge protection for biogas plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .234
9.4 Lightning and surge protection retrofitting for sewage plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244
9.5 Lightning and surge protection for cable networks and antennas for TV, sound signals
and interactive services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250
9.6 Lightning and surge protection in modern agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .255
9.7 Lightning and surge protection for video surveillance systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259
9.8 Surge protection for public address systems (PA systems) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262
9.9 Surge protection for hazard alert systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .264
9.10 Lightning and surge protection for KNX systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .268
9.11 Surge protection for Ethernet and Fast Ethernet networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .271
9.12 Surge protection for M-Bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .273
9.13 Surge protection for PROFIBUS FMS, PROFIBUS DP, and PROFIBUS PA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .278
9.14 Surge protection for telecommunication accesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282
9.15 Lightning and surge protection for intrinsically safe circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .285
9.16 Lightning and surge protection of multi-megawatt wind turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .291
9.17 Surge protection for radio transmitter/receiver stations (mobile radio) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .295
9.17.1 Power supply 230/400 V a.c. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .295
9.17.2 Fixed network connection (if existing) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .297
9.17.3 Radio transmission technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .297
9.17.4 Lightning protection, earthing, equipotential bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .297
9.18 Lightning and surge protection for PV systems and solar power plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .298
9.18.1 Lightning and surge protection for photovoltaic (PV) systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .298
9.18.2 Lightning and surge protection for solar power plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .304
Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .308
DEHN + SHNE Brochures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .314
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .315
Figures and Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .321
Answer Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .329
Signs and symbols
A
B
C
D
M
L
K
K
k
Q
Symbol* Description Symbol* Description Symbol* Description
PEN conductor
Semiconductor
Lightning equipotential bonding
Lightning current arrester
N conductor
PE conductor
Movable conductor,
e.g. expansion piece
Expansion loop
(at concrete joints)
Adjustable resistor
Thermistor, adjustable
Socket (of a socket outlet
or a plug-in connection)
Suppressordiode, bipolar
Earth (general)
Signal lamp
Fuse (general)
Yellow/Line TYPE 1
Gas discharge tube (basic)
Local equipotential bonding
Surge arrester
Yellow/Line TYPE 2- 4
Resistor,
Decoupling element (general)
(SPD Type 1)
Transformer
Surge arrester
(SPD Type 2, SPD Type 3)
Zener diode, unipolar
Isolating spark gap
Capacitor
Isolating point /
Measuring point
Combined surge protective
device for power supply
and IT systems
Interface
Surge arrester
for hazardous/explosive areas
Clamp
External lightning protection
Varistor
Surge arrester
Equipotential bonding bar
* according to IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3): 2006 and EN 60617: 1997-08
Lightning protection zone
Explosive area
Lightning electromagnetic pulse
Switching electromagnetic pulse
Discharge capacity of an SPD
(acc. to categories of IEC 61643-21)
Protective effect of an SPD
(limitation below the test levels
acc. to EN 61000-4-5)
Energy coordination
(with another Yellow/Line arrester)
Characteristic Symbol Legend
The symbols of the Yellow/Line SPD Classes
Enclosure with terminals
LifeCheck arrester testing
Impulse D1 (10/350 s), lightning impulse current 2.5 kA/ line or 5 kA/ total
exceeds the discharge capacity of B D
Impulse C2 (8/20 s), increased impulse load 2.5 kA/ line or 5 kA/ total
exceeds the discharge capacity of C D
Impulse C1 (8/20 s), impulse load 0.25 kA / line or 0.5 kA / total
exceeds the discharge capacity of D
Load < C
Test level required for the terminal device: 1 or higher
Test level required for the terminal device: 4
SPD has a decoupling impedance and is suitable for
coordination with an arrester labelled Q
SPD suitable for coordination with an arrester
having a decoupling impedance k
Inductor
a.c. Alternating Current
ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
BA Building Automation
BTS Base Transceiver Station
CHP Combined Heat and Power Unit
d.c. Direct Current
DDC Direct Digital Control
DNO Distribution Network Operator
EB Equipotential Bonding
EBB Equipotential Bonding Bar
EDP Electronic Data Processing
EMC Electromagnetic Compatibility
ERP Earthing Reference Point
FEM Finite Elements Method
GDT Gas Discharge Tube
GDV Gesamtverband der Deutschen Ver-
sicherungswirtschaft e.V.
(German Insurance Association)
GPS Global Positioning System
GRP Glass-fibre Reinforced Plastic
HVI High Voltage Resistant Insulating Down
Conductor
ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network
IT Information Technology
KNX Open standard for home and building
control
LEMP Lightning Electromagnetic Pulse
LPC Lightning Protection Components
LPL Lightning Protection Level
LPMS LEMP Protection Measures System
LPS Lightning Protection System
LPZ Lightning Protection Zone
l.v. Low Voltage
MDB Main Distribution Board
MEB Main Equipotential Bonding Bar
MEBB Main Equipotential Bonding Bar
MOEB Meshed Operational Equipotential
Bonding
MSC Mobile Switching Centre
NTBA Network Termination for ISDN Basic Rate
Access
NTPM Network Termination for Primary Rate
Multiplex Access
PABX Private Automatic Branch Exchange
PE Protective Conductor
PEB Protective Equipotential Bonding
PEN Protective and Neutral Conductor
PEX Polymerised Polyethylene
PSU Power Supply Unit
PV Photovoltaic
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
RBS Radio Base Station
RCD Residual Current Protective Device
SAK Shield Terminal (Schirmanschlussklemme)
SD Sub-Distribution
SDB Sub-Distribution Board
SEB Service Entrance Box
SEMP Switching Electromagnetic Pulse
SLK Protective Conductor Terminal
(Schutzleiterklemme)
SPC Stored Program Control
SPD Surge Protective Device
TC Telecommunication
TEI Terminal Equipment Interface
TOV Temporary Overvoltage
UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply
VDN Association of German Network
Operators
VdS VdS Schadenverhtung GmbH
(VdS Loss Prevention)
WT Wind Turbine
Abbreviations
1.1 Installation standards
At the beginning of 2006, the new IEC standards
on lightning protection, Parts 1 to 4 of the series
IEC 62305 were published. Almost at the same time
they became effective as new European Lightning
Protection Standards EN 62305-1 to 4.
The new standards of the series EN 62305 specify
the state of the art in the field of lightning protec-
tion on a uniform and up-to-date European basis.
The actual protection standards (EN 62305-3 and
-4) are preceded by two generally valid standard
parts (EN 62305-1 and -2) (Table 1.1.1).
IEC 62305-1 (EN 62305-1):
General principles
This section contains information about the risk
posed by lightning, lightning characteristics, and
the parameters derived therefrom for the simula-
tion of the effects of lightning. In addition, an
overall view of the IEC 62305 (EN 62305) series of
standards is given. Procedures and protection prin-
ciples which form the basis of the following sec-
tions are explained.
IEC 62305-2 (EN 62305-2):
Risk management
Risk management in accordance with IEC 62305-2
(EN 62305-2) uses risk analysis to first establish the
necessity for lightning protection. The optimum
protective measure from a technical and economic
point of view is then determined. Finally, the
remaining residual risk is ascertained. Starting
with the unprotected state of the building, the
remaining risk is reduced and reduced until it is
below the tolerable risk. This method can be used
both for a simple determination of the class of
lightning protection system in accordance with IEC
62305-3 (EN 62305-3), and also to establish a com-
plex protection system against lightning electro-
magnetic impulse (LEMP) in accordance with
EN 62305-4.
IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3):
Physical damage to structures and life hazard
This section deals with the protection of buildings
and structures and persons from material damage
and life-threatening situations caused by the
effect of lightning current or by dangerous spark-
ing, especially in the event of direct lightning
strikes. A lightning protection system comprising
external lightning protection (air-termination sys-
tem, down-conductor system and earth-termina-
tion system) and internal lightning protection
(lightning equipotential bonding and separation
distance) serves as a protective measure. The light-
ning protection system is defined by its class,
Class I being more effective than Class IV. The class
required is determined with the help of a risk
analysis carried out in accordance with IEC 62305-2
(EN 62305-2), unless otherwise laid down in regu-
lations (e.g. building regulations).
IEC 62305-4 (EN 62305-4):
Electrical and electronic systems within structures
This section deals with the protection of buildings
and structures with electrical and electronic sys-
tems against the effects of the lightning electro-
magnetic impulse. Based on the protective meas-
ures according to IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3), this
standard also takes into consideration the effects
of electrical and magnetic fields, and induced volt-
ages and currents, caused by direct and indirect
lightning strikes. Importance and necessity of this
standard derives from the increasing use of diverse
electrical and electronic systems which are
grouped together under the heading information
systems. For the protection of information systems,
the building or structure is divided up into light-
ning protection zones (LPZ).
This allows local differences
in the number, type and
sensitivity of the electrical
and electronic devices to be
taken into consideration
when choosing the protec-
tive measures. For each
lightning protection zone, a
risk analysis in accordance
with IEC 62305-2 (EN 62305-
2) is used to select those
1. State of the art for the installation of lightning
protection systems
Classification Title
IEC 62305-1: 2006-01 Protection against lightning
(EN 62305-1) Part 1: General principles
IEC 62305-2: 2006-01 Protection against lightning
(EN 62305-2) Part 2: Risk management
IEC 62305-3: 2006-01 Protection against lightning Part 3: Physical
(EN 62305-3) damage to structures and life hazard
IEC 62305-4: 2006-01 Protection against lightning Part 4: Electrical
(EN 62305-4) and electronic systems within structures
Table 1.1.1 Lightning protection standard valid since January 2006
protective measures which provide optimum pro-
tection at minimum cost.
These standards can be applied to the design,
installation, inspection and maintenance of light-
ning protection systems for buildings and struc-
tures, their installations, their contents and the
persons within.
1.2 Work contracts
A work contractor is fundamentally liable for
ensuring that his service is free of deficiencies.
Compliance with the recognised engineering rules
is the decisive starting point for work and service
free of deficiencies. Relevant national standards
are used here in order to fill the factual character-
istic of the recognised engineering rules with
life. If the relevant standards are complied with, it
is presumed that the work and service is free from
deficiencies. The practical significance of such a
prima facie evidence lies in the fact that a cus-
tomer who lodges a complaint of non-conform
service by the work contractor (for example for the
installation of a lightning protection system) has
basically little chance of success if the work con-
tractor can show that he complied with the rele-
vant technical standards. As far as this effect is con-
cerned, standards and prestandards carry equal
weight. The effect of the presumption of technical
standards is removed, however, if either the stan-
dards are withdrawn , or it is proven that the actu-
al standards no longer represent the state of the
art. Standards cannot statically lay down the state
of the recognised engineering rules in tablets of
stone, as technical requirements and possibilities
are continually changing. So, if standards are with-
drawn and replaced with new standards or pre-
standards, then it is primarily the new standards
which then correspond to the state of the art.
Contractors and those placing an order for work
regularly agree that the work must conform to the
general state of the art without the need to make
specific mention of this. If the work shows a nega-
tive deviation from this general state of the art, it
is faulty. This can result in a claim being made
against the contractor for material defect liability.
The material defect liability only exists, however, if
the work was already faulty at the time of accept-
ance! Circumstances occurring subsequently such
as a further development of the state of the art
do not belatedly make the previously accepted,
defect-free work faulty!
For the question of the deficiency of work and
service, the state of the recognised engineering
rules at the time of the acceptance is the sole
deciding factor.
Since, in future, only the new lightning protection
standards will be relevant at the time of comple-
tion and acceptance of lightning protection sys-
tems, they have to be installed in accordance with
these standards. It is not sufficient that the service
conformed to the engineering rules at the time it
was provided, if, between completion of a con-
tract, service provision and acceptance of the con-
struction work, the technical knowledge and
hence the engineering rules have changed.
Hence works which have been previously installed
and already accepted under the old standards do
not become defective because, as a result of the
updating of the standards, a higher technical
standard is demanded.
SPDs which withstand the partial lightning current with a typical waveform
10/350 s require a corresponding impulse test current I
imp
The suitable test current I
imp
is defined in the Class I test procedure of IEC 61643-1
Definition acc.
to IEC 61643
SPD class II
SPD class III
SPD class I
SPDs which withstand induced surge currents with a typical waveform
8/20 s require a corresponding impulse test current I
n
The suitable test current I
n
is defined in the Class II test procedure of IEC 61643-1
SPDs that withstand induced surge currents with a typical waveform
8/20 s and require a corresponding impulse test current I
sc
The suitable combination wave test is defined in the Class III test procedure of IEC 61643-1
Definition acc.
to EN 61643
SPD Type 2
SPD Type 3
SPD Type 1
Table 1.1.2 Equivalents for SPD classifications (In the following the Lightning Protection Guide uses the designation SPD Type 1, SPD Type 2,
SPD Type 3)
With the exception of lightning protection systems
for nuclear facilities, lightning protection systems
have only to conform to the state of the art at the
time they are installed, i.e. they do not have to be
updated to the latest state of the art. Existing sys-
tems are inspected in the course of maintenance
tests according to the standards in force at the
time they were installed.
1.3 Product standards
Materials, components and units for lightning pro-
tection systems must be designed and tested for
the electrical, mechanical and chemical stresses
which have to be expected during their use. This
affects both the components of the external light-
ning protection as well as units of the internal
lightning protection system.
EN 50164-1:
Requirements for connection components
This standard describes inspection and test proce-
dures for metal connecting units. Units falling
within the scope of this standard are:
Clamps
Connectors
Terminal components
Bridging components
Expansion pieces
Measuring points
Our clamps and connectors meet the requirements
of this standard.
EN 50164-2:
Requirements for conductors and earth electrodes
This standard specifies the requirements on con-
ductors, air-termination rods, lead-in components
and earthing electrodes.
EN 61643-11:
Surge protective devices connected to low voltage
systems
Since 1 December 2002, the requirements on, and
inspections of, surge protective devices in low volt-
age systems have been governed by EN 61643-11.
This product standard is the result of international
standardisation as part of IEC and CENELEC.
EN 61643-21: Surge protective devices connected
to telecommunications and signalling networks
This standard describes the performance require-
ments and testing methods for surge protective
devices used for the protection of telecommunica-
tions and signal processing networks including e.g.
data networks,
voice transmission networks,
alarm systems,
automation systems.
CLC/TS 61643-22 (IEC 61643-22:2004, modified):
2006-04; Low-voltage surge protective devices,
Part 22:
Surge protective devices connected to telecommu-
nications and signalling networks - Selection and
application principles
EN 61663-1
Lightning protection - Telecommunication lines -
Fibre optic installations
EN 61663-2
Lightning protection - Telecommunication lines -
Lines using metallic conductors
2. Characteristics of lightning current
2.1 Lightning discharge and sequence
of lightning current
Every year, an average of around 1.5 million light-
ning strikes discharge over Germany. For an area
of 357,042 km
2
this corresponds to an average
flash density of 4.2 lightning discharges per square
kilometre per year. The actual lightning density,
however, depends to a large extent on geographic
conditions. An initial overview can be obtained
from the lightning density map contained in Fig-
ure 3.2.3.1. The higher the resolution of the light-
ning density map, the more accurate the informa-
tion it provides about the actual lightning fre-
quency in the area under consideration.
Using the BLIDS Blitzinformationsdienst von
Siemens (lightning information service by
Siemens), it is now possible to locate lightning to
within 200 m in Germany. For this purpose, eight-
een measuring outposts are spread throughout
the country. They are synchronised by means of
the highly accurate time signal of the global posi-
tioning system (GPS). The measuring posts record
the time the electromagnetic wave produced by
the lightning discharge arrives at the receiver.
From the differences in the times of arrival of the
electromagnetic wave recorded by the various
receivers, and the corresponding differences in the
times it takes the electromagnetic wave to travel
from the location of the lightning discharge to the
receivers, the point of strike is calculated. The data
determined in this way are filed centrally and
made available to the user in form of various pack-
ages. Further information about this service can be
obtained from www.blids.de.
Thunderstorms come into existence when warm
air masses containing sufficient moisture are trans-
ported to great altitudes. This transport can occur
in a number of ways. In the case of heat thunder-
storms, the ground is heated up locally by intense
insolation. The layers of air near the ground heat
up and rise. For frontal thunderstorms, the inva-
sion of a cold air front causes cooler air to be
pushed below the warm air, forcing it to rise. Oro-
graphic thunderstorms are caused when warm air
near the ground is lifted up as it crosses rising
ground. Additional physical effects further
increase the vertical upsurge of the air masses. This
forms updraught channels with vertical speeds of
up to 100 km/h, which create towering cumu-
lonimbus clouds with typical heights of 5 12 km
and diameters of 5 10 km.
Electrostatic charge separation processes, e.g. fric-
tion and sputtering, are responsible for charging
water droplets and particles of ice in the cloud.
Positively charged particles accumulate in the
upper part, and negatively charged particles in the
lower part of the thundercloud. In addition, there
is again a small positive charge centre at the bot-
tom of the cloud. This originates from the corona
discharge which emanates from sharp-pointed
objects on the ground underneath the thunder-
cloud (e.g. plants), and is transported upwards by
the wind.
If the space charge densities, which happen to be
present in a thundercloud, produce local field
strengths of several 100 kV/m, leader discharges
(leaders) are formed which initiate a lightning dis-
charge. Cloud-to-cloud flashes result in charge
neutralisation between positive and negative
cloud charge centres, and do not directly strike
objects on the ground in the process. The lightning
electromagnetic impulses (LEMP) they radiate
must be taken into consideration, however,
because they endanger electrical and electronic
systems.
Fig. 2.1.1 Downward flash (cloud-to-earth flash)
Lightning flashes to earth lead to a neutralisation
of charge between the cloud charges and the elec-
trostatic charges on the ground. We distinguish
between two types of lightning flashes to earth:
Downward flash (cloud-to-earth flash)
Upward flash (earth-to-cloud flash)
In the case of downward flashes, leader discharges
pointing towards the ground guide the lightning
discharge from the cloud to the earth. Such dis-
charges usually occur in flat terrain and near low
buildings and structures. Downward flashes can be
recognised by the branching (Figure 2.1.1) which is
directed earthwards. The most common type of
lightning is negative lightning flashes to earth,
where a leader filled with negative cloud charge
pushes its way from the thunder cloud to earth
(Figure 2.1.2). This leader propagates in a series of
jerks with a speed of around 300 km/h in steps of a
few 10 m. The interval between the jerks amounts
to a few 10 s. When the leader has drawn close to
the earth, (a few 100 m to a few 10 m), it causes
the strength of the electric field of objects on the
surface of the earth in the vicinity of the leader
(e.g. trees, gable ends of buildings) to increase.
The increase is great enough to exceed the dielec-
tric strength of the air. These objects involved
reach out to the leader by growing positive
streamers which then meet up with the leader, ini-
tiating the main discharge.
Positive flashes to earth can arise out of the lower,
positively charged area of a thundercloud (Figure
2.1.3). The ratio of the polarities is around 90 %
negative lightning to 10 % positive lightning. This
ratio depends on the geographic location.
On very high, exposed objects (e.g. radio masts,
telecommunication towers, steeples) or on the
tops of mountains, upward flashes (earth-to-cloud
leader leader
Fig. 2.1.2 Discharge mechanism of a negative downward flash
(cloud-to-earth flash)
Fig. 2.1.3 Discharge mechanism of a positive downward flash
(cloud-to-earth flash)
Fig. 2.1.4 Upward flash (earth-to-cloud flash)
flashes) can occur. It can be recognised by the
upwards-reaching branches of the lightning dis-
charge (Figure 2.1.4). In the case of upward
flashes, the high electric field strength required to
trigger a leader is not achieved in the cloud, but
rather by the distortion of the electric field on the
exposed object, and the associated high strength
of the electric field. From this location, the leader
and its charge channel propagate towards the
cloud. Upward flashes occur with both negative
polarity (Figure 2.1.5) and also with positive pola-
rity (Figure 2.1.6). Since, with upward flashes, the
leaders propagate from the exposed object on the
surface of the earth to the cloud, high objects can
be struck several times by one lightning discharge
during a thunderstorm.
Objects struck by lightning are subject to higher
stress by downward flashes (cloud-to-earth
flashes) than by upward flashes (earth-to-cloud
flashes). The parameters of downward flashes are
therefore taken as the basis when designing light-
ning protection measures.
Depending on the type of lightning flash, each
lightning discharge consists of one or more partial
strikes of lightning. We distinguish between short
strikes with less than 2 ms duration and long
strikes with a duration of more than 2 ms. Further
distinctive features of partial lightning strikes are
their polarity (negative or positive), and their tem-
poral position in the lightning discharge (first, sub-
sequent or superimposed partial strikes of light-
ning). The possible combinations of partial light-
ning strikes are shown in Figure 2.1.7 for down-
ward flashes, and Figure 2.1.8 for upward flashes.
The lightning currents consisting of both impulse
currents and continuing currents are load-inde-
pendent currents, i.e. the objects struck exert no
effect on the lightning currents. Four parameters
important for lightning protection technology can
be obtained from the lightning current profiles
shown in Figure 2.1.7 and 2.1.8:
The peak value of lightning current I
The charge of the lightning current Q
flash
, com-
prising the charge of the short strike Q
short
and
the charge of the long strike Q
long
The specific energy W/R of the lightning cur-
rent
The steepness di/dt of the lightning current.
The following chapters show which of the individ-
ual efficiency parameters are responsible for which
effects, and how they influence the dimensioning
of lightning protection systems.
leader
leader
Fig. 2.1.5 Discharge mechanism of a negative upward flash (earth-
to-cloud flash)
Fig. 2.1.6 Discharge mechanism of a positive upward flash (earth-
to-cloud flash)
I
long-time current
positive or negative t
I
negative t
I
first impulse current
I
sequential impulse currents
negative t
I
short stroke
I
subsequent
short strokes
negative t
first long stroke
superimposed
short strokes
I
single long
stroke
I
long stroke
I
negative t
Fig. 2.1.7 Possible components of downward flashes
Fig. 2.1.8 Possible components of upward flashes
2.2 Peak value of lightning current
Lightning currents are load-independent currents,
i.e. a lightning discharge can be considered an
almost ideal current source. If a load-independent
active electric current flows through conductive
components, the amplitude of the current, and the
impedance of the conductive component the cur-
rent flows through, help to regulate the potential
drop across the component flown through by the
current. In the simplest case, this relationship can
be described using Ohms Law.
U I R =
If a current is formed at a single point on a homo-
geneously conducting surface, the well-known
potential gradient area arises. This effect also
occurs when lightning strikes homogeneous
ground (Figure 2.2.1). If living beings (people or
animals) are inside this potential gradient area, a
step voltage is formed which can cause a shock cur-
rent to flow through the body (Figure 2.2.2). The
higher the conductivity of the ground, the flatter
the shape of the potential gradient area. The risk
of dangerous step voltages is thus also reduced.
If lightning strikes a building which is already
equipped with a lightning protection system, the
lightning current flowing away via the earth-ter-
mination system of the building gives rise to a
potential drop across the earthing resistance R
E
of
the earth-termination system of the building (Fig-
ure 2.2.3). As long as all conductive objects in the
building, which persons can come into contact
with, are raised to the same high potential, per-
sons in the building cannot be exposed to danger.
This is why it is necessary for all conductive parts in
the building with which persons can come into
contact, and all external conductive parts entering
potential
r distance from
point of strike
air-termination
system
down-conductor
system
earth-termination system
with earth resistance R
E
remote earth
lightning current
time
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
Fig. 2.2.1 Potential distribution of a lightning strike into homoge-
nous soil
Fig. 2.2.2 Animals killed by shock current due to hazardous step
voltage
Fig. 2.2.3 Potential rise of the earth-termination system of a build-
ing compared to the remote earth due to the peak value
of the lightning current
the building, to have equipotential bonding. If this
is disregarded, there is a risk of dangerous shock
hazard voltages if lightning strikes.
The rise in potential of the earth-termination sys-
tem as a result of the lightning current also creates
a hazard for electrical installations (Figure 2.2.4).
In the example shown, the operational earth of
the low-voltage supply network is located outside
the potential gradient area caused by the light-
ning current. If lightning strikes the building, the
potential of the operational earth R
B
is therefore
not identical to the earth potential of the con-
sumer system within the building. In the present
example, there is a difference of 1000 kV. This
endangers the insulation of the electrical system
and the equipment connected to it.
2.3 Steepness of lightning current
The steepness of lightning current i/t, which is
effective during the interval t, determines the
height of the electromagnetically induced volt-
ages. These voltages are induced in all open or
closed conductor loops located in the vicinity of
conductors through which lightning current is
flowing. Figure 2.3.1 shows possible configura-
tions of conductor loops in which lightning cur-
rents could induce voltages. The square wave volt-
age U induced in a conductor loop during the
interval t is:
M Mutual inductance of the loop
i/t Steepness of lightning current
As already described, lightning discharges com-
prise a number of partial strikes of lightning. As far
as the temporal position is concerned, a distinction
is made between first and subsequent short strikes
within a lightning discharge. The main difference
between the two types of short strikes consists in
the fact that, because the lightning channel has to
be built, the gradient of the lightning current of
the first short strike is not as steep as that of the
subsequent short strike, which can use an existing,
U M i t =
/

distance r
1000 kV
U
E
L
1
L
2
L
3
P
E
N
R
E
= 10 U
E
I = 100 kA substation
R
B 100%
lightning current
90%
10%
front time T
1
U
T
1
induced square-wave voltage
time
time
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
s
3
s
2
s
1
1
2
3
1 Loop in the down con-
ductor with potential
flashover distance s
1
2 Loop in the down con-
ductor and installation
cable with potential
flashover distance s
2
3 Installation loop with
potential flashover
distance s
3
/ T1
building down conductor
Fig. 2.2.4 Threat to electrical installations by potential rise at the
Fig. 2.3.1 Induced square-wave voltage in loops via the current
steepness i/t of the lightning current
fully conductive lightning channel. The steepness
of lightning current of the subsequent lightning
strike is therefore used to assess the highest
induced voltage in the conductor loops.
An example of how to assess the induced voltage
in a conductor loop is shown in Figure 2.3.2.
2.4 Charge of lightning current
The charge Q
flash
of the lightning current is made
up of the charge Q
short
of the short strike and the
charge Q
long
of the long strike. The charge
of the lightning current determines the energy
deposited at the precise striking point, and at all
points where the lightning current continues in
Q idt =
the shape of an electric arc along an insulated
path. The energy W deposited at the base of the
electric arc is given by the product of the charge Q
and the anode-/cathode voltage drop with values
in the micrometer range U
A,K
(Figure 2.4.1).
The average value of U
A,K
is a few 10 V and
depends on influences such as the height and
shape of the current:
Q Charge of lightning current
U
A,K
Anode/cathode voltage drop
Hence, the charge of the lightning current causes
the components of the lightning protection system
struck by lightning to melt down. The charge is
also relevant for the stresses on isolating spark
gaps and protective spark gaps and by spark-gap
based surge protective devices.
Recent examinations have shown that, as the elec-
tric arc acts for a longer time, it is mainly the con-
tinuing charge Q
long
of the continuing current
which is able to melt or vaporise large volumes of
materials. Figure 2.4.2 and 2.4.3 show a compari-
son of the effects of the short strike charge Q
short
and the long strike charge Q
long
.
W Q U
A K
=
,
10
1
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.1 10
-3
0.01 10
-3
0.1 0.3 1 3 10 30
i
t
1
1
a
a
U
s
s (m)
a = 10 m
a = 3 m
a = 1 m
a = 0.1 m
a = 0.3 m
a = 0.03 m
a = 0.01 m
Example of calculation
based on an installation loop (e.g. alarm system)
From the above diagram results: M
2
4.8 H
U = 4.8 150 = 720 kV
M
2
(H)
a
s
10 m
i
t
kA
s
3 m
150
(high requirement)
smelt metal
tip of the down conductor
Q
U
A,K
time
lightning
current
Q
short
= idt
Q
long
= idt
long stroke current
time
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
Fig. 2.3.2 Example for calculation of induced square-wave voltages
in squared loops
Fig. 2.4.1 Energy deposited at the point of strike by the load of the
lightning current
2.5 Specific energy
The specific energy W/R of an impulse current is
the energy deposited by the impulse current in a
resistance of 1 . This energy deposition is the
integral of the square of the impulse current over
the time for the duration of the impulse current:
The specific energy is therefore often called the
current square impulse. It is relevant for the tem-
perature rise in conductors through which a light-
ning impulse current is flowing, as well as for the
force exerted between conductors flown through
by a lightning impulse current (Figure 2.5.1).
For the energy W deposited in a conductor with
resistance R we have:
R (Temperature dependent) d.c. resistance of
the conductor
W/R Specific energy
The calculation of the temperature rise of conduc-
tors through which a lightning impulse current is
flowing, can become necessary if the risks to per-
sons, and the risks from fire and explosion, have to
be taken into account during the design and
installation of lightning protection systems. The
calculation assumes that all the thermal energy is
generated by the ohmic resistance of the compo-
W R i dt R W R = =
/

2
W R i dt
/
=
2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Galvanised steel
100 kA (10/350 s)
Copper
100 kA (10/350 s)
10.00 mm
Aluminium
d = 0.5 mm; 200 A, 350 ms
10.00 mm
Copper
d = 0.5 mm; 200 A, 180 ms
10.00 mm
Stainless steel
d = 0.5 mm; 200 A, 90 ms
10.00 mm
Steel
d = 0.5 mm; 200 A, 100 ms
10.00 mm
Galvanised steel
d = 0.5 mm; 200 A, 100 ms
specific energy
W/R
force on
parallel
conductors
heating
lightning
current
time
specific
energy
force
Fig. 2.4.2 Effect of an impulse current arc on a metal surface
Fig. 2.4.3 Plates perforated by the effects of long-time arcs
Fig. 2.5.1 Heating and force effects by the specific energy of light-
ning current
nents of the lightning protection system. Further-
more, it is assumed that, because of the brevity of
the process, there is no perceptible heat exchange
with the surrounding. Table 2.5.1 lists the tempera-
ture rises of different materials used in lightning
protection, and their cross sections, as a function
of the specific energy.
The electrodynamic forces F generated by a cur-
rent i in a wire with a long, parallel section of
length I and a distance d (Figure 2.5.2) can be cal-
culated as an approximation using the following
equation:
F(t) Electrodynamic force
i Current
0
Magnetic constant in air (4 10
-7
H/m)
l Length of conductor
d Distance between the parallel conductors
The force between the conductors is attractive if
the two currents flow in the same direction, and
repulsive if the currents flow in opposite direc-
tions. It is proportional to the product of the cur-
rents in the conductors, and inversely proportional
to the distance of the conductors. Even in the case
of a single, bent conductor, a force is exerted on
the conductor. Here, the force is proportional to
the square of the current in the bent conductor.
The specific energy of the impulse current thus
determines the load which causes a reversible or
irreversible deformation of components and arrays
of a lightning protection system. These effects are
taken into consideration in the test arrangements
of the product standards concerning the require-
ments made on connecting components for light-
ning protection systems.
2.6 Assignment of lightning current
parameters to lightning protec-
tion levels
In order to define lightning as a source of interfer-
ence, lightning protection levels I to IV are laid
down. Each lightning protection level requires a
set of
maximum values (dimensioning criteria used
to design lightning protection components to
meet the demands expected to be made of
them) and
minimum values (interception criteria neces-
sary to be able to determine the areas with
sufficient protection against direct lightning
strikes (radius of rolling sphere)).
F t i t l d ( ) ( ) =
/

/

0
2
2
I
d
F
i i
F
i i
4 10 16 25 50 100
Cross section
[mm
2
]
Aluminium
W/R [MJ/]
Iron
W/R [MJ/]
Copper
W/R [MJ/]
Stainless
steel
W/R [MJ/]
M
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
2.5 564 146 52 12 3
5.6 454 132 28 7
10 283 52 12
2.5 1120 211 37 9
5.6 913 96 20
10 211 37
2.5 169 56 22 5 1
5.6 542 143 51 12 3
10 309 98 22 5
2.5 940 190 45
5.6 460 100
10 940 190
Table 2.5.1 Temperature rise T in K of different conductor mate-
rials
Fig. 2.5.2 Electrodynamic effect between parallel conductors
The Tables 2.6.1 and 2.6.2 show the assignment of
the lightning protection levels to maximum and
minimum values of the lightning current parame-
ters.
Lightning
protection
level
Max.
lightning
current
peak value
Probability of
the actually
upcoming light-
ning current to
be less than the
max. lightning
current peak
value
I
II
III
IV
200 kA
150 kA
100 kA
100 kA
99 %
98 %
97 %
97 %
Maximum values
(Dimensioning criteria)
Lightning
protection
level
Min.
lightning
current peak
value
Probability of
the actually
upcoming light-
ning current to
be higher than
the min. light-
ning current
peak value
Radius
of the
rolling
sphere
I
II
III
IV
3 kA
5 kA
10 kA
16 kA
99 %
97 %
91 %
84 %
20 m
30 m
45 m
60 m
Minimum values
(Interception criteria)
Table 2.6.1 Maximum values of lightning current parameters and
their probabilities
Table 2.6.2 Minimum values of lightning current parameters and
their probabilities
3.1 Necessity of a lightning protec-
tion system legal regulations
The purpose of a lightning protection system is to
protect buildings from direct lightning strikes and
possible fire, or from the consequences of the
load-independent active lightning current (non-
igniting flash of lightning).
If national regulations, e.g. building regulations,
special regulations or special directives require
lightning protection measures, they must be
installed.
Unless these regulations contain specifications for
lightning protection measures, a lightning protec-
tion system (LPS) Class III meeting the require-
ments of IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3) is recommend-
ed as minimum.
Otherwise, the need for protection and the choice
of appropriate protection measures, should be
determined by risk management.
The risk management is described in IEC 62305-2
(EN 62305-2) (see subclause 3.2.1).
Of course other additional corresponding national
standards and legal requirements may be applica-
ble and have to be taken into account. In the fol-
lowing some examples of German directives, stan-
dards and legal regulations.
In Germany further information on how to deter-
mine the type of lightning protection systems for
general buildings and structures can be found in
the following directive of the VdS:
VdS-Richtlinie 2010 Risikoorientierter Blitz-
und berspannungsschutz, Richtlinien zur
Schadenverhtung. [engl.: Risk orientated
lightning and surge protection, guideline for
prevention of damage]
For example, the building regulations of the State
of Hamburg (HbauO 17, Abs. 3) require a light-
ning protection system to be installed if lightning
can easily strike a building because of:
its length,
its height or
the use to which it is put,
or if
it is expected that a lightning strike would
have serious consequences.
This means:
A lightning protection system must be built even
if only one of the requirements is met.
A lightning strike can have particularly serious
consequences for buildings and structures owing
to their location, type of construction or the use to
which they are put.
A nursery school, for example, is a building where
a lightning strike can have serious consequences
because of the use to which the building is put.
The interpretation to be put on this statement is
made clear in the following court judgement:
Extract from the Bavarian Administrative Court,
decision of 4 July 1984 No. 2 B 84 A.624.
1. A nursery school is subject to the requirement
to install effective lightning protection sys-
tems.
2. The legal requirements of the building regula-
tions for a minimum of fire-retardant doors
when designing staircases and exits also apply
to a residential building which houses a nurs-
ery school.
For the following reasons:
According to the Bavarian building regulations,
buildings and structures whose location, type of
construction or the use to which they are put,
make them susceptible to lightning strikes, or
where such a strike can have serious consequences,
must be equipped with permanently effective
lightning protection systems. This stipulates the
requirement for effective protective devices in two
cases. In the first case, the buildings and structures
are particularly susceptible to lightning strikes
(e.g. because of their height or location); in the
other case, any lightning strike (e.g. because of the
type of construction or the use to which it is put)
can have particularly serious consequences. The
plaintiffs building falls within the latter category
because of its present use as a nursery school. A
nursery school belongs to the group of buildings
where a lightning strike can have serious conse-
quences because of the use to which the building
is put. It is of no consequence that, in the annota-
tions to the Bavarian building regulations, nursery
school are not expressly mentioned in the illustra-
tive list of buildings and structures which are par-
ticularly at risk, alongside meeting places.
3. Designing a lightning protection system
The risk of serious consequences if lightning strikes
a nursery school arises because, during the day, a
large number of children under school age are
present at the same time.
The fact that the rooms where the children spend
their time are on the ground floor, and that the
children could escape to the outside through seve-
ral windows as put forward by the plaintiff is
not a deciding factor. In the event of fire, there is
no guarantee that children of this age will react
sensibly and leave the building via the windows if
necessary. In addition, the installation of sufficient
lightning protection equipment is not too much to
expect of the operator of a nursery school. A fur-
ther section of the Bavarian building regulations
requires that, amongst other things, staircases
must have entrances to the cellar which have self-
closing doors which are, at least, fire-retardant.
The requirements do not apply to residential
buildings with up to two flats. The respondent
only made the demand when the plaintiff convert-
ed the building, which was previously residential,
into a nursery school as well, in accordance with
the authorised change of use. The exemption pro-
vision cannot be applied to buildings which were
built as residential buildings with up to two flats,
but which now (also) serve an additional purpose
which justifies the application of the safety
requirements.
Serious consequences (panic) can also arise when
lightning strikes assembly rooms, schools, hospi-
tals.
For these reasons, it is necessary that all buildings
and structures which are at risk of such events are
equipped with permanently effective lightning
protection systems.
Lightning protection systems always required
Buildings and structures where a lightning protec-
tion system must always be included because, in
these cases, the German law has affirmed the
need, are
1. Assembly places with stages or covered stage
areas and assembly places for the showing of
films, if the accompanying assembly rooms in
each case, either individually or together, can
accommodate more than 100 visitors;
2. Assembly places with assembly rooms which
individually or together can accommodate
more than 200 visitors; in the case of schools,
museums and similar buildings, this regula-
tion only applies to the inspection of techni-
cal installations in assembly rooms which
individually can accommodate more than 200
visitors, and their escape routes;
3. Sales areas whose sales rooms have more
than 2000 m
2
of floor space;
4. Shopping centres with several sales areas
which are connected to each other either
directly or via escape routes, and whose sales
rooms individually have less than 2000 m
2
of
floor space but having a total floor space of
more than 2000 m
2
;
5. Exhibition spaces whose exhibition rooms
individually or together have more than 2000
m
2
of floor space;
6. Restaurants with seating for more than 400
customers, or hotels with more than 60 beds
for guests;
7. High-rise buildings as defined in the Ham-
burg building regulations (HbauO);
8. Hospitals and other buildings and structures
having a similar purpose;
9. Medium-sized and large-scale garages as
defined in the Hamburg regulations for
garages (Hamburgisches Gesetz- und Verord-
nungsblatt);
10. Buildings and structures
10.1 with explosive materials, such as ammunition
factories, depots for ammunition and explo-
sives,
10.2 with factory premises which are at risk of
explosion, such as varnish and paint factories,
chemical factories, larger depots of com-
bustible liquids and larger gas holders,
10.3 particularly at risk of fire, such as
larger woodworking factories,
buildings with thatched roofs, and
warehouses and production plants with a
high fire load,
10.4 for larger numbers of people such as
schools,
homes for the elderly and childrens
homes,
barracks,
correctional facilities
and railway stations,
10.5 with cultural assets, such as
buildings of historic interest,
museums and archives,
10.6 towering above their surroundings, such as
high chimneys,
towers
high buildings.
The following list provides an overview of the rel-
evant General Provisions in Germany which deal
with the issue of requirement, design and inspec-
tion of lightning protection systems.
General international and national (German) pro-
visions:
DIN 18384: 2000-12
Contract procedure for building works
Part C: General technical specifications for building
works; Lightning protection systems
Lightning protection systems:
Standardleistungsbuch fr das Bauwesen (StLB)
Leistungsbereich 050, Blitzschutz- und Erdungsan-
lagen (Translation: Standard services book for the
construction industry, Service sector 050, lightning
protection and earth-termination systems)
The purpose of this standard services book is to
ensure conformity of the texts used in the service
descriptions, and also to facilitate data processing.
The texts are used for public tenders by all building
authorities, and by federal, state and local govern-
ments.
IEC 62305-1: 2006-01
EN 62305-1: 2006-02
Lightning protection Part 1: General principles
IEC 62305-2: 2006-01
EN 62305-2: 2006-02
Lightning protection Part 2: Risk management
IEC 62305-3: 2006-01
EN 62305-3: 2006-02
Lightning protection Part 3: Physical damage to
structures and life hazard
IEC 62305-4: 2006-01
EN 62305-4: 2006-02
Lightning protection Part 4: Electrical and elec-
tronic systems within structures
DIN 48805 ... 48828
Components for external lightning protection
This series of standards specifies dimensions and
material thicknesses.
It is being replaced step by step by the following
standard.
EN 50164-1: 1999-09
Lightning protection components (LPC)
Part 1: Requirements for connection components
Defines the requirements which metal connection
components such as connectors, terminals and
bridging components, expansion pieces and meas-
uring points for lightning protection systems have
to meet.
EN 50164-2: 2002-08
Lightning protection components (LPC)
Part 2: Requirements for conductors and earth
electrodes
This standard describes, for example, dimensions
and tolerances for metal conductors and earth
electrodes as well as the test requirements to the
electrical and mechanical values of the materials.
Special standards for earthtermination systems:
DIN 18014: 2007-09
Foundation earth electrode General planning cri-
teria
DIN VDE 0151: 1986-06
Material and minimum dimensions of earth elec-
trodes with respect to corrosion
This VDE guideline applies to corrosion protection
when installing and extending earth electrodes
and earthing-termination systems. It provides
information on how to avoid or reduce the risk of
corrosion to earth electrodes and with earth elec-
trodes of other systems installed. Moreover, it pro-
vides information to assist in making the correct
choice of earth electrode materials, and also about
special anticorrosion measures.
EN 50162: 2004-08
Protection against corrosion by stray current from
direct current systems
Among others this standard requires that for
underground storage tanks being electrically sepa-
rated from the electrical installation in the house
by insulating parts, the connection between the
tank and the lightning protection system must be
effected via an isolating spark gap.
HD 637 S1: 1999-05
Power installations exceeding 1 kV
EN 50341-1: 2001-10
Overhead electrical lines exceeding a.c. 45 kV
Part 1: General requirements; Common specifica-
tions;
Special consideration also is given to the require-
ments of protection against lightning.
Reference is made to the risk of back flashover,
and a relationship is established between the
impulse earthing resistance of the mast or frame-
work earthing, the impulse withstand voltage of
the insulation and the peak value of the lightning
current.
Furthermore attention is drawn to the fact that it
is more effective to install several individual earth
electrodes (meshed or star-type earth electrodes)
than a single, very long earth rod or surface earth
electrode.
Special standards for internal lightning and surge
protection, equipotential bonding:
IEC 60364-4-41: 2005, mod
HD 60364-4-41: 2007
Erection of power installations Part 4-41: Protec-
tion against electric shock
IEC 60364-5-54: 2002, mod
HD 60364-5-54: 2007
Erection of low voltage installations Part 5-54:
Selection and erection of electrical equipment
earthing arrangements, protective conductors,
equipotential bonding.
IEC 60364-5-53/A2: 2001
IEC 64/1168/CDV: 2001-01
Erection of low voltage installations Part 5: Selec-
tion and erection of electrical equipment; Chapter
53: Switchgear and controlgear; Section 534:
Devices for protection against overvoltages;
Amendment A2
This standard deals with the use of surge protec-
tive devices Type I, II and III in low-voltage con-
sumers installations in accordance with the pro-
tection at indirect contact.
IEC 60364-4-44: 2001 + A1: 2003, mod
HD 60364-4-443: 2006
Erection of low voltage installations Part 4: Pro-
tection for safety; Chapter 44: Protection against
overvoltages; Section 443: Protection against over-
voltages of atmospheric origin or due to switching.
IEC 109/44/CD: 2005
EN 60664-1: 2003-04
Isolation coordination for equipment within low-
voltage systems Part 1: Principles, requirements
and tests (IEC 60664-1: 1992 + A1: 2000 + A2: 2002)
This standard defines the minimum insulation dis-
tances, their selection and the rated impulse volt-
ages for overvoltage categories I to IV.
VDEW Directive: 2004-08
(German Directive)
Surge protective devices Type 1 Use of surge pro-
tective devices (SPD) Type 1 (previously Class B) in
the upstream area of the meter.
Describes the use and the installation of surge pro-
tective devices Type 1 in the upstream area of the
meter.
Especially for electronic systems such as televi-
sion, radio, data systems technology (telecommu-
nications systems):
IEC 60364-5-548: 1996
Electrical installations of buildings Part 5: Selec-
tion and erection of electrical equipment Section
548: Earthing arrangements and equipotential
bonding for information technology installations.
IEC/DIS 64(CO)1153: 1981
MOD IEC 60364-4-41: 1982
Earthing and equipotential bonding
Part 2 summarises all requirements on the function
of a telecommunications system with respect to
earthing and equipotential bonding.
DIN VDE 0800-10: 1991-03
(German standard)
Transitional requirements on erection and opera-
tion of installations
Part 10 contains requirements for the installation,
extension, modification and operation of telecom-
munications systems. Section 6 of this part lays
down the requirements for surge protective meas-
ures.
IEC 61643-21: 2000-08 + Corrigendum: 2001
EN 61643-21: 2001-07
Low-voltage surge protective devices Part 21:
Surge protective devices connected to telecommu-
nications and signalling networks; Performance
requirements and testing methods.
IEC 60728-11: 2005-01
EN 60728-11: 2005-05
Cable networks for television signals, sound signals
and interactive services Part 11: Safety
Part 11 requires measures to protect against
atmospheric discharges (earthing of the antenna
mounting, equipotential bonding).
VDE 0855 Part 300: 2002-07
(German standard)
Transmitting / receiving systems for transmitter RF
output power up to 1 kW;
Safety requirements
Section 12 of Part 300 describes the lightning and
surge protection and the earthing of antenna sys-
tems.
IEC 61663-1: 1999-07
EN 61663-1: 1999-11
Lightning protection Telecommunication lines,
Part 1: Fibre optic installations
On this subject, the standard describes a method
for calculating the possible number of incidences
of damage for selecting the protective measures
which can be used, and gives the permissible fre-
quency of incidences of damage. Only primary
faults (interruption of operations) and not second-
ary faults (damage to the cable sheath (formation
of holes)), however, are considered.
IEC 61663-2: 2001-03
EN 61663-2: 2001-06
Lightning protection Telecommunication lines,
Part 2: Lines using metallic conductors.
This standard must only be applied to the light-
ning protection of telecommunication and signal
lines with metal conductors which are located out-
side buildings (e.g. access networks of the landline
providers, lines between buildings).
Special installations:
EN 1127-1: 1997-08
Explosive atmospheres Explosion prevention and
protection Part 1: Basic concepts and method-
ology
This standard is a guide on how to prevent explo-
sions, and protect against the effects of explosions
by employing measures during the drafting and
design of devices, protection systems and compo-
nents.
Part 1 requires also protection against the effects
of a lightning strike which put the installations at
risk.
pr EN 1127-1: 2004-12
Explosive atmospheres Explosion prevention and
protection Part 1: Basic concepts and method-
ology.
IEC 60079-14: 2002
EN 60079-14: 2003-08
Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmos-
pheres Part 14: Electrical installations in haz-
ardous areas (other than mines)
Section 6.5 draws attention to the fact that the
effects of lightning strikes must be taken into con-
sideration.
Section 12.3 describes the detailed stipulations for
installations for the ex zone 0.
Extremely extensive equipotential bonding is
required in all ex zones.
IEC 31J/120/CDV: 2006
pr EN 60079-14: 2006-06
Explosive atmospheres Part 14: Electrical installa-
tions design, selection and erection
IEC 61241-17: 2005-01
EN 61241-17: 2005-05
Electrical apparatus for use in the presence of com-
bustible dust Part 17: Inspection and mainte-
nance of electrical installations in hazardous areas
with explosive atmospheres (other than mines)
VDE document series 65: Elektrischer Explosions-
schutz nach DIN VDE 0165; VDE Verlag Berlin
[engl.: Electrical explosion protection according
to DIN VDE 0165], Annex 9: PTB-Merkblatt fr
den Blitzschutz an eigensicheren Stromkreisen, die
in Behlter mit brennbaren Flssigkeiten einge-
fhrt sind [engl.: PTB bulletin for protection of
intrinsically safe circuits installed in containers
with flammable liquids against lightning]
In Germany standards can be obtained from the
following addresses:
VDE VERLAG GMBH
Bismarckstrae 33
10625 Berlin
Germany
Phone: +49 30 34 80 01-0
Fax: +49 30 341 70 93
eMail: [email protected]
Internet: www.vde-verlag.de
or
Beuth-Verlag GmbH
Burggrafenstrae 4-10
10787 Berlin
Germany
Phone: +49 30 2601-2240
Fax: +49 30 2601-1724
Internet: www.din.de/beuth
3.2 Assessment of the risk of dam-
age and selection of protective
components
3.2.1 Risk management
Risk management with foresight includes calculat-
ing the risks for the company. It provides the basis
on which decisions can be made in order to limit
these risks, and it makes clear which risks should be
covered by insurance. When considering the man-
agement of insurances, it should be borne in mind,
however, that insurance is not always a suitable
means of achieving certain aims (e.g. maintaining
the ability to deliver). The probabilities that cer-
tain risks will occur cannot be changed by insur-
ance.
Companies which manufacture or provide services
using extensive electronic installations (and nowa-
days this applies to most companies), must also
give special consideration to the risk presented by
lightning strikes. It must be borne in mind that the
damage caused by the non-availability of electron-
ic installations, production and services, and also
the loss of data, is often far greater than the dam-
age to the hardware of the installation affected.
In the case of lightning protection, innovative
thinking about damage risks is slowly gaining in
importance. The aim of risk analysis is to objectify
and quantify the risk to buildings and structures,
and their contents, as a result of direct and indirect
lightning strikes. This new way of thinking has
been embodied in the international standard
IEC 62305-2: 2006 or the European standard EN
62305-2: 2006.
The risk analysis presented in IEC 62305-2 (EN
62305-2) ensures that it is possible to draw up a
lightning protection concept which is understood
by all parties involved, and which meets optimum
technical and economic requirements, i.e. the ne-
cessary protection can be guaranteed with as little
expenditure as possible. The protective measures
which result from the risk analysis are then
described in detail in the later parts of the stan-
dard, in the new IEC 62305 (EN 62305) series.
3.2.2 Fundamentals of risk assessment
According to IEC 62305-2 (EN 62305-2), risk R of
lightning damage can generally be found using
the relationship:
Fig. 3.2.3.1 Lightning density in Germany (average of 1999 2005)
N Number of hazardous events, i.e. frequency of
lightning strikes in the area under considera-
tion (How many lightning strikes occur per
year in the area under consideration?);
P Probability of damage (What is the probability
that a lightning strike causes a quite specific
type of damage?);
L Loss, i.e. the quantitative evaluation of the
damage (What are the effects, amount of loss,
extent, and consequences of a very specific
type of damage?).
The task of the risk assessment therefore involves
the determination of the three parameters N, P
and L for all relevant risk components. This
involves establishing and determining of many
individual parameters. A comparison of the risk R
thus established with a tolerable risk R
T
then
enables a statement to be made about the require-
ments and the dimensioning of lightning protec-
tion measures.
An exception is the consideration of the economic
losses. For this kind of damage the protective
measures have to be justified strictly by the eco-
nomical point of view. There is no tolerable risk R
T
,
but rather a cost-benefit analysis. An exception is
the consideration of the economic losses. For this
kind of damage the protective measures have to
be justified strictly by the economical point of
view. There is no tolerable risk R
T
, but rather a
cost-benefit analysis.
3.2.3 Frequency of lightning strikes
We distinguish between the following frequencies
of lightning strikes which can be relevant for a
building or structure:
R N P L =
N
D
Frequency of direct lightning strikes to the
building or structure;
N
M
Frequency of close lightning strikes with elec-
tromagnetic effects;
N
L
Frequency of direct lightning strikes in utility
lines entering the building or structure;
N
I
Frequency of lightning strikes adjacent to util-
ity lines entering the building or structure.
The calculation of the frequencies of lightning
strikes is given in detail in Annex A of IEC 62305-2
(EN 62305-2). For practical calculations it is re-
commendable to take the annual density of the
cloud-to-earth flashes N
g
for the region under con-
sideration from Figure 3.2.3.1. If a finer grid is
used, the local values of the lightning densities can
still deviate noticeably from these averages.
Owing to the relatively short time of seven years
the map has been recorded, and to the large area
averaging according to licence plate number
areas, the application of a safety factor of 25 % to
the values given in Figure 3.2.3.1 is recommended.
For the frequency of direct lightning strikes N
D
to
the building or structure we have:
A
d
is the equivalent interception area of the isolat-
ed building or structure (Figure 3.2.3.2), C
d
a site
factor so that the influence of the surroundings
(built-up, terrain, trees, etc.) can be taken into
account (Table 3.2.3.1).
Similarly, the frequency of close lightning strikes
N
M
can be calculated:
N N A
M g m
= 10
-6
N N A C
D g d d
= 10
-6
Relative site of the building or structure C
d
Object is surrounded by higher objects or trees 0.25
Object is surrounded by objects or trees of the same or lower height 0.5
Free-standing object: no further objects near by (within a distance of 3H) 1
Free-standing object on top of a moutain or a rounded hilltop 2
Table 3.2.3.1 Site factor C
d
A
m
is arrived at by drawing a line at a distance of
250 m around the building or structure (Figure
3.2.3.3). The equivalent interception area A
d
C
d
of
the building or structure estimated using the envi-
ronmental coefficients is then subtracted from the
area thus enclosed. Lightning strikes on the area
A
m
lead exclusively to magnetically induced surges
in installation loops in the interior of the building
or structure.
The frequency of direct lightning strikes in a utility
line entering a building or structure N
L
is:
The area A
l
(Figure 3.2.3.3) is a function of the type
of line (overhead line, cable), the length L
C
of the
line; in the case of cables, it is a function of the
earth resistivity ; and for overhead lines it is
a function of height H
C
of the line above ground
level (Table 3.2.3.2). If the length of the line is not
known, or if it is very time-consuming to ascertain
it, then, as a worst-case scenario, a value of
L
C
= 1000 m can be set.
H
C
Height (m) of the line above ground level;
Earth resistivity (m) in, or on, which the line is
laid, up to a maximum value of = 500 m;
L
C
Length (m) of the line, measured from the
building or structure to the first distribution
junction, or to the first location where surge
N N A C C
L g l e t
= 10
-6
protective devices are installed, up to a maxi-
mum length of 1000 m;
H Height (m) of the building or structure;
H
b
Height (m) of the building or structure;
H
a
Height (m) of the neighbouring building or
structure connected via the line.
If, within the area A
l
there is a medium voltage
line rather than a low voltage one, then a trans-
former reduces the intensity of the surges at the
entrance to the building or structure. In such cases,
this is taken into account by the correction factor
C
t
= 0.2. The correction factor C
e
(environment fac-
tor) is ultimately a function of the building density
(Table 3.2.3.3).
The frequency N
L
must be determined individually
for each utility line entering the building or struc-
ture. In the building or structure under considera-
tion, lightning strikes within the area A
l
lead, as a
rule, to a high energy discharge which can gener-
ate a fire, an explosion, a mechanical or chemical
reaction. The frequency N
L
therefore, does not
comprise pure surges which result in faults or dam-
age to the electrical and electronic systems, but
mechanical and thermal effects which arise when
lightning strikes.
Surges to utility lines entering the building or
structure are described by the frequency of light-
ning strikes next to such a utility line N
I
:
3
H
W
L
H
1:3
H
b
A
m
A
d
A
l
H
a
A
a
A
i
250 m
L
W
3H
b
3H
a
L
a
W
a
L
c
2
.
D
i
end of con-
ductorb
end of con-
ductora
Fig. 3.2.3.2 Equivalent interception area A
d
for direct lightning strikes into a
stand-alone structure
Fig. 3.2.3.3 Equivalent interception areas A
d
, A
l
, A
a
for direct lightning strikes into structures/
supply lines and A
m
, A
i
for indirect lightning strikes near the structures/ supply lines
The area A
i
(Figure 3.2.3.3) is again a function of
the type of line (overhead line, underground
cable), the length L
C
of the line; in the case of
cables, it is a function of the earth resistivity ; and
for overhead lines it is a function of the height H
C
of the line above ground level (Table 3.2.3.3). The
same worst-case scenario applies. The area A
i
is
usually significantly larger than A
l
. This makes
allowance for the fact that surges resulting in
faults or damage to electrical and electronic sys-
tems can also be caused by lightning strikes further
away from the line.
The correction factors C
t
und C
e
correspond to
those already stated above. The frequency N
l
must
then also be determined individually for each util-
ity line entering the building or structure.
3.2.4 Probabilities of damage
The damage probability parameter gives the prob-
ability that a supposed lightning strike will cause a
quite specific type of damage. It is therefore
assumed that there is a lightning strike on the re-
levant area; the value of the damage probability
can then have a maximum value of 1. We differen-
tiate between the following eight damage proba-
bilities:
P
A
Electric shock suffered by living beings as a
result of a direct lightning strike to the build-
ing or structure;
P
B
Fire, explosion, mechanical and chemical reac-
tions as a result of a direct lightning strike to
the building or structure;
P
C
Failure of electrical / electronic systems as a
result of a direct lightning strike to the build-
ing or structure; P
C
= P
SPD
P
M
result of a lightning strike to the ground next
to the building or structure;
P
U
Electric shock suffered by living beings as a
result of a direct lightning strike to the utility
lines entering the building or structure;
P
V
Fire, explosion, mechanical and chemical reac-
tions as a result of a direct lightning strike to a
utility line entering the building or structure;
P
W
result of a direct lightning strike to a utility
line entering the building or structure;
P
Z
result of a lightning strike to the ground next
to a utility line entering the building or struc-
ture.
This damage probabilities are presented in detail
in Annex B of IEC 62305-2 (EN 62305-2). They can
be taken either directly from tables or they are the
resulting function of a combination of further
N N A C C
l g i t e
=

10
6
Table 3.2.3.2 Equivalent interception areas A
l
and A
i
in m
2
Table 3.2.3.3 Environment factor C
e
Underground cable Overhead line
A
l
A
i
L H H H
C a b C
+ ( )
3 6
1000 L
C
L H H
C a b
+ ( )
3
25 L
C

Environment C
e
Urban with high buildings or structures (higher than 20 m) 0
Urban (buildings or structures of heights between 10 m and 20 m) 0.1
Suburban (buildings or structures not higher than 10 m) 0.5
Rural 1
influence factors. There is no more subdivision into
simple (basic) probabilities and reduction factors.
Some reduction factors now rather have been
assigned to the Annex C, i.e. to the losses, for
example P
B
and P
C
representing damage factors.
Both parameter values are presented in Tables
3.2.4.1 and 3.2.4.2. Attention still is drawn to the
fact that also other, deviating values are possible,
if based on detailed examinations or estimations.
3.2.5 Types of loss and sources of damage
Depending on the construction, use and substance
of the building or structure, the relevant types of
damage can be very different. IEC 62305-2 (EN
62305-2) recognises the following four types of
damage:
L1 Loss of human life (injury to, or death of, per-
sons);
L2 Loss of services for the public;
L3 Loss of irreplaceable cultural assets;
L4 Economic losses.
The types of loss stated can arise as a result of the
different sources of damage: The sources of dam-
age thus literally represent the cause in a causal
relationship, the type of loss the effect (see
Table 3.2.5.1). The possible sources of damage for
one type of loss can be manifold. It is therefore
necessary to first define the relevant types of dam-
age for a building or structure. It is then subse-
quently possible to stipulate the sources of dam-
age to be determined.
Lightning protection level (LPL) Damage factor P
SPD
No coordinated surge protection 1
III IV 0.03
II 0.02
I 0.01
Surge protective devices (SPD) having a protective characteristic better than for 0.005 0.001
LPL I (higher lightning current carrying capability, lower protection level, etc.)
Table 3.2.4.2 Damage factor P
SPD
to describe the protective measures surge protective devices as a function of the lightning protection level
B
to describe the protective measures against physical damage
Characteristics of building or structure Class of lightning P
B
protection system (LPS)
Building or structure is not protected by LPS 1
Building or structure is protected by LPS IV 0.2
III 0.1
II 0.05
Building or structure with air-termination system according to class of LPS and a 0.01
metal facade or a concrete reinforcement as natural down conductor system
I 0.02
Building or structure with metal roof or with air-termination system, preferably 0.001
including natural components, which protect all roof superstructues entirely against
direct lightning strikes, and a metal facade or concrete reinforcement a natural
down conductor system.
Table 3.2.5.1 Sources of damage, types of damage and types of loss according to the point of strike
Point of Strike Source
of damage
Type
of damage
Type
of loss
Example
Building or structure S1 D1
D2
D3
L1, L4
b
L1, L2, L3, L4
L1
a
, L2, L4
Earth next to the
structure
S2 D3 L1
a
, L2, L4
Entering supply line S3 D1
D2
D3
L1, L4
b
L1, L2, L3, L4
L1
a
, L2, L4
Earth next to the
entering supply line
S4 D3 L1
a
, L2, L4
a
For hospitals and buildings or structures with hazard of explosion
b
For agricultural properties (loss of animals)
Source of damage in relation to the point of strike
S1 Direct lightning strike to the building or structure;
S2 Lightning strike to the earth near the building or structure;
S3 Direct lightning strike to the entering supply line;
S4 Lightning strike to the earth close to the entering supply line.
Type of damage
D1 Electric shock to living beings as a result of contact and step voltage;
D2 Fire, explosion, mechanical and chemical reactions as a result of the physical effects of the lightning discharge;
D3 Failure of electrical and electronic sytems as a result of surges.
Type of loss
L1 Injury to, or death of, persons;
L2 Loss of services for the public;
L3 Loss of irreplaceable cultural assets;
L4 Economic losses.
Building or structure
3.2.6 Loss factor
If a particular type of damage has occurred in a
building or structure, then the effect of this dam-
age must be assessed. It is possible, for example,
for a fault or damage to a DP system (L4 type of
loss: economic losses) to have very different conse-
quences. If no data appertaining to the business is
lost, then the claim will only be for the damage to
the hardware to the value of a few thousand Euro.
If, however, the complete business of a company is
dependent on the permanent availability of the
DP system (call centre, bank, automation engineer-
ing) then, in addition to the hardware damage,
there is also disproportionately high consequential
damage as a result of customer dissatisfaction, cus-
tomers going to other suppliers, overlooked busi-
ness processes, loss of production, etc.
The effects of the damage are assessed using the
loss factor L.
Basically divided up into the following:
L
t
Loss by injury as a result of contact and step
voltages;
L
f
Loss as a result of physical damage;
L
o
Loss as a result of failure of electrical and elec-
tronic systems.
Depending on the relevant type of damage, this
enables the extent of the damage, its value or the
consequences to be assessed. Annex C of IEC
62305-2 (EN 62305-2) gives the fundamentals of
the calculation of the loss of the four types of dam-
age. It is frequently the case, however, that it is
extremely time-consuming to apply the equations.
For usual cases, the aforementioned Annex C
therefore also provides suggestions for typical val-
ues for the damage factor L, depending on the
underlying causes of the damage.
In addition to the actual loss factors Annex C also
outlines three reduction factors r
x
and an increas-
ing factor h:
r
a
Reduction factor for effects of step and con-
tact voltages depending on the kind of ground
or floor;
r Reduction factor for measures to mitigate the
consequences of fire;
r
f
Reduction factor to describe the risk of fire to
a building or structure;
h Factor increasing the relative value of a loss, if
there is special hazard (e.g. as a result of pan-
ic, potential endangering of the environment
by the building or structure).
Although shifted from IEC 62305-2 (EN 62305-2)
Annex B (damage factors) to Annex C now, the
parameter values, however, remained almost
unchanged.
3.2.7 Relevant risk components for different
lightning strikes
There is close correlation between the cause of the
damage, the type of damage and the resulting rel-
evant risk components. Initially, it serves to repre-
sent the dependence on the point of strike of the
lightning discharge, and the risk components
which are derived from this.
If lightning directly strikes a building or structure,
the following risk components arise (Table 3.2.7.1):
R
A
Risk component for electric shocks to living
beings as a result of direct lightning strikes;
R
B
Risk component for physical damage as a
result of direct lightning strikes;
R
C
Risk of malfunctioning of electrical and elec-
tronic systems as a result of surges caused by
direct lightning strikes.
If lightning strikes the earth near a building or
structure, or neighbouring buildings, the follow-
ing risk component is created:
R
M
Risk of malfunctioning of electrical and elec-
tronic systems as a result of surges caused by
direct lightning strikes to the ground next to
the building or structure.
If lightning directly strikes utility lines entering a
building or structure, the following risk compo-
nents arise:
R
U
Risk components for electric shocks to living
beings in the event of direct lightning strikes
to utility lines entering the building or struc-
ture;
R
V
Risk components for physical damage in the
event of direct lightning strikes to utility lines
entering the building or structure;
R
W
Risk of failure of electrical and electronic sys-
tems as a result of surges caused by direct
lightning strikes to utility lines entering the
building or structure.
If lightning eventually strikes the ground next to
the utility lines entering a building or structure,
the following risk component is created:
R
Z
Risk of failure of electrical and electronic sys-
tems as a result of surges caused by direct
lightning strikes to the ground next to the util-
ity lines entering the building or structure.
The eight risk components in total (which basically
must be determined individually for each type of
damage) can now be combined according to two
different criteria: the point of strike of lightning
and the cause of the damage.
If the combination according to the point of strike
is of interest, i.e. the evaluation of Table 3.2.7.1
according to columns, then the risk
as a result of a direct lightning strike to the
building or structure is:
as a result of an indirect lightning strike next
to the building or structure is:
If, on the other hand, it is desired to investigate
the cause of the damage, then the risks can be
combined as follows:
For electric shock to humans or animals as a
result of contact and step voltages:
R R R
s A U
= +
R R R R R R
i M U V W Z
= + + + +
R R R R
d A B C
= + +
S1
Direct lightning
strike into the
structure
S2
Lightning strike
into the earth
next to the
structure
S3
Direct lightning
strike into the
entering supply
line
S4
Lightning strike
into the earth
next to the ente-
ring supply line
Direct Indirect
Lightning strike (with regard to the structure)
D1
Electric shock to
living beings
D2
Fire, explosions,
mechanical and
chemical effects
D3
Interferences on
electrical and
electronic systems
Source of
damage
Type of
damage
R
A
= N
D
.
P
A
.
r
a
.
L
t
R
U
= (N
L
+ N
DA
)
.
P
U
.
r
a
.
L
t
R
C
= N
D
.
P
C
.
L
o
R
M
= N
M
.
P
M
.
L
o
R
s
= R
A
+ R
U
R
f
= R
B
+ R
V
R
o
= R
C
+ R
M
+ R
W
+ R
Z
R
d
= R
A
+ R
B
+ R
C
R
i
= R
M
+ R
U
+ R
V
+ R
W
+ R
Z
R
B
= N
D
.
P
B
.
r
.
h
.
r
f
.
L
f
R
V
= (N
L
+ N
DA
)
.
P
V
.
r
.
h
.
r
f
.
L
f
R
W
= (N
L
+ N
DA
)
.
P
W
.
L
o
R
Z
= (N
I
N
L
)
.
P
Z
.
L
o
Table 3.2.7.1 In addition to the risk components R
U
, R
V
and R
W
, there is the frequency of direct lightning strikes into the supply line N
L
and
the frequency of direct lightning strikes into the connected building or structure N
DA
(compare Figure 3.2.3.3). In case of the risk
component R
Z
, however, the frequency of lightning strikes next to the supply line N
l
has to be reduced by the frequency of direct
lightning strikes into the supply line N
L
.
For fire, explosion, mechanical and chemical
reaction, caused by mechanical and thermal
effects of a lightning strike:
For failure of electrical and electronic systems
due to surges:
R R R R R
o C M W Z
= + + + R R R
f B V
= +
Types of loss R
T
L1 Loss of human life (injury to, or death of, persons) 10
-5
/ year
L2 Loss of services for the public 10
-3
/ year
L3 Loss of irreplaceable cultural asset 10
-3
/ year
Fig. 3.2.9.1 Flow chart for selection of protective measures for the types of loss L1 ... L3
Table 3.2.8.1 Typical values for the tolerable risk R
T
Identify the building or structure to be protected
Identify the relevant types of damage
For the types of damage:
Identify and calculate the risk components
R
A
, R
B
, R
C
, R
M
, R
U
, R
V
, R
W
, R
Z
R > R
T
Is LPS
installed
Building or structure
Protected
No
No
Yes
Is LPMS
installed
Yes
No
R
B
> R
T
Yes
Install
corresponding
type of LPS
Install
corresponding
LPMS
Install
other
protective measures
No
Yes
Calculate new
values of the risk
components
3.2.8 Tolerable risk of lightning damage
When making a decision on the choice of lightning
protection measures, one has to examine whether
the damage risk R determined for each relevant
type of damage exceeds a tolerable (i.e. a still
acceptable) value R
T
or not. This, however, is only
applicable for the three types of loss L1 L3, which
are of so-called public interest. For a building or
structure which is sufficiently protected against
the effects of lightning, then must hold:
R represents the sum over all risk components
which are relevant for the respective type of loss
L1 L3:
IEC 62305-2 (EN 62305-2) provides acceptable max-
imum values R
T
for these three types of loss (Table
3.2.8.1).
3.2.9 Choice of lightning protection mea-
sures
The measures for protection against lightning are
intended to lead to the limiting of the damage risk
R to values below the tolerable risk of damage R
T
.
Using a detailed calculation of the damage risks
for the types of damage which are relevant to a
specific building or structure in each case, i.e. by
dividing them into the individual risk components
R
A
, R
B
, R
C
, R
M
, R
U
, R
V
, R
W
and R
Z
, it is possible to
choose lightning protection measures in an
extremely targeted way.
The flow chart in IEC 62305-2 (EN 62305-2) (Figure
3.2.9.1) illustrates the procedure. Starting from the
fact that the calculated damage risk R exceeds the
tolerable damage risk R
T
, the first thing to be
examined is whether the risk of physical damage
caused by a direct lightning strike to a building or
structure R
B
exceeds the tolerable damage risk R
T
.
If this is the case, a complete lightning protection
system with suitable external and internal light-
ning protection must be installed. If R
B
is sufficient-
ly small, the second step is to examine whether the
risk can be sufficiently reduced by protective mea-
sures against the lightning electromagnetic pulse
(LEMP).
Proceeding according to Figure 3.2.9.1 makes it
possible to choose those protective measures
which lead to a reduction in the risk components
which have relatively high values in each case, i.e.
protective measures whose degrees of effective-
ness in the case under inspection are comparative-
ly high.
3.2.10 Economic losses / Economic efficiency
of protective measures
The type of loss L4, economic losses, is relevant for
many buildings or structures. Here it is no longer
possible to work with a tolerable risk of damage
R
T
. One rather has to compare, whether the pro-
tective measures are justifiable from an economi-
cal point of view. Not an absolute parameter, such
as a specified tolerable risk of damage R
T
, is stan-
dard of comparison, but a relative one: Different
states of protection of the building or structure are
compared and the optimal solution, i.e. the cost of
damage as a result of lightning strikes remaining
as low as possible, will be realised. So several vari-
ants can and shall be examined.
The basic procedure is represented in Figure
3.2.10.1, Figure 3.2.10.2 shows the corresponding
flow chart from IEC 62305-2 (EN 62305-2). At the
beginning this new method certainly will arouse
new discussions among experts because it allows a
(rough) estimation of costs even before the actual
designing of lightning protection measures. Here a
detailed and administered respective data base
can render good service.
Usually not only the type of loss L4, but also one or
several of the other types of loss L1 L3 are rele-
vant for a building or structure. In these cases first
of all the proceeding represented in Figure 3.2.9.1
is applicable, i.e. the damage risk R for the each of
the losses L1 L3 must be lower than the tolerable
damage risk R
T
. In this case a second step is to
examine the efficiency of the planned protective
measures according to Figure 3.2.10.1 and Figure
3.2.10.2. Of course, also here again several variants
of protection are possible, the most favourable
one finally to be realised, however, provided that
R R
V
=
R R
T

for all relevant types of loss of public interest
L1 L3 is always R < R
T
.
3.2.11 Summary
In practice, it is time-consuming and not always
easy to apply the procedures and data given. This
should not prevent the experts in the field of light-
ning protection and, in particular, those at the
sharp end, from studying this material. The quanti-
tative assessment of the risk of lightning damage
for a building or structure is a considerable
improvement on the situation often encountered
before, where decisions for or against lightning
protection measures were frequently made solely
on the basis of subjective considerations which
were not always understood by all parties.
A quantitative assessment of this type is therefore
an important pre-requirement for the decision
whether to designate lightning protection meas-
ures for a building or structure and, if so, to what
extent and which ones. In the long term it will thus
make a contribution to the acceptance of light-
ning protection and damage prevention.
Author of Chapters 3.2.1 3.2.11:
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Alexander Kern
Aachen Technical College,
Abt. Jlich
Ginsterweg 1
52428 Jlich
Germany
Phone: +49 (0)241/6009-53042
Fax: +49 (0)241/6009-53262
[email protected]
Calculate all risk components R
X
relevant for R
4
Calculate the yearly costs of the total
loss C
L
and the costs of the remaining
losses C
RL
if protective measures are
applied
Calculate the yearly costs of
protective measures C
PM
C
PM
+ C
RL
> C
L
Application of
protective measures
is economically not
advantageous
yes
no
Application of protective measures
is economically advantageous
Fig. 3.2.10.2 Flow chart for the choice of protective measures in
case of economic losses
Fig. 3.2.10.1 Basic procedure in case of a purely economic consideration and calculation of the yearly costs
Yearly costs
due to lightning
hazard
Yearly costs
due to lightning
hazard
Costs of the
protective
measures
Yearly costs
due to lightning
hazard
Costs of the
protective
measures
Economically
most favour-
able variant
Costs
per year
Measure
Without
protective
measures
With protective
measures
variant 1
With protective
measures
variant 2
T
o
t
a
l

c
o
s
t
s
Yearly costs as a result of lightning strike
Loss amount x yearly occurrence probability
Where:
Loss amount is the replacement cost plus
follow-up costs (e.g. production loss, data
loss)
Occurrence probability depends on the
protective measures
Yearly costs of the protective measures
Depreciation, maintenance, interest loss
(per year)
3.2.12 Designing aids
For practical applications, the time-consuming and
not always simple application of the procedure for
assessing the risk of damage for buildings and
structures can be noticeably improved by the use
of a PC-aided solution. In DEHNsupport the pro-
cedures and date from IEC 62305-2 (EN 62305-2)
have been converted into a user-friendly software.
With DEHNsupport the user has a purposeful
assistance for designing. The following designing
aids are available:
Risk analysis according to IEC 62305-2 (EN
62305-2)
Calculation of the separation distance
Calculation of the length of earth electrodes
Calculation of the length of air-termination
rods
3.3 Inspection and maintenance
3.3.1 Types of inspection and qualification
of the inspectors
Other and additional national standards and legal
requirements have to be taken into account.
To guarantee that the building or structure, the
persons therein, and the electrical and electronic
systems have permanent protection, the mechani-
cal and electrical characteristics of a lightning pro-
tection system must remain completely intact for
the whole of its service life. To ensure this case, a
coordinated programme of inspection and mainte-
nance of the lightning protection system shall be
laid down by an authority, the designer of the
lightning protection system, or the person
installing the lightning protection system, and the
owner of the building or structure. If faults are
found during the inspection of a lightning protec-
tion system, the operator / owner of the building
or structure is responsible for the immediate
removal of the faults. The inspection of the light-
ning protection system must be carried out by a
lightning protection specialist.
A lightning protection specialist is due to his tech-
nical training, knowledge and experience, also
with regard to the applicable standards, able to
design, install and inspect lightning protection sys-
tems.
The criteria technical training, knowledge and
experience usually are met after several years of
practical and professional experience and during
an occupational activity in the field of lightning
protection. The fields designing, installation and
inspection require different skills from the light-
ning protection specialist.
A lightning protection specialist is a competent
person who is familiar with the relevant safety
equipment regulations, directives and standards to
the extent that he is in a position to judge if tech-
nical work equipment is in a safe working condi-
tion. Competent persons are, for example, after-
sales service engineers. A training course leading
to recognition as a competent person for lightning
and surge protection, as well as for electrical
installations conforming to EMC (EMC approved
engineer), is offered by the VdS Loss Prevention,
which is part of the Joint Association of German
Insurers (GDV e.V.), in cooperation with the Com-
mittee for Lightning Protection and Lightning
Research of the Association of German Electrical
Engineers (ABB of the VDE).
Note: A competent person is not an expert!
An expert has special knowledge because of his
training and experience in the field of technical
work equipment which requires testing. He is
familiar with the relevant safety equipment regu-
lations, directives and standards to the extent that
he is in a position to judge if complex technical
work equipment is in a safe working condition. He
shall be able to inspect technical work equipment
and provide an expert opinion. An expert is a spe-
cially trained, officially approved competent per-
son. Persons who are eligible to be experts are, for
example, engineers at the German Technical
Inspectorate or other specialist engineers. Installa-
tions which are subject to monitoring require-
ments generally have to be inspected by experts.
Regardless of the required inspectors qualifica-
tions, the inspections shall ensure that the light-
ning protection system fulfils its protective func-
tion of protecting living beings, stock, technical
equipment in the building or structure operational
technology, safety technology, and the building or
structure, against the effects of direct and indirect
lightning strikes when combined with any mainte-
nance and service measures which may be neces-
sary. A design report of the lightning protection
system containing the design criteria, design
description and technical drawings shall therefore
be available to the inspector. The inspections
which need to be carried out are distinguished as
follows:
Inspection of the design
The inspection of the design shall ensure that all
aspects of the lightning protection system with its
components correspond to the state of the art in
force at the time the designing is undertaken. It
must be carried out before the service is provided.
Inspections during the construction phase
Sections of the lightning protection system which
will not be accessible when the building work is
complete must be inspected as long as this is possi-
ble. These include:
Foundation earth electrodes
Earth-termination systems
Reinforcement connections
Concrete reinforcements used as room shield-
ing
Down-conductor systems and their connec-
tions laid in concrete
The inspection comprises the control of the techni-
cal documentation, and on-site inspection and
assessment of the work carried out.
Acceptance inspection
The acceptance inspection is carried out when the
lightning protection system has been completed.
The following must be thoroughly inspected:
Compliance with the protection plan conform-
ing to the standards (design),
the work done (technical correctness)
taking into consideration
the type of use,
the technical equipment of the building or
structure and
the site conditions.
Repeat inspection
Regular repeat inspections are the precondition
for a permanently effective lightning protection
system. In Germany they shall be carried out every
2 to 4 years. Table 3.3.1.1 contains recommenda-
tions for the intervals between the full inspections
of a lightning protection system under average
environmental conditions. If official instructions or
regulations with inspection deadlines are in force,
these deadlines have to be considered as minimum
requirements. If official instructions prescribe that
the electrical installation in the building or struc-
ture must be regularly inspected, then the func-
tioning of the internal lightning protection mea-
sures shall be inspected as part of this inspection.
Visual inspection
Lightning protection systems Type I or II in build-
ings and structures, and critical sections of light-
ning protection systems (e.g. in cases where there
is considerable influence from aggressive environ-
mental conditions) have to undergo a visual
inspection between repeat inspections (Table
3.3.1.1).
Additional inspection
In addition to the repeat inspections, a lightning
protection system must be inspected if
fundamental changes in use,
modifications to the building or structure,
Type of LPS Visual inspection
(Year)
I and II
III and IV
1
2
Complete inspection
(Year)
2
4
Complete inspection
of critical systems
(Year)
1
1
Note: In buildings or structures with hazard of explosion a visual inspection of the lightning protection system
should be carried out every 6 months. Once in a year the electrical installations should be tested. A deviation
from these yearly inspection plan is accepted if it makes sense to carry out the tests in intervals of 14 to 15
months in order to measure the conductivity of the ground at different times of the year in order to get
knowledge of seasonal changes.
Table 3.3.1.1 Longest interval between inspections of the LPS acc. to IEC 62305-3, Table E.2
restorations,
extensions or
repairs
on a protected building or structure have been car-
ried out.
These inspections shall also be carried out when it
is known that a lightning has struck the lightning
protection system.
3.3.2 Inspection measures
The inspection comprises the control of the techni-
cal documentation, on-site inspection and mea-
surement.
Control of the technical documentation
The technical documentation must be inspected to
ensure it is
complete and
in accordance with the standards.
On-site inspection
The on-site inspection shall examine whether
the complete system corresponds to the tech-
nical documentation,
the complete system of external and internal
lightning protection is in an acceptable condi-
tion,
there are any loose connections and interrup-
tions in the lines of the lightning protection
system,
all earthing connections (if visible) are in order,
all lines and system components are correctly
secured, and units with a mechanical protec-
tive function are in working order,
modifications requiring additional protective
measures have been made at the protected
building or structure,
the surge protective devices installed in power
supply systems and information systems are
correctly installed,
there is any damage, or whether there are any
disconnected surge protective devices,
upstream overcurrent protection devices of
surge protective devices have tripped,
in the case of new supply connections or
extensions which have been installed in the
interior of the building or structure since the
last inspection, the lightning equipotential
bonding was carried out,
equipotential bonding connections within the
building or structure are in place and intact,
the measures required for proximities of the
lightning protection system to installations
have been carried out.
Note: For existing earth-termination systems which
are more than 10 years old, the condition and
quality of the earth conductor line and its connec-
tions can only be assessed by exposing it at certain
points.
Measurements
Measurements are used to inspect the conductivity
of the connections and the condition of the earth-
termination system.
Conductivity of the connections
Measurements must be made to examine
whether all the conductors and connections of
air-termination systems, down-conductor sys-
tems, equipotential bonding lines, shielding
measures etc. have a low-impedance conduc-
tivity. The recommended value is < 1 .
Condition of the earth-termination system
The contact resistance to the earth-termina-
tion system at all measuring points must be
measured to establish the conductivity of the
lines and connections (recommended value
< 1 ).
Further, the conductivity with respect to the
metal installations (e.g. gas, water, ventilation,
heating), the total earthing resistance of the
lightning protection system, and the earthing
resistance of individual earth electrodes and
partial ring earth electrodes must be mea-
sured.
The results of the measurements must be com-
pared with the results of earlier measurements. If
they deviate considerably from the earlier mea-
surements, additional examinations must be per-
formed.
3.3.3 Documentation
A report must be compiled for each inspection.
This must be kept together with the technical doc-
umentation and reports of previous inspections at
the installation/ system operators premises or at
the offices of the relevant authority.
The following technical documentation must be
available to the inspector when, for example, he
carries out his assessment of the lightning protec-
tion system:
Design criteria
Design descriptions
Technical drawings of the external and inter-
nal lightning protection
Reports of previous services and inspections
An inspection report shall contain the following
information:
General
a) Owner, address
b) Installer of the lightning protection system,
address
c) Year of construction
Information about the building or structure
a) Location
b) Use
c) Type of construction
d) Type of roofing
e) Lightning protection level (LPL)
Information about the lightning protection
system
a) Material and cross section of the lines
b) Number of down conductors, e.g. inspection
joints (designation corresponding to the infor-
mation in the drawing)
c) Type of earth-termination system (e.g. ring
earth electrode, earth rod, foundation earth
electrode)
d) Design of the lightning equipotential bonding
to metal installations, to electrical installations
and to existing equipotential busbars
Inspection fundamentals
a) Description and drawings of the lightning pro-
tection system
b) Lightning protection standards and provisions
at the time of the installation
c) Further inspection fundamentals (e.g. regula-
tions, instructions) at the time of the installa-
tion
Type of inspection
a) Inspection of the design
b) Inspections during the construction phase
c) Acceptance inspection
d) Repeat inspection
e) Additional inspection
f) Visual inspection
Result of the inspection
a) Any modifications to the building or structure
and / or the lightning protection system deter-
mined
b) Deviations from the standards, regulations,
instructions and application guidelines appli-
cable at the time of the installation
c) Defects determined
d) Earthing resistance or loop resistance at the
individual inspection joints, with information
about the measuring method and the type of
measuring device
e) Total earthing resistance (measurement with
or without protective conductor and metal
building installation)
Inspector
a) Name of inspector
b) Inspectors company / organisation
c) Name of person accompanying
d) Number of pages in inspection report
e) Date of inspection
f) Signature of the inspectors company / organi-
sation
3.3.4 Maintenance
The maintenance and inspection of lightning pro-
tection systems must be coordinated.
In addition to the inspections, regular mainte-
nance routines should therefore also be estab-
lished for all lightning protection systems. How
frequently the maintenance work is carried out
depends on the following factors:
Loss of quality related to weathering and the
ambient conditions
Effects of direct lightning strikes and possible
damage arising therefrom
Class of lightning protection system required
for the building or structure under considera-
tion
The maintenance measures should be determined
individually for each lightning protection system
and become an integral part of the complete
maintenance programme for the building or struc-
ture.
A maintenance routine should be drawn up. This
allows a comparison to be made between results
recorded now, and those from an earlier service.
These values can also be used for comparison with
a subsequent inspection.
The following measures should be included in a
maintenance routine:
Inspection of all conductors and components
of the lightning protection system
Measuring of the electrical conductivity of
installations of the lightning protection system
Measuring of the earthing resistance of the
Visual inspection of all surge protective
devices (relates to surge protective devices on
the lines of the power supply and information
system entering the building or structure) to
determine if there has been any damage or if
any disconnections are present
Refastening of components and conductors
Inspection to ascertain that the effectiveness
of the lightning protection system is
unchanged after installation of additional
fixed equipment or modifications to the build-
ing or structure
Complete records should be made of all mainte-
nance work. They should contain modification
measures which have been, or are to be, carried
out.
These records serve as an aid when assessing the
components and installation of the lightning pro-
tection system. They can be used to examine and
update a maintenance routine. The maintenance
records should be kept together with the design
and the inspection reports of the lightning protec-
tion system.
4. Lightning protection system
Lightning protection systems shall protect build-
ings and structures from fire or mechanical
destruction, and persons in the buildings from
injury or even death.
A lightning protection system comprises an exter-
nal and an internal lightning protection (Figure
4.1).
The functions of the external lightning protection
are:
Directing direct lightning strikes into an air-
termination system
Safe conduction of the lightning current to the
earth by means of a down-conductor system
Distribution of the lightning current in the
earth via an earth-termination system
The function of the internal lightning protection is
to prevent hazardous sparking inside the
This is achieved by means of equipotential
bonding or a safety distance between the
components of the lightning protection sys-
tem and other conductive elements inside the
The lightning equipotential bonding reduces the
potential drops caused by the lightning current.
This is achieved by connecting all separate, con-
ductive parts of the installation directly by means
of conductors or surge protective devices (SPDs)
(Figure 4.2).
Lightning Protection
System (LPS)
A
i
r
-
t
e
r
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n

s
y
s
t
e
m
D
o
w
n
-
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
o
r

s
y
s
t
e
m
E
a
r
t
h
-
t
e
r
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n

s
y
s
t
e
m
S
e
p
a
r
a
t
i
o
n

d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
s
L
i
g
h
t
n
i
n
g

e
q
u
i
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l

b
o
n
d
i
n
g
according to IEC 62305 (EN 62305)
Fig. 4.1 Components of a lightning protection system
The four classes of lightning protection systems
(LPS) I, II, III and IV are determined using a set of
construction rules which are based on the corre-
sponding lightning protection level. Each set com-
prises class dependent (e.g. radius of the rolling
sphere, mesh size) and class independent (e.g.
cross-sections, materials) construction rules.
To ensure the continuous availability of complex
information technology installations even in the
event of a direct lightning strike, it is necessary to
have continuing measures for the surge protection
of electronic installations which supplement the
lightning protection system. This extensive cata-
logue of measures is described in Chapter 7 under
the concept of lightning protection zones.
down-conductor
system
separation
distance
air-termination
system
service
entrance
box
lightning current
arrester for
230/400 V, 50 Hz
lightning current
arrester for
telephone line
equipotential bonding
for heating,
air-conditioning, sanitation
foundation earth electrode
lightning
Fig. 4.2 Lightning protection system (LPS)
5. External lightning protection
5.1 Air-termination systems
The function of the air-termination systems of a
lightning protection system is to prevent direct
lightning strikes from damaging the volume to be
protected. They must be designed to prevent
uncontrolled lightning strikes to the structure to
be protected.
By correct dimensioning of the air-termination sys-
tems, the effects of a lightning strike to a structure
can be reduced in a controlled way.
Air-termination systems can consist of the follow-
ing components and can be combined with each
other as required:
Rods
Spanned wires and cables
Intermeshed conductors
When determining the siting of the air-termina-
tion systems of the lightning protection system,
special attention must be paid to the protection of
corners and edges of the structure to be protected.
This applies particularly to air-termination systems
on the surfaces of roofs and the upper parts of
facades. Most importantly, air-termination systems
must be mounted at corners and edges.
Three methods can be used to determine the
arrangement and the siting of the air-termination
systems (Figure 5.1.1):
Rolling sphere method
Mesh method
Protective angle method
The rolling sphere method is the universal method
of design particularly recommended for geometri-
cally complicated applications.
The three different methods are described below.
5.1.1 Designing methods and types of air-
termination systems
The rolling sphere method geometric-electrical
model
For lightning flashes to earth, a downward leader
grows step-by-step in a series of jerks from the
cloud towards the earth. When the leader has got
close to the earth within a few tens, to a few hun-
dreds of metres, the electrical insulating strength
of the air near the ground is exceeded. A further
leader discharge similar to the downward leader
begins to grow towards the head of the down-
ward leader: the upward leader. This defines the
h
1
h
2
air-termination rod
protective angle
mesh size M
down conductor
r
rolling sphere
I 20 m 5 x 5 m
II 30 m 10 x 10 m
III 45 m 15 x 15 m
IV 60 m 20 x 20 m
Class of LPS Radius of the
rolling sphere (r)
Mesh size
(M)
Max. building height
Fig. 5.1.1 Method for designing of air-termination systems for high buildings
point of strike of the lightning strike (Figure
5.1.1.1).
The starting point of the upward leader and hence
the subsequent point of strike is determined main-
ly by the head of the downward leader. The head
of the downward leader can only approach the
earth within a certain distance. This distance is
defined by the continuously increasing electrical
field strength of the ground as the head of the
downward leader approaches. The smallest dis-
tance between the head of the downward leader
and the starting point of the upward leader is
called the final striking distance h
B
(corresponds to
the radius of the rolling sphere).
Immediately after the electrical insulating strength
is exceeded at one point, the upward leader which
leads to the final strike and manages to cross the
final striking distance, is formed. Observations of
the protective effect of guard wires and pylons
were used as the basis for the so-called
geometric-electrical model.
This is based on the hypothesis that the head of
the downward leader approaches the objects on
the ground, unaffected by anything, until it reach-
es the final striking distance.
The point of strike is then determined by the
object closest to the head of the downward leader.
The upward leader starting from this point forces
its way through (Figure 5.1.1.2).
Classification of the lightning protection system
and radius of the rolling sphere
As a first approximation, a proportionality exists
between the peak value of the lightning current
and the electrical charge stored in the downward
leader. Furthermore, the electrical field strength of
the ground as the downward leader approaches is
also linearly dependent on the charge stored in
the downward leader, to a first approximation.
Thus there is a proportionality between the peak
value I of the lightning current and the final strik-
ing distance h
B
(= radius of the rolling sphere):
r in m
I in kA
The protection of structures against lightning is
described in IEC 62305-1 (EN 62305-1). Among
other things, this standard defines the classifica-
tion of the individual lightning protection system
and stipulates the resulting lightning protection
measures.
It differentiates between four classes of lightning
protection system. A Class I lightning protection
system provides the most protection and a Class IV,
by comparison, the least. The interception effec-
r I = 10
0 65

.
point afar from the
head of the down-
ward leader
starting
upward leader
downward
leader
head of the
downward leader
starting
upward leader
closest point to
the head of the
downward leader
rolling sphere
f
i
n
a
l

s
t
r
i
k
i
n
g
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

h
B
A rolling sphere can touch not only the
steeple, but also the nave of the church at
several points. All points touched are
potential points of strike.
Fig. 5.1.1.1 Starting upward leader defining the point of strike Fig. 5.1.1.2 Model of a rolling sphere
Ref: Prof. Dr. A. Kern, Aachen
tiveness E
i
of the air-termination systems is con-
comitant with the class of lightning protection sys-
tem, i.e. which percentage of the prospective
lightning strikes is safely controlled by the air-ter-
mination systems. From this results the final strik-
ing distance and hence the radius of the rolling
sphere. The correlations between class of light-
ning protection system, interception effectiveness
E
i
of the air-termination systems, final striking dis-
tance / radius of the rolling sphere and current
peak value are shown in Table 5.1.1.1.
Taking as a basis the hypothesis of the geometric-
electrical model that the head of the downward
leader approaches the objects on the earth in an
arbitrary way, unaffected by anything, until it
reaches the final striking distance, a general
method can be derived which allows the volume to
be protected of any arrangement to be inspected.
Carrying out the rolling sphere method requires a
scale model (e.g. on a scale of 1:100) of the build-
ing / structure to be protected, which includes the
external contours and, where applicable, the air-
termination systems. Depending on the location of
the object under investigation, it is also necessary
to include the surrounding structures and objects,
since these could act as natural protective mea-
sures for the object under examination.
Furthermore, a true-to-scale sphere is required
according to the class of lightning protection sys-
tem with a radius corresponding to the final strik-
ing distance (depending on the class of lightning
protection system, the radius r of the rolling
sphere must correspond true-to-scale to the radii
20, 30, 45 or 60 m). The centre of the rolling
sphere used corresponds to the head of the
downward leader towards which the respective
upward leaders will approach.
The rolling sphere is now rolled around the
object under examination and the contact points
representing potential points of strike are marked
in each case. The rolling sphere is then rolled
over the object in all directions. All contact points
are marked again. All potential points of strike are
thus shown on the model; it is also possible to
determine the areas which can be hit by lateral
strikes. The naturally protected zones resulting
from the geometry of the object to be protected
and its surroundings can also be clearly seen. Air-
termination conductors are not required at these
points (Figure 5.1.1.3).
It must be borne in mind, however, that lightning
footprints have also been found on steeples in
places not directly touched as the rolling sphere
rolled over. This is traced to the fact that, among
other things, in the event of multiple lightning
flashes, the base of the lightning flash moves
because of the wind conditions. Consequently, an
area of approx. one metre can come up around the
Fig. 5.1.1.3 Schematic application of the rolling sphere method at
a building with considerably structured surface
Table 5.1.1.1 Relations between lightning protection level, interception criterion E
i
, final striking distance h
B
and min. peak value of current I
Ref.: Table 5, 6 and 7 of IEC 62305-1 (EN 62305-1)
Lightning protection
level LPL
Probabilities for the limit values
of the lightning current parameters
Radius of the rolling sphere
(final striking distance h
B
)
r in m
Min. peak value
of current
I in kA
IV
III
II
I
0.84
0.91
0.97
0.99
60
45
30
20
16
10
5
3
< Max. values acc. to Table 5
IEC 62305-1 (EN 62305-1)
> Min. values acc. to Table 6
IEC 62305-1 (EN 62305-1)
0.97
0.97
0.98
0.99
r
r
r
r
r
r
building
rolling sphere
point of strike determined where lightning strikes
can also occur.
Example 1: New administration building in
Munich
During the design phase of the new administra-
tion building, the complex geometry led to the
decision to use the rolling sphere method to iden-
tify the areas threatened by lightning strikes.
This was possible because an architectural model
of the new building was available on a scale of
1:100.
It was determined that a lightning protection sys-
tem Class I was required, i.e. the radius of the
rolling sphere in the model was 20 cm (Figure
5.1.1.4).
The points where the rolling sphere touches
parts of the building, can be hit by a direct light-
ning strike with a corresponding minimum current
peak value of 3 kA (Figure 5.1.1.5). Consequently,
these points required adequate air-termination
systems. If, in addition, electrical installations were
localised at these points or in their immediate
vicinity (e.g. on the roof of the building), addition-
al air-termination measures were realised there.
The application of the rolling sphere method
meant that air-termination systems were not
installed where protection was not required. On
the other hand, locations in need of more protec-
tion could be equipped accordingly, where neces-
sary (Figure 5.1.1.5).
Example 2: Aachen Cathedral
The cathedral stands in the midst of the old town
of Aachen surrounded by several high buildings.
Adjacent to the cathedral there is a scale model
(1:100) whose purpose is to make it easier for visi-
tors to understand the geometry of the building.
The buildings surrounding the Aachen Cathedral
provide a partial natural protection against light-
ning strikes.
Therefore, and to demonstrate the effectiveness
of lightning protection measures, models of the
most important elements of the surrounding
buildings were made according to the same scale
(1:100) (Figure 5.1.1.6).
Figure 5.1.1.6 also shows rolling spheres for
lightning protection systems Class II and III (i.e.
with radii of 30 cm and 45 cm) on the model.
Fig. 5.1.1.4 Construction of a new administration building:
Model with rolling sphere acc. to lightning protection
system Type I
Ref.: WBG Wiesinger
Fig. 5.1.1.5 Construction of a DAS administration building:
Top view (excerpt) on the zones threatened by lightning
strikes for lightning protection system Class I
Ref.: WBG Wiesinger
Fig. 5.1.1.6 Aachen Cathedral: Model with environment and rolling
spheres for lightning protection systems Class II and III
Ref.: Prof. Dr. A. Kern, Aachen
The aim here was to demonstrate the increasing
requirements on the air-termination systems as the
radius of the rolling sphere decreases, i.e. which
areas of Aachen Cathedral had additionally to be
considered at risk of being hit by lightning strikes,
if a lightning protection system Class II with a high-
er degree of protection was used.
The rolling sphere with the smaller radius
(according to a class of lightning protection system
with a higher lightning protection level) naturally
touches also the model at all points already
touched by the rolling sphere with the larger
radius. Thus, it is only necessary to determine the
additional contact points.
As demonstrated, when dimensioning the air-ter-
mination system for a structure, or a structure
mounted on the roof, the sag of the rolling sphere
is decisive.
The following formula can be used to calculate the
penetration depth p of the rolling sphere when
the rolling sphere rolls on rails, for example. This
can be achieved by using two spanned wires, for
example.
r Radius of the rolling sphere
d Distance between two air-termination rods or
two parallel air-termination conductors
Figure 5.1.1.7 illustrates this consideration.
Air-termination rods are frequently used to pro-
tect the surface of a roof, or installations mounted
on the roof, against a direct lightning strike. The
square arrangement of the air-termination rods,
over which no cable is normally spanned, means
that the sphere does not roll on rails but sits
deeper instead, thus increasing the penetration
depth of the sphere (Figure 5.1.1.8).
The height of the air-termination rods h should
always be greater than the value of the penetra-
tion depth p determined, and hence greater than
the sag of the rolling sphere. This additional
height of the air-termination rod ensures that the
rolling sphere does not touch the structure to be
protected.
p r r d =
/ ( )
2
2
1
2
2
Fig. 5.1.1.9 Calculation h for several air-termination rods accord-
ing to rolling sphere method
domelight
installed on the roof
d
d
ia
g
o
n
a
l
h
Fig. 5.1.1.7 Penetration depth p of the rolling sphere
h
d
r
air-termination
conductor
p
e
n
e
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
d
e
p
t
h

p
Fig. 5.1.1.8 Air-termination system for installations mounted on the
roof with their protective area
d
h
r
p
Class of LPS
I II III IV
r 20 30 45 60
Cuboidal protective area bet-
ween four air-termination rods
Another way of determining the height of the air-
termination rods is using Table 5.1.1.2. The pene-
tration depth of the rolling sphere is governed by
the largest distance of the air-termination rods
from each other. Using the greatest distance, the
penetration depth p (sag) can be taken from the
table. The air-termination rods must be dimen-
sioned according to the height of the structures
mounted on the roof (in relation to the location of
the air-termination rod) and also the penetration
depth (Figure 5.1.1.9).
If, for example, a total height of an air-termination
rod of 1.15 m is either calculated or obtained from
the table, an air-termination rod with a standard
length of 1.5 m is normally used.
Mesh method
A meshed air-termination system can be used
universally regardless of the height of the struc-
ture and shape of the roof. A reticulated air-termi-
nation network with a mesh size according to the
class of lightning protection system is arranged on
the roofing (Table 5.1.1.3).
To simplify matters, the sag of the rolling sphere is
assumed to be zero for a meshed air-termination
system.
By using the ridge and the outer edges of the
structure, as well as the metal natural parts of the
structure serving as an air-termination system, the
individual cells can be sited as desired.
The air-termination conductors on the outer edges
of the structure must be laid as close to the edges
as possible.
A metal attic can serve as an air-termination con-
ductor and / or a down-conductor system if the
required minimum dimensions for natural compo-
nents of the air-termination system are complied
with (Figure 5.1.1.10).
Protective angle method
The protective angle method is derived from the
electric-geometrical lightning model. The protec-
tive angle is determined by the radius of the
rolling sphere. The comparable protective angle
with the radius of the rolling sphere is given when
a slope intersects the rolling sphere in such a way
that the resulting areas have the same size (Figure
5.1.1.11).
This method must be used for structures with sym-
metrical dimensions (e.g. steep roof) or roof-
mounted structures (e.g. antennas, ventilation
pipes).
The protective angle depends on the class of light-
ning protection system and the height of the air-
e.g. gutter
Class of LPS
I
II
III
IV
Mesh size
5 x 5 m
10 x 10 m
15 x 15 m
20 x 20 m
Table 5.1.1.3 Mesh size
Fig. 5.1.1.10 Meshed air-termination system
I (20 m) II (30 m) III (45 m) IV (60 m)
Class of LPS with rolling sphere radius in meters
Sag of the rolling sphere [m] (rounded up) d
Distance
between air-
termniation
rods [m]
2 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01
4 0.10 0.07 0.04 0.03
6 0.23 0.15 0.10 0.08
8 0.40 0.27 0.18 0.13
10 0.64 0.42 0.28 0.21
12 0.92 0.61 0.40 0.30
14 1.27 0.83 0.55 0.41
16 1.67 1.09 0.72 0.54
18 2.14 1.38 0.91 0.68
20 2.68 1.72 1.13 0.84
23 3.64 2.29 1.49 1.11
26 4.80 2.96 1.92 1.43
29 6.23 3.74 2.40 1.78
32 8.00 4.62 2.94 2.17
35 10.32 5.63 3.54 2.61
Table 5.1.1.2 Sag of the rolling sphere over two air-termination
rods or two parallel air-termination conductors
2
h
2
H
h
1
h
1
Note:
Protective angle
1
refers to the height of the air-termination system
h
1
above the roof surface to be protected (reference plane);
Protective
2
refers to the height h
2
= h
1
+ H, while the earth
surface is the reference plane.
h
1
: Physical height of the air-termination rod
Fig. 5.1.1.16 External lightning protection system, volume protected
by a vertical air-termination rod
Fig. 5.1.1.14 Example of air-termination systems with protective
angle
angle
angle
Fig. 5.1.1.13 Cone-shaped protection zone
h
1

Fig. 5.1.1.11 Protective angle and comparable radius of the rolling
sphere
Fig. 5.1.1.12 Protective angle as a function of height h depending
on the class of lightning protection system
Fig. 5.1.1.15 Area protected by an air-termination conductor
base
equal surface areas
air-termi-
nation rod
r
rolling sphere
protective
angle
h[m]
I II III
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 2 10 20 30 40 50 60
IV
h
1
air-termination
conductor
Angle depends on the class of lightning protection system
and the height of the air-termination conductor above ground
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
71
71
66
62
59
56
53
50
48
45
43
40
38
36
34
32
30
27
25
23
2.90
5.81
6.74
7.52
8.32
8.90
9.29
9.53
10.00
10.00
10.26
10.07
10.16
10.17
10.12
10.00
9.81
9.17
8.86
8.49
74
74
71
68
65
62
60
58
56
54
52
50
49
47
45
44
42
40
39
37
36
35
36
32
30
29
27
26
25
23
3.49
6.97
8.71
9.90
10.72
11.28
12.12
12.80
13.34
13.76
14.08
14.30
14.95
15.01
15.00
15.45
15.31
15.10
15.39
15.07
15.26
15.40
16.71
15.00
14.43
14.41
13.76
13.66
13.52
12.73
77
77
74
72
70
68
66
64
62
61
59
58
57
55
54
53
51
50
49
48
47
46
47
44
43
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
4.33
8.66
10.46
12.31
13.74
14.85
15.72
16.40
16.93
18.04
18.31
19.20
20.02
19.99
20.65
21.23
20.99
21.45
21.86
22.21
22.52
22.78
24.66
23.18
23.31
22.60
22.66
22.67
22.66
22.61
22.52
22.41
23.11
22.93
22.73
22.50
22.23
21.94
21.62
21.27
20.89
20.48
20.05
19.59
19.10
79
79
76
74
72
71
69
68
66
65
64
62
61
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
53
50
49
49
48
47
46
45
44
44
43
42
41
40
40
39
38
37
37
36
35
35
34
33
32
32
31
30
30
29
28
27
27
26
25
25
24
23
5.14
10.29
12.03
13.95
15.39
17.43
18.24
19.80
20.21
21.45
22.55
22.57
23.45
24.25
24.96
25.61
26.18
26.69
27.13
27.53
27.87
28.16
30.52
28.60
28.76
29.91
29.99
30.03
30.03
30.00
29.94
30.90
30.77
30.61
30.43
30.21
31.05
30.77
30.47
30.14
30.90
30.51
30.11
30.81
30.35
29.87
29.37
29.99
29.44
28.87
29.44
28.82
28.18
27.51
28.02
27.31
26.58
27.05
26.27
25.47
Height of the air-
termination rod
h in m
Class of LPS I
Angle Distance
a in m
Class of LPS II
Angle Distance
a in m
Class of LPS III
Angle Distance
a in m
Class of LPS IV
Angle Distance
a in m
angle
height h
of the air-
termination rod
distance a
Table 5.1.1.4 Protective angle depending on the class of lighting protection system
termination system above the reference plane
(Figure 5.1.1.12).
Air-termination conductors, air-termination rods,
masts and wires should be arranged to ensure that
all parts of the building to be protected are situa-
ted within the volume of protection of the air-ter-
mination system.
The protection zone can be cone-shaped or
tent-shaped, if a cable, for example, is spanned
over it (Figures. 5.1.1.13 to 5.1.1.15).
If air-termination rods are installed on the surface
of the roof to protect structures mounted thereon,
the protective angle can be different. In Figure
5.1.1.16, the roof surface is the reference plane for
protective angle
1
. The ground is the reference
plane for the protective angle
2
. Therefore the
angle
2
according to Figure 5.1.1.12 and Table
5.1.1.4 is less than
1
.
Table 5.1.1.4 provides the corresponding protec-
tive angle for each class of lightning protection
system and the corresponding distance (zone of
protection).
Protective angle method for isolated air-termina-
tion systems on roof-mounted structures
Special problems may occur when roof-mounted
structures, which are often installed at a later date,
protrude from zones of protection, e.g. the mesh.
If, in addition, these roof-mounted structures con-
tain electrical or electronic equipment, such as
roof-mounted fans, antennas, measuring systems
or TV cameras, additional protective measures are
required.
If such equipment is connected directly to the
external lightning protection system, then, in the
event of a lightning strike, partial currents are con-
ducted into the structure. This could result in the
destruction of surge sensitive equipment. Direct
lightning strikes to such structures protruding
above the roof can be prevented by having isolat-
ed air-termination systems.
Air-termination rods as shown in Figure 5.1.1.17
are suitable for protecting smaller roof-mounted
structures (with electrical equipment).
They form a cone-shaped zone of protection
and thus prevent a direct lightning strike to the
structure mounted on the roof.
The separation distance s must be taken into
account when dimensioning the height of the air-
termination rod (see Chapter 5.6).
Isolated and non-isolated air-termination systems
When designing the external lightning protection
system of a structure, we distinguish between two
types of air-termination system:
Fig. 5.1.1.18 Gable roof with conductor holder
Fig. 5.1.1.19 Flat roof with conductor holders: Protection of the
domelights
Fig. 5.1.1.17 Protection of small-sized installations on roofs against
direct lightning strikes by means of air-termination
rods
isolated
non-isolated
The two types can be combined.
The air-termination systems of a non-isolated
external lightning protection system of a structure
can be installed in the following ways:
If the roof is made of non-flammable material, the
conductors of the air-termination system can be
installed on the surface of the structure (e.g. gable
or flat roof). Normally non-flammable building
materials are used. The components of the exter-
nal lightning protection system can therefore be
mounted directly on the structure (Figures 5.1.1.18
and 5.1.1.19).
If the roof is made of easily inflammable material
e.g. thatched roofs, then the distance between the
flammable parts of the roof and the air-termina-
tion rods, air-termination conductors or air-termi-
nation meshes of the air-termination system must
not be less than 0.4 m.
Easily inflammable parts of the structure to be pro-
tected must not be in direct contact with parts of
the external lightning protection system. Neither
may they be located under the roofing, which can
be punctured in the event of a lightning strike (see
also Chapter 5.1.5 Thatched roofs).
With isolated air-termination systems, the com-
plete structure is protected against a direct light-
ning strike via air-termination rods, air-termina-
tion masts or masts with cables spanned over
them. When installing the air-termination systems,
the separation distance s to the structure must be
kept (Figures 5.1.1.20 and 5.1.1.21).
The separation distance s between the air-termina-
tion system and the structure must be kept.
Air-termination systems isolated from the struc-
ture are frequently used, when the roof is covered
with inflammable material, e.g. thatch or also for
ex-installations, e.g. tank installations.
See also Chapter 5.1.5 Air-termination system for
structures with thatched roofs.
A further method of designing isolated air-termi-
nation systems consists in securing the air-termina-
tion systems (air-termination rods, conductors or
cables) with electrically insulating materials such as
GRP (glass fibre-reinforced plastic).
This form of isolation can be limited to local use or
applied to whole parts of the installation. It is
often used for roof-mounted structures such as fan
systems or heat exchangers with an electrically
conductive connection into the structure (see also
Chapter 5.1.8).
s s

reference plane
protected
structure
air-termi-
nation mast
air-termi-
nation mast
s separation distance acc. to IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3)
protective angle acc. to Table 5.1.1.4
s
2
s
1
s
2
reference plane
protected
structure
air-termi-
nation mast
s
1,
s
2
separation distance acc. to IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3)
horizontal air-
termination conductor
air-termi-
nation mast
Fig. 5.1.1.20 Isolated external lightning protection system with two
separate air-termination masts according to the pro-
tective angle method: Projection on a vertical area
Fig. 5.1.1.21 Isolated external lightning protection system, consist-
ing of two separate air-termination masts, connected
by a horizontal air-termination conductor: Projection
on a vertical surface via the two masts (vertical sec-
tion)
Natural components of air-termination systems
Metal structural parts such as attics, guttering, rail-
ings or cladding can be used as natural compo-
nents of an air-termination system.
If a structure has a steel skeleton construction with
a metal roof and facade made of conductive mate-
rial, these can be used for the external lightning
protection system, under certain circumstances.
Sheet metal cladding on the walls or roof of the
structure to be protected can be used if the electri-
cal connection between the different parts is per-
manent. These permanent electrical connections
can be made by e.g. brazing, welding, pressing,
screwing or riveting, for example.
If there is no electrical connection, a supplemen-
tary connection must be made for these elements
e.g. with bridging braids or bridging cables.
If the thickness of the sheet metal is not less than
the value t' in Table 5.1.1.5, and if there is no
requirement to take account of a through-melting
of the sheets at the point of strike or the ignition of
flammable material under the cladding, then such
sheets can be used as an air-termination system.
The material thicknesses are not distinguished ac-
cording to the class of lightning protection system.
If it is, however, necessary to take precautionary
measures against through-melting or intolerable
heating-up at the point of strike, if the thickness of
the sheet metal shall not be less than value t in
Table 5.1.1.5.
The required thicknesses t of the materials can
generally not be complied with, for example, for
metal roofs.
For pipes or containers, however, it is possible to
meet the requirements for these minimum thick-
nesses (wall thickness). If, though, the temperature
rise (heating-up) on the inside of the pipe or tank
represents a hazard for the medium contained
therein (risk of fire or explosion), then these must
not be used as air-termination systems (see also
Chapter 5.1.4).
If the requirements on the appropriate minimum
thickness are not met, the components, e.g. con-
duits or containers, must be situated in an area
protected from direct lightning strikes.
A thin coat of paint, 1 mm bitumen or 0.5 mm PVC
cannot be regarded as insulation in the event of a
direct lightning strike. Such coatings break down
when subjected to the high energies deposited
during a direct lightning strike.
There must be no coatings on the joints of the na-
tural components of the down-conductor systems.
If conductive parts are located on the surface of
the roof, they can be used as a natural air-termina-
tion system if there is no conductive connection
into the structure.
By connecting, e.g. pipes or electrical conductors
into the structure, partial lightning currents can
enter the structure and affect or even destroy sen-
sitive electrical / electronic equipment.
In order to prevent these partial lightning currents
from penetrating, isolated air-termination systems
shall be installed for the aforementioned roof-
mounted structures.
The isolated air-termination system can be
designed using the rolling sphere or protective
angle method. An air-termination system with a
mesh size according to the class of lightning pro-
tection system used can be installed if the whole
arrangement is isolated (elevated) from the struc-
ture to be protected by at least the required sepa-
ration distance s.
Table 5.1.1.5 Min. thickness of metal plates
Material
-
4
4
5
7
-
2.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.65
0.7
Lead
Steel (stainless,
galvanised)
Titanium
Copper
Aluminium
Zinc
Thick-
ness
a
t
mm
Thick-
ness
b
t`
mm
Class of LPS
I to IV
a
t prevents from puncturing, overheating, and
inflamming
b
t` only for metal plates, if the prevention of
puncturing, overheating, and inflamming is
not important
A universal system of components for the installa-
tion of isolated air-termination systems is descri-
bed in Chapter 5.1.8.
5.1.2 Air-termination systems for buildings
with gable roofs
Air-termination systems on roofs are the metal
components in their entirety, e.g. air-termination
conductors, air-termination rods, air-termination
tips.
The parts of the structure usually hit by lightning
strikes, such as the top of the gable, chimneys,
ridges and arrises, the edges of gables and eaves,
parapets and antennas and other protruding struc-
tures mounted on the roof, must be equipped with
air-termination systems.
Normally, a reticulated air-termination network
is installed on the surface of gabled roofs, said
network corresponding to the mesh size of the
appropriate class of lightning protection system
(e.g. 15 m x 15 m for a lightning protection system
Class III) (Figure 5.1.2.1).
By using the ridge and the outer edges of the
structure, as well as the metal parts of the struc-
ture serving as an air-termination system, the indi-
vidual meshes can be sited as preferred. The air-
termination conductors on the outer edges of the
structure must be installed as close to the edges as
possible.
Generally, the metal gutter is used for closing the
mesh of the air-termination system on the roof
surface. If the gutter itself is connected so as to be
electrically conductive, a gutter clamp is mounted
at the crossover of the air-termination system and
the gutter.
Roof-mounted structures made of electrically non-
conductive material (e.g. PVC vent pipes) are con-
sidered to be sufficiently protected if they do not
protrude more than h = 0.5 m from the plane of
the mesh (Figure 5.1.2.2).
If the protrusion is h > 0.5 m, the structure must be
equipped with an air-termination system (e.g.
interception tip) and connected to the nearest air-
termination conductor. One way of doing this
would be to use a wire with a diameter of 8 mm up
to a maximum free length of 0.5 m, as shown in
Figure 5.1.2.3.
Metal structures mounted on the roof without
conductive connection into the structure do not
need to be connected to the air-termination sys-
tem if all the following conditions are met:
Structures mounted on the roof may protrude
a maximum distance of 0.3 m from the plane
of the mesh
Structures mounted on the roof may have a
maximum enclosed area of 1 m
2
(e.g. dormer
windows)
Structures mounted on the roof may have a
maximum length of 2 m (e.g. sheet metal roof-
ing parts)
Only if all three conditions are met, no terminal is
required.
h
Fig. 5.1.2.1 Air-termination system on a
gable roof
Fig. 5.1.2.2 Height of a roof superstructure
made of electrically non-conduc-
tive material (e.g. PVC), h 0.5 m
Fig. 5.1.2.3 Additional air-termination system
for ventilation pipes
Furthermore, with the conditions stated above,
the separation distance to the air-termination con-
ductors and down-conductor systems must be
maintained (Figure 5.1.2.4).
Air-termination rods for chimneys must be erected
to ensure that the whole chimney is in the zone of
protection. The protective angle method is applied
when dimensioning the air-termination rods.
If the stack is brick-built or constructed with pre-
formed sections, the air-termination rod can be
mounted directly on the stack.
If there is a metal insert pipe in the interior of the
stack, e.g. as found when redeveloping old build-
ings, the separation distance to this conductive
component must be kept. This is an example
where isolated air-termination systems are used
and the air-termination rods are erected with dis-
tance holders. The inserted metal pipe must be
connected to the equipotential bonding.The
assembly to protect parabolic antennas in particu-
lar is similar to that to protect stacks with an inter-
nal stainless steel pipe.
In the event of a direct lightning strike to
antennas, partial lightning currents can enter the
structure to be protected via the shields of the
coaxial cables and cause the effects and destruc-
tion previously described. To prevent this, anten-
nas are equipped with isolated air-termination sys-
tems (e.g. air-termination rods) (Figure 5.1.2.5).
Air-termination systems on the ridge have a tent-
shaped zone of protection (according to the pro-
tective angle method). The angle depends on the
height above the reference plane (e.g. surface of
the earth) and the class of lightning protection sys-
tem chosen.
5.1.3 Air-termination systems for flat-roofed
structures
An air-termination system for structures with flat
roofs (Figures 5.1.3.1 and 5.1.3.2) is designed using
the mesh method. A mesh-type air-termination
system with a mesh size corresponding to the class
of lightning protection system is installed on the
roof (Table 5.1.1.3).
Figure 5.1.3.3 illustrates the practical application
of the meshed air-termination system in combina-
tion with air-termination rods to protect the struc-
tures mounted on the roof, e.g. domelights, pho-
tovoltaic cells or fans. Chapter 5.1.8 shows how to
deal with these roof-mounted structures.
Roof conductor holders on flat roofs are laid at
intervals of approx. 1 m. The air-termination con-
ductors are connected with the attic, this being a
natural component of the air-termination system.
As the temperature changes, so does the length of
the materials used for the attic, and hence the
individual segments must be equipped with slide
plates.
If the attic is used as an air-termination system,
these individual segments must be permanently
interconnected so as to be electrically conductive
without restricting their ability to expand. This can
Fig. 5.1.2.5 Antenna with air-termination rod Fig. 5.1.2.4 Building with photovoltaic system
Ref.: Wettingfeld Lightning Protection, Krefeld, Germany
be achieved by means of bridging braids, straps or
cables (Figure 5.1.3.4).
The changes in length caused by changes in tem-
perature must also be taken into account with air-
termination conductors and down-conductor sys-
tems (see Chapter 5.4).
A lightning strike to the attic can cause the materi-
als used to melt through. If this is unacceptable, a
expansion piece
distance between the
roof conductor holders
approx. 1 m
flexible connection
Bridging braid
Part No. 377 015
Roof conductor holder
Type FB2
Part No. 253 050
Type FB
Part No. 253 015
Fig. 5.1.3.1 Air-termination system
Fig. 5.1.3.2 Air-termination system on a flat roof
Fig. 5.1.3.5 Example how to protect a metal roof attic, if melting
through is unacceptable (front view)
Fig. 5.1.3.3 Use of air-termination rods
Fig. 5.1.3.4 Bridged attic
bridging braid
air-termination tip
rolling sphere
parapet
metal attic
supplementary air-termination system, e.g. with
air-termination tips, must be installed, its location
being determined by using the rolling sphere
method (Figure 5.1.3.5).
Conductor holders for flat roofs, homogeneously
welded
In the wind, roof sheetings can move across the
roof surface horizontally, if they are only fixed
mechanically/ laid on the surface. A special posi-
tion fixing is required for the air-termination con-
ductor for preventing the conductor holders for
air-termination systems from being displaced on
the smooth surface. Conventional roof conductor
holders cannot be permanently bonded to roof
sheetings since the latter do not usually permit the
application of adhesives.
A simple and safe way of fixing the position is to
use roof conductor holders Type KF in combination
with straps (cut the strips to fit) made of the roof
sheeting material. The strap is clamped into the
plastic holder and both sides are welded onto the
seal. Holder and strap should be positioned imme-
diately next to a roof sheeting joint at a distance
of approx. 1 m. The strip of foil is welded to the
roof sheeting according to the manufacturer of
the roof sheeting. This prevents air-termination
conductors on flat roofs from being displaced.
If the slope of the roof is greater than 5 , each
roof conductor holder must be equipped with a
position fixing element. If the synthetic roof sheet-
ings are secured by mechanical means, the roof
conductor holders must be arranged in the imme-
diate vicinity of the mechanical fixing elements.
When carrying out this work, it must be considered
that welding and bonding work on the seal affect
the guarantee provided by the roofer.
The work to be carried out must therefore only be
done with the agreement of the roofer responsi-
ble for the particular roof, or be carried out by him
himself (Figure 5.1.3.6).
5.1.4 Air-termination systems on metal
roofs
Modern industrial and commercial purpose-built
structures often have metal roofs and facades. The
metal sheets and plates on the roofs are usually
0.7 1.2 mm thick.
Figure 5.1.4.1 shows an example of the construc-
tion of a metal roof.
When the roof is hit by a direct lightning strike,
melting through or vaporisation can cause a hole
formed at the point of strike. The size of the hole
depends on the energy of the lightning strike and
Fig. 5.1.3.6 Synthetic flat roof sheetings Roof conductor holder Type KF / KF2
~
3
0
0
~

3
0
0
~
9
0
~
7
0
distance between the
roof conductor holders
approx. 1 m
flexible connection
the characteristics of the material, (e.g. thickness).
The biggest problem here is the subsequent dam-
age, e.g. water entering at this point. Days or
weeks can pass before this damage is noticed. The
roof insulation becomes damp and / or the ceiling
becomes wet and is no longer rainproof.
One example of damage, assessed using BLIDS
(Blitz-Informations Dienst von Siemens Siemens
Lightning Information Service) illustrates this
problem (Figure 5.1.4.2). A current of approx.
20,000 A struck the sheet metal and made a hole
(Figure 5.1.4.2: Detail A). Since the sheet metal was
not earthed by a down-conductor system, flash-
overs to natural metal components in the wall
occurred in the area around the fascia (Figure
5.1.4.2: Detail B), which also caused a hole.
To prevent such kind of damage, a suitable exter-
nal lightning protection system with wires and
clamps capable of carrying lightning currents must
be installed even on a thin metal roof. The IEC
62305-3 (EN 62305-3) lightning protection stan-
dard clearly illustrates the risk of damage to metal
roofs. Where an external lightning protection sys-
tem is required, the metal sheets must have the
minimum values stated in Table 5.1.1.5.
The thicknesses t are not relevant for roofing
materials. Metal sheets with a thickness t may only
be used as a natural air-termination system if
puncturing, overheating and melting is tolerated.
The owner of the structure must agree to tolerate
this type of roof damage, since there is no longer
any guarantee that the roof will offer protection
from the rain. Also the Rules of the German Roof-
ing Trade concerning lightning protection on and
attached to roofs require the agreement of the
owner.
If the owner is not prepared to tolerate damage to
the roof in the event of a lightning strike, then a
separate air-termination system must be installed
Distance of the
horizontal conductors
3 m
4 m
5 m
6 m
Height of the
air-termination tip*)
0.15 m
0.25 m
0.35 m
0.45 m
Suitable for all classes of lightning protection system
*) recommended values
rolling sphere with a radius
acc. to class of LPS
air-termination tip
Evaluation: BLIDS SIEMENS
I = 20400 A
residential building
Detail B
Detail A
Fig. 5.1.4.2 Example of damage: Metal plate cover
Table 5.1.4.1 Lightning protection for metal roofs Height of the
air-termination tips
Fig. 5.1.4.3 Air-termination system on a metal roof Protection
against holing
Fig. 5.1.4.1 Types of metal roofs, e.g. roofs with
round standing seam
on a metal roof. The air-termination system must
be installed to ensure that the rolling sphere
(radius r which corresponds to the class of light-
ning protection system chosen) does not touch the
metal roof (Figure 5.1.4.3).
When mounting the air-termination system it is
recommended to install a so-called hedgehog
roof with longitudinal conductors and air-termi-
nation tips.
In practice, the heights of air-termination tips
according to Table 5.1.4.1 are tried and tested,
regardless of the class of lightning protection sys-
tem involved.
Holes must not be drilled into the metal roof when
fixing the conductors and air-termination tips. Var-
ious conductor holders are available for the differ-
ent types of metal roofs (round standing seam,
standing seam, trapezoidal). Figure 5.1.4.4a shows
one possible design for a metal roof with round
standing seam.
When installing the conductors, care must be tak-
en that the conductor holder located at the high-
est point of the roof must be designed with a fixed
conductor leading, whereas all other conductor
holders must be designed with a loose conductor
leading because of the linear compensation
2
1
3
Parallel conector
St/tZn Part No. 307 000
for metal roofs, loose con-
ductor leading, DEHNgrip
conductor holder
StSt Part No. 223 011
Al Part No. 223 041
for metal roofs fixed con-
ductor leading with clamping
frame
StSt Part No. 223 010
Al Part No. 223 040
1
2
3
roof connection
bridging braid
conductor holder with
loose conductor leading
bridging cable
KS connector
air-termination tip
Fig. 5.1.4.4a Conductor holders for metal roofs Round standing seam Fig. 5.1.4.4b Conductor holder for metal roofs
Round standing seam
Fig. 5.1.4.5 Model construction of a trape-
zoidal sheet roof, conductor
holder with clamping frame
Fig. 5.1.4.6 Model construction of a roof
with standing seam
Fig. 5.1.4.7 Air-termination rod for a dome-
light on a roof with round stand-
ing seam
caused by changes in temperature (Figure
5.1.4.4b).
The conductor holder with fixed conductor lead-
ing is illustrated in Figure 5.1.4.5 using the exam-
ple of a trapezoidal sheet roof.
Figure 5.1.4.5 also shows an air-termination tip
next to the conductor holder. The conductor hold-
er must be hooked into the fixing screw above the
covering plate for the drill hole to prevent any
entering of water.
Figure 5.1.4.6 uses the example of a round stand-
ing seam roof to illustrate the loose conductor
leading.
Figure 5.1.4.6 also shows the connection to the
roof with round standing seam at the roof edge,
which is capable of carrying currents.
Unprotected installations projecting above the
roof, e.g. domelights and chimney covers, are
exposed points of strike for a lightning discharge.
In order to prevent these installations from being
struck by a direct lightning strike, air-termination
rods must be installed adjacent to the installations
projecting above the roof. The height of the air-
termination rod results from the protective angle
(Figure 5.1.4.7).
5.1.5 Principle of an air-termination system
for structures with thatched roof
The design of lightning protection systems Class III
generally meets the requirements of such a struc-
ture. In particular individual cases, a risk analysis
based on IEC 62305-2 (EN 62305-2) can be carried
out.
The air-termination conductors on such roofs
(made of thatch, straw or rushes) must be fastened
across isolating supports to be free to move. Cer-
tain distances must also be maintained around the
eaves.
In case of subsequent installation of a lightning
protection system on a roof, the distances must be
increased. This allows to maintain the necessary
minimum distances when re-roofing is carried out.
For a lightning protection system Class III, the typi-
cal distance of the down-conductor system is 15 m.
The exact distance of the down-conductor systems
from each other results from calculating the sepa-
ration distance s in accordance with IEC 62305-3
(EN 62305-3).
Chapter 5.6 explains how to calculate the separa-
tion distance.
Ideally, ridge conductors should
have spans up to around 15 m, and
down-conductor systems up to
around 10 m without additional
supports.
Fastening posts must be tightly
connected to the roof structure
(rafters and rails) by means of bolts
and washers (Figures 5.1.5.1 to
5.1.5.3).
Metal components situated above
the roof surface (such as weather
vanes, irrigation systems, anten-
nas, metal plates, conductors) must
be entirely in the protected vol-
ume of isolated air-termination
systems.
In such cases, effective protection
against lightning can only be
achieved with an isolated external
lightning protection system with
Fig. 5.1.5.1 Air-termination system for buildings with thatched roofs
Signs and symbols
Air-termination conductor
Connecting point
Isolating point /
Measuring point
Earth conductor
Down conductor
Important distances (min. values)
a 0.6 m Air-term. conductor / Gable
b 0.4 m Air-term. conductor/ Roofing
c 0.15 m Eaves / Eaves support
d 2.0 m Air-termination conductor /
Branches of trees
air-termination rods near the structure, or air-ter-
mination conductors or interconnected air-termi-
nation masts adjacent to the structure.
If a thatched roof borders onto metal roofing
material, and if the structure has to be equipped
with an external lightning protection system, then
an electrically non-conductive roofing material at
least 1 m wide, e.g. in plastic, must be inserted
between the thatched roof and the other roof.
Tree branches must be kept at least 2 m away from
a thatched roof. If trees are very close to, and high-
er than, a structure, then an air-termination con-
ductor must be mounted on the edge of the roof
facing the trees (edge of the eaves, gable) and
This method can be found in Chapter 5.1.8 isolated
air-termination system (steel telescopic lightning
protection masts).
A new and architecturally very attractive possibili-
ty of isolated lightning protection is the use of iso-
lated down conductor systems.
Example for the installation of isolated down con-
ductor systems: Redevelopment of the roof of a
historical farmhouse in Lower Saxony (Figure
5.1.5.4).
Referring to the building regulations (LBO) of the
respective federal state as well as to the model
building regulations (MBO), the competent build-
ing authority decides about the necessity of a
connected to the
lightning protection
system. The necessary
distances must be
maintained.
A further way of pro-
tecting structures
with thatched roofs
against a strike of
lightning is to erect
air-termination masts
so that the whole
structure is in the pro-
tected volume.
6
3
4
5
Pos Description DIN Part No.
1 Clamping cap with 48811 A 145 309
air-termination rod
2 Wood pile 48812 145 241
3 Support for roof conductors 240 000
4 Eaves support 48827 239 000
5 Tensioning block 48827 B 241 002
6 Air-term. conductor, e.g. Al cable 840 050
1
2
Fig. 5.1.5.2 Components for thatched roofs
Fig. 5.1.5.3 Thatched roof Fig. 5.1.5.4 Historical farmhouse with external lightning protection
(Ref. Photo: Hans Thormhlen GmbH & Co.KG)
The building regulations of Lower
Saxony (NBauO) for example stipu-
late in 20 (3) that:
Buildings or structures which due
to the location, type of construction
or use are particularly susceptible
to lightning strikes, or where such a
strike can have serious conse-
quences, must be equipped with
permanently effective lightning
protection systems.
With regard to the increasing dam-
age events caused by lightning
strikes and surges, property insurers
require that measures of lightning
and surge protection are taken pri-
or to the conclusion of new, or
adjustment of existing insurance
contracts. Basis for the risk assess-
ment is a risk analysis according to
IEC 62305-2 (EN 62305-2).
At the historical farmhouse a light-
ning protection system Class III has
been installed, which meets the
standard requirements for buildings
with thatched roofs IEC 62305-3 (EN
62305-3).
Fig. 5.1.5.5 Sectioning at the central building
r
o
l
l
i
n
g

s
p
h
e
r
e

w
i
t
h

r
=

4
5
m
2

m
1
0

m
1
.
5

m
1

m
13 m
GRP/Al insulating pipe 50 mm
Legend:
Down conductor
HVI
conductor
(under roof)
Earth conductor
Isolating point
Thatched roof
Fig. 5.1.5.6 Schematic diagram and diagram of the down conductor installation at the rafter
insulating pipe with
interior HVI
conductor
heather or divot-
cladded ridge
bolted
wooden traverse
HVI
conductor led under

the roof to the eaves
mast sealing film
cornice plank
EBB
MEBB
Legend:
Down conductor
HVI
conductor
(under roof)
Earth conductor
Isolating point
Thatched roof
HVI
conductor
inside
(EN 62305-3). The isolated HVI conductor is speci-
fied with an equivalent separation distance in air
of s = 0.75 m or s = 1.50 m for solid building mate-
rials. Figure 5.1.5.6 shows how the down conduc-
tor system is arranged.
The HVI conductor is run in an insulating pipe. The
construction requires a down leading of the HVI
conductor via a central earthing busbar, the
equipotential bonding measures being performed
by a flexible conductor H07V-K 1 x 16 mm
2
. The
insulating pipe is fixed at a special construction
(wooden traverse) and further down, the down
conductors are routed along the rafters of the roof
construction underneath the battens (Figure
5.1.5.6).
At the eaves, the HVI conductors are led through
the cornice plank (Figure 5.1.5.7).
For architectural reasons aluminium down conduc-
tors are installed further down. Like for the whole
installation, the crossover of the HVI conductor to
the uninsulated, bare down conductor near the
earthing system is effected on the basis of the
mounting instructions of the DEHNconductor sys-
tem. A sealing unit was not necessary.
5.1.6 Walkable and trafficable roofs
It is not possible to mount air-termination conduc-
tors (e.g. with concrete blocks) on trafficable roofs.
One possible solution is to install the air-termina-
tion conductors in either concrete or in the joints
between the sections of the roadway. If the air-ter-
mination conductor is installed in these joints,
mushroom head collectors are installed at the
intersections of the mesh as defined points of
strike.
The mesh size must not exceed the value according
to the class of lightning protection system (see
Chapter 5.1.1, Table 5.1.1.3).
If it can be guaranteed that no persons will be on
this area during a thunderstorm, then it is suffi-
cient to install the measures described above.
Persons who can go onto this storey of the car park
must be informed by means of a sign that they
must immediately clear this storey when a thun-
derstorm occurs, and not return for the duration
of the storm (Figure 5.1.6.1).
The heather-cladded ridge of the object is protect-
ed by a reticulated plastic cover to avoid abrasion
by birds.
Before designing of the air-termination system,
the protected volumes are to be determined by
the rolling sphere method. A rolling sphere radius
of 45 m is applicable in case of a lightning protec-
tion system Class III according to the standard spec-
ifications. The height of the air-termination system
was ascertained to be 2.30 m, thus the two stacks
at the ridge and the three new dormers at the one
side of the roof are within the protected volume
(Figure 5.1.5.5).
An insulating pipe (Glass Fibre Reinforced Unsatu-
rated Plastic) was chosen to keep the air-termina-
tion system correspondingly elevated and to sup-
port the isolated down-conductor system. The low-
er part of the insulating pipe is aluminium to
ensure the mechanical stability. Due to the induc-
tion of neighbouring components unwanted
sparking is possible in this section. To avoid this,
there are no earthed parts or electrical equipment
within a distance of 1 m from the air-termination
system.
The electrical isolation of air-termination systems
and down-conductor systems on the one hand and
of the metal installations to be protected and the
systems of power supply and information techno
logy of the building or structure to be protected
on the other hand, can be achieved by the separa-
tion distance s between these conductive parts.
This must be determined according to IEC 62305-3
HVI
conductor
leading through the cornice
Fig. 5.1.5.7 HVI conductor led through the cornice plank
If it is also possible that persons are on the roof
during a thunderstorm, then the air-termination
system must be designed to protect these persons,
assuming they have a height of 2.5 m (with out-
stretched arm) from direct lightning strikes.
The air-termination system can be dimensioned
using the rolling sphere or the protective angle
method according to the class of lightning protec-
tion system (Figure 5.1.6.2).
These air-termination systems can also be con-
structed from spanned cables or air-termination
rods. These air-termination rods are secured to
structural elements such as parapets or the like, for
example.
Furthermore, lightning masts, for example, can
also act as air-termination rods to prevent life haz-
ard. With this version, however, attention must be
paid to the partial lightning currents which can be
conducted into the structure via the power lines. It
is imperative to have lightning equipotential
bonding measures for these lines.
5.1.7 Air-termination system for green and
flat roofs
A planted roof can make economic and ecological
sense. This is because it provides noise insulation,
protects the roof skin, suppresses dust from the
ambient air, provides additional heat insulation,
filters and retains rainwater and is a natural way of
improving the living and working conditions.
Moreover, in many regions it is possible to obtain
grants from public funds for cultivating plants on
the roof. A distinction is made between so-called
extensive and intensive cultivation. An extensive
planted area requires little care, in contrast to an
intensive planted area which requires fertiliser,
irrigation and cutting. For both types of planted
area, either earth substrate or granulate must be
laid on the roof.
It is even more expensive if the granulate or sub-
strate has to be removed because of a direct light-
ning strike.
If there is no external lightning protection system,
the roof seal can be damaged at the point of
strike.
Experience has shown that, regardless of the type
of care required, the air-termination system of an
external lightning protection system can, and
should, also be installed on the surface of a green
roof.
For a meshed air-termination system, the IEC
62305-3 (EN 62305-3) lightning protection stan-
Fig. 5.1.6.1 Lightning protection for car park roofs Building protec-
tion
Fig. 5.1.6.2 Lightning protection for car park roofs Building and
life protection IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3); Annex E
Down conducting via steel reinforcement
Conductors installed within
concrete or in the joints of
the roadway (plates)
Warning!
Keep off the car park
during thunderstorms
Mushroom head
collector
Art.-Nr. 108 001
Mushroom head
collector after
asphalting
hh
r
Height of the air-termination rod
dimensioned according to the
required protective angle
Additional
air-termination
cable
h = 2.5 m + s
dard prescribes a mesh size which depends on the
class of lightning protection system chosen (see
Chapter 5.1.1, Table 5.1.1.3). An air-termination
conductor installed inside the covering layer is dif-
ficult to inspect after a number of years because
the air-termination tips or mushroom head collec-
tors are overgrown and no longer recognisable,
and frequently damaged by maintenance work.
Moreover, air-termination conductors installed
inside the covering layer are more susceptible to
corrosion. Conductors of air-termination meshes
installed uniformly
on top of the cover-
ing layer are easier to
inspect even if they
become overgrown,
and the height of the
interception system
can be lifted up by
means of air-termi-
nation tips and rods
and grown with
the plants on the
roof. Air-termination
systems can be de-
signed in different
ways. The usual way
is to install a meshed
air-termination net
with a mesh size of
5 m x 5 m (lightning
protection system
Class I) up to a max.
mesh size of 15 m x
15 m (lightning pro-
tection system Class
III) on the roof sur-
face, regardless of
the height of the structure. It is preferable to
determine the installation site of the mesh consid-
ering the external edges of the roof and any met-
al structures acting as an air-termination system.
Stainless steel (Material No. 1.4571) has proven to
be a good material for the conductors of air-termi-
nation systems on planted roofs.
Aluminium wire must not be used for installing
conductors in the covering layer (in the earth sub-
strate or granulate), (Figures 5.1.7.1 to 5.1.7.3).
Fig. 5.1.7.1 Green roof
Fig. 5.1.8.1 Connection of roof-mounted structures
Fig. 5.1.7.3 Conductor leading on the cover-
ing layer
Fig. 5.1.7.2 Air-termination system on a
green roof
roof
1st floor
ground floor
basement
connection via
isolating spark gap
direct connection
EBB
data lines
5.1.8 Isolated air-termination systems
Roof-mounted structures such as air conditioning
and cooling systems, e.g. for mainframes, are
nowadays used on the roofs of larger office blocks
and industrial structures. Antennas, electrically
controlled domelights, advertising signs with inte-
grated lightning and all other protruding roof-
mounted structures having a conductive connec-
tion, e.g. via electrical cables or ducts, into the
structure, must be treated in a similar way.
According to the state of the art for lightning pro-
tection, such roof-mounted structures are protect-
ed against direct lightning strikes by means of sep-
arately mounted air-termination systems. This pre-
vents partial lightning currents from entering the
structure, where they would affect or even destroy
the sensitive electrical /electronic installations.
In the past, these roof-mounted structures were
connected directly.
This direct connection meant that parts of the
lightning current were conducted into the struc-
ture. Later, indirect connection via a spark gap
was introduced. This meant that direct lightning
strikes to the roof-mounted structure could also
flow away via the internal conductors to some
extent, and in the event of a more distant light-
ning strike to the structure, the spark gap should
not operate. The operating voltage of approx.
4 kV was almost always attained and hence partial
lightning current was also carried into the struc-
ture via the electrical cable, for example. This can
affect or even destroy electrical or electronic
installations inside the structure.
The only way of preventing these currents to be
carried in is to use isolated air-termination systems
which maintain the separation distances.
Figure 5.1.8.1 shows a partial lightning current
penetrating the inside of the structure.
These widely different roof-mounted structures
can be protected by various designs of isolated air-
termination systems.
Air-termination rods
For smaller roof-mounted structures (e.g. small
fans) the protection can be achieved by using indi-
vidual, or a combination of several, air-termina-
tion rods. Air-termination rods up to a height of
2.0 m can be fixed with one or two concrete bases
piled on top of each other (e.g. Part No. 102 010)
as self supporting installation (Figure 5.1.8.2).
If air-termination rods are higher than 2.5 m or
3.0 m, they must be fixed at the object to be pro-
tected by distance holders made of electrically
insulating material (e.g. DEHNiso distance holder)
(Figure 5.1.8.3).
Angled supports are a practical solution when air-
termination rods also have to be secured against
Fig. 5.1.8.2 Isolated air-termination system, protection provided by
an air-termination rod
Fig. 5.1.8.3 Air-termination rod with distance holder
the effects of side winds (Figures 5.1.8.4 and
5.1.8.5).
If higher air-termination rods are required, e.g. for
larger roof-mounted structures, which nothing can
be secured to, the air-termination rods can be
installed by using special supports.
Self-supporting air-termination rods up to a height
of 8.5 m can be installed by using a tripod. These
supports are fixed to the floor with standard con-
crete bases (one on top of another). Additional
guy lines are required above a free height of 6 m in
order to withstand the stresses caused by the wind.
These self-supporting air-termination rods can be
used for a wide variety of applications (e.g. anten-
nas, PV installations). The special feature of this
type of air-termination system is its short installa-
tion time as no holes need to be drilled and only
few elements need to be screwed together (Fig-
ures 5.1.8.6 to 5.1.8.7).
For protecting complete structures or installations
(e.g. PV installations, ammunition depots) with air-
termination rods, lightning protection masts are
used. These masts are installed in a concrete foun-
dation. Free heights of 19 m above ground level
can be achieved, even higher, if custom-made ones
are used. It is also possible to span a cable between
these masts if they are especially designed for this
purpose. The standard lengths of the steel tele-
scopic lightning protection masts are supplied in
sections, offering enormous advantages for trans-
portation.
Further information (e.g. installation, assembly)
about these steel telescopic lightning protection
masts can be found in Installation Instructions
No. 1574 (Figures 5.1.8.8 and 5.1.8.9).
Spanned over by cables or conductors
According to IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3), air-termi-
nation conductors can be installed above the struc-
ture to be protected.
The air-termination conductors generate a tent-
shaped protective space at the sides, and a cone-
shaped one at the ends. The protective angle
depends on the class of lightning protection sys-
tem and the height of the air-termination system
above the reference plane.
Fig. 5.1.8.4 Angled support for air-termina-
tion rods
Fig. 5.1.8.6 Isolated air-termination system
for photovoltaic system
Fig. 5.1.8.5 Supporting element for the air-
termination rod
Fig. 5.1.8.7 Isolated air-termination system
for roof-mounted structures
Fig. 5.1.8.9 Installation of a steel telescopic
lightning protection mast
Fig. 5.1.8.8 Additional protection in the tran-
sition area by anticorrosive band
for underground application
The rolling sphere method with its corresponding
radius (according to the class of lightning protec-
tion system) can also be used to dimension the
conductors or cables.
The mesh type of air-termination system can also
be used if an appropriate separation distance s
between the components of the installation and
the air-termination system must be maintained. In
such cases, isolating distance holders in concrete
bases are installed vertically, for example, for guid-
ing the mesh on an elevated level (Figure 5.1.8.10).
DEHNiso-Combi
A user-friendly way of installing conductors or
cables in accordance with the three different
design methods for air-termination systems
(rolling sphere, protective angle, mesh) is provided
by the DEHNiso-Combi programme of products.
The aluminium insulating pipes with isolating dis-
tance (GRP Glass-fibre Reinforced Plastic) which
are fixed to the object to be protected, provide a
way of guiding the cables. By means of the GRP
distance holder, a subsequently separate guiding
to the down-conductor system or supplementary
air-termination systems (e.g. mesh) is realised.
Further information about the application is con-
tained in the brochures DS 123E, DS 111E and in
the set of installation instructions No. 1475.
The types of design described can be combined
with each other as desired to adapt the isolated
air-termination systems to the local conditions
(Figures 5.1.8.11 to 5.1.8.14).
Fig. 5.1.8.10 Installed air-termination system
Ref.: Blitzschutz Wettingfeld , Krefeld. Germany
Fig. 5.1.8.12 Isolated air-termination systems with DEHNiso-Combi
Fig. 5.1.8.11 Tripod support for self-supporting insulating pipes
5.1.9 Air-termination system for steeples
and churches
External lightning protection system
According to the German standard DIN EN 62305-3,
Supplement 2, lightning protection systems Class
III meet the normal requirements for churches and
steeples. In particular individual cases, for example
in the case of culturally significant structures, a
special risk analysis in accordance with IEC 62305-2
(EN 62305-2) must be carried out.
Nave
According to the German standard DIN EN 62305-3,
Supplement 2, the nave must have its own light-
ning protection system and, if a steeple is
attached, this system must be connected by the
shortest route with a down-conductor system of
the steeple. In the transept, the air-termination
conductor along the transverse ridge must be
equipped with a down-conductor system at each
end.
Steeple
Steeples up to a height of 20 m must be equipped
with a down-conductor system. If steeple and nave
are joined, then this down-conductor system must
be connected to the external lightning protection
system of the nave by the shortest route (Figure
5.1.9.1). If the down-conductor system of the
steeple coincides with a down-conductor system of
the nave, then a common down-conductor system
can be used at this location. According to the Ger-
man standard DIN EN 62305-3, Supplement 2,
steeples above 20 m in height must be provided
Fig. 5.1.8.13 Detail picture of DEHNiso-Combi
Fig. 5.1.9.1 Installing the down-conductor system at a steeple
Fig. 5.1.8.14 Isolated air-termination system with DEHNiso-Combi
with at least two down conductors. At least one of
these down conductors must be connected with
the external lightning protection system of the
nave via the shortest route.
Down-conductor systems on steeples must always
be guided to the ground on the outside of the
steeple. The installation inside the steeple is not
allowed (DIN EN 62305-3 Supplement 2). Further,
the separation distance s to metal components and
electrical installations in the steeple (e.g. clock
mechanisms, belfry) and under the roof (e.g. air
conditioning, ventilation and heating systems)
must be maintained by suitable arrangement of
the external lightning protection system. The
required separation distance can become a prob-
lem especially at the clock. In this case, the conduc-
tive connection into the structure can be replaced
with an isolating connector (e.g. a GRP pipe) to
prevent hazardous sparking in parts of the exter-
nal lightning protection system.
In more modern churches built with reinforced
concrete, the reinforcement steels can be used as
down-conductor systems if it can be ensured that
they provide a continuous conductive connection.
If pre-cast reinforced concrete parts are used, the
reinforcement may be used as a down-conductor
system if terminals to connect the reinforcement
continuously are provided on the pre-cast concrete
parts.
In Germany the lightning equipotential bonding
with the electronic equipment (power system,
telephone and public address system) shall be
effected at the entrance to the building and for
the bells control and timing system in the steeple
and at the control and timing system, in accor-
dance with Supplement 2 of DIN EN 62305-3.
5.1.10 Air-termination systems for wind tur-
bines (WT)
Requirement for protection against lightning
IEC 61400-24 describes measures required to pro-
tect wind turbines against lightning. In the certifi-
cation directives of the German Lloyd, a lightning
protection system Class III is required for WT hubs
in a height of 60 m and Class II if the hub is in a
height of more than 60 m. In case of offshore
plants a lightning protection system Class I is
required. This can control lightning strikes with
currents measuring up to 200,000 A. This require-
ments are based on the experience made at the
operation of WT and on the assessment of the risk
of damage according to IEC 62305-2 (EN 62305-2).
Principle of an external lightning protection sys-
tem for wind turbines
The external lightning protection system compri-
ses air-termination systems, down-conductor sys-
tems and an earth termination system and protects
against mechanical destruction and fire. Lightning
strikes to wind turbines usually affect the rotor
blades. Hence, receptors, for example, are inte-
grated to determine defined points of strike (Fig-
ure 5.1.10.1).
In order to allow the coupled lightning currents to
flow to earth in a controlled way, the receptors in
the rotor blades are connected to the hub with a
metal interconnecting conductor (solid tape con-
ductor St/tZn 30 mm x 3.5 mm or copper cable
50 mm
2
). Carbon fibre brushes or air spark gaps
then, in turn, bridge the ball-bearings in the head
of the nacelle in order to avoid the welding of the
revolving parts of the structure.
Fig. 5.1.10.1 WT with integrated receptors in the rotor blades
receptor
wire meshwork
In order to protect structures on the nacelle, such
as anemometers in the event of a lightning strike,
air-termination rods or air-termination cages
are installed (Figure 5.1.10.2).
The metal tower or, in case of a prestressed con-
crete version, the down-conductor systems embed-
ded in the concrete (round conductor St/tZn
8 ...10 mm or tape conductor St/tZn 30 mm x
3.5 mm) is used as the down-conductor system. The
wind turbine is earthed by a foundation earth
electrode in the base of the tower and the meshed
connection with the foundation earth electrode of
the operation building. This creates an equipo-
tential surface which prevents potential differ-
ences in the event of a lightning strike.
5.1.11 Wind load stresses on lightning pro-
tection air-termination rods
Roofs are used more and more as areas for techni-
cal installations. Especially when extending the
technical equipment in the structure, extensive
installations are sited more than ever on the roofs
of larger office blocks and industrial structures. It is
essential to protect roof-mounted structures such
as air conditioning and cooling systems, transmit-
ters for cell sites on host buildings, lamps, flue gas
vents and other apparatus connected to the elec-
trical low voltage system (Figure 5.1.11.1).
In accordance with the relevant lightning protec-
tion standards contained in the IEC 62305 (EN
62305) series, these roof-mounted structures can
be protected from direct lightning strikes with iso-
lated air-termination systems. This requires an iso-
lation of both the air-termination systems, such as
air-termination rods, air-termination tips or air-ter-
mination meshes, and the down-conductor sys-
tems, i.e. to be installed with sufficient separation
distance from the roof-mounted structures within
the zone of protection. The construction of an iso-
lated lightning protection system creates a zone of
protection in which direct lightning strikes cannot
occur. It also prevents partial lightning currents
from entering the low voltage system and hence
the structure. This is important as the entering of
partial lightning currents into the building can
affect or destroy sensitive electrical /electronic
installations.
Extended roof-mounted structures are also
equipped with a system of isolated air-termination
systems. These are connected with each other and
also with the earth-termination system. Among
other things the magnitude of the zone of protec-
tion created depends on the number and the
height of the air-termination systems installed.
A single air-termination rod is sufficient to provide
the protection required by smaller roof-mounted
structures. The procedure involves the application
of the rolling sphere method in accordance with
IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3) (Figure 5.1.11.2).
With the rolling sphere method, a rolling sphere
whose radius depends on the class of lightning
Fig. 5.1.10.2 Lightning protection for wind speed indicators at WT
Fig. 5.1.11.1 Protection against direct lightning strikes by self-sup-
porting air-termination rods
protection system chosen is rolled in all possible
directions on and over the structure to be protect-
ed. During this procedure, the rolling sphere must
touch the ground (reference plane) and/ or the air-
termination system only.
This method produces a protection volume where
direct lightning strikes are not possible.
To achieve the largest possible volume of protec-
tion, and also to be able to protect larger roof-
mounted structures against direct lightning
strikes, the individual air-termination rods should
ideally be erected with a corresponding height.
To prevent self-supporting air-termination rods
from tilting and breaking a suitably designed base
and supplementary braces are required (Figure
5.1.11.3).
The requirement for the self-supporting air-termi-
nation rods to be built as high as possible must be
balanced against the higher stress exerted by the
active wind loads. A 40 % increase in wind speed,
for example, doubles the active tilting moment. At
the same time, from the application point of view,
users demand a lightweight system of self-sup-
porting air-termination rods, which are easier to
transport and install. To ensure that it is safe to use
air-termination rods on roofs, their mechanical sta-
bility must be proven.
Stress caused by wind loads
Since self-supporting air-termination rods are
installed at exposed sites (e.g. on roofs), mechani-
cal stresses arise which, owing to the comparable
location and the upcoming wind speeds, corre-
spond to the stresses suffered by antenna frames.
Self-supporting air-termination rods must there-
fore basically meet the same requirements con-
cerning their mechanical stability as set out in the
German standard DIN 4131 for antenna frames.
DIN 4131 divides Germany up into 4 wind zones
with zone-dependent wind speeds (Figure
5.1.11.4).
When calculating the prospective actual wind load
stresses, apart from the zone-dependent wind
load, the height of the structure and the local con-
Fig. 5.1.11.3 Self-supporting air-termina-
tion rod with variable tripod
Fig. 5.1.11.2 Procedure for installation of air-termination systems according to IEC 62305-3
(EN 62305-3)
h
1
h
2
air-termination rod
protective angle
mesh size M
down
conductor
r
rolling
sphere
I 20 m 5 x 5 m
II 30 m 10 x 10 m
III 45 m 15 x 15 m
IV 60 m 20 x 20 m
Class of LPS Radius of the
rolling sphere (r)
Mesh size
(M)
Max. height of the building
air-termination
rod with air-
termination tip
bracing
variable
tripod
When designing self-supporting air-termination
rods, the following requirements must be met for
the wind load stress:
Tilt resistance of the air-termination rods
Fracture resistance of the rods
Maintaining the required separation distance
to the object to be protected even under wind
loads (prevention of intolerable deflections)
Determination of the tilt resistance
The dynamic pressure arising (depends on the
wind speed), the resistance coefficient c
w
and the
contact surface of the wind on the air-termination
rod, generate a uniform load q on the surface
which generates a corresponding tilting moment
M
T
on the self-supporting air-termination rod. To
ensure that the self-supporting air-
termination rod is stable, the tilt-
ing moment M
T
must be opposed
by a load torque M
O
, which is gen-
erated by the post. The magnitude
of the load torque M
O
depends on
the standing weight and the radius
of the post. If the tilting moment is
greater than the load torque, the
wind load pushes the air-termina-
tion rod over.
The proof of the stability of self-
supporting air-termination rods is
also obtained from static calcula-
tions. Besides the mechanical char-
acteristics of the materials used,
the following information is in-
cluded in the calculation:
Wind contact surface of the
air-termination rod: deter-
mined by length and diameter
of the individual sections of
the air-termination rod.
Wind contact surface of the
bracing: Very high self-sup-
porting air-termination rods
are anchored with 3 braces
mounted equidistantly around
the circumference. The wind
contact surface of these braces
corresponds to the area pro-
jected by these braces onto a
plane in a right angle to the
direction of the wind, i.e. the
ditions (structure standing alone in open terrain or
embedded in other buildings) must also be includ-
ed. From Figure 5.1.11.4 it can be seen that around
95 % of Germanys surface area lies within Wind
Zones I and II. Air-termination rods are therefore
generally designed for Wind Zone II. The use of
self-supporting air-termination rods in Wind Zone
III and Wind Zone IV must be assessed for each
individual case taking the arising stresses into
account.
According to DIN 4131 a constant dynamic pres-
sure over the height of a structure can be expected
for structures up to a height of 50 m. For the calcu-
lations, the maximum height of the structure was
considered 40 m, so that a total height (height of
the structure plus length of the air-termination
rods) is kept below the 50 m mark.
Zone IV
Zone III Zone II
Zone I
Mnchen
Augsburg
Regensburg
Nrnberg
Wrzburg
Stuttgart
Freiburg
Saarbrcken Mannheim
Frankfurt
Wiesbaden
Kln
Dsseldorf
Bonn
Essen
Dortmund
Erfurt
Chemnitz
Dresden
Leipzig
Halle
Magedburg
Berlin
Potsdam
Hannover
Bremen
Hamburg
Schwerin
Rostock
Kiel
I
I
II
II
IV
Zone Dynamic
pressure
2
] q [kN/m
0.8
1.05
1.4
1.7
Wind
velocity
v [km/h]
126.7
145.1
161.5
184.7
Wind
strength
12 - 17
Fig. 5.1.11.4 Division of Germany into wind load zones and corresponding values of
dynamic pressure and max. wind speed
Ref.: DIN 4131:1991-11: Steel antenna frames, Berlin: Beuth-Verlag, GmbH
brace lengths are shortened accordingly when
considered in the calculation.
Weight of the air-termination rod and the
bracing: The dead weight of the air-termina-
tion rod and the braces is taken into account in
the calculation of the load torque.
Weight of the post: The post is a tripod
weighted down with concrete blocks. The
weight of this post is made up of the dead
weight of the tripod and the individual
weights of the concrete blocks used.
Tilting lever of the post: The tilting lever
denotes the shortest distance between the
centre of the tripod and the line or point
around which the whole system would tilt.
The proof of stability is obtained by comparing the
following moments:
Tilting moment formed from the wind-load-
dependent force on the air-termination rod or
the braces and the lever arm of the air-termi-
nation rod.
Load torque formed from the weight of the
post, the weight of the air-termination rod
and the braces, and the length of the tilt lever
through the tripod.
Stability is achieved when the ratio of load torque
to the tilting moment assumes a value >1.
Basically: the greater the ratio of load torque to
tilting moment, the greater the stability.
The required stability can be achieved in the fol-
lowing ways:
In order to keep the wind contact surface of
the air-termination rod small, the cross sec-
tions used have to be as small as possible. The
load on the air-termination rod is reduced,
but, at the same time, the mechanical strength
of the air-termination rod decreases (risk of
breaking). It is therefore crucial to make a
compromise between a smallest possible cross
section to reduce the wind load and a largest
possible cross section to achieve the required
strength.
The stability can be increased by using larger
base weights and/ or larger post radii. This
often conflicts with the limited areas for erec-
tion and the general requirement for low
weight and easy transport.
Implementation
In order to provide the smallest possible wind con-
tact surface, the cross sections of the air-termina-
tion rods were optimised in accordance with the
results of the calculation. For easier transportation
and installation, the air-termination rod comprises
an aluminium tube (in sections, if so desired) and
an aluminium air-termination rod. The post to
hold the air-termination rod is hinged and is avail-
able in two versions. Roof pitches up to 10 can be
compensated..
Determination of the fracture resistance
Not only the stability of the air-termination rod
must be proven, but also the fracture resistance,
since the occurring wind load exerts bending
stresses on the self-supporting air-termination rod.
The bending stress in such cases must not exceed
the max. permissible stress. The bending stress
occurring is higher for longer air-termination rods.
The air-termination rods must be designed to
ensure that wind loads as can arise in Wind Zone II
cannot cause permanent deformation of the rods.
Since both the exact geometry of the air-termina-
tion rod and the non-linear performance of the
materials used must be taken into account, the
proof of the fracture resistance of self-supporting
air-termination rods is obtained using an FEM cal-
culation model. The finite elements method, FEM
for short, is a numerical method for calculation of
stresses and deformations of complex geometrical
structures. The structure under examination is bro-
ken down into so-called finite elements using
imaginary surfaces and lines which are intercon-
nected via nodes.
The calculation requires the following informa-
tion:
FEM-calculation model
The FEM calculation model corresponds to the
simplified geometry of the self-supporting air-
termination rod.
Material characteristics
The performance of the material is represent-
ed by the details of cross-sectional values,
modulus of elasticity, density and lateral con-
traction.
Loads
The wind load is applied to the geometric
model as a pressure load.
The fracture resistance is determined by compar-
ing the permissible bending stress (material
parameter) and the max. bending stress which can
occur (calculated from the bending moment and
the effective cross section at the point of maxi-
mum stress).
Fracture resistance is achieved if the ratio of per-
missible to actual bending stress is >1. Basically, the
same principle also applies here: the greater the
ratio of permissible to actual bending stress, the
greater the fracture resistance.
Using the FEM calculation model, the actual bend-
ing moments for two air-termination rods (length
= 8.5 m) were calculated as a function of their
height with and without braces (Figure 5.1.11.5).
This clearly illustrates the effect of a possible brace
on the course of the moments. Whereas the max.
bending moment of the air-termination rod with-
out a brace in the fixed-end point is around
1270 Nm, the brace reduces the bending moment
to around 460 Nm. This brace makes it possible to
reduce the stresses in the air-termination rod to
such an extent that, for the max. expected wind
loads, the strength of the materials used is not
exceeded and the air-termination rod is not
destroyed.
Implementation
Braces create an additional bearing point which
significantly reduces the bending stresses occur-
ring in the air-termination rod. Without supple-
mentary bracing, the air-termination rods would
not cope with the stresses of Wind Zone II. There-
fore, air-termination rods higher than 6 m are
equipped with braces.
In addition to the bending moments, the FEM cal-
culation also provides the tensile forces occurring
in the bracing, whose strength must also be
proven.
Determination of the wind-load-dependent de-
flection of the air-termination rod
A further important value calculated with the FEM
model is the deflection of the tip of the air-termi-
nation rod. Wind loads cause the air-termination
rods to bend. The bending of the rod results in a
change to the volume to be protected. Objects to
be protected are no longer situated in the zone of
Fig. 5.1.11.5 Comparison of bending moment courses at self-supporting air-termination rods with and without braces (length = 8.5 m)
protection and/ or proximities can no longer be
maintained.
The application of the calculation model on a self-
supporting air-termination rod without and with
braces produces the following results (Figures
5.1.11.6 and 5.1.11.7).
For the example chosen, the calculation gives a dis-
placement of the tip of the air-termination rod
with bracing of around 1150 mm. Without bracing
there would be a deflection of around 3740 mm, a
theoretical value which exceeds the breaking
point of the air-termination rod under considera-
tion.
Implementation
Above a certain rod height, supplementary braces
reduce this defection significantly. Furthermore,
this also reduces the bending load on the rod.
Conclusion
Tilting resistance, fracture resistance and deflec-
tion are the decisive factors when designing air-
termination rods. Base and air-termination rod
must be coordinated to ensure that the loads
occurring as a result of the wind speeds of Zone II
do not cause a tilting of the rod, nor damage it.
It must still be borne in mind that large deflections
of the air-termination rod reduce the separation
distance and thus intolerable proximities can arise.
Higher air-termination rods require a supplemen-
tary bracing to prevent such intolerable deflec-
tions of the tips of the air-termination rods.
The measures described ensure that self-support-
ing air-termination rods can cope with Zone II
wind speeds according to DIN 4131 (German stan-
dard).
5.2 Down-conductor system
The down-conductor system is the electrically con-
ductive connection between the air-termination
system and the earth-termination system. The
function of down-conductor systems is to conduct
the intercepted lightning current to the earth-ter-
mination system without intolerable temperature
rises, for example, to damage the structure.
To avoid damage caused during the lightning cur-
rent discharge to the earth-termination system,
the down-conductor systems must be mounted to
ensure that from the point of strike to the earth,
several parallel current paths exist,
the length of the current paths is kept as short
as possible (straight, vertical, no loops),
the connections to conductive components of
the structure are made wherever required (dis-
tance < s; s = separation distance).
Fig. 5.1.11.6 FEM model of a self-supporting air-termination rod
without bracing (length = 8.5 m)
Fig. 5.1.11.7 FEM model of a self-supporting air-termination rod
with bracing (length = 8.5 m)
5.2.1 Determination of the number of down
conductors
The number of down conductors depends on the
perimeter of the external edges of the roof
(perimeter of the projection on the ground sur-
face).
The down conductors must be arranged to ensure
that, starting at the corners of the structure, they
are distributed as uniformly as possible to the
perimeter.
Depending on the structural features (e.g. gates,
precast components), the distances between the
various down conductors can be different. In each
case, there must be at least the total number of
down conductor required for the respective class
of lightning protection system.
The IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3) standard gives typi-
cal distances between down conductors and ring
conductors for each class of lightning protection
system (Table 5.2.1.1).
The exact number of down conductors can only be
determined by calculating the separation distance
s. If the calculated separation distance cannot be
maintained for the intended number of down con-
ductors of a structure, then one way of meeting
this requirement is to increase the number of
down conductors. The parallel current paths
improve the current splitting coefficient k
c
. This
measure reduces the current in the down conduc-
tors, and the required separation distance can be
maintained.
Natural components of the structure (e.g. rein-
forced concrete supports, steel skeleton) can also
be used as supplementary down conductors if con-
tinuous electrical conductivity can be ensured.
By interconnecting the down conductors at
ground level (base conductor) and using ring con-
ductors for higher structures, it is possible to bal-
ance the distribution of the lightning current
which, in turn, reduces the separation distance s.
The latest IEC 62305 (EN 62305) series of standards
attaches great significance to the separation dis-
tance. The measures specified can change the sep-
aration distance positively for structures and thus
the lightning current can be safely discharged.
If these measures are not sufficient to maintain the
required separation distance, it is also possible to
use a new type of high voltage-resistant isolated
conductors (HVI). These are described in Chapter
5.2.4.
Chapter 5.6 describes how the exact separation
distance can be determined.
5.2.2 Down-conductor system for a non-iso-
lated lightning protection system
The down-conductor systems are primarily mount-
ed directly onto the structure (with no distance).
The criterion for installing them directly on the
structure is the temperature rise in the event of
lightning striking the lightning protection system.
If the wall is made of flame-resistant material or
material with a normal level of flammability, the
down-conductor systems may be installed directly
on or in the wall.
Class of LPS
I
II
III
IV
Typical distance
10 m
10 m
15 m
20 m
Table 5.2.1.1 Distance between down conductors according to
IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3)
Table 5.2.2.1 Max. temperature rise T in K of different conductor materials
16
50
78
8 mm
10 mm
q
mm
2
III + IV II I III + IV II I III + IV II I III + IV II I
* * *
190 460 940
78 174 310
56 143 309
5 12 22
3 5 9
1120 * *
37 96 211
15 34 66
146 454 *
12 28 52
4 9 17
Stainless steel Copper Iron Aluminium
Type of lightning protection system
* melting / vaporising
Owing to the specifications in the building regula-
tions of the German federal states, highly flamma-
ble materials are generally not used. This means
that the down-conductor systems can usually be
mounted directly on the structure.
Wood with a bulk density greater than 400 kg/m
2
and a thickness greater than 2 mm is considered to
have a normal level of flammability. Hence the
down-conductor system can be mounted on wood-
en poles, for example.
If the wall is made of highly flammable material,
the down conductors can be installed directly on
the surface of the wall, provided that the temper-
ature rise when lightning currents flow is not haz-
ardous.
The maximum temperature rise T in K of the var-
ious conductors for each class of lightning protec-
tion system are stated in Table 5.2.2.1. These values
mean that, generally, it is even permissible to
install down conductors underneath heat insula-
tion because these temperature rises present no
fire risk to the insulation materials.
This ensures that the fire retardation measure is
also provided.
When installing the down-conductor system in or
underneath heat insulation, the temperature rise
(on the surface) is reduced if an additional PVC
sheath is used. Aluminium wire sheathed in PVC
can also be used.
If the wall is made of highly flammable material,
and the temperature rise of the down-conductor
systems presents a hazard, then the down conduc-
tors must be mounted to ensure that the distance
between the down-conductor systems and the
wall is greater than 0.1 m. The mounting elements
may touch the wall. The erector of the structure
must state whether the wall, where a down-con-
ductor system is to be installed, is made of flamma-
ble material.
In Germany the precise definition of the terms
flame-resistant, normal level of flammability and
highly flammable can be taken from Supplement 1
of DIN EN 62305-3 (VDE 0185-305-3).
5.2.2.1 Installation of down-conductor sys-
tems
The down conductors must be arranged to be the
direct continuation of the air-termination conduc-
tors. They must be installed straight and vertically
so as to represent the shortest possible direct con-
nection to the earth.
Loops, e.g. projecting eaves or structures, must be
avoided. If this is not possible, the distance meas-
ured where two points of a down-conductor sys-
tem are closest, and the length I of the down-con-
ductor system between these points, must fulfill
the requirements on the separation distance s (Fig-
ure 5.2.2.1.1).
The separation distance s is calculated using the
total length l = l
1
+ l
2
+ l
3
.
Down-conductor systems must not be installed in
gutters and downpipes, even if they are sheathed
in an insulating material. The damp in the gutters
would badly corrode the down-conductor systems.
If aluminium is used as a down conductor, it must
not be installed directly (with no distance) on, in or
under plaster, mortar, concrete, neither should it
be installed in the ground. If it is equipped with a
PVC sheath, then aluminium can be installed in
mortar, plaster or concrete, if it is possible to
ensure that the sheath will not be mechanically
damaged nor will the insulation fracture at low
temperatures.
It is recommended to mount down conductors to
maintain the required separation distance s to all
doors and windows (Figure 5.2.2.1.2).
Metal gutters must be connected with the down
conductors at the points where they intersect (Fig-
ure 5.2.2.1.3).
The base of metal downpipes must be connected
to the equipotential bonding or the earth-termi-
nation system, even if the pipe is not used as a
down conductor. Since it is connected to the eaves
gutter, through which the lightning current flows,
the downpipe also takes a part of the lightning
Fig. 5.2.2.1.1 Loop in the down conductor
l
2
l
1
l
3
s
current which must be conducted into the earth-
termination system. Figure 5.2.2.1.4 illustrates one
possible design.
5.2.2.2 Natural components of a down-con-
ductor system
When using natural components of the structure
as a down-conductor system, the number of down
conductors to be installed separately can be
reduced or, in some cases, they can be dispensed
with altogether.
The following parts of a structure can be used as
natural components of the down-conductor sys-
tem:
Metal installations, provided that the safe con-
nection between the various parts is perma-
nent and their dimensions conform to the
minimum requirements for down conductors.
These metal installations may also be sheathed
in insulating material. The use of conduits con-
taining flammable or explosive materials as
down conductors is not permitted if the seals
in the flanges /couplings are non-metallic or
the flanges/couplings of the connected pipes
are not otherwise connected so as to be elec-
trically conductive.
The metal skeleton of the structure
If the metal frame of structures with a steel
skeleton or the interconnected reinforced
steel of the structure is used as a down-con-
ductor system, then ring conductors are not
required since additional ring conductors
would not improve the splitting of the current.
Safe interconnected reinforcement of the
structure
The reinforcement of existing structures can-
not be used as a natural component of the
down-conductor system unless it can be
ensured that the reinforcement is safely inter-
connected. Separate external down conduc-
tors must be installed.
Precast parts
Precast parts must be designed to provide ter-
minal connections for the reinforcement. Pre-
cast parts must have an electrically conductive
connection between all terminal connections.
The individual components must be intercon-
nected on site during installation (Figure
5.2.2.2.1).
Downpipes may
only be used as
down conductor, if
they are soldered or
riveted
The connection
must be as
short as pos-
sible, straight
and installed
vertically
StSt wire
10 mm
Fig. 5.2.2.1.2Down-conductor system Fig. 5.2.2.1.4 Earthed downpipe
Fig. 5.2.2.1.3 Air-termination system with
connection to the gutter
Note:
In the case of prestressed concrete, attention must
be paid to the particular risk of possible intolera-
ble mechanical effects arising from lightning cur-
rent and resulting from the connection to the
For prestressed concrete, connections to tension-
ing rods or cables must only be effected outside
the stressed area. The permission of the person
responsible for erecting the structure must be giv-
en before using tensioning rods or cables as a
down conductor.
If the reinforcement of existing structures is not
safely interconnected, it cannot be used as a
down-conductor system. In this case, external
down conductors must be installed.
Furthermore, facade elements, mounting channels
and the metal substructures of facades can be used
as a natural down-conductor system, provided
that:
the dimensions meet the minimum require-
ments of down-conductor systems. For sheet
metal, the thickness must not be less than
0.5 mm. Their electrical conductivity in vertical
direction must be ensured. If metal facades are
used as a down-conductor system, they must
be interconnected to ensure that the individ-
ual plates are safely interconnected with each
other by means of screws, rivets, or bridging
connections. There must be a safe connection
capable of carrying currents to the air-termi-
nation system and also to the earth-termina-
tion system.
If metal plates are not interconnected in accor-
dance with the above requirement, but the
substructure ensures that they are continuous-
ly conductive form the connection on the air-
termination system to the connection on the
earth-termination system, then they can be
used as a down-conductor system (Figures
5.2.2.2.2 and 5.2.2.2.3).
Fig. 5.2.2.2.1 Use of natural components new buildings made of
ready-mix concrete
Fig. 5.2.2.2.2 Metal subconstruction, conductively bridged
Fig. 5.2.2.2.3 Earth connection of a metal facade
expansion joint
expansion joint
Bridging braid
Part No. 377 115
Fixed earthing terminal
Part No. 478 200
vertical box section
wall fixing
horizontal support
Bridging braid
Part No. 377 015
Metal downpipes can be used as natural down
conductors, as long as they are safely interconnect-
ed (brazed or riveted joints) and comply with the
minimum wall thickness of the pipe of 0.5 mm.
If a downpipe is not safely interconnected, it can
serve as a holder for the supplementary down con-
ductor. This type of application is illustrated in Fig-
ure 5.2.2.2.4. The connection of the downpipe to
the earth-termination system must be capable of
carrying lightning currents since the conductor is
held only along the pipe.
5.2.2.3 Measuring points
There must be a measuring point at every connec-
tion of a down conductor with the earth-termina-
tion system (above the lead-in, if possible).
Measuring points are required to allow the inspec-
tion of the following characteristics of the light-
ning protection system:
Connections of the down conductors via the
air-termination systems to the next down con-
ductor
Interconnections of the terminal lugs via the
earth-termination system, e.g. in the case of
ring or foundation earth electrodes (earth
electrode Type B)
Earth electrode resistance of single earth elec-
trodes (earth electrode Type A)
Measuring points are not required if the structural
design (e.g. reinforced concrete structure or steel
skeleton) allows no electrical disconnection of
the natural down-conductor system to the
earth-termination system (e.g. foundation earth
electrode).
The measuring point may only be opened with the
help of a tool for the purpose of taking measure-
ments, otherwise it must be closed.
Each measuring point must be able to be clearly
assigned to the design of the lightning protection
system. Generally, all measuring points are marked
with numbers (Figure 5.2.2.3.1).
Fig. 5.2.2.2.4 Down conductor
installed along a
downpipe
Fig. 5.2.2.3.1 Measuring point
with number plate
roofing
heat insulation
wood insulation
metal construction
internal down
conductor
roof bushing
If the separation distance is too short, the conductive parts of the building
construction have to be connected to the air-termination system. The effects
from the currents have to be taken into account.
separation
distance s
Courtyards with circumference of more
than 30 m. Typical distances according
to class of LPS
15 m
7
.
5

m
3
0

m
45 m
metal attic
courtyard
circumference
> 30 m
Fig. 5.2.2.4.1 Air-termination system installed on large roofs Internal down-conduc-
tor system
Fig. 5.2.2.5.1 Down-conductor systems for court-
yards
5.2.2.4 Internal down-conductor systems
If the edges of the structure (length and width) are
four times as large as the distance of the down
conductors which corresponds to the class of light-
ning protection system, then supplementary inter-
nal down conductors must be installed (Figure
5.2.2.4.1).
The grid dimension for the internal down-conduc-
tor systems is around 40 m x 40 m.
Large structures with flat roofs, such as large pro-
duction halls or also distribution centres, frequent-
ly require internal down conductors. In such cases,
the ducts through the surface of the roof should
be installed by a roofer because he is responsible
for ensuring that the roof provides protection
against rain.
The consequences of the partial lightning currents
through internal down-conductor systems within
the structure must be taken into account. The
resulting electromagnetic field in the vicinity of
the down conductor must be taken into considera-
tion when designing the internal lightning protec-
tion system (pay attention to inputs to electrical /
electronic systems.)
5.2.2.5 Courtyards
Structures with enclosed courtyards having a
perimeter greater than 30 m (Figure 5.2.2.5.1)
must have down-conductor systems installed with
the distances shown in Table 5.2.1.1.
5.2.3 Down conductors of an isolated exter-
nal lightning protection system
If an air-termination system comprises air-termina-
tion rods on isolated masts (or one mast), then this
is both air-termination system and down-conduc-
tor system at the same time (Figure 5.2.3.1).
Each individual mast requires at least one down
conductor. Steel masts or mast with an intercon-
nected steel reinforcement require no supplemen-
tary down-conductor system.
For optical reasons, a metal flag pole, for example
can also be used as an air-termination system.
The separation distance s between the air-termina-
tion and down-conductor systems and the struc-
ture must be maintained.
If the air-termination system consists of one or
more spanned wires or cables, each end of the
cable which the conductors are attached to
requires at least one down conductor (Figure
5.2.3.2).
If the air-termination system forms an intermeshed
network of conductors, i.e. the individual spanned
wires or cables are interconnected to form a mesh
(being cross-linked), there must be at least one
down conductor at the end of each cable the con-
ductors are attached to (Figure 5.2.3.3).
5.2.4 High voltage-resistant, isolated down-
conductor system HVI conductor
A multitude of structures is used in order to create
an exhaustive network of cell sites. Some of these
structures have lightning protection systems. In
order to design and implement the mast infra-
structure in accordance with the standards, the
actual situation must be taken into account during
the design phase while the relevant standards
have to be strictly differentiated.
For the operator of a mobile phone network there
are basically three different situations:
s s
s
mechanical fixing
down
conductor
Fig. 5.2.3.1 Air-termination masts isolated
from the building
Fig. 5.2.3.2 Air-termination masts spanned
with cables
Fig. 5.2.3.3 Air-termination masts spanned
with cables with cross connection
(meshing)
Structure has no lightning protection system
Structure is equipped with a lightning protec-
tion system which is no longer capable of func-
tioning
Structure is equipped with a functioning light-
ning protection system
Structure has no lightning protection system
In Germany cell sites are constructed in accordance
with DIN VDE 0855-300. This deals with the earth-
ing of the cell site. In accordance with the concept
for protection against surges of the mobile phone
network operators, supplementary protection
against surges is integrated into the meter section.
Structure is equipped with a lightning protection
system which is no longer capable of functioning
In Germany cell sites are connected to the external
lightning protection system as required by the
class of lightning protection system (LPS) deter-
mined. The lightning current paths required for
the cell site are investigated and assessed. This
involves replacing non-functional components of
the existing installation which are required to dis-
charge the lightning current, such as air-termina-
tion conductor, down-conductor system and con-
nection to the earth-termination system. Any
observed defects to parts of the installation which
are not required must be notified in writing to the
owner of the structure.
Structure is equipped with a functioning lightning
protection system
Experience has shown that most lightning protec-
tion systems are designed according to LPS Class III.
Regular inspections are prescribed for certain
structures. It must be planned to integrate the cell
site installation in accordance with the class of
lightning protection system (LPS) determined. For
installations with LPS Class I and II, the surround-
ings of the installation must be recorded photo-
graphically to ensure that, if problems subsequent-
ly arise with proximities, the situation at the time
of construction can be proven. If a cell site is erect-
ed on a structure with a functional external light-
ning protection system, its erection is governed by
the latest lightning protection standard (IEC 62305
(EN 62305)). In this case for example, in Germany
the DIN VDE 0855-300 can only be used for the
equipotential bonding of the antenna cable. Prox-
imities must be calculated as appropriate to the
class of LPS. All mechanical components used must
be able to cope with the prospective partial light-
ning currents. For reasons of standardisation, all
the steel fixing elements and structures for hold-
ing antennas of many mobile phone network
operators must be designed for LPS Class I. The
connection should be done via the shortest route,
which is not a problem, however, as the air-termi-
nation conductors on flat roofs are usually
designed to be meshed. If there is a functional
lightning protection system on the host building,
this has a higher priority than an antenna earthing
installation.
Because of how it is designed, the class of light-
ning protection system to be effected must be laid
down at the discussion stage of the project:
If the system technology components are also
situated on the roof, it is preferable to install
the electrical cable on the exterior side of the
structure.
If the system technology components are situ-
ated on the roof, and if it is intended to erect
a central mast, the installation must be
equipped with an isolated lightning protec-
tion system.
If the system technology components are
located within the structure, it is preferable to
have an isolated lightning protection embed-
ment. Care must be taken that the cell site
infrastructure is designed to be geometrically
small so that the costs of the isolated lightning
protection system are economically viable.
Experience has shown that, in many cases, existing
lightning protection systems have old defects
which adversely affect the effectiveness of the
installation. These defects mean that even if the
cell site is correctly tied-in to the external light-
ning protection system, damage can still be caused
within the structure.
In order to enable a designer of mobile phone net-
works to erect antenna installations in accordance
with the standards even in difficult situations, the
only thing available to him used to be the isolated
lightning protection system with horizontal dis-
tance holders. In such cases, however, the design of
the antenna installation, could really not be con-
sidered architecturally aesthetic (Figure 5.2.4.1).
Air-termination systems as shown in Figure 5.2.4.1
are not applicable for locations where the anten-
nas have to be pleasing to look at.
The isolated HVI conductor is an innovative solu-
tion which provides the installer of lightning pro-
tection systems with novel possibilities for design
and for easy maintaining of the separation dis-
tance (Figure 5.2.4.2).
5.2.4.1 Installation and performance of the
isolated down-conductor system HVI
Basic conception of the isolated down-conductor
system is to cover the lightning current carrying
conductor with an insulating material, allowing
the necessary separation distance s to other con-
ductive parts of the structure, to electrical conduc-
tors and conduits to be kept. Incorrect proximities
must be avoided. Basically the following require-
ments to the isolated down-conductor system have
to be met, if insulating materials are used to avoid
inadmissible proximities:
Possibility of a lightning current proof connec-
tion of the down-conductor system with the
air-termination system (air-termination rod,
air-termination conductor, air-termination tip,
etc.) by terminals.
Compliance with the required separation dis-
tance s by sufficient dielectric strength of the
down-conductor system in the range of the
input point as well as in the course of the
down-conductor system.
Sufficient current carrying capability because
of an adequate cross section of the down-con-
ductor system.
Possibility of connection to the earth-termina-
tion system or of equipotential bonding.
Sheathing of the down conductors with insulating
materials of high dielectric strength basically
allows to reduce the separation distance. Certain
high voltage technological requirements, howev-
er, have to be met. This being necessary as the
dielectric strength of the isolated down-conductor
system depends on its positioning and on the
occurrence of creeping discharges.
The use of unshielded, isolated down-conductor
systems is a fundamental solution to be independ-
ent with regard to positioning and laying. A con-
ductor, however, which has only a sheathing of
insulating material does not solve the problem.
Already relatively low induced impulse voltages
will release creeping discharges in the range of the
proximities (e.g. between metal, earthed conduc-
tor holders and the feeding point), which can
result in a total flashover at the surface of long
conductor sections. Ranges of insulating material,
metal (at high voltage potential or earthed) get-
ting in contact with the air are critical with regard
to creeping discharges. This range is subject to a
high voltage stressing because of the potential
arising of creeping discharges, resulting in a con-
siderably reduced voltage resistance. Creeping dis-
charges have to be taken into account, whenever
usual (vertical to the surface of the insulating
material) components of electrical field strength E,
lead to the tripping voltage of the creeping dis-
charge being exceeded and, field components tan-
gentially enforce the increase of creeping dis-
charges (Figure 5.2.4.1.1).
The creeping discharge release-voltage determines
the resistance of the whole insulation, being in the
magnitude of 250 300 kV lightning impulse volt-
age.
5.2.4.2 5.2.4.1
Fig. 5.2.4.1 Isolated air-termination system with distance holder
Fig. 5.2.4.2 Isolated air-termination system for cell sites
Application of DEHNconductor system
By the coaxial single conductor cable HVI conduc-
tor shown in Figure 5.2.4.1.2 the occurrence of
the creeping discharge is avoided and the light-
ning current is safely conducted to the earth.
Isolated down-conductor systems
with field control and semi-con-
ductive shield prevent from creep-
ing discharges by a targeted influ-
encing of the electric field in the
range of the input point. They
allow the lightning current to be
conducted into the special cable,
the safe discharge of the lightning
current and the required separa-
tion distance s to be kept. The
semi-conductive shield of the coax-
ial input cable insulates from the
electric field. It has to be minded,
however, that the magnetic field
surrounding the current carrying
inner conductor is not affected.
Optimisation of the field control
allows an adjusted cable sealing
unit length of 1.50 m to realise the
required equivalent separation distance in air of
s 0.75 m and in case of solid construction materi-
al of s 1.50 m (Figure 5.2.4.1.3).
This special cable sealing unit is realised by an
adjusted connection element to the air-termina-
tion system (supply point) and the equipotential
bonding terminal in a fixed distance. Compared
with a coaxial cable with metal shield, the whole
semi-conductive coating of the cable has a clearly
higher resistance. Even by a multiple equipotential
bonding connection of the cable coating only
insignificant partial lightning currents will be
dragged into the building.
Apart from the required separation distance s , the
maximum conductor length L
max
of such an isolat-
ed down-conductor system is calculated with
5.2.4.2 Installation examples
Application for cell sites
Cell site installations are frequently erected on
host structures. There is usually an agreement
between the operator of the cell site installation
and the owner of the structure that the erection of
the cell site installation must not increase the risk
L
k s
k k
m
i c
max
=


inner
conductor
insulation
proximity
Fig. 5.2.4.1.1 Basic development of a creeping discharge at an isolated down conductor
without special coating
coupling of
the lightning
impulse current
air-termination
bonding element
inner conductor
high voltage-
resistant insulation
equipotential
bonding element
semi-conductive
sheath
sealing unit range
Fig. 5.2.4.1.2 Components of HVI Conductor
Fig. 5.2.4.1.3 HVI conductor I and components of the DEHNconduc-
tor system
to the structure. For protection against lightning,
this particularly means that no partial lightning
currents must enter the structure if there is a light-
ning strike to the frame structure. A partial light-
ning current within the structure would especially
put the electrical and electronic
apparatus at risk.
Figure 5.2.4.2.1 shows one possi-
ble solution for the isolated
air-termination system on the
frame structure of an antenna.
The air-termination tip must be
fixed to the frame structure of
the antenna by means of an
insulating pipe in non conduc-
tive material so that it is isolated.
The height of the air-termina-
tion tip is governed by the
requirement that the structure
of the frame and any electrical
devices which are part of the cell
site installation (BTS Base
Transceiver Station) must be
arranged in the zone of protec-
tion of the air-termination tip.
Structures with several antenna systems must be
equipped with multiple isolated air-termination
systems.
Figures 5.2.4.2.2a and b illustrate the installation
on an antenna post.
Fig. 5.2.4.2.2b Connection to the antenna
frame structure for directing
potential
Fig. 5.2.4.2.2a Insulating pipe within the
antenna area
Fig. 5.2.4.2.1 Integration of a new 2G/3G antenna into the existing lightning protection system by using the HVI conductor
earth connection
feeding point
HVI
conductor
insulating pipe
earthing
clamp
air-termination tip
feeding point
HVI
conductor
insulating
pipe
earth
connection

antenna cable
earthing acc. to VDE 0855-300
HVI
conductor II
insulating pipe GRP/AL
air-termination tip
sealing unit
range
BTS
LV-supply
equipotential bonding line
sealing unit
bare down conductor
Isolated lightning protection
Note: Clarify existing state of protection
air-termination system
Roof-mounted structures
Metal and electrical roof-mounted structures pro-
trude above roof level and are exposed points for
lightning strikes. The risk of partial lightning cur-
rents flowing within the structure is also existing
because of conductive connections with conduits
and electrical conductors leading into the struc-
ture. To prevent this and to set up the necessary
separation distance for the complete structure
easily, the air-termination system must be instal-
led with a terminal to the isolated down-conduc-
tor system, as shown in Figure 5.2.4.2.3a and
5.2.4.2.3b.
Hence all metal and electrical roof-mounted struc-
tures protruding above roof level are within the
area protected against lightning strikes. The light-
ning current will be channeled along the struc-
ture and distributed by the earth-termination sys-
tem.
If several structures are mounted on the roof then,
according to the basic illustration in Figure
5.2.4.2.4, several isolated air-termination systems
must be installed. This must be done to ensure that
all structures protruding above the roof must be
arranged in an area protected from lightning
strikes (lightning protection zone LPZ 0
B
).
Down-conductor system
Especially problematical from the optical point of
view often is the integration of a down-conductor
system, taking into account the required separa-
tion distance s.
The HVI conductor e.g. can be installed or even
integrated in the facade (Figure 5.2.4.2.5). This
new kind of isolated down-conductor system con-
cable duct
metal earthed roof-
mounted structure
reinforcement
cable duct
HVI
conductor I
EB terminal
separation
distance s
sealing unit
isolated air-
termination system
metal attic cover within
the protective area of
an isolated air-
termination system
ring conductor
HVI
conductor
Fig. 5.2.4.2.3a Fan with air-termination rod and spanned cable
Fig. 5.2.4.2.3b Air-termination rod, elevated ring conductor connect-
ed to the isolated down-conductor system
Fig. 5.2.4.2.4 Keeping the required separation distance with volt-
age-controlled isolated down conductor (HVI)
Fig. 5.2.4.2.5 Air termination system with spanned cable and
isolated down-conductor system
tributes to an architectural more pleasing struc-
ture. Functionality and design can be an entity.
Therefore this innovative technology is an impor-
tant feature of modern architecture.
5.2.4.3 Project example: Training and resi-
dential building
Structure
The structure in Figure 5.2.4.3.1 was built conven-
tionally from the ground floor to the 6th floor. At
a later date, the 7th floor was attached to the
existing roof surface.
The external facade of the 7th floor consists of
metal sheets.
The media centre is situated on the 3rd floor, the
ground floor is used for administration. All other
floors up to the 7th floor are used for apartments.
The roof surface of the 6th and 7th floor was fin-
ished off with a metal attic whose components are
interconnected so as to be non-conductive.
The complete structure is 25.80 m high (without
attic) up to the roof level.
Subsequently, five antenna systems for mobile
phone systems and microwaves were installed by
different operators of mobile phone networks on
the roof surface of the 7th floor. The antennas
were erected both in the corners and in the middle
of the roof surface.
The cable (coax cables) from the four antennas in
the corners of the roof surface were installed in
the vicinity of the attic to the south-west corner.
From this point, the cables are led
through a metal cable duct which is
connected to the attic of the roof sur-
faces of the 7th and 6th floors to the
BTS room on the 6th floor.
The cables from the antenna in the
middle are also installed by means of a
metal cable duct directly to the 2nd
BTS room on the north-east side of the
structure to the 6th floor. This cable
duct is also connected to the surround-
ing attics.
The structure was equipped with a
lightning protection system. The new
installation of the external lightning
protection system to protect against
damage to the structure and life haz-
ards was designed in accordance with
the national lightning protection stan-
dard DIN V VDE V 0185-3, which was applicable
when the building was erected.
During the installation of the antennas, the
equipotential bonding and earthing measures of
the system were carried out in accordance with the
German standard DIN VDE 0855 Part 300.
The earthing of the systems, however, was not iso-
lated from the existing external lightning protec-
tion system at the earth-termination system at
ground level, but directly at the air-termination
system.
Hence, in the event of a lightning discharge, par-
tial lightning currents are conducted directly into
the structure via the coax cable shields. These par-
tial lightning currents do not only present a life
hazard, they also present a hazard to the existing
technical equipment of the structure.
New concept
A lightning protection system was required, which
prevents partial lightning currents from being con-
ducted directly into the structure via the antenna
components (frame structures, cable shields and
installation systems). At the same time, the
required separation distance s between the frame
structures of the antennas and the air-termination
system on the roof surface of the 7th floor must be
realised.
This cannot be effected with a lightning protec-
tion system of a conventional design.
Fig. 5.2.4.3.1 Total view
5
4
3
cable tray
1
2
Antennas of the cell site operators (1 - 5)
By installing the HVI conductor,
a lightning protection system
was constructed with an isolat-
ed air-termination system. This
required the following compo-
nents:
Air-termination tips on
insulating pipes in GRP
material, secured directly
to the antenna pole (Fig-
ure 5.2.4.2.2a).
Down conductor from the
air-termination tip by
means of an HVI conductor
with connection to the iso-
lated ring conductor (Fig-
ure 5.2.4.3.2).
Sealing end feeding point
to ensure the resistance
against creeping flashovers
at the input (Figures
5.2.4.2.2a and 5.2.4.2.2b).
Isolated ring conductor on
insulating supports made
of GRP, supports as high as
according to the calcula-
tion of the required sepa-
ration distance
Down conductors installed
separately from the isolat-
ed ring conductor via the
respective metal attics and
metal facade to the bare
metal down conductors on
the 6th floor with the
required separation dis-
tance s to the lower attic
(Figure 5.2.4.3.3).
Supplementary ring con-
ductor, all down-conductor
systems interconnected at
a height of approx. 15 m to
reduce the required sepa-
ration distance s of the
interception and down-
conductor system (Figures
5.2.4.3.4 and 5.2.4.4.1).
The various implementation
stages explained in detail are
summarised in Figure 5.2.4.3.4.
air-termination tip
HVI
conductor
isolated ring conductor
bare down conductor
cable duct
attic
ring conductor
bare down conductor
isolated
ring conductor
HVI
conductor
connection to
isolated ring conductor
cable tray
HVI
conductor
Fig. 5.2.4.3.2 Isolated air-termination
system and isolated ring
conductor
Ref.: H. Bartels GmbH,
Oldenburg, Germany
Fig. 5.2.4.3.3 Down conductor of isolated ring con-
ductor
Fig. 5.2.4.3.4 Total view on a newly installed external lightning protection system
It is also important to note that the proposed
design concept was discussed in detail with the sys-
tem erector in order to avoid mistakes when carry-
ing out the work.
When designing the external lightning protection
system, care was taken that the deck on the 6th
floor (Figure 5.2.4.3.1) and the lower attachments
(Figure 5.2.4.3.4) were also arranged in the zone of
protection/ protective angle of the air-termination
system.
5.2.4.4 Separation distance
When calculating the required separation distance
s, not only the height of the structure but also the
heights of the individual antennas with the isolat-
ed air-termination system had to be taken into
consideration.
Each of the four corner antennas protrudes 3.6 m
above the surface of the roof. The antenna in the
middle protrudes 6.6 m above the roof surface.
Considering the height of the structure, result the
following total heights to be taken into account
when calculating the installation:
4 corner antennas to the base of the air-termi-
nation tip + 29.40 m
1 antenna in the middle of the roof surface to
the base of the air-termination tip + 32.40 m
Three further, isolated separate air-termina-
tion rods on the west side of the roof surface
and two isolated air-termination masts on the
balcony 6th floor, south side, realise the zone
of protection of the complete roof surface.
A special cable, DEHNconductor, Type HVI, was
used as the isolated down conductor, allowing an
equivalent separation distance of s = 0.75 m (air) /
1.5 m (solid building materials) to be maintained.
The calculation of the required separation dis-
tances was done as shown in Figure 5.2.4.4.1 for
three partial areas:
1. Partial area at a level of + 32.4 m and a level of
+ 29.4 m (antennas) to + 27.3 m (isolated ring
conductor) on the roof.
2. Partial area at + 27.3 m to + 15.0 m (isolated
ring conductor on roof up to lower supple-
mentary ring conductor).
3. Partial area at + 15.0 to 0 m (lower ring con-
ductor to ground level).
The complete down-conductor system comprises
six down conductors from the isolated ring con-
ductor at a height of + 27.3 m to the supplemen-
tary ring conductor at a level of + 15.0 m. The ring
conductor at a level of + 15.0 m is connected with
the earthing ring conductor via the six down con-
ductors of the residential structure and four fur-
ther down conductors on attached parts of the
structure.
This produces a different splitting of the current in
the individual partial areas which had to be taken
into consideration for the design of the lightning
protection system.
The equipotential bonding required and the
earthing of the antenna components on the roof
surface (including the cable ducts, metal fa-
cades and the attics on both roof levels) was
done using two supplementary earthing cables
NYY 1 x 25 mm
2
connected to the equipotential
bonding of the individual BTS stations.
The erection of this isolated air-termination system
on the surface of the roof and on the antenna sys-
tems, as well as the isolated down conductors
around metal parts of the structure, prevent par-
tial lightning currents from entering the structure.
Fig. 5.2.4.4.1Calculation of the required separation distance
ring conductor
E
B

c
o
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
d
o
w
n
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
k
c1
k
c2
k
c3
L
1
L
2
L
3
1
st
floor
2
nd
floor
3
rd
floor
4
th
floor
5
th
floor
7
th
floor
ground floor
6
th
floor
Remarks
10)
Min. cross-
section mm
2
Material Configuration
Copper solid flat material
solid round material
7)
cable
3), 4)
50
8)
50
8)
50
8)
200
8)
min. thickness 2 mm
diameter 8 mm
min. diameter each wire 1.7 mm
diameter 16 mm
Tin plated
copper
1)
solid flat material
7)
cable
50
8)
50
8)
50
8)
min. thickness 2 mm
diameter 8 mm
Aluminium solid flat material
cable
70
50
8)
50
8)
min. thickness 3 mm
diameter 8 mm
Aluminium
alloy
solid flat material
cable
3)
50
8)
50
50
8)
200
8)
min. thickness 2.5 mm
diameter 8 mm
diameter 16 mm
Hot dipped
galvanised
steel
2)
solid flat material
9)
cable
3), 4), 9)
50
8)
50
50
8)
200
8)
min. thickness 2.5 mm
diameter 8 mm
diameter 16 mm
Stainless
steel
5)
solid flat material
6)
6)
cable
3), 4)
50
8)
50
70
8)
200
8)
min. thickness 2 mm
min. thickness 8 mm
diameter 16 mm
1)
Hot dipped or electroplated, minimum thickniss of the coating 1 m.
2)
The coating should be smooth, continuous and free of residual flux, minimum thickness 50 m.
3)
For air-termination rods. For applications where mechanical loads, like wind loads are not critical, a max.
1 m long air-termination rod with a diameter of 10 mm with an additional fixing may be used.
4)
For lead-in earth rods.
5)
Chromium 16 %, nickel 8 %, carbon

0.03 %
6)
For stainless steel in concrete and/or in direct contact with flammable material, the min. cross section
for solid round material has to be increased to 78 mm
2
(10 mm diameter) and for solid flat material to
75 mm
2
(3 mm thickness).
7)
For certain applications where the mechnical strength is not important, 28 mm
2
(6 mm diameter) material
may be used instead of 50 mm
2
(8 mm diameter). Then distance of the fixing elements has to be reduced.
8)
If thermal and mechanical requirements are important, the min. cross section for solid flat material can
be increased to 60 mm
2
and for solid round material to 78 mm
2
.
9)
At a specific energy of 10,000 kJ/ the min. cross section to prevent from melting is 16 mm
2
(copper),
25 mm
2
(aluminium), 50 mm
2
(steel) and 50 mm
2
(stainless steel). For further information see Annex E.
10)
Thickness, width and diameter are defined at a tolerance of 10 %.
Table 5.3.1 Material, configuration and min. cross sections of air-termination conductors, air-termination rods and down conductors according
to IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3) Table 6
5.3 Materials and minimum dimen-
sions for air-termination conduc-
tors and down conductors
Table 5.3.1 gives the minimum cross sections, form
and material of air-termination systems.
This requirements arise from the electrical conduc-
tivity of the materials to carry lightning currents
(temperature rise) and the mechanical stresses
when in use.
When using a round conductor 8 mm as an air-
termination tip, the max. free height permitted is
0.5 m. The height limit for a round conductor 10
mm is 1 m in free length.
Note:
According to IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3) Clause 1,
Table 8, the minimum cross section for an intercon-
necting conductor between two equipotential
bonding bars is 14 mm
2
Cu.
Tests with a PVC-insulated copper conductor and
an impulse current of 100 kA (10/350 s) deter-
mined a temperature rise of around 56 K. Thus, a
cable NYY 1 x 16 mm
2
Cu can be used as a down
conductor or as a surface and underground inter-
connecting cable, for example.
5.4 Assembly dimensions for air-ter-
mination and down-conductor
systems
The following dimensions (Figure 5.4.1) have been
tried and tested in practice and are primarily
determined by the mechanical forces acting on the
components of the external lightning protection
system.
These mechanical forces arise not so much as a
result of the electrodynamic forces generated by
the lightning currents, but more as a result of the
compression forces and the tensile forces, e.g. due
to temperature-dependent changes in length,
wind loads or the weight of snow.
The information concerning the max. distances of
1.2 m between the conductor holders primarily
relates to St/tZn (relatively rigid). For using alu-
minium, distances of 1 m have become the stan-
dard in practice.
IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3) gives the following
assembly dimensions for an external lightning pro-
tection system (Figures 5.4.1 and 5.4.2).
Figure 5.4.3 illustrates the application on a flat
roof.
0.3 m
1
.
0

m
0
.
3

m
1
.
5

m
0
.
5

m
0.05 m
e
e = 0.2 m
distance
appropriate
1.0 m
0
.
1
5

m
1
.
0

m
as close
as possible
to the edge
Fig. 5.4.1 Detail examples of an external lightning protection system at a building with a sloped
tiled roof
Fig. 5.4.2 Air-termination rod for chim-
neys
1 m
Fig. 5.4.3 Application on a flat roof
If possible, the separation dis-
tance to windows, doors and
other openings should be main-
tained when installing down
conductors.
Further important assembly
dimensions are illustrated in Fig-
ures 5.4.3 5.4.5.
Installation of surface earth elec-
trodes (e.g. ring earth electrodes)
around the structure at a depth
of > 0.5 m and a distance of
approx. 1 m from the structure
(Figure 5.4.4).
For the earth entries or terminals
on the foundation earth elec-
trode (ring earth electrodes), cor-
rosion protection must be consid-
ered. Measures such as anticorrosive bands or
wires with PVC sheath at a min. of 0.3 m above and
below the turf (earth entry) must be employed
(Figure 5.4.5) for protection.
An optically acceptable and noncorrosive connec-
tion possibility is provided by a stainless steel fixed
earthing terminal set to be laid in concrete.
Moreover, there must also be corrosion protection
for the terminal lug for equipotential bonding
inside the building in damp and wet rooms.
The material combinations below (within air-ter-
mination systems, down conductors and with parts
of the structure) have been tried and tested, pro-
vided that no particularly corrosive environmental
conditions must be taken into consideration. These
are values obtained from experience (Table 5.4.1).
5.4.1 Change in length of metal wires
In practice, the temperature-dependent changes
in length of air-termination and down conductors
are often underestimated.
The older regulations and stipulations recom-
mended an expansion piece about every 20 m as a
general rule in many cases. This stipulation was
based on the use of steel wires, which used to be
the usual and sole material employed. The higher
values for the coefficients of linear expansion of
stainless steel, copper and especially aluminium
materials were not taken into account.
In the course of the year, temperature changes of
100 K must be expected on and around the roof.
The resulting changes in length for different metal
wire materials are shown in Table 5.4.1.1. It is
noticeable that, for steel and aluminium, the tem-
Steel (tZn)
Aluminium
Copper
StSt
Titanium
Tin
Steel (tZn)
yes
yes
no
yes
yes
yes
Aluminium
yes
yes
no
yes
yes
yes
Copper
no
no
yes
yes
no
yes
StSt
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
Titanium
yes
yes
no
yes
yes
yes
Tin
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
building

0
.
5

m
1 m
0.3 m
protection
against
corrosion
0.3 m
Fig. 5.4.4 Dimensions for ring earth elec-
trodes
Table 5.4.1 Material combinations
Fig. 5.4.5 Points threatened by corrosion
perature-dependent changes in length differ by a
factor of 2.
The stipulations governing the use of expansion
parts in practice are thus as shown in Table 5.4.1.2.
When using pieces, care must be taken that they
provide flexible length equalisation. It is not suffi-
cient to bend the metal wires into an S shape since
these expansion pieces, handmade on site, are
not sufficiently flexible.
When connecting air-termination systems, for
example to metal attics surrounding the edges of
roofs, care should be taken that there is a flexible
connection to suitable components or measures. If
this flexible connection is not made, there is a risk
that the metal attic cover will be damaged by the
temperature-dependent change in length.
To compensate for the temperature-dependent
changes in length of the air-termination conduc-
tors, expansion pieces must be used to equalise the
expansion (Figure 5.4.1.1).
5.4.2 External lightning protection system
for an industrial structure and a resi-
dential house
Figure 5.4.2.1a illustrates the design of the exter-
nal lightning protection system for a residential
house with attached garage and Figure 5.4.2.1b
that for an industrial structure.
Figures 5.4.2.1a and 5.4.2.1b and Tables 5.4.2.1a
and b show examples of the components in use
today.
No account is taken of the measures required for
an internal lightning protection system such as
lightning equipotential bonding and surge protec-
tion (see also Chapter 6).
Particular attention is drawn to DEHNs DEHNsnap
and DEHNgrip programme of holders.
The DEHNsnap generation of synthetic holders
(Figure 5.4.2.2) is suitable as a basic component
L L T =
Material Coefficient
of linear
expansion
Assumed temperature change on the
roof: T = 100 K
Steel
StSt
Copper
Aluminium
11.5
16
17
23.5
L = 11.5
10
-6
100 cm
100 = 0.115 cm
1.1 mm/m
L = 16
10
-6
100 cm
100 = 0.16 cm = 1.6 mm/m

L = 17
10
-6
100 cm
100 = 0.17 cm = 1.7 mm/m

L = 23.5
10
-6
100 cm
100 = 0.235 cm
2.3 mm/m
1
10
6
1
K
L
Calculation formula
X
X
X
X
X
X
15
20
10
15
10
Material Surface under the fixing of the air-termination
system or down conductor
Distance of
expansion pieces
in m
soft,
e. g. flat roof with bitumen-
or synthetic roof sheetings
hard,
e. g. pantiles
or brickwork
Steel
StSt/Copper
Aluminium
Use of expansion pieces, if no other length compensation is provided
Table 5.4.1.2 Expansion pieces in lightning protection Recommended application
Table 5.4.1.1 Calculation of the temperature-related change in length L of metal wires in light-
ning protection
Fig. 5.4.1.1 Air-termination system
Compensation of expansion
with bridging braid
EBB
3
14
13
15
2
10
9
7
8
6
1
4
5
11
Pos. Part description Part No.
1 Round conductor 8 mm - DEHNALU,
medium hard soft- twistable
840 008
840 018
2 Steel strip 30 x 3.5 mm St/tZn
Round conductor 10 mm StSt V4A
810 335
860 010
3 Roof conductor holders St/tZn
for ridge and hip tiles StSt
StSt
StSt
StSt
StSt
202 020
204 109
204 249
204 269
206 109
206 239
4 Roof conductor holders StSt
for conductors within roof surfaces StSt
St/tZn
St/tZn
St/tZn
StSt
St/tZn
204 149
204 179
202 010
202 050
202 080
206 209
206 309
5 DEHNsnap
DEHNgrip
conductor holder with cleat and flange
conductor holder for heat insulation
204 006
207 009
275 160
273 740
6 Gutter clamp for beads St/tZn
StSt
Single-screw gutter clamp St/tZn
StSt
339 050
339 059
339 100
339 109
7 MV clamp St/tZn
MV clamp StSt
390 050
390 059
8 Gutter board clamp St/tZn 343 000
9 Downpipe clamp adjustable for 60 - 150 mm
Downpipe clamp for any cross sections
KS connector for connecting conductors
KS connector StSt
423 020
423 200
301 000
301 009
10 MV clamp 390 051
11 Bridging bracket Aluminium
Bridging braid Aluminium
377 006
377 015
12 Lead-in earthing rod 16 mm
complete
480 150
480 175
13
14
Parallel connector
Cross unit
SV clamps St/tZn
SV clamps StSt
305 000
306 020
319 201
308 220
308 229
15
Rod holder with cleat and flange
Rod holder for heat insulation
275 260
273 730
Number plate for marking isolating points 480 006
480 005
16 Air-termination rod with forged tab
Air-termination rod with rounded ends
Rod clamp
100 075
483 075
380 020
Fig. 5.4.2.1a External lightning protection of a residential building
Table 5.4.2.1a Components for external lightning protection of a residential building
16
12
(roof and wall). The cap simply snaps in to fix the
conductor in the holder while still being loosely
guided. The special snap-in technique exerts no
mechanical load on the fastening.
DEHNgrip (Figure 5.4.2.2) is a stainless steel system
of holders without screws which was put into the
programme to supplement the DEHNsnap system
of synthetic holders.
This system of holders without screws can also be
used as both a roof and a wall conductor holder
for 8 mm conductors.
Simply press in the conductors and the conductor is
fixed in DEHNgrip (Figure 5.4.2.2).
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
9
7
10
11
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Stainless steel conductor 10 mm StSt
Set of lead-in earthing rods St/tZn
Cross unit StSt
DEHNALU-DRAHT
AlMgSi
Conductor holder DEHNsnap
Bridging braid Al
Air-termination rod AlMgSi
with concrete base with adapted flat washer
860 010
480 150
319 209
840 008
204 120
377 015
104 200
120 340
8
9
10
11
Roof conductor holder for flat roofs
DEHNiso distance holder ZDC-St/tZn
Elevated ring conductor
with concrete base with adapted flat washer
and distance holder StSt
Isolated air-termination rod
253 050
106 100
102 340
106 160
105 500
Fig. 5.4.2.1b External lightning protection of an industrial structure
Table 5.4.2.1b Components for external lightning protection of a residential structure
5.4.3 Application tips for mounting roof
conductors holders
Ridge and hip tiles:
Adjust roof conductor holders with adjusting
screw to suit the dimension of the ridge tile (Figure
5.4.3.1).
The conductor leading can, in addition, be gradu-
ally adjusted by means of conductor holders from
the top centre to the bottom side.
(Conductor holder can be loosened by either turn-
ing the holder or opening the fixing screw.)
SPANNsnap roof conductor holder with DEHN-
snap synthetic conductor holder or DEHNgrip
stainless steel conductor holder (Figure
5.4.3.2).
Permanent tension due to stainless steel ten-
sion spring. Universal tension range from
1
2
basic component
cap
Conductor holder
DEHNgrip
Conductor holder
DEHNsnap
Fig. 5.4.2.2 DEHNsnap and DEHNgrip conductor holders
Fig. 5.4.3.1 Conductor holder with
DEHNsnap for ridge tiles
Fig. 5.4.3.2 SPANNsnap with plastic
DEHNsnap conductor holder
Fig. 5.4.3.3 FIRSTsnap for mounting on
existing ridge clamp
180 280 mm with laterally adjustable conduc-
tor leading for Rd 8 mm conductors.
FIRSTsnap conductor holder with DEHNsnap
synthetic conductor holder for putting on
existing ridge clamps for dry ridges.
For dry ridges, the DEHNsnap conductor holder (1)
(Figure 5.4.3.3) is put on the ridge clamp already
on the structure (2) and tightened manually (only
turn DEHNsnap).
Grooved pantiles:
UNIsnap roof conductor holder with preformed
struts is used for the roof surfaces. The conductor
holder is bent by hand before being hooked into
the battens. Additionally, it can also be secured
with nails (Figure 5.4.3.4).
Smooth tiles (Figure 5.4.3.5)
Slate roofs:
When using it on slate roofs, the internal hook sys-
tem is bent (Figure 5.4.3.6) or equipped with a sup-
plementary clamp (Part No. 204 089).
Grooved tiles:
FLEXIsnap roof conductor holder for grooved
tiles, for direct fitting on the groove (Figure
5.4.3.7).
The flexible stainless steel strut is pushed
between the grooved tiles.
By pressing on the top grooved tile, the stain-
less steel strut is deformed and adapts itself to
the shape of the groove.
Thus it is fixed tightly under the tile.
This application with an aluminium strut
makes it easy to adapt to the shape of the
groove.
A notch is provided for an eventually existing
window hook. The strut of the holder can also
be nailed down (holes in the strut).
Roof conductor holders with preformed strut,
for hooking into the bottom grove for pantile
roofs (Figure 5.4.3.8).
Flat tiles or slabs:
DEHNsnap conductor holder (1) (Figure 5.4.3.9)
and its clamping device (2) is pushed in between
the flat tiles (3) (e.g. plain tile) or slabs and tight-
ened manually (only turn DEHNsnap).
Overlapped constructions:
In case of overlapped constructions (3) (e.g. slabs
and natural slates), DEHNsnap conductor holder
(1) (Figure 5.4.3.10) with clamping terminals (2) is
pushed on from the side and secured with a screw
driver when the holder is open.
For slabs laid on a slat, DEHNsnap can also be
turned to allow a plumb conductor leading.
angled by hand
angle the inner latching
for use on slate roofs
Fig. 5.4.3.4 UNIsnap roof conductor holder
with preformed strut Used on
grooved pantiles
smooth tiles, e.g. plain tiles
slate roofs
insert the holder
underneath
lift tile
press tile
on it
insert the holder
underneath
lift tile
press tile
on it
D E H N s n a p
1
2
1
4
3
DEHNsnap
1
2
3
1
3
Fig. 5.4.3.7 Conductor holder for direct fitting on the seams Fig. 5.4.3.8 Roof conductor holder for hanging into the bottom
seam of pantile roofs
Fig. 5.4.3.9 ZIEGELsnap, for fixing between flat tiles or plates Fig. 5.4.3.10 PLATTENsnap roof conductor holder for overlapped
construction
5.5 Earth-termination systems
A detailed explanation of the terms used in
earth-termination technology is contained in
IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3) Lightning protection
physical damage to structures and life hazard,
HD 637 S1 Power installations exceeding 1 kV,
IEC 60050-826 International electrotechnical
vocabulary Part 826: Electrical installations and
IEC 60364-5-54 Electrical installations of buildings
Part 5-54. In Germany DIN 18014 is additionally
applicable for foundation of earth electrodes.
Below, we repeat only the terminology which is
required to understand the following designs.
Terminology
Earth
is the conductive ground whose electrical poten-
tial at each point is set equal to zero as agreed. The
word earth also the designation for both the
earth as a place as well as earth as a material, e.g.
the type of soil: humus, loam, sand, gravel and
rock.
Reference earth
(neutral earth) is the part of the earth, especially
the surface of the earth outside the sphere of
influence of an earth electrode or an earth-termi-
nation system, in which, between two arbitrary
points, no perceptible voltages arising from the
earthing current occur (Figure 5.5.1).
Earth electrode
is a conductive component or several conductive
components in electrical contact with the earth
and forming an electrical connection with it
(includes also foundation earth electrodes).
Earth-termination system
is a localised entirety of interconnected conductive
earth electrodes or metal components acting as
such, (e.g. reinforcements of concrete founda-
tions, cable metal sheaths in contact with the
earth, etc.).
Fig. 5.5.1 Earth surface potential and voltages at a foundation earth electrode FE and control earth electrode CE flown through by currents
1 m
U
B
2
FE
U
S
FE
U
B
1
FE + SE
U
E
U
E
Earth potential
U
B
Touch voltage
U
B1
Touch voltage without potential control (at the
foundation earth electrode)
U
B2
Touch voltage with potential control (foundation
and control earth electrode)
U
S
Step voltage
Earth surface potential
FE Foundation earth electrode
CE Control earth electrode (ring earth electrode)
reference earth
CE
Earthing conductor
is a conductor connecting a system component to
be earthed to an earth electrode and which is
installed above the ground or insulated in the
ground.
Lightning protection earthing
is the earthing installation of a lightning protec-
tion system to discharge lightning currents into
the earth.
Below some types of earth electrodes and their
classification are described according to location,
form and profile.
Classification according to location
Surface earth electrode
is an earth electrode generally driven in at a shal-
low depth down to 1 m. It can consist of round
material or flat strips and be designed as a star-
type, ring or meshed earth electrode or a combina-
tion thereof.
Earth rod
is an earth rod generally driven in plumb down to
greater depths. It can consist of round material or
material with another profile, for example.
Foundation earth electrode
comprises one or more conductors embedded in
concrete which is in contact with the earth over a
wide area.
Control earth electrode
is an earth electrode whose form and arrangement
serves more to control the potential than to main-
tain a certain earth electrode resistance.
Ring earth electrode
is an an earth electrode underneath or on the sur-
face of the earth, leading as closed ring around the
structure.
Natural earth electrode
is a metal component in contact with the earth or
with water either directly or via concrete, whose
original function is not as an earth electrode but
which acts as an earth electrode (reinforcements
of concrete foundations, conduits, etc.).
Classification according to form and profile
One distinguishes between:
flat strip earth electrodes, cruciform earth elec-
trodes and earth rods.
Types of resistance
Specific earth resistance
E
is the specific electrical resistance of the earth. It
is given in m and represents the resistance
between two opposite sides of a cube of earth
with edges of 1 m in length.
Earth electrode resistance
R
A
of an earth electrode is the resistance of the
earth between the earth electrode and reference
earth. R
A
is practically a resistance.
Impulse earth resistance
R
st
is the resistance as lightning currents traverse
from one point of an earth-termination system to
the reference earth.
Voltages at current carrying earth-termina-
tion systems, control of potential
Earth potential
U
E
is the voltage arising between an earth-termi-
nation system and reference earth (Figure 5.5.1).
Potential of the earths surface
is the voltage between one point of the earths
surface and reference earth (Figure 5.5.1).
Touch voltage
U
B
is the part of the potential of the earths surface
which can be bridged by humans (Figure 5.5.1), the
current path via the human body running from
hand to foot (horizontal distance from touchable
part around 1 m) or from one hand to the other.
Step voltage
U
S
is the part of the potential of the earths surface
which can be bridged by humans taking one step 1
m long, the current path via the human body run-
ning from one foot to the other (Figure 5.5.1).
Potential control
is the effect of the earth electrodes on the earth
potential, particularly the potential of the earths
surface (Figure 5.5.1).
Equipotential bonding
for lightning protection system is the connection
of metal installations and electrical systems to the
lightning protection system via conductors, light-
ning current arresters or isolating spark gaps.
Earth electrode resistance/Specific earth
resistance
Earth electrode resistance R
A
The conduction of the lightning current via the
earth electrode into the ground does not happen
at one point but rather energises a particular area
around the earth electrode.
The type of earth electrode and the way it is
installed must now be chosen to ensure that the
voltages affecting the surface of the earth (touch
and step voltages) do not assume hazardous val-
ues.
The earth electrode resistance R
A
of an earth elec-
trode can best be explained with the help of a
metal sphere buried in the ground.
If the sphere is buried deep enough, the current
discharges radially to be equally distributed over
the surface of the sphere. Figure 5.5.2a illustrates
this case; as a comparison, Figure 5.5.2b illustrates
the case of a sphere buried just under the earths
surface.
The concentric circles around the surface of the
sphere represent surface of equal voltage. The
earth electrode resistance R
A
is composed of the
partial resistances of individual layers of the
sphere connected in series.The resistance of such a
layer of the sphere is calculated using
where
E
is the specific earth resistance of the
ground, assuming it is homogeneous,
l the thickness of an imaginary layer of the
sphere
and
q the medial surface of this layer of the sphere.
To illustrate this, we assume a metal sphere 20 cm
in diameter buried at a depth of 3 m at a specific
earth resistance of 200 m.
If now the increase in earth electrode resistance
for the different layers of the sphere is calculated,
then as a function of the distance from the centre
of the sphere, a curve as shown in Figure 5.5.3. is
obtained.
A
for the spherical
electrode is calculated using:
E
Specific earth resistance in m
R
r
r
t
A
E
K
K
=

100
2
1
2
2
R
l
q
E
=
equipotential lines
a) Spherical earth
electrode deep in
the ground
b) Spherical earth
electrode close to
the earth surface
1 2 3 4 5
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
R
A
= 161
E
a
r
t
h

e
l
e
c
t
r
o
d
e

r
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

R
A

(
)
approx. 90%
Distance x (m)
Fig. 5.5.2 Current distribution from the spherical earth electrode
Fig. 5.5.3 Earth electrode resistance R
A
of a spherical earth elec-
trode with 20 cm, 3 m deep, at
E
= 200 m as a func-
tion of the distance x from the centre of the sphere
t Burial depth in cm
r
K
Radius of the spherical earth electrode in cm
This formula gives a earth electrode resistance of
R
A
= 161 for the spherical earth electrode.
The trace of the curve in Figure 5.5.3 shows that
the largest fraction of the total earth electrode
resistance occurs in the immediate vicinity of the
earth electrode. Thus, for example, at a distance of
5 m from the centre of the sphere, 90 % of the
total earth electrode resistance R
A
has already
been achieved.
Specific earth resistance
E
The specific earth resistance
E
which determines
the magnitude of the earth electrode resistance R
A
of an earth electrode, is a function of the composi-
tion of the soil, the amount of
moisture in the soil and the
temperature. It can fluctuate
between wide limits.
Values for various types of
soil
Figure 5.5.4 gives the fluctua-
tion ranges of the specific
earth resistance
E
for various
types of soil.
Seasonal fluctuations
Extensive measurements (lit-
erature) have shown that the
specific earth resistance varies
greatly according to the burial depth of the earth
electrode. Owing to the negative temperature
coefficient of the ground ( = 0.02 ... 0.004), the
specific earth resistance attain a maximum in win-
ter and a minimum in summer. It is therefore advis-
able to convert the measured values obtained
from earth electrodes to the maximum prospective
values, since even under unfavourable conditions
(very low temperatures), permissible values must
not be exceeded. The curve of the specific earth
resistance
E
as a function of the season (ground
temperature) can be represented to a very good
approximation by a sinus curve having its maxi-
mum around the middle of February and its mini-
mum around the middle of August. Investigations
have further shown that, for earth electrodes
buried not deeper than around 1.5 m, the maxi-
mum deviation of the specific earth resistance
from the average is around 30 % (Figure 5.5.5).
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
E
Concrete
Boggy soil, turf
Farmland, loam
Humid sandy soil
Dry sandy soil
Rocky soil
Gravel
Lime
River and lake water
Sea water
in m
e e e
a M a
measuring
device
30
20
10
0
10
20
30
burial depth < 1.5 m
+
E
in %
burial depth > 1.5 m

E
in %
June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov.
Jan. Feb. March April May Dec.
Fig. 5.5.4 Specific earth resistance
E
of different ground types
E
as a function of the seasons
without influencing of rainfall (burial depth of the earth
electrode < 1.5 m)
Fig. 5.5.6 Determination of the specific earth resistance
E
with a
four-terminal measuring bridge acc. to the WENNER
method
For earth electrodes buried deeper (particularly for
earth rods), the fluctuation is merely 10 %. From
the sineshaped curve of the specific earth resist-
ance in Figure 5.5.5, the earthing electrode resist-
ance R
A
of an earth-termination system measured
on a particular day can be converted to the maxi-
mum prospective value.
Measurement
The specific earth resistance
E
is determined using
an earthing measuring bridge with 4 clamps which
operates according to the null method.
Figure 5.5.6 illustrates the measuring arrangement
of this measuring method named after WENNER.
The measurement is carried out from a fixed cen-
tral point M which is retained for all subsequent
measurements. Four measuring probes (earthing
spikes 30 ... 50 cm long) are driven into the soil
along a line a a' pegged out in the ground. From
the measured resistance R one can determine the
specific earth resistance
E
of the ground:
R measured resistance in
e probe distance in m
E
average specific earth resistance in m down
to a depth corresponding to the probe dis-
tance e
By increasing the probe distance e and re-tuning
the earthing measuring bridge, the curve of the

E
e R = 2
Table 5.5.1 Formulae for calculating the earth electrode resistance R
A
for different earth electrodes
Earth electrode Rough estimate Auxiliary
Surface earth electrode
(star-type earth electrode)
Earth rod
Meshed earth electrode
Earth plate
Hemispherical earth electrode
R
A
Earth electrode resistance ()
E
Specific earth resistance (m)
l Length of earth electrode (m)
d Diameter of a ring earth electrode, of the area of the equivalent circuit or of a hemispherical
earth electrode (m)
A Area (m
2
) of the enclosed area of a ring or meshed earth electrode
a Edge length (m) of a square earth plate, for rectangular plates value: , while b and c are the
two sides of the rectangle
V Content (m
3
) of a single foundation element
b c
R
l
A
E
=
2
R
l
A
E
=

R
d
A
E
=

2
3

d A = 1 13
2
.
d A = 1 13
2
.
R
d
A
E
=
2
R
a
A
E
=
4 5 .
R
d
A
E
=

d V = 1 57 .
3
specific earth resistance can be determined
E
as a
function of the depth.
Calculation of earth electrode resistances
Table 5.5.1 gives the formulae for calculating the
earth electrode resistances of the most common
types of earth electrode. In practice, these approx-
imate formulae are quite sufficient. The precise
formulae for the calculations must be taken from
the following sections.
Straight surface earth electrode
Surface earth electrodes are generally embedded
horizontally in the ground at a depth of 0.5 ... 1 m.
Since the layer of soil covering the earth electrode
dries out in summer and freezes in winter, the
earth electrode resistance R
A
of such a surface
earth electrode is calculated as if it lays on the sur-
face of the ground:
R
A
Earth electrode resistance of a stretched sur-
face earth electrode in
E
l Length of the surface earth electrode in m
r Quarter width of steel strip in m or diameter
of the round wire in m
A
as a function of
the length of the earth electrode can be taken
from Figure 5.5.7.
R
l
l
r
A
E
=

ln
50 100
100
50
E
= 100 m
E
= 200 m
E
= 500 m
A
()
Length I of the stretched surface earth electrode (m)
U
E
100
80
60
40
20
a
U
E
100
80
60
40
20
a
V
a
t
V
V
t
V
a
100 cm
t = 0 cm
50 cm
t = 0 cm
50 cm
100 cm
LONGITUDINAL DIRECTION
TRANSVERSE DIRECTION
E
a
r
t
h

p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l

U
E

(
%
)
E
a
r
t
h

p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l

U
E

(
%
)
Distance a (m) from earth electrode
Distance a (m) from earth electrode
100
80
60
40
20
0.5 1 1.5 2 m
%
M
a
x
.

s
t
e
p

v
o
l
t
a
g
e

i
n

%
o
f

t
h
e

t
o
t
a
l

v
o
l
t
a
g
e
Burial depth
A
as a function of length I of
the surface earth electrode at different specific earth
resistance
E
Fig. 5.5.9 Max. step voltage U
S
as a function of the burial depth for
a stretched earth strip
Fig. 5.5.8 Earth potential U
E
between supply conductor and earth
surface as a function of the distance from the earth elec-
trode, at an earth strip (8 m long) in different depths
Figure 5.5.8 shows the transverse and longitudinal
earthing potential U
E
for an 8 m long flat strip
earth electrode.
The effect of the burial depth on the earthing
potential can be clearly seen.
Figure 5.5.9 illustrates the step voltage U
S
as a
function of the burial depth.
In practice, the calculation is done using the
approximate formula in Table 5.5.1:
Earth rod
A
of a earth rod is
calculated using:
R
A
earth electrode resistance in
E
l Length of the earth rod in m
r Radius of the earth rod in m
As an approximation, the earth electrode resist-
ance R
A
can be calculated using the approximate
formula given in Table 5.5.1:
Figure 5.5.10 shows the earth electrode resistance
R
A
as a function of the rod length I and the specif-
ic earth resistance
E
.
Combination of earth electrodes
If the soil conditions require several earth rods, the
driving down depth of the earth rods is applicable
for the corresponding minimum distance of the
different earth rods which have to be intercon-
nected.
The earth electrode resistance calculated using the
formulae and the measurement results given in
the diagrams apply to low frequency d.c. current
and a.c. current provided that the expansion of the
earth electrode is relatively small (a few hundred
metres). For longer lengths, e.g. for surface earth
electrodes, the a.c. current also has an inductive
part.
Furthermore, the calculated earth electrode resist-
ances do not apply to lightning currents. This is
where the inductive part plays a role, which can
lead to higher values of the impulse earthing
resistance for larger expansion of the earth-termi-
nation system.
Increasing the length of the surface earth elec-
trodes or earth rods above 30 m reduces the
impulse earth electrode resistance by only an
insignificant amount. It is therefore expedient to
combine several shorter earth electrodes. In such
cases, because of their interaction, care must be
taken that the actual total earth electrode resist-
ance is greater than the value calculated from the
individual resistances connected in parallel.
Star-type earth electrodes
Star-type earth electrodes in the form of cruciform
surface earth electrodes are important when rela-
tively low earth electrode resistances shall be cre-
ated in poorly conducting ground at an affordable
price.
R
l
A
E
=

R
l

l
r
A
E
=
2

ln
R
l
A
E
=
2
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
100
80
60
40
20
A
Drive-in depth l of the earth rod
E
= 100 m
E
= 500 m
E
= 200 m
A
of earth rods as a function
of their length I at different specific earth resistances
E
A
of a cruciform
surface earth electrode whose sides are at 90 to
each other is calculated using:
R
A
Earth electrode resistance of the cruciform sur-
face earth electrode in
E
l Side length in m
d Half a bandwidth in m or diameter of the
round wire in m
As a rough approximation, for longer lengths of
the star arrangement (l > 10 m), the earth elec-
trode resistance R
A
can be determined using the
total length of the star obtained from the equa-
tions in Table 5.5.1.
Figure 5.5.11 shows the curve of the earth elec-
trode resistance R
A
of cruciform surface earth elec-
trodes as a function of the burial depth;
Figure 5.5.12 shows the curve of the earthing volt-
age.
For star-type earth electrodes, the angle between
the individual arms should be greater than 60 .
According to Figure 5.5.12 the earth electrode
resistance of a meshed earth electrode is given by
the formula:
Where d is the diameter of the analogous circle
having the same area as the meshed earth elec-
trode, which is determined as follows:
For rectangular or polygonal dimensions of the
meshed earth electrode:
A Area of the meshed earth electrode
d
A
=
4
R
d
A
E
=
2
R
l
l
r
A
E
=
4
1 75

ln .
l
A
()
Burial depth (m)
l = side length
E
= 200 m
l = 10 m
l = 25 m
%
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0.5 1 1.5
%
100
80
60
40
20
10 20 30 m
4
5
II
I
Voltage
Distance from the centre of the intersection
direction of
measurement II
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n

o
f
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t

I
side length 25 m
A
of crossed surface earth
electrode (90 ) as a function of the burial depth
E
between the supply conductor of the
earth electrode and earth surface of crossed surface
earth electrode (90 ) as a function of the distance from
the cross centre point (burial depth 0.5 m)
For square dimensions (edge length b):
Figure 5.5.13 illustrates the curve of the impulse
earth electrode resistance of surface earth elec-
trodes with single and multiple star for square-
wave voltages.
As can be seen from this diagram, for a given
length, it is more expedient to install a radial earth
electrode than one single arm.
The earth electrode resistance of a metal conduc-
tor in a concrete foundation can be calculated as
an approximation using the formula for hemi-
spherical earth electrodes:
Where d is the diameter of the analogous hemi-
sphere having the same volume as the foundation:
V Volume of the foundation
When calculating the earth electrode resistance,
one must be aware that the foundation earth elec-
trode can only be effective if the concrete body
has a large contact area with the surrounding
ground. Water repellent, isolating shielding signif-
icantly increases the earth electrode resistance, or
isolate the foundation earth electrode (see 5.5.2).
Earth rods connected in parallel
To keep the interactions within acceptable limits,
the distances between the individual earth elec-
trodes and earth rods connected in parallel should
not be less than the pile depth, if possible.
If the individual earth electrodes are arranged
roughly in a circle and if they all have about the
same length, then the earth electrode resistance
can be calculated as follows:
d V = 1 57 .
3
R
d
A
E
=

d b = 1 1 .
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
I
m
p
u
l
s
e

e
a
r
t
h

r
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

R
s
t
Time s
n = 1
2
3
4
R
A
= 10
l
n = 4
Z = 150
R
A
= 10
n = 1 ... 4
n l = 300 m
Z Surge impedance of the earth conductor
R
A
Earth electrode resistance
n Quantity of the parallel connected earth electrodes
l Mean length of the earth electrodes
a
l
p
n = 20
10
5
3
2
p Reduction factor
n Quantity of the parallel connected earth electrodes
a Mean distance of the earth electrodes
l Mean length of the earth electrodes
0.5 1 2 5 10
20
10
5
3
2
1
Fig. 5.5.13 Impulse earth resistance R
st
of single or multiple star-
type earth electrodes with equal length
Fig. 5.5.14 Reduction factor p for calculating the total earth elec-
trode resistance R
A
of earth rods connected in parallel
Where R
A'
is the average earth electrode resistance
of the individual earth electrodes. The reduction
factor p as a function of the length of the earth
electrode, the distance of the individual earth elec-
trodes and the number of earth electrodes can be
taken from Figure 5.5.14.
Combination of flat strip earth electrodes and
earth rods
If sufficient earth electrode resistance is provided
by earth rods, for example from deep water carry-
ing layers in sandy soil, then the earth rod shall be
as close as possible to the object to be protected. If
a long feed is required, it is expedient to install a
radial multiple star-type earth electrode in parallel
to this in order to reduce the resistance as the cur-
rent rises.
As an approximation, the earth electrode resist-
ance of a flat strip earth electrode with earth rod
can be calculated as if the flat strip earth electrode
were extended by the drive-in depth of the earth
rod.
For circular ring earth electrodes with large diame-
ters (d > 30 m), the earth electrode resistance is cal-
culated as an approximation using the formula for
the flat strip earth electrode (where the circumfer-
ence d is used for the length of the earth elec-
trode):
r Radius or the round conductor or quarter
width of the flat strip earth electrode in m
For non-circular ring earth electrodes, the earth
electrode resistance is calculated by using the
diameter d of an analogous circle with the same
area:
A Area enclosed by the ring earth electrode
Implementation
According to the standards, each installation to be
protected must have its own earth-termination
system which must be fully functional in itself
without requiring metal water pipes or earthed
conductors of the electrical installation.
The magnitude of the earth electrode resistance
R
A
is of only secondary importance for protecting a
structure or installation against physical damage.
It is important that the equipotential bonding at
ground level is carried out systematically and the
lightning current is safely distributed in the
ground.
The lightning current i raises the structure to be
protected to the earthing potential U
E
with respect to the reference earth.
The potential of the earths surface decreases with
increasing distance from the earth electrode (Fig-
ure 5.5.1).
The inductive voltage drop across the earth elec-
trode during the lightning current rise must only
be taken into account for extended earth-termina-
tion systems (e.g. as required for long surface
earth electrodes in poorly conducting soils with
bedrock). In general, the earth electrode resistance
is determined only by the ohmic part.
If isolated conductors are led into the structure,
the earthing potential U
E
has its full value with
respect to the conductor.
In order to avoid the risk of punctures and
flashovers here, such conductors are connected via
isolating spark gaps or with live conductors via
surge protective devices (see DEHN main catalogue
for Surge Protection) to the earth-termination sys-
U i R L
di
dt
E A
= +
1
2
d
A
=
4
R
d
A
E
=

2
3

R
d
d
r
A
E
=

2

ln
R
l l
A
E
flat strip eath rod

R
R
p
A
A
=
'
tem as part of the lightning equipotential bond-
ing.
In order to keep touch and step voltages as low as
possible, the magnitude of the earth electrode
resistance must be limited.
The earth-termination system can be designed as a
foundation earth electrode, a ring earth electrode
and, for structures with large surface areas, as a
meshed earth electrode and, in special cases, also
as an individual earth electrode.
In Germany foundation earth electrodes must be
designed in accordance with DIN 18014.
The foundation earth electrode must be designed
as a closed ring and arranged in the foundations of
the external walls of the structure, or in the foun-
dation slab, in accordance with DIN 18014. For
larger structures, the foundation earth electrode
should contain interconnections to prevent an
exceeding of the max. mesh size 20 m x 20 m.
The foundation earth electrode must be arranged
to be enclosed by concrete on all sides. For steel
strips in non-reinforced concrete, the earth elec-
trode must be installed on edge.
In the service entrance room, a connection must be
established between foundation earth electrode
and equipotential bonding bar. According to IEC
62305-3 (EN 62305-3), a foundation earth elec-
trode must be equipped with terminal lugs for
connection of the down-conductor systems of the
external lightning protection system to the earth-
termination system.
Due to the risk of corrosion at the point where a
terminal lug comes out of the concrete, supple-
mentary corrosion protection should be consid-
ered (with PVC sheath or by using stainless steel
with Material No. 1.4571).
The reinforcement of plate and strip foundations
can be used as a foundation earth electrode if the
required terminal lugs are connected to the rein-
forcement and the reinforcements are intercon-
nected via the joints.
Surface earth electrodes must be installed in a
depth of at least 0.5 m.
The impulse earthing resistance of earth elec-
trodes is a function of the maximum value of the
lightning current and of the specific earth resist-
ance. See also Figure 5.5.13. The effective length
of the earth electrode for the lightning current is
calculated as an approximation as follows:
Surface earth electrode:
Earth rod:
I
eff
Effective length of the earth electrode in m
Peak value of the lightning current in kA
E
Specific earth resistance m
The impulse earth resistance R
st
can be calculated
using the formulae in (Table 5.5.1), where the
effective length of the earth electrode I
eff
is used
for the length I.
Surface earth electrodes are always advantageous
when the upper soil layers have less specific resist-
ance than the subsoil.
If the ground is relatively homogeneous (i.e. if the
specific earth resistance at the surface is roughly
the same as it is deep down) then, for a given earth
electrode resistance, the construction costs of sur-
face earth electrodes and earth rods are roughly
the same.
According to Figure 5.5.15, an earth rod must have
only around half the length of a surface earth elec-
trode.
l
eff E
= 0 2 .
l
eff E
= 0 28 .
0 5 10 15 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
15
10
5
0
Length of the earth electrode l (m)
surface earth electrode
earth rod
E
= 400 m
E
= 100 m
E
a
r
t
h

e
l
e
c
t
r
o
d
e

r
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

R
A
(
)
A
of surface and earth rods
as a function of the length of the earth electrode I
If the conductivity of the ground is better deep
down than it is on the surface, e.g. because of
ground water, then an earth rod is generally more
cost-effective than the surface earth electrode.
The issue of whether earth rods or surface earth
electrodes are more cost-effective in a particular
case, can often only be decided by measuring the
specific earth resistance as a function of the depth.
Since earth rods are easy to assemble and achieve
excellent constant earth electrode resistances
without the need to dig a trench and without
damaging the ground, these earth electrodes are
also suitable for improving existing earth-termina-
tion system.
5.5.1 Earth-termination systems in accor-
dance with IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3)
Earth-termination systems are the continuation of
air-termination and down-conductor systems to
discharge the lightning current into the earth. Fur-
ther functions of the earth-termination system are
to create equipotential bonding between the
down conductors and a potential control in the
vicinity of the walls of the structure.
It must be borne in mind that a common earth-ter-
mination system for the various electrical systems
(lightning protection, low voltage systems and
telecommunications systems) is preferable. This
earth-termination system must be connected to
the equipotential bonding (MEBB main equipo-
tential bonding bar).
Since IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3) assumes a systemat-
ic lightning equipotential bonding, no particular
value is required for the earth electrode resistance.
Generally, however, a low earth resistance (less
than 10 , measured with low frequency) is recom-
mended.
The standard classifies earth electrode arrange-
ments into Type A and Type B.
For both Type A and B earth electrode arrange-
ments, the minimum earth electrode length I
1
of
the earthing conductor is a function of the class of
lightning protection system (Figure 5.5.1.1)
The exact specific earth resistance can only be
determined by on-site measurements using the
WENNER method (four-conductor measure-
ment).
Earth electrode Type A
Earth electrode arrangement Type A describes
individually arranged horizontal star-type earth
electrodes (surface earth electrodes) or vertical
earth electrodes (earth rods), each of which must
be connected to a down-conductor system.
There must be at least 2 earth electrodes Type A.
Lightning protection systems Class III and IV
require a minimum length of 5 m for earth elec-
trodes. For lightning protection systems, Class I
and II the length of the earth electrode is deter-
mined as a function of the specific ground resist-
ance. The minimum length for earth electrodes I
1
can be taken from Figure 5.5.1.1.
Minimum length of each earth electrode is:
I
1
x 0.5 for vertical or slanted earth electrodes
I
1
for star-type earth electrodes
The values determined apply to each individual
earth electrode.
For combinations of the various earth electrodes
(vertical and horizontal) the equivalent total
length should be taken into account.
The minimum length for the earth electrode can
be disregarded if an earth electrode resistance of
less than 10 is achieved.
Earth rods are generally driven vertically down to
greater depths into natural soil which is generally
initially encountered below the foundations. Earth
electrode lengths of 9 m have provided the advan-
tage of lying at greater depths in soil layers whose
specific resistance is generally lower than in the
areas closer to the surface.
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
l
1
(m)
E
(m)
class of LPS III-IV
c
l
a
s
s

o
f

L
P
S

I
c
la
s
s
o
f
L
P
S
II
Fig. 5.5.1.1 Minimum lengths of earth electrodes
In frosty conditions, it is recommended to consider
the first 100 cm of a vertical earth electrode as
ineffective.
Earth electrodes Type A do not fulfill the equipo-
tential bonding requirements between the down
conductors and the potential control.
Earth electrodes Type A must be interconnected to
split the current equally. This is important for cal-
culating the separation distance s. Earth electrodes
Type A can be interconnected underground or on
surface. When upgrading existing installations the
interconnection of the individual earth electrodes
can also be realised by laying a conductor in the
Earth electrode Type B
Earth electrodes of the Type B arrangement are
ring earth electrodes around the structure to be
protected, or foundation earth electrodes. In Ger-
many the requirements on these earth electrodes
are described in DIN 18014.
If it is not possible to have a closed ring outside
around the structure, the ring must be completed
using conductors inside the structure. Conduits or
other metal components which are permanently
electrically conductive can also be used for this
purpose. At least 80 % of the length of the earth
electrode must be in contact with the earth to
ensure that, when calculating the separation dis-
tance, the earth electrode Type B can be used as
the base.
The minimum lengths of the earth electrodes cor-
responding to the Type B arrangement are a func-
tion of the class of lightning protection system. For
lightning protection systems Class I and II, the min-
imum length for earth electrodes is also deter-
mined as a function of the specific ground resist-
ance (see also Figure 5.5.4).
For earth electrodes Type B, the average radius r of
the area enclosed by the earth electrode must be
not less than the given minimum length l
1
.
To determine the average radius r, the area under
consideration is transferred into an equivalent cir-
cular area and the radius is determined as shown
in Figures 5.5.1.2 and 5.5.1.3.
Below a calculation example:
If the required value of l
1
is greater than the value
r corresponding to the structure, supplementary
star-type earth electrodes or vertical earth elec-
trodes (or slanted earth electrodes) must be
added, their respective lengths l
r
(radial/horizon-
tal) and l
v
(vertical) being given by the following
equations:
l
l r
v
=

1
2
l l r
r
=
1
Fig. 5.5.1.2 Earth electrode Type B Determination of the mean
radius example calculation
radius
r
area A
1
to be
considered
circular area A
2
,
mean radius r
A = A
1
= A
2
r =
r l
1
A
With respect to ring or foundation

earth electrodes, the mean radius
r of the area enclosed by the earth
electrode must not be shorter
than l
1
.
12 m
1
2

m
5 m
5 m
7 m
7 m
r
area A
1
to be considered
Example: Residential building,
LPS Class III, l
1
= 5 m
A
1
= 109 m
2
r =
r = 5.89 m
109 m
2
3.14
circular area A
2
mean radius r
A = A
1
= A
2
r =
r l
1
A
No further
earth
electrodes
required!
The number of supplementary earth electrodes
must not be less than the number of down conduc-
tors, but a minimum of 2. These supplementary
earth electrodes shall be connected to the ring
earth electrode so as to be equidistant around the
circumference.
If supplementary earth electrodes have to be con-
nected to the foundation earth electrode, care
must be taken with the materials of the earth elec-
trode and the connection to the foundation earth
electrode. It is preferable to use stainless steel with
Material No. 1.4571 (Figure 5.5.2.1).
The following systems can make additional
demands on the earth-termination system, for
example:
Electrical systems conditions of disconnection
from supply with respect to the type of net-
work (TN-, TT-, IT systems) in accordance with
IEC 60364-4-41: 2005, mod and HD 60364-4-41:
2007
Equipotential bonding in accordance with IEC
60364-5-54: 2002 and HD 60364-5-54: 2007
Electronic systems data information techno-
logy
Antenna earthing installation in accordance
with VDE 0855 (German standard)
Electromagnetic compatibility
Substation in or near the structure in accor-
dance with HD 637 S1 and En 50341-1
5.5.2 Earth-termination systems, foundation
earth electrodes and foundation earth
electrodes for special structural mea-
sures
Foundation earth electrodes Earth electrodes
Type B
DIN 18014 (German standard) specifies the re-
quirements on foundation earth electrodes.
Many national and international standards specify
foundation earth electrodes as a preferred earth
electrode because, when professionally installed, it
is enclosed in concrete on all sides and hence cor-
rosion-resistant. The hygroscopic characteristics of
concrete generally produce a sufficiently low earth
earth electrode resistance.
The foundation earth electrode must be installed
as a closed ring in the strip foundation or the bed-
plate (Figure 5.5.2.1) and thus also acts primarily as
the equipotential bonding. The division into mesh-
es 20 m x 20 m and the terminal lugs to the out-
side required to connect the down conductors of
the external lightning protection system, and to
the inside for equipotential bonding, must be con-
sidered (Figure 5.5.2.2).
According to DIN 18014, the installation of the
foundation earth electrode is an electrical engi-
neering measure to be carried out or monitored by
a recognised specialist electrical engineer.
The question of how to install the foundation
earth electrode must be decided according to the
measure required to ensure that the foundation
Terminal lug
min. 1.5 m long, noticeably marked
steel strip 30 mm x 3.5 mm
StSt round steel bar 10 mm
round steel bar 10 mm with PVC coating
fixed earthing point
steel strip 30 mm x 3.5 mm
round steel bar 10 mm
20 m

2
0

m

Recommendation:
Several terminal lugs e.g.
in every technical centre
terminal lug
additional terminal conductor
for forming meshes 20 m x 20 m
Fig. 5.5.2.1 Foundation earth electrode with terminal lug Fig. 5.5.2.2 Mesh of a foundation earth electrode
earth electrode is enclosed on all sides as the con-
crete is being poured in.
Installation in non-reinforced concrete
Non-reinforced foundations, e.g. strip foundations
of residential structures (Figure 5.5.2.3), require
the use of spacers.
Only by using the spacers at distances of approx.
2 m, is it possible to ensure that the foundation
earth electrode is lifted up and can be enclosed
on all sides by concrete.
Installation in reinforced concrete
When using steel mats, reinforcement cages or
reinforcement irons in foundations, it is not only
possible to connect the foundation earth electrode
to these natural iron components, but this should
be done. The function of the foundation earth
electrode is thus made even more favourable.
There is no need to use spacers. The modern meth-
ods of laying concrete and then vibrating it, ensure
that the concrete also flows under the founda-
tion earth electrode enclosing it on all sides.
Figure 5.5.2.4 illustrates one possible application
for the horizontal installation of a flat strip as a
foundation earth electrode. The intersections of
the foundation earth electrode must be connected
so as to be capable of carrying currents. Galvanised
steel is sufficient as material of the foundation
earth electrode.
Terminal lugs to the outside into the ground must
have supplementary corrosion protection at the
outlet point. Suitable materials are, for example,
plastic sheathed steel wire (owing to the risk of
fracture of the plastic sheath at low temperatures,
special care must be taken during the installation),
high-alloy stainless steel, Material No. 1.4571, or
fixed earthing terminals.
If professionally installed, the earth electrode is
enclosed on all sides by concrete and hence corro-
sion-resistant.
When designing the foundation earth electrode,
meshes no bigger than 20 m x 20 m shall be
realised. This mesh size bears no relation to the
class of lightning protection system of the external
Modern building techniques employ various types
of foundations in a wide variety of designs and
sealing versions.
The terminal insulation regulations have also influ-
enced the design of the strip foundations and
foundation slabs. For foundation earth electrodes
installed in new structures in accordance with DIN
18014, the insulation affects their installation and
arrangement.
Perimeter insulation/Base insulation
Perimeter is the earth-touching area of the wall
and base of a structure. The perimeter insulation is
the external heat insulation around the structure.
The perimeter insulation seated on the external
sealing layer encloses the structure so that there is
no heat bridge and protects the sealing additional-
ly against mechanical damage.
The magnitude of the specific resistance of the
perimeter insulating plates is a decisive factor
when considering the effect of perimeter insu-
lation on the earth electrode resistance of foun-
dation earth electrodes in conventional arrange-
ments in the foundation (strip foundation, foun-
dation slab). Thus, for a polyurethane rigid foam
Fig. 5.5.2.3 Foundation earth electrode Fig. 5.5.2.4 Foundation earth electrode in use
granular sub-grade course
foundation slab
concrete
basement floor
drainage
moisture barrier
insulation
soil
perimeter /
base insulation
terminal lug
Ref.: Acc. to DIN 18014: 2007-09; VDE series 35, Schmolke, H.; Vogt, D., Der Fundamenterder; HEA Elektro
+
: 2004
foundation slab
concrete
basement floor
drainage
moisture barrier
insulation
soil
perimeter /
base insulation
terminal lug
insulating layer
Ref.: Acc. to DIN 18014: 2007-09; VDE series 35, Schmolke, H.; Vogt, D., Der Fundamenterder; HEA Elektro+: 2004
MV Terminal
Part No. 390 050
Distance holder
Part No. 290 001
Cross unit
Part No. 318 201
Fixed earthing terminal for EBB
Part No. 478 800
MV Terminal
Part No. 390 050
Distance holder
Part No. 290 001
Cross unit
Part No. 318 201
Part No. 478 800
Fig. 5.5.2.5 Arrangement of a foundation earth electrode in a strip foundation (insulated basement wall)
Fig. 5.5.2.6 Arrangement of a foundation earth electrode in a strip foundation (insulated basement wall and foundation slab)
with bulk density 30 kg/m
2
, for example, a specific
resistance of 5.4 10
12
m is given. In contrast, the
specific resistance of concrete lies between 150 m
and 500 m. This alone shows that, in the case of
continuous perimeter insulation, a conventional
foundation earth electrode arranged in the foun-
dations has practically no effect. The perimeter
insulation also acts as an electrical insulator.
The diagrams below illustrate the various ways of
insulating the foundations and walls for structures
with perimeter and base insulation.
Figures 5.5.2.5 to 5.5.2.7 show the arrangement of
the foundation earth electrodes at structures with
perimeter and base insulation.
The arrangement of the earth electrode in the
strip foundation with insulated sides towards the
outside and the bedplate is not regarded as critical
(Figure 5.5.2.5 and 5.5.2.6).
If the foundation slab is completely insulated, the
earth electrode must be installed below the bed-
plate. Material V4A (Material No. 1.4571) should
be used (Figure 5.5.2.7).
It is efficient to install fixed earthing terminals,
especially for reinforced structures. In such cases,
care must be taken that the installation during the
construction phase is carried out professionally
(Figure 5.5.2.8).
concrete
basement floor
moisture barrier
insulation
soil
perimeter /
base insulation
ring earth electrode Mat. No. 1.4571
terminal lug
Mat. No. 1.4571
foundation slab
reinforcement granular sub-grad course
MV Terminal
Part No. 390 050
Cross unit
Part No. 318 209
Part No. 478 800
Fig. 5.5.2.7 Arrangement of a foundation earth electrode in case of a closed floor slab (fully insulated)
Fig. 5.5.2.8 Fixed earthing terminal
Black tank, white tank
In structures erected in regions with a high
groundwater level, or in locations, e.g. on hillsides,
with pressing water, the cellars are equipped
with special measures to prevent moisture pene-
trating. The outer walls surrounded by earth, and
the foundation slab are sealed against the pene-
tration of water to ensure that no troublesome
moisture can form on the inside of the wall.
Modern building techniques apply both above
mentioned processes for sealing against penetrat-
ing water.
One particular issue in this context is whether the
efficiency of a foundation earth electrode is still
provided for maintaining the measures to protect
against life hazards in accordance with IEC 60364-
4-41, and as a lightning protection earth electrode
in accordance with IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3).
Foundation earth electrodes for structures with
white tank
The name white tank is used to express the
opposite of black tank: a white tank receives
no additional treatment on the side facing the
earth, hence it is white.
The white tank is manufactured from a special
type of concrete. Due to the aggregates used at
manufacturing of the concrete the concrete body
is absolutely waterproof. In contrast to former
years there is no risk of humidity penetrating a few
centimeters into the tank. Therefore an earth elec-
trode is laid outside of structures with white tank.
Figure 5.5.2.8 shows the designing of an earth con-
nection by a fixed earthing terminal.
Figure 5.5.2.9 illustrates the arrangement of the
foundation earth electrode in a white tank.
concrete
basement floor
drainage
moisture barrier
insulation
soil
terminal lug
foil
foundation plate
MEBB
ring earth electrode corrossion-resistant e.g. StSt V4A (Material No. 1.4571) reinforcement
sealing tape
MV Terminal
Part No. 390 050
Connecting clamp
Part No. 308 025
Cross unit
Part No. 318 201
Part No. 478 200
Fig. 5.5.2.9 Arrangement of the foundation earth electrode in case of a closed tank white tank
Earth electrodes for structures with black tank
The name black tank derives from the multi-lay-
ered strip of black bitumen applied to the sections
of the structure which are outside in the ground.
The body of the structure is coated with
bitumen/ tar which is then covered by generally up
to 3 layers of bitumen strips.
A ring conductor set into the foundation slab
above the seal can act as the potential control in
the structure. Due to the high-impedance insula-
tion to the outside, however, the earth electrode is
ineffective.
In order to comply with the earthing requirements
stipulated in the various standards, an earth elec-
trode, e.g. a ring earth electrode, must be installed
externally around the structure or below all seals
in the granular sub-grade course.
Wherever possible, the external earth electrode
should be led into the structure above the seal of
the structure (Figure 5.5.2.10), in order to ensure
the tightness of the tank also in the long term. A
waterproof penetration of the black tank is only
possible using a special bushing for the earth elec-
trodes.
Fibre concrete foundation slabs
Fibre concrete is a type of concrete which forms a
heavy-duty concrete slab with steel fibres added to
the liquid concrete before hardening.
The steel fibres are approx. 6 cm long and have a
diameter of 1 2 mm. The steel fibres are slightly
wavy and are admixed equally to the liquid con-
crete. The proportion of steel fibres is around
20 30 kg/m
3
concrete.
The admixture gives the concrete slab both a high
compression strength and also a high tensile
strength and, compared to a conventional con-
crete slab with reinforcement, it also provides a
considerably higher elasticity.
The liquid concrete is poured on site. This allows to
create large areas with a smooth surface and no
joints. It is used for bedplates in the foundations of
large halls, for example.
Fig. 5.5.2.10 Arrangement of the earth electrode in case of a closed tank black tank
concrete
soil
foundation plate
Max. ground water level
tank seal
terminal lug
e.g. StSt V4A
(Mat. No. 1.4571)
MEBB
ring earth electrode corrosion-resistant e.g. StSt V4A (Material No. 1.4571)
mesh size of the ring earth electrode max. 10 m x 10 m
soil
Cross unit
Part No. 318 201
Connection clamp
Part No. 308 025
Bushing for walls and earth electrodes
Part No. 478 320
Fibre concrete has no reinforcement. This requires
a supplementary ring conductor or a meshed net-
work to be constructed for installing earthing
measures. The earthing conductor can be set in the
concrete and, if it is made of galvanised material, it
must be enclosed on all sides. This is very difficult
to do on site.
It is therefore recommended to install a corrosion-
resistant high-alloy stainless steel, Material No.
1.4571, below the subsequent concrete bedplate.
The corresponding terminal lugs have to be con-
sidered.
Note:
A specialist must install the earthing conductors
and connecting components in concrete. If this is
not possible, the building contractor can under-
take the work only if it is supervised by a specialist.
5.5.3 Ring earth electrode Earth electrode
Type B
In Germany the national standard DIN 18014 stipu-
lates that all new structures must have foundation
earth electrodes. The earth-termination system of
existing structures can be designed in the form of
a ring earth electrode (Figure 5.5.3.1).
This earth electrode must be installed in a closed
ring around the structure or, if this is not possible,
a connection to close the ring must be made inside
the structure.
80 % of the conductors of the earth electrode shall
be installed so as to be in contact with the earth. If
this 80 % cannot be achieved, it has to be checked
if supplementary earth electrodes Type A are
required.
The requirements on the minimum length of earth
electrodes according to the class of lightning pro-
tection system must be taken into account (see
Chapter 5.5.1).
When installing the ring earth electrode, care must
be taken that it is installed at a depth > 0.5 m and
a distance of 1 m from the structure.
If the earth electrode is driven in as previously
described, it reduces the step voltage and thus acts
as a potential control around the structure.
This earth electrode should be installed in natural
soil. Setting it in gravel or ground filled with con-
struction waste worsens the earth electrode resist-
ance.
When choosing the material of the earth electrode
with regard to corrosion, the local conditions must
be taken into consideration. It is advantageous to
use stainless steel. This earth electrode material
does not corrode nor does it subsequently require
the earth-termination system to be refurbished
with time-consuming and expensive measures such
as removal of paving, tar coatings or even steps,
for installing a new flat strip.
In addition, the terminal lugs must be particularly
protected against corrosion.
EBB
Type S Type Z Type AZ
Fig. 5.5.3.1 Ring earth electrode around a residential building Fig. 5.5.4.1 Couplings of DEHN earth rods
5.5.4 Earth rod Earth electrode Type A
The sectional earth rods, System DEHN, are manu-
factured from special steel and hot-dip galvanised,
or they consist of high-alloy stainless steel with
Material No. 1.4571 (the high-alloy stainless steel
earth electrode is used in areas especially at risk
from corrosion). The particular feature of these
earth rods is their coupling point, which allows the
earth rods to be connected without increasing
their diameter.
Each rod has a bore at its lower end, while the oth-
er end of the rod has a corresponding spigot (Fig-
ure 5.5.4.1).
With DEHN earth electrode Type S, the soft
metal insert deforms as it is driven into the bore,
creating an excellent electrical and mechanical
connection.
With DEHN earth electrode Type Z, the high
coupling quality is achieved with a multiply
knurled spigot.
With DEHN earth electrode Type AZ, the high
coupling quality is achieved with a multiply
knurled and shouldered spigot.
The advantages of the DEHN earth rods are:.
Special coupling:
no increase in diameter so that the earth rod is
in close contact with the ground along the
whole of its length
Self-closing when driving in the rods
Simple to drive in with vibration hammers (Fig-
ure 5.5.4.2) or mallets
Constant resistance values are achieved since
the earth rods penetrate through the soil lay-
ers which are unaffected by seasonal changes
in moisture and temperature
High corrosion resistance as a result of hot-dip
galvanising (zinc coating 70 m thick)
Galvanised earth rods also provide hot-gal-
vanised coupling points
Easy to store and transport since individual
rods are 1.5 or 1 m long.
5.5.5 Earth electrodes in rocky ground
In bedrock or stony ground, surface earth elec-
trodes such as ring earth electrodes or star-type
earth electrodes are often the only way of creating
an earth-termination system.
When installing the earth electrodes, the flat strip
or round material is laid on the stony ground or on
the rock. The earth electrode should be covered
with gravel, wet-mix slag aggregate or similar.
It is advantageous to use stainless steel Material
No. 1.4571 as earth electrode material. The
clamped points should be installed with particular
care and be protected against corrosion (anticorro-
sive band).
5.5.6 Intermeshing of earth-termination sys-
tems
An earth-termination system can serve a wide vari-
ety of purposes.
The purpose of protective earthing is to safely con-
nect electrical installations and equipment to
earth potential and to prevent life hazard and
physical damage to property in the event of an
electrical fault.
The lightning protection earthing system takes
over the current from the down conductors and
discharges it into the ground.
Fig. 5.5.4.2 Driving the earth rod in with a work scaffolding and a
vibrating hammer
The functional earthing installation serves to
ensure that the electrical and electronic installa-
tions operate safely and trouble-free.
The earth-termination system of a structure must
be used for all earthing tasks together, i.e. the
earth-termination system deals with all earthing
tasks. If this were not the case, potential differ-
ences could arise between the installations earth-
ed on different earth-termination systems.
Previously, a clean earth was sometimes applied
in practice for functional earthing of the electronic
equipment, separately from the lightning protec-
tion and the protective earth. This is extremely
disadvantageous and can even be dangerous. In
the event of lightning effects, great potential dif-
ferences up to a few 100 kV occur in the earth-ter-
mination system. This can lead to destruction of
electronic installations and also to life hazards.
Therefore, IEC 62305-3 and -4 (EN 62305-3 and -4)
require continuous equipotential bonding within
a structure.
The earthing of the electronic systems can be con-
structed to have a radial, central or intermeshed
2-dimensional design within a structure, (Figure
5.5.6.1). This depends both on the electromagnet-
ic environment and also on the characteristics of
the electronic installation. If a larger structure
comprises more than one building, and if these are
connected by electrical and electronic conductors,
then combining the individual earthing systems
can reduce the (total) earth resistance. In addition,
the potential differences between the structures
are also reduced considerably. This diminishes
noticeably the voltage load of the electrical and
electronic connecting cables. The interconnection
of the individual earth-termination systems of the
structure should produce a meshed network. The
meshed earthing network should be constructed
to contact the earth-termination systems at the
point where the vertical down conductors are also
connected. The smaller the mesh size of the net-
work of the earthing installation, the smaller the
potential differences between the structures in the
event of a lightning strike. This depends on the
total area of the structure. Mesh sizes from
20 m x 20 m up to 40 m x 40 m have proved to be
cost-effective. If, for example, high vent stacks
(preferred points of strike) are existing, then the
connections around this part of the plant should
be made closer, and, if possible, radial with circular
interconnections (potential control) When choos-
ing the material for the conductors of the meshed
earthing network, the corrosion and material com-
patibility must be taken into account.
administration
workshop
stock
gate
production
production
production
power centre
Fig. 5.5.6.1 Intermeshed earth-termination system of an industrial facility
5.5.7 Corrosion of earth electrodes
5.5.7.1 Earth-termination systems with par-
ticular consideration of corrosion
Metals in immediate contact with soil or water
(electrolytes) can be corroded by stray currents,
corrosive soils and the formation of voltaic cells. It
is not possible to protect earth electrodes from
corrosion by completely enclosing them, i.e. by
separating the metals from the soil, since all the
usual sheaths employed until now have had a high
electrical resistance and therefore negate the
effect of the earth electrodes.
Earth electrodes made of a uniform material can
be threatened by corrosion from corrosive soils
and the formation of concentration cells. The risk
of corrosion depends on the material and the type
and composition of the soil.
Corrosion damage due to the formation of voltaic
cells is being increasingly observed. This cell forma-
tion between different metals with widely differ-
ent metal / electrolyte potentials has been known
for many years. What is not widely realised, how-
ever, is that the reinforcements of concrete foun-
dations can also become the cathode of a cell and
hence cause corrosion to other installations.
With the changes to the way buildings are con-
structed larger reinforced concrete structures
and smaller free metal areas in the ground
anode/ cathode surface ratio is becoming more
and more unfavourable, and the risk of corrosion
of the more base metals is inevitably increasing.
An electrical isolation of installations acting as
anodes to prevent this cell formation is only pos-
sible in exceptional cases. The aim nowadays is to
integrate all earth electrodes including those
metal installations connected to the earth in order
to achieve equipotential bonding and hence maxi-
mum safety against touch voltages at faults or
lightning strikes.
In high voltage installations, high voltage protec-
tive earth electrodes are increasingly connected to
low voltage operating earth electrodes in accor-
dance with HD 637 S1. Furthermore IEC 60364-4-
41, mod and HD 60364-4-41 requires the integra-
tion of conduits and other installations into the
shock hazard protective measures. Thus, the only
way of preventing or at least reducing the risk of
corrosion for earth electrodes and other installa-
tions in contact with them is choosing suitable
materials for the earth electrodes.
In Germany, the national standard DIN VDE 0151
Material and minimum dimensions of earth elec-
trodes with respect to corrosion has been avail-
able since June 1986 as a white paper. Apart from
decades of experience in the field of earthing tech-
nology, the results of extensive preliminary exami-
nations have also been embodied in this standard.
Many interesting results are available which are
important for the earth electrodes, including those
of lightning protection systems.
The fundamental processes leading to corrosion
are explained below.
Practical anticorrosion measures especially for
lightning protection earth electrodes shall be
derived from this and from the wealth of material
already acquired by the VDE task force on Earth
electrode materials.
Terms used in corrosion protection and corrosion
protection measurements
Corrosion
is the reaction of a metal material to its environ-
ment which leads to impairment of the character-
istics of the metal material and/ or its environment.
The reaction is usually of electrochemical charac-
ter.
Electrochemical corrosion
is corrosion during which electrochemical process-
es occur. They take place exclusively in the pres-
ence of an electrolyte.
Electrolyte
is an ion-conducting corrosive medium (e.g. soil,
water, fused salts).
Electrode
is an electron-conducting material in an elec-
trolyte. The system of electrode and electrolyte
forms a half-cell.
Anode
is an electrode from which a d.c. current enters the
electrolyte.
Cathode
is an electrode from which a d.c. current leaves the
electrolyte.
Reference electrode
is a measuring electrode for determining the
potential of a metal in the electrolyte.
Copper sulphate electrode
is a reference electrode which can hardly be
polarised, made of copper in saturated copper sul-
phate solution.
The copper sulphate electrode is the most common
form of reference electrode for measuring the
potential of subterranean metal objects (Figure
5.5.7.1.1).
Corrosion cell
is a voltaic cell with different local partial current
densities for dissolving the metal. Anodes and
cathodes of the corrosion cell can be formed
on the material
due to different metals (contact corrosion) or
different structural components (selective or
intercrystalline corrosion).
on the electrolyte
caused by different concentrations of certain
materials having stimulatory or inhibitory
characteristics for dissolving the metal.
Potentials
Reference potential
Potential of a reference electrode with respect to
the standard hydrogen electrode.
Electropotential
is the electrical potential of a metal or an electron-
conducting solid in an electrolyte.
5.5.7.2 Formation of voltaic cells, corrosion
The corrosion processes can be clearly explained
with the help of a voltaic cell. If, for example, a
metal rod is dipped into an electrolyte, positively
charged ions pass into the electrolyte and con-
versely, positive ions are absorbed from the elec-
trolyte from the metal band. In this context one
speaks of the solution pressure of the metal and
the osmotic pressure of the solution. Depending
on the magnitude of these two pressures, either
more of the metal ions from the rod pass into the
solution (the rod therefore becomes negative com-
pared to the solution) or the ions of the electrolyte
collect in large numbers on the rod (the rod
becomes positive compared to the electrolyte). A
voltage is thus created between two metal rods in
the electrolyte.
In practice, the potentials of the metals in the
ground are measured with the help of a copper
sulphate electrode. This consists of a copper rod
dipped into a saturated copper sulphate solution
(the reference potential of this reference electrode
remains constant).
Consider the case of two rods made of different
metals dipping into the same electrolyte. A volt-
age of a certain magnitude is now created on each
rod in the electrolyte. A voltmeter can be used to
i
i
electrolyte
electrode II
Cu
electrode I
Fe
i
i
electrolyte I
permeable to ions
electrode II electrode I
electrolyte II
1
2
3
4
5
6
1 Electrolyte copper bar with hole for
measurements
2 Rubber plug
3 Ceramic cylinder with porous base
4 Glaze
5 Saturated Cu/CuSO
4
solution
6 Cu/CuSO
4
crystals
Fig. 5.5.7.1.1 Application example of a non-polarisable measuring
electrode (copper / copper sulphate electrode) for tap-
ping a potential within the electrolyte (cross-sectional
view)
Fig. 5.5.7.2.1 Galvanic cell: iron/ copper
Fig. 5.5.7.2.2 Concentration cell
measure the voltage between the rods (elec-
trodes); this is the difference between the poten-
tials of the individual electrodes compared with
the electrolyte.
How does it now come that current flows in the
electrolyte and hence that material is transported,
i.e. corrosion occurs?
If, as shown here, the copper and iron electrodes
are connected via an ammeter outside the elec-
trolyte, for example, the following (Figure
5.5.7.2.1) is ascertained: in the outer circuit, the
current i flows from + to , i.e. from the nobler
copper electrode according to Table 5.5.7.2.1 to
the iron electrode.
In the electrolyte, on the other hand, the current i
must therefore flow from the more negative
iron electrode to the copper electrode to close the
circuit. As a generalisation, this means that the
more negative pole passes positive ions to the elec-
trolyte and hence becomes the anode of the volta-
ic cell, i.e. it dissolves. The dissolution of the metal
occurs at those points where the current enters the
electrolyte.
A corrosion current can also arise from a concen-
tration cell (Figure 5.5.7.2.2). In this case, two elec-
trodes made of the same metal dip into different
electrolytes. The electrode in electrolyte II with the
higher concentration of metal ions becomes elec-
trically more positive than the other. Connecting
K
m
I t
=

W
s
t
lin
=

Zinc Definition
0.9 to
1.1
5)
Free corrosion potential
in the soil
1)
[V]
1
Iron
0.5 to
0.8
3)
Tin
0.4 to
0.6
2)
Lead
0.5 to
0.6
Copper
0 to
0.1
Symbol(s)
U
M-Cu/CuSO
4
1.2
5)
Cathodic protective potential
in the soil
1)
[V]
2 0.85
4)
0.65
2)
0.65 0.2 U
M-Cu/CuSO
4
10.7 Electrochemical equivalent
[kg/(A
year)]
3 9.1 19.4 33.9 10.4
0.15 Linear corrosion rate [mm/year]
at J = 1 mA/dm
2
4 0.12 0.27 0.3 0.12
1)
Measured to saturated copper/copper sulphate electrode (Cu/Cu So
4
).
2)
Values are verified in presently performed tests. The potential of tin-coated copper depends on
the thickness of the tin coating. Common tin coatings up to now have amounted up to a few
m and are thus between the values of tin and copper in the soil.
3)
These values do also apply to lower alloyed types of iron. The potential of steel in concrete
(reinforcing iron of foundations) depends considerably on external influences. Measured to a
saturated copper/copper sulphate elctrode it generally amounts 0.1 to 0.4 V. In case of metal
conductive connections with wide underground installations made of metal with more
negative potential, it is cathodically polarised and thus reaches values up to approximately
0.5 V.
4)
In anaerobic soils the protective potential should be 0.95 V.
5)
Hot-dip galvanised steel, with a zinc coating according to the above mentioned table, has a
closed external pure zinc layer. The potential of hot-dip galvanised steel in the soil corresponds
therefore to approximately the stated value of zinc in the soil. In case of a loss of the zinc layer,
the potential gets more positive. With its complete corresion it can reach the value of steel.
The potential of hot-dip galvanised steel in concrete has approximately the same initial values.
In the course of time, the potential can get more positive. Values more positive than approx.
0.75 V, however, have not been found yet.
Heavily hot-dip galvanised copper with a zinc layer of min. 70 m has also a closed external
pure zinc layer. The potential of hot-dip galvanised copper in soil corresponds therefore to
approx. the stated value of zinc in soil. In case of a thinner zinc layer or a corrosion of the zinc
layer, the potential gets more positive. Limit values have still not been defined yet.
Table 5.5.7.2.1 Potential values and corrosion rates of common metal materials
the two electrodes enables the current i to flow
and the electrode, which is electrochemically more
negative, dissolves.
A concentration cell of this type can be formed, for
example, by two iron electrodes, one of which is
fixed in concrete while the other lies in the ground
(Figure 5.5.7.2.3).
Connecting these electrodes, the iron in the con-
crete becomes the cathode of the concentration
cell and the one in the ground becomes the anode;
the latter is therefore destroyed by ion loss.
For electrochemical corrosion it is generally the
case that, the larger the ions and the lower their
charge, the greater the transport of metal associ-
ated with the current flow i, (i.e. i is proportional
to the atomic mass of the metal).
In practice, the calculations are carried out with
currents flowing over a certain period of time, e.g.
over one year. Table 5.5.7.2.1 gives values which
express the effect of the corrosion current (current
density) in terms of the quantity of metal dis-
solved. Corrosion current measurements thus
make it possible to calculate in advance how many
grammes of a metal will be eroded over a specific
period.
Of more practical interest, however, is the predic-
tion if, and over which period of time, corrosion
will cause holes or pitting in earth electrodes, steel
tanks, pipes etc. So it is important whether the
prospective current attack will take place in a dif-
fuse or punctiform way.
For the corrosive attack, it is not solely the magni-
tude of the corrosion current which is decisive, but
also, in particular, its density, i.e. the current per
unit of area of the discharge area.
It is often not possible to determine this current
density directly. In such cases, this is managed with
potential measurements the extent of the avail-
able polarisation can be taken from. The polari-
sation behaviour of electrodes is discussed only
briefly here.
Let us consider the case of a galvanised steel strip
situated in the ground and connected to the
(black) steel reinforcement of a concrete founda-
tion (Figure 5.5.7.2.4). According to our measure-
ments, the following potential differences occur
here with respect to the copper sulphate elec-
trode:
steel, (bare) in concrete: 200 mV
steel, galvanised, in sand: 800 mV
Thus there is a potential difference of 600 mV
between these two metals. If they are now con-
nected above ground, a current i flows in the out-
er circuit from reinforced concrete to the steel in
the sand, and in the ground from the steel in the
sand to the steel in the reinforcement.
The magnitude of the current i is now a function
of the voltage difference, the conductance of the
ground and the polarisation of the two metals.
Generally, it is found that the current i in the
ground is generated by changes in the material.
But a change to the material also means that the
voltage of the individual metals changes with
respect to the ground. This potential drift caused
by the corrosion current i is called polarisation. The
strength of the polarisation is directly proportion-
al to the current density. Polarisation phenomena
now occur at the negative and positive electrodes.
However, the current densities at both electrodes
are mostly different.
For illustration, we consider the following exam-
ple:
A well-insulated steel gas pipe in the ground is
connected to copper earth electrodes.
i
i
soil
electrode II
St
electrode I
St/tZn
concrete
soil
i
electrode II
Fe
electrode I
Fe
i
concrete
Fig. 5.5.7.2.3 Concentration cell: Iron in soil / iron in concrete Fig. 5.5.7.2.4 Concentration cell: Galvanised steel in soil / steel
(black) in concrete
If the insulated pipe has only a few small spots
where material is missing, there is a higher current
density at these spots resulting in rapid corrosion
of the steel.
In contrast, the current density is low over the
much larger area of the copper earth electrodes
where the current enters.
Thus the polarisation is greater at the more nega-
tive insulated steel conductor than at the positive
copper earth electrodes. The potential of the steel
conductor is shifted to more positive values. Thus,
the potential difference across the electrodes
decreases as well. The magnitude of the corrosion
current is therefore also a function of the polarisa-
tion characteristics of the electrodes.
The strength of the polarisation can be estimated
by measuring the electrode potentials for a split
circuit. The circuit is split in order to avoid the volt-
age drop in the electrolyte. Recording instruments
are usually used for such measurements since there
is frequently a rapid depolarisation immediately
after the corrosion current is interrupted.
If strong polarisation is now measured at the
anode (the more negative electrode), i.e. if there is
an obvious shift to more positive potentials, then
there is a high risk that the anode will corrode.
Let us now return to our corrosion cell-steel (bare)
in concrete/ steel, galvanised in the sand (Figure
5.5.7.2.4). With respect to a distant copper
sulphate electrode, it is possible to measure a
potential of the interconnected cells of between
200 mV and 800 mV. The exact value depends
on the ratio of the anodic to cathodic area and the
polarisability of the electrodes.
If, for example, the area of the reinforced concrete
foundation is very large compared to the surface
of the galvanised steel wire, then a high anodic
current density occurs at the latter, so that it is
polarised to almost the potential of the reinforce-
ment steel and destroyed in a relatively short time.
High positive polarisation thus always indicates an
increased risk of corrosion.
In practice it is, of course, now important to know
the limit above which a positive potential shifting
means an acute risk of corrosion. Unfortunately, it
is not possible to give a definite value, which
applies in every case; the effects of the soil condi-
tions alone are too various. It is, however, possible
to stipulate fields of potential shifting for natural
soils.
Summary:
A polarisation below +20 mV is generally non-haz-
ardous. Potential shifts exceeding +100 mV are
definitely hazardous. Between 20 and 100 mV
there will always be cases where the polarisation
causes considerable corrosion phenomena.
To summarise, one can stipulate:
The precondition for the formation of corrosion
cells (voltaic cells) is always the presence of metal
and electrolytic anodes and cathodes connected to
be conductive.
Anodes and cathodes are formed from:
Materials
different metals or different surface condi-
tions of a metal (contact corrosion),
different structural components (selective or
intercrystalline corrosion),
Electrolytes
different concentration (e.g. salinity, ventila-
tion).
In corrosion cells, the anodic fields always have a
more negative metal / electrolyte potential than
the cathodic fields.
The metal / electrolyte potentials are measured
using a saturated copper sulphate electrode
mounted in the immediate vicinity of the metal in
or on the ground. If there is a metal conductive
connection between anode and cathode, then the
potential difference gives rise to a d.c. current in
the electrolyte which passes from the anode into
the electrolyte by dissolving metal before entering
again the cathode.
The area rule is often applied to estimate the
average anodic current density J
A
:
J
A
Average anodic current density
U
A
, U
C
Anode or cathode potentials in V
C
Specific polarisation resistance of the
cathode in m
2
A
A
, A
C
Anode or cathode surface m
2
J
U U A
A
A
C A
C
C
A
=

in A/m
2
The polarisation resistance is the ratio of the polar-
isation voltage and the total current of a mixed
electrode (an electrode where more than one elec-
trode reaction takes place).
In practice, it is indeed possible to determine the
driving cell voltages U
C
U
A
and the size of the
areas A
C
and A
A
as an approximation for estimat-
ing the rate of corrosion. The values for
A
(speci-
fic polarisation resistance of the anode) and
C
,
however, are not available to a sufficient degree of
accuracy. They depend on the electrode materials,
the electrolytes and the anodic and cathodic cur-
rent densities.
The results of examinations available until now
allow the conclusion that
A
is much smaller than
C
.
To
C
applies:
steel in the ground approx. 1 m
2
copper in the ground approx. 5 m
2
steel in concrete approx. 30 m
2
From the area rule, however, it is clear, that power-
ful corrosion phenomena occur both on enclosed
steel conductors and tanks with small spots in the
sheath where material is missing, connected to
copper earth electrodes, and also on earthing con-
ductors made of galvanised steel connected to
extended copper earth-termination systems or
extremely large reinforced concrete foundations.
By choosing suitable materials it is possible to
avoid or reduce the risk of corrosion for earth elec-
trodes. To achieve a satisfactory service life, mate-
rial minimum dimensions must be maintained
(Table 5.5.8.1).
5.5.7.3 Choice of earth electrode materials
Table 5.5.8.1 is a compilation of the earth elec-
trode materials and minimum dimensions usually
used today.
Hot-dip galvanised steel
Hot-dip galvanised steel is also suitable for embed-
ding in concrete. Foundation earth electrodes,
earth electrodes and equipotential bonding con-
ductors made of galvanised steel in concrete may
be connected with reinforcement iron.
Steel with copper sheath
In the case of steel with copper sheath, the com-
ments for bare copper apply to the sheath mater-
ial. Damage to the copper sheath, however, cre-
ates a high risk of corrosion for the steel core,
hence a complete closed copper layer must always
be present.
Bare copper
Bare copper is very resistant due to its position in
the electrolytic insulation rating. Moreover, in
combination with earth electrodes or other instal-
lations in the ground made of more base mate-
rials (e.g. steel), it has additional cathodic protec-
tion, albeit at the expense of the more base
metals.
Stainless steels
Certain high-alloy stainless steels according to
EN 10088 are inert and corrosion-resistant in the
ground. The free corrosion potential of high-alloy
stainless steels in normally aerated soils is mostly
close to the value of copper.
The surface of stainless steel earth electrode mate-
rials passivating within a few weeks, they are neu-
tral to other (more inert and base) materials.
Stainless steels shall contain at least 16 % chrome,
5 % nickel and 2 % molybdenum.
Extensive measurements have shown that only a
high-alloy stainless steel with the Material No.
1.4571, for example, is sufficiently corrosion-resist-
ant in the ground.
Other materials
Other materials can be used if they are particularly
corrosion-resistant in certain environments or are
at least equally as good as the materials listed in
Table 5.5.8.1.
5.5.7.4 Combination of earth electrodes
made of different materials
The cell current density resulting from the combi-
nation of two different metals installed in the
earth to be electrically conductive, leads to the cor-
rosion of the metal acting as the anode (Table
5.5.7.4.1). This essentially depends on the ratio of
the magnitude of the cathodic area A
C
to the mag-
nitude of the anodic area A
A
.
The Corrosion behaviour of earth electrode mate-
rials research project has found the following
with respect to the choice of earth electrode mate-
rials, particularly regarding the combination of dif-
ferent materials:
A higher degree of corrosion is only to be expect-
ed if the ratio of the areas is
Generally, it can be assumed that the material with
the more positive potential will become the cath-
ode. The anode of a corrosion cell actually present
can be recognised by the fact that it has the more
negative potential when opening the metal con-
ductive connection.
Connecting steel installations in the ground, the
following earth electrode materials always behave
as cathodes in (covering) soils:
bare copper,
tin-coated copper,
high-alloy stainless steel.
Steel reinforcement of concrete foundations
The steel reinforcement of concrete foundations
can have a very positive potential (similar to cop-
per). Earth electrodes and earthing conductors
connected directly to the reinforcement of large
reinforced concrete foundations should therefore
be made of stainless steel or copper.
This also applies particularly to short connecting
cables in the immediate vicinity of the founda-
tions.
Installation of isolating spark gaps
As already explained, it is possible to interrupt the
conductive connection between systems with very
different potentials installed in the ground by
integrating isolating spark gaps. Normally, then it
is no longer possible for corrosion currents to flow.
At upcoming surges, the isolating spark gap oper-
ates and interconnects the installations for the
duration of the surges. However, isolating spark
gaps must not be installed for protective and oper-
ating earth electrodes, since these earth electrodes
must always be connected to the plant.
5.5.7.5 Other anticorrosion measures
Galvanised steel connecting cables from founda-
tion earth electrodes to down conductors
Galvanised steel connecting cables from founda-
tion earth electrodes to down conductors shall be
laid in concrete or masonry up to above the sur-
face of the earth.
If the connecting cables are led through the
ground, galvanised steel must be equipped with
concrete or synthetic sheathing or, alternatively,
terminal lugs with NYY cable, stainless steel or
fixed earthing terminals must be used.
Within the masonry, the earth conductors can also
be led upwards without corrosion protection.
Earth entries made of galvanised steel
Earth entries made of galvanised steel must be
protected against corrosion for a distance of at
least 0.3 m above and below the surface of the
earth.
Generally, bitumen coatings are not sufficient.
Sheathing not absorbing moisture offers protec-
tion, e.g. butyl rubber strips or heat-shrinkable
sleeves.
Underground terminals and connections
Cut surfaces and connection points in the ground
must be designed to ensure that the corrosion
resistance of the corrosion protection layer of the
earth electrode material is the same for both. Con-
nection points in the ground must therefore be
equipped with a suitable coating, e.g. sheathed
with an anticorrosive band.
Corrosive waste
When filling ditches and pits to install earth elec-
trodes, pieces of slag and coal must not come into
immediate contact with the earth electrode mate-
rial; the same applies to construction waste.
A
A
C
A
>100
Material with great area
Material with Galvanised Steel Steel in Copper
small area steel concrete
Galvanised steel +
+

Steel + +
Steel in concrete + + + +
Steel with Cu coating + + + +
Copper/StSt + + + +
+ combinable not combinable
zinc removal
Table 5.5.7.4.1 Material combinations of earth-termination systems
for different area ratios (A
C
> 100 x A
A
)
Notes
Earth rod
mm
Material Configuration
Copper stranded
3)
3)
solid flat material
3)
pipe
solid plate
grid-type plate
15
8)
20
min. diameter
of each strand 1.7 mm
diameter 8 mm
min. thickness 2 mm
min. wall thickness 2 mm
min. thickness 2 mm
section 25 mm x 2 mm,
min. length of grid
construction: 4.8 m
1)
The coating must be smooth, continuous and free of residual flux, mean value 50 m for round and
70 m for flat material.
2)
Threads must be tapped before galvanising.
3)
Can also be tin-coated.
4)
The copper must be connected unresolvably with the steel.
5)
Only permitted, if embedded completely in concrete.
6)
Only permitted for the part of the foundation in contact with the earth, if connected safely with the
reinforcement every 5 m.
7)
Chrome 16 %, nickel 5 %, molybdenum 2 %, carbon 0,08 %.
8)
In some countries 12 mm are permitted.
9)
Some countries require earth lead-in rods to connect down conductor and earth electrode.
Earth
conductor
50 mm
2
50 mm
2
50 mm
2
Earth plate
mm
500 x 500
600 x 600
Steel galvanised solid round
material
1), 2)
galvanised pipe
1), 2)
galvanised solid flat
material
1)
galvanised solid plate
1)
galvanised grid-type plate
1)
copper-plated solid round
material
4)
bare solid round
material
5)
bare or galvanised solid
flat material
5), 6)
galvanised cable
5), 6)
16
9)
25
14
min. wall thickness 2 mm
min. thickness 3 mm
min. thickness 3 mm
section 30 mm x 3 mm
min. 250 m
coating with 99.9 %
copper
min. thickness 3 mm
min. diameter of every
wire 1.7 mm
diameter
10 mm
90 mm
2
diameter
10 mm
75 mm
2
70 mm
2
500 x 500
600 x 600
Min. dimensions
Stainless
Steel
7)
solid flat material
15
min. thickness 2 mm
diameter
10 mm
100 mm
2
Table 5.5.8.1 Material, configuration and min. dimensions of earth electrodes according to IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3) Table 7
5.5.8 Materials and minimum dimensions
for earth electrodes
Table 5.5.8.1 illustrates the minimum cross sec-
tions, shape and material of earth electrodes.
5.6 Electrical isolation of the exter-
Separation distance
There is a risk of uncontrolled flashovers between
components of the external lightning protection
system and metal and electrical installations with-
in the structure, if there is insufficient distance
between the air-termination or down-conductor
system on one hand, and metal and electrical
installations within the structure to be protected,
on the other.
Metal installations such as water and air condition-
ing pipes and electric power lines, produce induc-
tion loops in the structure which are induced by
impulse voltages due to the rapidly changing mag-
netic lightning field. These impulse voltages must
be prevented from causing uncontrolled flash-
overs which can also possibly cause a fire.
Flashovers on electric power lines, for example,
can cause enormous damage to the installation
and the connected consumers. Figure 5.6.1 illus-
trates the principle of separation distance.
The formula for calculating the separation dis-
tance is difficult for the practitioner to apply.
The formula is:
k
i
is a function of the class of lightning protec-
tion system chosen (induction factor),
k
c
is a function of the geometric arrangement
(current splitting coefficient),
k
m
is a function of the material in the point of
proximity (material factor) and
l (m) is the length of the air-termination system
or down-conductor system from the point
at which the separation distance shall be
determined to the next point of equipoten-
tial bonding.
The coefficient k
i
(induction factor) of the corres-
ponding class of lightning protection system repre-
sents the threat from the steepness of the current.
Factor k
c
takes into consideration the splitting of
the current in the down-conductor system of the
external lightning protection system. The standard
gives different formulae for determining k
c
. In
order to achieve the separation distances which
still can be realised in practice, particularly for
higher structures, it is recommended to install ring
conductors, i.e. to intermesh the down conductors.
This intermeshing balances the current flow, which
reduces the required separation distance.
The material factor k
m
takes into consideration the
insulating characteristics of the surroundings. This
calculation assumes the electrical insulating char-
acteristics of air to be a factor of 1. All other solid
materials used in the construction industry (e.g.
masonry, wood, etc.) insulate only half as well as
air.
Further material factors are not given. Deviating
values must be proved by technical tests. A factor
of 0.7 is specified for the GRP material (glass-fibre
reinforced plastic) used in the products of the iso-
lated air-termination systems from DEHN + SHNE
(DEHNiso distance holder, DEHNiso Combi). This
s k
k
k
l m
i
c
m
= ( )
l
s
s
soil
EBB
MDB
electrical installation
metal installation
down
conductor
s separation distance
MDB Main Distribution Board
Fig. 5.6.1 Illustration Separation distance
factor can be used for calculation in the same way
as the other material factors.
Length l is the actual length along the air-termina-
tion system or down-conductor system from the
point at which the separation distance to the next
point of equipotential bonding or the next light-
ning equipotential bonding level shall be deter-
mined.
Each structure with lightning equipotential bond-
ing has an equipotential surface of the foundation
earth electrode or earth electrode near the surface
of the earth. This surface is the reference plane for
determining the distance l.
If a lightning equipotential bonding level is to be
created for high structures, then for a height of
20 m, for example, the lightning equipotential
bonding must be carried out for all electrical and
electronic conductors and all metal installations.
The lightning equipotential bonding must be
realised by using surge protective devices Type I.
Otherwise, even for high structures, the equipo-
tential surface of the foundation earth elec-
trode/ earth electrode shall be used as reference
point and basis for the length l. Higher structures
are making it more and more difficult to maintain
the required separation distances.
The potential difference between the structures
installations and the down conductors is equal to
zero near the earths surface. The potential differ-
ence increases with increasing height. This can be
imagined as a cone standing on its tip (Figure
5.6.2).
Hence, the separation distance to be maintained is
greatest at the tip of the building or on the surface
of the roof and becomes less towards the earth-
termination system.
This requires a multiple calculation of the distance
from the down conductors with a different dis-
tance l.
The calculation of the current splitting coefficient
k
c
is often difficult because of the different struc-
tures.
If a single air-termination rod is erected next to the
structure, for example, the total lightning current
flows in this one air-termination conductor and
down conductor. Factor k
c
is therefore equal to 1.
The lightning current cannot split here. Therefore
it is often difficult to maintain the separation dis-
s
s
soil
down conductor
earth electrode
protective angle
s
I
Fig. 5.6.2 Potential difference with increasing height Fig. 5.6.3 Air-termination mast with k
c
= 1
tance. In Figure 5.6.3, this can be achieved by
erecting the mast further away from the structure.
Almost the same situation occurs for air-termina-
tion rods e.g. for roof-mounted structures. Until it
reaches the next connection of the air-termination
rod to the air-termination or down conductor. This
defined path carries 100 % (k
c
= 1) of the lightning
current (Figure 5.6.4).
If two air-termination rods or air-termination
masts have a cable spanned between them, the
lightning current can split between two paths (Fig-
ure 5.6.5). Owing to the different impedances,
however, the splitting is not always 50 % to 50 %,
since the lightning flash does not always strike the
exact centre of the arrangement but can also strike
along the length of the air-termination system.
The most unfavourable case is taken into account
by calculating the factor k
c
in the formula.
This calculation assumes an earth-termination sys-
tem Type B. If single earth electrodes Type A are
existing, these must be interconnected.
h length of the down conductor
c mutual distance of the air-termination rods or
air-termination masts
The following example illustrates the calculation
of the coefficient for a gable roof with two down
conductors (Figure 5.6.6). An earth-termination
system Type B (ring or foundation earth electrode)
is existing.
k
c
=
+
+
=
9 12
2 9 12
0 7

.
k
h c
h c
c
=
+
+ 2
s
soil
k
c
= 1
M
h
c
h
c
Fig. 5.6.4 Flat roof with air-termination rod and ventilation outlet
Fig. 5.6.5 Determination of k
c
with two masts with overspanned
cable and an earth electrode Type B
c
for a gable roof with 2 down conduc-
tors
The arrangement of the down-conductor system
shown in Figure 5.6.6 should no longer be
installed, not even on a detached house either. The
current splitting coefficient is significantly
improved by using two further down conductors,
i.e. a total of 4 (Figure 5.6.7). The following formu-
la is used in the calculation:
h length of the down conductor up to the eaves
gutter of the building as worst point for a
lightning input
c mutual distance of the down conductors
n is the total number of down conductors
Result: k
c
0.51
For structures with flat roofs, the current splitting
coefficient is calculated as follows. In this case, an
earth electrode arrangement Type B is a precondi-
tion (Figure 5.6.8).
k
c
=
+ +
1
2 4
0 1 0 2
12
4
3

. .
k
n
c
h
c
= + +
1
2
0 1 0 2
3
. .
h plumb distance, height of the building
c mutual distance of the down conductors
n the total number of down conductors
The distances of the down conductors are assumed
to be equal. If not, c is the greatest distance.
If electrical structures or domelights are located on
the flat roof (Figure 5.6.9), then two current split-
ting coefficients must be taken into account when
calculating the separation distance. For the air-ter-
mination rod, k
c
= 1 to the next air-termina-
tion/down conductor.
k
c
for the subsequent course of the air-termination
system and down conductors is performed as
explained above. For illustration, the separation
distance s for a flat roof with roof-mounted struc-
tures is determined below.
Example:
Domelights were installed on a structure with a
lightning protection system Class III. They are con-
trolled electrically.
Structure data:
Length 40 m
Width 30 m
Height 14 m
Earth-termination system, foundation earth
electrode Type B
Number of down conductors: 12
Distance of the down conductors:
min. 10 m
max. 15 m
Height of the electrically controlled dome-
lights: 1.5 m
k
c
for the structure is:
Result: k
c
0.35
k
c
=
+ +
1
2 12
0 1 0 2
15
14
3
. .
k
n
c
h
c
= + +
1
2
0 1 0 2
3
. .
l
c
h
Fig. 5.6.7 Gable roof with 4 down conductors
It is not necessary to calculate the factor k
c
for the
air-termination rod k
c
= 1.
For the calculation of the current splitting the air-
termination rod is assumed to be positioned at the
edge of the roof and not within the mesh of the
air-termination system. If the air-termination rod is
within the mesh, the current splitting and the
shortest length in the mesh has to be considered
additionally.
Calculation of the separation distance for the top
edge of the roof of the structure:
The material factor k
m
is set as for solid building
material k
m
= 0.5.
Result: s 0.39 m
Calculation of the separation distance for the air-
termination rod:
The material factor is k
m
= 0.5 because of the posi-
tion of the air-termination rod on the flat roof.
Result: s = 0.12 m
This calculated separation distance would be cor-
rect if the air-termination rod were erected on the
surface of the earth (lightning equipotential bond-
ing level).
In order to obtain the separation distance com-
pletely and correctly, the separation distance of
the structure must be added.
S
tot
= s
structure
+ s
air-termination rod
= 0.39 m + 0.12 m
S
tot
= 0.51 m
This calculation states that a separation distance of
0.51 m must be maintained at the uppermost point
of the domelight. This separation distance was
determined using the material factor 0.5 for solid
materials.
Erecting the air-termination rod with a concrete
base, the full insulating characteristics of the air
are not available at the foot of the air-termination
rod (Figure 5.6.9). At the foot of the concrete base
a separation distance of s
structure
= 0.39 (solid mate-
rial) is sufficient.
If lightning equipotential bonding levels are creat-
ed for high structures at different heights by inte-
grating all metal installations and all electrical and
electronic conductors by means of lightning cur-
rent arresters (SPD Type I), then the following cal-
culation can be carried out. This involves calculat-
ing distances to conductors installed on only one
lightning equipotential bonding level, and also to
those installed over several levels.
s m = 0 04
1
0 5
.
.
( ) 1.5
s m = 0 04
0 35
0 5
.
.
.
( ) 14
c
h
s
k
m
= 0.5
k
m
= 1
Fig. 5.6.8 Value of coefficient k
c
in case of a meshed network of air-
termination conductors and an earthing Type B
Fig. 5.6.9 Material factors of an air-termination rod on a flat roof
This assumes an earth-termination system in form
of a foundation or ring earth electrode (Type B) or
a meshed network (Figure 5.6.10).
As previously explained, supplementary ring con-
ductors can be installed around the structure
(truss) to balance the lightning current. This has a
positive effect on the separation distance. Figure
5.6.10 illustrates the principle of ring conductors
around the structure, without installing a light-
ning equipotential bonding level by using light-
ning current arresters at the height of the ring
conductors.
The individual segments are assigned different
current splitting coefficients k
c
. If the separation
distance for a roof-mounted structure shall now be
determined, the total length from the equipoten-
tial surface of the earth electrode to the upper-
most tip of the roof-mounted structure must be
used as the base (sum of the partial lengths). If the
total separation distance s
tot
is to be determined,
the following formula must be used for the calcu-
lation:
With this design of supplementary ring conductors
around the structure, it is still the case that no par-
tial lightning currents whatsoever are conducted
into the structure.
Even if the numerous down conductors and sup-
plementary ring conductors do not allow a main-
taining of the separation distance for the com-
plete installation, it is possible to define the upper
edge of the structure as the lightning equipoten-
tial bonding surface (+/0). This roof-level light-
ning equipotential bonding surface is generally
implemented for extremely high structures where
it is physically impossible to maintain the separa-
tion distance.
This requires the integration of all metal installa-
tions and all electrical and electronic conductors
into the equipotential bonding by means of light-
ning current arresters (SPD Type I). This equipoten-
tial bonding is also directly connected to the exter-
nal lightning protection system. These previously
described measures allow to set the separation dis-
tances on the upper edge of the structure to 0. The
disadvantage of this type of design is that all con-
ductors, metal installations, e.g. reinforcements,
lift rails and the down conductors as well, carry
lightning currents. The effect of these currents on
electrical and electronic systems must be taken
into account when designing the internal light-
ning protection system (surge protection).
It is advantageous to split the lightning current
over a large area.
5.7 Step and touch voltages
IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3) draws attention to the
fact that, in special cases, touch or step voltages
outside a structure in the vicinity of the down con-
ductors can present a life hazard even though the
lightning protection system was designed accord-
ing to the latest standards.
Special cases are, for example, the entrances or
canopies of structures frequented by large num-
s
k
k
k l k l k l
tot
i
m
l tot c c
= + + ( )
3 3 4 4
h
1
h
2
h
3
h
4
h
n
I
a
I
g
I
f
I
b
I
c
I
d
c c
s
a
s
b
s
c
s
d
s
f
s
g
(A)
c
in case of an intermeshed net-
work of air-termination, ring conductors interconnecting
the down conductors and an earthing Type B
bers of people such as theatres, cinemas, shopping
centres, where bare down conductors and earth
electrodes are present in the immediate vicinity.
Structures which are particularly exposed (at risk
of lightning strikes) and freely accessible to mem-
bers of the public may also be required to have
measures preventing intolerably high step and
touch voltages.
These measures (e.g. potential control) are prima-
rily applied to steeples, observation towers, moun-
tain huts, floodlight masts in sports grounds and
bridges.
Gatherings of people can vary from place to place
(e.g. in shopping centre entrances or in the stair-
case of observation towers). Measures to reduce
step and touch voltages are therefore only re-
quired in the areas particularly at risk.
Possible measures are potential control, isolation
of the site or the additional measures described
below. The individual measures can also be com-
bined with each other.
Definition of touch voltage
Touch voltage is a voltage acting upon a person
between his position on the earth and when
touching the down conductor.
The current path leads from the hand
via the body to the feet (Figure 5.7.1).
For a structure built with a steel skele-
ton or reinforced concrete, there is no
risk of intolerably high touch voltages
provided that the reinforcement is safe-
ly interconnected or the down conduc-
tors are installed in concrete.
Moreover, the touch voltage can be dis-
regarded for metal facades if they are
integrated into the equipotential bond-
ing and/or used as natural components
of the down conductor.
If there is a reinforced concrete with a
safe tying of the reinforcement to the
foundation earth electrode under the
surface of the earth in the areas outside
the structure which is at risk, then this
measure already improves the curve of
the gradient area and acts as a poten-
tial control. Hence step voltage can be
left out of the considerations.
The following measures can reduce the risk of
someone being injured by touching the down con-
ductor:
The down conductor is sheathed in insulating
material (min. 3 mm crosslinked polyethylene
with an impulse withstand voltage of 100 kV
1.2/50 s).
The position of the down conductors can be
changed, e.g. not in the entrance of the struc-
ture.
The probability of people accumulating can be
reduced with information or prohibition signs;
barriers can also be used.
The specific resistance of the surface layer
of the earth at a distance of up to 3 m around
the down conductor must be not less than
5000 m.
A layer of asphalt with a thickness of 5 cm,
generally meets this requirement.
Compression of the meshed network of the
earth-termination system by means of poten-
tial control.
Note
A downpipe, even if it is not defined as a down
conductor, can present a hazard to persons touch-
Fig. 5.7.1 Illustration of touch voltage and step voltage
1 m
FE
U
S
FE
U
E
U
t
U
E
Earth potential
U
t
Touch voltage
U
S
Step voltage
Potential of earth surface
FE Foundation earth electrode
reference earth
ing it. In such a case, one possibility is to replace
the metal pipe with a PVC one (height: 3 m).
Definition of step voltage
Step voltage is a part of the earthing potential
which can be bridged by a person taking a step
over 1 m. The current path runs via the human
body from one foot to the other (Figure 5.7.1).
The step voltage is a function of the form of the
gradient area.
As is evident from the illustration, the step voltage
decreases as the distance from the structure
increases. The risk to persons therefore decreases
the more they are away from the structure.
The following measures can be taken to reduce
the step voltage:
Persons can be prevented from accessing the
hazardous areas (e.g. by barriers of fences)
Reducing the mesh size of the earthing instal-
lation network potential control
The specific resistance of the surface layer of
the earth at a distance of up to 3 m around the
down-conductor system must be not less than
5000 m.
A layer of asphalt with a thickness of 5 cm, or
a 15 cm thick bed of gravel generally meets
this requirement
symbolic course
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e

e
a
r
t
h
0
.
5

m
1

m
1
.
5

m
1 m 3 m 3 m
2

m
3 m
Fig. 5.7.2 Potential control Illustration and symbolic course of the gradient area
If a large number of people frequently congregate
in a hazardous area near to the structure to be
protected, then a potential control must be pro-
vided to protect them.
The potential control is sufficient if the resistance
gradient on the surface of the earth in the field to
be protected does not exceed 1 /m.
To achieve this, an existing foundation earth elec-
trode should be supplemented by a ring earth
electrode installed at a distance of 1 m and a depth
of 0.5 m. If the structure already has an earth-ter-
mination system in form of a ring earth electrode,
this is already the first ring of the potential con-
trol.
Additional ring earth electrodes should be
installed at a distance of 3 m from the first one and
the subsequent ones. The depth of the ring earth
electrode shall be increased (in steps of 0.5 m) the
more it is away from the structure (see Table 5.7.1).
If a potential control is implemented for a struc-
ture, it must be installed as follows (Figure 5.7.2
and 5.7.3):
The down conductors must be connected to all the
rings of the potential control.
The individual rings must be connected at least
twice, however (Figure 5.7.4).
If ring earth electrodes (control earth electrodes)
cannot be designed to be circular, their ends must
be connected to the other ends of the ring earth
electrodes. There should be at least two connec-
tions within the individual rings (Figure 5.7.5).
When choosing the materials for the ring earth
electrodes, attention must be paid to the possible
corrosion load (Chapter 5.5.7).
Stainless steel V4A (Material No. 1.4571) has
proved to be a good choice for taking the forma-
tion of voltaic cells between foundation and ring
earth electrodes into account.
Cables 10 mm or flat strips 30 mm x 3.5 mm can
be installed as ring earth electrodes.
1m 3m 3m 3m
mast
clamped points
1m 3m 3m 3m
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
o
n

t
o
e
.
g
.

e
x
i
s
t
i
n
g

f
o
u
n
d
a
t
i
o
n

(
r
e
i
f
o
r
c
e
d

c
o
n
c
r
e
t
e
)
mast
Distance from
the building
Depth
1
st
ring
2
nd
ring
3
rd
ring
4
th
ring
1 m
4 m
7 m
10 m
0.5 m
1.0 m
1.5 m
2.0 m
Table 5.7.1 Ring distances and depths of the potential control
Fig. 5.7.3 Possible potential
control in entrance
area of the building
Fig. 5.7.4 Potential control performance for a flood light or
cell site mast
Fig. 5.7.5 Connection control at the ring/ foun-
dation earth electrode
5.7.1 Control of the touch voltage at down
conductors of lightning protection sys-
tems
The hazardous area of touch and step voltages for
persons outside of a building is within the distance
of 3 m to the building and up to a height of 3 m.
This height of the area to be protected corres-
ponds to the level which a person can reach with
his hand plus an additional separation distance s
(Figure 5.7.1.1).
Special measures of protection are required, for
example, for the entrances or canopies of struc-
tures highly frequented such as theatres, cinemas,
shopping centres, kindergartens where non-insu-
lated down conductors and earth electrodes are
nearby.
Structures which are particularly exposed (at risk
of lightning strikes) and freely accessible to mem-
bers of the public, for example mountain huts,
may also be required to have measures preventing
intolerably high touch voltages. Moreover life haz-
ard is considered as parameter L1 (injury or death
of persons) in the risk analyse of a structure
according to IEC 62305-2 (EN 62305-2).
The following measures can reduce the risk of
touch voltage:
The down conductor is sheathed in insulating
material (min. 3 mm polymerised polyethylene
with an impulse withstand voltage of 100 kV
(1.2/50 s).
The position of the down conductors is
changed, (e.g. down conductors are not
installed in the entrance of the structure).
The specific resistance of the surface layer of
the earth at a distance of up to 3 m around the
down conductor is at least 5 km.
The probability of people accumulating can be
reduced by information or prohibition signs;
barriers can also be used.
The measures of protection against touch voltage
may be insufficient with regard to an effective pro-
tection of people. The required high-voltage
resistant coating of an exposed down conductor,
for example is not enough if there are no addition-
al measures of protection against creep-flashovers
at the surface of the insulation. This is particularly
important if environmental influences such as rain
(humidity) are to be considered.
Just like at a bare down conductor, high voltages
occurs at an insulated down conductor in case of a
lightning strike. This voltage, however, is separat-
ed from people by the insulation. The human body
being a very good conductor compared with the
insulator, the insulating layer is stressed by almost
the whole touch voltage. If the insulation does not
cope with the voltage, part of the lightning cur-
rent might flow to the earth via the human body
as in case of the bare down conductor. Safe protec-
tion against life hazard due to touch voltage
requires to prevent from flashover through the
insulation and from creep-flashovers along the
insulation.
A balanced system solution as provided by the CUI
conductor meets these requirements of electric
s
2.50 m
copper conductor
PEX insulation
PE coating
Fig. 5.7.1.1 Area to be protected for a person Fig. 5.7.1.2 Structure of the CUI conductor
strength and creep-flashover insulation to protect
against touch voltage.
Structure of the CUI conductor
A copper conductor with a cross section of 50 mm
2
is coated with an insulating layer of surge proof
cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) of approx. 6 mm
thickness (Figure 5.7.1.2).
The insulated conductor has an additional thin
polyethylene (PE) layer for protection against
external influences. The insulated down conductor
CUI is installed vertically in the whole hazard area,
i.e. from the earth surface level up to a height of
3 m. The upper end of the conductor is connected
to the down conductor coming from the air-termi-
nation system, the lower end to the earth-termina-
tion system.
Not only the electric strength of the insulation but
also the risk of creep-flashovers between the ter-
minal point at the bare down conductor and the
hand of the touching person has to be considered.
This problem of creeping discharges, well-known
in high voltage engineering, is getting worse in
case of rain, for example. Tests have shown that
under sprinkling the flashover distance can be
more than 1 m at an insulated down conductor
without additional measures. A suitable shield on
the insulated down conductor keeps the CUI con-
ductor dry enough to avoid a creep-flashover
along the insulating surface. The operating safety
of the CUI conductor with regard to the electric
strength and the resistance against creep-flash-
overs at impulse voltages up to 100 kV (1.2/50 s)
has been tried and tested in withstand voltage
tests under sprinkling conditions according to IEC
60060-1. At these sprinkling tests water of a cer-
tain conductivity and quantity is sprinkled on the
conductor in an angle of approx. 45 (Figure
5.7.1.3).
The CUI conductor is prefabricated with connec-
tion element to be connected to the down conduc-
tor (inspection joint) and can be shortened on site
if necessary for being connected to the earth-ter-
mination system. The product is available in
lengths of 3.5 m or 5 m and with the necessary
plastic or metal conductor holders (Figure 5.7.1.4).
By the special CUI conductor the touch voltage at
down conductors can be controlled with easy
measures and little installation work. Hence the
damage risk for persons in special areas will be
considerably reduced.
Inductive coupling at a very great steepness of
current
Regarding the damage risk for persons also the
magnetic field of the arrangement with its influ-
ence on the closer surrounding of the down con-
ductor has to be considered. In extended installa-
tion loops, for example, voltages of several 100 kV
can occur near the down conductor which can
result in high economic losses. Also the human
body, due to its conductivity, together with the
down conductor and the conductive earth, forms a
connection
element
shield
conductor
holder
Fig. 5.7.1.4 CUI conductor
Fig. 5.7.1.3 Withstand voltage test under sprinkling
loop having a mutual inductance
of M where high voltages U
i
can
be induced (Figures 5.7.1.5a and
5.7.1.5b). In this case the system
arrester-person has the effect of a
transformer.
This coupled voltage arises at the
insulation, the human body and
the earth being primarily consid-
ered as conductive. The voltage
load becoming too high it results
in a puncture or creeping flash-
over. The induced voltage then
drives a current through this loop,
the magnitude of which depends
on the resistances and the self-
inductance of the loop and means
life hazard for the person con-
cerned. Hence the insulation must
withstand this voltage load. The
normative specification of 100 kV
at 1.2/50 s includes the high but
very short voltage impulses which
are only applied as long as the cur-
rent rises (0.25 s in case of a neg-
ative subsequent lightning strike).
The deeper the insulated down
conductors are buried, the greater
is the loop and thus the mutual
inductance. Hence the induced
voltage and the loading of the
insulation increases correspond-
ingly which also has to be taken
into account with regard to the
inductive coupling.
h
a
i/t
a)
i/t
b)
M
U
i
U M
i
t
i
=

M h
a
r
conductor
=

0 2 . ln
Fig. 5.7.1.5 (a) Loop formed by conductor and person
(b) Mutual inductance M and induced voltage U
i
6.1 Equipotential bonding for metal
installations
Equipotential bonding according to IEC 60364-4-
41 and IEC 60364-5-54
Equipotential bonding is required for all newly
installed electrical power consumers installations.
Equipotential bonding according to IEC 60364
series removes potential differences, i.e. prevents
hazardous touch voltages between the protective
conductor of the low voltage electrical power con-
sumers installations and metal, water, gas and
heating pipes, for example.
According to IEC 60364-4-41, equipotential bond-
ing consists of the
main equipotential bonding (in future: protective
equipotential bonding)
and the
supplementary equipotential bonding (in future:
supplementary protective equipotential bonding)
Every building must be given a main equipotential
bonding in accordance with the standards stated
above (Figure 6.1.1).
The supplementary equipotential bonding is
intended for those cases where the conditions for
disconnection from supply cannot be met, or for
special areas which conform to the IEC 60364 series
Part 7.
6. Internal lightning protection
kWh
b
u
r
i
e
d

i
n
s
t
a
l
l
a
t
i
o
n
,

o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
-
a
l
l
y

i
s
o
l
a
t
e
d

(
e
.
g
.

c
a
t
h
o
d
i
c
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
e
d

t
a
n
k

i
n
s
t
a
l
l
a
t
i
o
n
)
m
e
t
a
l

e
l
e
m
e
n
t

g
o
i
n
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h

t
h
e

b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
(
e
.
g
.

l
i
f
t

r
a
i
l
s
)
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
r
e
m
o
t
e

s
i
g
n
a
l
l
i
n
g

s
y
s
t
e
m
e
q
u
i
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l

b
o
n
d
i
n
g

o
f

b
a
t
h
r
o
o
m
2
3
0
/
4
0
0

V
i
n
s
u
l
a
t
i
n
g

e
l
e
m
e
n
t
Z
SEB
to PEN
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
I
T

s
y
s
t
e
m
terminal lug for external
lightning protection
Z
water
waste
water
gas
heating
(main equipotential bonding,
in future: main earthing
terminal)
Connector
Terminal
Pipe clamp
Terminal lug
Isolating spark gap
foundation earth electrode/
lightning protection earth electrode
6
8
5
1
6
4
4
3
2
7
6 6
1
2
3
3
4
5
6
7
8
Fig. 6.1.1 Principle of lightning equipotential bonding consisting of lightning and main equipotential bonding (in future: protective equipoten-
tial bonding)
Main equipotential bonding
The following extraneous conductive parts have to
be directly integrated into the main equipotential
bonding:
main equipotential bonding conductor in
accordance with IEC 60364-4-41 (in future:
earthing conductor)
foundation earth electrodes or lightning pro-
tection earth electrodes
central heating system
metal water supply pipe
conductive parts of the building structure (e.g.
lift rails, steel skeleton, ventilation and air con-
ditioning ducting)
metal drain pipe
internal gas pipe
earthing conductor for antennas (in Germany
in DIN VDE 0855-300)
earthing conductor for telecommunication
systems (in Germany in DIN VDE 0800-2)
protective conductors of the electrical installa-
tion in accordance with IEC 60364 series (PEN
conductor for TN systems and PE conductors
for TT systems or IT systems)
metal shields of electrical and electronic con-
ductors
metal cable sheaths of high-voltage current
cables up to 1000 V
earth termination systems for high-voltage
current installations above 1 kV according to
HD 637 S1, if no intolerably high earthing volt-
age can be dragged.
Normative definition in IEC 60050-826 of an extra-
neous conductive component:
A conductive unit not forming part of the electri-
cal installation, but being able to introduce electric
potential including the earth potential.
Note: Extraneous conductive components also
include conductive floors and walls, if an electric
potential including the earth potential can be
introduced via them.
The following installation components have to be
integrated indirectly into the main equipotential
bonding via isolating spark gaps:
installations with cathodic corrosion protec-
tion and stray current protection measures in
accordance with EN 50162
earth-termination systems of high-voltage cur-
rent installations above 1 kV in accordance
with HD 637 S1, if intolerably high earthing
potentials can be transferred
railway earth for electric a.c. and d.c. railways
in accordance with EN 50122-1 (railway lines of
the Deutsche Bahn may only be connected
upon written approval)
measuring earth for laboratories, if they are
separate from the protective conductors
Figure 6.1.1 shows the terminals and the respective
components of the main equipotential bonding.
Design of the earth-termination system for
The electrical low-voltage consumers installation
requiring certain earthing resistances (disconnec-
tion conditions of the protective elements) and the
foundation earth electrode providing good earth-
ing resistances at cost-effective installation, the
foundation earth electrode is an optimal and
effective complement of the equipotential bond-
ing. The design of a foundation earth electrode is
governed in Germany by DIN 18014, which, for
example requires terminal lugs for the earthing
busbar. More exact descriptions and designs of the
foundation earth electrode can be found in Chap-
ter 5.5.
If a foundation earth electrode is used as lightning
protection earth electrode, additional require-
ments may have to be considered; they can be tak-
en from Chapter 5.5.
Equipotential bonding conductors (in future: pro-
tective bonding conductors)
Equipotential bonding conductors should, as long
as they fulfil a protective function, be labelled the
same as protective conductors, i.e. green/yellow.
Equipotential bonding conductors do not carry
operating currents and can therefore be either
bare or insulated.
The decisive factor for the design of the main
equipotential bonding conductors in accordance
with IEC 60364-5-54 and HD 60364-5-54 is the cross
section of the main protective conductor. The main
protective conductor is the one coming from the
source of current or from the service entrance box
or the main distribution board.
In any case, the minimum cross section of the main
equipotential bonding conductor is at least 6 mm
2
Cu. 25 mm
2
Cu has been defined as a possible max-
imum.
The supplementary equipotential bonding (Table
6.1.1) must have a minimum cross section of 2.5
mm
2
Cu for a protected installation, and 4 mm
2
Cu
for an unprotected installation.
For earth conductors of antennas (according to IEC
60728-11 (EN 60728-11)), the minimum cross sec-
tion is 16 mm
2
Cu, 25 mm
2
Al or 50 mm
2
steel.
Equipotential bonding bars
Equipotential bonding bars are a central compo-
nent of equipotential bonding which must clamp
all the connecting conductors and cross sections
occurring in practice to have high contact stability;
it must be able to carry current safely and have suf-
ficient corrosion resistance.
DIN VDE 0618-1: 1989-08 (German standard) con-
tains details of the requirements on equipotential
bonding bars for the main equipotential bonding.
It defines the following connection possibilities as
a minimum:
1 x flat conductor 4 x 30 mm or round conduc-
tor 10 mm
1 x 50 mm
2
6 x 6 mm
2
to 25 mm
2
1 x 2.5 mm
2
to 6 mm
2
These requirements on an equipotential bonding
bar are met by K12 (Figure 6.1.2).
This standard also includes the requirements for
the inspection of clamping units of cross sections
above 16 mm
2
with regard to the lightning current
ampacity. Reference is made therein to the testing
of the lightning protection units in accordance
with EN 50164-1.
If the requirements in the previously mentioned
standard are met, then this component can also be
used for lightning equipotential bonding in accor-
dance with IEC 62305-1 to 4 (EN 62305-1 to 4).
Terminals for equipotential bonding
Terminals for equipotential bonding must provide
a good and permanent contact.
Main equipotential bonding Supplementary equipotential bonding
Normal 0.5 x cross section of the
largest protective conduc-
tor of the installation
between two bodies 1xcross section of the small-
er protective conductor
between a body and an
extraneous conductive
part
0.5 x cross section of the
protective conductor
Minimum 6 mm
2
with mechanical
protection
2.5 mm
2
Cu or equivalent
conductivity
without mechanical
protection
4 mm
2
Cu or equivalent
conductivity
Possible limit 25 mm
2
Cu or equivalent
conductivity

Table 6.1.1 Cross sections for equipotential bonding conductors
Fig. 6.1.2 K12 Equipotential bonding bar, Part No. 563 200
Integrating pipes into the equipotential bonding
In order to integrate pipes into the equipotential
bonding, earthing pipe clamps corresponding to
the diameters of the pipes are used (Figures 6.1.3
and 6.1.4).
Pipe earthing clamps made of stainless steel, which
can be universally adapted to the diameter of the
pipe, offer enormous advantages for mounting
(Figure 6.1.5).
These pipe earthing clamps can be used to clamp
pipes that are made of different materials (e.g.
steel, copper and stainless steel). These compo-
nents allow also a straight-through connection.
Figure 6.1.6 shows equipotential bonding of heat-
ing pipes with straight-through connection.
Test and inspection of the equipotential bonding
Before commissioning the electrical consumers
installation, the connections must be inspected to
ensure their faultless condition and effectiveness.
A low-impedance conductance to the various parts
of the installation and to the equipotential bond-
ing is recommended. A guide value of < 1 for the
connections at equipotential bonding is consid-
ered to be sufficient.
Supplementary equipotential bonding
If the disconnection conditions of the respective
system configuration can not be met for an instal-
lation or a part of it, a supplementary local equipo-
tential bonding is required. The reason behind is
to interconnect all simultaneously accessible parts
as well as the stationary operating equipment and
also extraneous conductive parts. The aim is to
keep any touch voltage which may occur as low as
possible.
Moreover, the supplementary equipotential bond-
ing must be used for installations or parts of instal-
lations of IT systems with insulation monitoring.
The supplementary equipotential bonding is also
required if the environmental conditions in special
installations or parts of installations mean a partic-
ular risk.
The IEC 60364 series Part 7 draws attention to the
supplementary equipotential bonding for opera-
tional facilities, rooms and installations of a partic-
ular type.
These are , for example,
IEC 60364-7-701 Rooms with bathtub or show-
er
IEC 60364-7-702 Swimming pools and other
basins
IEC 60364-7-705 For agricultural and horticul-
tural premises
The difference to the main equipotential bonding
is the fact that the cross sections of the conductors
can be chosen to be smaller (Table 6.1.1), and also
this supplementary equipotential bonding can be
limited to a particular location.
Fig. 6.1.3 Pipe earthing clamp,
Part No. 408 014
Part No. 407 114
Part No. 540 910
Fig. 6.1.6 Equipotential bonding with straight-through connection
6.2 Equipotential bonding for low
voltage consumers installations
Equipotential bonding for low voltage consumers
installations as part of the internal lightning pro-
tection, represents an extension of the main equi-
potential bonding (in future: protective equipo-
tential bonding) according to IEC 60364-4-41 (Fig-
ure 6.1.1).
In addition to all conductive systems, this also inte-
grates the supply conductors of the low voltage
consumers installation into the equipotential
bonding. The special feature of this equipotential
bonding is the fact that a tie-up to the equipoten-
tial bonding is only possible via suitable surge pro-
tective devices. The demands on such surge protec-
tive devices are described more detailed in Annex
E subclause 6.2.1.2 of IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3) as
well as in subclause 7 and Annexes C and D of IEC
62305-4 (EN 62305-4).
Analogous to the equipotential bonding with met-
al installations (see Chapter 6.1), the equipotential
bonding for the low voltage consumers installa-
tion shall also be carried out immediately at the
point of entry into the object. The requirements
governing the installation of the surge protective
devices in the unmetered area of the low voltage
consumers installation (main distribution system)
are described in the directive of the VDN (Associa-
tion of German Network Operators) Surge pro-
tective devices Type 1. Directive for the use of
surge protective equipment Type 1 (up to now
Class B) in main distribution systems (see sub-
clauses 7.5.2 and 8.1) (Figures 6.2.1 and 6.2.2).
6.3 Equipotential bonding for infor-
mation technology installations
Lightning equipotential bonding requires that all
metal conductive components such as cable lines
and shields at the entrance to the building shall be
incorporated into the equipotential bonding so as
to cause as little impedance as possible. Examples
of such components include antenna lines, (Figure
6.3.1) telecommunication lines with metal conduc-
tors, and also fibre optic systems with metal ele-
ments. The lines are connected with the help of
elements capable of carrying lightning current
(arresters and shielding terminals). A convenient
installation site is the point where cabling going
Fig. 6.2.1 DEHNbloc NH lightning current arrester installed in a bus-
bar terminal field of a meter installation (refer to Fig. 6.2.2)
Fig. 6.2.2 DEHNventil ZP combined arrester directly snapped on the
busbars in the terminal field of the meter cabinet
outside the building transfers to cabling inside the
building. Both the arresters and the shielding ter-
minals must be chosen to be appropriate to the
lightning current parameters to be expected.
In order to minimise induction loops within build-
ings, the following additional steps are recom-
mended:
cables and metal pipes shall enter the building
at the same point
power lines and data lines shall be laid spatial-
ly close but shielded
avoiding of unnecessarily long cables by laying
lines directly
Antenna installations:
For reasons connected with radio engineering,
antenna installations are generally mounted in an
exposed location. Therefore they are more affect-
ed by surges, especially in the event of a direct
lightning strike. In Germany they must be integrat-
ed into the equipotential bonding in accordance
with DIN VDE 0855 Part 300 (German standard)
and must reduce the risk of being affected
through their design, (cable structure, connectors
and fittings) or suitable additional measures.
Antenna elements that are connected to an anten-
na feeder and cannot be connected directly to the
equipotential bonding, as this would affect their
functioning, should be protected by arresters.
Expressed simply, it can be assumed that 50 % of
the direct lightning current flows away via the
shields of all antenna lines. If an antenna installa-
tion is dimensioned for lightning currents up to
100 kA (10/350 s) (Lightning Protection Level III
(LPL III)), the lightning current splits so that 50 kA
flow through the earth conductor and 50 kA via
the shields of all antenna cables. Antenna installa-
tions not capable of carrying lightning currents
must therefore be equipped with air-termination
systems in whose protection area the antennas are

earth-termination
system
to BTS
connection
antenna
insulating pipe
air termination tip
feeding point
isolated down conductor
(HVI-conductor)
s =
^
0.75 m in air
s =
^
1.5 m in brickwork
s = separation distance
s
e
a
l
i
n
g

u
n
i
t
r
a
n
g
e
Fig. 6.3.2 Isolated construction of a lightning protection system at a
cell site

isolated air-termination system
(DEHNconductor)
230 V~
230 V~
DATA
Fig. 6.3.1 Lightning equipotential bonding with isolated air-termina-
tion system, type DEHNconductor, for professional anten-
na systems according to IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3)
located. Choosing a suitable cable, the respective
partial lightning current share must be determined
for each antenna line involved in down conduct-
ing. The required cable dielectric strength can be
determined from the coupling resistance, the
length of the antenna line and the amplitude of
the lightning current.
According to the current standard IEC 62305-3 (EN
62305-3), antenna installations mounted on build-
ings can be protected by means of
air-termination rods
elevated wires
or spanned cables
In each case the separation distance s must be
maintained in the areas protected against light-
ning strikes.
The electrical isolation of the lightning protection
system from conductive components of the build-
ing structure (metal structural parts, reinforce-
ment etc.), and the isolation from electric lines in
the building, prevent partial lightning currents
from penetrating into control and supply lines and
hence protect sensitive electrical and electronic
devices from being affected or destroyed (Figure
6.3.1 and Figure 6.3.2).
Fibre optic installations:
Fibre optic installations with metal elements can
normally be divided into the following types:
cables with metal-free core but with metal
sheath (e.g. metal vapour barrier) or metal
supporting elements
cables with metal elements in the core and
with metal sheath or metal supporting ele-
ments
cables with metal elements in the core, but
without metal sheath.
For all types of cable with metal elements, the min-
imum peak value of the lightning current, which
adversely affects the transmission characteristics of
the optical fibre, must be determined. Cables capa-
ble of carrying lightning currents must be chosen,
and the metal elements must be connected to the
equipotential bonding bar either directly or via an
SPD.
Metal sheath: termination by means of shield
terminals e.g. SAK, at the entrance of the
building
Metal core: termination by means of earthing
clamp e.g. SLK, near splice box
Prevention of potential equalising currents:
connect indirectly via spark gap e.g. DEHNgap
CS, base part BLITZDUCTOR CT, rather than
directly
Telecommunication lines:
Telecommunication lines with metal conductors
normally consist of cables with balanced or coaxial
cabling elements of the following types:
cables with no additional metal elements
cables with metal sheath (e.g. metal damp-
proofing) and/ or metal supporting elements
cables with metal sheath and additional light-
ning protection reinforcement
The splitting of the partial lightning current
between IT lines can be determined using the pro-
cedures in Annex E of IEC 62305-1 (EN 62305-1).
The individual cables must be integrated into the
equipotential bonding as follows:
a) Unshielded cables must be connected by SPDs
which are capable of carrying partial lightning
currents. Partial lightning current of the line
divided by the number of individual wires =
partial lightning current per wire.
b) If the cable shield is capable of carrying light-
ning currents, the lightning current flows via
the shield. However, capacitive/inductive inter-
ferences can reach the wires and make it nec-
essary to use surge arresters. Requirements:
The shield at both ends must be connected to
the main equipotential bonding to be capable
of carrying lightning currents (Figure 6.3.3).
Fig. 6.3.3 SAK shield connection system capable of carrying light-
ning currents
In both buildings where the cable ends, the
lightning protection zone concept must be
applied, and the active wires must be connect-
ed in the same lightning protection zone (usu-
ally LPZ 1)
If an unshielded cable is laid in a metal pipe,
this must be treated like a cable with a cable
shield which is capable of carrying lightning
currents.
c) If the cable shield is not capable of carrying
lightning currents, then:
for the terminal connected at both ends, the
procedure is the same as for a signal wire in an
unshielded cable. Partial lightning current of
the cable divided by the number of individual
wires + 1 shield = partial lightning current per
wire
if the shield is not connected at both ends, it
has to be treated as if it were not there; partial
lightning current of the line divided by the
number of individual wires = partial lightning
current per wire
If it is not possible to determine the exact wire
load, it is recommendable to take the threat
parameters from IEC 61643-22. For a telecommuni-
cations line hence results a maximum load per wire
of 2.5 kA (10/350 s).
Of course not only the used SPD must be capable
of withstanding the expected lightning current
load, but also the discharge path to the equipoten-
tial bonding.
By means of a multi-core telecommunications line
for example this can be demonstrated:
A telecommunications cable with 100 double
wires coming from LPZ 0
A
is connected in an
LSA building distribution case and shall be pro-
tected by arresters.
The lightning current load of the cable was
assumed to be 30 kA (10/350 s)
The resulting symmetrical splitting of light-
ning current to the individual wire is 30 kA/
200 wires = 150 A/ wire.
At first this means no special requirements to the
discharge capacity of the protective elements to be
used. After the discharge elements have flown
through, the partial currents of all wires add up to
30 kA again to load in the downstream discharge
path, for example clamping frames, earthing
clamps or equipotential conductors. To be safe
from any damage in the discharge path lightning
current tested enclosure systems can be used (Fig-
ure 6.3.5).
3 OUT 4
1 IN 2
B
L
IT
Z
D
U
C
T
O
R
B
C
T
M
L
C
B
D
1
1
0
N
o
.9
1
9
3
4
7
BLITZDUCTOR CT
BCT MLC BD 110
5 kA (10/350 s)
APL
TAE
Telekom customer
IT installation
Fig. 6.3.4 Lightning equipotential bonding for connection of a
telecommunications device BLITZDUCTOR CT (application
permitted by Deutsche Telekom)
Fig. 6.3.5 DEHN equipotential bonding enclosures (DPG LSA) for
LSA-2/10 technology, capable to carry lightning current
7.1 Lightning protection zones con-
cept
A lightning protection system (LEMP Protection
Measures System (LPMS)) according to IEC 62305-3
(EN 62305-3) protects persons and material assets
of value in the buildings, but it does not protect
the electrical and electronic systems in the build-
ings which are sensitive to transient high-energy
surges resulting from the lightning discharge. It is
precisely such systems in the form of building
management, telecommunications, control and
security systems which are rapidly becoming
common in practically all areas of residential and
functional buildings. The owner / operator places
very high demands on the permanent availability
and reliability of such systems.
The protection of electrical and electronic systems
in buildings and structures against surges resulting
from the lightning electromagnetic pulse (LEMP) is
based on the principle of Lightning Protection
Zones (LPZ). According to this principle, the build-
ing or structure to be protected must be divided
into internal lightning protection zones according
to the level of threat posed by LEMP (Figure 7.1.1).
This enables areas with different LEMP risk levels
to be adjusted to the immunity of the electronic
system.
With this flexible concept, suitable LPZs can be
defined according to the number, type and sensi-
tivity of the electronic devices/systems. From small
local zones to large integral zones which can
encompass the whole building. Depending on the
type of threat posed by lightning, the following
lightning protection zones are defined:
External zones
LPZ 0
A
at risk from direct lightning strikes,
from impulse currents up to the whole light-
ning current and from the whole electromag-
netic field of the flash of lightning.
LPZ 0
B
protected against direct lightning
strikes, at risk from the whole electromagnetic
7. Protection of electrical and electronic systems against
LEMP
ventilation
down-
conductor
system
spatial shield
terminal device
steel reinforcement
IT system
l.v. power
supply system
Lightning current arrester (SPD Type 1)
Surge arrester (SPD Type 2, SPD Type 3)
Surge arrester
Lightning electro-
magnetic pulse
Switching electro-
magnetic pulse
Lightning
protection zone
Fig. 7.1.1 Lightning protection zones concept according to IEC 62305-4 (EN 62305-4)
field of the flash of lightning. Internal systems
can be exposed to (partial) lightning currents.
Internal zones
LPZ 1 impulse currents limited by the split-
ting of the current and by surge protective
devices (SPDs) at the zones boundaries. The
electromagnetic field of the lightning flash
can be attenuated by spatial shielding.
LPZ 2 ... n impulse currents further limited by
the splitting of the current and by surge pro-
tective devices (SPDs) at the zone boundaries.
The electromagnetic field of the lightning
flash is usually attenuated by spatial shielding.
The requirements on the internal zones must be
defined according to the immunity of the electrical
and electronic systems to be protected.
At the boundary of each internal zone, the
equipotential bonding must be carried out for all
metal components and utility lines entering the
building or structure. This is done directly or with
suitable SPDs. The zone boundary is formed by the
shielding measures.
Figure 7.1.2 illustrates an example of how to
realise the measures described for the lightning
protection zones concept.
7.2 LEMP protection management
For new buildings and structures, optimum protec-
tion of electronic systems can only be achieved
with a minimum of expense if the electronic sys-
tems are designed together with the building and
before its construction. In this way, building com-
ponents such as the reinforcement, the metal gird-
ers and metal buttresses can be integrated into the
LEMP protection management.
For existing buildings and structures, the cost of
the LEMP protection is usually higher than for new
buildings and structures. If, however, the LPZs are
chosen appropriately and existing installations are
used or upgraded, the costs can be reduced.
If the risk analysis in accordance with IEC 62305-2
(EN 62305-2) shows that LEMP protection is re-
quired, this can only be achieved if:
Fig. 7.1.2 Example for realisation of the lightning protection zones concept
the measures are designed by a lightning protec-
tion specialist having profound knowledge of EMC,
there is close coordination on all aspects of the
work between the building experts (e.g. civil and
electrical engineers) and those experts in LEMP
protection and
the management plan according to Table 7.2.1
(IEC 62305-4 (EN 62305-4) Subclause 8.1) is
adhered to.
A concluding risk analysis must prove that the
residual risk is less than the tolerable risk.
Step Aim Measure must be taken by
(if relevant)
Initial risk analysis
a
Assessing of the necessity of an LEMP
protection.
If necessary an appropriate LEMP Pro-
tection Measures System (LPMS) based
on a risk assessment has to be chosen.
Lightning protection specialist
b
Owner
Design of LEMP
Protection Measures
System (LPMS)
Definition of the LPMS:
Measures of spatial shielding
Equipotential bonding networks
Earth-termination systems
Leading and shielding of conductors
Surge protective devices system
b
Owner
Architect
Designer of the electronic systems
Designer of the important
installations
Design of the LPMS General drawings and descriptions
Preparation of the tender
documentation
Detailed drawings and schedules for
the installation
Engineering office or equivalent
Installation and
inspection of the LPMS
Quality of the installation
Documentation
Possible revision of detailed drawings
b
Installer of the LPMS
Engineering office
Inspection representative
Acceptance of the
LPMS
Inspection and documentation of the
system
Independent lightning protection expert
b
Authorised inspector
Repeat inspections Ensuring of an appropriate LPMS Lightning protection specialist
b
Authorised inspector
a
see IEC 62305-2 (EN 62305-2)
b
with profound knowledge of EMC and installation practice
Final risk analysis
a
The cost/benefit ratio of the chosen
protection measures should be optimised
again by a risk assessment. Accordingly
to be determined:
Lightning protection level (LPL) and
the lightning parameters
LPZ and their boundaries
b
Owner
Table 7.2.1 LEMP protection management for new buildings and for comprehensive modifications of the construction or the utilisation of
building according to IEC 62305-4 (EN 62305-4)
7.3 Calculation of the magnetic
shield attenuation of building/
room shielding
Lightning current and the associated electromag-
netic field represent the primary source of interfer-
ence for devices and installations requiring protec-
tion in a property. Figure 7.3.1 shows the principle
of how lattice structures work. The fundamentals
of the calculation are described in the IEC 62305-4
(EN 62305-4) standard.
The fundamentals of the calculation are based on
assumptions and estimates. The complex distribu-
tion of the magnetic field inside lattice-shaped
shields is determined with a first approximation.
The formulae for the determination of the mag-
netic field are based on numerical calculations of
the magnetic field. The calculation takes into
account the magnetic field coupling of each rod in
the lattice-shaped shield with all other rods,
including the simulated lightning channel.
To consider whether it is the effect of the electro-
magnetic field of the first partial lightning strike
or the subsequent lightning strike which is the
more critical interference variable for the electric
installation requiring protection, the calculations
must be done with the maximum value of the cur-
rent of the short strike (i
f/max
) and the maximum
value of the current of the long strike (i
s/max
) corre-
sponding to the lightning protection level derived
from Table 5, IEC 62305-1 (EN 62305-1).
The shielding effect of lattice-shaped shields in the
event of direct lightning strikes can be calculated
using the formula shown in Figure 7.3.2. This view
is based on the fact that the lightning strike can
happen at any point on the roof.
The values calculated for the magnetic field apply
to the safety volume V
s
inside lattice-shaped
shields, which are defined by the separation dis-
tance d
s/...
(Figure 7.3.3).
This safety volume takes into account maximum
values of the magnetic field strength directly at
the lattice structure, a factor which the approxima-
tion formula does not sufficiently take into
account. IT devices may only be installed inside of
volume V
s
.
High field strength, great magnetic
fields/ induced voltages close to the
down conductor
Lower partial currents, reduced
magnetic fields/ induced voltages
in the building
w
d
r
d
w
i
H
1
= k
H
i
o
w
d
w
d
r
[A/m]
direct lightning strike
into a shielded building
i
o
= lightning current in LPZ 0
A
d
s/1
w
volume V
s
for electro-
nic devices
shield for LPZ 0
A
LPZ 1
separation
distance
direct lightning
strike: d
s/1
= w
Fig. 7.3.1 Reduction of the magnetic field by means of lattice shields
Fig. 7.3.3 Volume for electronic devices within LPZ 1
Fig. 7.3.2 Magnetic field at a lightning strike
(LEMP) IEC 62305-4 (EN 62305-4)
located within the lightning protection zone with
a separation distance d
s/1
from the shielding.
The separation distance d
s/1
(for SF < 10) results in:
w corresponds to the mesh size of the lattice-
shaped shield in metres
Implementation of the magnetic shield-attenua-
tion of building/room shielding
Particularly important when shielding against
magnetic fields, and hence for the installation of
lightning protection zones, are
extended metal components,
e.g. metal roofs and facades,
steel reinforcements in con-
crete, expanded metals in
walls, lattices, metal support-
ing structures and pipe systems
existing in the building. The
meshed connection creates
an effective electromagnetic
shield.
Figure 7.3.6 shows the princi-
ple how a steel reinforcement
can be developed into an elec-
tromagnetic cage (hole shield).
In practice, however, it will not
be possible to weld or clamp
together every junction in
large buildings and structures.
The usual practice is to install a
meshed system of conductors
into the reinforcement, said
system typically having a size
of a 5 m. This meshed net-
work is connected in an electri-
cally safe way at the cross-
points, e.g. by means of
clamps. The reinforcement is
electrically hitched onto the
meshed network at a typical
distance of b 1 m. This is
done on the building side, for
example by means of tie con-
nections.
Mats made of construction
steel in concrete are suitable
d w m
s /
]
1
= [
The fundamentals of the calculation of the shield-
ing effect of lattice-shaped shields for nearby
lightning strikes are explained more in detail by
Figures 7.3.4 and 7.3.5.
Figure 7.3.4 shows the formation of the electro-
magnetic field whose reduction in field strength is
indirectly proportional to the distance s
a
. The
magnitude of the magnetic field inside a protect-
ed volume, e.g. lightning protection zone LPZ 1
(Figure 7.3.5), can be described by the quality of
the shielding.
The shielding factor SF can be calculated as shown
in Table 7.3.1.
The results of this calculation of the magnetic field
are valid for a safety volume V
s
(Figure 7.3.3),
Material
25 kHz (first short strike) 1Mhz (subsequent strike)
w = mesh size (m)
(w 5 m)
r = rod radius (m)
r
200
(permeability)
Shielding factor SF (dB)
Copper
Aluminium
20
log (8.5/w) 20
log (8.5/w)
Steel 20
log (8.5/w)
Example: Steel lattice
w (m)
0.012
0.100
0.200
0.400
r (m)
0.0010
0.0060
0.0090
0.0125
dB at 25 kHz
44
37
32
26
dB at 1 MHz
57
39
33
27
20
8 5
1 18 10
6 2
+

log
( . /
/
w)
r
s
a
field of the
lightning
channel
H
0
=
i
2S
a
[A/m]
H
0
s
a
field of the
lightning
channel
H
0
=
i
2S
a
H
0
H
1
without shield
H
1
=
with shield
H
0
10
SF
1
/20
Fig. 7.3.4 Magnetic field at a lightning strike
(LEMP) IEC 62305-4 (EN 62305-4)
Table 7.3.1 Magnetic attenuation of lattices at a nearby lightning strike acc. to IEC 62305-4
(EN 62305-4)
Fig. 7.3.5 Magnetic field at a distant lightning
strike (LEMP) IEC 62305-4 (EN
62305-4)
for shielding purposes. When upgrading existing
installations, such steel mats are also laid later. For
this type of design, the steel mats must be gal-
vanised to protect them from corrosion.
These galvanised steel mats are then laid on roofs,
for example, so that they overlap, or applied either
externally or internally to the exterior wall to pro-
vide shielding for the building.
Figures 7.3.7a and 7.3.7b show the subsequent
installation of galvanised steel mats on the roof of
a building.
To bridge expansion joints, connect the reinforce-
ment of precast concrete components, and for ter-
minals on the external earth-termination system or
the internal equipotential bonding system, the
building must already be equipped with sufficient
fixed earthing points.
Figure 7.3.8 shows an installation of this type,
which must be taken into consideration for design-
ing the preliminary building works.
The magnetic field inside the building or structure
is reduced over a wide frequency range by means
of reduction loops, which arise as a result of the
meshed equipotential bonding network. Typical
mesh sizes are a 5 m. The interconnection of all
metal components both inside, as well as on the
buildings and structures results in a three-dimen-
sional meshed equipotential bonding network.
Figure 7.3.9 shows a meshed equipotential bond-
ing network with appropriate terminals.
If an equipotential bonding network is installed in
the lightning protection zones, the magnetic field
calculated according to the formulae stated above
is typically further reduced by a factor of 2 (corre-
sponds to 6 dB).
a
b a
4
1
4
2
3
6
7
8
9
5
1 Metal cover of the attic
2 Steel reinforcing rods
3 Intermeshed conductors, superimposed of the reinforcement
4 Connection of the air-termination system
5 Internal equipotential bonding bar
6 Connection capable of carrying lightning currents
7 Connection, e.g. tie connection
8 Ring earth electrode (if existing)
9 Foundation earth electrode
(Typical dimension: a 5 m, b 1 m)
Fig. 7.3.6 Use of reinforcing rods of a building or structure for
shielding and equipotential bonding
Fig. 7.3.7b Use of galvanised construction steel mats for shielding,
e.g. in case of planted roofs
Fig. 7.3.7a Galvanised construction steel mats for shielding the
building
base plate
fixed earthing point
concrete support
concrete
facade
earthing ring conductor
tape conductor holder
steel support
min. 50 mm
2
earthing bus
reinforcement
connection to
the earthing bus
Fig. 7.3.8 Shielding of a structure or building
Fig. 7.3.9 Earthing bus according to DIN VDE 0800-2 (German standard)
7.3.1 Cable shielding
Cable shields are used to reduce the effect of the
interference on the active lines, and the interfer-
ence emitted from the active lines to neighbouring
systems. From the point of view of lightning and
surge protection, attention must be paid to the
following applications of shielded lines:
No shield earthing
Some installation systems recommend a shielded
cable but, at the same time, forbid shield earthing,
(e.g. KNX). If there is no shielding terminal, the
shield is not effective against interferences and
must therefore be considered as non-existing (Fig-
ure 7.3.1.1).
Double-ended shield earthing
A cable shield must be continuously connected
along the whole of its length for good conducting
performance, and earthed at least at both ends.
Only a shield used at both ends can reduce induc-
tive and capacitive inputs. Cable shields entering a
building or structure must have a certain minimum
cross section to avoid the risk of sparking. Other-
wise the shields are not considered being capable
of carrying lightning current. The minimum cross
section of a cable shield (S
cmin
) laid isolated from
earth or air, depends on its specific shield resist-
ance (
c
) (Table 7.3.1.1) on the lightning current
flowing (l
f
), on the impulse withstand voltage of
the system (U
w
), and on the cable length (L
c
).
I
f
can be calculated in accordance with IEC 62305-1
(EN 62305-1). The shield connection technology
usually being tested up to 10 kA (10/350 s), this
value, as a first approximation, can be drawn on as
maximum value.
U
w
can be interpreted quite differently. If the cable
shield away from the internal system is interrupted
at the building entry then the electric strength of
the cable is decisive. The cable shield, however,
being uninterrupted up to the terminal device, the
electric strength of the terminal device is the
important (Table 7.3.1.2).
Two examples shall illustrate the difference:
TC cable shield up to the building entry, Al, loaded
with 10 kA, length 100 m : S
cmin
6 mm
2
. It also has
to be minded, that the shield terminals at the
MEBB must be capable of carrying lightning
current.
S I L U mm
cmin f c c w
= ( / )[ ] 10
6 2
Bus conductor shield up to the terminal device, Cu,
loaded with 5 kA, length 100 m : S
cmin
17 mm
2
.
Such cable shields for bus conductors, however,
being not convenient for the practice the
described conductor has to be considered as not
capable of carrying lightning current.
Single-ended and indirect shield earthing
For operational reasons, cable shields are some-
times earthed at only one end. In fact, a certain
attenuation of capacitive interference fields is giv-
en. Protection against the electromagnetic induc-
tion arising with lightning strikes, however, is not
provided. The reason for the single-ended shield
earthing is the fear of low frequency equalising
currents. In extended installations, a bus cable, for
example, can often stretch many hundreds of
metres between buildings. Especially with older
installations, it can happen that one part of the
earth-termination systems is no longer in opera-
tion, or that no meshed equipotential bonding is
existing. In such cases, interferences can occur as a
result of multiple shield earthing. Potential differ-
ences of the different building earthing systems
can allow low frequency equalising currents
(n x 50 Hz), and the transients superimposed there-
on, to flow. At the same time, currents measuring
up to a few amperes are possible which, in
extreme cases, can cause cable fires. In addition,
crosstalk can cause signal interference if the signal
frequency is in a similar frequency range to the
interference signal.
The aim, however, must be to virtually implement
the requirements of EMC and prevent equalising
Shielding material
c
in m
Copper
Aluminium
Lead
Steel
17.241
.
10
-9
28.264
.
10
-9
214
.
10
-9
138
.
10
-9
Examples Electric strength
15 kV
5 kV
1.5 kV
0.5 1 kV
LV cable
TC cable
TC subscribers side
Measuring and control equipment
Table 7.3.1.1 Specific shield resistance
c
for different materials
Table 7.3.1.2 Electric strength
currents. This can be
achieved by combining
single-ended and indirect
shield earthing. All shields
are directly connected
with the local equipoten-
tial bonding at a central
point such as the control
room. At the far ends of
the cable, the shields are
indirectly connected to
the earth potential via
isolating spark gaps. Since
the resistance of a spark
gap is around 10 G,
equalising currents are
prevented in surge-free
operation. Should EMC
interferences such as
lightning strikes occur,
the spark gap ignites and
discharges the interfer-
ence pulse without conse-
quential damage to the
equipment. This reduces
the residual impulse on
the active lines and the
terminal devices are sub-
ject to even less stress.
The BLITZDUCTOR CT
arrester is equipped with
an insert which can take
a gas discharge tube, if
necessary. This switches
between the cable shield
and the local earth. The
gas discharge tube can be
inserted or removed dur-
ing upgrading or mainte-
nance work in order to
change between direct
and indirect shield earth-
ing (Figure 7.3.1.3).
Low impedance shield
earthing
Cable shields can conduct
impulse currents of up to
several kA. During the dis-
charge, the impulse cur-
rents flow through the
shield and the shield ter-
EBB 1 EBB 2
direct earthing
indirect earthing via
gas discharge tube
EBB 1 EBB 2
the impulse transfer
impedance of the
shield has to be
considered!
C
EBB 1 EBB 2
Fig. 7.3.1.1 No shield connection No shielding from capacitive/ inductive couplings
Fig. 7.3.1.2 Shield connection at both ends Shielding from capacitive/inductive couplings
Fig. 7.3.1.3 Shield connection at both ends Solution: Direct and indirect shield earthing
minals to earth. The impedance of the cable shield
and the shielding terminal creates voltage differ-
ences between shield potential and earth. In such
a case, voltages of up to some kV can develop and
destroy the insulation of conductors or connected
devices. Coarse-meshed shields and the twisting of
the cable shield (pig tail) to the terminal in a rail
clamp are particularly critical. The quality of the
cable shield used affects the number of shield
earthings required. Under certain circumstances,
an earthing is required every 10 metres in order to
achieve an efficient shielding effect. Suitable large
contacting clamps with slipping spring elements
are recommended for the shielding terminal. This
is important to compensate for the yield of the
synthetic insulation of the conductor (Figure
7.3.1.4).
Maximum length of shielded cables
Cable shields have a so-called coupling resistance
which roughly corresponds to the d.c. resistance
provided by the cable manufacturer. An interfer-
ence pulse flowing through the resistance creates
a potential drop on the cable shield. The permissi-
ble coupling resistance for the cable shield can be
determined as a function of the dielectric strength
of the terminal device and the cable, as well as the
cable length. It is crucial that the potential drop is
less than the insulation strength of the system. If
this is not the case, arresters must be used (Figure
7.3.1.5).
Extension of LPZs with the help of shielded
cables
IEC 62305-4 (EN 62305-4) states that using a shield-
ed cable between two equal LPZs obviates the
need for arresters. This statement applies to inter-
ferences to be expected from the spatial surround-
ings of the shielded cable (e.g. electromagnetic
fields) and for meshed equipotential bonding con-
forming to the standard. But beware. Depending
on the conditions the installation is set up in, haz-
ards can still arise and make the use of arresters
necessary. Typical potential hazards are: the feed-
ing of the terminal devices from different low volt-
age main distribution boards (MDB), TN-C systems,
high coupling resistances of the cable shields or
insufficient earthing of the shield. Further caution
must be exercised with cables with poor shield cov-
er, which are often used for economic reasons. The
result is residual interferences on the signal lines.
Interferences of this type can be controlled by
using a high-quality shielded cable or surge pro-
tective devices.
7.4 Equipotential bonding network
The main function of the equipotential bonding
network is to prevent hazardous potential drops
between all devices/ installations in the inner LPZs,
and to reduce the magnetic field of the lightning.
R
Kh
= = = 0.4
U
iso
I
2000 V
5000 A
l = 200 m: R
Kh
= = 2
0.4
200 m
10
-3
m
U = 2 kV dielectric strength
l = 200 m
I = 5 kA
iso
to be calculated: max. permissible coupling impedance R
Kh
of the cable shielding
shield terminal
cable
cable shield
anchor bar
Fig. 7.3.1.4 Shield connection Fig. 7.3.1.5 Shield connection at both ends Shielding from capacitive/ inductive coupling
The low inductance equipotential bonding net-
work required is achieved by means of intercon-
nections between all metal components aided by
equipotential bonding conductors inside the LPZ
of the building or structure. This creates a three-
dimensional meshed network (Figure 7.4.1). Typi-
cal components of the network are:
all metal installations (e.g. pipes, boilers),
reinforcements in the concrete (in floors, walls
and ceilings),
gratings (e.g. intermediate floors),
metal staircases, metal doors, metal frames,
cable ducts,
ventilation ducts,
lift rails,
metal floors,
supply lines.
Ideally, a lattice structure of the equipotential
bonding network would be around 5 m x 5 m. This
would typically reduce the electromagnetic light-
ning field inside an LPZ by a factor of 2 (correspon-
ding to 6 dB).
Enclosures and racks of electronic devices and sys-
tems should be integrated into the equipotential
bonding network with short connections. This
requires sufficient numbers of equipotential bond-
ing bars and/ or ring equipotential bonding bars
(Figure 7.4.2) in the building or structure. The bus-
bars, in turn, must be connected to the equipoten-
tial bonding network (Figure 7.4.3).
Protective conductors (PE) and cable shields of the
data links of electronic devices and systems must
be integrated into the equipotential bonding net-
work in accordance with the instructions of the
system manufacturer. The connections can be
made as a mesh or in the shape of a star (Figure
7.4.4).
When using a star point arrangement S, all metal
components of the electronic system must be suit-
ably insulated against the equipotential bonding
network. A star-shaped arrangement is therefore
usually limited to applications in small, locally con-
fined systems. In such cases, all lines must enter the
building or structure, or a room within the build-
ing or structure, at a single point. The star point
arrangement S must be connected to the equipo-
Fig. 7.4.1 Equipotential bonding network in a structure or building
Fig. 7.4.2 Ring equipotential bonding bar in a computer facility
Fig. 7.4.3 Connection of the ring equipotential bonding bar with the
equipotential bonding network via fixed earthing point
tential bonding network at one single earthing
reference point (ERP) only. This produces the
arrangement S
S
.
When using the meshed arrangement M, all metal
components of the electronic system do not have
to be insulated against the equipotential bonding
network. All metal components shall be integrated
into the equipotential bonding network at as
many equipotential bonding points as possible.
The resulting arrangement M
m
is used for extend-
ed and open systems with many lines between the
individual devices. A further advantage of this
arrangement is the fact that the lines of the system
can enter a building, structure or room at different
points.
Complex electronic systems, also allow combina-
tions of star point and meshed arrangements (Fig-
ure 7.4.5) in order to combine the advantages of
both arrangements.
7.5 Equipotential bonding on the
boundary of LPZ 0
A
and LPZ 1
7.5.1 Equipotential bonding for metal
installations
At the boundaries of the EMC lightning protection
zones, measures to reduce the radiated electro-
magnetic field must be realised, and all metal and
electrical lines / systems passing through the sec-
tional area must be integrated into the equipoten-
tial bonding without exception.
This requirement on the equipotential bonding
basically corresponds to that on the main equipo-
tential bonding bar in accordance with IEC 60364-
4-41 and IEC 60364-5-54, HD 60364-5-54.
Further towards the main equipotential bonding
bar, the lightning equipotential bonding must also
be implemented for cables of electrical and elec-
tronic systems (see also Chapter 7.5.2) at this
boundary of the zones.
ERP
S
s
M
m
M
s
S
s
S
M
M
m
ERP
Star shape arrangement S Mesh shape arrangement M
Basic
arrangement
Integration
into the
equipotential
bonding
network
Legend to 7.4.4 and 7.4.5
Equipotential bonding network
Equipotential bonding conductor
Device
Termination point to the
equipotential bonding network
Earthing reference point
Star shape arrangement
integrated via a neutral point
Mesh shape arrangement
integrated via a meshed lattice
Mesh shape arrangement
integrated via a neutral point
Combination 1 Combination 2
S
s
ERP
M
m
M
s
M
m
ERP
Fig. 7.4.4 Integration of electronic systems into the equipotential bonding network
Fig. 7.4.5 Combination of the integration methods according to
Figure 7.4.4
This equipotential bonding must be installed as
close as possible to the location where the lines
and metal installations enter the building or struc-
ture. The equipotential bonding conductor should
be designed to be as short (low impedance) as pos-
sible.
For equipotential bonding, the following mini-
mum cross sections for tying in the equipotential
bonding bar to the earth-termination system,
interconnecting the different equipotential bond-
ing bars, and tying in the metal installations to the
equipotential bonding bar, must be taken into
account:
The following metal installations have to be incor-
porated into the equipotential bonding:
Metal cable ducts
Shielded cables and lines
Building reinforcement
Metal water supply pipes
Metal conduits for lines
Other metal pipe systems or conductive com-
ponents (e.g. compressed air)
A corrosion-free earth connection can be easily
constructed by using fixed earthing points. During
this process, the reinforcement can be connected
to the equipotential bonding at the same time
(Figure 7.5.1.1).
The procedure of tying in the equipotential bond-
ing bar to the fixed earthing point, and connecting
the conduits to the equipotential bonding, is
shown below (Figure 7.5.1.1).
Chapter 7.3 illustrates the tying in of cable shields
to the equipotential bonding.
7.5.2 Equipotential bonding for power
supply installations
In analogy to metal installations, all electrical pow-
er lines and data links at the entrance of the build-
ing (lightning protection zone boundary LPZ 0
A
to
LPZ 1) must be integrated into the equipotential
bonding. Whereas the design of data links is
described in Section 7.5.3, the following section
will look at the design of equipotential bonding
with electrical power lines in more detail. The
intersections for the equipotential bonding at the
LPZ boundary LPZ 0
A
to LPZ 1 are defined with the
help of the specific design of the property which
requires protection. For installations fed by low
voltage systems, the LPZ boundary LPZ 0
A
/ LPZ 1 is
usually taken to be the boundary of the building
(Figure 7.5.2.1).
Fig. 7.5.1.1 Connection of EBB with fixed earthing point Fig. 7.5.2.1 Transformer outside the structure or building
Material
Cu
Al
Fe
Cross section
14 mm
2
22 mm
2
50 mm
2
SPD
0/1
ing or structure centrally at one point. If local cir-
cumstances do not permit this, the use of a ring
equipotential bonding bar (Figures 7.5.2.3 and
7.5.2.4) is recommended.
The ability of the lightning current arrester used
(SPD, Class 1) to discharge the current must corre-
spond to the loads at the location where it is
employed, based on the lightning protection sys-
tem level used for the property. The lightning pro-
tection system level appropriate for the building
or structure under consideration must be chosen
on the basis of a risk assessment. If no risk assess-
ment is available, or if it is not possible to make
detailed statements about the splitting of the
lightning current at the LPZ boundary LPZ 0
A
to
LPZ 1, it is recommended to use the class of light-
ning protection system with the highest require-
ments (lightning protection level I) as a basis. The
resulting lightning current load of the individual
discharge paths is shown in Table 7.5.2.1.
When installing lightning current arresters on the
LPZ boundary LPZ 0
A
to LPZ 1, it must still be borne
in mind that, if the recommended installation site
is directly at the service entrance box, this can fre-
quently only be done with the agreement of the
power supplier (new: distribution network opera-
tor). The requirements on lightning current
arresters in main distribution systems are laid
down in the directive of the Association of the
For properties fed directly from the medium volt-
age network, the lightning protection zone LPZ 0
A
is extended up to the secondary side of the trans-
former. The equipotential bonding is carried out
on the 230/400 V side of the transformer (Figure
7.5.2.2).
To avoid damage at the transformer the addition-
al use of surge protective devices on the high volt-
age side of the transformer is
recommended.
To prevent the flow of partial
lightning currents in LPZ 0
from affecting parts of the
installation/ systems in LPZ 1,
additional shielding meas-
ures are required for the
medium voltage line enter-
ing the building or structure.
To prevent equalising cur-
rents from occurring bet-
ween the various equipoten-
tial bonding points in an elec-
trical installation, it is recom-
mended to carry out the
lightning equipotential bon-
ding of all metal lines and
electrical power lines and
data links entering the build-
SPD
0/1
2
3 1
8
4
10
5
7
9
6
Reinforcement of the outer walls and the
foundation
Other earth electrodes, e.g. intermeshing
to neighbouring buildings
Connection to the reinforcement
Internal (potential) ring conductor
Connection to external conductive parts,
e.g. water pipeline
Earth electrode Type B, ring earth
electrode
Surge protective device
Electrical power or telecommunications
line
Connection to supplementary earth
electrodes, earth electrode Type A
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Fig. 7.5.2.2 Transformer inside the structure or building (LPZ 0 inte-
grated in LPZ 1)
Fig. 7.5.2.3 Example for equipotential bonding in a structure or building with several entries or the
external conductive parts and with an internal ring conductor as a connection between
the equipotential bonding bars
German network operators (VDN) 2004-08: Surge
protective devices Type 1. Directive for the use of
surge protective equipment Type 1 (up to now
Class B) in main distribution systems and IEC
60364-5-53/A2 (IEC 64/1168/CDV: 2001). When
choosing lightning current arresters for the LPZ
boundary LPZ 0
A
to LPZ 1 then, besides the rating
of the discharge capability, the prospective short
circuit current to be expected at the installation
site must also be taken into account. According to
IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3) Annex E, Subclause
6.2.1.2, lightning current arresters based on spark
gaps should have a high self-quenching capacity
and a good ability to limit follow currents, in order
to ensure that follow currents at the mains fre-
quency are switched off automatically, and to pre-
vent overcurrent protective devices, e.g. fuses,
from false tripping (Figures 7.5.2.5 7.5.2.7).
The special issues relating to the choice, installa-
tion and assembly of lightning current arresters
(SPD Type 1) are described in more detail in Chap-
ter 8.1.
meter
service
entrance box
meter
antenna line
electronic equipment
EBB
consumer's circuits
water meter
water
heating
gas
power
Fig. 7.5.2.4 Internal lightning protection with a common entry of all supply lines
Table 7.5.2.1 Required lightning impulse current carrying capability of surge protective devices SPDs Type 1 according to the lightning protec-
tion level LPL and the type of low voltage consumers installation
Lightning protection level
LPL
(former: Type of LPS)
in TN systems in TT systems
(L N)
in TT systems
(N PE)
Lightning impulse current carrying capability
I
II
III / IV
100 kA / m
75 kA / m
50 kA / m
100 kA / m
75 kA / m
50 kA / m
100 kA
75 kA
50 kA
m: Quantity of conductors, e.g. for L1, L2, L3, N and PE; m = 5
7.5.3 Equipotential bonding for information
technology installations
LPZ 0 LPZ 1
The lightning equipotential bonding from LPZ 0 to
LPZ 1 must be carried out for all metal systems
entering a building. IT lines must be connected as
close as possible to the point where they enter the
building or structure with lightning current
arresters providing a suitable discharge capacity.
For IT lines a general discharge capability of 2.5 kA
(10/350 s) each wire is required for the boundary
from LPZ 0
A
to LPZ 1. The generalised approach is
not used, however, when designing the discharge
capability for installations with a large number of
IT lines. After calculating the partial lightning cur-
rent to be expected for an IT cable (see IEC 62305-3
(EN 62305-3)), the lightning current must then be
Fig. 7.5.2.5 DEHNventil combined lightning current and surge
arrester
Fig. 7.5.2.7 Lightning current arrester at LPZ boundary LPZ 0
A
LPZ 1
Fig. 7.5.2.6 Lightning equipotential bonding for power supply and
information technology systems situated centrally at
one point
they have no inductance as a decoupling ele-
ment
the specified nominal discharge current is
(8/20 s) > 25 x the required discharge current
(10/350 s) per core (Figure 7.5.3.1).
If the equipotential bonding is carried out for lines
on the LPZ boundary 0
B
to LPZ 1, it is sufficient to
use surge protective devices with a discharge
capacity of 20 kA (8/20 s) since no electrically cou-
pled partial lightning currents flow.
boundary of LPZ 0
A
and LPZ 2
installations
See Chapter 7.5.1.
7.6.2 Equipotential bonding for power sup-
ply installations
LPZ 0
A
LPZ 2
Depending on the design of the building or struc-
ture, it is often unavoidable to realise a LPZ bound-
ary from LPZ 0
A
to LPZ 2, especially with compact
installations (Figure 7.6.2.1).
Putting such an LPZ transition into practice makes
high demands on the surge protective devices
employed, and the surroundings of the installa-
tion. Besides the parameters previously described
in Section 7.5.2, a protection level must be
achieved which ensures the safe operation of
equipment and systems of LPZ 2. A low voltage
protection level and high limiting of the inter-
ference energy still transmitted by the arrester,
form the basis here for a safe energy coordination
to surge protective devices in LPZ 2, or to surge
suppressing components in the input circuits of
the equipment to be protected. The combined
lightning current and surge arresters of the
DEHNventil M family are designed for such appli-
cations and enable the user to combine lightning
equipotential bonding and coordinated terminal
device protection in a single device (Figure 7.6.2.2).
Since, for the LPZ boundary from LPZ 0 to LPZ 2, it
is inevitable for both lightning protection zones to
divided by the number of individual cores in the
cable actually used, in order to arrive at the
impulse current per core. The partial lightning cur-
rent load is lower for multi-core cables than it is for
cables with fewer individual cores. For further
information please see Chapter 6.3.
The following surge protective devices can there-
fore be used:
1. Arresters designed for a discharge current of
(10/350 s)
2. Arresters designed for a discharge current of
(8/20 s) if
0
5
10
15
20
25
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
I
m
p
u
l
s
e

c
u
r
r
e
n
t

(
8
/
2
0

s
)

i
n

k
A
Testing lightning current (10/350 s) in kA
SPD
0/1/2
Fig. 7.5.3.1 Comparison of the amplitudes of test currents wave
form 10/350 s and 8/20 s, each at equal loads
Fig. 7.6.2.1 Only one SPD (0/1/2) required (LPZ 2 integrated in LPZ 1)
border directly on each other, a high degree of
shielding at the zone boundaries is absolutely
imperative. As a matter of principle, it is recom-
mended to design the area of the lightning protec-
tion zones LPZ 0 and LPZ 2, which border directly
on each other, to be as small as possible. Provided
that the building or structure will permit it, LPZ 2
should be equipped with an additional zone shield
which is constructed at the zone boundary LPZ 0,
separately from the zone shield flown through by
a lightning current, so that, as can be seen in Fig-
ure 7.6.2.1, LPZ 1 is assembled for a further area of
the installation. The attenuation of the electro-
magnetic field in LPZ 2 this measure brings about,
obviates the need for systematic shielding of all
lines and systems within LPZ 2, which would other-
wise be necessary.
LPZ 0
A
LPZ 2
Generally, a lightning current arrester from LPZ 0
to LPZ 1 acts like a kind of of wave breaker. It con-
ducts a large part of the interference energy away,
thus protecting the installation in the building
from damage. However, it is frequently the case
that the level of residual interference is still too
high to protect the terminal devices. In a further
step, additional surge protective devices are then
installed at the LPZ boundary from LPZ 1 to LPZ 2
to make available a low level of residual interfer-
?
lightning current arrester surge arrester
?
combined lightning current and surge arrester
shielded cable
external
lightning
protection
system
terminal device
(severity 1)
terminal device
(severity 1)
Y/L SPD class
H Q
Y/L SPD class
M
Y/L SPD class
Fig. 7.6.2.2 DEHNventil M TT 255
Fig. 7.6.3.1 Combination aid for Yellow/Line SPD classes (see also Figure 7.8.2.2)
ence adjusted to the immunity of the terminal
device.
When the equipotential bonding from LPZ 0 to
LPZ 2 is carried out, the first thing is to choose the
installation site, and determine the partial light-
ning current of the individual lines and shields,
precisely as described in Chapter 6.3.
However, the requirements on an SPD to be
installed changes at the LPZ boundary, as do the
requirements on the wiring after this boundary.
The protective device must be designed as a com-
bined lightning current and surge arrester and its
energy must be coordinated with that of the ter-
minal device (Figure 7.6.3.1). Combined lightning
current and surge arresters have, on the one hand,
an extremely high discharge capacity and, on the
other, a low level of residual interference to pro-
tect the terminal devices. Furthermore, care must
be taken that the outgoing line from the protec-
tive device to the terminal device is shielded, and
that both ends of the cable shield are integrated
into the equipotential bonding.
Combined lightning current and surge arresters
are recommended
if the terminal devices are near to the location
where the cables enter the building
if low impedance equipotential bonding from
protective device to terminal device can be
created
if the line from the protective device to the
terminal device is continuously shielded and
earthed at both ends
if a particularly cost-effective solution is
sought.
The use of lightning current arresters and surge
arresters is recommended
if there are long cable distances from the pro-
tective device to the terminal device
if the SPDs for power systems and IT surge pro-
tective devices are earthed via different
equipotential bonding bars
if unshielded lines are used
if large interferences can occur inside LPZ 1.
boundary of LPZ 1 and LPZ 2
and higher
installations
This equipotential bonding must be done as close
as possible to the location where the lines and
metal installations enter the zone.
All systems and conductive components must also
be connected as described in Chapter 7.5.1.
The equipotential bonding conductors should be
designed to be as short (low impedance) as possi-
ble.
Ring equipotential bonding in these zones facili-
tates a low impedance tie-in of the systems into
the equipotential bonding.
Figure 7.7.1.1 illustrates the preparation for tying-
in a cable trough to the ring equipotential bond-
ing at the zone transition.
The following metal installations have to be inte-
grated into the equipotential bonding:
metal cable ducts
shielded cables and lines
building reinforcement
metal water supply pipes
metal conduits for lines
other metal pipe systems or conductive com-
ponents (e.g. compressed air)
Fig. 7.7.1.1 Ring equipotential bonding and fixed earthing point for
connection of metal installations
The cross sections described in Chapter 7.5.1 must
again be used for equipotential bonding conduc-
tors combining the equipotential bonding bar and
the earth-termination systems as well as other
equipotential bonding bars.
For the tie-ins of the metal installations to the
equipotential bonding, reduced cross sections can
be used for these zone boundaries:
7.7.2 Equipotential bonding for power sup-
ply installations
LPZ 1 LPZ 2 and higher
For LPZ boundaries LPZ 1 to LPZ 2 and higher, as
well, surge limitation and field attenuation is
achieved by systematical integration of the electri-
cal power lines and data links, also, into the
equipotential bonding at each LPZ boundary, as is
done with all metal systems (Figure 7.7.2.1). Shield-
ing the rooms and devices leads to the attenuation
of the electromagnetic effect.
The function of the surge protective devices
employed at the LPZ boundaries LPZ 1 to LPZ 2, or
at the higher LPZ boundaries, is to minimise the
residual values of upstream surge protective
devices yet further. They must reduce induced
surges affecting the lines laid in the LPZ, and
surges generated in the LPZ itself. Depending on
the location where the protective measures are
taken, they can be either assigned to a device
(device protection) (Figure 7.7.2.2) or represent
the infrastructural basis for the functioning of a
device or system in the installation (Figure 7.7.2.3).
U
2
, I
2
U
1
, I
1
partial
lightning
current
H
2
H
1
H
0
1
2
primary source of interference
I
0
, H
0
electronic system
(susceptible device)
shield
shield
shield (enclosure)
1
Primary source of interference defined
according to the chosen lightning protection
level by
IEC 62305-1 (EN 62305-1):
I
0
and H
0
: impulse 10/350 s and 0.25/100 s
Electronic system (susceptible device) defined
by the immunity against conducted (U, I) and
radiated (H) lightning effects:
IEC 61000-4-5:
U: impulse 1.2/50 s
I: impulse 8/20 s
IEC 61000-4-9
H: impulse 8/20 s, (attenuated wave 25 kHz),
T
p
= 10 s
IEC 61000-4-10:
H: (impulse 0.2/5 s), attenuated wave 1 MHz,
T
p
= 0.25 s
2
Material
Cu
Al
Fe
Cross section
5 mm
2
8 mm
2
16 mm
2
Fig. 7.7.2.1 Electromagnetic compatibility in case of a lightning strike
Fig. 7.7.2.2 Surge protective device for terminal circuits DEHNflex M
The embodiments of the surge protection at the
LPZ boundaries LPZ 1 to LPZ 2 and higher can thus
be designed in very different ways.
LPZ 1 LPZ 2 and higher
At the LPZ boundaries inside buildings, further
measures must be taken to reduce the level of
interference (Figure 7.7.3.1). Since, as a rule, termi-
nal devices are installed in LPZ 2 or higher, the pro-
tective measures must ensure that the level of
residual interference, lies below values the termi-
nal devices can cope with.
Use of surge protective devices in the vicinity
of terminal devices
Integration of the cable shields into the
Low impedance equipotential bonding of the
SPD for IT installations to terminal device and
SPD for power installations
Paying attention to the energy coordination
of SPD and terminal device
Telecommunications lines and gas discharge
lamps must be installed at least 130 mm apart
The distribution boards of electrical installa-
tions and data should be located in different
cabinets
Low voltage lines and telecommunications
lines must cross at an angle of 90
Cable intersection must be carried out using
the shortest route
7.8 Coordination of the protective
measures at various LPZ bound-
aries
7.8.1 Power supply installations
Whereas surge protection in the terminal device,
or immediately upstream of it, expressly fulfils the
function of protecting the device, the function of
surge protective devices in the surrounding instal-
lation is twofold. On the one hand, they protect
the installation, and, on the other, they form the
protective link between the threat parameters of
the complete system and the immunity of the
device of the equipment and systems requiring
protection. The threat parameters of the system,
and the immunity of the device to be protected,
are thus dimensioning factors for the protective
cascade to be installed. To ensure that this protec-
tive cascade, beginning with the lightning current
arrester and ending with the terminal device pro-
tection, is able to function, one must ensure that
individual protective devices are selectively effec-
tive, i.e. each protection stage only takes on the
amount of interference energy which it is
designed for. The synchronisation between the
protective stages is generally termed coordination
and is explained more detailed in IEC 62305-4
(EN 62305-4) Chapter 7. In order to achieve the
described selectivity as the protective device oper-
ates, the parameters of the individual arrester
stages must be coordinated in such a way that, if
one protection stage is faced with the threat of an
energy overload, the upstream more powerful
arrester responds and thus takes over the dis-
charge of the interference energy. When design-
ing the coordination, one must be aware that the
Fig. 7.7.2.3 Multi-pole surge arrester DEHNguard M TT
Fig. 7.7.3.1 Protection of industrial electronic equipment (e.g. an
SPC) by BLITZDUCTOR CT and SPS Protector
pulse waveform with the greatest pulse length
must be assumed to be a threat for the complete
arrester chain. Even though surge protective
devices, by definition, are only tested with pulse
waveforms of 8/20 s, for the coordination
between surge arrester and lightning current
arrester, and also for the surge protective device, it
is imperative to determine the ability of the device
to carry an impulse current of the partial lightning
currents with the waveform 10/350 s. The
Red/Line family of energy-coordinated products,
was created to avert the dangers arising from
defective coordination and the resulting overload-
ing of low-energy protective stages . These surge
protective devices, which are coordinated both
with each other and also with the device to be pro-
tected, provide the user with high safety. By
designing them as lightning current arresters,
surge arresters and combined lightning current
and surge arresters, they are ideally matched to
the requirements of the corresponding LPZ bound-
aries (Figures 7.8.1.1 7.8.1.3).
7.8.2 IT installations
When implementing measures to protect against
disturbance variables from nearby, distant and
direct lightning strikes within buildings, it is re-
commended to apply a concept of protective
devices with several protective stages. This reduces
the high energy interference (partial lightning cur-
rent) in stages because an initial energy absorbing
stage prevents the main part of the interference
from reaching the downstream system. The subse-
quent stages serve to reduce the interference to
values which the system can cope with. Depending
on the conditions of the installation, several pro-
tective stages can also be integrated into one
surge protective device using a combined protec-
tive circuit.
The relevant interfaces where the protective
devices are employed as part of a cascade are, for
example, the zone boundaries (LPZ) of a lightning
protection zone concept which conforms to IEC
62305-4 (EN 62305-4).
A cascading of the surge protective devices must
be carried out with due regard to the coordination
criteria.
Fig. 7.8.1.1 DEHNbloc 3-pole Lightning current arrester and
DEHNventil ZP Combined arrester
Fig. 7.8.1.2 DEHNguard TT H LI Multi-pole surge arrester with
service life indication
Fig. 7.8.1.3 DEHNventil M TNS Modular combined arrester
Fig. 7.8.2.1 Coordination according to let-through method of 2 SPDs and one terminal device (according to IEC 61643-21)
Fig. 7.8.2.2 Examples for the energy coordinated use of arresters according to the Yellow/Line TYPE of arresters and structure of the Yellow/Line-
TYPE of arresters symbol
SPD 1 SPD 2 ITE
I
P1
U
P
1
U
I
N
2
I
IN2
I
P2
U
P
2
U
I
N

I
T
E
I
IN ITE U
IN
Surge immunity against
impulse voltages
I
IN
Surge immunity against
impulse currents
U
P
Voltage protection level
impulse voltage
I
P
Let-through impulse
current
M
H Q
HQ
H Q
terminal
device
1
lightning current
immunity severity
acc. to EN 61000-4-5
Use of a combined lightning current and surge arrester
terminal
device
1
surge
Cascaded use of SPDs
lightning current
Energy coordination of Yellow/Line
is independent of conductor length
discharge capacity
+
decoupling for
coordination with
a further arrester ( )
SPD suitable for coordination
with an other arrester
( +)
specific protection
of terminal equipment
EN 61000-4-5
immunity severity
acc. to EN 61000-4-5
To determine the coordination conditions acc. to
IEC 61643-22, various methods are available (IEC
60364-5-53/A2 (IEC 64/1168/CDV: 2001)), some of
which require certain knowledge about the struc-
ture of the protective devices. A black box
method is the so-called Let-Through-Energy
Method, which is based on standard pulse param-
eters and hence can be understood from both a
mathematical and a practical point of view.
All parts of the cascade are considered to be coor-
dinated if the residual values I
p
for a short-circuit-
ed output, and U
p
for an open-circuit output, are
smaller than the input values I
in
/ U
in
.
Cabling SPD
to LPZ 1 to LPZ 2 to LPZ 3
Exemplified assignment of SPD classes to LPZ
boundaries
From LPZ 0
A
From LPZ 0
B
From LPZ 1
From LPZ 2
Combined SPD
Cascading
Same solution as from LPZ 0
A
Surge arrester
Cascading
Combined arrester
Surge arrester
Same solution as from LPZ 1
Surge arrester
M
H
G
s. a.
T or Q
F
Q
O
J
M
T or Q
s. a.
T
W
[
Discharge capacity of
an SPD (acc. to categories
of IEC 61643-21)
Protective effect of an SPD
(limitation below the test
levels acc. to EN 61000-4-5)
Energy coordination (with
another Yellow/Line arrester)
Characteristic Symbol Legend
A
B
C
D
M
L
K
K
k
Q
Impulse D1 (10/350 s), lightning impulse current 2.5 kA / line or 5 kA / total
exceeds the discharge capacity of B D
Impulse C2 (8/20 s), increased impulse load 2.5 kA / line or 5 kA / total
exceeds the discharge capacity of C D
Impulse C1 (8/20 s), impulse load 0.25 kA / line or 0.5 kA / total
exceeds the discharge capacity of D
Load < C
Test level required for the terminal device: 4
SPD has a decoupling impedance and is suitable for coordination with
an arrester labeled Q
SPD suitable for coordination with an arrester having a decoupling
impedance k
Table 7.8.2.1 Symbol of the SPD class
Table 7.8.2.2 Assignment of the Yellow/Line class of the SPDs at the LPZ boundaries
These methods are, however, difficult for the user
to carry out because they are very time-consuming.
In order to save time and work, the standard per-
mits the use of information supplied by the manu-
facturers for the coordination (Figure 7.8.2.1).
Lightning current arresters at LPZ 0/1 or higher
are, as a rule, specified with a discharge capacity of
waveform 10/350 s. Surge arresters, by contrast,
are only specified with a waveform of 8/20 s. This
originates from the fact that surge arresters were
developed primarily for interferences of inductive
and capacitive inputs. If, however, a line passing
out of the building is connected to a cascade com-
prising lightning current arrester and surge
arrester, it follows from the coordination condi-
tions that
the most sensitive element responds first the
surge arrester
the surge arrester must also be able to carry
part of the partial lightning current with the
waveform 10/350 s, albeit a small one
before the surge arrester is overloaded, the
lightning current arrester must trip and take
over the discharge process.
The surge protective devices of the Yellow/Line
family are coordinated sequentially and safely
with each other and with the terminal devices.
Therefore they provide markings indicating the
symbol of their SPD class (Figure 7.8.2.2, Tables
7.8.2.1 and 7.8.2.2).
7.9 Inspection and maintenance of
the LEMP protection
The fundamentals and pre-conditions governing
the inspection and maintenance of the LEMP pro-
tection are the same as those governing the
inspection and maintenance of lightning protec-
tion systems, as previously described in Chapter
3.4.
The inspections carried out during the construc-
tion phase are particularly important for the
inspection of the LEMP protection, since many
components of the LEMP protection are no longer
accessible when the building work has been com-
pleted. The necessary measures (e.g. connecting
the reinforcement) must be documented photo-
graphically and included with the inspection
report.
Inspections shall be carried out:
during the installation of the LEMP protection,
after the installation of the LEMP protection,
periodically,
after each modification to components which
are relevant for the LEMP protection,
after a lightning strike to the building or struc-
ture, if necessary.
After completion of the inspection, all defects
found must be corrected forthwith. The technical
documentation must be updated as and where
necessary.
A comprehensive inspection of the LEMP protec-
tion should be carried out at least every four years
as part of the inspection of the electrical installa-
tion in accordance with workplace regulations.
8.1 Power supply systems (within
the scope of the lightning pro-
tection zones concept according
to IEC 62305-4 (EN 62305-4))
The installation of a lightning and surge protec-
tion system for electrical installations represents
the latest state of the art and is an indispensable
infrastructural condition for the trouble-free oper-
ation of complex electrical and electronic systems
without consequential damage. The requirements
on SPDs needed for the installation of this type of
lightning and surge protection system as part of
the lightning protection zones concept according
to IEC 62305-4 (EN 62305-4) for power supply sys-
tems are stipulated in IEC 60364-5-53/A2 (IEC
64/1168/CDV: 2001).
SPDs employed as part of the structures fixed
installation are classified according to the require-
ments and loads on the installation sites as surge
protective devices Type 1, 2 and 3 and tested
according to IEC 61643-1 (EN 61643-11).
The highest requirements with respect to the dis-
charge capacity are made on SPDs Type 1. These
are employed within the scope of the lightning
and surge protection system at the boundary of
lightning protection zone LPZ 0
A
to LPZ 1 and
higher, as shown in Figure 8.1.1. These protective
devices must be capable of carrying partial light-
ning currents, waveform 10/350 s, many times
without consequential damage to the equipment.
These SPDs Type 1 are called lightning current
arresters. The function of these protective devices
is to prevent destructive partial lightning currents
from penetrating the electrical installation of a
structure.
At the boundary of lightning protection zone
LPZ 0
B
to LPZ 1 and higher, or lightning protection
zone LPZ 1 to LPZ 2 and higher, SPDs Type 2 are
employed to protect against surges. Their dis-
charge capacity is around some 10 kA (8/20 s).
The last link in the lightning and surge protection
system for power supply installations is the protec-
tion of terminal devices (boundary from lightning
protection zone LPZ 2 to LPZ 3 and higher). The
main function of a protective device Type 3 used at
this point is to protect against surges arising
between L and N in the electrical system. These are
particularly switching surges.The different func-
tions, arrangements and requirements of arresters
is given in Table 8.1.1.
8. Selection, installation and assembly of surge protective
devices (SPDs)
terminal equipment
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
subdistribution board
surge arrester
F3
local EBB
main distribution board
lightning current arrester
F2
Wh
SEB
PEN
meter
F1
MEBB
e
x
t
e
r
n
a
l

l
i
g
h
t
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n

s
y
s
t
e
m
Fig. 8.1.1 Use of SPDs in power supply systems (schematic diagram)
8.1.1 Technical characteristics of SPDs
Maximum continuous voltage U
c
The maximum continuous voltage (equal to: rated
voltage) is the root mean square (rms) value of the
max. voltage which may be applied to the corre-
spondingly marked terminals of the surge protec-
tive device during operation. It is the maximum
voltage on the arrester in the defined non-conduc-
tive state which ensures that this state is regained
after it has responded and discharged.
The value of U
c
shall be selected in accordance
with the nominal voltage of the system to be pro-
tected and the requirements of the installation
provisions (IEC 60364-5-53/A2 (IEC 64/1168/CDV:
2001)). Taking into account a 10 % voltage toler-
ance for TN and TT systems, the maximum contin-
uous voltage U
c
is 253 V for 230/400 V systems.
Lightning impulse current I
imp
This is a standardised impulse current curve with a
10/350 s waveform. Its parameters (peak value,
charge, specific energy) simulate the load caused
by natural lightning currents.
Lightning impulse currents (10/350 s) apply to
SPDs Type 1. They must be able to discharge such
lightning impulse currents several times without
consequential damage to the equipment.
Nominal discharge current I
n
The nominal discharge current I
n
is the peak value
of the current flowing through the surge protec-
tive device (SPD). It has an 8/20 s impulse current
waveform and is rated for classifying the test of
SPDs Type 2 and also for conditioning the SPDs for
Type 1 and 2 tests.
Voltage protection level U
p
The voltage protection level of an SPD denotes the
maximum instantaneous value of the voltage on
the terminals of an SPD while at the same time
characterising their capacity to limit surges to a
residual level.
Depending on the type of SPD, the voltage protec-
tion level is determined by means of the following
individual tests:
Lightning impulse sparkover voltage
1.2/50 s (100 %)
Residual voltage for nominal discharge current
(in accordance with EN 61643-11: U
res
)
The surge protective device appropriate to the
installation site is chosen in accordance with the
overvoltage categories described in IEC 60664-1
(EN 60664-1). It must be noted that the required
minimum value of 2.5 kV for a 230/400 V three-
phase system only applies to equipment belonging
to the fixed electrical installation. Equipment in
the terminal circuits supplied by the installation
require a voltage protection level which is much
lower than 2.5 kV.
IEC 60364-5-53/A2 (IEC 64/1168/CDV: 2001) also
requires a minimum voltage protection level of
2.5 kV for a 230/400 V low-voltage consumers
installation. This minimum voltage protection
level can be realised by means of a coordinated
system of SPDs Type 1 and SPDs Type 2, or by
employing a Type 1 combined lightning current
and surge arrester.
Short-circuit withstand capability
This is the value of the prospective power-frequen-
cy short circuit current controlled by the surge pro-
tective device in case it is furnished with an
upstream backup fuse (backup protection).
Follow current extinguishing capability U
c
(I
fi
)
The follow current extinguishing capability, also
termed breaking capacity, is the unaffected
E DINVDE 0675-6 with A1, A2
(already withdrawn)
IEC 61643-1:
2005
EN 61643-11:
2002
Lightning current arrester; Combined
lightning current and surge arrester
Class B SPD class I SPD Type 1
Surge arrester for distribution boards,
subdistribution boards, fixed installations
Class C SPD class II SPD Type 2
Surge arrester for socket outlets/
terminal units
Class D SPD class III SPD Type 3
Standard
Type/Description
Table 8.1.1 Classification of SPDs according to VDE, IEC and EN
(prospective) rms value of the mains follow current
which can automatically be extinguished by the
surge protective device when U
c
is applied.
According to IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3) and IEC
60364-5-53/A2 (IEC 64/1168/CDV: 2001) the follow
current extinguishing capability of the SPDs should
correspond to the maximum prospective short cir-
cuit current at the SPDs installation site. For distri-
butions in industrial plants with very high short cir-
cuit currents a corresponding backup fuse has to
be chosen for the protective device which inter-
rupts the mains follow current through the protec-
tive device.
According to both IEC 60364-5-53/A2 (IEC 64/1168/
CDV: 2001) and EN 61643-11, SPDs connected bet-
ween neutral conductors and PE conductors,
where a follow current with mains frequency can
arise after the SPD has responded (e.g. spark gaps),
must have a follow current extinguishing capabili-
ty of I
fi
100 A
rms
.
Follow current limiting (for spark-gap based SPDs
Type 1)
Follow current limiting is the capability of a spark-
gap based SPD to limit any mains follow currents
arising to such a degree that the current actually
flowing is noticeably smaller than the possible
short circuit current at the installation site.
A high degree of follow current limiting prevents
upstream protective elements (e.g. fuses) from
tripping because of a too high mains follow cur-
rent.
The follow current limiting is an important para-
meter for the availability of the electrical installa-
tion, particularly for spark-gap based SPDs with a
low voltage protection level.
Coordination
In order to ensure a selective functioning of the
various SPDs, an energy coordination among the
individual SPDs is absolutely essential. The basic
principle of energy coordination is characterised
by the fact that each protective stage must only
discharge the amount of interference energy the
SPD is designed for. If higher interference energies
occur, the protective stage upstream of the SPD,
e.g. SPD Type 1, must take over the discharge of
the impulse current and relieve the downstream
protective devices. This type of coordination
must take into account all possible incidences
of interference such as switching surges, partial
lightning currents, etc.. According to IEC 62305-4
(EN 62305-4) the manufacturer must prove the
energy coordination of its SPDs.
The devices in the Red/Line family are coordinated
with each other and tested with reference to their
energy coordination.
TOV
TOV (Temporary OverVoltage) is the term used to
describe temporary surges which can arise as a
result of faults within the medium and low-volt-
age networks.
To TN systems as well as the L-N path in TT systems
and for a measuring time of 5 seconds applies:
U
TOV
= 1.45 x U
0
, where U
0
represents the nominal
a.c. voltage of the line to earth.
At 230/400 V systems the TOV to be taken into
consideration for the SPDs between L and N is
U
tov
= 333.5 V. For TOVs arising in low-voltage sys-
tems as a result of earth faults in the high-voltage
system, U
TOV
= 1200 V for the N-PE path in TT sys-
tems has to be taken into consideration for 200 ms.
IEC 60364-5-53/A2 (IEC 64/1168/CDV: 2001) requires
a TOV withstand capability for SPDs installed in
low voltage consumers installations.
The devices of the Red/Line family of products
must be rated for TOVs according to EN 61643-11
and meet th requirements of IEC 60364-5-53/A2
(IEC 64/1168/CDV: 2001).
8.1.2 Use of SPDs in various systems
Measures to ensure protection against life hazards
always take priority over surge protective meas-
ures. Since both measures are directly linked to the
type of power supply systems and hence also with
the use of surge protective devices (SPDs), the fol-
lowing describes TN, TT and IT systems and the
variety of ways in which SPDs can be used. Electric
currents flowing through the human body can
have hazardous consequences. Every electrical
installation is therefore required to incorporate
protective measures to prevent hazardous currents
flowing through the human body. Components
being energised during normal operation must be
insulated, covered, sheathed or arranged to pre-
vent from being touched if this could result in haz-
ardous currents flowing through the body. This
protective measure is termed protection against
electric shock under normal conditions. More-
over, it goes without saying, of course, that a haz-
ard must not be caused either by current flowing
through the body if, as the result of a fault, e.g. a
faulty insulation, the voltage is transferred to the
metal enclosure (body of a piece of electrical
equipment). This protection against hazards
which, in the event of a fault, can result from
touching bodies or extraneous conductive compo-
nents, is termed protection against electric shock
under fault conditions.
Generally, the limit of the permanently permissible
touch voltage U
L
for a.c. voltages is 50 V and for
d.c. 120 V.
In electrical circuits containing socket outlets and
in electrical circuits containing Class I mobile
equipment normally held permanently in the hand
during operation, higher touch voltages, which
can arise in the event of a fault, must be discon-
nected automatically within 0.4 s. In all other elec-
trical circuits, higher touch voltages must be auto-
matically disconnected within 5 s.
IEC 60364-4-41: 2005-12 describes protective meas-
ures against indirect shock hazard with protective
conductors. These protective measures operate in
the event of a fault by means of automatic discon-
nection or message. When setting up the measures
for the protection against electric shock under
fault conditions, they must be assigned according
to the system configuration and the protective
device.
According to IEC 60364-4-41: 2005-12, a low volt-
age distribution system in its entirety, from the
power source of the electrical installation to the
last piece of equipment, is essentially characterised
by:
earthing conditions at the power source of the
electrical installation (e.g. low voltage side of
the local network transformer)
and
earthing conditions of the body of the equip-
ment in the electrical consumers installations.
Hence, essentially, three basic types are defined as
distribution systems:
TN system, TT system and IT system.
The letters used have the following significance:
The FIRST LETTER describes the earthing condi-
tions of the supplying power source of the electri-
cal installation:
T direct earthing of one point of the power
source (generally the neutral point of the
transformer),
I Insulation of all active components from the
earth or connection of one point of the power
source to earth via an impedance.
The SECOND LETTER describes the earthing condi-
tions of the bodies of the equipment of the electri-
cal installation:
T Body of the equipment is earthed directly,
regardless of any possible existing earthing of
one point of the power supply,
N Body of the electrical equipment is directly
connected to the power system earthing
(earthing of the power source of the electrical
installation).
SUBSEQUENT LETTERS describe the arrangement
of the neutral conductor and the protective con-
ductor:
S Neutral conductor and protective conductor
are separate from each other,
C Neutral conductor and protective conductor
are combined (in one conductor).
There are therefore three possible options for the
TN system:
TN-S system, TN-C system and TN-C-S system.
The protective devices which can be installed in
the various systems are:
overcurrent protective device,
residual current device,
insulation monitoring device,
fault-voltage-operated protection device (spe-
cial cases).
As previously mentioned, the system configuration
must be assigned to the protective device. This
results in the following assignments:
TN system
Overcurrent protective device,
Residual current device.
TT system
Residual current device,
Fault-voltage-operated protective device (spe-
cial cases).
IT system
Residual current device,
Insulation monitoring device,
These measures to protect against life hazards
have top priority when installing power supply sys-
tems. All other protective measures such as light-
ning and surge protection of electrical systems and
installations are secondary to the protective meas-
ures taken against indirect contact with protective
conductors under consideration of the system con-
figuration and the protective device. The latter
must not be overridden by the use of protective
devices for lightning and surge protection. The
occurrence of a fault in an SPD, unlikely as it may
be, shall also be taken into account. This has partic-
ular significance because the surge protective
devices are always used to the protective conduc-
tor.
In the following sections we therefore describe the
use of SPDs in various system configurations. These
circuit proposals are taken from IEC 60364-5-53/A2
(IEC 64/1168/CDV: 2001).
The concepts shown illustrate the use of lightning
current arresters mainly in the area of the service
entrance box, i.e. upstream of the meter. IEC
60364-5-53/A2 (IEC 64/1168/CDV: 2001) defines the
installation site of lightning current arresters as
close to the origin of the installation.
In Germany the use of lightning current arresters
upstream the meter is regulated by the VDN-
Richtlinie 2004-08 [engl.: Directive of the Asso-
ciation of the German Network Operators]:
berspannungs-Schutzeinrichtungen Typ 1. Richt-
linie fr den Einsatz von berspannungs-
Schutzeinrichtungen (SE) Typ 1 (bisher Anfor-
derungsklasse B) in Hauptstromversorgungssyste-
men. [engl: Surge protective devices Type 1.
Directive for the use of surge protective equip-
ment Type 1 (up to now Class B) in main distribu-
tion systems
This directive, compiled by the VDN defines basic
requirements which, depending on the Distribu-
tion Network Operator (DNO) can lead to different
technical designs.
The preferred kind of supply (network configura-
tion) must be ascertained from the responsible
operator of the distribution network
8.1.3 Use of SPDs in TN Systems
For protection against electric shock under fault
conditions in TN systems, overcurrent and resi-
dual current devices have been approved. For the
use of SPDs this means that these protective
devices may only be arranged downstream of the
devices for protection against electric shock
under fault conditions in order to ensure that the
measure to protect against life hazards also oper-
ates in the event of a failure of an SPD.
If an SPD Type 1 or 2 is installed downstream of a
residual current device, it has to be expected that,
because of the discharged impulse current to PE,
this process will be interpreted as residual current
by a residual current device (RCD), and it interrupts
the circuit.
Moreover, if an SPD Type 1 is loaded with partial
lightning currents it must be assumed that the
high dynamics of the lightning current will cause
mechanical damage on the residual current device
(Figure 8.1.3.1). This would override the protective
measure protection against electric shock under
fault conditions.
Of course, this must be avoided. Therefore both
lightning current arresters Type 1 and SPDs Type 2
should be used upstream of the residual current
device. Hence, for SPDs Type 1 and 2, the only pos-
sible measure for protection against electric
shock under fault conditions is using overcurrent
protective devices. The use of SPDs must therefore
always be considered in conjunction with a fuse as
the overcurrent protective device. Whether or not
a supplementary separate backup fuse must be
designated for the arrester branch, depends on
the size of the next upstream supply fuse and the
backup fuse approved for the SPD. The following
maximum continuous voltages apply to SPDs Type
1, 2 and 3 when used in TN systems (Figures.8.1.3.2
and 8.1.3.3a to b):
Figure 8.1.3.4 illustrates an example of the connec-
tions for use of lightning current arresters and
surge protective devices in TN-C-S systems. It can
be seen that SPDs Type 3 are used downstream of
the residual current device (RCD). In this context,
please note the following:
As a result of the frequency of switching surges in
the terminal circuits, SPDs Type 3 are primarily
employed to protect against differential mode
voltages. These surges generally arise between L
and N. A surge limitation between L and N means
that no impulse current is discharged
to PE. Thus, this process can also not
be interpreted as residual current by
the RCD. In all other cases, SPDs Type 3
are designed for a nominal discharge
capacity of 1.5 kA. These values are
sufficient in the sense that upstream
protective stages of SPDs Type 1 and 2
take over the discharge of high ener-
gy impulses. When using an RCD capa-
ble of withstanding impulse currents,
these impulse currents are not able to
trip the RCD or cause mechanical dam-
age. The Figures 8.1.3.5 to 8.1.3.9 illus-
trate the use of SPDs as part of the
lightning protection zones concept,
and the required lightning and surge
protective measures for a TN-C-S sys-
tem.
8.1.4 Use of SPDs in TT systems
For protection against electric shock
under fault conditions in TT systems,
the overcurrent protective devices,
residual current devices (RCD) and, in
special cases, fault-voltage-operated
U
0
= Nominal a.c. voltage of the
phase conductors to earth
L1
L2
L3
PEN
U
0
= 230 V a.c.
U
c
1.1 x 230 V = 255 V a.c.
=> 3 x SPD with U
c
255 V a.c.
1.1 U
0
R
A
U
0
= 230 V a.c.
Phase conductor to PE:
U
c
1.1 x 230 V = 255 V a.c.
Neutral conductor to PE:
U
c
230 V a.c.
3 x SPD with U
c
255 V a.c.
1 x SPD with U
c
230 V a.c.
The values of U
0
between neutral
conductor and PE already refer to
most unfavourable operating con-
ditions. A tolerance of 10 % was
therefore not considered
1.1 U
0
U
0
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
U
0
= Nominal a.c. voltage of the phase conductors to earth
R
A
U
0
= 230 V a.c.
U
c
1.1 x 230 V = 255 V a.c.
U
c
230 V a.c.
3 x SPD with U
c
255 V a.c.
1 x SPD with U
c
230 V a.c.
The values of U
0
between neutral
most unfavourable operating con-
ditions. A tolerance of 10 % was
therefore not considered.
1.1 U
0
U
0
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
U
0
phase conductors to earth R
A
Fig. 8.1.3.1 RCD destroyed by lightning impulse
current
Fig. 8.1.3.2 3-0 circuit in TN-C systems
Fig. 8.1.3.3a 4-0 circuit in TN-S systems
Fig. 8.1.3.3b 3+1 circuit in TN-S systems
terminal equipment
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
surge arrester
F3
local EBB
F2
Wh
F1
SEB
PEN
e
x
t
e
r
n
a
l

l
i
g
h
t
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n

s
y
s
t
e
m
MEBB
R
C
D
protection acc. to IEC 60364-4-443
protection acc. to IEC 62305 (EN 62305)
terminal equipment
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
surge arrester
F3
local EBB
Wh
e
x
t
e
r
n
a
l

l
i
g
h
t
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n

s
y
s
t
e
m
MEBB
F2
SEB
F1
Fig. 8.1.3.4 Use of SPDs in TN-C-S systems
Fig. 8.1.3.5 Use of SPDs in TN-S systems
Fig. 8.1.3.6 SPDs used in TN systems Example: Office Building Separation of the PEN in the main distribution board
D
EH
N
guard
DG MOD 275
D
EH
N
guard
DG MOD 275
L1 L2
PE
D
EH
N
guard
DG MOD 275
L3
D
EH
N
guard
DG MOD 275
N
D
EH
N
guard
DG MOD 275
D
EH
N
guard
DG MOD 275
L1 L2
PE
D
EH
N
guard
DG MOD 275
L3
D
EH
N
guard
DG MOD 275
N
DEHNflex
S-Schutz
L1 L1' L2 L2' L3 L3'
N/PEN N/PEN
DEHNbloc
DB 3 255 H
L1 L1 L2 L2
PEN
L3 L3
D
EH
N
ventil
DV MOD 255
D
EH
N
ventil
DV MOD 255
D
EH
N
ventil
DV MOD 255
L L'
N/PEN N/PEN
D
S
I
!
DEHNbloc
Maxi
DBM 1 255 L
L L'
N/PEN N/PEN
D
S
I
!
DEHNbloc
Maxi
DBM 1 255 L
L L'
N/PEN N/PEN
D
S
I
!
DEHNbloc
Maxi
DBM 1 255 L
L1 L2 L3 N PE
Cable length 5 m
16 A
S
o
c
k
e
t

O
u
t
l
e
t
f
a
u
l
t

s
i
g
n
a
l
1 x DSA 230 LA Part No. 924 370
for cable ducts
1 x STC 230 Part No. 924 350
for existing socket outlets
or with remote signalling contact:
1 x DG M TNS 275 FM Part No. 952 405
1 x DV M TNC 255 Part No. 951 300
alt. 1 x DV M TNC 255 FM Part No. 951 305
also available as
1 x DV M TNS 255 Part No. 951 400
alt. 1 x DV M TNS 255FM Part No. 951 405
1 125 A
SPD Type 2
(Surge arrester)
1 125 A
SPD Type 2
(Surge arrester)
1 x DG M TNS 275 Part No. 952 400
Cable length 15 m
SPD Type 1
(Lightning current arrester)
1 x DB 3 255 H Part No. 900 120
alt. 3 x DB 1 255 H Part No. 900 222
1 x MVS 1 8 Part No. 900 611
1 315 A
SPD Type 1
(Coordinated lightning
current arrester)
DEHNbloc
Maxi
Coordinated to DEHNguard
without additional cable length.

3 x DBM 1 255 L Part No. 900 026
1 x MVS 1 8 Part No. 900 611
alt. 3 x DBM 1 255 Part No. 900 025
1 x MVS 1 8 Part No. 900 611
1 315 A
M
a
i
n

D
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n

B
o
a
r
d
S
u
b
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n

B
o
a
r
d
SPD Type 1
(Combined lightning current
and surge arrester)
DEHNventil
Directly coordinated to
Red/Line SPDs Type 2 and 3
1 315 A
SPD Type 3
(Surge arrester)
1 x DFL M 255 Part No. 924 396
for flush-mounted systems
SPD Type 3
(Surge arrester)
SPD Type 3
(Surge arrester)
EBB
1) Only required, if a fuse of the same or a lower nominal value is not already provided in the upstream power supply.
L L'
N/PEN N/PEN
D
S
I
!
DEHNbloc
Maxi
DBM 1 255 L
L L'
N/PEN N/PEN
D
S
I
!
DEHNbloc
Maxi
DBM 1 255 L
L L'
N/PEN N/PEN
D
S
I
!
DEHNbloc
Maxi
DBM 1 255 L
S-PROTECTOR
230V~ Defect
berspannungsschutz
SFL-Protector
01
D
EH
N
guard
DG MOD 275
D
EH
N
guard
DG MOD 275
L1 L2
PEN
D
EH
N
guard
DG MOD 275
L3
D
EH
N
guard
DG MOD 275
D
EH
N
guard
DG MOD 275
L1 L2
PEN
D
EH
N
guard
DG MOD 275
L3
L1 L1' L2 L2' L3 L3'
N/PEN N/PEN
DEHNbloc
DB 3 255 H
D
EH
N
ventil
DV MOD 255
D
EH
N
ventil
DV MOD 255
D
EH
N
ventil
DV MOD 255
L1 L1 L2 L2
PEN
L3 L3
L1 L2 L3 N PE
Cable length 5 m
16 A
S
o
c
k
e
t

O
u
t
l
e
t
M
a
i
n

D
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n

B
o
a
r
d
S
u
b
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n

B
o
a
r
d
SPD Type 2
(Surge arrester)
Cable length 15 m
SPD Type 1
SPD Type 1
current arrester)
SPD Type 1
and surge arrester)
DEHNbloc
Maxi

f
a
u
l
t

s
i
g
n
a
l
1 x NSM PRO EW Part No. 924 342
1 x SF PRO Part No. 909 820
1 x S PRO Part No. 909 821 1 x SFL PRO Part No. 912 260
1 x DG M TNC 275 Part No. 952 300
1 x DG M TNC 275 FM Part No. 952 305
1 x DB 3 255 H Part No. 900 120
alt. 3 x DB 1 255 H Part No. 900 222
1 x MVS 1 8 Part No. 900 611
3 x DBM 1 255 L Part No. 900 026
1 x MVS 1 8 Part No. 900 611
alt. 3 x DBM 1 255 Part No. 900 025
1 x MVS 1 8 Part No. 900 611
1 x DV M TNC 255 Part No. 951 300
alt. 1 x DV M TNC 255 FM Part No. 951 305
DEHNventil
1 125 A 1 125 A
SPD Type 2
(Surge arrester)
1 315 A 1 315 A 1 315 A
SPD Type 3
(Surge arrester)
SPD Type 3
(Surge arrester)
SPD Type 3
(Surge arrester)
EBB
Fig. 8.1.3.7 SPDs used in TN systems Example: Office Building Separation of the PEN in the subdistribution board
DEHN SPD
SPS PRO
/ IN function
OUT / FM
D
EH
N
rail
DR MOD 255
43
21
NETZFILTER
L' L' N' N'
OUT
L L N N
IN
N L1
N L1
L2 L3
L2 L3
DEHNrail 230/3N FML
DR 230 3N FML
D
EH
N
guard
DG MOD 275
D
EH
N
guard
DG MOD 275
L1 L2
PEN
D
EH
N
guard
DG MOD 275
L3
DEHNbloc
NH
DB NH00 255
DEHNbloc
NH
DB NH00 255
DEHNbloc
NH
DB NH00 255
L L'
N/PEN N/PEN
D
S
I
!
DEHNbloc
Maxi
DBM 1 255 L
L L'
N/PEN N/PEN
D
S
I
!
DEHNbloc
Maxi
DBM 1 255 L
L L'
N/PEN N/PEN
D
S
I
!
DEHNbloc
Maxi
DBM 1 255 L
1 2 3
14 11 12
DEHNsignal
DSI DBM
D
EH
N
ventil
DV MOD 255
D
EH
N
ventil
DV MOD 255
D
EH
N
ventil
DV MOD 255
L1 L1 L2 L2
PEN
L3 L3
VNH
V NH 00 280
VNH
V NH 00 280
VNH
V NH 00 280
3 x V NH00 280 Part No. 900 261
3 x DB NH00 255 H Part No. 900 273
alt. 3 x DB 1 255 H Part No. 900 222
1 x MVS 1 8 Part No. 900 611
1 315 A
3 x DBM 1 255 L Part No. 900 026
1 x MVS 1 8 Part No. 900 611
alt. 3 x DBM 1 255 S Part No. 900 220
1 315 A
f
a
u
l
t

s
i
g
n
a
l
1 x DV M TNC 255 FM Part No. 951 305
alt. 1 x DV M TNC 255 Part No. 951 300
1 315 A
f
a
u
l
t

s
i
g
n
a
l
1 x DG M TNC 275 Part No. 952 300
1 x DG M TNC 275 FM Part No. 952 305
1 125 A
1 3 A
1 x SPS PRO Part No. 912 253 1 x DR 230 3N FML Part No. 901 130
1 16 A
electronic
equipment
25 A also
permissible
without NF 10
1 x DR M 2P 255 FM Part No. 953 205
1 x NF 10 Part No. 912 254
1 10 A
L1 L2 L3 N PE
Cable length 5 m
16 A
S
w
i
t
c
h
g
e
a
r
/
M
a
c
h
i
n
e
SPD Type 2
(Surge arrester)
SPD Type 2
(Surge arrester)
Cable length 15 m
SPD Type 1
SPD Type 1
current arrester)
DEHNbloc
Maxi

M
a
i
n

D
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n

B
o
a
r
d
S
u
b
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n

B
o
a
r
d
SPD Type 1
and surge arrester)
SPD Type 3
(Surge arrester)
SPD Type 3
(Surge arrester)
SPD Type 3
(Surge arrester)
DEHNventil
2
EBB
PLC PLC
2) Without separate backup fuse in case of earth-fault- and short-circuit-proof installation.
Fig. 8.1.3.8 SPDs used in TN systems Example: Industry Separation of the PEN in the subdistribution board
protective devices have
been approved. This means
that, in TT systems, light-
ning current and surge
arresters may only be ar-
ranged downstream of
the above described pro-
tective devices in order
to ensure the protection
against electric shock un-
der fault conditions in
the event of an SPD fail-
ure.
As previously described in
Section 8.1.3, in case of an
arrangement of an SPD
Type 1 or 2 downstream of
an RCD, it has to be
expected that, because of
the impulse current dis-
charged to PE, this dis-
charge process will be
D
EH
N
rail
DR MOD 255
4 3
2 1
S-PROTECTOR
230V~ Defect
DEHNventil ZP
DV ZP TNC 255
PEN
PEN
L3
L2
L1
L1 L2 L3 N PE
16 A
S
o
c
k
e
t

O
u
t
l
e
t
EBB
H
e
a
t
i
n
g

C
o
n
t
r
o
l
SPD Type 1
and surge arrester)
1 x DV ZP TNC 255 Part No. 900 390
also available for 5-wire systems
1 x DV ZP TT 255 Part No. 900 391
Note:
As an alternative, surge arresters can also be used
(e.g. DG M TNC 275 Part No. 952 300),
if no
- lightning protection system,
- electrical power supply by the service entry mast,
- antenna on the roof
is available.
C
e
n
t
r
a
l

M
a
i
n

a
n
d
S
u
b
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n

B
o
a
r
d
1 x S PRO Part No. 909 821
1 x SF PRO Part No. 909 820
1 x SFL PRO Part No. 912 260
SPD Type 3
(Surge arrester)
1 x DR M 2P 255 Part No. 953 200
SPD Type 3
(Surge arrester)
KW h
L1
L2
L3
PEN
heating
315 A gL/gG
Fig. 8.1.3.9 SPDs used in TN systems Example: Residential building
Fig. 8.1.4.1 TT system (230/400 V); 3+1 circuit
U
0
= 230 V a.c.
Phase conductor to neutral conductor
U
c
1.1 x 230 V = 255 V a.c.
U
c
230 V a.c.
3 x SPD with U
c
255 V a.c.
1 x N-PE arrester with U
c
230 V a.c.
The values of U
0
between neutral con-
ductor and PE already refer to the most
unfavourable operating conditions.
A tolerance of 10 % has therefore not
been considered.
1.1 U
0
U
0
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
U
0
phase conductors to earth R
A
interpreted by the RCD as residual current, and
then the circuit is interrupted by the same. If SPDs
Type 1 are used, it must further be assumed that
the dynamics of the discharged partial lightning
current would cause mechanical damage to the
RCD as the SPD Type 1 responds as is the case with
TN systems. This would damage the protective
device for protection against electric shock under
fault conditions and override the protective
measure. This type of state, which can result in life
hazard, must of course be avoided. Hence, both
SPDs Type 1 and SPDs Type 2 must always be
installed upstream of the residual current device in
TT systems. SPDs Type 1 and 2 must be arranged in
TT systems to meet the conditions for the use of
overcurrent protective devices for protection
against electric shock under fault conditions.
In the event of a failure, i.e. a faulty SPD, short cir-
cuit currents must flow to initiate an automatic
disconnection of the overcurrent protective
devices within 5 s. If the arresters in the TT system
were arranged as shown in Figures 8.1.3.4 and
8.1.3.5 for TN systems then, in the event of a fault,
only earth fault currents would arise instead of
short circuit currents. In certain circumstances,
however, these earth fault currents do not trip an
upstream overcurrent protective device within the
time required.
SPDs Type 1 and 2 in TT systems are therefore
arranged between L and N. This arrangement shall
ensure that, in the event of a faulty protective
device in the TT system, a short circuit current can
develop and cause the next upstream overcurrent
protective device to respond. However, since light-
ning currents always occur to earth, i.e. PE, a sup-
plementary discharge path between N and PE
must be provided.
These so-called N-PE arresters must meet special
requirements since here, on the one hand, the sum
of the partial discharge currents from L1, L2, L3
and N must be carried and, on the other, there
must be a follow current extinguishing capability
of 100 A
rms
because of a possible shifting of the
neutral point.
The following maximum continuous voltages
apply to the use of SPDs in TT systems between L
and N (Figure 8.1.4.1):
Fig. 8.1.4.2 Use of SPDs in TT systems
surge arrester
terminal equipment
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
F3
local EBB
F2
Wh
F1
SEB
e
x
t
e
r
n
a
l

l
i
g
h
t
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n

s
y
s
t
e
m
MEBB
R
C
D
lightning current and surge protection acc. to IEC 62305 (EN 62305)
The lightning current carrying capability of the
SPDs Type 1 must be designed to conform to light-
ning protection levels I, II, III/IV, as per IEC 62305-1
(EN 62305-1).
For the lightning current carrying capability of the
SPDs between N and PE, the following values must
be maintained:
Lightning protection level:
I I
imp
100 kA (10/350 s)
II I
imp
75 kA (10/350 s)
III/IV I
imp
50 kA (10/350 s).
The SPDs Type 2 are also connected between L and
N and between N and PE. For the SPD between N
and PE, in combination with SPDs Type 2, the dis-
charge capacity must be at least I
n
20 kA (8/20 s)
for three-phase systems and I
n
10 kA (8/20 s) for
single-phase systems.
Since coordination is always performed on the
basis of the worst-case conditions (10/350 s wave-
form), the N-PE Type 2 arrester from the Red/Line
family is based on a value of 12 kA (10/350 s).
Figure 8.1.4.2 to 8.1.4.6 shows examples of the
connections for use of SPDs in TT systems. As is the
case in TN systems, surge protective devices Type 3
are installed downstream of the RCD. Generally,
the impulse current discharged by this SPD is so
low that the RCD does not recognise this process as
a residual current.
However, it is still important to use an RCD capable
of withstanding impulse currents.
8.1.5 Use of SPDs in IT systems
For protection against electric shock under fault
conditions in IT systems, overcurrent protective
devices, residual current devices (RCD) and insula-
tion monitoring devices have been approved.
Whereas in TN or TT systems, the protection
against electric shock under fault conditions in
the event of the first fault is ensured by the appro-
priate automatic disconnection from supply
D
EH
N
rail
DR MOD 255
4 3
2 1
D
EH
N
ventil
DV MOD 255
D
EH
N
ventil
DV MOD 255
D
EH
N
ventil
DV MOD 255
D
EH
N
ventil
DV M
OD NPE
50
L1 L1 L2 L2
PE
L3 L3 N N
DEHNflex
L1 L2 L3 N PE
16 A
S
o
c
k
e
t

O
u
t
l
e
t
H
e
a
t
i
n
g

C
o
n
t
r
o
l
SPD Type 1
and surge arrester)
1 x DV M TT 255 Part No. 951 310
Note:
As an alternative, surge arresters can also be used
(e.g. DG M TT 275 Part No. 952 310),
if no
- lightning protection system,
- electrical power supply by the service entry mast,
- antenna on the roof
is available.
C
e
n
t
r
a
l

M
a
i
n

a
n
d
S
u
b
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n

B
o
a
r
d
1 x DR M 2P 255 Part No. 953 200
SPD Type 3
(Surge arrester)
125 A
1 x DFL M 255 Part No. 924 396
SPD Type 3
(Surge arrester)
heating
EBB
Fig. 8.1.4.3 SPDs used in TT systems Example: Residential Building
Fig. 8.1.4.4 SPDs used in TT systems Example: Office building
D
EH
N
guard
DG MOD 275
D
EH
N
guard
DG MOD 275
L1 L2
PE
D
EH
N
guard
DG MOD 275
L3 N
D
EH
N
guard
DG MOD NPE
D
EH
N
guard
DG MOD 275
D
EH
N
guard
DG MOD 275
L1 L2
PE
D
EH
N
guard
DG MOD 275
L3 N
D
EH
N
guard
DG MOD NPE
DEHNflex
S-Schutz
D
EH
N
ventil
DV MOD 255
D
EH
N
ventil
DV MOD 255
D
EH
N
ventil
DV MOD 255
D
EH
N
ventil
DV M
OD NPE
50
L1 L1 L2 L2
PE
L3 L3 N N
DEHNgap Maxi
DGP M255
D
S
I
!
N N'
N
L L'
N/PEN N/PEN
D
S
I
!
DEHNbloc
Maxi
DBM 1 255 L
L L'
N/PEN N/PEN
D
S
I
!
DEHNbloc
Maxi
DBM 1 255 L
L L'
N/PEN N/PEN
D
S
I
!
DEHNbloc
Maxi
DBM 1 255 L
L1 L1' L2 L2' L3 L3'
N/PEN N/PEN
DEHNbloc
DB 3 255 H
Durchgangsklemme
DK 35
DEHNgap B/n
DGP BN 255
1 x DB 3 255 H Part No. 900 120
alt. 3 x DB 1 255 H Part No. 900 222
1 x DGP BN 255 Part No. 900 132
1 x DK 35 Part No. 900 699
1 x MVS 1 4 Part No. 900 610
1 315 A
3 x DBM 1 255 L Part No. 900 026
alt. 3 x DBM 1 255 Part No. 900 025
1 x DGPM 255 Part No. 900 055
1 x MVS 1 8 Part No. 900 611
1 315 A
1 x DV M TT 255 FM Part No. 951 315
alt. 1 x DV M TT 255 Part No. 951 310
1 315 A
fault signal
L1 L2 L3 N PE
Cable length 5 m
16 A
S
o
c
k
e
t

O
u
t
l
e
t
f
a
u
l
t

s
i
g
n
a
l
1 x DSA 230 LA Part No. 924 370
for cable ducts
1 x STC 230 Part No. 924 350
for existing socket outlets
1 x DG M TT 275 FM Part No. 952 315
1 125 A
SPD Type 2
(Surge arrester)
1 125 A
SPD Type 2
(Surge arrester)
1 x DG M TT 275 Part No. 952 310
Cable length 15 m
SPD Type 1
SPD Type 1
current arrester)
DEHNbloc
Maxi

M
a
i
n

D
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n

B
o
a
r
d
S
u
b
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n

B
o
a
r
d
SPD Type 1
and surge arrester)
SPD Type 3
(Surge arrester)
1 x DFL M 255 Part No. 924 396
for flush-mounted systems
SPD Type 3
(Surge arrester)
SPD Type 3
(Surge arrester)
DEHNventil
RCD
EBB
D
EH
N
guard
DG MOD 275
D
EH
N
guard
DG MOD 275
L1 L2
PE
D
EH
N
guard
DG MOD 275
L3 N
D
EH
N
guard
DG M
OD NPE
D
EH
N
guard
DG MOD 275
D
EH
N
guard
DG MOD 275
L1 L2
PE
D
EH
N
guard
DG MOD 275
L3 N
D
EH
N
guard
DG MOD NPE
DEHN SPD
SPS PRO
/ IN function
OUT / FM
D
EH
N
rail
DR MOD 255
43
21
NETZFILTER
L' L' N' N'
OUT
L L N N
IN
N L1
N L1
L2 L3
L2 L3
DEHNrail 230/3N FML
DR 230 3N FML
DEHNgap Maxi
DGP M255
D
S
I
!
N N'
N
L L'
N/PEN N/PEN
D
S
I
!
DEHNbloc
Maxi
DBM 1 255 L
L L'
N/PEN N/PEN
D
S
I
!
DEHNbloc
Maxi
DBM 1 255 L
L L'
N/PEN N/PEN
D
S
I
!
DEHNbloc
Maxi
DBM 1 255 L
1 2 3 4
14 11 12
DEHNsignal
DSI DV
D
EH
N
ventil
DV MOD 255
D
EH
N
ventil
DV MOD 255
D
EH
N
ventil
DV MOD 255
D
EH
N
ventil
DV M
OD NPE
50
L1 L1 L2 L2
PE
L3 L3 N N
DEHNbloc
NH
DB NH00 255
DEHNbloc
NH
DB NH00 255
DEHNbloc
NH
DB NH00 255
DEHNbloc
NH
DB NH00 255
RCD
1 3 A
1 x SPS PRO Part No. 912 253
3 x DB NH00 255 H Part No. 900 273
1 x DGP B NH00 N 255 Part No. 900 269
1 315 A
1 x DV M TT 255 FM Part No. 951 315
alt. 1 x DV M TT 255 Part No. 951 310
1 315 A
fault signal
1 x DR 230 3N FML Part No. 901 130
1 16 A
electronic
equipment
3 x DBM 1 255 L Part No. 900 026
alt. 3 x DBM 1 255 Part No. 900 025
1 x DGPM 255 Part No. 900 055
1 x MVS 1 8 Part No. 900 611
1 315 A
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
i
o
n

o
f
i
n
t
e
r
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
25 A also
permissible
without NF 10
1 x DR M 2P 255 FM Part No. 953 205
1 x NF 10 Part No. 912 254
1 10 A
L1 L2 L3 N PE
Cable length 5 m
16 A
S
w
i
t
c
h
g
e
a
r
/
M
a
c
h
i
n
e
f
a
u
l
t

s
i
g
n
a
l
1 x DG M TT 275 FM Part No. 952 315
1 125 A
SPD Type 2
(Surge arrester)
1 125 A
SPD Type 2
(Surge arrester)
1 x DG M TT 275 Part No. 952 310
Cable length 15 m
SPD Type 1
SPD Type 1
current arrester)
DEHNbloc
Maxi

M
a
i
n

D
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n

B
o
a
r
d
S
u
b
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n

B
o
a
r
d
SPD Type 1
and surge arrester)
SPD Type 3
(Surge arrester)
SPD Type 3
(Surge arrester)
SPD Type 3
(Surge arrester)
DEHNventil
EBB
PLC PLC
Fig. 8.1.4.5 SPDs used in TT systems Example: Industry
through the overcurrent protective devices or
RCDs, the first fault in an IT system only creates an
alarm. An excessive shock hazard voltage cannot
occur because the first fault in the IT system simply
creates an earth connection of the system. The
operating state of the IT system then becomes a TN
or TT system. Hence, an IT system can be further
operated at no risk after the first fault. Thus, work
or production processes already begun (e.g. chem-
ical industry) can still be completed. For the first
fault, the protective conductor adopts the poten-
tial of the faulty external conductor, which, how-
ever, does not create a risk, because all bodies and
metal components which persons can come into
contact with, adopt this potential via the protec-
tive conductor. Hence, no hazardous potential dif-
ferences can be bridged either. When the first fault
occurs, however, it must be noted, that the voltage
of the IT system of the intact conductors to earth
corresponds to the voltage between the external
conductors. Hence, in a 230/400 V IT system, in the
event of a faulty SPD there is a voltage of 400 V
across the non-faulty SPD. This possible operating
state must be taken into account when choosing
the SPDs with respect to their maximum continu-
ous voltage.
When considering IT systems, a distinction is made
between IT systems with neutral conductors enter-
ing the building with the others, and IT systems
without such neutral conductors. For IT systems
with the latter configuration, the SPDs in the so-
called 3-0 circuit must be installed between each
external conductor and the PE conductor. For IT
systems with neutral conductors entering the
building with the others, both the 4-0 and the
3+1 circuit can be used. When using the 3+1
circuit, it must be noted that, in the N-PE path, an
SPD must be employed with a follow current extin-
guishing capability appropriate to the system con-
ditions.
The following maximum continuous operating
voltages apply to the use of SPDs Type 1, 2 and 3 in
IT systems with and without neutral conductors
entering the building with the others (Figures
8.1.5.1a c).
A second fault in an IT system must then cause a
tripping of a protective device. The statements
about TN and TT systems made in Sections 8.1 and
8.2 apply to the use of SPDs in IT systems in connec-
L1
L2
L3
PE
U
L-L
R
A
U
L-L
500 V a.c.
U
c
500 V a.c.
3 x SPD with U
c
500 V a.c.
The values of U
c
between neutral
the most unfavourable operating
conditions. A tolerance of 10 %
has therefore not been considered.
3 U
0
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
R
A
U
0
U
0
= 230 V a.c.
Phase conductor to neutral conductor:
U
c
3 x 230 V = 398 V a.c.
U
c
230 V a.c.
3 x SPD with U
c
398 V a.c.
1 x SPD with U
c
230 V a.c.
The values of U
c
between neutral
U
0
1,1 U
0
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
U
0
R
A
U
0
= 230 V a.c.
Phase conductor to neutral conductor:
U
c
1.1 x 230 V = 255 V a.c.
U
c
230 V a.c.
3 x SPD with U
c
255 V a.c.
1 x SPD with U
c
230 V a.c.
The values of U
c
between neutral
1.1 U
0
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
U
0
U
0
R
A
Fig. 8.1.5.1a IT system without neutral conductor; 3-0 circuit
Fig. 8.1.5.1b IT system with neutral conductor; 4-0 conductor
Fig. 8.1.5.1c IT system with neutral conductor; 3+1 circuit
tion with a protec-
tive device for "pro-
tection against electric
shock under fault con-
ditions".
The use of SPDs Type 1
and 2 upstream of the
RCD is therefore also
recommended for IT
systems. A connection
example for the use
of SPDs in IT systems
without neutral con-
ductors entering the
building with the oth-
ers is shown in Figure
8.1.5.2 and 8.1.5.3.
Figure 8.1.5.4 shows
the use of SPDs in IT
systems with neutral
conductor.
surge arrester
terminal equipment
L1
L2
L3
PE
F3
local EBB
F2
Wh
F1
e
x
t
e
r
n
a
l

l
i
g
h
t
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n

s
y
s
t
e
m
MEB
SEB
D
EH
N
guard
DG MOD 440
D
EH
N
guard
DG MOD 440
D
EH
N
guard
DG MOD 440
125 A
1
250 A
1
L L' PE PE'
DEHNbloc
MAXI DBM 440

L L' PE PE'
DEHNbloc
MAXI DBM 440

L L' PE PE'
DEHNbloc
MAXI DBM 440

D
EH
N
guard
DG MOD 440
D
EH
N
guard
DG MOD 440
D
EH
N
guard
DG MOD 440
125 A
1
M
a
i
n

D
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n

B
o
a
r
d
S
u
b
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n

B
o
a
r
d
1) Only required, if a fuse of the same or a lower nominal value
is not already provided in the upstream power supply.
f
a
u
l
t

s
i
g
n
a
l
3 x DG S 440 FM Part No. 952 095
1 x MVS 1 4 Part No. 900 610
3 x DG S 440 Part No. 952 075
1 x MVS 1 4 Part No. 900 610
Coordinated lightning current arrester Type 1
DEHNbloc
Maxi
SPD Type 2
(Surge arrester)
SPD Type 2
(Surge arrester)
L1 L2 L3PE
3 x DBM 440 Part No. 900 044
Fig. 8.1.5.2 Use of SPDs in IT systems without neutral conductor
Fig. 8.1.5.3 Use of SPDs in 400 V IT systems Example without neutral conductor
8.1.6 Rating the lengths of the connecting
leads for SPDs
Rating the lengths of connecting leads of surge
protective devices is a significant part of the IEC
60364-5-53/A2 (IEC 64/1168/CDV: 2001) installation
regulations.
The aspects stated below are also frequently the
reason for complaints through experts, members
of technical inspectorates, etc. inspecting the
structure.
Series connection (V-shape) in accordance with IEC
60364-5-53/A2 (IEC 64/1168/CDV: 2001)
Crucial for the protection of systems, equipment
and consumers is the actual level of impulse volt-
age across the installations to be protected. The
optimum protective effect is then achieved when
the impulse level across the installation to be pro-
tected matches the voltage protection level pro-
vided by the surge pro-
tective device. Therefore,
IEC 60364-5-53/A2 (IEC
64/1168/CDV: 2001) sug-
gests a series connection
system (V-shape) as shown
in Figure 8.1.6.1 to be
used for connecting surge
protective devices. This
requires no separate con-
ductor branches for con-
necting the surge protec-
tive devices.
Parallel connection sys-
tem in accordance with
IEC 60364-5-53/A2 (IEC
64/1168/CDV: 2001)
The optimum series con-
nection system cannot be
used under all system con-
ditions.
Nominal currents carried
via the double terminals
on the surge protective
device as part of the series
wiring are limited by the
thermal loadability of the
double terminals. For this
reason, the manufacturer
of the surge protective
device prescribes a certain
max. permissible value of the backup fuse which,
in turn, means that series wiring can sometimes
not be used for systems with higher nominal oper-
ating currents.
Meanwhile, the industry provides so-called two-
conductor terminals to solve this problem. Thus,
the cable lengths can still be kept short, even if the
nominal operating current is increased. When
using the two-conductor terminals, however, it
must be ensured that the value of the backup fuse
stated by the manufacturer for this particular
application is always observed (Figures 8.1.6.2 and
8.1.6.3).
If series connection is definitely no option, surge
protective devices must be integrated into a sepa-
rate branch circuit. If the nominal value of the next
upstream installation fuse exceeds the nominal
current of the max. permissible backup fuse of the
surge protective device, the branch must be
equipped with a backup fuse for the surge protec-
Fig. 8.1.5.4 Use of SPDs in 230/400 V IT systems Example with neutral conductor
D
EH
N
guard
DG MOD 275
Durchgangsklemme
DK 35
D
EH
N
guard
DG MOD 275
D
EH
N
guard
DG MOD 275
D
EH
N
guard
DG MOD 275
125 A
1
315 A
1
Durchgangsklemme
DK 35
L L'
N/PEN N/PEN
D
S
I
!
DEHNbloc
Maxi
DBM 1 255 L
L L'
N/PEN N/PEN
D
S
I
!
DEHNbloc
Maxi
DBM 1 255 L
L L'
N/PEN N/PEN
D
S
I
!
DEHNbloc
Maxi
DBM 1 255 L
L L'
N/PEN N/PEN
D
S
I
!
DEHNbloc
Maxi
DBM 1 255 L
M
a
i
n

D
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n

B
o
a
r
d
S
u
b
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n

B
o
a
r
d
EBB
1) Only required, if a fuse of the same or a lower nominal value
is not already provided in the upstream power supply.
SPD Type 2
(Surge arrester)
4 x DG S 275 Part No. 952 070
1x MVS 1 8 Part No. 900 611
1x DK 35 Part No. 900 699
Coordinated lightning current arrester Type 1
DEHNbloc
4x DBM 1 255 Part No. 900 025

1x MVS 1 8 Part No. 900 611
1x DK 35 Part No. 900 699
L1 L2 L3 N PE
tive device (Figure 8.1.6.4), or SPDs with integrated
backup fuse are used (Figures 8.1.6.5 and 8.1.6.6).
When the surge protective device in the conductor
branch responds, the discharge current flows
through further elements (conductors, fuses) caus-
ing additional dynamic voltage drops across these
impedances.
It can be stated here that the ohmic component is
negligible compared to the inductive component.
Taking into account the relation
and the rate of current change (di/dt) for transient
processes of a few 10 kA/s, the dynamic voltage
drop U
dyn
is considerably determined by the induc-
tive component.
In order to keep this dynamic voltage drop low,
the electrician carrying out the work must keep
the inductance of the connecting cable and hence
its length as low as possible. IEC 60364-5-53/A2
(IEC 64/1168/CDV: 2001) therefore recommends to
design the total cable length of surge protective
devices in branch circuits to be not longer than
0.5 m (Figure 8.1.6.7).
Design of the connecting lead on the earth side
This requirement, which is seemingly difficult to
realise, shall be explained with the help of the
u i R
di
dt
L
dyn
= +

i
imp
Discharged impulse current
u
SPD
Limiting SPD voltage
U
total
Limiting voltage on the terminal
equipment
U
total
= u
SPD
U
total
u
SPD
i
imp
i
imp
Discharged impulse current
u
SPD
Limiting SPD voltage
U
total
Limiting voltage on the terminal equip-
ment
u
dyn 1
Dynamic voltage drop on the phase-
side connection of the SPD
u
dyn 2
Dynamic voltage drop at the earth-side
connection of the SPD
U
total
= u
dyn 1
+ u
SPD
+ u
dyn 2
L/N
PE
U
total u
SPD
i
imp
u
dyn 1
u
dyn 2
Fig. 8.1.6.1 Surge protective devices in
V-shape series connection
Fig. 8.1.6.2 Principle of two-conductor ter-
minals (TCT) Illustration of a
single-pole unit
Fig. 8.1.6.3 Pin connection terminal (PCT)
2x16
Fig. 8.1.6.4 Connection of surge protective
devices in cable branches
Fig. 8.1.6.5 DEHNbloc Maxi S: coordinated
lightning current arrester for the
busbar with integrated backup fuse
Fig. 8.1.6.6 Surge protective device Type
2 V NH for use in NH fuse
bases
example shown in Figures 8.1.6.8a and b. These
show the main equipotential bonding (in future:
protective equipotential bonding) of a low voltage
consumers installation in accordance with IEC
60364-4-41 and IEC 60364-5-54. Here, the use of
surge protective devices Type 1 extends the
equipotential bonding to become a lightning
equipotential bonding.
In Figure 8.1.6.8a, both measures are installed sep-
arately. In this case, the PEN was connected to the
equipotential bonding bar and the earthing con-
nection of the surge protective devices was per-
formed via a separate equipotential bonding con-
ductor.
Thus, the effective cable length
(l
a
) for the surge protective
devices corresponds to the dis-
tance between the installation
site of the surge protective
devices (e.g. service entrance
box, main distribution board) to
the equipotential bonding bar. A
connection configuration of this
type mostly achieves minimum
effective protection of the instal-
lation. Without great expenses,
however, it is possible to use
a conductor leading as shown
in Figure 8.1.6.8b to reduce
the effective cable length of
the surge protective devices
(l
b
< 0.5 m).
This is achieved by using a
bypass conductor (y) from the
terminal of the earth side of the
arrester to the PEN. The connec-
tion from the terminal of the
earth side of the arrester to the
equipotential bonding bar (x)
remains as it was.
According to the VDN-Richt-
linie 2004-08 [engl.: Directive of
the Association of the German
Network Operators]: berspan-
nungs-Schutzeinrichtungen Typ 1.
Richtlinie fr den Einsatz von
berspannungs - Schutzeinrich-
tungen (SE) Typ 1 (bisher An-
forderungsklasse B) in Haupt-
stromversorgungssystemen.
[engl: Surge protective devices
Type 1. Directive for the use of surge protective
equipment Type 1 (up to now Class B) in main dis-
tribution systems.], the bypass conductor (y) may
only be omitted if the surge protective device is
installed in the immediate vicinity ( 0.5 m) of the
service entrance box and hence also in the immedi-
ate vicinity of the equipotential bonding.
When installing the connection y, the distance
between service entrance box or main distribution
board and equipotential bonding bar is thus
insignificant. The solution for this problem
referred only to the design of the connecting cable
on the earth side of the surge protective devices.
Fig. 8.1.6.7 Recommended max. cable lengths of surge protective devices in branch circuits
Fig. 8.1.6.8a Unfavourable conductor rout-
ing from the consumers point
of view
Fig. 8.1.6.8b Favourable conductor routing
from the consumers point of
view
l
a
L1
L2
L3
PEN
EBB
x
unfavourable
l
b
L1
L2
L3
PEN
EBB
x
favourable
y
a
b
b
1
b
2
S
P
D
TEI
a+b 0.50 m
EBB
S
P
D
TEI
(b
1
+ b
2
) < 0.50 m
EBB
TEI = Terminal Equipment Interface
Design of the phase-side connecting cable
The cable length on the phase side must also be
taken into consideration. The following case study
shall illustrate this:
In expanded control systems, surge protection
must be provided for the busbar system and the
circuits attached thereto (A to D) with their con-
sumers (Figure 8.1.6.9).
For the use of the surge protective devices in this
case, installation sites 1 and 2 are taken as alterna-
tives. Installation site 1 is located directly at the
supply of the busbar system. This ensures the same
level of protection against surges for all con-
sumers. The effective cable length of the surge
protective device at installation site 1 is l
1
for all
consumers. If there is not enough space, the instal-
lation site of the surge protective
devices is sometimes chosen at a
position along the busbar system. In
extreme cases, installation site 2 can
be chosen for the arrangement
shown in Figure 8.1.6.9. For circuit A
results the effective cable length l
2
.
Busbar systems in fact have a lower
inductance compared to cables and
conductors (approx. 1/4) and hence
a lower inductive voltage drop.
However, the length of the busbars
must not be disregarded.
The design of the connecting cables
has considerable influence on the
effectiveness of surge protective devices and must
therefore be taken into consideration at the
design stage of the installation!
The contents of IEC 60364-5-53/A2 (IEC 64/1168/
CDV: 2001) described above were important guide-
lines for the development of the new DEHNventil
combined lightning current and surge arrester
which was supposed to combine the requirements
on lightning current and surge arresters in ac-
cordance with the IEC 62305 Part 1 4 (EN 62305
Part 1 4) standard series in a single device.
This allows to realise a series connection directly
via the device. Figure 8.1.6.10 shows such a series
connection in form of an operating circuit dia-
gram.
l
1
l
2
A B C D
i
n
s
t
a
l
l
a
t
i
o
n

s
i
t
e

2
i
n
s
t
a
l
l
a
t
i
o
n

s
i
t
e

1
l
1
: Total cable length at installation site 1
l
2
: Total cable length at installation site 2
EBB
L1'
L2'
L3'
PEN
L1 L2 L3PEN
new connecting cable
F4 F5 F6
F1-F3
SEB
F1 F3
> 125 A gL/gG
F4 F6
= 125 A gL/gG
D
E
H
N
ven
til
D
V M
O
D
255
D
E
H
N
ven
til
D
V M
O
D
255
D
E
H
N
ven
til
D
V M
O
D
255
L1 L1 L2 L2
PEN
L3 L3
Fig. 8.1.6.9 Arrangement of surge protective
devices in a system and the resulting
effective cable length
Fig. 8.1.6.10 Series connection V-shape
Fig. 8.1.6.11 V-shape series connection of the DEHNventil M TNC combined lightning cur-
rent and surge protective device by means of a busbar
From Figure 8.1.6.11 it can be taken how advanta-
geous it is to implement a series connection with
the aid of a busbar.
Because of the thermal loading capacity of the
double terminals employed, a v-shape series con-
nection (also called through-wiring) can be used
up to 125 A.
For load currents > 125 A, the surge protective
devices are connected in the conductor branch (so-
called parallel wiring). The maximum cable lengths
according to IEC 60364-5-53/A2 (IEC 64/1168/CDV:
2001) must be observed. The parallel wiring can be
implemented as shown in Figure 8.1.6.12.
In this context, it should be ensured that the con-
necting cable on the earth side still benefits from
the double terminal for the earth connection. As
shown in Figure 8.1.6.12, it is often possible, with-
out great effort, to achieve an effective cable
length of the order of magnitude l < 0.5 m with a
conductor leading from terminal component PE
of the earth-side double terminal to PEN.
At the installation of surge protective devices in
distributions it must generally be considered that
conductors loaded by impulse currents and those
not loaded by impulse currents are routed as sepa-
rately as possible. In any case, a parallel routing of
both conductors has to be avoided (Figure
8.1.6.13).
8.1.7 Rating of the terminal cross-sections
and the backup protection of surge
protective devices
Connecting leads of arresters can be subjected to
loads from impulse currents, operating currents
and short circuit currents. The individual loads
depend on various factors:
Type of protective circuit: one-port (Figure
8.1.7.1) / two-port (Figure 8.1.7.2)
Type of arrester: lightning current arrester,
combined lightning current and surge arrester,
surge protective devices
Fig. 8.1.6.12 Parallel wiring
Fig. 8.1.6.13 Cable routing
Fig. 8.1.7.1 One-port protective circuit
Fig. 8.1.7.2 Two-port protective circuit
EBB
L1'
L2'
L3'
PEN
L1 L2 L3PEN
F4 F5 F6
F1-F3
SEB
F1 F3
> 315 A gL/gG
F4 F6
= 315 A gL/gG
s s s
Connection cabel
D
E
H
N
ven
til
D
V M
O
D
255
D
E
H
N
ven
til
D
V M
O
D
255
D
E
H
N
ven
til
D
V M
O
D
255
L1 L1 L2 L2
PEN
L3 L3 IN (OUT)
OUT (IN)
ok
IN (OUT)
OUT (IN)
1
2
S2
S3
3
4
1
2
Performance of the arrester on follow cur-
rents: follow current extinction/ follow current
limitation
If surge protective devices are installed as shown in
Figure 8.1.7.1, the S2 and S3 connecting cables
must only be rated upon the criteria of short circuit
protection according to IEC 60364-4-43 and the
impulse current carrying capability. The data sheet
of the protective device provides the maximum
permissible overcurrent protection which can be
used in this application as backup protection for
the arrester.
When installing the devices, it must be ensured
that the short circuit current actually flowing is
able to trip the backup protection. The rating of
the cross-sectional area or of the conductor is then
given by the following equation:
L1 L1' L2 L2' L3 L3'
H1 H2 H3
PEN
- only for DEHNsignal -
- nur fr DEHNsignal -
DEHNventil
DV TNC 255
D
E
H
N
v
e
n
til
D
V
M
O
D
255
D
E
H
N
v
e
n
til
D
V
M
O
D
255
D
E
H
N
v
e
n
til
D
V
M
O
D
255
L1 L1 L2 L2
PEN
L3 L3
F2
L1
L2
L3
PEN
L1'
L2'
L3'
PEN
S3
F1
S2
DEHNventil DV M TNC 255
F1
F2
F1 > 315 A gL / gG
F2 315 A gL / gG
F1 315 A gL / gG
F2
Fuse F1 S2 / mm
2
S3 / mm
2
Fuse F2
A gL / gG A gL / gG
25 10 16 ---
35 10 16 ---
40 10 16 ---
50 10 16 ---
63 10 16 ---
80 10 16 ---
100 16 16 ---
125 16 16 ---
160 25 25 ---
200 35 35 ---
250 35 35 ---
315 50 50 ---
> 315 50 50 315
MEBB
Conductor
material
Rubber PVC EPR / XLPE
Insulating material
Cu
Al
141
93
115
76
143
94
DEHNguard M TNC 275
DEHNguard M TNS 275
DEHNguard M TT 275
F1
F1 > 125 A gL / gG
F2 125 A gL / gG
Fuse F1 S2 / mm
2
S3 / mm
2
Fuse F2
A gL / gG A gL / gG
35 4 6 ---
40 4 6 ---
50 6 6 ---
63 10 10 ---
80 10 10 ---
100 16 16 ---
125 16 16 125
160 25 16 125
200 35 16 125
250 35 16 125
315 50 16 125
400 70 16 125
F2
F1 125 A gL / gG
F2
A
F2
L1'
L2'
L3'
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
F1
S2
S3
D
E
H
N
g
u
a
rd
D
G
M
O
D
275
D
E
H
N
g
u
a
rd
D
G
M
O
D
275
L1 L2
PE
D
E
H
N
g
u
a
rd
D
G
M
O
D
275
L3 N
D
E
H
N
g
u
a
rd
D
G
M
O
D
N
P
E
current carrying
capability of the
DINrail to be
considered
local EBB
Table 8.1.7.1 Material coefficient k for copper and aluminium con-
ductors with different insulating material
Fig. 8.1.7.3 SPD with through-wiring
Fig. 8.1.7.4 Example: DEHNventil, DV TNC 255 Fig. 8.1.7.5 Example: DEHNguard (M) TNC/ TNS/ TT
t Permissible time for disconnection in the event
of a short circuit in s
S Conductor cross section in mm
2
I Current at complete short circuit in A
k Material coefficient in A s/mm
2
according to
Table 8.1.7.1
Furthermore, it must be ensured that the informa-
tion concerning the maximum permissible overcur-
rent protection circuits in the data sheet of the
surge protective device is only valid up to the val-
ue of the stated short-circuit withstand capability
of the protective device. If the short circuit current
at the installation site is greater than the stated
short-circuit withstand capability of the protective
device, a backup fuse must be chosen which is
smaller than the maximum backup fuse stated in
the data sheet of the arrester by a ratio of 1:1.6.
For surge protective devices installed as shown in
Figure 8.1.7.2, the maximum operating current
must not exceed the nominal load current stated
for the protective device. To protective devices
which can be connected in series, applies the max-
imum current for through-wiring (Figure 8.1.7.3).
Figure 8.1.7.4 shows examples of cross-sectional
areas and backup protection for lightning current
arresters and combined lightning current and surge
arresters Type 1.
Figure 8.1.7.5 shows examples of
cross-sectional areas and backup
protection for surge protective
devices Type 2. Figure 8.1.7.6 shows
the same for surge protective
devices Type 3.
The behaviour of the impulse cur-
rent must be taken into considera-
tion when rating the backup fuses
for surge protective devices. There is
a noticeable difference in the way
fuses disconnect short circuit cur-
rents compared to the way they dis-
connect loads with impulse currents,
particularly with lightning impulse
currents, waveform 10/350 s.
The performance of fuses was
determined as a function of the rat-
ed current of the lightning impulse
current (Figure 8.1.7.7).
k S I t
2 2 2
=
D
E
H
N
ra
il
D
R
M
O
D
255
4 3
2 1
D
E
H
N
ra
il
D
R
M
O
D
255
4 3
2 1
F1
F1 25 A gL / gG
F1
F2 25 A
F2
L
N
PE
L
N
PE
electronic
device
electronic
device
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
250 A/1
200 A/1
160 A/00
100 A/C00
63 A/C00
35 A/C00
20 A/C00
I (kA)
25 kA 75 kA
22 kA 70 kA
20 kA 50 kA
25 kA
20 kA
4 kA 15 kA
8 kA
Nominal currents
and design
explosion
melting explosion
9.5 kA
5.5 kA
1.7 kA
Fig. 8.1.7.6 Example: DEHNrail
Fig. 8.1.7.7 Performance of NH fuses bearing impulse current loads
Field 1: No melting
The energy brought into the fuse by the lightning
impulse current is too low to cause a melting of
the fuse.
Field 2: Melting
The energy of the lightning impulse current is suf-
ficient to melt the fuse and hence interrupt the
current path through the fuse (Figure 8.1.7.8).
It is characteristical for the performance of the
fuse that the lightning impulse current, since it is
injected, continues to flow, unaffected by the per-
formance of the fuse. The fuse disconnects only
after the lightning impulse current has decayed.
The fuses are therefore not selective with respect
to the disconnection of lightning impulse currents.
Therefore it must be ensured that, because of the
behaviour of the impulse current, the maximum
permissible backup fuse as per the data sheet
and/ or installation instructions of the protective
device is always used.
FromFigure 8.1.7.8 it can also be seen that, during
the melting process, a voltage drop builds up
across the fuse which in part can be significantly
above 1 kV. For applications as illustrated in Figure
8.1.7.9, a melting of the fuse can also result in the
voltage protection level of the installation being
significantly higher than the voltage protection
level of the surge protective device employed.
Field 3: Explosion
If the energy of the lightning impulse current is so
high to be much higher than the pre-arcing of the
fuse, then the fuse strip can vaporise explosively.
This often results in a bursting fuse box. Apart
from the mechanical consequences, it must be not-
ed that the lightning impulse current continues to
flow through the bursting fuse in the form of an
electric arc; the lightning impulse current can thus
not be interrupted nor, linked to this, can the
required impulse current carrying capability of the
employed arrester be reduced.
Selectivity to the protection of the installation
When using spark-gap based surge protective
devices, care must be taken that any starting mains
follow current is limited to the extent that overcur-
rent protective devices such as fuses and/ or
arrester backup fuses cannot trip. This characteris-
tic of the protective devices is called follow current
limitation or follow current suppression. Only by
using technologies such as the RADAX Flow tech-
nology allows to develop arresters and combina-
tions of arresters which, even for installations with
high short circuit currents, are able to reduce and
extinguish the current to such a degree that
upstream fuses for lower rated currents do not trip
(Figure 8.1.7.10).
F
1
... F
3
> max.
permissible
backup fuse of
the SPD
F
4
F
5
F
6
F
4
... F
6
= max.
permissible
backup fuse of
the SPD
L1
L2
L3
N
F
1
F
2
F
3
PE
U
S
U
P
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
kA
I
t s
kV
U
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
kA
I
t s
kV
U
-200
impulse current
fuse voltage
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
Fig. 8.1.7.8 Current and voltage of a blowing 25 A NH fuse being charged with lightning
impulse currents (10/350 s)
Fig. 8.1.7.9 Use of a separate backup fuse for
surge protective devices
The system availability required by EN 60439-1,
even in the event of responding surge protective
devices, can be fulfilled by the aforementioned
follow current suppression characteristic of the
device. For surge protective devices with low
sparkover voltage, in particular, designed to not
only take on the function of the lightning equipo-
tential bonding but also that of surge protection
in the installation, the performance of the follow
current limitation is more important than ever for
the availability of the electrical installation (Figure
8.1.7.11).
100 000
10 000
1 000
100
prearcing I
2
t
of the fuse in A
2
s
0.1 1 10 100
prospective
short-circuit current [kA
rms
]
let-through I
2
t of the
RADAX Flow spark gap,
e.g. in DEHNventil
modular no follow current

25A
32A
63A
100A
250A
NH-gG
fuse link
nominal current
20A
= minimum prearcing I
2
t
values of the fuse link
I
2
t of a sinusoidial
half-wave (10 ms)
50
16A
400
200
0
- 200
- 400
U
0
U (V)
70
35
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 t (ms)
I (kA)
0.5
0
0 10 15 t (ms)
I (kA)
mains
voltage
arc voltage U
prospective
short circuit
current I
kpros
flowing
follow current I
f
Fig. 8.1.7.10 Reduction of the follow current with the patented RADAX Flow principle
Fig. 8.1.7.11 Disconnection selectivity of DEHNventil to NH fuse holders with different rated currents
8.2 Information technology systems
The primary function of arresters is to protect
downstream terminal devices. They also reduce
the risk of cables from being damaged.
The choice of arresters depends, among other
things, on the following considerations:
Lightning protection zones of the installation
site, if existing
Energies to be discharged
Arrangement of the protective devices
Immunity of the terminal devices
Protection against differential-mode and/ or
common-mode interferences
System requirements, e.g. transmission param-
eters
Compliance with product or user-specific stan-
dards, where required
Adaption to the environmental conditions /
installation conditions
Protective devices for antenna cables are classified
according to their suitability for coaxial, balanced
or hollow conductor systems, depending on the
physical design of the antenna cable.
In the case of coaxial and hollow conductor sys-
tems, the outer conductor can generally be con-
nected directly to the equipotential bonding.
Earthing couplings specially adapted to the respec-
tive cables are suitable for this purpose.
Procedure for selection and installation of arres-
ters: Example BLITZDUCTOR CT
Opposite to choosing surge protective devices for
power supply systems (see Chapter 8.1), where uni-
form conditions can be expected with respect to
voltage and frequency in 230/400 V systems, the
types of signals to be transmitted in automation
systems differ with respect to their
voltage (e.g. 0 10 V)
current (e.g. 0 20 mA, 4 20 mA)
signal reference (balanced, unbalanced)
frequency (DC, NF, HF)
type of signal (analogue, digital).
U in V
500
400
300
200
100
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
8
0
0
t in s
U in V
500
400
300
200
100
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
8
0
0
t in s
U in V
500
400
300
200
100
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
8
0
0
t in s
l in kA
10
8
6
4
2
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
8
0
0
t in s
l in kA
10
8
6
4
2
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
8
0
0
t in s
l in kA
10
8
6
4
2
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
8
0
0
t in s
SPD classification
B = Lightning current arrester
I
imp
= 2.5 kA (10/350 s)
per line
B_ = Combined lightning current
and surge arrester
I
imp
= 2.5 kA (10/350 s)
per line.
However: voltage protection
level like surge arrester
M_ = Surge arrester
I
sn
= 10 kA (8/20 s)
per line
BCT MLC __ __ _
BCT MOD __ __ _
Voltage protection level Discharge capacity
MLC = Arrester module with integrated LifeCheck (LC)
MOD = Standard arrester module
Fig. 8.2.1 SPD classification
Each of these electrical characteristics for the sig-
nal to be transmitted can contain the actual infor-
mation to be transferred.
Therefore, the signal must not be influenced intol-
erably by the use of lightning current and surge
arresters in measuring and control installations.
Several points must be taken into account when
choosing protective devices for measuring and
control systems. They are described below for our
universal BLITZDUCTOR CT protective devices and
illustrated by means of application examples (Fig-
ures 8.2.1 8.2.4 and Table 8.2.1).
Type designation of the protective modules
C Supplementary limiting of differential-mode
interferences and supplementary decoupling
resistors in the BLITZDUCTOR CT output for
decoupling the BLITZDUCTOR protective
diodes from any diodes possibly present at the
input of the device to be protected (e.g.
clamping diodes, optocoupler diodes)
HF Design for protection of high frequency trans-
mission paths (use of a diode matrix for fine
limiting of surges), limiting of common-mode
and differential-mode interferences
U
p
U
p
U
p
E = Fine limiting of
surges
line earth
(limiting of
common-mode
interferences)
D = Fine limiting
of surges
line line
(limiting of
differential-mode
interferences)
SPD classification
MLC = Arrester module with integrated LifeCheck (LC)
MOD = Standard arrester module
BCT MLC __ __ _
BCT MOD __ __ _
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
_E = Voltage between line-earth
The indication of the nominal voltage characterises the range of a
typical signal voltage which has no limiting effect on the protective
device under nominal conditions. The value of nominal voltage is
indicated as d.c. value. Transmitting a.c. voltages, the peak value of
the a.c. voltage must not exceed the nominal voltage value.
The nominal voltages for the individual types are indicated as follows:
_D = Voltage between line-line
_E C = Voltage between line-line
as well as line-earth
_D HF = Voltage between line-line
_D HFD = Voltage between line-line
_D EX = Voltage between line-line
SPD classification
BLITZDUCTOR CT
U
line-earth
BLITZDUCTOR CT
U
line-line
Type Nominal voltage U
N
BCT MLC __ __ _
BCT MOD __ __ _
C = Additional limiting of differenti-
al-mode interferences and addi-
tional decoupling resistors in the
BLITZDUCTOR CT output for de-
coupling the BLITZDUCTOR pro-
tective diodes from eventually
existing diodes in the input of
the device to be protected
(e.g. clamping diodes, optocoup-
ler diodes)
HF = Design for protection of high-
frequency transmission lengths
(use of a diode matrix for fine
limiting of surges), limiting of
common-mode and differential-
mode interferences
EX = Protective device for use in
intrinsically safe circuits
(a.c. voltage resistance to
earth 500 V a.c.)
SPD classification
BCT MLC __ __ _
BCT MOD __ __ _
Fig. 8.2.2 Limiting performance
Fig. 8.2.3 Note on special applications
Fig. 8.2.4 Nominal voltage
EX Protective device for use in intrinsically safe
circuits approved by, ATEX and FISCO (a.c. volt-
age resistance to earth 500 V a.c.)
Technical Data:
p
The voltage protection level is a parameter that
characterises the performance of a surge protec-
tive device in limiting the voltage at its terminals.
The voltage protection level must be higher than
the maximum limiting voltage measured.
The measured limiting voltage is the maximum
voltage measured at the terminals of the surge
protective device when exposed to a surge current
and/or surge voltage of a certain waveform and
amplitude.
Measured limiting voltage with a steepness of the
applied test voltage waveform of 1 kV/s
This test is to determine the response characteris-
tics of gas discharge tubes (GDT). These protective
elements have a switching characteristic. The
mode of functioning of a GTD can be compared to
a switch whose resistance can automatically
switch from > 10 G (in non-ignited state) to val-
ues < 0.1 (in ignited state) when a certain volt-
age value is exceeded and the surge applied is
nearly short circuited. The response voltage of the
GDT depends on the steepness of the incoming
voltage (du/dt).
Generally applies:
The higher the steepness du/dt, the higher is the
response voltage of the gas discharge tube. The
Voltage
du/dt = 1 kV/s
1
2
3
4
limiting voltage
rate of voltage rise
du/dt = 1 kV/s
U in V
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
.
1
0
.
2
0
.
3
0
.
4
0
.
5
0
.
6
0
.
7
0
.
8
0
.
9
1
.
0
1
.
1
1
.
2
t in s
MLC B 110
MLC BE 5
MLC BE 12
MLC BE 15
MLC BE 24
MLC BE 30
MLC BE 48
MLC BE 60
MLC BE 110
MLC BD 5
MLC BD 12
MLC BD 15
MLC BD 24
MLC BD 30
MLC BD 48
MLC BD 60
MLC BD 110
MLC BD 250
MLC BE C 5
MLC BE C 12
MLC BE C 24
MLC BE C 30
MLC BD HF 5
MLC BD HFD 5
MLC BD HFD 24
MOD B 110
MOD ME 5
MOD ME 12
MOD ME 15
MOD ME 24
MOD ME 30
MOD ME 48
MOD ME 60
MOD ME 110
MOD MD 5
MOD MD 12
MOD MD 15
MOD MD 24
MOD MD 30
MOD MD 48
MOD MD 60
MOD MD 110
MOD MD 250
MOD ME C 5
MOD ME C 12
MOD ME C 24
MOD ME C 30
MOD MD HF 5
MOD MD HFD 5
MOD MD HFD 24
MOD MD EX 24
MOD MD EX 30
MOD MD EX HFD 6
B 1 A
BE 1 A
BD 1 A
BE C 0.1 A
BD HF 0.1 A
BD HFD 0.1 A
ME 1 A
MD 1 A
ME C 0.1 A
MD HF 0.1 A
MD HFD 0.1 A
MD EX 0.5 A
MD EX HFD 4.8 A
Table 8.2.1 Type designation of the protection modules
Fig. 8.2.5 Test arrangement for determining the limiting voltage at a
rate of voltage rise of du/dt = 1kV/s
Fig. 8.2.6 Sparkover performance of an SPD at du/dt = 1kV/s
Table 8.2.2 Nominal currents of the protection modules BCT
To the different types of protec-
tion modules of BLITZDUCTOR
CT apply the nominal currents
according to Table 8.2.2:
Cut-off frequency f
G
The cut-off frequency describes
the performance of an SPD
depending on the frequency. It
is that frequency which gives an
insertion loss (a
E
) of 3 dB under
certain test conditions (see EN
61643-21)
If there is no other indication in
the catalogue, this frequency
stated applies to a 50 Ohm sys-
tem (Figure 8.2.10).
Selection features (SF)
1. Which discharge capacity is
required?
The rating of the discharge
capacity of BLITZDUCTOR CT is
determined by the protective
task to be fulfilled. For easy
selection, the following cases a
to d are explained.
comparability of different gas discharge tubes is
made possible by applying a voltage rise of 1 kV/s
at the gas discharge tube for determination of the
dynamic response voltage (Figures 8.2.5 and 8.2.6).
Measured limiting voltage at nominal discharge
current
This test is carried out to determine the limiting
behaviour of protective elements with constant
limiting characteristics (Figures 8.2.7 and 8.2.8).
Nominal current I
L
The nominal current of BLITZDUCTOR CT charac-
terises the permissible continuous operating cur-
rent. The nominal current of BLITZDUCTOR CT is
determined by the current carrying capability and
the insertion loss of the impedances used for
decoupling of gas discharge tubes and fine protec-
tion elements as well as by the follow current
extinguishing capability. The value is stated as d.c.
value (Figure 8.2.9).
Case a: In this case the terminal equipment to be
protected is located in a building structure with an
external lightning protection system or the roof of
the building is equipped with metal roof structures
exposed to lightning (e.g. antenna masts, air-con-
ditioning systems). The measuring and control or
telecommunications cable connecting the terminal
equipment (Figure 8.2.11) to the transformer is
mounted outside the building structure. Due to
the fact that the building structure is fitted with an
external lightning protection, the installation of a
lightning current arrester TYPE 1 is necessary. The
modules BCT MLC B... or B... of the BLITZDUCTOR
CT family can be used for this purpose.
Case b: Case b is similar to case a, only the building
structure, where the terminal equipment to be
protected is located, has no external lightning pro-
tection system: The arising of lightning currents or
partial lightning currents is not assumed here. The
installation of a lightning current carrying capable
U in V
60
40
20
0
20
40
60
0
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0
8
0
9
0
1
0
0
t in s
limiting voltage
1
2
3
4
BLITZDUCTOR CT I
L
a
E
in dB
f in Hz
3 dB
f
G
1
2
3
4
current i
sn
Fig. 8.2.7 Test arrangement for determining
the limiting voltage at nominal
discharge current
Fig. 8.2.8 Limiting voltage at nominal dis-
charge current
Fig. 8.2.9 Nominal current of BLITZDUCTOR
CT
Fig. 8.2.10 Typical frequency response of a
BLITZDUCTOR CT
Type 1 arresters is only necessary if the measuring
and control cable can be influenced by lightning
striking adjacent building structures. If this can be
excluded, BLITZDUCTOR CT module BCT MOD M...
as surge protective device TYPE 2 is used (Figure
8.2.12).
Case c: In case c, no cable of the data and telecom-
munications system is mounted outside the build-
ing. Although the building structure is fitted with
an external lightning protection system, direct
lightning currents cannot be injected into this part
of the telecommunications system. Therefore,
surge protective devices BCT MOD M... of the
BLITZDUCTOR CT family are installed here (Figure
8.2.13).
Case d: The difference between case d and case c is
that the building structure concerned has neither
an external lightning protection system nor are
cables of the data and telecommunications system
mounted outside the building structure. Therefore
only the installation of surge arresters is necessary
for protection of the equipment. As in cases b and
c, protection modules BCT MOD M... of the BLITZ-
DUCTOR CT family are installed (Figure 8.2.14).
SPD
terminal device
Case b:
measuring/control cable
telecommunications cable
external lightning protection system
terminal device SPD
transducer
Case c:
terminal device SPD
transducer
Case d:
measuring/control cable
telecommunications cable
terminal device
SPD
external lightning protection system
Case a:
Fig. 8.2.11 Building with external lightning protection system and
cables installed between buildings
Fig. 8.2.12 Building without external lightning protection system
and cables installed between buildings
cables installed inside of the building
and cables installed inside of the building
2. Which kinds of interferences have to be con-
trolled?
Basically, interferences are classified into common-
mode and differential-mode interferences. Com-
mon-mode interferences always arise between the
signal line and earth whereas differential-mode
interferences only arise between two signal lines.
The majority of interferences arising in communi-
cation/ signalling systems are common-mode inter-
ferences. Therefore protective surges devices limit-
ing between signal line and earth (Type ...E) should
normally be chosen. Some input modules of
devices, as e.g. isolating transformers, do not need
fine protection of the line-to-earth connection
against surges. Only gas discharge tubes protect
them against common-mode interferences. Due
to their different response characteristics, the
response of gas discharge tubes might cause a
common-mode interference to change to a differ-
ential-mode interference. Therefore, fine protec-
tion elements are integrated between the signal
lines (Type ...D).
3. Are there special requirements to adopt the
protection circuit to the input circuit of the
equipment to be protected?
In some cases it is necessary to protect the equip-
ment against common-mode and differential-
mode interferences. The input modules of such
electronic equipment are normally fitted with
their own protection circuit or contain optocou-
pler inputs for control-to-load isolation of sig-
nalling circuit and internal circuit of the automa-
tion equipment. Therefore additional measures
are required for decoupling BLITZDUCTOR CT and
input circuit of the equipment to be protected.
This decoupling is realised with additional decou-
pling elements between the fine protection ele-
ments and output terminals of BLITZDUCTOR CT.
4. How high is the signal frequency/data trans-
mission rate to be transmitted?
As every transmission system, the protection circuit
of BLITZDUCTOR CT has certain low-pass character-
istics. The cut-off frequency indicates the frequen-
cy value from which the frequency to be transmit-
ted is attenuated in its amplitude (above 3 dB). In
order to keep the feedback effects of BLITZDUC-
TOR CT on the communication/ signalling system in
the limits, the signal frequency of the signalling
circuit must be below the cut-off frequency of
BLITZDUCTOR CT. The cut-off frequency is indicat-
ed for sinusoids. However, sinusoid signals are not
very common in data transmissions. With respect
to this fact, a BLITZDUCTOR is to be chosen with a
higher cut-off frequency than the nominal fre-
quency of the signalling circuit. When transmitting
waveshape signals evaluating the rising or sinking
pulse edge, it must be considered that this edge
changes from L to H or from H to L within the
appropriate interval. This time interval is impor-
tant for the identification of an edge and for
passing restricted areas. This signal therefore
requires a frequency bandwidth which is consider-
ably higher than the fundamental of this wave.
That is why the frequency of the protective device
must be rated that high. As a general rule applies
that the cut-off frequency must not be lower than
five times the fundamental wave.
5. How high is the operating current of the
installation to be protected?
Due to the electrical features of the components
used in the protection circuit of BLITZDUCTOR CT,
the signal current which can be transmitted by the
protective device is limited. For practical applica-
tions this means that the operating current of a
signalling system has to be lower than or equal to
the nominal current of the protective device.
6. Which maximum continuous operating volt-
age can arise in the installation to be protect-
ed?
The maximum continuous operating voltage in sig-
nalling systems must be lower than or equal to the
nominal voltage of BLITZDUCTOR CT, so that the
protective device has no limiting effects with nor-
mal operating conditions.
The maximum continuous operating voltage in sig-
nalling systems is normally the nominal voltage of
a transmission system regarding also tolerances.
When current loops (e.g. 0 20 mA) are used, the
open circuit voltage of the installation is to be
applied to the maximum continuous operating
voltage.
7. Which reference has the maximum continuous
operating voltage?
Different signal current circuits have different sig-
nal references (balanced/ unbalanced). On one
hand, the continuous operating voltage of the
installation can be stated as line/ line voltage, on
the other hand, as line/ earth voltage. This is to be
considered when choosing the protective devices:
Different nominal voltages are stated on the basis
of the different circuit of the fine protection ele-
ments in the protection module of BLITZDUCTOR
CT.
These are shown in Figure 8.2.4 and Table 8.2.1.
8. Do the integrated decoupling elements of
BLITZDUCTOR CT affect the signal transmis-
sion?
Decoupling elements are used inside of BLITZDUC-
TOR CT in order to coordinate the energy load
of the integrated protection elements. They are
mounted directly in the signalling circuit and
may influence it. Especially with current loops
(0 ... 20 mA, 4 ... 20 mA), the operation of a BLITZ-
DUCTOR CT can cause the overrange of the permis-
sible load of the signalling circuit when it is already
operated with its maximum load. This has to be
considered before use!
9. Which protection level is required?
Basically it is possible to dimension the protective
level of a surge protective device to be lower than
the immunity level of an automation/ telecommu-
nications equipment. However, the problem is that
this level is often unknown. Therefore it is neces-
sary to use other means of comparison. In the tests
for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), electrical
and electronic equipment must have a certain
immunity level against line-conducted interfer-
ences. The requirements for testing and test set-up
are stipulated in IEC 61000-4-5: 2005. Different test
levels are determined with respect to the immuni-
ty to pulse-shaped interferences for the various
devices used under varying electromagnetic envi-
ronmental conditions. These test levels bear the
designation 1 to 4, whereby test level 1 contains
the lowest immunity requirements (on the devices
to be protected) and test level 4 ensures the high-
est immunity requirements of a device.
With regard to the protection provided by the
surge protective devices this means that the let-
through energy must be below the immunity lev-
el of the equipment to be protected. Therefore the
Yellow/Line devices were classified according to
certain characteristics allowing a coordinated
installation of the SPDs for protection of automa-
tion engineering equipment. The surge immunity
test of this equipment was taken as a basis of
determining Yellow/Line SPD class symbols (Table
7.8.2.1). If, for example, automation engineering
equipment is tested according to test level 1, the
equipment may only have a let-through energy
corresponding to this test level. In practice this
means that an equipment tested with level 4 can
only discharge overvoltages without damaging
the equipment if the output of the surge protec-
tive device corresponds to a let-through energy of
1, 2, 3, or 4. This makes it very easy for the user to
choose suitable protective devices.
10. Shall there be one or two stages of
protection?
Depending on the building structure and the pro-
tection requirements stipulated by the Lightning
Protection Zones Concept it may be necessary to
install lightning current and surge arresters locally
separated from each other or at one point of the
installation. In the first case, the protection mod-
ule Type BCT MLC B of BLITZDUCTOR CT is installed
as lightning current arrester and the protection
module Type BCT MOD M... as surge arrester. If
lightning and surge protective measures are
required at one point of the installation, the use of
a combined lightning current and surge arrester
BLITZDUCTOR CT, Type B... is required.
Remark:
The following examples show the choice of surge
protective devices of the BLITZDUCTOR CT family
in accordance with the 10 selection features
described in Table 8.2.3. The result of each single
stage is indicated in the column intermediate
result.
The column final result shows the influence of
the intermediate result on the total result.
Surge protection for electrical temperature control
systems
The electrical temperature control of media in
technological processes is applied in all branches
of industry. The branches differ a lot from each
other: They stretch from food industry via chemical
processes up to ventilation systems of building
structures and building services control systems.
However, they have something in common: the
distance between measuring sensor and indicator
or measured-value processing is long. Due to the
long connection cables, overvoltages can be cou-
pled which are not only caused by atmospheric dis-
charges. Therefore a possible protection concept
SF Application Intermediate result Final result
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
The measuring sensor is situated at a process framework in a production hall and
the measuring transducer is installed in a control room inside of the production
building. The building has no external lightning protection system. The measuring
lines are inside the building. This example corresponds to case d (Figure 8.2.14).
BLITZDUCTOR CT
BCT MOD M...
BLITZDUCTOR CT
BCT MOD M...
The threat to the measuring sensor Pt 100 as well as the measuring transducer
Pt 100 by surges arises between signal line and earth. This requires a fine
limiting of common-mode interferences.
BLITZDUCTOR CT
BCT MOD ME
BLITZDUCTOR CT
BCT MOD ME
There are no special requirements on the adjustment of the protective circuit to the
input circuit of the devices to be protected (Pt 100, Pt 100 measuring transducer). no influence
BLITZDUCTOR CT
BCT MOD ME
The temperature measuring equipment is a system supplied by d.c. current. The
temperature-related measuring voltage is also a d.c. voltage variable.
Thus no signal frequencies have to be considered.
no influence
BLITZDUCTOR CT
BCT MOD ME
The operating current of the supply circuit is limited to 1 mA due to the physical
measuring principle of Pt 100. The operating current of the measuring signal amounts
to some A due to the very high impedance measurement tapping.
I
L
type ME = 1 A
1 mA < 1 A ok
A < 1 A ok
BLITZDUCTOR CT
BCT MOD ME
The maximum arising operating voltage in this system results from the following
consideration:
According to IEC 60751, Pt 100 measuring resistors are designed for a maximum
temperature of up to 850 C. The respective resistance is 340 . Considering the
load-independent measuring current of 1 mA, results a measuring voltage of approx.
340 mV.
BLITZDUCTOR CT
BCT MOD ... 5 V
BLITZDUCTOR CT
BCT MOD ME 5
The operating voltage of the system arises from line to line. BCT MOD ME 5 V
has nominal voltage 5 V d.c.
line earth, this allows line
line 10 V d.c. no influence on
the measuring signal
BLITZDUCTOR CT
BCT MOD ME 5
Using the four-wire circuit for measuring the temperature with Pt 100, the influence
of the cable resistance and its temperature-related fluctuations on the measuring
result are completely eliminated. This also applies to the increasing of the cable
resistance by the decoupling impedances of BLITZDUCTOR CT.
no influence
BLITZDUCTOR CT
BCT MOD ME 5
The Pt 100 measuring transducer has an immunity against conducted interferences
according to test level 2 according to IEC 61000-4-5: 2005. The transmitted energy
being related to the voltage protection level of the surge protective device may
correpond to max. test level 2 of IEC 61000-4-5: 2005.
BLITZDUCTOR CT
BCT MOD ME 5
Q
transmitted energy corresponds
to level 1
transmitted energy of the pro-
tective device is less than immunity
of the terminal device
Q is ok
BLITZDUCTOR CT
BCT MOD ME 5
The surge protection shall be performed in one stage. BLITZDUCTOR CT
BCT MOD ME 5
surge arrester
BLITZDUCTOR CT
BCT MOD ME 5
Result of selection: BLITZDUCTOR CT
BCT MOD ME 5
Table 8.2.3 Selection features for an electrical temperature measuring equipment
of temperature measurements against surges by a
standard type Pt 100 shall be worked out in the
following. The building structure where the meas-
uring instrument is located has no external light-
ning protection system.
The temperature is controlled indirectly by meas-
uring the electrical resistance. The resistance ther-
mometer Pt 100 has a resistance of 100 at 0 C.
This value varies by around 0.4 /K depending on
the temperature. The temperature is controlled by
injecting a constant current causing a voltage drop
proportional to the temperature rise at the resist-
ance thermometer. In order to prevent the the self-
heating of the resistance thermometer, the current
is limited to 1 mA. In this case, a voltage drop of
100 mV appears at the Pt 100 at 0 C. This meas-
ured voltage must now be transmitted to the indi-
cator or receiver (Figure 8.2.15). Out of many vari-
ous connections of Pt 100 measuring sensors to the
measuring transformer, the four-wire configura-
tion is chosen. It represents the best connection for
resistance thermometers. By this configuration,
the interfering effects of the conductor resistance
and its temperature sensitivity on the measured
result are excluded. The Pt 100 sensor is supplied
with an injected current. Alternations of the con-
ductor resistance are compensated by automatic
adjustment of the supply voltage. If the conductor
resistance does not alter, the measured voltage U
m
remains unchanged. This measured voltage is only
influenced by the alternation of the measuring
resistance depending on the temperature. It is
measured at the transformer using a high-resist-
ance voltage detector. Line compensation is there-
fore not necessary with this configuration. (Table
8.2.3)
Remark:
For ease of assembly, power supply and measuring
lines of the temperature control system are fitted
with the same type of surge protective device. In
practice it has proved that the balanced lines for
supply, compensation and measurement are allo-
cated to one protected device each (Table 8.2.3).
Surge protection of the 230 V power supply of the
Pt 100 receiver as well as the 4 ... 20 mA current
loop coming from the receiver is also necessary but
not shown here in order to retain clearness.
8.2.1 Measuring and control systems
The large separations between the measuring sen-
sor and the evaluation unit in measuring and con-
trol systems allow a coupling of surges. The conse-
quential destruction of components and the
breakdown of complete control units can severely
interfere with a process technology procedure.
The extent of a surge damage caused by a light-
ning strike often becomes apparent only some
weeks later because more and more electronic
components have to be replaced because they no
longer operate safely. Such kind of damage can
have serious consequences for the operator who
uses a so-called field bus system because all intelli-
gent field bus components together in one seg-
ment can break down simultaneously.
The situation can be improved by installing light-
ning and surge protective devices (SPDs) which
have to be chosen to suit the specific interface.
Typical interfaces and the protective devices
appropriate to the system can be found in our
Surge Protection product catalogue or at
www.dehn.de.
feed-in (l = const.)
measuring signal (U
m
/ )
measuring sensor
Pt 100
connecting line Pt 100 measuring transducer
Pt 100
4 ... 20 mA
4 ... 20 mA
230 V supply
Fig. 8.2.15 Block diagram of temperature measuring
Electrical isolation using optocouplers:
Optoelectronic components (Figure 8.2.1.1), which
typically produce a dielectric strength between the
input and output of a few 100 V to 10 kV, are fre-
quently installed to transmit signals in process
technology systems in order to isolate the field
side electrically from the process side. Thus their
function is similar to that of transmitters and they
can primarily be installed to block low common-
mode interferences. However, they cannot provide
sufficient protection against arising common-
mode and differential-mode interferences. When
being affected by a lightning strike (> 10 kV)
above their transmitter/ receiver surge withstand
capability.
Many designers and operators of such installations
misleadingly assume that this also realises light-
ning and surge protection. At this point it is
expressly emphasised that this voltage only pro-
vides the insulating resistance between input and
output (common-mode interference). This means
that, when installed in transmission systems atten-
tion must be paid not only to the limitation of
common-mode interferences but also to sufficient
limitation of differential-mode interferences. Fur-
thermore, the integration of supplementary
decoupling resistors at the output of the SPD
achieves an energy coordination with the opto-
coupler diode.
Hence, in this case, common-mode and differen-
tial-mode interference limiting SPDs, e.g. BLITZ-
DUCTOR XT Type BXT ML BE C 24, must be in-
stalled.
Detailed designs for the application-specific choice
of protective devices for measuring and control
systems can be found in Chapter 9.
8.2.2 Technical property management
The pressure of rising costs is forcing the owners
and operators of buildings in both the public and
the private sector to look more and more for cost
saving opportunities for building services manage-
ment. Technical property management can help to
reduce costs on a permanent basis. Technical prop-
erty management is a comprehensive instrument
to make technical equipment in buildings continu-
ously available, to keep it operative and to adapt it
to changing organisational requirements. This
facilitates optimum management which increases
the profitability of a property.
Building automation (BA) has grown out of meas-
uring and control systems on the one hand, and
central control systems on the other. The function
of building automation is to automate the techni-
cal processes within the building in their entirety.
This involves networking the complete installation
comprising room automation, the M-bus measur-
ing system and the heating-ventilation-air-condi-
tioning and alarm systems via powerful computers
on the management level (Figure 8.2.2.1), where
also data archiving takes place. Long term data
storage allows evaluations concerning the energy
consumption and the adjustment of the installa-
tions in the building to be obtained.
The actual control devices are at the automation
level. DDC stations (Direct Digital Control) are
increasingly being installed. They implement the
complete control and switching functions from a
software point of view. All operating modes, con-
trol parameters, nominal values, switching times
and alarm trigger levels and the corresponding
software is filed at the automation level.
Process field devices such as actuators and sensors
are located at the lowest level, the field level. They
represent the interface between the electrical con-
trol and the process. Actuators transform an elec-
trical signal into another physical value (engines,
valves, etc.). Sensors transform a physical value
Fig. 8.2.1.1 Optocoupler Schematic diagram
1
2
3
4
input current I
F
output current I
C
radiation
transmitter
receiver
optical fibre
substrate
sheathing
connections
3, 4
connections
1, 2
into an electrical signal (temperature sensor, limit
switch, etc.).
It is precisely the diffuse branched network of DDC
stations and the consequential integration into
building control systems which offer a large con-
tact area for interferences caused by lightning cur-
rents and surges. If this causes a breakdown of the
complete lighting, air-conditioning or heating
control, this not only incurs primary costs for the
equipment, it is also precisely the consequences of
this system breakdown which make a difference.
They can significantly increase the energy costs
because peak loads can no longer be analysed and
optimised due to the fault in the control electron-
ics. If production processes are integrated into the
BA, damage to the BA can lead to breakdowns in
production and hence quite possibly to large eco-
nomic losses. To ensure permanent availability,
protective measures are required, whose exact
nature depends on the risk to be controlled.
8.2.3 Generic cabling systems (EDP net-
works, TC installations)
The European standard EN 50173 Information
technology Generic cabling systems defines a
universal cabling system which can be used in sites
of one or more buildings. It deals with cable sys-
tems with balanced copper cables and optical fibre
cables (OF cables). This universal cabling supports a
wide range of services including voice, data, text
and images.
It provides:
users with an application independent generic
cabling system and an open market for (active
as well as passive) cabling components;
users with a flexible cabling scheme that
allows to carry out modifications in a both
easy and economical way;
building professionals (for example, architects)
with guidance allowing the accommodation
management level
automation level
field level
Fig. 8.2.2.1 Levels of building automation
of cabling before specific requirements are
known; i.e. in the initial design stage either for
construction or refurbishment,
industry and standardisation bodies for appli-
cations with a cabling system which supports
current products and provides a basis for
future product development.
The universal cabling system comprises the follow-
ing functional elements:
Campus distributors (CD),
Campus backbone cables,
Building distributors (BD),
Building backbone cables,
Floor distributors (FD),
Horizontal cables,
Transition points (optional),
Telecommunication outlet (TO).
Groups of these functional elements are connect-
ed together to form cabling subsystems.
Generic cabling schemes contain three cabling sub-
systems: campus backbone, building backbone and
horizontal cabling. The cabling subsystems are
connected together to create a generic cabling
structure as shown in Figure 8.2.3.1. The distribu-
tors provide the means to configure the cabling to
support different topologies like bus, star and
ring.
The campus backbone cabling subsystem extends
from the campus distributor to the building dis-
tributor(s) usually located in separate buildings.
When present, it includes the campus backbone
cables, the mechanical termination of the campus
backbone cables (at both the campus and building
distributors) and the cross-connections at the cam-
pus distributor.
A building backbone cabling subsystem extends
from building distributor(s) to the floor distribu-
tor(s). The subsystem includes the building back-
bone cables, the mechanical termination of the
building backbone cables (at both the building
and floor distributors) and the cross connections at
the building distributor.
The horizontal cabling subsystem extends from the
floor distributor to the telecommunications out-
let(s) connected to it. The subsystem includes the
horizontal cables, the mechanical termination of
the horizontal cables at the floor distributor, the
cross connections at the floor distributor and the
telecommunications outlets.
Optical fibre cables are usually used as data con-
nection between the CD and the BD. This means
that no surge arrester (SPD) is required for the
field side. If, however, the OF cables have a metal
rodent protection, this must be integrated into the
lightning protection system. The active OF compo-
nents for the distribution of the optical fibre
cables, however, are supplied with 230 V on the
power side. In this case, SPDs can be used for the
power supply system.
Nowadays, building backbone cables (BD to FD)
are equipped almost exclusively with OF cables for
the transmission of data. Balanced copper cables
(so-called master cables), however, are still used to
transmit voice (telephone).
With a few exceptions, balanced copper cables are
used today for the horizontal cables (FD to TO).
Fig. 8.2.3.1 Universal cabling structure
CD BD FD TP
(optionally)
TO
terminal
device
universal cabling system
campus backbone
cabling subsystem
building backbone
cabling subsystem
horizontal
cabling subsystem terminal cabling subsystem
For cable lengths of around 500 m (building back-
bone cables) or 100 m (horizontal cables) direct
lightning strikes to the structure (Figure 8.2.3.2)
can induce common-mode interferences which
would overload the insulation capacity of a router
or an ISDN card in the PC. Both the building/ floor
distributors (hub, switch, router) and the terminal
equipment must be equipped with protective
measures in this case.
The protective devices required here must be cho-
sen according to the network application. Com-
mon network applications are:
Token Ring,
Ethernet 10 Base T,
Fast Ethernet 100 Base TX,
Gigabit Ethernet 1000 Base TX.
An appropriate protection concept for choosing
the appropriate protective devices can be found in
Chapter 9.11 Surge protection for ETHERNET net-
works.
8.2.4 Intrinsically safe circuits
In all fields of industry where combustible materi-
als are processed or transported gases, vapors, mist
or dust will be produced. These, when mixed with
air, can form a potentially explosive atmosphere of
hazardous proportions. Therefore special meas-
ures must be taken to protect against explosions.
Depending on the possibility and the duration of
the occurrence of a potentially explosive atmos-
phere, sections of the installation are divided into
hazardous areas so-called Ex-zones.
Hazardous areas:
Areas where hazardous potentially explosive
atmospheres arise due to gases, vapors and mist,
for example, are divided into zones 0 to 2. Those
where hazardous potentially explosive atmos-
pheres can arise due to dust are divided into zones
20, 21 or 22.
Explosion groups I, IIA, IIB and IIC provide a system
of classification according to the explosiveness of
the combustible materials used in the respective
IT cabling 100 (Cat. 3, 5, 6, ...)
Horizontal cabling system
Connecting lead between FD and TO
Transmission characteristics up to
250 MHz, (Category 6)
TO Telecommunication outlet
FD Floor distributor
BD Building distributor
Building backbone cabling subsystem
Connecting lead between BD and FD
optical fibre cabling (data)
copper cabling (telecommunications)
OF cabling
external
lightning
protection
TO
FD
FD
TO
TO
FD
FD
FD
BD SD
Fig. 8.2.3.2 Influence of lightning on IT cabling subsystems
field of application. Classification criteria are the
Maximum Experimental Safe Gap (MESG) and
the Minimum Ignition Current (MIC). The MESG
and MIC are determined for the various gases and
vapors according to a stipulated testing arrange-
ment.
Explosion group IIC contains the most highly com-
bustible materials such as hydrogen and acetylene.
When heated, these materials have different igni-
tion temperatures classified into temperature
classes (T1 ... T6).
To avoid electrical equipment from being sources
of ignition in explosive atmospheres, these are
designed with different types of protection. One
type of protection used all over the world, particu-
larly in measuring and control systems, is the type
of protection Intrinsic safety Ex(i).
Ignition protection type intrinsic safety:
Intrinsic safety being a type of protection is based
on the principle of current and voltage limitation
in an electric circuit. With this system, the energy
of the circuit or a part of the circuit, which is in a
position to ignite potentially explosive atmos-
pheres, is kept so low to ensure that neither sparks
nor intolerable surface heating of the electrical
components can cause an ignition of the surround-
ing potentially explosive atmosphere. Apart from
voltages and currents of the electrical equipment,
the inductances and capacitances in the complete
circuit acting as energy storage devices must be
limited to safe maximum values.
For the safe operation of a measuring and control
system circuit, for example, this means that neither
the sparks arising during the operational opening
and closing of the circuit (e.g. at a make-or-break
contact in an intrinsically safe circuit), nor those
arising in the event of a fault (e.g. a short circuit or
earth fault) must be capable of causing an igni-
tion. Moreover, both for normal operation and
also in the event of a fault, heat ignition as a result
of overheating of the equipment and cables in the
intrinsically safe circuit, must also be excluded.
This basically limits intrinsic safety as a type of pro-
tection to circuits requiring relatively little power.
These are circuits of measuring and control systems
and also data systems. Intrinsic safety which can be
achieved by limiting the energies available in the
circuit does not relate to individual devices as is
the case with other types of protection but to the
complete circuit. This produces a number of con-
siderable advantages compared to other types of
protection.
Firstly, no expensive special constructions are
required for the electrical equipment used in the
field, for example flame-proof encapsulation or
embedding in cast resin, which results mainly in
more cost-effective solutions. Another advantage
is that the intrinsic safety is the only type of protec-
tion which allows the user to work freely at all live
intrinsically safe installations in a hazardous area
without having an adverse effect on the protec-
tion against explosion.
The economic advantage of using intrinsically safe
circuits lies in the fact that, even in the hazardous
areas, conventional non-certified passive equip-
ment can be used. Thus this type of protection is
also one of the simplest types of installation.
Intrinsic safety has therefore considerable signifi-
cance, particularly in measuring and control sys-
tems, not least because of the increased use of
electronic automation systems. However, intrinsic
safety demands more from the designer or con-
structor of an installation than other types of pro-
tection. The intrinsic safety of a circuit not only
depends on compliance with the design provisions
for the individual pieces of equipment, but also on
the correct connection of all equipment in the
intrinsically safe circuit and the correct installation.
Transient surges in hazardous areas:
Intrinsic safety as type of protection considers all
electrical energy storage devices present in the sys-
tem but not energy from outside, such as coupled
surges resulting from atmospheric discharges.
Coupled surges come up in expanded industrial
installations mainly as a result of close and distant
lightning strikes. In the event of a direct lightning
strike, the voltage drop across the earth-termina-
tion system causes a potential rise between some
10 and 100 kV. This potential rise acts as a poten-
tial difference on all equipment connected via
cables to distant equipment. These potential dif-
ferences are considerably greater than the insula-
tion resistance of the equipment and can easily be
sparked over. For distant lightning strikes it is
mainly the coupled surges in conductors that can
destroy the inputs of electronic equipment by act-
ing as differential-mode interferences (differential
voltage between the lines).
Classification of electrical equipment into catego-
ry ia or ib
An important aspect of intrinsic safety for explo-
sion protection is the issue of the reliability with
respect to maintaining of voltage and current lim-
its, even assuming certain faults. There are two
categories of reliability.
Category ib specifies that the intrinsic safety must
be maintained if a fault occurs in the intrinsically
safe circuit.
Category ia requires that the intrinsic safety must
be maintained if two independent faults occur.
The classification of the BLITZDUCTOR CT or DEHN-
connect DCO as category ia is the classification in
the highest category. This means that the BLITZ-
DUCTOR may also be used with other equipment
located in zones 0 and 20. Extra attention must be
paid to the special conditions of zones 0 and 20
and clarified in each individual case.
Figure 8.2.4.1 shows the principle use of SPDs in
measuring and control circuits
Maximum values of current I
0
, voltage U
0
,
inductance L
0
and capacitance C
0
At the interface between hazardous area and safe
area, safety barriers or transmitters with Ex(i) out-
put circuit are used to separate these two different
zones.
The safety-related maximum values of a safety bar-
rier or a measuring transformer with Ex(i) output
circuit are defined by the test certificates of an
authorised testing laboratory:
Maximum output voltage U
0
Maximum output current I
0
Maximum external inductance L
0
Maximum external capacitance C
0
The designer/ constructor must test whether these
safety-related permissible maximum values of the
equipment connected and located in the intrinsi-
cally safe circuit (i.e. process field devices, conduc-
tors and SPD) are maintained for each individual
case. The corresponding values have to be taken
from the rating plate of the pertinent equipment
or the type examination certificate.
Classification in explosion groups
Explosive gases, vapors and mist are classified
according to the spark energy required to ignite
the most explosive mixture with air.
Equipment is classified according to the gases
which it can be used with.
Group II C applies to all fields of application, e.g.
chemical industry, coal and grain processing, with
exception of underground mining.
Group II has the highest risk of explosion, since this
group considers a mixture with the lowest ignition
energy.
The certification of BLITZDUCTOR for explosion
group II C means that it fulfils the highest, i.e. most
sensitive, requirements for a mixture of hydrogen
in air.
Classification into temperature classes
When a potentially explosive atmosphere is ignit-
ed as a result of the hot surface of a piece of equip-
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
measuring transfor-
mer with Ex(i) input
(max. perm. L
o
, C
o
)
BLITZDUCTOR
BLITZDUCTOR
MT
transmitter
EB/PE
EB/PE
non-hazardous area hazardous area MC circuit Ex(i)
signal line
L
o
L
BXT
+ L
Ltg
+ L
BD
+ L
Ge
C
o
C
BXT
+ C
Ltg
+ C
BXT
+ C
Ge
+ C
BLITZDUCTOR
XT BLITZDUCTOR
XT
L
BXT
C
BXT
L
Ltg
C
L
BXT
C
BXT
C
Ltg
L
Ge
C
Ge
C
Fig. 8.2.4.1 Calculating of L
0
and C
0
ment, a minimum temperature specific to the
material is required to cause the explosion. The
ignition temperature is a characteristic of the
material characterising the ignition behaviour of
the gases, vapors or dust on a hot surface. For eco-
nomic reasons, gases and vapors are therefore clas-
sified into certain temperature classes. Tempera-
ture class T6 specifies that the maximum surface
temperature of the component must not exceed
85 C either in operation or in the event of a fault,
and that the ignition temperature of the gases and
vapors must be higher than 85 C.
With its T6 classification, BLITZDUCTOR CT also ful-
fils the highest stipulated requirements in this
aspect.
In accordance with the certificate of conformity
issued by KEMA, the following electrical parame-
ters must also be taken into consideration.
Selection criteria for SPD BLITZDUCTOR XT
Using the example of BLITZDUCTOR XT, BXT ML4
BD EX 24, the specific selection criteria for this
component are explained below (Figures 8.2.4.2a
and 8.2.4.2b).
This component has already a certificate of con-
formity issued by KEMA.
The SPD has the following classification:
II 2(1) G EEx ia IIC T4 ,T5, T6
This classification states the:
II Group of devices the SPD may be used in
all fields apart from mining.
2(1) G Device category the SPD may be installed
in potentially explosive gas atmospheres in
zone 1 and also in conductors from zone 0
(to protect terminal devices in zone 0)
EEx Testing laboratory certifies that this electri-
cal equipment conforms to the harmonised
European standards.
EN 50014: General Principles
EN 50020: Intrinsic safety i
BLITZDUCTOR CT equipment has passed a
type examination successfully.
ia Type of protection the SPD controls even a
combination of two arbitrary faults in an
intrinsically safe circuit without causing
ignition itself.
IIC Explosion group the SPD fulfils the
requirements of explosion group IIC and
may also be used with ignitable gases such
as hydrogen or acetylene.
T4 between -40 C and +80 C
Further important electrical data:
Maximum external inductance L
0
and maxi-
mum external capacitance (C
0
):
The special choice of components in BLITZ-
DUCTOR XT means that the values of the inter-
nal inductance and capacitance of the various
individual components are negligibly small.
Maximum input current (I
i
):
The maximum permissible current which may
be supplied via the connections is 500 mA,
without overriding the intrinsic safety.
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
BLITZDUCTOR
XT
1
2
1
2
3 3
4 4
protected
circuit application example
protected
intrinsically safe
equipment
KEMA 06 ATEX 0274 X
II 2(1) G EEx ia IIC
T4 / T5 / T6
Fig. 8.2.4.2a Intrinsically safe SPD Fig. 8.2.4.2b Schematic diagram of BXT ML4 BD EX 24
Maximum input voltage (U
i
):
The maximum voltage which may be applied
to BLITZDUCTOR XT is 30 V, without overriding
the intrinsic safety.
Insulation resistance
The insulation between an intrinsically safe circuit
and the frame of the electrical equipment or other
components which can be earthed must usually be
able to withstand the root mean square value of
an a.c. test voltage which is twice as high as the
voltage of the intrin-
sically safe circuit, or
500 V, whichever val-
ue is higher.
Equipment with an
insulation resistance
< 500 V a.c. is consid-
ered to be earthed.
Intrinsically safe equip-
ment (e.g. cables, sen-
sors, transmitters) ge-
nerally have an insu-
lating strength > 500 V
a.c. (Figure 8.2.4.3).
Intrinsically safe circuits must be earthed if this is
required for safety reasons. They may be earthed if
this is required for functional reasons. This earth-
ing must be carried out at only one point by con-
nection with the equipotential bonding. SPDs with
a d.c. sparkover voltage to earth < 500 V d.c. repre-
sent an earthing of the intrinsically safe circuit.
If the d.c. sparkover voltage of the SPD is > 500 V
d.c., the intrinsically safe circuit is considered to be
non-earthed. This requirement corresponds to
BLITZDUCTOR XT, BXT ML4 BD EX 24.
1
2
1 2
3
3 3
3
4
4 4 4
protected
protected
protected
Segment
1
Segment
2
Power supply (Fisco); Segment
1
/
2
Blitzductor BXT ML4 BD EX 24
Field device (Fisco)
Terminator
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
e
d
Fieldbus FISCO
Power supply
U
o
17.5 V,
I
o
380 mA
Field device
U
i
17.5 V, I
i
380 mA,
P
i
5.32 W, C
i
5 nF,
L
i
10 mH
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
BLITZDUCTOR
XT
1
2
1
2
3 3
4 4
protected
circuit application example
Fig. 8.2.4.3 SPD in hazardous location Insulation resistance > 500 V a.c.
Fig. 8.2.4.4 Application Insulation resistance < 500 V a.c.
In order to coordinate the dielectric strength of
the devices to be protected (transmitter and sen-
sor) with the voltage protection level of the SPDs,
it must be ensured that the insulation resistance of
the devices to be protected is considerably higher
than the requirements for an a.c. test voltage
500 V a.c..
In order to avoid that the voltage drop of the
interference current to be discharged in the earth
connection does not degrade the voltage protec-
tion level, it must be ensured that the equipoten-
tial bonding between the device to be protected
and the SPD is consistent.
Figure 8.2.4.4 illustrates a special type of applica-
tion. This particular application arises if the termi-
nal device to be protected has an insulation resist-
ance < 500 V a.c.. In this case, the intrinsically safe
measuring circuit is not floating.
A BLITZDUCTOR XT, BXT ML4 BE, which is not cer-
tified for use in hazardous areas, is used as the SPD
in the hazardous area and realises a voltage pro-
tection level between lines to earth/ equipotential
bonding which is considerably less than 500 V. This
is necessary in this particular application since the
insulating strength of the transmitter corresponds
to < 500 V a.c..
This example illustrates particularly the impor-
tance of a common consideration of the conditions
of intrinsic safety and the EMC / surge protection
to be brought into line with each other in systems
engineering.
Earthing/Equipotential bonding
A consistent equipotential bonding and an inter-
meshing of the earth-termination system in the
hazardous area of the installation must be
ensured.
The cross section of the earth conductor from the
SPD to the equipotential bonding must be at least
4 mm
2
Cu.
Installation of SPD BLITZDUCTOR CT in Ex(i)-cir-
cuits
The normative stipulations for Ex(i)-circuits from
the point of view of the protection against explo-
sion and of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)
correspond to different positions, a situation
which occasionally causes consternation among
designers and building constructors.
Chapter 9.15 Installation of surge protective
devices in intrinsically safe circuits, lists the most
important selection criteria for both intrinsic safe-
ty and EMC/ surge protection in installations in
order to detect the interaction on the other
requirement profile in each case.
8.2.5 Special features of the installation of
SPDs
The protective effect of an SPD for a device to be
protected is provided if a source of interference is
reduced to a specified value below the interfer-
ence or destruction limit and above the maximum
operating voltage of a device to be protected.
Generally, the protective effect of an arrester is
indicated by the manufacturer in form of the
voltage protection level U
p
(see IEC 61643-21,
EN 61643-21). The effectiveness of a surge pro-
tective device, however, depends on additional
parameters, which are determined by the instal-
lation. During the discharge, the current flow
through the installation (e.g. L and R of the
equipotential bonding conductor) can cause a
voltage drop U
L
+ U
R
which must be added to U
p
and results in the residual voltage at the terminal
device U
r
.
Optimal surge protection is possible under the fol-
lowing conditions:
The maximum operating voltage U
c
of the SPD
is just above the open circuit voltage of the
system
U
p
of the SPD should be as low as possible,
since additional voltage drops through the
installation have less effect
The equipotential bonding should be de-
signed to have the lowest impedance possi-
ble
Installing the SPD as close as possible to the
terminal device has a favourable effect on the
residual voltage
U U U U
r p L R
= + +
Installation examples:
Example 1: Correct installation
(Figure 8.2.5.1)
The terminal device is only earthed directly via the
earth connection point of the arrester. The conse-
quence is that the U
p
of the SPD is in fact available
at the terminal device. This form of installation
illustrates the most favourable application of the
SPD for protection of the terminal device.
U
L
+ U
R
have no effect
Example 2: Most common installation
(Figure 8.2.5.2)
The terminal device is earthed directly via the
earth connection point of the arrester and is also
connected via the protective conductor. The conse-
quence is that a part of the discharge current,
depending on the impedance ratio, flows away via
the connection to the terminal device. To prevent
a coupling of the interference from the connecting
equipotential bonding conductor to the protected
lines, and to keep the residual voltage low, this
equipotential bonding conductor must be in-
stalled separately, if possible, and/ or be designed
to have extremely low impedance (e.g. metal
mounting plate). This form of installation illus-
trates current installation practice for terminal
devices protection class I.
Example 3: Wrong method of equipotential bond-
ing (Figure 8.2.5.3)
The terminal device is only earthed directly via the
protective conductor terminal, for example. There
is no low impedance equipotential bonding to the
surge protective device. The path of the equipo-
tential bonding conductor from protective device
to where it meets the protective conductor termi-
nal of the terminal device (e.g. equipotential
bonding bar) has considerable effect on the resid-
ual voltage. Depending on the length of the con-
ductor, voltage drops up to a few kV can arise
which add up to U
p
and can lead to the destruction
of the terminal device during the discharge of
surges.
U U U U
r p L R
= + +
U U U
r p v
= +
U U
r p
=
3
O
U
T
4
1
IN
2
BLITZDUCTOR
BCT MLC BD 110
No.919 347
d
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e

c
u
r
r
e
n
t
L of line
R of line
L and R of the line have no effect on U
r
out of U
r
= U
p
U
p
= voltage protection level
U
r
= residual voltage
U
p
U
r
3
O
U
T
4
1
IN
2
BLITZDUCTOR
BCT MLC BD 110
No.919 347
U
p
U
r
U
v
L and R of the line have a little effect on U
r
, if the connection
has a low impedance: U
r
= U
p
+U
v
e.g. connection of protective conductor of power supply
d
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e

c
u
r
r
e
n
t
L of line
R of line
U
v
= voltage drop connection; BCT > terminal device
Fig. 8.2.5.1 Correct installation Fig. 8.2.5.2 Most frequent installation
Example 4: Wrong conductor leading
(Figure 8.2.5.4)
Even if the equipotential bonding is carried out
correctly, a wrong conductor leading can interfere
with the protective effect or even result in damage
to the terminal device. If strict spatial separation or
shielding of an unprotected conductor upstream
of the SPD, and protected conductor downstream
of the SPD, is not maintained, then the electro-
magnetic interference field can cause coupling of
interference impulses on the protected conductor.
Shielding
The shielding of cables is described under 7.3.1.
Recommendations for installation:
The use of metal shields or cable ducts reduces the
interaction between line pair and surroundings.
For shielded cables, please note the following:
Shield earthing at one end reduces the irradia-
tion of electric fields
Shield earthing at both ends reduces the irra-
diation of electromagnetic fields
Fig. 8.2.5.3 Wrong method of equipotential bonding
Table 8.2.5.1 Separation of telecommunications and low voltage supply lines (based on EN 50174-2)
Fig. 8.2.5.4 Wrong conductor leading
3
O
U
T
4
1
IN
2
BLITZDUCTOR
BCT MLC BD 110
No.919 347
no direct equipotential
bonding connection between
BLITZDUCTOR and terminal device
d
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e

c
u
r
r
e
n
t
L and R of the line impair U
r
: U
r
= U
p
+U
L
+U
R
U
p
U
r
U
L
U
R
3
O
U
T
4
1
IN
2
BLITZDUCTOR
BCT MLC BD 110
No.919 347
Due to wrong conductor leading interferences are coupled
from the unprotected to the protected line
1
2
3
4
U
r
Unshielded l.v. supply lines and
unshielded telecommunications lines 200 mm 100 mm 50 mm
Type of installation
Without divider
or non-metallic
divider
Aluminium
divider
Steel
divider
Distance
Unshielded l.v. supply lines and
shielded telecommunications lines 50 mm 20 mm 5 mm
Shielded l.v. supply lines and
unshielded telecommunications lines 30 mm 10 mm 2 mm
Shielded l.v. supply lines and
shielded telecommunications lines 0 mm 0 mm 0 mm
Conventional shields offer no significant pro-
tection against low frequency magnetic fields.
Recommendations:
Shields should run continuously between IT instal-
lations, have a low coupling resistance and be con-
ducted around the complete circumference, if pos-
sible. The shield must enclose the conductors com-
pletely, if possible. Interruptions in the shield and
high impedance earth connections and pig tails
of cables should be avoided.
The extent to which low voltage lines can affect
telecommunication lines depends on a multitude
of factors. The recommended guide values for the
spatial distances to low voltage lines are described
in EN 50174-2. For a cable length less than 35 m no
distance is generally required. In all other cases,
Table 8.2.5.1 gives the distances applying.
It is recommended to install telecommunication
lines in metal ducts which are electrically connect-
ed and completely enclosed. The metal cable duct
systems should be connected with low impedance
to earth as frequently as possible, at least at the
beginning and the end (Figure 8.2.5.5).
not recommended
right
metal cable trays
Low voltage cables
Auxiliary cables
(e.g. fire alarm systems, door openers)
Telecommunication cables
Cables for sensitive applications
Recommended
l.v. cables
auxiliary cables
telecommunica-
tion cables
sensitive
applications
Fig. 8.2.5.5 Separation of cables in cable duct systems
In principle a frequency converter consists of a rec-
tifier, a d.c. link converter, an inverter and of the
control electronics (Fig. 9.1.1).
At the input of the inverter the single phase or
interlinked, three-phase a.c. voltage is changed
into a pulsating d.c. voltage and is pushed into the
d.c. link converter that also serves as energy store
(buffer).
Capacitors in the d.c. link converter and the LC net-
works connected to earth in the a.c. line filter, can
cause problems with the residual current devices
(RCD) connected in series. The reason for this is
often wrongly seen in the application of surge
arresters.
The problems, however, result from the short-term
induction of fault currents by the frequency con-
verter. These are sufficient to activate sensitive
earth leakage circuit breakers (RCDs). A surge-
proof RCD circuit breaker available for a tripping
current I
n
= 30 mA and a min. discharge capability
of 3 kA (8/20 s) provides a remedy.
By the control electronics, the inverter delivers a
clocked output voltage. The higher the clock fre-
quency of the control electronics for the pulse-
width-modulation, the more sinusoidal is the out-
put voltage. With each cycle, a peak voltage is cre-
ated that is superimposed on the curve of the fun-
9. Application proposals
9.1 Surge protection for frequency converters
line-side
converter rectifier
d.c. link
bank of capacitors
load-side
converter inverter
+
C
V1 V3 V5
V4 V6 V2
+
U1
V1
W1
M
3~
motor load
control electronics
control / regulation / monitoring / communication
L1
L2
L3
data
INPUT OUTPUT
Fig. 9.1.1 Schematic diagram of a frequency converter
shielded motor supply line
shield is earthed on both
sides over a wide area
motor
connection to FC filter
frequency
converter
compact filter
kept as short
as possible
power supply line
metal mounting plate connected to earth
general: all cables should be kept as short as possible
1
Type Part No. No.
1 919 031 - 919 038 Constant force spring SA KRF ...
1
Fig. 9.1.2 EMC conforming shield connection of the motor supply line
damental frequency. This peak voltage reaches
values of 1200 V and higher (according to the fre-
quency converter). The better the simulation of
the sine curve at the output, the better is the per-
formance and control response of the motor. This
means, however, that the voltage peaks appear at
the output of the frequency converter more fre-
quently.
For choosing of surge arresters, the maximum con-
tinuous operating voltage U
c
has to be taken into
account. It specifies the maximum permissible
1
3
1
3
2
2
DEHNguard T
3OUT4
1
IN
2
B l i t z d u c t o r C T
B C T M O D . . .
DEHNguard
DG MOD 275
P
1
+
P
X
P
R
L1
L2
L3
L11
L21
PC
STF
STR
STOP
RH
RM
RL
RT
JOG
MRS
AU
CS
SD
RES
10E
10
2
5
4
1
SE
RUN
SU
OL
IPF
FU
FM
SD
AM
5
A
B
C
U
V
W
L1
L2
L3
Hz
M
3~
PU/DU
Processor/DSP
Software
Functions:
PID controller
Basic functions:
Voltage/frequency
function
vector control
power
supply
protective
circuits
LCD/LED display PU/DU
charge
alarm
reset
operators station
input
signal circuit
fault
indicator
analogue
output
operating
state
and
fault
indicator
d.c. link
3x 400V/ 50Hz
Type Part No. No.
952 070 DEHNguard S DG S 275
BLITZDUCTOR XT
BXT ML4 BE 24 + BXT BAS
920 324 +
920 320
DEHNguard S DG S 600 952 076
4- 20 mA
INPUT OUTPUT
Fig. 9.1.3 Structure of a frequency converter with SPD
operating voltage a surge protective device may
be connected to. This means that surge protective
devices with a correspondingly higher U
c
are used
at the output side of the frequency converter. This
avoids faster ageing due to gradually heating of
the surge protective device under normal operat-
ing conditions and the consequential voltage
peaks. This heating of the arrester leads to a short-
er service life and consequently to a disconnection
of the surge protective device from the system to
be protected.
The voltage at the output of the frequency con-
verter is variable and adjusted a little bit higher
than the nominal voltage at the input. Often it is
approx. + 5 % during continuous operation, in
order to compensate the voltage drop at the con-
nected line, for example. Otherwise, one can sim-
ply say that the maximum voltage at the input of
the frequency converter is equal to the maximum
voltage at the output of the frequency converter.
The high clock frequency at the output of the fre-
quency converter generates fieldborne interfer-
ences and therefore, requires necessarily a shield-
ed cabling so that adjacent systems are not dis-
turbed.
For shielding the motor power supply line, a bila-
teral shield earthing at the frequency converter
and the drive motor has to be ensured. The large-
surface contacting of the shield results from the
EMC requirements. Advantageous is here the use
of constant force springs (Fig. 9.1.2). By means of
intermeshed earth-termination systems, i.e. the
earth-termination system the frequency converters
and the drive motor are connected to, potential
differences are reduced between the parts of the
installation and thus equalising currents via the
shield are avoided.
Figure 9.1.3 shows the use of surge protective
devices Type DEHNguard on the power supply side
and Type BLITZDUCTOR for 0 20 mA signals. The
protective devices have to be individually adapted
according to the interface.
For the integration of the frequency converter into
the building automation it is absolutely essential
that all evaluation and communication interfaces
are connected with surge protective devices in
order to avoid system failures.
Outdoor lighting can be installed at the outer
walls of buildings as well as on open site. In any
case it has to be considered whether the outdoor
lighting is located in lightning protection zone LPZ
0
A
or in lightning protection zone LPZ 0
B
. Outdoor
lighting in LPZ 0
A
is at risk of direct lightning
strikes, impulse currents up to the whole lightning
current and of the whole field of the lightning
flash. In LPZ 0
B
they are protected against direct
lightning strikes, however, at risk of impulse cur-
rents up to partial lightning currents and the
whole field of lightning.
Lamp poles in lightning protection zone LPZ 0
A
have to be interconnected underground and they
have to be connected with the earth electrodes of
the buildings or structures via permissible earthing
conductors. The recommended materials, dimen-
sions and cross sections are indicated in Table 7 of
IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3). Table 9.2.1 shows an
excerpt of it for practical use. The material to be
used always has to be selected with regard to
probable corrosion.
Measures to reduce the risk of electric shock haz-
ard due to touch and/ or step voltage are subject
to individual examination.
Analogously to IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3) the
required measure to reduce the touch voltages is,
for example, an asphalt layer of at least 5 cm thick-
ness or 15 cm gravel, 3 m around the lamp pole
(Figure 9.2.1).
In IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3) also the potential con-
trol, for example, is mentioned as measure to
reduce step voltages. In this case four rings are
installed in the distances 1.0 m, 4.0 m, 7.0 m, and
10.0 m, and in the corresponding depths of 0.5 m,
1.0 m, 1.5 m, and
2.0 m around the
lamp pole. These
rings are inter-
connected by four
connecting leads
which are stag-
gered by 90 and
also with the
lamp pole (Fig-
ure 9.2.2).
9.2 Lightning and surge protection for outdoor lighting
systems
Material Form Earthing conductor Notes
Copper cable
round
strip
50 mm
2
50 mm
2
50 mm
2
min. wire thickness 1.7 mm
8 mm
min. thickness 2 mm
Steel round galvanised 50 m
strip galvanised 70 m
10 mm
90 mm
2
-
min. thickness 3 mm
Stainless
Steel
round
strip
10 mm
100 mm
2
-
min. thickness 2 mm
3 m 3 m
asphalt layer
5 cm
Fig. 9.2.1 Insulation of the place around the lamp pole to reduce the risk of touch voltage in case of lightning strike
Table 9.2.1 Min. dimensions of earthing conductors for interconnecting lamp poles in LPZ 0
A
and for connecting to
the earth-termination system of the building or structure
The following types of lightning current and surge
protective devices are installed at the boundary
of the lightning protection zone LPZ 0
A
LPZ 1 or
LPZ 0
B
LPZ1.
All outdoor lightings in lightning protection zone
LPZ 0
A
shall be protected by lightning current
arresters Type 1 to be installed at the entrance to
the building or structure. This lightning protection
zone to be determined, requires to approach
the corresponding rolling sphere from all possible
directions to the outdoor lighting. If it is touched
by the rolling sphere, the outdoor lighting is in
A
(Figure 9.2.3 and
Figure 9.2.4).
Before installing lightning current arresters Type 1,
it has to be checked, whether the circuits of the
outdoor lighting are already protected by an ener-
gy coordinated SPD Type 2 in the current distribu-
tion board, if not, combined lightning current and
surge arresters are recommended to be installed at
the lightning protection zone boundary.
Fig. 9.2.2 Potential control to reduce the arising step voltage at lightning strikes into a lamp pole
Fig. 9.2.3 230 V wall lamp as outdoor lighting in lightning protection zone LPZ 0
A
-0.5 m
1 m
4 m
0
-1.0 m
-1.5 m
-2.0 m
7 m
10 m
Lightning current arresters
Combined lightning current
and surge arresters
TN system
DB 1 255 H (2x), Part No. 900 222
TT system
DB 1 255 H, Part No. 900 222
DGP BN 255, Part No. 900 132
TN system
DV M TN 255, Part No. 951 200
TT system
DV M TT 2P 255, Part No. 951 110
ra
d
iu
s
o
f th
e
ro
llin
g
s
p
h
e
re
Lightning current arresters
Combined lightning current
and surge arresters
TNC system
DB 3 255 H, Part No. 900 120
TNS system
DB 3 255 H, Part No. 900 120
DB 1 255 H, Part No. 900 222
TNC system
DV M TNC 255, Part No. 951 300
TNS system
DV M TNS 255, Part No. 951 400
TT system
DB 3 255 H, Part No. 900 120
DK 35, Part No. 900 699
DGP BN 255, Part No. 900 132
TT system
DV M TT 255, Part No. 951 310
r
a
d
iu
s
o
f
t
h
e
r
o
llin
g
s
p
h
e
r
e
TN system
DG M TN 275, Part No. 952 200
TT system
DG M TT 2P 275, Part No. 952 110
r
a
d
iu
s
o
f
t
h
e
r
o
llin
g
s
p
h
e
r
e
TNC system
DG M TNC 275, Part No. 952 300
TNS system
DG M TNS 275, Part No. 952 400
TT system
DG M TT 275, Part No. 952 310
r
a
d
iu
s
o
f t
h
e
r
o
llin
g
s
p
h
e
r
e
Fig. 9.2.4 Lamp pole with 3 x 230/400 V outdoor lighting in lightning protection zone LPZ 0
A
Fig. 9.2.5 230 V wall lamp as outdoor lighting in lightning protec-
tion zone LPZ 0
B
Fig. 9.2.6 Lamp pole with 3 x 230/400 V outdoor lighting in light-
ning protection zone LPZ 0
B
All outdoor lightings in lightning protection zone
LPZ 0
B
shall be protected by surge protective
devices Type 2, to be installed at the entrance to
the building or structure. This lightning protection
zone to be determined, requires to approach
the corresponding rolling sphere from all possible
directions to the outdoor lighting, which in this
case, may not be touched by the rolling sphere
(Figures 9.2.5 and 9.2.6).
In modern biogas plants biodegradable organic
substrates such as liquid manure, dung, grass,
straw, biowaste, residues of sugar, wine, beer pro-
duction, leftovers, and fats, are fermented in an
air-tight container (fermenter/ fermentation tank).
In this atmosphere without oxygen, bacteria pro-
duce biogas of the fermentable, organic biomass
components. This biogas is used to generate heat
and current.
Figure 9.3.1 shows the system layout of a typical
biogas plant usually consisting of a slurry store
(collecting basin), a sanitation system, one or more
heatable fermenters, a repository tank, probably a
refermenter, a gasholder and a gas conditioner.
Grain, for example, is preserved in the ligavator
(liquids tank) shown in Figure 9.3.1. The gas motor
with heat exchanger and connected generator is a
combined heat and power unit (CHP). Depending
on the energy content of biogas, the CHP gener-
ates electrical current with an efficiency degree of
approx. 30 % and heat with an efficiency degree
of approx. 60 %. Partly the heat is used for the fer-
menter while the surplus of it, for example, is used
for the heating of residential and agricultural
buildings.
Necessity of a lightning protection system
Until January 2003, the ElexV Verordnung ber
elektrische Anlagen in explosionsgefhrdeten
Bereichen (Directive for electrical installations in
explosion hazard areas) had to be applied and is
now replaced by the German Health and Safety at
Work Regulations (BetrSichV). These regulations
are applicable for the provision of work equip-
ment by employers as well as for the use of work
equipment by employees (compare 1 Subclause 1
BetrSichV). It is also applied for systems which
require monitoring in the sense of 2 Subclause 2a
of the Device Safety Act (German: Gertesicher-
heitsgesetz). According to the Device Safety Act,
systems with hazard of explosion are rated to be
monitored. As, for example, the vicinity of gas-
holders and gas tanks of a biogas plant is at risk of
an explosive gas/ air mixture, biogas plants are cat-
egorised as explosion endangered systems.
According to the German Health and Safety at
Work Regulations (BetrSichV 12) biogas plants
9.3 Lightning and surge protection for biogas plants
repository tank
fermenter
cooling tank
sanitation
weighing vessel
collecting basin
liquids tank
grain silo
flare system
gas analyser
E-technology
building
mixer
pump
mixer
pump valve
valve
pump
pump
circulating
pump
mill
mixer
valve valve
mixer
valve
gas pipe
CHP
CHP
control
cabinet
weigher
condensor
electric
power
heat
Fig. 9.3.1 System layout of a biogas plant
have to be mounted, installed, and operated
according to the state of the art. Hence also the
lightning protection systems have to meet the
requirements of the BetrSichV.
In the German safety regulations for agricultural
biogas plants BGR 104 Section E 2 it is pointed out
that in areas with hazard of explosion measures
to avoid the ignition of hazardous explosive
atmosphere have to be carried out.
According to EN 1127-1 Subclause 5.3.1 there are
thirteen different sources of ignition. In subclause
5.3.8 of EN 1127-1 and in the German safety regu-
lations BGR 104 lightning is defined as source of
ignition: Lightning striking potentially explosive
atmosphere will always cause ignition. Moreover,
there is also a possibility of ignition due to the
high temperature reached by lightning conduc-
tors. Large currents flow from where the lightning
strikes and these currents can produce sparks in
the vicinity of the point of impact. Even in the
absence of lightning strikes, thunderstorms can
cause high induced voltages in equipment, protec-
tive systems and components.
The rules of explosion protection require to take
appropriate protection measures against lightning
hazard.
The BetrSichV clearly obligates the employer to
make a comprehensive determination and assess-
ment of the risk factors for operation facilities
with hazard of explosion. According to 5 of the
BetrSichV the employer have to subdivide explo-
sion endangered areas into zones taking into
regard the results of the risk assessment. The zones
of protection against explosion have to be defined
in a document of protection against explosion.
Further information for lightning protection sys-
tems for buildings and installations with explosive
areas is given in the lightning protection stan-
dard IEC 62305-3 Annex D which requires a light-
ning protection system class II for such systems.
In special cases the requirement of additional
measures, however, has to be checked according to
IEC 62305-2. A risk analysis can be made by means
of the calculation method specified in IEC 62305-2.
For this risk analysis (acc. to IEC 62305-2) the soft-
ware DEHNsupport can be used. So it is possible to
determine the risk of damage for a building or
structure and the persons and equipment therein
from direct and indirect lightning strikes. The risk
of damage being higher than an tolerable risk, it is
necessary to minimize the damage risk due to
lightning strike by lightning protection measures
so that the tolerable risk is no longer exceeded.
The German national Supplement 2 of DIN EN
62305-3 gives additional information for special
buildings or structures and a closer specification of
the requirements for the lightning protection of
biogas plants. Thus biogas plants shall be protect-
ed by isolated air-termination and down conduc-
tors systems if the risk of ignition by sparks at join-
ings and connecting points can not be excluded.
The fermenter is the core of every biogas plant.
There is a wide spectrum of fermenters and fer-
menting systems on the market with different
designs. The required lightning protection system
must always be adapted to the structural condi-
tions of the plant. Different solutions can be found
for one protective aim. As already mentioned, a
lightning protection system class II meets the gen-
eral requirements for systems with explosive areas
and hence those for biogas plants.
The lightning protection system comprises an
external and an internal lightning protection.
The functions of the external lightning protection
are to intercept all lightning strikes, including side
strikes into the building or structure, to conduct
the lightning current from the striking point to the
earth and to distribute it in the earth without hav-
ing any damage at the building or structure to be
protected due to the thermal, mechanical, or elec-
tric effects.
Fermenter with film dome
In biogas plants often fermenters with film dome
are used which can be damaged by lightning
strike. The melting and spraying effect at the strik-
ing point causes the risk of fire and explosion. The
lightning protection measures have to be designed
in a way that there will be no direct lightning
strike into the film dome of the fermenter (Figure
9.3.2).
In the safety regulations for agricultural biogas
plants, the Ex zone 2 is determined to be in the
area of 3 m around the film dome of the fer-
menter. In Ex zone 2 explosive atmosphere is
unusual and only temporary. This means, in zone 2
explosive atmosphere has to be taken into consid-
eration only at seldom, unforeseen operational
conditions (in case of failure and service/ mainte-
nance work). According to IEC 62305-3 therefore
the positioning of air-termination systems in Ex
zone 2 is permitted.
The rolling sphere method is used to determine
height and number of air-termination installa-
tions. The sag of the rolling sphere is decisive for
the dimensioning of the air-termination system,
which can be determined according to IEC 62305-3.
The corresponding class II for systems with explo-
sive areas requires a rolling sphere radius of 30 m
(Figure 9.3.2).
Depending on the gas volume, the inner mem-
brane in the gasholder of the fermenter is pressed
more or less tightly against the metal inner wall of
the fermenter. An isolated down conductor system
has to be installed to avoid uncontrolled flashover
from the down conductor to the metal wall of the
fermenter. The isolated leading of the down con-
ductors on distance holders out of GRP (glass-fibre
reinforced plastic) ensures an electric isolation of
the lightning protection system from conductive
parts of the fermenter. The length of the distance
holders being a function of the separation dis-
tance determined according to IEC 62305-3.
The DEHNiso-Combi Set according to Table 9.3.1 is
used in a case as illustrated in Figure 9.3.2.
Another possibility to avoid the film dome of the
fermenter being at hazard of direct lightning
strike is the use of steel telescopic lightning protec-
tion masts (Figure 9.3.3). These masts are installed
in natural soil or in a concrete foundation. Free
heights of 21 m above ground level can be
achieved, even higher, if custom-made ones are
used. The standard lengths of the steel telescopic
lightning protection masts are supplied in sections
of 3.5 m, offering enormous advantages for trans-
portation. Further information about the use of
steel telescopic lightning protection masts can be
found in installation instructions No. 1574.
A third possibility to protect the fermenter with
film dome against direct lightning strike is to use
rolling sphere radius r
DEHNiso-Combi Set (Part No. 105 455)
1-part unit, total length 5700 mm consisting of:
1x air-termination tip Al, L = 1000 mm
(Part No. 105 071)
1x insulating pipe, L = 4700 mm
(Part No. 105 301)
3x wall mounting bracket StSt (V2A)
(Part No. 105 340)
2x distance holder GRP/Al, L = 1030 mm
(Part No. 106 331)
Fig. 9.3.2 Use of the DEHNiso-Combi system to protect a fermenter
with film dome
Fig. 9.3.3 Protection of a fermenter with film dome by steel tele-
scopic lightning protection masts
Table 9.3.1 DEHNiso-Combi Set
the DEHNconductor system. The DEHNconductor
system is a programme comprising the HVI conduc-
tor and the specially adapted connecting and fix-
ing elements. The HVI conductor is a high voltage-
resistant, insulating down conductor with a special
outer coating. It is typically used as isolated down
conductor in lightning protection to handle the
separation distance according to IEC 62305-3. The
separation distance has to be calculated according
to IEC 62305-3. Subsequently it has to be exam-
ined if this calculated separation distance can be
realised with the equivalent separation distance of
the HVI conductor. The DEHNconductor system
offers two variants of solution:
Variant 1: Air-termination masts with one HVI con-
ductor (Figure 9.3.4). The maximum total length of
the air-termination system from the equipotential
bonding level (earth-termination system) to the
air-termination tip here is 12.5 m, the maximum
free length above the top edge of the fermenter
must not exceed 8.5 m (for mechanical reasons).
Variant 2: Air-termination masts with two HVI con-
ductors (Figure 9.3.5). The maximum total length
of the air-termination system from the equipoten-
tial bonding level (earth-termination system) to
the air-termination tip here is 16 m, the maximum
free length above the top edge of the fermenter
also 8.5 m.
Note: The distance between the two HVI conduc-
tors, to be installed in parallel, has to be more than
20 cm.
Further information about the DEHNconductor
system can be found in the following installation
instructions under www.dehn.de:
Installation instructions 1565: Air-termination
mast with inner HVI conductor for biogas
plants
Installation instructions 1501: HVI conductor in
the Ex area
Designing service
Isolated air-termination systems being rather
complex and extensive systems. DEHN + SHNE
would be pleased to assist you in designing of iso-
lated air-termination systems on the basis of the
DEHNconductor system, DEHNiso-Combi system or
steel telescopic lightning protection masts. This
designing service offered against payment com-
prises
the compiling of drawings of the lightning
protection (general layout drawings),
detail drawings for an isolated air-termination
system (partly as explosion drawings),

1
2
.
5

m

1
0
.
0

m

8
.
5

m

1
6
.
0

m

1
3
.
5

m

8
.
5

m
> 0.2 m
Fig. 9.3.4 Fermenter protected with air-termination masts isolated
by 1 HVI conductor
by 2 HVI conductors
comprehensive parts list of the necessary com-
ponents for the isolated air-termination sys-
tem,
a quotation based on this parts list.
If you are interested please contact your local con-
sultant or the head office in Neu-
markt (www.dehn.de).
Fermenters out of sheet metal
Fermenters out of sheet metal usu-
ally have a wall thickness between
0.7 and 1.2 mm. The individual
plates being screwed together
(Figure 9.3.6)
If sheet metal shall be used as nat-
ural air-termination system Table 3
of IEC 62305-3 is applicable for the
thickness. In case the required val-
ues of plate thickness are not com-
plied with, a lightning strike might
cause through-melting or intolera-
ble heating-up at the point of
strike with risk of fire and explo-
sion. These fermenters then must
be protected by supplementary air-
termination systems to avoid melt-
ing-out at the point of strike. In
this case an isolated lightning pro-
tection system will be installed. Its
location be to determined by the
rolling sphere method. The down-
conductor system has to be in-
stalled on distance holders accord-
ing to the determined separation
distance at the metal plates (Figure
9.3.7).
Steel tank
Figure 9.3.8 shows completely
welded biogas tank with a sheet
steel enclosure of at least 4 mm
thickness. The requirements of
Table 3 of IEC 62305-3 with regard
to the material are met. For the
lightning protection system hence
the requirement according to
IEC 62305-3 Annex D Additional
information for LPS in case of
structures with risk of explosion is
applicable. The Ex zones of ex-
hausting vents being in the protected area of met-
al enclosure parts capable of carrying lightning
currents, supplementary air-termination systems
are not necessary. Otherwise supplementary air-
termination systems have to be installed to protect
the exhausting vents from direct strike.
Fig. 9.3.6 Fermenter out of screwed sheet metal
Fig. 9.3.7 Isolated air-termination system to
protect a fermenter out of sheet
metal (Ref.: Bro fr Technik,
Hsbach)
Fig. 9.3.8 Welded steel tank (Ref.: Eisenbau
Heilbronn GmbH)
Earthing concept
Connecting the individual earth-termination sys-
tems with an overall earth-termination system pre-
vents the arising of high potential differences (Fig-
ure 9.3.9 and Table 9.3.2). Intermeshing the indi-
vidual building and system earth-termination sys-
tems, the mesh sizes varying between 20 m x 20 m
up to 40 m x 40 m, is an economically and techni-
cally reasonable method. Potential differences
between the various parts of the installation are
clearly reduced, by intermeshing all earth-termina-
tion systems. Also the voltage loading of the cables
going outside of the building will be
lower in case of lightning effects.
Power feed-in
By the biogas produced, usually pilot
injection gas engines generate cur-
rent and heat. In this context such
engines are called combined heat and
power units (CHP). These CHPs are
installed in a separate operation
building, with the switching and con-
trol cabinets in the same or a separate
room. The electric power generated
No.
Strip steel StSt (V4A) 30 mm x 3.5 mm
Alternative: Round-bar StSt (V4A), 10 mm
Cross unit StSt (V4A)
Alternative: SV Terminal StSt (V4A)
Note: Anticorrosive band
Equipotential bonding bar StSt
Alternative: Earthing busbar
Terminal lugs directional strip steel StSt (V4A)
Alternative: Terminal lugs directional round-bar StSt (V4A)
Part No.
860 335
860 010
319 209
308 229
556 125
472 209
472 139
860 215
860 115
1
2
3
4
fermenter
repository
refermenter
liquid container
grain silo
collecting
basin
operation room
control
system
reference
measuring
EBB EBB M
G
3 x 20 kV
M
measuring of the
difference in limits
power feed-in
1
2
3
4
Fig. 9.3.9 Intermeshed earth-termination system for a biogas plant
Table 9.3.2 Material recommendation for earthing and equipotential bonding
by the CHP is feed into the public power supply sys-
tem (see Figure 9.3.10).
An essential part of a lightning protection system
is the lightning equipotential bonding to be car-
ried out for all conductive systems entering the
building or structure from outside. Lightning
equipotential bonding requires that all metal sys-
tems shall be incorporated into the
equipotential bonding so as to
cause as little impedance as possible
and that all live systems shall be con-
nected indirectly via surge protec-
tive devices Type 1. The lightning
equipotential bonding should be
performed preferably near the
entrance of the structure in order to
prevent a penetration of partial
lightning currents into the building.
The 230/400 a.c. power input of the
low-voltage main distribution of the
consumer system (Figure 9.3.10)
shall be protected by surge protec-
tive devices SPDs Type 1. Such a
surge protective device SPD Type 1
on RADAX Flow spark gap basis for
power supply systems is DEHNbloc.
This lightning current arrester has a
discharge capability up to 50 kA
(10/350 s) each pole. By the pa-
tented RADAX Flow principle the
amplitude of system short-circuit
currents up to 50 kA
rms
is reduced
to approx. 500 A and extinguished
after approx. 5 ms. Hence a discon-
nection selectivity of the surge pro-
tective device is possible also in case
of too weak system fuses. An inter-
ruption of supply by tripping of the
main fuse thus is avoided. Surge
protective devices Type 2, for exam-
ple DG TNS H230 400 LI, will be
installed in downstream subdistribu-
tions (Table 9.3.3). This surge protec-
tive device has a three-stage visual
service life indication with remote
signalling link informing any time
about the function standby of surge
protection.
The DEHNventil, a multipole modu-
lar combined lightning current and
surge arrester with high follow current limitation
is installed in the CHP distribution (Figure 9.3.10).
This combined lightning current and surge arrester
is wired ready for connection, comprising a base
part and plug-in protective modules. The DEHN-
ventil ensures utmost system availability and a dis-
connection selectivity to 20 A gl/gG fuses up to 50
kA
rms
short-circuit current.
3
3
20 kV; 3 50 Hz
3
3
3 3
4
4
3
3
3
4
4
3
3
3
3
G
M
3
125 A
3 3 3 3
5
1
2
3
CHP
distribution
generating system consumer system
Z
Z
Fig. 9.3.10 Sectional view of an overall circuit diagram of a biogas plant
At little distances between the DEHNventil and the
consumers ( 5 m) also the terminal equipment is
protected.
Remote monitoring
By the remote monitoring systemthe performance
data of the biogas plant are always available. The
system specific measured data can be directly read
at the acquisition unit. The data acquisition unit
has RS 232 or RS 485 interfaces to connect a PC
and/ or modems for remote enquiry and mainte-
nance. The remote monitoring, for example per
modem, allows the service staff to log on an exist-
ing system and to provide direct assistance to the
operator in case of failure. The modem is connect-
ed to the network termination unit (NTBA) of an
ISDN basic access. The forwarding of the measured
data via the telecommunication network per ISDN
modem must be provided as well, in order to pro-
vide a continuous control and optimisation of the
performance of the installation. For this purpose
the U
k0
interface upstream of the NTBA which the
ISDN modem is connected to, is protected by a
surge protective adapter NT PRO (Figure 9.3.11).
This adapter ensures additional protection of the
230 V power supply of the NTBA. The recommend-
ed protection of telecommunication terminal
devices and telecommunication system with RJ
socket outlet and plug is the surge arrester Type
BLITZDUCTOR VT ISDN (Table 9.3.4).
Figure 9.3.11 shows the protection of a surveil-
lance camera. The shielded surge arrester UKGF
BNC protects the coaxial cable of the video trans-
mission system (Table 9.3.4). More about the pro-
tection of video surveillance systems is provided in
the protection proposal Surge protection for
video surveillance systems in Chapter 9.
Process control
One of the most important components of operat-
ing a biogas plant is the process control. All pumps
Lightning current arrester Type 1
1
Alternative
1
Surge arrester Type 2
2
Combined lightning current and surge arrester
3
Protection for:
TN-C system
TN-S system
TT system
TN-C system
TN-S system
TT system
TN-C system
TN-S system
TT system
TN-C system
TN-S system
TT system
Part No.
900 222
900 222
900 222
+ 900 132
900 220
900 220
900 220
+ 900 050
950 160
950 170
950 150
951 300
951 400
951 310
SPDs
3 x DB 1 255 H
4 x DB 1 255 H
3 x DB 1 255 H
+ 1 x DGP BN 255
3 x DBM 1 255 S
4 x DBM 1 255 S
3 x DBM 1 255 S
+ 1 x DGPM 1 255 S
DG TNC H230 400 LI
DG TNS H230 400 LI
DG TT H230 400 LI
1 x DV M TNC 255
1 x DV M TNS 255
1 x DV M TT 255
Note
Modular combined lightning
current and surge arrester with
high follow current limiting and
a protection level 1.5 kV
1-pole lightning current arrester
with high follow current limiting
Coordinated lightning current
arrester with integrated backup
fuse for industrial busbar systems
Multi-pole surge arrester with
SPD control Pro-Active-Thermo-
Control and 3-stage visual service
life indicator
No.
Table 9.3.3 Surge protection for the power supply
1
2
3
4 5
6
operation building
switchgear cabinet
PROFIBUS DP
PROFIBUS PA
ISDN
system
NTBA
NT 1
NT
EBB
Protection for...
Power and data input of an NTBA
Telcommunications terminal devices and telephone system with RJ-plug-in connector
Coaxial line (frame transfer)
Part No.
909 958
918 410
929 010
1
2
3
SPDs
NT PRO
BLITZDUCTOR BVT ISDN
UGKF BNC
No.
DEHNpipe Type Part No. Application/ Approval No. Thread
M20 x 1,5; Internal / External thread 4 20 mA, Profibus PA, Fieldbus Foundadtion; Ex (i) 929 960 DPI MD EX 24 M 2 6
Protection for...
4 20 mA
0 10 V
Profibus DP/ FMS
Temperature measuring PT 100, PT 1000, Ni 1000
Profibus PA; Ex (i)
Part No.
920 324 + 920 300
920 322 + 920 300
920 371 + 920 300
920 320 + 920 300
920 381 + 920 301
4
5
BLITZDUCTOR XT Type
BXT ML4 BD HF 5 + BXT BAS
BXT ML4 BD EX 24 + BXT BAS EX
No.
Fig. 9.3.11 Surge protection for information technology systems
Table 9.3.4 Surge protection for information technology systems
Table 9.3.5 Surge arresters for the measuring and control technology
Table 9.3.6 Surge arresters for field devices
and agitators shall be operated centrally, process
data such as gas volume and gas quality shall be
recorded, temperature and all input materials shall
be acquired, all data shall be visualised and docu-
mented.
A failure of the process control due to surges
results in procedural disturbances and interrup-
tions of the biogas generation. These processes
being very complex anyway, unscheduled placing
out of operation can lead to additional difficulties,
and the period of standstill might be extended to
several weeks.
The control unit is installed in a control cabinet. In
addition to digital inputs and outputs, T 1000 sig-
nals, 20 mA signals are evaluated. To ensure an
undisturbed and continuous transmission of the
measured data to the control unit in the control
cabinet, the control and signal lines entering the
building, for example from frequency inverters
and actuators have to be protected as close as pos-
sible to the point where they enter the building by
lightning current arresters, Type BLITZDUCTOR XT
(Figure 9.3.12).
A non-contact and quick arrester check, called
LifeCheck, is integrated in this surge protective
device. An extreme thermal or electrical loading is
safely detected and can be read out in a second by
the DEHNrecord DRC LC, a hand-held reader with
non-contact RFID technology. The protective
devices for IT systems are selected according to the
maximum operating voltage, the nominal current,
the type of signal (d.c., LF, HF) and the signal sup-
ply (balanced, unbalanced).
Table 9.3.5 exemplifies protective devices for signal
and control lines.
In order to protect 2-wire process field devices such
as pressure or fill level sensors, valves, pressure
transmitters, flow meters, the installation of the
surge arrester DEHNpipe (Figure 9.3.13, Table
9.3.6) is recommended. This arrester offers an
energy coordinated surge protection for process
field devices in the outside area at a minimum
need of space. The German safety regulations for
agricultural biogas plants BGR 104 and European
Standard EN 1127 are applicable for biogas plants,
being a system with risk of explosion.
In BGR 104 and EN 1127 lightning is described as
source of ignition. If the risk of lightning strike is
stipulated, the BGR 104 requires all zones to be
protected by suitable lightning protection meas-
ures.
The lightning protection standard IEC 62305-3
requires to implement at least a lightning protec-
tion system Class II for systems with hazard of
explosion. The external lightning protection to be
designed in such a way that no partial lightning
currents can flow into the explosive area. This tar-
get of protection can be achieved by an isolated
air-termination system. In order to increase the
availability of sensitive electronic equipment sup-
plementary measures as the use of surge protec-
tive devices shall be taken.
Fig. 9.3.12 Combined lightning current and surge arrester modules with LifeCheck
Fig. 9.3.13 Surge arrester DEHNpipe for outdoor
areas for screwing into 2-wire process
field devices
Resources of drinking water running short require
a more efficient treatment. Therefore, sewage
plants play a central role in the circle of drinking
water. The necessary high efficiency of sewage
plants (Figure 9.4.1) requires the optimisation of
the operating procedure at a simultaneous reduc-
tion of the running operating costs. For this pur-
pose, considerable financial efforts were made for
electronic measuring equipment and decentralised
electronic control and automation systems in
recent years. Compared to conventional technolo-
gy, however, the new electronic systems provide
only a low resistance against transient surges. The
structural conditions of the spacious open-air
plants with wastewater treatment technology and
the spread measuring devices and controls
increase additionally the risk of interferences due
to lightning discharges or surges. Thus, a failure of
the complete process control system or parts of it,
is highly probable to expect, if no protective meas-
ures are taken. The consequences of such a failure
can be far-reaching. They can reach from the costs
for the recovery of the system function to the
undefinable costs for the removal of ground water
contamination. In order to come up to this threat
effectively and increase the availability of the sys-
tems, external and internal lightning protection
must be provided.
Lightning protection zones concept
In order to obtain the best technical and economi-
cal protection, the sewage plant control is divided
into lightning protection zones (LPZ). Subsequent-
ly, a risk analysis is carried out for each LPZ and for
the relevant types of damage. For the risk analysis
acc. to IEC 62305-2 the software tool DEHNsupport
can be used. Lastly, the mutual dependences of the
LPZs are examined and the finally required protec-
tion measures are defined in order to reach the
necessary protection aim in all lightning protec-
tion zones. The following areas were assigned
lightning protection zone LPZ 1 and lightning pro-
tection zone LPZ 2:
Electronic evaluation system in the control
room (LPZ 2)
9.4 Lightning and surge protection retrofitting for
sewage plants
rain overflow basin
pumping draw works
rough/ fine rake
black water basin
sewage plant control
ventilation/ sand/ fat catcher
primary sedimentation tank
precipitant tank
activated sludge basin
nitrification denitrification
sedimentation tank
outlet
Fig. 9.4.1 Schematic structure of a sewage plant
Oxygen measurement in the aeration tank
(LPZ 1)
Interior of the control room (LPZ 1)
According to the lightning protection zones con-
cept of IEC 62305-4 (EN 62305-4), all conductors at
the LPZ boundaries must be provided with appro-
priate protective measures against surges, (Figure
9.4.2).
Risk assessment for the sewage plant control
The following example was calculated by using IEC
62305-2 (EN 62305-2). It should be pointed out
that the procedure is only described as an exam-
ple. The solution presented is in no way binding
and can be replaced by any other equivalent solu-
tions. The following states only the essential char-
acteristics of the example.
First, a questionnaire with relevant questions on
the structure and its utilisation was discussed with
the operator and fixed in writing. This proceeding
ensures the elaboration of a lightning protection
concept that is comprehensible for all parties
involved. This concept represents then the mini-
mum requirements, which, however, can still be
technically improved anytime.
Site description
The complete process control of the sewage plant
is situated centrally in the sewage plant control.
Characterised by the extended cable connections
to the measuring stations as well as substations,
considerable partial lightning currents and surges
are imported by these lines into the control rooms
at a lightning strike. In the past, this resulted again
and again in destruction of the installation and
system failures.
The same applies to the power supply line and the
telephone line (Figure 9.4.3).
The sewage plant control itself shall be protected
against damage by fire (direct lightning strike),
and the electric and electronic systems (control
and automation system, telecontrol) against the
effects of lightning electromagnetic pulses (LEMP).
Additional conditions
Protective measures against effects of light-
ning actually are already existing (external
lightning protection, surge protective devices
(SPD), (previously class B), type VGA 280/4 at
the service entrance of the 230/400 V power
supply line, SPD, (previously class C) type
2 4
2 4
BLITZDUCTOR
BXT ML4 BE 24
1 3
protected
1 3
2 4
2 4
BLITZDUCTOR
BXT ML4 BE 24
1 3
protected
1 3
2 4
2 4
BLITZDUCTOR
BXT ML4 BE 24
1 3
protected
1 3
2 4
2 4
BLITZDUCTOR
BXT ML4 BD
EX 24
1 3
protected
1 3
2 4
2 4
BLITZDUCTOR
BXT ML4 BE 24
1 3
protected
1 3
L N
PE
DEHNguard
DG MOD 275
DEHNguard
DG MOD 275
230 V
MCS
O
2
-value
measuring point
Fig. 9.4.2 Division of a sewage plant control into lightning protection zones
VM 280 in the switchgear cabinets of the mea-
suring and control system).
The following types of damage are relevant:
L2 for loss of services (water supply and water
disposal) and L4 for economic losses (buildings
or structures and their contents). Type of dam-
age L1 (loss of human life) was excluded, since
the installation should run fully automatically
in future operation.
The result after calculating the actual state is that
the calculated risk R for L2 for loss of service is still
well above the tolerable risk R
T
.
Now, possible protective measures are initiated in
order to obtain R < R
T
whereas with respect to L4
loss of economic values the most cost effective
solution has to be selected:
Installation of a lightning protection system
Class III according to IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3)
(this is the same result as stated in VdS publica-
tion 2010)
Installation of SPDs Type 1 according to EN
61643-11 (power supply) and SPDs, category
D1 according to IEC 61643-21 for the data pro-
cessing lines (data lines of the measuring and
control system and telecommunication lines)
SPD Type 2 according to EN 61643-11 (power
supply) and surge protective devices, category
C2 according to IEC 61643-21 for the data pro-
cessing lines (data lines of the measuring and
control system and telecommunication lines)
Lightning protection system
The existing lightning protection system of the
sewage plant control was upgraded in accordance
with the requirements of lightning protection sys-
tems Class III (Figure 9.4.4). The existing, indirect
connection of the structures mounted on the roof
(air conditioning systems) via isolating spark gaps
DEHNguard
DG MOD 275
DEHNguard
DG MOD 275
L N
PE
BLITZDUCTOR
BXT ML4 BE 24
2 4
1 3
protected
2 4
1 3
230 V supply
4 - 20 mA
fixed telecommunication network
230 / 400 V power supply
O
2
value
measuring point
Fig. 9.4.3 Electrical lines going into the sewage plant control
was removed. The protection against direct light-
ning strikes was realised by means of air-termina-
tion rods in compliance with requested separation
distances and protective angles. Consequently, in
the case of a direct lightning strike into the control
room, no more partial light-
ning current can flow into
the structure and cause da-
mage. Due to the size of the
control room (15 m x 12 m),
the number of down con-
ductors (4) did not have to
be changed. The local earth-
ing system of the sewage
plant control was checked
at all measuring points and
the values were recorded.
Also, no upgrades had to be
made here.
Lightning equipotential bon-
ding for all cables entering
from the outside
In principle, all conductive systems entering the
sewage plant from the outside must be integrated
into the lightning equipotential bonding (Figure
9.4.5) The requirements of lightning equipotential
bonding are fulfilled by direct connection of all
Z
EBB
lightning equipotential bonding
cathodic protected tank pipe
e
x
t
e
r
n
a
l

l
i
g
h
t
n
i
n
g

p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n

s
y
s
t
e
m
gas
water
power
supply
I II III
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 2 10 20 30 40 50 60
IV I II III IV
h[m]
Class of LPS
Fig. 9.4.5 Lightning equipotential bonding according to IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3)
Fig. 9.4.4 Protective angle method according to IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3)
metal systems and indirect connection of live sys-
tems via surge protective devices. The SPD Type 1
(power supply system) and the SPD Type D1 (infor-
mation technology) must have a lightning current
discharge capability of test waveform 10/350 s.
The lightning equipotential bonding shall prefer-
ably be installed near the entrance into the build-
ing or structure in order to prevent a penetration
of lightning currents into the inside of the build-
ing.
In the entire sewage plant control, a consistent
equipotential bonding is carried out according to
IEC 60364-4-41 and IEC 60364-5-54. The already
existing equipotential bonding is tested to avoid
potential differences between different as well as
extraneous conductive parts. Also, supporting
parts of the building and parts of the construction,
pipelines, containers, etc., are included in the
equipotential bonding, so that voltage differences
do not have to be expected, even at a failure. For
the application of surge protective devices, the
cross section of the earth conductor for equipoten-
tial bonding must be minimum 6 mm
2
Cu for SPDs
for power supply systems, and minimum 4 mm
2
Cu
for SPDs for information technology. Moreover, in
areas with potentially explosive atmospheres the
connections of the equipotential bonding conduc-
tors must be secured at e.g. equipotential bonding
bars against self-loosening (e.g. by means of spring
washers).
Surge protection for the low-voltage power
supply
In the described application, the SPD type VGA
280/4 installed at the service entrance of the build-
ing is replaced by an SPD Type 1 DEHNventil M TNS
255 (Figure 9.4.6), since the old SPD does no
more comply with the requirements for lightning
protection systems according to IEC 62305-3
(EN 62305-3). The SPDs Type 2, (previously class C),
Type VM 280, were tested with an arrester test
unit, type PM 10. Since the test values were still
within the tolerances, there was no reason to
remove the SPDs. If further SPDs are installed for
protection of the terminal equipment as in the
present case, they must be coordinated among
each other and with the terminal equipment to be
protected. The corresponding instructions given in
the enclosed installation instructions must be
observed.
Otherwise, the use of surge protective devices in
low voltage consumer's installations shows no
peculiarities compared to other applications and
has already been described many times (for more
information, please also see publication DS649 E
Surge Protection Easy Choice).
Surge protection in data processing systems
From the protection point of view, the transfer
interface of all data processing lines to the sewage
plant is the service entrance. At this point SPDs
(category D1) type DRL 10B 180 FSD are used,
which are capable of carrying lightning currents.
From the transfer interface, the cables are led
directly to the switchgear cabinets and are con-
nected there. In accordance with the performed
risk analysis, the incoming cables must be led via
SPDs, types DCO RK ME 24 (20 mA signal) or DCO
RK MD 110 (telecontrol). These are suitable for use
in the lightning protection zones concept (catego-
Fig. 9.4.6 DEHNventil installed into a switchgear cabinet for protec-
tion of the power supply system
ry C2), and are system compatible (Figures 9.4.7
and 9.4.8).
This ensures a complete surge protection concept
for the data processing cabling.
Additional applications for protection of sewage
plants can be found in publication DS107 E.
This can be downloaded from our website:
www.dehn.de.
Fig. 9.4.7 DCO ME 24 surge protective device installed into a
switchgear cabinet for protection of the complete
measuring and control system
Fig. 9.4.8 DCO ME 24 surge protection device installed into a
switchgear cabinet, incoming lines from double bottom
IEC 60728-11: 2005 complies with the state of the
art and offers easy, standardised and effective pro-
tective mechanisms against the effects of lightning
strikes into antennas.
Antennas installed according to this standard do
not increase the probability of lightnings to strike
the object under consideration. Nor is an antenna
system installed according to this standard a sub-
stitute for a lightning protection system of a build-
ing or structure. This standard deals with the safe-
ty requirements for stationary systems and devices
and is, if applicable, also valid for mobile and tem-
porary systems (e.g. campers, recreational vehi-
cles). The range of validity comprises cable TV net-
works (CATV networks) and satellite community
antenna television systems as well as individual
receiving networks.
Outside antennas which are installed at a level of
more than 2 m below the roofing or the roof-edge
and at distance of less than 1.5 m from the build-
ing (Figure 9.5.1) as well as antenna systems inside
a building are excepted from the following meas-
ures. However, at least the connection of the coax-
ial cable shields to an equipotential bonding con-
ductor is urgently recommended. All interconnect-
ed, conductive and touchable components of the
installation should be integrated into the equipo-
tential bonding as well.
Antennas must not be installed on buildings with
easily inflammable roofing (e.g. thatch or similar
materials). Antenna cables and earthing conduc-
tors must not lead through those sections of rooms
where easily inflammable materials like hay, straw
or alike are stored, or in which there is a potential
risk of explosive atmosphere to arise.
An equipotential bonding conductor has to be
mechanically solid with a copper cross section of
minimum 4 mm
2
. The shields of the coaxial cables
going in or out of the building have to be connect-
ed with an equipotential bonding conductor and
by the shortest route with a common equipoten-
tial bonding bar.
An earthing conductor being capable of carrying
lightning current can be a single solid wire having
a minimum cross section of 16 mm
2
of insulated or
bare copper, or of insulated 25 mm
2
aluminium or
of 50 mm
2
aluminium wrought alloy (not to be
directly installed on or in plaster nor on or in con-
crete), or of steel 50 mm
2
, preferably for external
installation.
Natural components which can be used, are for
example,
the metal frame of the building or structure,
the interconnected reinforcement steel of the
building or structure,
facades, railings and substructures of metal
facades,
provided that
their dimensions meet the requirements of
down-conductor systems and their thickness is
not less than 0.5 mm,
their electrical conductivity in vertical direc-
tion is ensured (these permanent connections
have to be carried out by brazing, welding,
pressing, screwing or riveting), or that the
distance between metal structures does
not exceed 1 mm and the overlapping of
two structural elements is at least 100 cm
2
.
IEC 62305-3 does no longer stipulate this possi-
bility of overlapping sheet metal, except the
substructure is continuously conductive in ver-
tical direction. If not, the overlapping sheet
9.5 Lightning and surge protection for cable networks and
antennas for TV, sound signals and interactive services
equipotential bonding conductor
max. 1.5 m
4 mm
2
Cu
min. 2 m
Fig. 9.5.1 Horizontal and vertical distances of antenna arrange-
ments requiring no earthing connection
metals have to be safely interconnected ac-
cording to the requirements of IEC 62305-3.
Attention: Forming of loops has to be avoided.
The earth-termination system has to be designed
according to one of the following manners (Figure
9.5.2):
Connection with the external lightning protec-
tion system of the building or structure.
Connection with the earth-termination system
of the building or structure.
Connection with at least two horizontal earth
electrodes having a minimum length of 2.5 m,
being installed in an angle > 60 , at least 0.5 m
deep and not closer than 1 m to the founda-
tion, or connected with one vertical or slanted
earth electrode not shorter than 2.5 m or two
vertical earth electrodes not shorter than
1.5 m, installed at a distance of 3 m from each
other and not closer than 1 m to the founda-
tion.
Minimum cross section of each earth electrode to
be 50 mm
2
copper or 80 mm
2
steel.
Natural components such as interconnected rein-
forcement of concrete or other suitable under-
ground metal constructions embedded into the
foundation of the building the dimensions of
which complying with the above limit values, can
be used as well.
Other earth-termination system according to
IEC 62305-3 are also permitted. If a supplementary
earth electrode is installed adjacent to the earth-
> 60
1.5 m
earth rod
2
.5
m
flat shaped earth electrode
0.5 m
2
.5
m
earthing connection
steel skeleton, reinforced concrete buildings
1 m
2.5 m
earth rod
1 m
1.5 m
3 m
building foundation
1 m
Fig. 9.5.2 Examples of permitted earth
electrodes
termination system of the building, the earth elec-
trodes have to be interconnected.
In case of buildings without lightning protection
system (LPS), the mast with an earthing conductor
has to be connected by the shortest route with the
earth electrode. The earthing conductor has to be
installed straightly and vertically. The coaxial cable
shields have to be connected with the mast by
equipotential bonding conductors (Figure 9.5.3).
In case of buildings with lightning protection
system (LPS), the antennas preferably shall be
installed within the protective range of an air-ter-
mination system, which means in the range of
existing protective zones or by isolated air-termi-
nation systems. Only if this is not possible, a direct
connection with the external lightning protection
system shall be implemented. In this case the aris-
EBB
equipotential
bonding bar
equipotential
bonding bar
earth
connection
multiswitch
without mains
connection
equipotential
bonding conductor
earthing conductor
4 mm
2
Cu
16 mm
2
Cu
s
protective angle
Potentialausgleichsleiter
conductor
4 mm
2
Cu
Air-termination rod, e.g. 1500 mm
Part No. 104 150
Concrete base, e.g. 17 kg
Part No. 102 010
highly insulating
distance holder
protective
angle
DEHNiso Distance Holder
e.g. with pipe clamp
Part No. 106 225
equipotential bonding conductor
EBB
equipotential
bonding bar
earth
connection
EB terminal
metal
DIN rail
multiswitch
DEHNgate DGA FF TV
Part No. 909 703
DEHNflex DFL M 255
Part No. 924 396
connection of isolated air-
termination system to exter-
equipotential
bonding conductor
surge arrester
4 mm
2
Cu
1
1
2
1 2
Fig. 9.5.3 Earthing and equipotential bonding of antennas on
buildings without external lightning protection system
Fig. 9.5.4 Antenna with air-termination rod on a flat roof of
buildings with external lightning protection system
Fig. 9.5.5 Antenna with air-termination rod and highly insulating
distance holder on pitched roofs with external lightning
protection system
Fig. 9.5.6 Surge protective devices downstream the equipotential
bonding bar for the coaxial cable shields in case of anten-
na systems with external lightning protection system and
isolated air-termination system
ing partial lightning currents via the coaxial con-
ductors have to be taken into account individually.
Lightning equipotential bonding has to be per-
formed for the conductors going into the building.
If an antenna is protected by isolated air-termina-
tion systems it means
that in the area of flat roofs an air-termination
rod will be installed with the required separa-
tion distance s, putting the whole antenna
arrangement (mast and antennas) in the pro-
tective zone of the protective angle (Figure
9.5.4). Now the antenna arrangement is no
longer in lightning protection zone LPZ 0
A
(risk
of direct lightning currents) but lightning pro-
tection zone LPZ 0
B
(risk of indirect impulse
currents and of the unattenuated electromag-
netic field of lightning.
that in the area of pitched roofs an air-termi-
nation rod will be installed with the required
separation distance s using highly insulating
distance holders (DEHNiso distance holders) to
fix it at the antenna mast, putting the whole
antenna arrangement (mast and antenna) into
the protective zone of the protective angle
(according to the applicable class of LPS) (Fig-
ure 9.5.5). Also here the antenna arrangement
is no longer in lightning protection zone
LPZ 0
A
(risk of direct lightning currents), but in
B
(risk of indi-
rect impulse currents and of the unattenuated
electromagnetic field of lightning).
Protection against surges, irrespective of an
installed isolated air-termination system, has to be
provided for the coaxial cable shields by surge pro-
tective devices, to be installed downstream the
equipotential bonding bar (Figure 9.5.6). These
surge protective devices to be used both as single
devices and for rail mounting protect the down-
stream devices against inductive and/ or capacitive
inputs of waveform 8/20 s, arising from cloud/
cloud flashes, distant strikes or direct strikes into
the isolated air-termination system.
Surge protective devices Type 3 have to be provid-
ed for any electrical equipment with 230/50 Hz
downstream the equipotential bonding bar, which
EBB
equipotential
bonding bar
earth
connection
EB terminal
metal
DIN rail
multiswitch
1
DEHNgate DGA FF TV
Part No. 909 703
2
DEHNflex DFL M 255
Part No. 924 396
2
1
1
equipotential
bonding conductor
earthing conductor
surge arrester
4 mm
2
Cu
16 mm
2
Cu
bonding bar for the coaxial cable shields in case of anten-
na systems without external lightning protection system
and with isolated air-termination system
EBB
equipotential
bonding bar
earth
connection
EB terminal
metal
DIN rail
multiswitch
1
2
3
equipotential
bonding conductor
earthing conductor
surge arrester
combined lightning current
and surge arrester
4 mm
2
Cu
16 mm
2
Cu
DEHNgate DGA GFF TV
Part No. 909 705
1
DEHNgate DGA FF TV
Part No. 909 703
2
DEHNflex DFL M 255
Part No. 924 396
3
Fig. 9.5.8 Combined lightning current and surge arresters down-
stream the equipotential bonding bar for the coaxial cable
shields in case of antenna systems without external light-
ning protection system
is installed for the coaxial cable shields. Care has to
be taken that the lightning equipotential bonding
is carried out for all systems leading into the build-
ing.
A lightning protection system not being installed,
the following is recommended:
An air-termination rod mounted with insulat-
ed distance holders prevents from a direct
strike to the antenna. For this the air-termina-
tion rod has to be connected with the earth
electrode by a separately installed earthing
conductor (Figure 9.5.7) to be guided prefer-
ably on the outside of the building and to be
connected with the earth electrode at ground
level. Antenna mast and equipotential bond-
ing bar have to be connected with the earth
electrode via an equipotential bonding con-
ductor.
If the antenna mast is earthed directly, com-
bined lightning current and surge arresters
have to be provided (Figure 9.5.8), because
partial lightning currents, which the surge
arresters are not able to control, will be con-
ducted in this case through the coaxial cables.
The antenna mast has to be connected with
the earth electrode by an earthing conductor.
Underground utility lines of systems require com-
bined lightning current and surge arresters being
able to carry lightning currents. They also have to
be mounted near the point of entrance into the
building (Figure 9.5.9).
amplifier
...
3
junction box
equiptential
bonding bar
1
2
terminal
block
DEHNgate DGA GFF TV
Part No. 909 705
1
DEHNgate DGA FF TV
Part No. 909 703
2
DEHNflex DFL M 255
Part No. 924 396
3
equipotential
bonding conductor
combined lightning current
and surge arrester
surge arrester
4 mm
2
Cu
Fig. 9.5.9 Combined lightning current and surge arresters downstream the equipotential bonding bar for the coaxial cable shields in case of
underground cable networks
9.6 Lightning and surge protection in modern agriculture
Complex electrical and data processing systems
characterise the picture of modern agriculture.
Many processes are automated, and controlled
and monitored by computers. Today, an intact data
network is an important survival factor on the
market not only for industry but also for agricul-
ture.
For protecting the installations and systems
against the destruction by powerful transient
surges, the use of surge protective devices is
required. An external lightning protection alone is
by far no longer sufficient there.
Structure
An example for the high degree of automation in
agriculture is the keeping of cattle. Ultramodern
electrical and electronic installations like automat-
ic milking systems (Figure 9.6.1), automatic feeders
(Figure 9.6.2), ventilation systems, flushing plants
(Figure 9.6.3), and heating systems with heat
recovery and industrial water supply (Figure 9.6.4)
ensure a trouble-free operation.
The milking system (Figure 9.6.5), for example,
runs almost fully automatically in a modern farm.
D
E
H
N
f
l
e
x
DEHNflex
DFL M 255
Part No. 924 396
Fig. 9.6.1 Modern automatic milking system
Fig. 9.6.2 Automatic feeding system
Fig. 9.6.3 Ventilation and flushing system
Fig. 9.6.4 Heating system with heat recovery and service water
supply
D
E
H
N
g
u
ard
D
G
M
O
D
275
DEHNguard S
DG S 275
Part No. 952 070
3 OUT 4
1 IN 2
B
LIT
Z
D
U
C
T
O
R
B
C
T
M
LC
B
E
2
4
N
o
. 9
1
9
3
2
3
BLITZDUCTOR CT
BCT BAS
Part No. 919 506 +
BCT MLC BE 24
Part No. 919 323
D
E
H
N
rail
DR M
O
D 255
4 3
2 1
DEHNrail
DR M 2P 255 FM
Part No. 953 205
Following to a natural rhythm, the dairy cows
enter the milking carousel once in the early morn-
ing and once in the evening always at the same
time to deliver their milk. The quantity delivered
is immediately acquired by the electronic operat-
ing control system of this installation, saved and
transmitted online to an existing computer net-
work for administration.
Each animal has a collar with a registration chip
(Figure 9.6.6) for identification. Beside the milk
quantity, inter alia the name, date of birth,
descent, diseases, feed quantity, pregnancy dura-
tion, etc. of the animal is acquired and stored. The
farmer can immediately intervene, when e.g. the
milk quantity changes, by modifying the feed
quantity accordingly, and compensate for losses as
quickly as possible.
The failure of even only one plant component due
to surges leads to non-foreseeable consequences
for operators and animals. For example to
an impairment of the animals health,
downtimes of the systems,
production losses,
additional costs of medical care for the ani-
mals,
high expenditure on data reconstruction and
expenses for the replacing of the faulty de-
vices and the time required for it.
Reports on such damage in the following:
[ Donaukurier Online ] 29.06.2001
Lightning killed cow in the barn
Power failed: Pigs suffocated
Munich. During the thunderstorms in the night
towards Thursday, a flash of lightning set a barn
on fire in the rural district of Roth. In a barn in Ht-
tingen (rural district of Weienburg-Gunzen-
hausen), a cow was killed by lightning. The
strongest cloudburst happened in Kempten,
where more than 21 litres of rain per square metre
fell in one hour. In Weienburg, it was 20 litres.
Around 450 pigs suffocated in a fattening shed in
Kitzingen and died of panic attacks. A power fail-
ure, apparently caused by a thunderstorm, has put
the ventilation of the stable out of operation in
the night towards Thursday, said the police. The
farmer could still open a window of the barn but
could not prevent the perishing of the animals.
[ Oberpfalznet ] 16.06.2003
60 cows burn in the stable
Lightning discharge sets farm on fire in Kainsricht
500,000 Euro damage
Kainsricht. A flash of lightning struck a farm on
early Saturday evening and set a stable with two
outbuildings on fire. 60 cows died in the flames.
The owner of the farm, a 70 year old farmer, suf-
fered a shock. The caused damage amounts to at
least 500,000 Euro.
Fig. 9.6.5 Electrical milking system with control box Fig. 9.6.6 Cow with collar and registration chip
D
E
H
N
rail
DR M
O
D 255
4 3
2 1
DEHNrail
DR M 2P 255 FM
Part No. 953 205
[ Stuttgarter Nachrichten Online ] 09.05.2003
Many fires and full cellars
The fire brigade of Fribourg moved out for more
than 60 deployments. Within two hours, the police
received 150 emergency calls in the city. In Ober-
wolfach (district of Ortenau), a flash of lightning
set a farm on fire and caused a damage of approx-
imately 150,000 Euro. The almost 100 year old
building burned down to the foundation walls.
Nobody was injured.
Type Part No. No.
1
2
3
4
951 400 TN-S system
DEHNventil M TNS
DV M TNS 255
TT system
DEHNventil M TT
DV M TT 255
951 310
ISDN Protector
ISDN PRO
909 954
BLITZDUCTOR CT
BCT MLC BD HF 5 + BCT BAS
BLITZDUCTOR CT
BCT MLC BD 110 + BCT BAS
kWh
HUB
NTBA
telecommu-
nication
supply line
power
supply line
lines to stabling
telephone
1
2
3
4
919 370 +
919 506
919 347 +
919 506
M M
milking carousel
lines to residential
building
feeding trough
420 mA
potential control close
to the standing animals
(IEC 60364-7-705)
230 V
feeding system control
milking
system control
feeding trough
Type Part No. No.
1
2
3
4
5
1
4
2 4
3
4
2
5
5 5
5
951 400 TN-S-System
DEHNventil M TNS
DV M TNS 255
TT-System
DEHNventil M TT
DV M TT 255
951 310
DEHNrail DR M 2P 255 FM 953 205
S-Protector
S PRO
909 821
BLITZDUCTOR CT
BCT MLC BD HF 5 + BCT BAS
919 370 +
919 506
BLITZDUCTOR CT
BCT MLC BE 24 + BCT BAS
919 323 +
919 506
Fig. 9.6.7 Lightning and surge protection for agricultural installations, residential building and office
Fig. 9.6.8 Lightning and surge protection for agricultural installations, stabling
These examples obviously show the importance of
lightning and surge protection in agricultural sys-
tems. An extensive protection requires the use of
components for electrical engineering as well as
for information technology (telecommunications
network, computer network, measuring and con-
trol line). Companies located at network spurs of
distribution networks are especially at risk.
The Figures 9.6.7 and 9.6.8 show the implementa-
tion of lightning and surge protection in agricul-
tural buildings or structures. Here, the design of
the lightning and surge protection on the power
supply side using protective devices arranged in a
decentralised manner by means of combined light-
ning current and surge arresters.
In the industry as well as in the private sector,
video surveillance systems are used more and more
frequently for entrance monitoring and property
supervision.
The following describes protective measures
against surges that meet the availability require-
ments on video surveillance systems.
A video surveillance system consists at least of one
camera, one monitor and one suitable video trans-
mission line. Remotely controllable camera sta-
tions are normally equipped with an inclination
and swivel support so that position and viewing
angle of the station can be individually adapted by
an operator.
As shown in Figure 9.7.1, video transmission and
power supply of the camera are implemented via
an interface cable between terminal box and cam-
era.
The communication line between terminal box
and monitor can be a coaxial cable or a balanced
two-wire cable. The transfer of the video signals
through coaxial cables is certainly the most com-
mon type in video technology. In this case, an
unbalanced transfer is used, i.e. the video signal is
transferred through the core of the coaxial cable
(inner conductor). The shielding (earth) is the ref-
erence point for the signal transmission. The two-
wire transmission is, beside the coaxial cable trans-
mission, a common possibility. If there is already a
global telecommunication infrastructure for the
object to be monitored, a free twin wire (two-wire
cable) in the telecommunication cables is used to
transfer the video signal
Video surveillance systems are partially powered
directly from the distribution panels, but also via
inserted UPS.
Choice of surge protective devices
Building with external lightning protection system
In Figure 9.7.1, the camera is installed on a pole. A
direct lightning strike into the camera can be pre-
vented by an air-termination rod mounted at the
top end of the pole. With reference to the camera
as well as to its connection cable, a sufficient sepa-
ration distance (IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3)) must be
maintained from parts of the external lightning
protection system.
9.7 Lightning and surge protection for video surveillance
systems
camera
inclination and
swivel head
junction box
junction box
coax or two-wire cable
control cable 230 V power cable
electrical distributor
camera
inclination and
swivel head
control cable
monitor
control board
system cable air-termination rod
1
3 2
3 2
4
LV supply
MEBB
meshed earth termination system
BLITZDUCTOR XT ML4 BE HF5
for two-wire cables or
UGKF BNC for coax cable
2 BLITZDUCTOR XT ML4 BE...
(e.g. 24 V)
3 Combined lightning
current and surge arrester
DEHNventil modular
4 1 Surge arrester
DEHNguard modular
Fig. 9.7.1 Video surveillance system Lightning and surge protection
Usually, the connecting cable between terminal
box and camera is laid inside the metal pole.
If this is not possible, the camera cable has to be
laid in a metal pipe, which must be electrically con-
nected with the pole. For cable lengths of a few
meters, a protective circuit in the terminal box is
not necessary in these cases.
For the coaxial cable or the two-wire cable as well
as for the control cable leading from the terminal
box at the pole into a building with an external
lightning protection system, lightning equipoten-
tial bonding must be implemented (Table 9.7.1).
This includes connecting the lightning protection
system with pipings, metal installations within the
building and the earth-termination system. Addi-
tionally, all earthed parts of the power supply and
data processing systems must be integrated into
the lightning equipotential bonding. All live wires
of power supply and data processing cables and
air-termination rod
No. in Figure
9.7.1 and 9.7.3
Protection for ... SPDs Part No.
2-wire cable
(video transmission)
Coax cable
(video transmission)
Control cable
(e.g. 24 V DC)
BLITZDUCTOR XT, BXT ML4 BE HF 5
+ BXT BAS
UGKF BNC
BLITZDUCTOR XT, BXT ML4 BD 24
+ BXT BAS
920 370
920 300
929 010
920 324
920 300
2
2
3
3-phase TN-C system
3-phase TN-S system
3-phase TT system
Single-phase TN system
Single-phase TT system
DEHNventil DV M TNS 255
DEHNventil DV M TT 255
DEHNventil DV M TN 255
DEHNventil DV M TT 2P 255
951 300
951 400
951 310
951 200
951 110
4
Combined SPDs (lightning current and surge arresters)
No. in Figure
9.7.1 and 9.7.3
3-phase TN-C system
3-phase TN-S system
3-phase TT system
DEHNguard DG M TNC 275
DEHNguard DG M TNS 275
DEHNguard DG M TT 275
DEHNguard DG M TN 275
DEHNguard DG M TT 2P 275
952 300
952 400
952 310
952 200
952 110
1
Surge arresters
No. in Figure
9.7.1
Fig. 9.7.2 Camera for video surveillance in the protective area of the
air-termination rod
Table 9.7.1 Lightning and surge protection for signal lines
Table 9.7.2 Lightning and surge protection for power supply lines
lines leading in and coming out of the structure
are connected indirectly with the lightning
equipotential bonding via lightning current
arresters (SPD Type 1). If no lightning current
arresters (SPD Type 1) are installed in the low volt-
age main distribution board, the operator must be
informed that these need to be upgraded.
Tables 9.7.1 and 9.7.2 show the surge protective
devices to be used for signal and power supply
lines according to consecutive numbers in Figure
9.7.1.
Figure 9.7.1 (No. 4) shows the application of a com-
bined lightning current and surge arrester DEHN-
ventil modular (Table 9.7.2). This combined SPD
unites lightning current arrester and surge arrester
(SPD Type 1 + 2) in one device, requires no decou-
pling coil and is available as complete prewired
unit for each type of low voltage system (TN-C, TN-
S, TT).
Up to cable lengths of 5 m between DEHNventil
and terminal equipment, there is sufficient protec-
tion without additional protective devices. In case
of greater cable lengths, additional surge protec-
tive devices are required for the terminal equip-
ment, e.g. DEHNrail modular.
When mounting the camera at an external build-
ing facade it should be ensured that the camera is
fixed below the outer edge of the roof, in the pro-
tection zone. If this is not possible, an area must be
created that is protected against lightning strikes
by means of additional external lightning protec-
tion measures. This can be done with an air-termi-
nation system, as shown in Figure 9.7.2, to safe-
guard the camera against direct lightning strikes.
Buildings without external lightning protection
system
For buildings without external lightning protec-
tion system, it is assumed that the risk of damage
caused by a direct or close lightning strike into the
building, is low and therefore accepted.
If this risk is also accepted for a subsequently
mounted video transmission equipment, this can
be sufficiently protected by installing SPDs.
The surge protective devices to be used for the
power supply line in Figure 9.7.3 can be taken
from Table 9.7.2.
The surge arresters for protection of the signal
lines in Figure 9.7.3 are listed in Table 9.7.1.
Fig. 9.7.3 Video surveillance system Surge protection
camera
inclinationd
and swivel head
junction box
coax or
two-wire cable
control cable 230 V power cable
electrical distributor
1
3 2
3 2
1
Surge arrester
DEHNguard modular
1
BLITZDUCTOR XT BXT ML4 BD...
(e.g. 24 V)
3 2 BLITZDUCTOR XT BXT ML4 BE HF 5
for two-wire cable
or UGKF for coax cable
monitor
junction box
control board
camera
inclination and
swivel head
system cable
control cable
9.8 Surge protection for public address systems
(PA systems)
Public address systems are applied as compact
devices with standardised performance character-
istics as well as in 19 modular design. They are
used for voice, music and signal transmission. For
this the wanted signal is modulated to a carrier
voltage (50, 70, 100 V) and transmitted to the
loudspeakers.
This transmitter transforms the low impedance of
the loudspeaker to a higher value, thus reducing
the signal current. This allows also telecommunica-
tion cables (0.6 or 0.8 mm diameter) to be used.
Most different kinds of loudspeakers are used. The
nominal power in the range of fitting or surface-
mounted loudspeakers being at approx. 6 30 W,
of loudspeaker columns at approx. 20 100 W and
of horns at approx. 10 60 W. The lowest nominal
power of amplifiers in modular design is about
100 W going up to 600 W and more.
In a line or group, loudspeakers of different power
can be used in common. The minimum power of
the amplifier is equal to the sum of power of the
individual loudspeakers. Not the sum of the loud-
speakers nominal power is decisive for the addi-
tion, but rather the sum of power levels actually
chosen at the tappings of the transmitters.
Designing of the conductor system of a public
address system is subject to EN 50174-2.
Fig. 9.8.1 Public address system in modular design with surge protective devices
1
2 7
3
4
5
6
3
4
5
8
7
DGA FF TV, Part No. 909 703 1 DGA G BNC, Part No. 929 042 3
DR M 2P 150, Part No. 953 204
(currents > 1 A 25 A)
or
BCT MLC BE 110, Part No. 919 327
BCT BAS, Part No. 919 506
(currents < 1A)
2 DCO RK ME 110, Part No. 919 923
AD DCO RK GE, Part No. 919 979
(currents < 0.5 A)
7 FS 9E HS 12, Part No. 924 019 4
DR M 2 P 255, Part No. 953 200 6
230 V supply
coax
75
loudspeaker 100 V
DCF 77 antenna
PC terminal RS 232
intercom with
control and
selection keys
power amplifier
Tuner
CD Player
central unit with
input slots
relay module 100 V
EBB
EBB
EBB
EBB
EBB
BXT ML4 BD HF 5, Part No. 920 371
BXT BAS, Part No. 920 300
5 S PRO, Part No. 909 821 8
230 V supply
loudspeaker 100 V
EBB
In the quoted EN standard, surge protection is
described in the installation guidelines under
6.11.3. Beside the mentioned protection of the
conductors, the main focus, namely the protection
of the devices installed in the conductor system, is
pointed out.
In the following presentation we do not refer to
any further regulations which might be applicable
(e.g. building regulation, public address emer-
gency systems, danger alarm in case of fire and
raid, etc.).
Major PA systems have a 19 modular design (Fig-
ure 9.8.1) and are in the vicinity of a permanently
occupied working place.
Therefore the existing interconnecting line to the
PC or the site of the intercom is determining for
the use of the surge arresters given under and
. A protection of the line usually is
required if the distance is > 5 m.
Dimensioning of the surge arresters listed under
and requires to determine the maximum
current in the corresponding conductor branch.
This is done by the relation I = P/U, with U being
the carrier voltage and P the power of the amplifi-
er to dimension the surge arrester and the
power of the loudspeaker to dimension the surge
arrester . In case of several loudspeakers in close
spatial vicinity, P is the sum of the individual loud-
speakers power.
It is recommended to connect all earthing termi-
nals of the surge arresters to with an adja-
cent equipotential bonding point (mini EB bar).
If loudspeakers are positioned in lightning protec-
tion zone LPZ 0
A
(area with hazard of direct light-
ning strike) of buildings without external lightning
protection system, combined lightning current and
surge arresters have to be installed (Figure 9.8.2). If
here only a lightning current arrester is installed,
the loudspeakers in the building installed in this
track can be damaged.
If loudspeakers are positioned in lightning protec-
tion zone LPZ 0
B
(area without hazard of lightning
strike) of buildings with external lightning protec-
tion system, surge arresters have to be installed at
the entrance of the building (Figure 9.8.3).
1
BCT MLC BE 110, Part No. 919 327
BCT BAS, Part No. 919 506
(currents < 1 A)
EBB
1
1
protective angle
DCO RK ME 110, Part No. 919 923
AD DCO RK GE, Part No. 919 979
(currents < 0,5 A)
1
EBB
Fig. 9.8.3 Building with external lightning protection and horn in
LPZ 0
B
protected by surge arresters
Fig. 9.8.2 Building without external lightning protection and horn in
LPZ 0
A
protected by combined lightning current and surge
arresters
In a dangerous situation, hazard alert systems (fire
alarm systems or burglar alarm systems) shall sig-
nal actively, and remain passive in safe situations.
Malfunctions of these systems (no response in case
of danger, or alarm signal in case of no danger) are
undesirable and expensive. False alarms sent by
hazard alert systems result in expenses, which, in
the industrial countries, amount to several hun-
dred million Euro per year. Another aspect of mal-
functions is the possible direct or indirect danger
to human lives. In this context, we may remember
the malfunction of the fire alarm system in the
tower of the Frankfurt Rhein-Main airport in 1992,
where a false activation of the fire extinguishing
system occurred because of a lightning strike.
Within a few minutes, the air traffic controllers
had to leave the control room. In this critical situa-
tion, approaching airplanes had to be redirected
to other airports. Considerable delays occurred in
the air traffic.
False alarms of hazard alert systems are also dis-
turbing in another respect:
When false alarms accumulate, the operator
can no longer rely on the system and questions
the significance of the system (investment) as
such.
The guard starts ignoring alarm messages.
Neighbours will be disturbed by acoustic
alarms.
Action forces (e.g. fire brigade) will be bound
unnecessarily.
The activation of the fire extinguishing system
causes interruptions of operations.
Damage is caused by not signalling existing
hazard.
All these factors cause unnecessary expenses. They
can be avoided, when possible causes for false
alarms are already recognised in the design stage
and are eliminated by suitable preventive meas-
ures. For this purpose, the German Insurance Asso-
ciation (Gesamtverband der Deutschen Ver-
sicherungswirtschaft e.V. - GDV) published VdS
guidelines (VdS 2095; VdS 2311; VdS 2833). One of
the measures also requested in the VdS guidelines
is lightning and surge protection.
A coordinated lightning and surge protection pre-
vents a false alarm caused by atmospheric dis-
charges and improves the availability of the early
detection of dangers and alarms.
When installing comparable alarm transmission
systems, for which, out of financial reasons, a VdS
approval is not used (e.g. residential building), the
guidelines may also be used for project design and
for the construction as well as for agreeing individ-
ual measures between constructors and operators.
Indeed, most of the nowadays installed fire alarm
systems have an increased surge immunity in
accordance with IEC 61000-4-5 for primary and sec-
ondary wires as well as for the mains inputs. How-
ever, a comprehensive protection against damage
by lightning discharge and surges can only be
achieved by external and internal lightning protec-
tion measures (Figure 9.9.1 to Figure 9.9.4).
Monitoring principles
Different monitoring principles are applied for
hazard alert systems:
Impulse line technology
The information from the triggering alarm
device is transferred in digital form. This
allows to recognise the alarm device and the
exact localisation of the trouble spot (Figure
9.9.1).
d.c. line technology
Each alarm line is permanently monitored
according to the closed-circuit principle. If an
alarm device is activated in the line, this line is
interrupted and an alarm is triggered in the
control and indication equipment. Hereby,
however, only the alarm line can be identified
but not the individual detector (Figures 9.9.3
and 9.9.4).
Regardless of the used monitoring principle, the
lines of the hazard alert system must be integrated
into the lightning and surge protection of the
complete system.
Protection recommendations
For protection of alarm lines with d.c. line tech-
nology, BLITZDUCTOR XT, Type BXT ML4 BE ... is
recommended. It is chosen according to the volt-
age of the alarm lines, which is normally 12 or 24 V.
9.9 Surge protection for hazard alert systems
BLITZDUCTOR XT, Type BXT
ML4 BE is recommended in
order not to change the loop
resistance of the alarm lines
too much.
Regardless of the line topolo-
gy, the outputs of the control
and indication equipment, as
e.g. for acoustic and visual
signalisation, should be pro-
tected by BLITZDUCTOR XT.
Care should be taken that the
nominal current of the pro-
tective devices is not exceed-
ed. In case of nominal cur-
rents > 0.5 A, DEHNrail, Type
DR M 2P 30 protective device
has to be used alternatively.
The control and indication
unit is normally connected
to an exchange line of a
fixed-network operator (e.g.
Deutsche Telekom) by means
of a telephone dial unit. For
this application, the SPD type
BLITZDUCTOR XT, BXT ML4
BD 180 is suitable (see also
Chapter 9.14 Surge protec-
tion for telecommunications
accesses).
The surge protection of the
power supply is important,
too. It is recommended to use
DEHNguard modular surge
protective devices here (see
Table 9.9.2).
For alarm systems, which are
certified by the German
Insurance Association, (sys-
tems recognised by VdS), the
manufacturer of the alarm
system should be contacted.
The installations as well as
the lightning and surge pro-
tection equipment have to be
set up in accordance with VdS
2095, VdS 2311 or VdS 2833.
L1 N PE
4
4
4
6
6
2
6
6
2
8 8 8 8 8
8 8 8 8 8
4
2
2
2
3
1
magnetic
contacts
glass breakage
detector
IR detector 1
IR detector 2
impact sound detector
robbery alarm button 1+2
block lock 1
block lock 2
activation acknowledging 1
activation acknowledging 2
buzzer 1
siren 1
siren 2
flash
light
Detector group 1
Detector group 2
Detector group 3
Detector group 4
Detector group 5
Detector group 6
Detector group 7
Burglar group
Block lock
Area 1
Block lock
Area 2
Signal transmitter
Exterior alarm system 1
Sabotage line
C
o
n
t
r
o
l

a
n
d

i
n
d
i
c
a
t
i
o
n

u
n
i
t
L1 N PE
3
1
2
2
2
2
10
2
2
A A+
B B+
Exterior alarm
system 1
Exterior alarm
system 2
Exterior alarm
system 3
siren 1
siren 2
flash
light
C
o
n
t
r
o
l

a
n
d

i
n
d
i
c
a
t
i
o
n

u
n
i
t
analogue ring
SPD
Telecom
annunciator
Fig. 9.9.1 Lightning and surge protection for the control unit of a burglar alarm system with
impulse line technology
Fig. 9.9.2 Lightning and surge protection for the control unit of a fire alarm system Analogue ring
As an example, the enclosed diagrams contain a
proposal for surge protection of fire alarm and
burglar alarm control and indication units, which
are operated on the principle of d.c. line tech-
nology or pulse engineering.
If the fire and burglar alarm post and the control
unit shall be integrated into a lightning protection
system, then all lines entering the building shall be
connected with lightning current arresters or com-
bined lightning current and surge arresters. See
Tables 9.9.1 and 9.9.2.
A distinct increase of the operational reliability of
these systems can be reached with specific light-
L1 N PE
1
3
2
3 3
3 3
Detector line 1
Detector line 2
Exterior
alarm system 3
siren 1
siren 2
flash
light
C
o
n
t
r
o
l

a
n
d

i
n
d
i
c
a
t
i
o
n

u
n
i
tbuzzer
magnetic contacts and
glass breakage detector
IR detector 1
block lock 1
activation
acknowledging
device IR detector 2
activation
acknowledging
device
block lock 2
burglar
alarm
button
SPD
Telecom
magnetic contacts and
glass breakage detector
No. Protective device
BLITZDUCTOR XT ...
Short definition
Four pole, universal device as terminal block for protection of
IT systems and devices consisting of a base part and a protection
module with integrated LifeCheck
Part No.
BXT ML4 BE 12 or
BXT ML4 BE 24
+ BXT BAS
Combined lightning current and surge arrester for use in the EMC-
orientated lightning protection zones concept at the boundaries
LPZ 0
A
to LPZ 1 or LPZ 0
A
to LPZ 2
920 322
or 920 324
+ 920 300
1
BXT ML4 BD 180
+ BXT BAS
Combined lightning current and surge arrester for use in the EMC-
orientated lightning protection zones concept at the boundaries
LPZ 0
A
to LPZ 1 or LPZ 0
A
to LPZ 2
920 347
+ 920 300
2
Fig. 9.9.3 Lightning and surge protection for the control unit of a burglar alarm system with d.c. line technology
Table 9.9.1 Short definition of the SPDs
ning and surge protection of hazard alert systems.
On the one hand, this refers to the prevention of
false alarms when no danger exists, and on the
other, costs eventually arising from this, can be
prevented. This again, allows an effective damage
limitation by informing the auxiliary personnel
reliably. This counteracts a possible formation of
catastrophic conditions (e.g.
danger to human lives, pol-
lution of the environment,
etc.). Notice that in case of
injuries to persons or envi-
ronmental damage, the
operator of a plant is liable
first. This comprehensive
responsibility for security
can normally be expected
from managers or execu-
tives of a company. How-
ever, in the legal sense, an
operator of a plant is a tech-
nical layman, who is not
able to estimate, if threats
can arise from a technical
solution. Therefore, skilled
persons as suppliers of tech-
nical solutions must ensure
in each individual case, that
the solutions offered also
correspond to the actual
requirements. Retreating to
the accepted rules of tech-
nology is not sufficient, if
the state of the art already describes a higher qual-
ity solution. This may entitle a technical layman
(plant operator) to claim recourses.
Regardless of the fact, whether fire alarm systems
are VdS-approved systems or not, they should be
furnished with a surge protection.
L1 N PE
2
2
2
2
10
4
8
8
4
2
2
2
2
1
3
Detector group 1
Detector group 2
Detector group 3
Detector group 4
Exterior
alarm system 3
siren 1
siren 2
flash
light
C
o
n
t
r
o
l

a
n
d

i
n
d
i
c
a
t
i
o
n

u
n
i
t
annunciator
sprinkler system
FB control panel
FB key depot
main detector
SPD
Telecom
FB = fire brigade
3
No.
Multi pole, modular combined lightning current and surge arrester, Type 1 (LPZ 0
A
LPZ 2)
TN system
TT system
3-phase TN-C system
3-phase TN-S system
3-phase TT system
Single-phase TN-S system
Single-phase TN-C system
DEHNguard DG S 275
952 300
952 400
952 310
952 200
952 070
952 110
Multi pole, modular surge arrester, Type 2 (LPZ 0
B
LPZ 1 and higher)
951 200
951 110
Fig. 9.9.4 Lightning and surge protection for the control unit of a fire alarm system with d.c. line tech-
nology
Table 9.9.2 Selection of SPDs
In modern office buildings and public utilities, like
schools, KNX bus systems are used for the automa-
tion of sequences of operations of the building
control system. KNX offers the possibility to realise
complex processes with a single, upwards compat-
ible system. However, this future-proof investment
can be quickly destroyed by lightning discharges.
Then, the building automation is not available and
further costs are caused by replacement and recon-
figuration of the system. Therefore, measures shall
be taken against the direct and indirect effects
of a lightning discharge when designing and
installing such complex systems (Figure 9.10.1).
Lightning protection or surge protection?
Basic conditions must be considered when choos-
ing the surge arresters correctly. This does not only
include the system-specific electric data, like nomi-
nal voltage, nominal current, frequency, but also
the threat parameters, which must be controlled.
It makes a difference, if the risk of direct lightning
strikes into buildings, where the KNX is installed,
must be considered when designing the protective
measures, or if safety against surges is desired only.
If direct lightning strikes and the high destruction
potential involved should be handled properly, the
infrastructure of the KNX system must be designed
according to the lightning protection zones con-
cept. The lightning protection zones concept is
standardised in IEC 62305-4 (EN 62305-4) and
describes the protective measures against light-
ning electromagnetic impulses. An important part
is the classification of the infrastructure to be pro-
tected in lightning protection zones. The higher
the ordinal number of the lightning protection
zones, the smaller must be the electromagnetic
threat parameters. Electrical and electronic sys-
tems like the KNX system have to be classified in
accordance with their electromagnetic immunity
into lightning protection zones, which also offer
an electromagnetic environment in case of a direct
lightning strike to ensure that the equipment con-
tinues to function without getting disturbed or
even destroyed.
If an external lightning protection system is
installed in accordance with IEC 62305-3 (EN
62305-3), an effective lightning and surge protec-
tion is necessary and is to be implemented for the
KNX according to the lightning protection zones
concept. Within the context of KNX systems, the
measures taken are often called primary and sec-
ondary protective measures.
If the aim of the protective measures is only the
protection against surges (secondary protection),
the hazard potential of a direct lightning strike is
not taken into account. In the case of a direct or
very near lightning strike into buildings with built-
in KNX, damage must be expected there. Only
interferences resulting from inductive or capaci-
tive coupling, as they occur during lightning dis-
charges some kilometres away or during switching
operations, can be controlled. Lightning dis-
charges create electromagnetic interference fields,
which can cause dangerously high voltages and
currents in installation loops.
Cabling between buildings
In an extended building complex, which is
equipped with a lightning protection system, a
KNX installation shall be integrated and protected
against transient surges. A gatehouse is approxi-
mately 50 m away from a main building. Both
buildings are equipped with a lightning protection
system. Since the gatehouse is connected to the
KNX installation of the main building via a bus
line, measures for internal lightning protection
must be taken both for the 230/400 V line as well
as for the bus line.
9.10 Lightning and surge protection for KNX systems
Fig. 9.10.1 Application of the BUStector (Part No. 925 001)
General conditions 1:
Connecting the two buildings with a buried cable
(copper cable).
Solution 1: Figure 9.10.2, Table 9.10.1
Connection of the two buildings with cable and
lines in a supply duct, the reinforcement of which
is integrated into the equipotential bonding at
both ends. This condition is also fulfilled by an
earthing strip steel 50 mm
2
laid upon the buried
cables and connected to the equipotential bond-
ing bar at both ends.
The KNX connection between both buildings is
achieved via an optical fibre connection (OFC). If
the fibre-optic cable has a metal braid inside the
cable (protection against rodents), this braid has to
be connected to the equipotential bonding at the
point where it enters the building.
For the design and implementation of an KNX sys-
tem, it is absolutely necessary that designers and
contractors take appropriate measures for the cor-
rect operation of such a system. Of particular con-
No. Protection for ... SPDs Part No.
3-phase TN-C system
3-phase TN-S system
3-phase TT system
3-phase TN-C system
3-phase TN-S system
3-phase TT system
BLITZDUCTOR XT, Typ BXT ML4 BD 180
+ BXT BAS
BUStector BT 24
951 300
951 400
951 310
920 347
920 300
952 300
952 400
952 310
925 001
1
2
3
4
KNX distribution board
main building complex gatehouse
power cable
bus cable
3 4
1 2
3
4
2 1
EBB EBB EBB
Table 9.10.1 Short description of the SPDs
Fig. 9.10.2 Lightning and surge protection for cabling systems installed between buildings without interconnection of the foundation earth
electrodes
cern should be into which surroundings the KNX
system is integrated and installed. Interfaces to
other infrastructures, like low-voltage systems,
telecommunications and data systems have to be
protected against interferences or even destruc-
tion as the KNX itself.
Proper lightning protection systems and surge pro-
tection systems and the corresponding surge pro-
tective devices are available for protection against
the effects of interferences. These can protect the
future-proof KNX building installation cost-effec-
tively due to technical and economic considera-
tions during the design and by expert installation.
power cable
bus cable
cable duct
or 50 mm
2
steel
4 3
EBB EBB EBB
4
3
power cable
optical fibre cable
4 3
1 1
4
3
EBB EBB EBB
Optical fibre / KNX converter
Fig. 9.10.3 Lightning and surge protection for cabling systems installed between buildings with interconnection of the foundation earth
electrodes
Fig. 9.10.4 Lightning and surge protection for cabling systems installed between buildings without interconnection of the foundation earth
electrodes, with KNX optical fibre cabling
Surges not only cause malfunctions but also
destructions and thus, failures of computer sys-
tems, by which the operation can be persistently
impaired because of longer down times. Besides a
protected power supply and data backup, the reli-
able utilisation of computer systems also requires
protection concepts against surges.
Causes of damage
Failures of computer systems are typically caused
by
distant lightning strikes generating conducted
transient overvoltages in power supply lines,
data lines, or communication lines
close lightning strikes generating electromag-
netic fields, by which transient surges are
induced in power supply lines, data lines, or
communication lines
direct lightning strikes creating impermissible
potential differences and partial lightning cur-
rents in the building installations.
Choice of surge protective devices
For an effective surge protection it is necessary
that the measures for the different systems are
coordinated by the involved experts like electrical
engineering technicians, computer specialists and
telecommunications technicians as well as the
manufacturer. In case of bigger projects, it is neces-
sary to consult an expert (e.g. from an engineering
company).
Protection of the power equipment
Figure 9.11.1 shows an administration building as
an example. For the power supply, lightning cur-
rent arresters Type 1 (e.g. DEHNbloc Maxi) and
SPDs Type 2 (e.g. DEHNguard modular) can be
9.11 Surge protection for Ethernet and Fast Ethernet
networks
Fig. 9.11.1 Administration building with highly available installation parts
4
5 5
1
4
4
11
12
9
6 5
7
3
2
8 6
11
6
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
12
8
9
11
10
MDB
SDB
SDB
s
e
r
v
e
r
building
distri-
bution
board
telephone
terminal board
TC floor distri-
bution board
EBB
No. SPD Type Part No.
DEHNbloc Maxi
DEHNrapid LSA
Disconnection block
Mounting frame for
term. blocks 10 x 10 TC
DEHNguard modular
DEHNrail modular
DEHNpatch
DEHNlink
(upstream splitter)
SFL-Protector
NET-Protector for 8x2DA
19" bay
DEHNflex M
Telephone protection
module DSM
DATA-Protector
DBM 1 255
DRL 10 B 180 FSD
TL2 10 DA LSA
MB2 10 LSA
K12
DG M TNS 275
DR M 2P 255
DPA M
CAT6 RJ45H 48
DLI TC 1 I
SFL PRO
NET PRO TC 2 LSA
EG NET PRO 19"
DFL M 255
DSM TC 1 SK
DATA PRO 4TP
900 025
907 401
907 996
907 995
563 200
952 400
953 200
929 110
929 027
912 260
929 072
929 034
924 396
924 271
909 955
EDP
TC system
installed. DEHNrail, SFL-Protector, or DEHNflex M,
for example, can be used for protection of the ter-
minal equipment.
Protection of the data and telephone lines
Whether data or voice transmission is concerned,
both require appropriate protective components
for safe operation. Even if fibre optic cables
between building distributors and floor distribu-
tors are the standard practice, copper wires are still
used between the floor distributor and the termi-
nal equipment. Therefore, it is necessary to protect
active components with DEHNpatch for example.
Terminal equipment should also be protected for
example by DEHNpatch.
M-Bus is used for the transmission of readings
from consumption meters. All devices connected
to an M-Bus system can be read off centrally, either
directly on the spot or per data transmission from
an external head office. This increases the housing
quality of the tenants, and the energy budget of
an entire building can be controlled anytime.
The following describes surge protective measures
that meet the availability claim of this system.
The M-Bus
The M-Bus (meter bus) is a cost-optimised field bus
for the transmission of energy consumption data.
As shown in Figure 9.12.1, a central master (in the
simplest case a PC with a level converter down-
stream of the PC) communicates via a two-wire bus
with the units sharing the bus. Using M-Bus
repeaters, the installation can be divided in M-Bus
segments. Each segment can include up to 250
slaves like heat counters, water meters, power
meters, gas meters, and also sensors and actuators
of any type. More and more manufacturers imple-
ment the electric M-Bus interface including proto-
col layer into their consumption meters.
The M-Bus corresponds to European standard and
is described in standard EN 1434.
Previously, the energy data of individual buildings
were transferred via on-wire connections from the
network to the master station. Frequently, in case
of widespread building complexes, the data is
transmitted via a modem connection.
The M-Bus system is used for the consumption cost
accounting and remote monitoring of
9.12 Surge protection for M-Bus
direct connection
RS 232
RS 485
level transformer
RS 485 M-Bus
M-Bus control unit
bus segment
M-Bus
telephone connection
modem modem
RS 232
M-Bus control unit
RS 485
level transformer
M-Bus M-Bus
M-Bus control unit
remote monitoring of
an M-Bus system with
5 supply meters
RS 232
RS 232
modem
repeater
telephone network
Fig. 9.12.1 Example of an M-Bus system
local and district heating systems
multifamily residences
The readout of the supply meters can be per-
formed by central and decentralised systems. If the
supply meters are situated immediately close, the
simple and economical central system network
architecture is chosen. This includes a star-shaped
connection of each individual meter to the control
centre. In case of a decentralised system, the data
of the meters installed on the spot is first collected
in substations and is then sent via a bus line to the
control centre.
The M-Bus is a two-wire bus system, which is pow-
ered by an isolated supply source from the bus
master. For all other units sharing the M-Bus, no
reference to the ground may be created during
operation. The maximum bus voltage amounts to
42 V.
The expansion of the network as well as the maxi-
mum bit rate is limited by the number of M-Bus
devices, the protective wiring, the cable routing,
and the cable types used.
The total sum of all cables as well as of the con-
nected M-Bus devices and of protective wirings
creates a capacitance in the M-Bus segment. This
capacitance restricts the baud rate.
The maximum baud rate per M-Bus segment can
be determined by means of the following table
(Table 9.12.1).
If surge protective devices are used, the capaci-
tances and series impedances of the surge protec-
tive devices must be considered and taken into
account when defining the network clients. The
following tables show the capacitances and the
series impedances of the surge protective devices
(Table 9.12.2).
Choice of surge protective devices for M-Bus sys-
tems
For establishing an M-Bus system, the bus lines are
also installed outside the buildings. Therefore, the
devices are exposed to the danger of destruction
by transient surges of lightning discharges and
must be protected accordingly. In the following,
the surge protective circuit for M-Bus systems is
described in detail considering two applications.
Example of application: Building with external
lightning protection system
If a building has an external lightning protection
system, the lightning equipotential bonding must
be implemented. This comprises connecting of the
lightning protection system to pipelines, metal
installations within the building and the earth-ter-
mination system. In addition, all earthed parts of
the power supply and data processing systems
must be integrated into the lightning equipoten-
tial bonding. All live lines of power supply and
data processing cables and lines entering and com-
ing out of the building or structure are indirectly
connected to the lightning equipotential bonding
via lightning current arresters. If no lightning cur-
rent arresters are installed at the service entrance
of the building (for example in the low-voltage
Total capacity
M-Bus segment
up to 382 nF
up to 1528 nF
up to 12222 nF
Max.
data transmision rate
9600 Baud
2400 Baud
300 Baud
SPDs Part No.
BLITZDUCTOR CT BCT MLC BD 48
BLITZDUCTOR CT BCT MLC BE 24
BLITZDUCTOR CT BCT MLC BE 5
DEHNconnect DCO RK MD 48
DEHNconnect DCO RK ME 24
DEHNconnect DCO RK MD HF 5
919 345
919 323
919 320
919 942
919 921
919 970
Capacity: line/line Series impedance per line
0.6 nF
0.7 nF
3 nF
0.6 nF
0.5 nF
19 pF
2.2
2.2
1.4
0.4
1.8
1
Table 9.12.1 Max. data transmission rate
Table 9.12.2 Capacitances and series impedances of surge protective devices
consumer's installation of the low-voltage main
distribution), the operator must be informed that
these must be added.
Further measures for protection of electrical instal-
lations and systems include installing of surge pro-
tective measures. These measures also allow the
protection of the electrical installations and sys-
tems in the event of a direct lightning strike as
additional measure to the lightning equipotential
bonding.
If lightning equipotential bonding and the instal-
lation of surge protective measures are imple-
mented as carefully as the external lightning pro-
tection system, this contributes to a reliable per-
formance of electrical systems. Failures, even in the
event of direct lightning strikes, are reduced.
Cascaded use of lightning current and surge ar-
resters
Energy coordination is the principle of a cascaded
application of lightning current and surge
arresters. Energy coordination is usually achieved
by the impedance of the connecting cable of at
least 15 m length between the SPDs. If this is not
possible, the surge protection concept can be indi-
vidually adjusted to the requirements of the sys-
tem by the installation of coordinated lightning
current arresters DEHNbloc Maxi and of DEHN-
guard surge arresters.
Another possibility is using DEHNventil. This com-
bined SPD unites lightning current and surge
arrester in one device, requires no decoupling coil,
and is available as complete prewired unit for
every low-voltage (TN-C, TN-S, TT) system (Table
9.12.3).
3 1
4 2
3 4
1 2
3 4
1 2
1 3
2 4
1 3
2 4
1 2
3 4
1 2
3 4
3 4
1 2
3 4
1 2
10 11
1
2
3
4
5
8 9
6 7
12
UPS
building 1
modem
PC Server
COM 2
processor
COM 1
processor
repeater
0 ... 20 mA
temperature sensor
PT 100
M-Bus box M-Bus box
building 2
230 V power supply
M
-
B
u
s
cable length
15 m
Fig. 9.12.2 Protection concept for M-Bus systems in buildings with external lightning protection system
Up to cable lengths of 5 m between DEHNventil
and terminal equipment, sufficient protection
exists without additional surge protective devices.
For greater cable lengths, additional surge protec-
tive devices have to be installed at terminal equip-
ment, e.g. DEHNrail.
Tables 9.12.3, 9.12.4 and 9.12.5 list surge protective
devices to be applied in accordance with the con-
secutive numbers in Figure 9.12.2.
Application example:
Building without external lightning protection
system
Figure 9.12.3 shows an example how a networked
M-Bus system must be wired in order to get an effi-
cient protection against surges.
Tables 9.12.6 and 9.12.7 list the surge protective
devices to be used.
No. in Fig. 9.12.2 Protection for ... SPDs Part No.
3-phase TN-C system
3-phase TN-S system
3-phase TT system
951 300
951 400
951 310
951 200
951 110
10
951 300
951 400
951 310
951 200
951 110
No. in Fig. 9.12.2 Protection for ... SPDs BLITZDUCTOR CT Type Part No.
M-Bus
0 20 mA, 4 20 mA
temperature measure-
ment PT 100, PT 1000
BCT MLC BD 48 + base part BCT BAS
BCT MLC BE 24 + base part BCT BAS
BCT MLC BE 5 + base part BCT BAS
919 345 + 919 506
919 323 + 919 506
919 320 + 919 560
8
9
1 7 to
No. in Fig.
9.12.2 Protection for ... SPDs Part No.
3-phase TN-C system
3-phase TN-S system
3-phase TT system
DEHNbloc DB 3 255 H phase L1/L2/L3 to PEN
DEHNbloc DB 3 255 H phase L1/L2/L3 to PE +
DEHNbloc DB 1 255 H N to PE
DEHNbloc DB 3 255 H phase L1/L2/L3 to N
+ DEHNgap DGP BN 255 N to PE
2 x DEHNbloc DB 1 255 H phase L + N to PE
DEHNbloc DB 1 255 H phase L to N
+ DEHNgap DGP BN 255 N to PE
900 120
900 120
900 222
900 120
900 132
900 222
900 222
900 132
10
3-phase TN-C system
3-phase TN-S system
3-phase TT system
952 300
952 400
952 310
952 200
952 110
11 12
Table 9.12.3 Selection of combined SPD with regard to the power supply system
Table 9.12.4 Surge protection for signal interfaces
Table 9.12.5 Surge protection for the 230 V power supply
3 1
4 2
3 4
1 2
3 4
1 2
1 3
2 4
1 3
2 4
1 2
3 4
1 2
3 4
3 4
1 2
3 4
1 2
10
1
2
3
4
5
8 9
6 7
11
UPS
building 1
modem
PC server
COM 2
processor
COM 1
processor
repeater
0 ... 20 mA
temperature sensor
PT 100
M - Bus box M - Bus box
building 2
230 V power supply
M
-
B
u
s
10 11
3-phase TN-C-System
3-phase TN-S-System
3-phase TT-System
Single-phase TN-System
Single-phase TT-System
952 300
952 400
952 310
952 200
952 110
M-Bus
0 20 mA, 4 20 mA
Temperature measurement PT 100, PT 1000
DEHNconnect DCO RK MD 48
DEHNconnect DCO RK ME 24
DEHNconnect DCO RK MD HF 5
919 942
919 921
919 970
8
9
1 7 to
Fig. 9.12.3 Protection concept for M-Bus systems in buildings without external lightning protection system
Table 9.12.6 Surge protection for signal interfaces
Table 9.12.7 Surge protection for the power supply
The application of PROFIBUS as communications
system in process-related and production-related
fields as well as its use as multi-data cell and multi-
object control medium results in high availability
requirements on this bus system. These availability
requirements face a high degree of surge risks due
to the application sites.
PROFIBUS
Is the SIEMENS name for communication products
(hardware/ software) of the PROFIBUS standard
(Process Field Bus) standardised in the German
standard DIN 19245 and EN 50170. Alternative
Siemens names for PROFIBUS FMS and PROFIBUS
DP are SINEC L2 and SINEC L2-DP. While PROFIBUS
FMS is designed for baud rates up to 500 kBit/s
only, PROFIBUS DP is able to transfer data with a
rate of up to 12 MBit/s. First of all, the main appli-
cation of PROFIBUS FMS (SINEC L2) is the handling
of big quantities of data at the process manage-
ment and group control level. The fast PROFIBUS
DP is designed for applications in the field of the
decentralised periphery of programmable control
systems.
The most recent development in the PROFIBUS
segment is the intrinsically safe PROFIBUS PA,
which, in process engineering, can also be used in
areas where explosion hazards may occur.
A two-wire bus cable serves normally as transmis-
sion medium. The physical characteristics of the
bus system essentially correspond to the RS 485
standard.
The bus sharing units can be connected in various
ways:
Connection via 9-pin D subminiature plug
(usual pin assignment 3/8)
Connection via screw terminals
Connection via bus terminals.
Selection of surge protective devices
Building with external lightning protection
system
If a building has an external lightning protection
system, lightning equipotential bonding must be
implemented. This includes connecting the light-
ning protection system to pipelines, metal installa-
tions within the building, and the earthing system.
Additionally, all earthed parts of the power supply
and data processing systems must be integrated
into the lightning equipotential bonding. All live
wires of power supply and data processing cables
and lines leading into and coming out of the struc-
ture are indirectly connected to the lightning
equipotential bonding via lightning current
arresters. If no lightning current arresters are
installed in the low-voltage consumer's system, the
operator must be informed that these have to be
refitted.
Further measures for protection of electrical instal-
lations and systems include the installation of
surge protection systems. As an additional meas-
ure to lightning equipotential bonding, these
devices also allow the protection of electrical
9.13 Surge protection for PROFIBUS FMS, PROFIBUS DP,
and PROFIBUS PA
No. in Fig. 9.13.1 SPD DEHN-Type Part No.
at service entrance
at bus station
BLITZDUCTOR XT BXT ML4 B 180
+ Base part BXT BAS
BLITZDUCTOR XT BXT ML4 BE HF 5
+ Base part BXT BAS
920 310
920 300
920 370
920 300
1
2
Table 9.13.1 Surge protection for bus lines of PROFIBUS DP/ PROFIBUS FMS
Table 9.13.2 Surge protection for bus lines of PROFIBUS PA
No. in Fig. 9.13.2 DEHN-Type Part No. SPD
at bus station BLITZDUCTOR XT BXT ML4 BD EX 24
+ Base part BXT BAS EX
or DEHNpipe DPI MD EX 24 M 2
5
920 381
920 301
929 960
1 2 3 4
switchgear cabinet /
services management room
bus line
bus station 1 4
230/400 V
1
4 5 6
2 2 1
5 4 6
Fig. 9.13.1 Lightning and surge protection for SIMATIC Net PROFIBUS FMS and DP
Fig. 9.13.2 Use of surge protective devices in an intrinsically safe PROFIBUS PA
switchgear cabinet /
services management room
PROFIBUS PA
230/400 V
non-hazardous area hazardous area
3
6 5 4
1 5
5 5 5
installations and systems, even in case of a direct
lightning strike.
If lightning equipotential bonding and the instal-
lation of surge protection systems are performed
as carefully as the external lightning protection
system, failures are reduced even at direct light-
ning strikes.
The 230/400 V a.c. supply lines going from outside
to the low-voltage main distribution board will be
protected by a DEHNventil modular, an SPD Type 1.
This complete prewired unit is available for every
low voltage system (TN-C, TN-S, TT) (Table 9.13.3).
In addition to the operating state/fault indication
which is not supplied by operating currents, this
SPD Type 1 has a 3-pole terminal for remote sig-
nalling.
Up to conductor lengths of 5 m between DEHN-
ventil and terminal equipment, there is sufficient
protection without additional protective devices.
No. in Fig.
9.13.1 und 9.13.2
Part No.
951 300
951 305
951 400
951 405
951 310
951 315
951 200
951 205
951 110
951 115
4
952 300
952 305
952 400
952 405
952 310
952 315
952 200
952 205
952 110
952 115
Combined arresters Type 1
Surge arresters Type 2
5
Protection for ...
3-phase TN-C system
3-phase TN-S system
3-phase TT system
3-phase TN-C system
3-phase TN-S system
3-phase TT system
for 230 V supply
for 24 V d.c. supply
SPDs
DEHNventil DV M TNC 255 FM
DEHNventil DV M TNS 255 FM
DEHNventil DV M TT 255 FM
DEHNventil DV M TN 255 FM
DEHNventil DV M TT 2P 255 FM
DEHNguard DG M TNC 275 FM
DEHNguard DG M TNS 275 FM
DEHNguard DG M TT 275 FM
DEHNguard DG M TN 275 FM
DEHNguard DG M TT 2P 275 FM
DEHNrail DR M 2P 255
DEHNrail DR M 2P 255 FM
DEHNrail DR M 2P 30
DEHNrail DR M 2P 30 FM
953 200
953 205
953 201
953 206
Surge arresters Type 3
6
Table 9.13.3 Surge protection for power supply
Longer conductors require additional surge pro-
tective devices at terminal equipment, e.g. DEHN-
rail.
Tables 9.13.1 and 9.13.2 show surge protective
devices for bus lines and Table 9.13.3 lists the surge
protective devices to be installed for the power
supply.
Building without external lightning protection
system
If there is no external lightning protection system,
the bus sharing units must be connected to surge
protective devices. Here, the use of lightning cur-
rent arresters on the power supply and data cables
is not required. In Figure 9.13.1 and 9.13.2 the
combined arrester Type 1 with No. (4) on the pow-
er line nor the lightning current arrester with No.
(1) on the bus line are not required.
Beside the power supply line, telecommunication
lines are the most important line connection to the
outside. For the high-technological process in
industrial plants and offices, an always functioning
interface to the outside world is essential for
survival today. The user faces difficult problems
when this service is unavailable. The damage to
one's image due to surge-related equipment trou-
ble of the network termination NT (NTBA, NTPM,
or data network terminating unit) is only one
aspect of these incidents. High downtime costs
arise for the user for a short time, since customer's
orders can not be handled, for example, or compa-
ny records can only be updated locally, and can no
longer be provided nationwide. Regarding the
question of protection-worthiness, the focus is not
on the protection of the hardware but on the per-
manent availability of an important service by the
fixed-network operator.
According to the statistics of the damage insurers
of electronic devices, the most frequent cause of
damage are surges.
The most relevant type of the formation is the
surge caused by direct or distant lightning effects.
Surges due to direct lightning strikes into a build-
ing or structure is the severest load but the rarer
case.
Telecommunication lines often cover a surface of a
few km
2
as network.
With a frequency of lightning strikes of approxi-
mately 1 to 5 lightning strikes per km
2
and year
e.g. in Germany, frequent surge inductions have to
be expected for large area networks.
A complete lightning protection system including
external and internal lightning protection meas-
ures is the safest way to protect a building or struc-
ture against the effects of lightning discharges.
This total measure, however, is the duty of the
owner of the structure and also comprises the
complete lightning equipotential bonding within
the internal lightning protection system and there-
fore also the protection of the telecommunication
cables. This is described in the lightning protection
standards IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3) and IEC 62305-
4 (EN 62305-4).
The threat
The connecting cables to the local exchange as
well as the internal house wiring is implemented
by copper cables whose shielding effect is very low.
By laying cables between several buildings, high
potential differences can arise between the build-
ing installation and the incoming cables. A poten-
tial increase on the wires by galvanic and inductive
coupling has to be expected. When arranging
power supply and communication lines in parallel,
switching surges in the power mains can also cause
interferences to the telecommunication lines. Pro-
ceeding from cases of damage in installations,
surge protective devices were sought for the NT,
which could also be installed subsequently.
A common customer preference, but also a ques-
tion of reliability of the offered service, is the use
of a surge protective circuit already at the input
side in order to prevent the penetration of danger-
ous surges into the NT and via the NT. Surge pro-
tection for the a/b wires and the 230 V power sup-
ply of the modem is recommended. The same
applies to telephone systems, where outputs to
extensions must be additionally protected.
Surge protection for ADSL with analogue port or
ISDN access
Requirements for an ADSL connection
Additionally to the conventional telephone exten-
sion, an ADSL connection requires, according to
access version, a network interface card or ATM
card in the PC and a particular ADSL modem plus a
splitter for the separation of telephone and data
communication traffic. The telephone extension
can alternatively be installed with analogue or
ISDN access.
The splitter separates the analogous voice signal or
the digital ISDN signal of the ADSL data under con-
sideration of all important system parameters like
impedances, attenuation, levels, etc. Consequently
it fulfils the function of a crossover network. The
splitter is connected at its input side to the tele-
phone outlet. At its output side, it provides the
higher frequency signals of the ADSL frequency
band for the ADSL modem on the one hand, and
on the other hand, it controls the communication
in the low frequency range with the NTBA or the
analogous terminal equipment. Since the splitter
should be compact and cost-effective, it is usually
designed in passive form, i.e. without own power
supply.
ADSL modems are manufactured in different
types. External devices very often use a separate
splitter. The ADSL modem is connected to the PC
via an Ethernet (10 MBit/s), ATM25, or a USB inter-
face. Additionally, the modem requires a 230 V
supply voltage (Figures 9.14.1 and 9.14.2).
9.14 Surge protection for telecommunication accesses
Surge protection for data transmission ISDN
primary rate multiplex access
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) is used
to provide different services in a common public
network. Both voice as well as data can be trans-
ferred by digital transmission. A network termina-
tion unit (NT) is the transfer interface for the sub-
scriber. The supply line of the digital local
exchange is a 4-wire line. Additionally, the NT is
powered with 230 V.
telecommunication
network
consumer
analogue
telephone
NT
1)
splitter
PC
Ethernet 10 MBit
or ATM 25
RJ 45
ADSL modem
230 V~
SDB
No.
1
4
3
1)
Network Termination
5
3
2
4
Type Part No.
BLITZDUCTOR
XT 920 347
BXT ML4 BD 180 + BXT BAS +920 300
DRL DRL 10 B 180 FSD 907 401
+ DRL PD 180 +907 430
+ EF 10 DRL +907 498
NT-Protector NT PRO 909 958
DATA-Protector DATA PRO 4TP 909 955
DEHNlink DLI TC 1 I 929 027
DSM DSM TC 1 SK 924 271
DEHNguard
modular
DG M TNS 275 952 400
1
2
4
5
3
telecommunication
network
consumer
ISDN
telephone
NT
1)
splitter
PC
ADSL
modem
230 V~
S
0
RJ 45
NTBA
SDB
1)
Network Termination
2)
Broad Band Termination Unit
*
BLITZDUCTOR
CT and NT Protector have been officially

approved by Deutsche Telekom for protection of NTBAs
Ethernet 10 MBit
or ATM 25
RJ 45
No.
1
3
6
3
2
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
6
Type Part No.
BLITZDUCTOR
XT 920 347
BXT ML4 BD 180 + BXT BAS +920 300
DRL DRL 10 B 180 FSD 907 401
+ DRL PD 180 +907 430
+ EF 10 DRL +907 498
NT-Protector NT PRO 909 958
DATA-Protector DATA PRO 4TP 909 955
ISDN-Protector ISDN PRO 909 954
DEHNlink DLI ISDN I 929 024
DSM DSM IDSN SK 924 270
DEHNguard
modular
DG M TNS 275 952 400
BBTU
2)
Fig. 9.14.1 Lightning and surge protection for ADSL with analogue connections
Fig. 9.14.2 Lightning and surge protection for ISDN and ADSL connections
Figure 9.14.2 shows the protection of an ISDN con-
nection with th corresponding surge protective
devices.
The primary rate multiplex access
The Network Termination for Primary rate Multi-
plex access (NTPM) has 30 B channels with 64 kBit/s
and one D channel with 64 kBit/s. Via the primary
rate access, data transmission can be handled up to
2 MBit/s. The NT is powered by the U
2m
interface
the subscriber interface is called S
2m
. PABX with a
high number of extensions or data transmission
lines with high data volumes are connected to this
interface .
Figure 9.14.3 shows the protection of such a con-
nection against surges.
telecommunication
network
consumer
NTPM
analogue
telephone
TC system
1)
Network Termination
No.
SDB
1
5
1 1 1
2 2
3
U
2m
S
2m-
NT
1)
1
2
3
4
Type Part No.
BLITZDUCTOR
XT 920 375
BXT ML4 BD HF 24 + BXT BAS +920 300
DRL DRL 10 B 180 FSD 907 401
+ DRL HD 24 +907 470
+ EF 10 DRL +907 498
DEHNlink DLI TC 1 I 929 027
DSM DSM TC 1 SK 924 271
DEHNguard
modular
DG M TNS 275 952 400
SFL-Protector SFL PRO 912 260
Fig. 9.14.3 Surge protection for telecommunications systems ISDN Primary rate Multiplex access
In chemical and petrochemical industrial plants,
potentially explosive areas develop frequently dur-
ing the manufacture, processing, storage, and
transportation of flammable materials (e.g. gaso-
line, alcohol, liquid gas, explosive dust), where any
source of ignition must be avoided to prevent
explosions. Relevant protective provisions refer to
the threat of atmospheric discharges (lightning) to
such installations. Here it has to be considered that
there is a fire risk and explosion hazard by direct or
indirect lightning discharges due to the partially
widespread extension of such installations.
To achieve necessary plant availability and also the
necessary safety of the system, a conceptual action
is necessary for protection of process-specific elec-
tric and electronic parts of the plant against light-
ning currents and surges.
Lightning Protection Zones Concept
Intrinsically safe circuits are often used in areas
where explosion hazard may occur. Figure 9.15.1
shows the principal design of such a system and
the assignment in lightning protection zones. Due
to the necessary, very high availability of the sys-
tems and in order to meet the high requirements
on safety in the hazardous area, the following
areas were divided into lightning protection zone
LPZ 1 and lightning protection zone LPZ 2:
Electronic evaluation unit in the control room
(LPZ 2)
Temperature transducer at the tank (LPZ 1)
Interior of the tank (LPZ 1)
In accordance with the lightning protection zones
concept according to IEC 62305-4 (EN 62305-4), all
lines at the LPZ boundaries must be equipped with
corresponding surge protective devices as
described below.
The external lightning protection system is the
entire equipment installed and existing outside at
or in the installation to be protected for intercep-
tion and conducting the lightning current into the
earth-termination system.
A lightning protection system for explosive areas
corresponds to lightning protection system Class II
at normal conditions. In well-founded, individual
cases and under special conditions (legal provi-
sions), or by the result of a risk analysis in accor-
dance with IEC 62305-2 (EN 62305-2) it can differ
from the standards.
9.15 Lightning and surge protection for intrinsically safe
circuits
metal container with
sufficient material thickness
air ventilation
intermeshed equipotential bonding
building shield, e.g.
steel reinforcement
conductor to
remote potential
Fig. 9.15.1 Division of a hazardous location into lightning protection zones (LPZ)
In order to prevent direct lightning strikes to tank
facilities they are very often protected by air-ter-
mination rods with additional air-termination
cables in case of greater distances (Figure 9.15.2).
In any case, the following requirements are based
on lightning protection system Class II. As with all
lightning protection systems, the separation dis-
tance must also be maintained here.
Lightning equipotential bonding outside the haz-
ardous area
The application of surge protective devices in the
low voltage installation and for telecommunica-
tion lines outside the hazardous area (control
room) shows no peculiarities with respect to other
applications. In this context it should be noted that
the surge protective devices for lines of LPZ 0
A
to
LPZ 1 (Figures 9.15.3 and 9.15.4) must have a light-
ning current discharge capacity, which is specified
in test waveform 10/350 s. The surge protective
devices of the different requirement classes must
be coordinated among each other.
In all areas where explosion hazard may occur, a
consistent equipotential bonding has to be imple-
mented. Also building supports and parts of the
construction, pipelines, containers, etc., must be
included in the equipotential bonding so that a
voltage difference must not be feared, even in the
event of a failure. The connections of the equipo-
tential bonding conductors must be secured
against self-loosening. The equipotential bonding
must be carefully realised, installed, and tested in
compliance with IEC 60364-4-41, IEC 60364-5-54
and IEC 60364-6-61. Using surge protective devices
of the BLITZDUCTOR product range, the cross sec-
tion of the earth conductor for equipotential
bonding must be at least 4 mm
2
Cu.
Surge protection in intrinsically safe circuits
Already during the design process, the lightning
protection zones and hazardous areas shall be har-
monised. The consequence is that the require-
ments both for use of surge protective devices in
hazardous areas and at the LPZ boundaries must
be met likewise. Thus, the installation site of the
surge protective device was determined precisely.
It is located at the boundary of LPZ 0
B
and LPZ 1.
This prevents the penetration of dangerous surges
into Ex zone 0 or 20, since the surges are already
discharged previously. Also, the availability of the
temperature transmitter, which is important for
the process, is considerably increased in this way.
Furthermore, the requirements according to
EN 60079-14 must be met (Figure 9.15.5):
Use of surge protective devices with a mini-
mum discharge capacity of 10 impulses with
10 kA (8/20 s), each without malfunction or
impairment of the surge protective function
(Table 9.15.1).
Mounting of the surge protective device into a
metallic shielded enclosure and earthing with
at least 4 mm
2
Cu.
Installation of the cables between the surge
protective device and the equipment in a met-
al pipe earthed at both ends or the application
of shielded cables with a maximum length of
1 m.
In accordance with the definition of the protection
concept, the programmable controller in the con-
trol room is defined as LPZ 2. The intrinsically safe
cable leaving the temperature transmitter is also
led at the boundary from LPZ 0
B
to LPZ 1 via a
concrete tub
of the tank
air-termination
rod
air-termination
conductors
Fig. 9.15.2 Air-termination system for a tank with air-termination
rods and conductors
Z
EBB
lightning equipotential bonding
cathodic protected tank pipe
e
x
t
e
r
n
a
l

l
i
g
h
t
n
i
n
g

p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n

s
y
s
t
e
m
gas
water
power
supply
heating
BLITZDUCTOR
BXT ML4 BD EX 24
2

4
1
3
p
ro
tected
2

4
1
3 B L I T Z D U C T O R
B X T M L 4 B D E X 2 4
2

4
1
3
p
ro
tected
2

4
1
3
Ex zone 0
cable length max. 1 m
EB
BLITZDUCTOR XT
BXT BAS EX, BXT ML4 BD EX 24 /
BXT ML4 BC EX 24
Ex zone 1, 2
min. 4 mm
2
min. 4 mm
2
Fig. 9.15.3 Lightning equipotential bonding according to IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3) based on main equipotential bonding according to
IEC 60364-4-41 and IEC 60364-5-54
Fig. 9.15.4 DEHNventil DV TT 255 in a
switchgear cabinet for protection
of the power supply system
Fig. 9.15.5 Surge protective devices in intrinsically safe circuits
surge protective device BLITZDUCTOR CT, BCT
MOD MD EX 24. This protective device at the oth-
er end of the field line between the buildings must
have the same discharge capacity as the protective
device installed at the tank. After the surge protec-
tive device, the intrinsically safe line is led via an
isolation amplifier (Figures 9.15.5 and 9.15.6).
From there, the shielded cable is laid to the pro-
grammable controller in LPZ 2. Because of the two-
sided earth connection of the cable shield, no pro-
tective device is required at boundary LPZ 1 to
LPZ 2, since the residual electromagnetic interfer-
ence still to be expected is strongly attenuated by
the cable shield earthed at both ends.
Criteria for the choice of surge protective devices
in intrinsically safe circuits
The example treating a temperature transducer
(Table 9.15.1) shows which aspects must be
observed for choosing surge protective devices
(SPD):
Insulation resistance of the equipment
In order to prevent measuring errors by compen-
sating currents, the sensor signals from the tank
are often isolated electrically. The transducer has
an insulation resistance of < 500 V a.c. between
the intrinsically safe 4 ... 20 mA current loop and
the earthed temperature sensor. Consequently
the equipment is considered as floating. The use
of surge protective devices
must not interfere with this
isolation from earth.
If the transducer has an in-
sulation resistance of < 500 V
a.c., the intrinsically safe
circuit is regarded as earth-
ed. This requires protec-
tive devices, the voltage
protection level of which
is below the insulation
resistance of the earthed
transducer (e.g. U
p
(wire/PG)
35 V) at a nominal dis-
charge current of 10 kA
(pulse shape 8/20 s).
Type of protection (explo-
sive atmoshperes): Intrinsic
Safety Category ia or ib ?
The transducer and the
surge protective device are installed in protection
zone LPZ 1 so that the category ib is sufficient for
the 4 ... 20 mA current loop. The used surge protec-
tion fulfils the highest requirements in conformity
with certification according to ia and consequent-
ly, is also suitable for ib applications.
Technical data Measuring
transducer TH02
Surge protective device
BCT MOD MD EX 30
Installation site
Type of protection
Voltage
Current
Frequency
Immunity
Test standards
Isolatedfromearth500V
Inner capacitance C
i
Inner inductance L
i
zone 1
ib
U
i
max. = 29.4 V d.c.
I
i
max. = 130 mA
f
Hart
= 2200 Hz
frequency-modulated
acc. to NE 21, e.g.
0.5 kV line/line
ATEX, CE
Yes
C
i
= 15 nF
L
i
= 220 H
zone 1
ia
U
c
= 34.8 V d.c.
I
N
= 500 mA
f
G
= 6 MHz
discharge capacity 10 kA (8/20 s)
Y/L SPD T
ATEX, CE, IEC 61643-21
Yes
negligibly small
negligibly small
Fig. 9.15.6 BCT MOD MD EX 24 for intrinsically safe circuits
Table 9.15.1 Example of a temperature transducer
Permissible maximum values for L
0
and C
0
Before an intrinsically safe circuit is put into opera-
tion, the proof of its intrinsic safety must be pro-
vided. For this purpose, the supply unit, the trans-
ducer, the used cables, as well as the surge protec-
tive devices must fulfil the interconnection condi-
tions. If necessary, the inductances and capaci-
tances of the protective devices must also be taken
into consideration. In accordance with the EC type
examination certificate (PTB 99 ATEX 2092), the
internal capacitances and inductances are negligi-
ble in the surge protective device type BCT MOD
MD EX 24 of DEHN + SHNE (Figure 9.15.6) and
need not be taken into account when considering
the interconnection conditions.
Maximum values for voltage U
i
and current I
i
According to its technical specifications for intrinsi-
cally safe circuits, the transducer to be protected
has a maximum supply voltage U
i
and a maximum
short-circuit current I
i
(Table 9.15.1). The rated
voltage U
c
of the protective device must be at least
as high as the open-circuit voltage of the supply
unit. Also the nominal current of the protective
device must be at least as high as the short-circuit
current I
i
of the transducer to be expected in the
event of a failure. If these parameters differ from
the basic conditions when choosing the surge
arresters, the protective device can be overloaded
and, consequently, can fail or the intrinsic safety of
the circuit is eliminated by an impermissible
increase in temperature at the protective device.
Coordination of the surge protective devices with
terminal equipment
The NAMUR recommendation NE 21 determines
the requirements on the immunity against inter-
ferences for process technology and process con-
trol equipment and its general application (e.g.
transducers). The signal inputs of such equipment
must withstand transient voltages of 0.5 kV
between the wires (differential-mode interfer-
ence) and of 1.0 kV between wire and earth (com-
mon-mode interference). The test arrangement
and the waveform are described in the EN 61000-4-5
basic standard. According to the amplitude of the
test pulse, a corresponding surge immunity is
assigned to the terminal equipment. These immu-
nities of the terminal equipment are documented
by the surge immunity (1 4). 1 means the lowest
and 4 the highest surge immunity. When there is a
risk of lightning and surge effects, the conducted
interference pulses (voltage, current and energy)
must be limited to a value that lies within the
immunity of the terminal equipment. The coordi-
nation characteristics Qon the protective
devices indicate a direct ref-
erence to the test level of
the terminal equipment. P1
describing the requested
test level of the terminal
equipment and Type 2, the
discharge capacity of the
protective device of 10 kA
(waveform 8/20 s).
A threat to chemical and
petrochemical installations
by a lightning discharge and
the electromagnetic influ-
ence resulting from it, is
covered in the relevant
Intrinsically
safe interface
SPD type
appoved by FISCO
1)
Part No.
0 20 mA,
4 20 mA
(also with HART)
Digital I/O
NAMUR signal
PROFIBUS-PA
Foundation Fieldbus
BCT MOD MD EX 24 + BCT BAS EX
BCT MOD MD EX 30 + BCT BAS EX
DCO RK MD EX 24
DPI MD EX 24 M 2
919 580 + 919 507
919 581 + 919 507
919 960
929 960
PROFIBUS-DP BCT MOD MD HFD EX 6 + BCT BAS EX 919 583 + 919 507
1)
FISCO = Fieldbus Intrinsically Safe Concept
Table 9.15.2 Surge protective devices for use in intrinsically safe circuits and bus systems
Fig. 9.15.7 Surge arrester for field devices DEHNpipe,
DPI MD EX 24 M 2
guidelines. During the realisation of the lightning
protection zones concept in design and implemen-
tation of such installations, the risks of a sparking
by a direct strike or discharging of conducted
interference energies can be minimised within a
safety-related and also economically justifiable
scope. The used surge arresters must fulfil the
requirements of explosion protection, the coordi-
nation to the terminal equipment, as well as the
requirements from the operational parameters of
the measuring and control circuits (Table 9.15.2).
There is an unabated trend for the utilisation of
regenerative energy gained from wind turbines,
solar, photovoltaic and biogas plants or geother-
mal heat. This is an enormous market potential not
only for the energy industry but also for the suppli-
ers and the electrical trade and that worldwide.
In Germany meanwhile about 19,000 wind tur-
bines supply a total power of almost 21,000
megawatt which is more than three percent of the
power needed.
The prognoses for the future turn out to be posi-
tive. According to the German wind power insti-
tute (Deutsches Windenergie-Institut, DEWI),
approximately 4,000 wind turbines are supposed
to be installed on the open seas until 2030.
Thus, a nominal power of approx. 20,000
megawatt could be produced by offshore wind-
farms. The importance of wind turbines is obvious.
Looking at the growth rates of this power market,
the reliable availability of energy is also an impor-
tant aspect.
Danger resulting from lightning effects
An operator of these installations cannot afford
downtimes. On the contrary, the high capital
investments for a wind turbine shall amortize
within a few years. Wind turbines are comprehen-
sive electrical and electronic installations, concen-
trated on a very small area. Everything, what elec-
trical engineering and electronics offer, can be
found: switchgear cabinets, motors and drives, fre-
quency converters, bus systems with actuators and
sensors. It goes without saying that surges can
cause considerable damage there. Due to the
exposed position and the overall height, wind tur-
bines are exposed to direct lightning effects. The
risk of being hit by lightning increases quadratical-
ly versus the height of the structure. Multi-
megawatt wind turbines with blades reach a total
height up to 150 m and are therefore particularly
exposed to danger. A comprehensive lightning and
surge protection is required.
Frequency of lightning strikes
The annual number of cloud-to-earth lightning
flashes for a certain region results from the well-
known isokeraunic level. In Europe, a mean num-
ber of one to three cloud-to-earth flashes per km
2
and year applies to coast areas and low mountain
ranges.
For dimensioning lightning protection installa-
tions, it has to be considered that in case of objects
with a height of > 60 m, and which are exposed to
lightning, also earth-to-cloud flashes can come up,
so-called upward flashes, beside cloud-to-earth
flashes. This results in greater values as specified in
the above formula.
Furthermore, earth-to-cloud flashes starting from
high exposed objects carry high charges of a light-
ning current, which are of special importance for
the protection measures at rotor blades and for
the design of lightning current arresters.
Standardisation
The guidelines of Germanischer Lloyd are the basis
for the design of the protection concept.
The German Insurance Association (GDV) recom-
mends in its publication VdS 2010 Risikoorien-
tierter Blitz- und berspannungsschutz (Risk ori-
ented lightning and surge protection) to imple-
ment at least lightning protection systems Class II
for wind turbines in order to meet the minimum
requirements for protection of these installations.
Protection measures
The main concern in this technical contribution is
the realisation of lightning protection measures
and measures of protection against surges for the
electric and electronic devices/ systems of a wind
turbine.
The complex problems of the protection of rotor
blades and swivelling parts and bearings require a
detailed examination. They are also producer-spe-
cific and type-specific.
9.16 Lightning and surge protection of multi-megawatt
wind turbines
Fig. 9.16.1 Impulse current laboratory DEHN + SHNE Max. light-
ning impulse current 200 kA, wave form 10/350 s
DEHN + SHNE offers the following engineering
and testing service in the companys impulse cur-
rent laboratory to provide best solutions for the
individual customer (Figure 9.16.1):
Testing of customer-specific, pre-wired con-
nection units for protection of the electrical
installation
Testing of the lightning current carrying
capacity of bearings
Lightning current test at down conductors and
receptors of rotor blades
These tests in the laboratory prove the effective-
ness of the chosen protection measures and con-
tribute to the optimisation of the protection
package.
Lightning Protection Zones Concept
The lightning protection zones concept is a struc-
turing measure for creating a defined EMC envi-
ronment within a structure (Figure 9.16.2). The
defined EMC environment is specified by the elec-
tromagnetic immunity of the used electric equip-
ment.
Being a protection measure, the lightning protec-
tion zones concept includes therefore a reduction
of the conducted and radiated interferences at
boundaries down to agreed values. For this reason,
the object to be protected is subdivided into pro-
tection zones. The protection zones result from
the structure of the wind turbine and shall consid-
er the architecture of the structure. It is decisive
that direct lightning parameters affecting light-
A
from outside are
reduced by shielding measures and installation of
surge protective devices to ensure that the electric
and electronic systems and devices situated inside
the wind turbine can be operated without inter-
ferences.
Shielding measures
The nacelle should be designed as a metal shield
that is closed in itself. Thus a volume can be
obtained inside the nacelle with a considerably
attenuated, electromagnetic field compared to
the outside. The switchgear and control cabinets in
the nacelle and, if existing, in the operation build-
ing should also be made out of metal. The con-
necting cables should be provided with an outer,
conductive shield. With respect to interference
suppression, shielded cables are effective against
EMC coupling only if the shields are connected
with the equipotential bonding on both sides. The
shields must be contacted with encircling contact
terminals to avoid long and for EMC improper
pigtails.
For earthing a wind turbine, the reinforcement of
the tower should always be integrated. Installa-
tion of a foundation earth electrode in the tower
base, and, if existing, in the foundation of an oper-
ation building, should also be preferred in view of
the corrosion risk of earth conductors.
The earthing of the tower base and the operation
building (Figure 9.16.3) should be connected by an
intermeshed earthing in order to get an earthing
system with the largest surface possible.
The extent to which additional potential control-
ling ring earth electrodes must be arranged
around the tower base depends on the fact
whether too high step and touch voltages must
possibly be reduced to protect the operator in case
of a lightning strike.
LPZ 2
LPZ 1
LPZ 1
LPZ 2
outgoing
lines
operation building
nacelle
electromagnetic shield
shielded cable route
shielded pipe or the like
Fig. 9.16.2 Lightning protection zones concept for a wind turbine
Protective circuit for conductors at the boundary
of lightning protection zone LPZ 0
A
to LPZ 1 and
higher
Besides shielding against radiated sources of inter-
ference, protection against conducted sources of
interference at the boundaries of the lightning
protection zones must also be provided for reliable
operation of the electric and electronic devices.
At the boundary of lightning protection zone
LPZ 0
A
to LPZ 1 (conventionally also called light-
ning equipotential bonding) SPDs must be used,
which are capable of discharging considerable par-
tial lightning currents without damage to the
equipment. These SPDs are called lightning current
arresters (SPDs Type 1) and tested with impulse
currents, wave form 10/350 s.
At the boundary of LPZ 0
B
to LPZ 1 and LPZ 1 and
higher, only low energy impulse currents have to
be controlled which result from voltages induced
from the outside or from surges generated in the
system itself. These protection devices are called
surge protective devices (SPDs Type 2) and tested
with impulse currents, wave form 8/20 s.
Surge protective devices should be chosen accord-
ing to the operating characteristics of the electric
and electronic systems.
After the discharge, surge protective devices to be
used in the power supply system must be capable
of extinguishing safely the follow currents coming
from mains afterwards. Beside the impulse current
carrying capability, this is the second important
aspect of design.
Figure 9.16.4 shows lightning current arrester
DEHNbloc with encapsulated spark gap.
reinforcement
of the building
mast / tower
concrete foundation
reinforcement
ring earth electrode
earth
conductor
cable duct
Fig. 9.16.3 Intermeshed network of earth electrodes of a wind turbine
Fig. 9.16.4 Application of DEHNbloc Maxi coordinated lightning
current arrester for 400/690 V TN-C systems
This lightning current arrester can be mounted
among bare live system parts in the installation to
be protected without having to take minimum dis-
tances into account. The protective device DEHN-
bloc is used, for example, for low voltage lines
coming from the wind turbine.
Surge arresters (Figure 9.16.5) are dimensioned for
loads as they occur in case of inductive couplings
and switching operations. Within the scope of
energy coordination, they have to be connected
downstream of the lightning current arresters.
They include a thermally monitored metal oxide
varistor.
Contrary to surge protective devices for power
supply systems, special attention has to be paid on
system compatibility and the operating character-
istics of the measuring and control or data line
when installing SPDs in data processing systems.
These protective devices are connected in series
with the data processing lines and must be able to
reduce the interference level below the immunity
of the equipment to be protected.
Considering a single telephone line within the
lightning protection zones concept, the partial
lightning current on this conductor can be as-
sumed to be blanket 5 %. For a lightning protec-
tion system Class III/IV, this would amount to a par-
tial lightning current of 5 kA, wave form 10/350 s.
Figure 9.16.6 shows the approved multipurpose
device BLITZDUCTOR XT, BCT MOD BE as a light-
ning current and surge arrester. This protective
device can be used for protection of equipment in
EMC lightning protection zone I and higher. BLITZ-
DUCTOR XT is designed as a four-terminal network
and limits both common-mode interferences as
well as differential-mode interferences. It can be
fixed directly in the course of terminal blocks or,
instead of these terminals, on supporting rails. Its
special design allows a space-saving arrangement.
Fig. 9.16.5 DEHNguard surge arrester,
DG MOD 750 + DG M WE 600
Fig. 9.16.6 Application of BLITZDUCTOR XT lightning current and
surge arrester
According to the require-
ments of DIN VDE 0855-300
radio transmitting/ receiv-
ing systems in Germany
are designed in such a way
that incoupled lightning
currents will be safely dis-
charged to the earth elec-
trode via the earthing con-
ductor. Hence also the trans-
mitter/ receiver station (radio
base station RBS) has to be
protected against surges
due to lightning currents.
The radio base station (RBS)
comprises the power supply
(power supply unit PSU),
the radio transmitting tech-
nology and the transmitting
technology for the fixed
network (optional).
9.17.1 Power supply
230/400 V a.c.
The power supply of the
RBS has to be independent
from the power supply of
the building. Supplying via
the subdistribution/ floor
distribution shall be avoid-
ed. The energy meter shall
be near the service entrance
box. The distribution of cir-
cuits is effected upstream
the RBS or directly inside (in
Germany almost exclusive-
ly subdistributions are in-
stalled directly in and near
the RBS).
The DEHNventil DV M TT 255,
a combined lightning cur-
rent and surge arrester on
spark gap basis, protects the
power supply unit (PSU) of a
RBS. This surge protective
device is an arrester Type 1
designed for the protection
of power supply units in
transmitting/ receiving sys-
tems.
9.17 Surge protection for radio transmitter/receiver
stations (mobile radio)
roof area
basement area
service entrance
kWh
power
distribution
cabinet
lighting
air-conditioning
socket outlet
existing earth electrode
MEBB
EBB
RBS (radio
base station)
Fig. 9.17.2 Electrical circuit diagram
Fig. 9.17.1 Dual cell site
The DEHNventil DV M TT 255 either can be in-
stalled in the subdistribution directly upstream the
RBS or in the area of the service entrance. The pro-
tective device being installed in the subdistribu-
tion, there is a selected input of lightning current
and a selected output in the service entrance area.
Figure 9.17.2 shows the circuit diagram with the
location of the surge protective equipment. In ad-
dition Figure 9.17.3 shows the structural diagram
of an RBS on a roof and the application of DEHN-
ventil DV M TT 255. Producers of transmitting/
receiving systems sometimes perform a standard-
ised application of surge arresters Type 2 according
to Table 9.17.2. Figure 9.17.3 also shows where to
install the DEHNguard modular DG M TT 275.
The application of lightning current and surge pro-
tective equipment depends on the type of low-
voltage system (TT system, TN-C system or TN-S sys-
tem). The international standard IEC 60364-5-53
describes the use of lightning current and surge
arresters in accordance with the Protection at
indirect contact in low-voltage consumers sys-
tems. In addition to this requirement of protection
against life hazards, care has to be taken when
using surge protective equipment, that there is an
energy coordination with the terminal devices to
be protected. The coordination of the DEHNventil
DV M TT 255 and hence the protection capability
of this surge protective equipment even without
using a surge arrester Type 2 in the RBS has been
comprehensively tested at different PSUs.
In order to realise a coordinated surge protection
at all sites of an operator and to be independent in
designing with regard to the different network
systems, the DEHNventil DV M TT 255 a protective
device with 3 + 1 circuit provides a universal
solution for TN-C, TN-S and TT systems.
A quality characteristic of special importance for
using combined lightning current and surge
arresters is a sufficient follow current extinguish-
ing capability and follow current limiting/selectivi-
ty. Thus false tripping of the system fuses and the
disconnection from power supply is avoided. This
quality characteristic of the combined lightning
current and surge protective equipment or com-
bined SPDs called selectivity is necessary. If
applied in the range of transmitting/ receiving sys-
tems, a selectivity according to Table 9.17.1 is
required.
elevator building
roof surface
antenna
SD
low-voltage supply
mast
antenna lines
RBS (radio
base station)
DV M TT 255
antenna line
meshed operational equipotential bonding (MOEB)
DG M TT 275
Fig. 9.17.3 Basic structure of a RBS with DV M TT 255 and DG M TT 275
9.17.2 Fixed network
connection (if
existing)
Depending on the net-
work operator, either
fixed network links (cop-
per cable) or radio links
are chosen to connect
the RBS with the primary
switching technology
(base station controller
(BSC), mobile switching
centre (MSC). In case of a
fixed network connec-
tion partial lightning
currents also will flow
through the telecommu-
nication cable if a direct
lightning strikes the
antenna system. Here
combined SPDs provide
sufficient protection as
well. Surge protective
equipment according to
Table 9.17.3 is applied.
9.17.3 Radio trans-
mission tech-
nology
The radio transmission
band (frequency) and
the connection mechan-
ics (connector) are the
decisive factors concern-
ing the selection of suitable surge protective
equipment for the protection of the radio trans-
mission technology. Sufficient discharge capability,
remote supply voltages of point-to-point (PTP)
radio systems, and depending on the application,
also low passive intermodulation (PIM) have to be
taken into account. Table 9.17.4 shows a choice of
DEHN + SHNE protection products.
9.17.4 Lightning protection, earthing,
With regard to earthing, equipotential bonding,
lightning and surge protection mainly DIN VDE
0855-300 (national) as well as IEC 62305-3 (EN
62305-3) are applicable for design and installation
of transmitting/ receiving systems. A difference has
to be made whether a transmitting/ receiving sys-
tem shall be installed on an building or structure
with an already existing or planned lightning pro-
tection system or whether the object under consid-
eration is without lightning protection system. The
measures of earthing and equipotential bonding
then have to be met the requirements of DIN VDE
0855-300 or IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3). Chapter
5.2.4.2 of the Lightning Protection Guide describes
possible measures of protection against lightning
applicable for cell sites.
No tripping of a
fuse...
...at an earth
fault/short-circuit
current up to
Type
Part No.
20 A gL/gG 50 kA
eff
951 310
No. in Fig.
9.17.2
Purpose of use Type Part No.
Basic surge protection DEHNguard modular
DG M TT 275
952 310
No. in Fig.
9.17.2
Connection system Type Part No.
LSA-PLus, series 2
screw terminal (D+S
recommendation)
DEHNrapid DRL 10 B 180 FSD
BLITZDUCTOR XT BXT BD 180
BLITZDUCTOR XT Base part BXT BAS
907 401
920 347
920 300
No. in Fig.
9.17.2
Band/Frequency Type Part No.
GSM/ 876 ... 960 +
GSM/1710 ... 1880
UMTS
Microwave link/ 2400
WLAN/ 2400
TETRA/ 380 ... 512
DEHNgate DGA L4 7 16 B or
DEHNgate DGA L4 N B
DEHNgate DGA G N
DEHNgate DGA G BNC
DEHNgate DGA L4 7 16 S
929 048
929 049
929 044
929 042
929 047
No. in Fig.
9.17.2
Table 9.17.1 Selectivity surge arrester Type 1
Table 9.17.2 Standardised surge arrester Type 2
Table 9.17.3 Surge protection for the fixed network connection
Table 9.17.4 Surge protection for the transmission technology
9.18.1 Lightning and surge protection for
photovoltaic (PV) systems
The guaranteed service life of 20 years for photo-
voltaic generators and their exposed installation
sites as well as the sensitive electronics of the
inverter really require effective lightning and
surge protection.
Not only house owners install a PV system on their
rooftop but also private operating companies
make more and more investments in shared sys-
tems, which are erected on large-surface roofs, on
traffic structures, or unused open areas.
Because of the big space requirements of the pho-
tovoltaic generator, PV systems are especially
threatened by lightning discharges during thun-
derstorms. Causes for surges in PV systems are
inductive or capacitive voltages deriving from
lightning discharges as well as lightning surges
and switching operations in the upstream power
supply system. Lightning surges in the PV system
can damage PV modules and inverters. This can
have serious consequences for the operation of
the system. Firstly, high repair costs, for example,
those of the inverter, have a negative effect, and,
secondly, the system failure can result in consider-
able profit cuts for the operator of the plant.
Necessity of lightning protection
For the installation of PV systems it must be gener-
ally distinguished between an installation on a
building with or without lightning protection. For
public buildings, e.g., assembly places, schools,
hospitals, in Germany building regulations request
lightning protection systems for safety reasons. For
this purpose, buildings or structures are differenti-
ated, for which, according to their location, con-
struction type, or utilisation, a lightning strike
could easily have severe consequences. Such build-
ings or structures in need of protection have to be
provided with a permanently effective lightning
protection system.
In case of privately used buildings lightning pro-
tection is often refrained from. This happens part-
ly out of financial reasons, but also because of
lacking sensibility with respect to this topic.
If a building without external lightning protection
was selected as location for a PV system, the ques-
tion arises, if, with the additional installation of
the PV generator on the roof, lightning protection
should be provided for the entire structure.
According to the current scientific state of the art,
the installation of PV modules on buildings does
not increase the risk of a lightning strike, so that
the request for lightning protection can not be
derived directly from the mere existence of a PV
system. However, there may be an increased dan-
ger for the electric facilities of the building in the
event of a lightning strike. This is based on the fact
that, due to the wiring of the PV lines inside the
building in existing risers and cable runs, strong
conducted and radiated interferences may result
from lightning currents. Therefore, it is necessary,
to estimate the risk by lightning strikes, and to
take the results from this into account for the
design. IEC 62305-2 (EN 62305-2) states procedures
and data for the calculation of the risk resulting
from lightning strikes into structures and for the
choice of lightning protection systems. For this
purpose DEHN + SHNE offers the software
DEHNsupport. The risk analysis presented here
ensures that it is possible to draw up a lightning
protection concept which is understood by all par-
ties involved, and which meets optimum technical
and economic requirements, i.e. the necessary pro-
tection can be guaranteed with as little expendi-
ture as possible.
The German Insurance Association has picked up
the risk estimate in their guideline VdS 2010
Risikoorientierter Blitz- und berspannungs-
schutz fr Objekte (Risk oriented lightning
and surge protection for objects) (taken from IEC
62305-2 (EN 62305-2)) and present lightning pro-
tection measures for buildings or structures as they
are seen by the insurance industry. In Table 3, this
guideline assigns classes of lightning protection
systems and measures against surges to objects in a
simplified manner. Furthermore, the guideline also
refers to buildings with alternative power supply
installations, as for example, buildings with a PV
system (> 10 kW). According to this, for such
objects lightning protection level (LPL) III has to be
taken into account. Hence a LPS Class III is required
as well as additional surge protective measures.
A system of protection against lightning (LPS)
designed for class III meets the usual requirements
for PV and solar thermal systems: Photovoltaic
and solar thermal systems on buildings must not
interfere the existing lightning protection meas-
ures. Photovoltaic and solar thermal systems shall
be protected by isolated air-termination systems
according to 5.2 and 6.3 of IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3)
against direct lightning strikes. If a direct connec-
9.18 Lightning and surge protection for PV systems and
solar power plants
tion can not be avoided, the effects of partial
lightning currents entering the building have to be
taken into consideration.
Protection of photovoltaic inverters against
surges also in case of direct lightning strikes
If a PV system shall be installed on a building with
external lightning protection system, one of the
basic requirements is that the PV modules are
within the protective area of an isolated air-termi-
nation system. Additionally, the separation dis-
tance between the PV supporting frame and the
external lightning protection system has to be
kept in order to prevent uncontrolled sparkover.
Otherwise considerable partial lightning currents
can be carried into the building or structure.
Often the operator wants the whole roof to be
covered with PV modules in order to gain a possi-
bly high economic profit. In these cases the separa-
tion distance often can not be realised and the PV
supporting frame has to be integrated into the
external lightning protection. Here, the effects of
the currents coupled into the building or structure
have to be taken into consideration and a light-
ning equipotential bonding has to be provided.
Meaning that lightning equipotential bonding
now also is necessary for the d.c. conductors carry-
ing lightning current. According to IEC 62305-3 the
d.c. conductors have to be protected by surge pro-
tective devices (SPDs) Type 1. Surge protective
devices Type 1 on spark gap basis, for use on the
d.c. voltage side, were not available up to now.
The problem was that the spark gap once be-
ing tripped, could not be
quenched again and hence
the arc persisted.
With the combined lightning
current and surge arrester
DEHNlimit PV 1000 (Figure
9.18.1.1) DEHN + SHNE suc-
ceeded in developing a direct
current extinguishing spark
gap arrester. Thus DEHNlimit
PV 1000 is the ideal arrester
for use in photovoltaic pow-
er plants. The encapsulated
creeping spark gap technolo-
gy provides a safe protection
of the PV generator and the
inverter also in case of direct
lightning currents. This combined arrester is appli-
cable for PV systems up to 1000 V U
OC STC
. DEHN-
limit PV 1000 has a high lightning current dis-
charge capability of 50 kA 10/350 s.
Single pole photovoltaic arrester Type 2 with inte-
grated short-circuiting device
The inner structure of DEHNguard PV 500 SCP a
surge arrester Type 2 (Figure 9.18.1.2) sets new pat-
terns for safety. In this arrester the proved double
effect of the monitoring and disconnecting device
Thermo Dynamic Control has been combined with
an additional short-circuiting device. This com-
pletely new kind of arrester monitoring ensures
operation safety without risk of fire hazard, even
if the devices are overloaded for example at insula-
tion faults in the PV generator circuit. The follow-
ing example explains the effectiveness of the
short-circuiting device in DEHNguard PV 500 SCP:
1. Figure 9.18.1.3: An insulation fault arises dur-
ing the operation of the PV system.
2. Figure 9.18.1.4: With the consequence of the
surge arrester being overloaded by the ex-
ceeding maximum continuous voltage U
c
.
3. Figure 9.18.1.5: The combined disconnection
and short-circuiting device of DEHNguard PV
500 SCP will be activated. It is able to carry a
short-circuit current up to 50 A automatically
until the PV system is repaired. This ensures a
safe operation without risk of fire hazard for
the system even at an insulation fault in the PV
generator circuit.
Fig. 9.18.1.1 Combined arrester Type 1, DEHNlimit PV,
to protect photovoltaic inverters from surges
also in case of direct lightning strikes
Fig. 9.18.1.2 Single pole photovoltaic
arrester Type 2,
DEHNguard PV 500 SCP,
with integrated short-
circuiting device
Examples of application
Buildings without external lightning protection
system
Figure 9.18.1.6 shows the surge protection concept
for a PV system on a building without external
lightning protection system. Possible installation
sites of the surge protective devices can be:
d.c. input of the inverter
a.c. output of the inverter
low-voltage (l.v.) supply
DEHNguard, an SPD Type 2 is installed in the l.v.
incoming feeder. This DEHNguard M Type of surge
arrester, a complete prewired unit is available for
each low-voltage system (TN-C, TN-S, TT) (Table
9.18.1.1). If the distance between the PV inverter
and the installation site of the DEHNguard is not
greater than 5 m (l.v. supply), the a.c. output of the
inverter is sufficiently protected. At greater con-
ductor lengths additional surge protective devices
SPDs Type 2 are necessary upstream the a.c. input
of the inverter (Table 9.18.1.1).
At the d.c. input of the inverter each of the incom-
ing string conductors has to be protected to earth
by a DEHNguard surge protective device Type PV
500 SCP installed between plus and minus. This
installation provides safe surge protection for PV
systems with a generator voltage up to 1000 V d.c..
The operating voltage of the chosen surge protec-
tive devices shall be approx. 10 % higher than the
expected open-circuit voltage of the solar genera-
tor during maximum solarisation on a cold winter
day.
Buildings with external lightning protection sys-
tem and separation distance kept
The correct operating condition of the lightning
protection system has to be proven by existing test
reports or by maintenance tests. If faults are found
during the examination of the external lightning
protection system (i.e. intense corrosion, loose and
free clamping elements), the constructor of the PV
system has the duty to inform the owner of the
building about these faults in writing.
The PV system on the roof surface should be
designed under consideration of the existing
external lightning protection system. For this pur-
pose, the PV system has to be installed within the
protection zone of the external lightning protec-
=
~
+
SCP SCP
=
~
+
SCP SCP
=
~
+
SCP SCP
Fig. 9.18.1.3 Isolation fault at the PV generator
Fig. 9.18.1.4 Overloading of SPD due to an isolation fault
Fig. 9.18.1.5 Activation of the DEHNguard PV 500 SCP disconnect-
ing and short-circuiting device ensures safe operating
state also in case of an isolation fault in the PV gener-
ator circuit
tion system to ensure its protec-
tion against a direct lightning
strike. By using suitable air-termi-
nation systems, like air-termina-
tion rods, for example, direct light-
ning strikes into the PV modules
can be prevented. The necessary
air-termination rods possibly to be
installed additionally, must be
arranged to prevent a direct strike
into the PV module within their
protection zone and, secondly, any
casting of a shadow on the mod-
ules.
It has to be considered that a sepa-
ration distance s must be kept
between the PV components and
metal parts like lightning protec-
tion systems, rain gutters, sky-
lights, solar cells or antenna sys-
tems in compliance with IEC
62305-3 (EN 62305-3). The separa-
tion distance has to be calculated
according to IEC 62305-3 (EN
62305-3)3. The PV system shown in
Figure 9.18.1.7 is located in the
protective area of the external
lightning protection system. Figure
9.18.1.7 illustrates the concept of
kWh kWh
=
~
1
2 3
SEB
a.c.
output
d.c.
input
meter/main
distribution
DNO
earthing
conductor
Fig. 9.18.1.6 Surge protection concept for a PV system on a building without external light-
ning protection
1
2
3
Figure
9.18.1.6
Protection
for...
SPDs Part No.
TN-C system DEHNguard M, DG M TNC 275
DEHNguard M, DG M TNC 275 FM
952 300
952 305
TN-S system DEHNguard M, DG M TNS 275
DEHNguard M, DG M TNS 275 FM
952 400
952 405
L.v. supply
TT system DEHNguard M, DG M TT 275
DEHNguard M, DG M TT 275 FM
952 310
952 315
2 x
(each between plus
and minus to earth)
DEHNguard, DG PV 500 SCP
DEHNguard, DG PV 500 SCP FM
950 500
950 505
Dc input of the inverter
TN system DEHNguard M, DG M TN 275
DEHNguard M, DG M TN 275 FM
952 200
952 205
Ac output of the inverter/ac, inverter installed in the attic
TT system DEHNguard M, DG M TT 2P 275
DEHNguard M, DG M TT 2P 275 FM
952 110
952 115
Table 9.18.1.1 Selection of the surge protective devices for PV systems on buildings without external lightning protection system
surge protection for a PV system
on a building with external light-
ning protection system and a suffi-
cient separation distance of the PV
modules to the external lightning
protection system.
An essential part of a lightning
protection system is the lightning
equipotential bonding for all con-
ductive systems entering the build-
ing from the outside. The require-
ments of lightning equipotential
bonding are met by direct connec-
tion of all metal systems and by
indirect connection of all live sys-
tems via lightning current arrest-
ers. The lightning equipotential
bonding should be performed
preferably near the entrance of
the structure in order to prevent a
penetration of partial lightning
currents into the building. The
low-voltage power supply of the
building is protected by a DEHN-
ventil ZP, a multi-pole combined
lightning current and surge arrest-
er with spark gap technology. It is
designed for installation on 40 mm
DIN rails on the meter mounting
board. The surge protective device
has to be chosen according to the
type of power supply system (Table
9.18.1.2).
This combined lightning current
and surge arrester unites lightning
current and surge arrester in one
device has no interaction limiting
reactor and is available as com-
plete prewired unit for every low-
voltage system (TN-C, TN-S, TT).
There is sufficient protection with-
out additional protective devices
between DEHNventil and terminal
equipment up to a cable length of
< 5 m. For greater cable lengths
SPDs Type 2 or 3 have to be used in
addition. If the distance between
the a.c. output of the inverter and
the application site of DEHNventil
is not greater than 5 m, no further
protective devices are required for
the a.c. side.
kWh kWh
<s
<s
=
~
1
2 3
SEB
a.c.
output
d.c.
input
meter/main
distribution
DNO
Fig. 9.18.1.7 Surge protection concept for a PV system on a building with external lightning
protection system and the separation distance is being kept
Fig. 9.18.1.8 Surge protection concept for a PV system on a building with external lightning
protection system and the separation distance is not being kept
kWh kWh
s s
=
~
1
2 3
SEB
a.c.
output
d.c.
input
meter/main
distribution
DNO
At the d.c. input of the inverter each of the incom-
ing string conductors has to be protected to earth
by a DEHNguard surge protective device Type PV
500 SCP installed between plus and minus.
Buildings with external lightning protection sys-
tem and separation distance not kept
Often the whole roof is covered with PV modules
in order to gain a possibly high economic profit.
For the mounting technicians, however, then it is
often not possible to keep the required separation
distance. At these points a direct conductive con-
nection must be provided between the external
lightning protection system and the metal PV com-
ponents. In this case, however, the effects of the
currents carried into the structure or building via
the d.c. conductors have to be taken into account
and hence lightning equipotential bonding has to
be ensured. Meaning that now also the lightning
current carrying d.c. conductors have to be includ-
ed into the lightning equipotential bonding (Fig-
ure 9.18.1.8). According to IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-
3), surge protective devices Type 1 have to be
installed at the d.c. conductors. Here DEHNlimit PV
1000, the combined lightning current and surge
arrester is used, which in this case will be connect-
ed in parallel with the string conductor. The com-
bined arrester DEHNlimit PV 1000 has been espe-
cially developed for application in photovoltaic
power plants. The encapsulated creeping spark
1
2
3
Figure
9.18.1.7
Protection for... SPDs Part No.
TN system DEHNguard M, DG M TN 275
DEHNguard M, DG M TN 275 FM
952 200
952 205
A.c. output of the inverter/a.c., inverter installed in the attic
TT system DEHNguard M, DG M TT 2P 275
DEHNguard M, DG M TT 2P 275 FM
952 110
952 115
2 x
(each between plus
and minus to earth)
DEHNguard, DG PV 500 SCP
DEHNguard, DG PV 500 SCP FM
950 500
950 505
D.c. input of the inverter
L.v. supply
TN-C system DEHNventil ZP, DV ZP TNC 255 900 390
TN-S system and
TT system
DEHNventil ZP, DV ZP TT 255 900 391
1
2
3
Figure
9.18.1.8
TN-C system DEHNventil M, DV M TN 255
DEHNventil M, DV M TN 255 FM
951 200
951 205
TT-S system and
TT system
DEHNventil M, DV M TT 255
DEHNventil M, DV M TT 255 FM
951 110
951 115
A.c. output of the inverter/a.c., inverter installed in the attic
Each string conductor DEHNlimit, DLM PV 1000 900 330
D.c. input of the inverter
L.v. supply
TN-C system DEHNventil ZP, DV ZP TNC 255 900 390
TN-S system and
TT system
DEHNventil ZP, DV ZP TT 255 900 391
Table 9.18.1.2 Selection of the surge protective devices for PV systems on buildings with external lightning protection system and the
separation distance is being kept
Table 9.18.1.3 Selection of the surge protective devices for PV systems on buildings with external lightning protection and the separation
distance is not being kept
gap technology provides safe protection of the PV
generator, even at direct lightning currents.
Lightning equipotential bonding has to be per-
formed also for the l.v. input. The DEHNventil ZP, a
surge protective device with spark gap technology
is used there (Table 9.18.1.3). If the distance
between the PV inverter and the l.v. input is not
greater than 5 m, the a.c. output of the inverter is
also protected. Surge protection measures always
are effective only locally, which applies also for the
protection of the PV inverter. The PV inverter
being installed in the attic, additional surge pro-
tective devices are necessary to protect the a.c.
output of the inverter, to be performed in this case
also by the DEHNventil surge protective devices
Type 1. This protective device is used because the
partial lightning currents flowing via the protec-
tive conductor and the a.c. supply conductor have
to be controlled by the surge protective device.
Note
The surge protection of so-called thin-film module
applications possibly requires separate considera-
tion.
9.18.2 Lightning and surge protection for
solar power plants
For such a complex type of installation as a solar
power plant, it is necessary to make an assessment
of the damage risk due to lightning strikes accord-
ing to IEC 62305-2 (EN 62305-2), the result to be
taken into account on designing. In case of a solar
power plant the aim is to protect both the opera-
tion building and the PV array against damage by
fire (direct lightning strike), and the electrical and
electronic systems (inverters, remote diagnostics
system, generator main line) against the effects of
lightning electromagnetic impulses (LEMP).
Air-termination system and down-conductor sys-
tem
For protecting the PV array against direct lightning
strikes, it is necessary to arrange the solar modules
in the protection zone of an isolated air-termina-
tion system. Its design is based on lightning protec-
tion system Class III for PV systems greater 10 kW in
compliance with VdS guideline 2010. According to
the class of lightning protection system, the height
and the quality of the air-termination rods re-
quired is determined by means of the rolling
sphere. Furthermore, it has to be ensured that the
separation distance s is kept between the PV sup-
porting frames and the air-termination rods in
compliance with IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3). Also,
the operation building is equipped with an exter-
nal lightning protection system Class III. The down
conductors are connected with the earth-termina-
tion system by using terminal lugs. Due to the cor-
rosion risk at the point where the terminal lugs
come out of the soil or concrete, they have to be
made out of corrosion-resistant material (stainless
steel V4A, Material No. 1.4571) or, in case of using
galvanised steel they have to be protected by cor-
responding measures (applying sealing tape or
heat-shrinkable tubes, for example).
Earthing system
The earthing system of the PV system is designed
as a ring earth electrode (surface earth electrode)
with a mesh size of 20 m x 20 m (Figure 9.18.2.1).
The metal supporting frames which the PV mod-
ules are fixed onto, are connected to the earth-
termination system approx. every 10 m. The earth-
ing system of the operation building is designed as
a foundation earth electrode according to DIN
18014 (German standard). The earth-termination
o
p
era
tio
n
b
u
ild
in
g
Air-termination rod
Generator junction box
PV array
Mesh size 20 x 20 m
d.c. line
Fig. 9.18.2.1 Layout of a large PV installation in an open area
system of the PV system and the one of the opera-
tion building have to be connected with each other
via at least one conductor (30 mm x 3.5 mm steel
strip V4A, Material No. 1.4571 or galvanised steel).
The interconnection of the individual earthing sys-
tems reduces considerably the total earthing resist-
ance. The intermeshing of the earthing systems
creates an equipotential surface which reduces
considerably the voltage load of lightning effects
on the electric connecting cables between PV array
and operation building. The surface earth elec-
trodes are laid at least 0.5 m deep in the soil. The
meshes are interconnected with four-wire connec-
tors. The joints in the soil have to be wrapped with
an anticorrosive band. This also applies to V4A
steel strips laid in the soil.
=

generator
junction
box
building with inverter
PV modules
steel telescopic
lightning protection mast
1 2
3
3
No. in Fig.
9.18.2.2
TN-C system
TN-S system
TT system
DEHNventil, DV M TNC 255
DEHNventil, DV M TNS 255
DEHNventil, DV M TT 255
951 300
951 400
951 310
1
D.c. input of the inverter DEHNlimit, DLM PV 1000 900 330
Generator junction box
DEHNguard DG PV 500 SCP
DEHNguard DG PV 500 SCP FM
950 500
950 505
2
3
Fig. 9.18.2.2 Basic circuit diagram Surge protection for a solar power plant
Table 9.18.2.1 Selection of surge protective devices for solar power plants
In principle, all conductive systems, entering the
operation building from outside, have to be gen-
erally included into the lightning equipotential
bonding. The requirements of lightning equipo-
tential bonding are fulfilled by the direct connec-
tion of all metal systems and by the indirect con-
nection of all live systems via lightning current
arresters. Lightning equipotential bonding should
be performed preferably near the entrance of the
structure in order to prevent partial lightning cur-
rents from penetrating the building. In this case
(Figure 9.18.2.2), the low voltage power supply in
the operation building is protected by a multi pole
DEHNventil combined lightning current and surge
arrester (see Table 9.18.2.1).
=
1
3
2
4
4
acquisition
unit for
measured values
NTBA modem
No. in Fig.
9.18.2.3
Network and data input of an NTBA NT PRO 909 958 1
Measuring and control systems and devices with
four-wire data transmission e.g. RS 485 bus systems
BLITZDUCTOR VT, BVT RS 485 5 918 401
2
Wind direction indicators, e.g. analogue
transmission of measured values 4 to 20 mA
BLITZDUCTOR XT, BXT ML4 BE 24
+ Base part BXT BAS
920 324
920 300
3
Sensor for environment and module
temperature
BLITZDUCTOR XT, BXT ML4 BE 5
+ Base part BXT BAS
920 320
920 300
4
Fig. 9.18.2.3 Protection concept for data acquisition and evaluation
Table 9.18.2.2 Surge protective devices for data acquisition and evaluation
Furthermore, the d.c. lines entering the PV invert-
er in the operation building have to be protected
by a suitable spark-gap-based lightning current
arrester, such as DEHNlimit PV 1000, a combined
lightning current and surge arrester.
Surge protective measures in the PV array
In order to reduce the load on the isolation inside
the solar modules at a lightning strike into the iso-
lated air-termination system, thermally controlled
surge protective devices are installed in a genera-
tor junction box as close as possible to the PV gen-
erator. For generator voltages up to 1000 V d.c., a
DEHNguard PV 500 SCP type of surge protective
device is installed here between plus and minus to
earth. In this case surge protective devices Type 2
are sufficient because the PV modules are within
the protective area of the external lightning pro-
tection.
In practice, it is a proven method to use surge pro-
tective devices with floating contacts to indicate
the operating state of the thermal disconnection
device. Thus, the intervals between the regular on-
site inspections of the protection devices are
extended.
The surge protective devices in the generator junc-
tion boxes assume the protection for the PV mod-
ules locally and ensure that no sparkovers caused
by conducted or field-related interferences come
up at the PV modules.
Note
The surge protection of so-called thin-film module
applications possibly requires separate considera-
tion.
Surge protective measures for data processing
systems
The operation building provides a remote diagnos-
tics system, which is used for a simple and quick
function check of the PV systems. This allows the
operator to recognise and remedy malfunctions in
good time. The remote supervisory control system
provides the performance data of the PV genera-
tor constantly in order to optimise the output of
the PV system.
As shown in Figure 9.18.2.3, measurements of
wind velocity, module temperature and ambient
temperature are performed via external sensors at
the PV system. These measurements can be read
directly from the acquisition unit. The data acquisi-
tion unit provides interfaces like RS 232 or RS 485,
which a PC and/ or modems are connected to for
remote enquiry and maintenance. Thus, the ser-
vice engineers can determine the cause of a mal-
function by telediagnosis and then directly elimi-
nate it. The modem in Figure 9.18.2.3 is connected
to the network termination unit (NTBA) of an ISDN
basic access.
The measuring sensors for wind velocity and mod-
ule temperature are also installed in the zone pro-
tected against lightning strikes like the PV mod-
ules. Thus, no lightning currents come up in the
measuring leads, but probably conducted tran-
sient surges resulting from induction effects in the
event of lightning strikes into the isolated air-ter-
mination system.
In order to provide a reliable trouble-free and con-
tinuous transmission of the measured data to the
measuring unit, it is necessary, to lead the sensor
cables entering the building via surge protective
devices (Table 9.18.2.2). When choosing the pro-
tective devices, it has to be ensured that the meas-
urements cannot be impaired. The forwarding of
the measured data via the telecommunication net-
work per ISDN modem must be provided as well, in
order to provide a continuous control and optimi-
sation of the performance of the installation. For
this purpose, the U
k0
interface upstream of the
NTBA which the ISDN modem is connected to, is
protected by a surge protective adapter. This
adapter ensures additional protection for the
230 V power supply of the NTBA.
Standards, guidelines, regulations
BGBl. Nr. 70 vom 27. Spetember 2002 (S. 3777)
[engl.: German Civil Code No. 70 dated 27 Sep-
tember 2002 (p. 3777) Regulation for the simplifi-
cation of law in the range of safety and health
protection concerning the provision of work
equipment and its use, the safe operation of
monitoring requiring systems and the organisa-
tion of the occupational health and safety equip-
ment regulations (Classification as per German
Health and Safety at Work Regulations
(BetrSichV)]
BGR 104 Explosionsschutz-Regeln Ex-RL
12/2002
[engl.: Employers Liability Insurance Association
Regulations 104 Explosion protection regula-
tions Ex-RL 12/2002 Regulations to avoid the
hazards of explosive atmosphere]
DIN 4131: 2007-04
German standard
Title (German): Antennentragwerke aus Stahl
Title (English): Steel radio towers and masts
DIN 18014: 2007-09
German standard
Title (German): Fundamenterder
Title (English): Foundation earth electrode
General planning criteria
DIN 18384: 2000-12
German standard
Title (German): Blitzschutzanlagen
Title (English): Lightning protection systems
DIN 48805: 1989-08
German standard
Title (German): Blitzschutzanlage; Stangenhalter
Title (English): Lightning protection system; rod
holders
DIN 48820: 1967-01
German standard
Title (German): Sinnbilder fr Blitzschutzbauteile
in Zeichnungen
Title (English): Symbols for building parts for
lightning protection drawings
DIN 48828: 1989-08
German standard
Title (German): Blitzschutzanlage; Leitungshalter
Title (English): Lightning protection system; con-
ductor holders
DIN EN 62305-2 Beiblatt 1: 2007-01
German standard
Title (German): Blitzschutz Teil 2: Risiko-Mana-
gement: Abschtzung des Schadensrisikos fr
bauliche Anlagen Beiblatt 1: Blitzgefhrdung in
Deutschland
Title (English): Protection against lightning
Part 2: Risk management: Assessment of risk for
structures Supplement 1: Lightning threat in
Germany
DIN EN 62305-2 Beiblatt 2: 2007-02
German standard
Title (German): Blitzschutz Teil 2: Risiko-Mana-
gement Beiblatt 2: Berechnungshilfe zur
Abschtzung des Schadensrisikos fr bauliche
Anlagen
Part 2: Risk management Supplement 2: Calcula-
tion assistance for assessment of risk for structures
DIN EN 62305-3 Beiblatt 1: 2007-01
German standard
Title (German): Blitzschutz Teil 3: Schutz von
baulichen Anlagen und Personen Beiblatt 1:
Zustzliche Informationen zur Anwendung der
DIN EN 62305-3 (VDE 0185-305-3)
Part 3: Physical damage to structures and life
hazard - Supplement 1: Additional information
for the application of DIN EN 62305-3
(VDE 0185-305-3)
DIN EN 62305-3 Beiblatt 2: 2007-01
German standard
Zustzliche Informationen fr besondere bauliche
Anlagen
Part 3: Physical damage to structurees and life
hazard Supplement 2: Additional information
for special structures
DIN EN 62305-3 Beiblatt 3: 2007-01
German standard
Zustzliche Informationen fr die Prfung und
Wartung von Blitzschutzsystemen
Literature
Part 3: Physical damage to structurees and life
hazard Supplement 3: Additional information
for the testing and maintenance of lightning pro-
tection systems
DIN VDE 0100-702 (VDE 0100-702): 2003-11
German standard
Title (German): Errichten von Niederspannungs-
anlagen - Anforderungen fr Betriebssttten,
Rume und Anlagen besonderer Art Teil 702:
Becken von Schwimmbdern und andere Becken
Title (English): Erection of low voltage installa-
tions Requirements for special installations or
locations Part 702: Swimming pools and other
basins
DIN VDE 0101 (VDE 0101): 2000-01
HD 637 S1: 1999
German standard
Starkstromanlagen mit Nennwechselspannungen
ber 1 kV
DIN VDE 0115-1 (VDE 0115-1): 2002-06
German standard
Bahnanwendungen Allgemeine Bau- und
Schutzbestimmungen Teil 1: Zustzliche
Anforderungen
Title (English): Railways applications General
construction and safety requirements Part 1:
Additional requirements
DIN VDE 0151 (VDE 0151): 1986-06
German standard
Werkstoffe und Mindestmae von Erdern
bezglich der Korrosion
Title (English): Material and minimum dimensions
of earth electrodes with respect to corrosion
DIN VDE 0618-1 (VDE 0618-1): 1989-08
German standard
Betriebsmittel fr den Potentialausgleich; Poten-
tialausgleichsschiene (PAS) fr den Hauptpoten-
tialausgleich
Title (English): Equipment for equipotential bond-
ing; equipotential busbar for main equipotential
bonding
DIN VDE 0800-1 (VDE 0800-1): 1989-05
German standard
Fernmeldetechnik
Allgemeine Begriffe, Anforderungen und Prfun-
gen fr die Sicherheit der Anlagen und Gerte
DIN VDE 0800-2 (VDE 0800-2): 1985-07
German standard
Fernmeldetechnik Teil 2: Erdung und Poten-
tialausgleich
DIN VDE 0800-10 (VDE 0800-10): 1991-03
German standard
Fernmeldetechnik Teil 10: bergangsfestlegun-
gen fr Errichtung und Betrieb der Anlagen
Title (English): Telecommunications Part 10:
Transitional requirements on erection and opera-
tion of installations
DIN VDE 0845 Beiblatt 1 (VDE 0845 Beiblatt 1):
2007-01
German standard
berspannungsschutz von Einrichtungen der
Informationstechnik (IT-Anlagen)
Title (English): Overvoltage protection of informa-
tion technology equipment (IT installations)
DIN VDE 0855-300 (VDE 0855-300): 2002-07
German standard
Funksende-/-empfangssysteme fr Senderaus-
gangsleistungen bis 1 kW Sicherheitsanforderun-
gen
Title (English): Transmitting/ receiving systems for
transmitter RF output power up to 1 kW Part
300: Safety requirements
EN 1127-1: 2005-03
Title (German): Expolsionsfhige Atmosphren
Explosionsschutz Teil 1: Grundlagen und
Methodik; Deutsche Fassung prEN 1127-1: 2004
Title (English): Explosive atmospheres Explosion
prevention and protection Part 1: Basic concepts
and methodology; German version prEN 1127-1:
2004
EN 1434-3: 1997-04
Title (German): Wrmezhler Teil 3: Datenaus-
tausch und Schnittstellen; Deutsche Fassung
EN 1434-3: 1997
Title (English): Heat meters Part 3: Data
exchange and interfaces; German version
EN 1434-3: 1997
EN 50162 (VDE 0150): 2005-05
Title (German): Schutz gegen Korrosion durch
Streustrme aus Gleichstromanlagen; Deutsche
Fassung: EN 50162: 2004
Title (English): Protection against corrosion by
stray current from direct current systems; German
version: EN 50162: 2004
EN 50164-1: 1999
Lightning Protection Components (LPC) Part 1:
Requirements for connection components
EN 50164-2: 2002
Lightning protection components (LPC) Part 2:
Requirements for conductors and earth electro-
des
EN 50164-3: 2006
Lightning Protection Components (LPC) Part 3:
Requirements for isolating spark gaps
EN 50174-2 (VDE 0800-174-2): 2001-09
Information technology Cabling installation
Part 2: Installation planning and practices inside
buildings
EN 50308 (VDE 0127-100): 2005-03
Wind turbines Protective measures Require-
ments for design, operation and maintenance
EN 50310 (VDE 0800-2-310): 2006-03
Application of equipotential bonding and earth-
ing in buildings with information technology
equipment
EN 61643-11: 2007-08
Surge protective devices connected to low-volt-
age power systems Requirements and tests
Gerte- und Produktsicherheitsgesetz GPSG,
Stand 060104
[engl.: German Code on Equipment and Product
Safety (Equipment Reliability and Consumer Prod-
uct Safety Act), State 2004-01-06]
Germanischer Lloyd
Rules and regulations, Chapter IV: Non-maritime
technology; Section 1: Regulations on the certifi-
cation of wind turbines
IEC 64/1168/CDV: 200-01
Erection of low voltage installations Part 5:
Selection and erection of electrical equipment;
Chapter 53: Switchgear and controlgear; Section
534: Devices for protection against overvoltages;
Amendment A2
IEC 60050-826: 2004-08, modified
International electrotechnical vocabulary
Part 826: Electrical installations
IEC 60060-1: 1989-11 + Corrigendum 1: 1992-03
High voltage test techniques Part 1: General
definitions and test requirements
IEC 60079-0: 2004-01
EN 60079-0: 2004-03
Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres
Part 0: General requirements
IEC 60079-11: 2004-12
Electrical apparatus for potentially explosive
atmospheres Intrinsic safety i
IEC 60079-14: 2002-10
Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres
Part 14: Electrical installations in hazardous
areas (other than mines)
IEC 60099-4: 2006-07
EN 60099-4: 2007-04
Surge arresters Part 4: Metal-oxide surge
arresters without spark gaps for a.c. systems
IEC 60364-4-41: 2005-12
HD 60364-4-41: 2007
Low-voltage electrical installations Part 4-41:
Protection for safety Protection against electric
shock
IEC 60364-5-54: 2002-06
Electrical installations of buildings Part 5-54:
Earthing arrangements, protective conductors
and protective bonding conductors
IEC 60364-5-548: 1996-02
Electrical installatin of buildings Part 5: Selection
and erection of electrical equipment Section 548:
Earthing arrangements and equipotential bond-
ing for information technology installations
IEC 60364-6: 2006-02
Low-voltage electrical installations Part 6: Verifi-
cation
IEC 60364-7-71: 2006-02
Requirements for special installations or locations
Locations containing a bath or shower
IEC 60364-7-705: 2006-07
Agricultural and horticultural premises
IEC 60364-7-712: 2002-05
Solar photovoltaic (PV) power supply systems
IEC 60664-1: 2007-04
Insulation coordination for equipment within
low-voltage systems Part 1: Principles, require-
ments and tests
IEC 60728-11: 2005-01
Cable networks for television signals, sound sig-
nals and interactive services Part 11: Safety
IEC 60950-1: 2005-12
Information technolgy equipment Safety
IEC 60950-1: 2006-08 Corrigendum 1
Information technology equipment Safety
IEC 61000-4-3: 2006-02
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) Part 4-3:
Testing and measurement techniques Radiated,
radio-frequency, electromagnetic field immunity
test
IEC 61000-4-5: 2005-11
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) Part 4-5:
Testing and measurement techniques; Surge
immunity test
IEC 61158-2: 2003-05
Digital data communications for measurement
and control Fieldbus for use in industrial control
systems Part 2: Physical layer specification and
service definition
IEC 61158-2: 2004-07 Corrigendum 1
Corrigendum 1 Digital data communications for
measurement and control Fieldbus for use in
industrial control systems Part 2: Physical layer
specification and service definition
IEC 61241-17: 2005-01
Electrical apparatus for use in the presence of
combustible dust Part 17: Inspection and main-
tenance of electrical installations in hazardous
areas (other than mines)
IEC 61400-1: 2007-03
Wind turbines Part 1: Design requirements
IEC 61400-2: 2006-03
Wind turbines Part 2: Design requirements for
small wind turbines
IEC 61400-24: 2002-07
Wind turbine generator systems Part 24: Light-
ning protection
IEC 61643-1: 2005-03
Surge protective devices connected to low-volt-
age power distribution systems Requirements
and tests
IEC 61643-21: 2000-09
Surge protective devices connected to telecom-
munications and signalling networks Perfor-
mance requirements and testing methods
IEC 61643-21: 2001-03 Corrrigendum 1
munications and signalling networks Perfor-
mance requirements and testing methods
IEC 61643-22: 2004-11
munications and signalling networks Selection
and application principles
IEC 61663-1: 1999 + Corrigendum 1999
EN 61663-1 (VDE 0845-4-1): 2000-07
Lightning protection Telecommunication lines
Part 1: Fibre optic installation
IEC 61663-2: 2001
EN 61663-2 (VDE 0845-4-2): 2002-07
Lightning protection Telecommunication lines
Part 2: Lines using metallic conductors
IEC 62305-1: 2006-01
EN 62305-1: 2006-10
Protection against lightning Part 1: General
principles
IEC 62305-2: 2006-01
EN 62305-2: 2006-10
Protection against lightning Part 2: Risk man-
agement
IEC 62305-3: 2006-01
EN 62305-3: 2006-10
Protection against lightning Part 3: Physical
damage to structures and life hazard
IEC 62305-4: 2006-01
EN 62305-4: 2006-10
Protection against lightning Part 4: Electrical
and electronic systems within structures
IEC 64364-5-53: 2002-06
Isolation, switching and control
VDN-Richtlinie 2004-08
[engl.:] Association of German Network Operators
Directive 2004-08: Surge protective installations
Type 1. Directive on the use of surge protective
installations Type 1 (hitherto requirement class B)
in main current supply systems; 2nd edition;
VWEW Energieverlag GmbH, Frankfurt
VdS Richtlinie 2031: 2005-10
[engl.:] VdS Directive 2031: 2005-10: Lightning
and surge protection in electrical systems. Guide-
lines for damage prevention;VdS Cologne
Books
Hasse, P.; Wiesinger, J.
Handbuch fr Blitzschutz und Erdung; 4. Auflage,
1993; Pflaum Verlag Mnchen/ VDE Verlag GmbH
Berlin Offenbach
Hasse, P.
Overvoltage protection of low-voltage systems
Rev. Ed. (IEE power engineering series; no. 33);
2nd Edition, 2000; The Institution of Electrical
Engineers
Mller, K.P.
Wirksamkeit von Gitterschirmen, zum Beispiel
Baustahlgewebematten, zur Dmpfung des elek-
tromagnetischen Feldes; 2. VDE/ABB-Blitzschutz-
tagung, 6./7.11.1997; Neu-Ulm: Neue Blitzschutz-
normen in der Praxis; VDE Verlag GmbH Berlin
Offenbach
Raab, V.
berspannungsschutz von Verbraucheranlagen
Auswahl, Errichtung, Prfung; 2. Auflage, 2003;
Verlag Technik, Berlin
Wetzel, G.R.; Mller, K.P.
EMV-Blitzschutz; 1. VDE/ABB-Blitzschutztagung,
29.02/01.03.1996; Kassel: Blitzschutz fr Gebude
und elektrische Anlagen; VDE Verlag GmbH,
Berlin Offenbach
Overmhle, K.
Nutzung regenerativer Energien Kurzanalyse
des Marktes fr Windkraftprojektierer in Deutsch-
land; Update 2002
Brosch, P. F.
Band 36: Frequenzumrichter; 4. Auflage, 2000;
Verlag Moderne Industrie
VDE-Schriftenreihe
Schutz von IT-Anlagen gegen berspannungen;
Band 119, 2006; VDE Verlag GmbH, Berlin
Offenbach
Rudolph, W.; Winter, O.
EMV nach VDE 0100; EMV fr elektrische Anlagen
von Gebuden: Erdung und und Potentialaus-
gleich nach EN 50130,TN-, TT- und IT-Systeme, Ver-
meidung von Induktionsschleifen, Schirmung,
Lokale Netze; 3. Auflage, 2000; VDE-Schriften-
reihe, Band 66; VDE Verlag GmbH Berlin Offen-
bach
Wettingfeld, K.
Explosionsschutz nach DIN VDE 0165 und
Betriebssicherheitsverordnung; 3. Auflage, 2005;
VDE-Schriftenreihe Band 65; VDE Verlag GmbH
Berlin Offenbach
Scripts
BLIDS Blitz-Informationsdienstleistung
Siemens AG, ATD IT PS KHE, Siemensallee 84,
Karlsruhe
VDE-Info 12
Blitzkugelverfahren Untersuchung von blitzein-
schlaggefhrdeten Bereichen am Beispiel des
Aachener Doms; 1. Auflage, 1998
V. Kopecky
Erfahrungen in der Prfung von inneren Blitz-
schutzanlagen; Elektropraktiker-Online;
www.elektropraktiker.de
LonWorks
Installationshandbuch; LON Nutzer Organisation
e. V. (LNO); 11/2000
MIL-STD-285: 1956-25 June: Military Standard
Attenuation Measurements for enclosures, elec-
tromagnetic Shielding, for electronic Test purpos-
es, method of United States Government; 1956;
Printing Office, Washington
Dipl.-Chem. Dr. Jrgen Kulka
Die Betriebssicherheitsverordnung eine Umset-
zungshilfe; 2. Aktualisierte Auflage, Mrz 2005;
Staatliches Amt fr Arbeitsschutz Essen, Zentrum
fr Umwelt und Energie der Handwerkskammer
Dsseldorf, Niederrheinische Industrie- und Han-
delskammer Duisburg/ Wesel / Kleve
Thern, Stephan
Jhrliche und regionale Blitzdichteverteilung in
Deutschland; 4. VDE/ ABB-Blitzschutztagung am
8. und 9. November 2001 in Neu-Ulm; VDE-Fach-
bericht 58, S. 9 17; VDE Verlag GmbH, Berlin
Offenbach
DEHN-Software
DEHNsupport
Planning software for lightning protection
systems
DEHN + SHNE Brochures
Lightning Protection EB
Main catalogue EB
DEHNcondutor System CUI Conductor
DEHNiso-Distance Holder: The Modular Lightning Protection System
Surge Protection UE
Main catalogue UE
DEHN protects Wind Turbines
DEHN protects Cell Sites
Safety for Sewage Plants
DEHN protects Photovoltaic Systems
DEHN protects the Oil and Gas Industry
DEHN protects Medium Voltage Systems
Is your surge arrester capable of thinking?
DEHN protects Antenna Feeders
Innovative Products for Industrial Applications
BLITZDUCTOR CT with LifeCheck
DEHNprotects Biogas Plants
LSA with Lightning Current Carrying Capacity
Yellow/Line Easy choice surge protection
DEHN stops Surges
Coordinated Surge Protection
Surge Protection Easy choice
Practical Surge Protection in Line with Standardisation
Lightning and Surge Protection for Telecommunications and Signalling Networks
Safety Equipment EK
Main catalogue EK
DEHN Safety Equipment Success needs Safety
Further Brochures
DEHN tests and analyses
DEHN protects
Digital Video (DVD)
DEHNtour
DS 427 E
DS 139 E
DS 111 E
DS 570 E
DS 103
DS 104
DS 107 E
DS 109
DS 122
DS 125 E
DS 136 E
DS 137
DS 142 E
DS 143 E
DS 144
DS 145 E
DS 150
DS 614 E
DS 641 E
DS 649 E
SD 61 E
SD 63 E
DS 396 E
DS 695 E
DS 113
DS 509
DS 707
Acceptance inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
Additional inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
ADSL connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282
Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .255
Air-termination masts isolated from the
building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87
Air-termination masts spanned with cables . . . .87
Air-termination rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
Air-termination rod with distance holder . . . . . .71
Air-termination system for green and flat
roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
Air-termination system for steeples and
churches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
Air-termination system for structures with
thatched roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
Air-termination systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
Air-termination systems for buildings with
gable roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
Air-termination systems for wind turbines . . . . .75
Air-termination systems on metal roofs . . . . . . .62
Amplitudes of test currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171
Angled support for air-termination rods . . . . . .72
Anode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127
Antenna installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60, 93, 152
Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250
Anticorrosion measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133
Anticorrosive band . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98, 125, 133
Assembly dimensions for air-termination and
down-conductor systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97
Backup protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201
Bare copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
Base insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
Biogas plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .234
Black tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122
BLITZDUCTOR CT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175, 206
BLITZDUCTOR XT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221
Building regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
Burglar alarm systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .264
Cable duct systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226
Cable networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250
Cable shields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162
Cabling between buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .268
Calculating of L
0
and C
0
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220
Calculation h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
Cathode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127
Cell site installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87, 90
Characteristics of lightning current . . . . . . . . . . .14
Charge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16, 20
Chimneys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
Choice of lightning protection measures . . . . . .39
Classification in explosion groups . . . . . . . . . . .220
Classification into temperature classes . . . . . . .220
Classification of electrical equipment . . . . . . . .220
Cloud-to-cloud flash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Cloud-to-earth flash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15, 16
Combination of earth electrodes . . . . . . . . . . .111
Combination of flat strip earth electrodes
and earth rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114
Combined lightning current and surge
arrester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173
Common-mode interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211
Compact installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171
Competent person . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
Components for external lightning protection
of a residential building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
Components for thatched roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . .66
Concentration cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130
Condition of the earth-termination system . . . .43
Conductivity of the connections . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Conductor holder for ridge tiles . . . . . . . . . . . .102
Conductor holders for flat roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . .62
Cone-shaped protection zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
Connecting cable on the earth side . . . . . . . . .201
Control earth electrode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106, 143
Control systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214
Coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182
Copper sulphate electrode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128
Corrosion . . . . . . . .70, 115, 118, 125, 127, 128, 130
Corrosion cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128
Corrosion of earth electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127
Corrosion protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98, 127
Corrosive waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133
Courtyards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87
CUI conductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144
Current splitting coefficient K
c
. . . . . . . . . . . . .135
Cut-off frequency f
G
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209
Index
Damage factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
Damage probabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Data transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .283
Data transmission rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211
Deflection of the air-termination rod . . . . . . . . .80
DEHNbloc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176
DEHNflex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174
DEHNgrip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102
DEHNguard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175, 176
DEHNsnap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102
DEHNventil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172, 176, 205
Differential-mode interference . . . . . . . . . . . . .211
Dimensions for an external lightning pro-
tection system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97
Dimensions for ring earth electrodes . . . . . . . . .98
Discharge capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209
Disconnection selectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205
Distance between down conductors . . . . . . . . . .82
Down conductor installed along a downpipe . .86
Down-conductor system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81, 92
Down-conductor systems for courtyards . . . . . . .86
Downward flash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
Earth connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167
Earth connection of a metal facade . . . . . . . . . .85
Earth electrode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
Earth electrode materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
Earth electrode resistance . . . . .106, 107, 109, 115
Earth electrode Type A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116, 125
Earth electrode Type B . . . . . . . . . . . .117, 118, 124
Earth electrodes for structures with black
tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123
Earth electrodes in rocky ground . . . . . . . . . . .125
Earth entries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133
Earth potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106, 110, 112
Earth rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106, 111, 114, 125
Earth rods connected in parallel . . . . . . . . . . . .113
Earth-termination system . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105, 116
Earth-termination system for equipotential
bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148
Earth-to-cloud flash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15, 16
Earthing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223
Earthing concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .239
Earthing conductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
Economic efficiency of protective measures . . . .39
Economic losses of protective measures . . . . . . .39
Effect of the corrosion current . . . . . . . . . . . . .130
Electrical isolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135
Electrical isolation using optocouplers . . . . . . .215
Electrical temperature control system . . . . . . . .212
Electrochemical corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127
Electrode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127
Electrolyte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127
Electromagnetic field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158
Electromagnetic shield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159
Electropotential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128
Energy coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171, 175, 182
Entrance to the building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151
Equalising currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168
Equipotential bonding . . . . . . . .107, 116, 147, 223
Equipotential bonding bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149
Equipotential bonding conductors . . . . . . . . . .148
Equipotential bonding for information tech-
nology installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151
Equipotential bonding for low voltage con-
sumers installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151
Equipotential bonding for metal installations .147
Equipotential bonding network . . . .160, 164, 166
Equipotential surface of the foundation earth
electrode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136
Equivalent interception areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
Equivalents for SPD classifications . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Ethernet networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .271
Expert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
Explosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204
Explosion groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220
Explosive areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .285
Extension of LPZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164
External lightning protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
External lightning protection of a residential
building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
External lightning protection system for wind
turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
External zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155
Fast Ethernet networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .271
FEM-calculation model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
Fermenter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235, 238
Fibre concrete foundation slabs . . . . . . . . . . . .123
Fibre optic installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153
Field devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242
Final striking distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
Fire alarm systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .264
Fixed earthing points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160
Flat tiles or slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
Flat-roofed structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
Follow current extinguishing capability U
c
(I
fi
) .181
Follow current limiting (for spark-gap based
SPDs Type 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182
Foundation earth electrode . . . . . . . .106, 113, 118
Foundation earth electrode with terminal lug .118
Foundation earth electrodes for structures
with white tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122
Fracture resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
Fracture resistance of self-supporting air-ter-
mination rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
Frequency converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227
Frequency of lightning strikes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Galvanised steel connecting cables . . . . . . . . .133
Galvanised steel mats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160
General Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
Generic cabling systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216
Geometric-electrical mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
Grooved pantiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
Grooved tiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
Hazard alert systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .264
Hazardous areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218, 286
Hedgehog roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
Height of an air-termination rod . . . . . . . . . . . .52
Hot-dip galvanised steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
HVI conductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87, 92
Impulse earth resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106, 113
Induced surges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174
Induction factor K
i
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135
Inductive coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145
Influence of lightning on IT cabling sub-
systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218
Information technology installations 170, 172, 175
Information technology system . . . . . . . . . . . . .206
Input circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211
Inspection and maintenance of the LEMP
protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179
Inspection of a lightning protection system . . . .41
Inspection of the design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
Inspection report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
Inspections during the construction phase . . . . .42
Installation of down-conductor systems . . . . . . .83
Installation standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Installations above the roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
Insulation resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222
Integrated decoupling elements . . . . . . . . . . . .212
Interactive services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250
Interferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211
Intermeshed earth-termination system . . . . . . .239
Intermeshing of earth-termination systems . . .125
Internal down-conductor systems . . . . . . . . . . . .87
Internal lightning protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
Internal zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156
Intrinsically safe circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218, 285
Intrinsically safe SPD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221
Inverters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .299
ISDN access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282
Isolated air-termination systems . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
Isolated and non-isolated air-termination
systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
Isolated down-conductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
Isolated external lightning protection system . .87
Isolating spark gaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133, 148
IT cabling subsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218
IT installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176
IT system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184, 192
Kinds of interferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211
KNX systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .268
Lattice shield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158
Leader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Legal regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
LEMP protection management . . . . . . . . . . . . .156
LEMP risk levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155
Lengths of the connecting leads for SPDs . . . . .197
Lightning current arrester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172
Lightning current parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
Lightning discharge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Lightning equipotential bonding . . . . . . . . . . .170
Lightning impulse current carrying capability .169
Lightning impulse current I
imp
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .181
Lightning protection earthing . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
Lightning protection for metal roofs . . . . . . . . .63
Lightning protection level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22, 47
Lightning protection mast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
Lightning protection system . . . . .24, 46, 155, 246
Lightning protection zone . . . . . . . . . . . . .155, 230
Lightning protection zones
concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155, 244, 285, 292
Limit values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
Limiting voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208
Location of the lightning discharge . . . . . . . . . .14
Long strike . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83
Loss factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
LPZ 0
A
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155
LPZ 0
B
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155
LPZ 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156
LPZ 2 ... n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156
M-Bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .273
Magnetic field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158
Magnetic shield attenuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158
Main equipotential bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147
Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
Maintenance of the lightning protection
system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
Material combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
Material combinations of earth-termination
systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133
Material factor K
m
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135
Material, configuration and min. cross sections
of air-termination conductors, air-termination
rods and down conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96
Material, configuration and min. dimensions
of earth electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134
Max. temperature rise T in K of different
conductor materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
Maximum continuous operating voltage . . . . .211
Maximum continuous voltage U
c
. . . . . . . . . . .181
Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Measuring points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
Measuring systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214
Melting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204
Melting through . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62
Mesh method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53, 60
Mesh-shape arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166
Meshed arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166
Meshed equipotential bonding network . . . . .160
Metal installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166, 171, 173
Metal roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
Metal roof with round standing seam . . . . . . . .64
Metal structures mounted on the roof without
conductive connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
Metal subconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
Min. thickness of metal plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
Mobile radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .295
Natural components of a down-conductor
system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
Natural components of air-termination systems 58
Natural earth electrode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
No melting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204
Nominal current I
L
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209
Nominal discharge current I
n
. . . . . . . . . . .181, 209
Non-isolated lightning protection system . . . . .82
Non-reinforced concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
Non-reinforced foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
NTBA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282
NTPM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282
Number of down conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
On-site inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Operating current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211
Optoelectronic components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215
Outdoor lighting systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .230
Overlapped constructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
Parabolic antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
Parallel connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197
Peak value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Perimeter insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
Phase-side connecting cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200
Photovoltaic systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .298
Points threatened by corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
Position fixing element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62
Position fixing for the air-termination con-
ductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62
Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128
Potential control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106, 142
Potential gradient area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Potential of the earths surface . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
Potential rise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Potential values and corrosion rates of
common metal materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129
Power feed-in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .239
Power supply installations . . . . . . . . .167, 171, 174
Power supply system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180
Primary rate multiplex access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .283
Probabilities of damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Product standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
PROFIBUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .278
Protected zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
Protection against electric shock under fault
conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183
Protection against electric shock under
normal conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182
Protection against life hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . .182
Protection circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211
Protection from rain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
Protection level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212
Protection of terminal devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180
Protection of the data and telephone lines . . .272
Protective angle method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53, 56
Protective area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
Protective equipotential bonding . . . . . . . . . . .147
Protective equipotential bonding conductors .148
Public address systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262
Qualification of the inspectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
Radio transmitter/ receiver stations . . . . . . . . .295
Radio transmitting technology . . . . . . . . . . . . .295
Radius of the rolling sphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
Rating of the terminal cross-sections . . . . . . . .201
Reference earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
Reference electrode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128
Reference potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128
Reinforced concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
Remote monitoring system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241
Repeat inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
Ridge and hip tiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102
Ring distances and depths of the potential
control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143
Ring earth electrode . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106, 114, 143
Ring equipotential bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173
Ring equipotential bonding bar . . . . . . . . . . . .165
Risk assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
Risk components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
Risk management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
Rolling sphere method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
Roof conductor holder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
Roof conductor holders on flat roofs . . . . . . . . .60
Roof with standing seam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
Roof-mounted structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92
Roof-mounted structures made of electrically
non-conductive material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
Sag of the rolling sphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
Seasonal fluctuations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108
Selection criteria for SPD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221
Selection features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209
Self-supporting air-termination rods . . . . . . . . .76
Separation distance 56, 60, 65, 89, 95, 98, 135, 138
Sequence of lightning current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Series connection (V-shape) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Sewage plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244
Shield connection system capable of carrying
lightning currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153
Shield earthing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162
Shielded cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164
Shielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225, 292
Shielding effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158
Shielding factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159
Shielding measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168
Short strike . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
Short-circuit withstand capability . . . . . . . . . . .181
Signal frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211
Signal transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212, 262
Slate roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
Solar power plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .298, 304
Sound signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250
Sources of damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
SPD classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .206
SPD Type 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12, 181
SPD Type 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12, 181
SPD Type 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12, 181
Specific earth resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106, 108
Specific energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16, 21
SPS Protector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175
Stabling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .257
Stages of protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212
Stainless steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
Star-shape arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166
Star-type earth electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111
Steel mats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160
Steel reinforcement of concrete foundations .133
Steel tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .238
Steel with copper sheath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
Steepness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16, 19, 208
Step voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106, 140, 230
Straight surface earth electrode . . . . . . . . . . . .110
Stress caused by wind loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77
Strip foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120
Supplementary equipotential bonding . . .147, 150
Supplementary protective equipotential
bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147
Surface earth electrode . . . . . . . . . . .106, 114, 115
Surge protection for electrical temperature
control systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212
Surge protective devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180
Technical characteristics of SPDs . . . . . . . . . . . .181
Technical documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
Technical property management . . . . . . . . . . . .215
Telecommunication accesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282
Telecommunication lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153
Temperature classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220
Temperature-dependent changes in length
of air-termination and down conductors . . . . . .98
Terminal cross-section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201
Terminal lug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118
Terminals for equipotential bonding . . . . . . . .149
Test voltage waveform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208
Thatched roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
Tilt resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78
TN system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183, 184
TN-C system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183
TN-C-S system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183
TN-S system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183
Tolerable risk of lightning damage . . . . . . . . . . .39
Touch voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106, 140, 144, 230
TOV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182
Trafficable roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
Transient surges in hazardous areas . . . . . . . . .219
Tripod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
TT system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183, 185
TV signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250
Two-conductor terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197
Type designation of the protective modules . .207
Types of inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
Types of loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
Underground terminals and connections . . . .133
Upward flash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15, 16
Use of SPDs in various systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182
V-shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197
Vaporisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62
Video surveillance systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259
Visual inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
p
. . . . . . . . . . . .181, 208
Voltaic cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128
Walkable roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
White tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122
Wind contact surface of the air-termination
rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78
Wind contact surface of the bracing . . . . . . . . . .78
Wind load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
Wind turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .291
Work contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Aerial photo of DEHN + SHNE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Fig. 2.1.1 Downward flash (cloud-to-earth flash) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Fig. 2.1.2 Discharge mechanism of a negative downward flash
(cloud-to-earth flash) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Fig. 2.1.3 Discharge mechanism of a positive downward flash
(cloud-to-earth flash) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Fig. 2.1.4 Upward flash (earth-to-cloud flash) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Fig. 2.1.5 Discharge mechanism of a negative upward flash
(earth-to-cloud flash) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
Fig. 2.1.6 Discharge mechanism of a positive upward flash
(earth-to-cloud flash) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
Fig. 2.1.7 Possible components of downward flashes . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
Fig. 2.1.8 Possible components of upward flashes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
Fig. 2.2.1 Potential distribution of a lightning strike into homo-
genous soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Fig. 2.2.2 Animals killed by shock current due to hazardous step
voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Fig. 2.2.3 Potential rise of the earth-termination system of a build-
ing compared to the remote earth due to the peak value
of the lightning current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Fig. 2.2.4 Threat to electrical installations by potential rise at the
earth-termination system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Fig. 2.3.1 Induced square-wave voltage in loops via the current
steepness i/t of the lightning current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Fig. 2.3.2 Example for calculation of induced square-wave voltages
in squared loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
Fig. 2.4.1 Energy deposited at the point of strike by the load of the
lightning current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
Fig. 2.4.2 Effect of an impulse current arc on a metal surface . . . . . . .21
Fig. 2.4.3 Plates perforated by the effects of long-time arcs . . . . . . . .21
Fig. 2.5.1 Heating and force effects by the specific energy of light-
ning current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
Fig. 2.5.2 Electrodynamic effect between parallel conductors . . . . . . .22
Fig. 3.2.3.1 Lightning density in Germany (average of 1999 2005) . . .30
Fig. 3.2.3.2 Equivalent interception area A
d
for direct lightning
strikes into a stand-alone structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
Fig. 3.2.3.3 Equivalent interception areas A
d
, A
l
, A
a
for direct lightning
strikes into structures/ supply lines and A
m
, A
i
for indirect
lightning strikes near the structures/ supply lines . . . . . . . . .32
Fig. 3.2.9.1 Flow chart for selection of protective measures for the
types of loss L1 ... L3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
Fig. 3.2.10.1 Basic procedure in case of a purely economic consider-
ation and calculation of the yearly costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
Fig. 3.2.10.2 Flow chart for the choice of protective measures in case
of economic losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
Fig. 4.1 Components of a lightning protection system . . . . . . . . . . .46
Fig. 4.2 Lightning protection system (LPS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
Fig. 5.1.1 Method for designing of air-termination systems for high
buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
Fig. 5.1.1.1 Starting upward leader defining the point of strike . . . . . . .49
Fig. 5.1.1.2 Model of a rolling sphere; Ref: Prof. Dr. A. Kern, Aachen . . . .49
Fig. 5.1.1.3 Schematic application of the rolling sphere method at
a building with considerably structured surface . . . . . . . . . .50
Fig. 5.1.1.4 Construction of a new administration building: Model
with rolling sphere acc. to lightning protection system
Type I, Ref.: WBG Wiesinger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
Fig. 5.1.1.5 Construction of a DAS administration building: Top view
(excerpt) on the zones threatened by lightning strikes for
lightning protection system Class I, Ref.: WBG Wiesinger . . .51
Fig. 5.1.1.6 Aachen Cathedral: Model with environment and rolling
spheres for lightning protection systems Class II and III,
Ref.: Prof. Dr. A. Kern, Aachen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
Fig. 5.1.1.7 Penetration depth p of the rolling sphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
Fig. 5.1.1.8 Air-termination system for installations mounted on the
roof with their protective area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
Fig. 5.1.1.9 Calculation h for several air-termination rods according
to rolling sphere method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
Fig. 5.1.1.10 Meshed air-termination system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
Fig. 5.1.1.11 Protective angle and comparable radius of the rolling
sphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
Fig. 5.1.1.12 Protective angle as a function of height h depending on
the class of lightning protection system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
Fig. 5.1.1.13 Cone-shaped protection zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
Fig. 5.1.1.14 Example of air-termination systems with protective
angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
Fig. 5.1.1.15 Area protected by an air-termination conductor . . . . . . . . . .54
Fig. 5.1.1.16 External lightning protection system, volume protected
by a vertical air-termination rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
Fig. 5.1.1.17 Protection of small-sized installations on roofs against
direct lightning strikes by means of air-termination rods . . .56
Fig. 5.1.1.18 Gable roof with conductor holder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
Fig. 5.1.1.19 Flat roof with conductor holders: Protection of the dome-
lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
Fig. 5.1.1.20 Isolated external lightning protection system with two
separate air-termination masts according to the protective
angle method: Projection on a vertical area . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
Fig. 5.1.1.21 Isolated external lightning protection system, consisting
of two separate air-termination masts, connected by a
horizontal air-termination conductor: Projection on a
vertical surface via the two masts (vertical section) . . . . . . .57
Fig. 5.1.2.1 Air-termination system on a gable roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
Fig. 5.1.2.2 Height of a roof superstructure made of electrically non-
conductive material (e.g. PVC), h 0.5 m . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
Fig. 5.1.2.3 Additional air-termination system for ventilation pipes . . . .59
Fig. 5.1.2.4 Building with photovoltaic system, Ref.: Wettingfeld
Lightning Protection, Krefeld, Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
Fig. 5.1.2.5 Antenna with air-termination rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
Fig. 5.1.3.1 Air-termination system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
Fig. 5.1.3.2 Air-termination system on a flat roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
Fig. 5.1.3.3 Use of air-termination rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
Fig. 5.1.3.4 Bridged attic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
Fig. 5.1.3.5 Example how to protect a metal roof attic, if melting
through is unacceptable (front view) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
Fig. 5.1.3.6 Synthetic flat roof sheetings Roof conductor holder Type
KF/ KF2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62
Fig. 5.1.4.1 Types of metal roofs, e. g. roofs with round standing seam .63
Fig. 5.1.4.2 Example of damage: Metal plate cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
Fig. 5.1.4.3 Air-termination system on a metal roof Protection
against holing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
Fig. 5.1.4.4a Conductor holders for metal roofs Round standing seam .64
Fig. 5.1.4.4b Conductor holder for metal roofs Round standing seam . .64
Fig. 5.1.4.5 Model construction of a trapezoidal sheet roof, conductor
holder with clamping frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
Fig. 5.1.4.6 Model construction of a roof with standing seam . . . . . . . .64
Fig. 5.1.4.7 Air-termination rod for a domelight on a roof with round
standing seam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
Fig. 5.1.5.1 Air-termination system for buildings with thatched roofs . . .65
Figures and Tables
Fig. 5.1.5.2 Components for thatched roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66
Fig. 5.1.5.3 Thatched roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66
Fig. 5.1.5.4 Historical farmhouse with external lightning protection
(Ref. Photo: Hans Thormhlen GmbH & Co.KG) . . . . . . . . . .66
Fig. 5.1.5.5 Sectioning at the central building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
Fig. 5.1.5.6 Schematic diagram and diagram of the down conductor
installation at the rafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
Fig. 5.1.5.7 HVI conductor led through the cornice plank . . . . . . . . . . . .68
Fig. 5.1.6.1 Lightning protection for car park roofs Building pro-
tection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
Fig. 5.1.6.2 Lightning protection for car park roofs Building and life
protection IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3); Annex E . . . . . . . . . .69
Fig. 5.1.7.1 Green roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
Fig. 5.1.7.2 Air-termination system on a green roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
Fig. 5.1.7.3 Conductor leading on the covering layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
Fig. 5.1.8.1 Connection of roof-mounted structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
Fig. 5.1.8.2 Isolated air-termination system, protection provided by an
air-termination rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
Fig. 5.1.8.3 Air-termination rod with distance holder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
Fig. 5.1.8.4 Angled support for air-termination rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
Fig. 5.1.8.5 Supporting element for the air-termination rod . . . . . . . . . .72
Fig. 5.1.8.6 Isolated air-termination system for photovoltaic system . . .72
Fig. 5.1.8.7 Isolated air-termination system for roof-mounted struc-
tures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
Fig. 5.1.8.8 Additional protection in the transition area by anticorro-
sive band for underground application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
Fig. 5.1.8.9 Installation of a steel telescopic lightning protection mast .72
Fig. 5.1.8.10 Installed air-termination system; Ref.: Blitzschutz
Wettingfeld , Krefeld. Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
Fig. 5.1.8.11 Tripod support for self-supporting insulating pipes . . . . . . .73
Fig. 5.1.8.12 Isolated air-termination systems with DEHNiso-Combi . . . .73
Fig. 5.1.8.13 Detail picture of DEHNiso-Combi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
Fig. 5.1.8.14 Isolated air-termination system with DEHNiso-Combi . . . . .74
Fig. 5.1.9.1 Installing the down-conductor system at a steeple . . . . . . .74
Fig. 5.1.10.1 WT with integrated receptors in the rotor blades . . . . . . . . .75
Fig. 5.1.10.2 Lightning protection for wind speed indicators at WT . . . . .76
Fig. 5.1.11.1 Protection against direct lightning strikes by self-support-
ing air-termination rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
Fig. 5.1.11.2 Procedure for installation of air-termination systems
according to IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77
Fig. 5.1.11.3 Self-supporting air-termination rod with variable tripod . . .77
Fig. 5.1.11.4 Division of Germany into wind load zones and corres-
ponding values of dynamic pressure and max. wind speed
Ref.: DIN 4131:1991-11: Steel antenna frames, Berlin:
Beuth-Verlag, GmbH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78
Fig. 5.1.11.5 Comparison of bending moment courses at self-support-
ing air-termination rods with and without braces
(length = 8.5 m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
Fig. 5.1.11.6 FEM model of a self-supporting air-termination rod with-
out bracing (length = 8.5 m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
Fig. 5.1.11.7 FEM model of a self-supporting air-termination rod with
bracing (length = 8.5 m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
Fig. 5.2.2.1.1 Loop in the down conductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83
Fig. 5.2.2.1.2 Down-conductor system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
Fig. 5.2.2.1.3 Air-termination system with connection to the gutter . . . . .84
Fig. 5.2.2.1.4 Earthed downpipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
Fig. 5.2.2.2.1 Use of natural components new buildings made of
ready-mix concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
Fig. 5.2.2.2.2 Metal subconstruction, conductively bridged . . . . . . . . . . . .85
Fig. 5.2.2.2.3 Earth connection of a metal facade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
Fig. 5.2.2.2.4 Down conductor installed along a downpipe . . . . . . . . . . . .86
Fig. 5.2.2.3.1 Measuring point with number plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
Fig. 5.2.2.4.1 Air-termination system installed on large roofs Internal
down-conductor system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
Fig. 5.2.2.5.1 Down-conductor systems for courtyards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
Fig. 5.2.3.1 Air-termination masts isolated from the building . . . . . . . . .87
Fig. 5.2.3.2 Air-termination masts spanned with cables . . . . . . . . . . . . .87
Fig. 5.2.3.3 Air-termination masts spanned with cables with cross
connection (meshing) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87
Fig. 5.2.4.1 Isolated air-termination system with distance holder . . . . . .89
Fig. 5.2.4.2 Isolated air-termination system for cell sites Application
of DEHNconductor system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
Fig. 5.2.4.1.1 Basic development of a creeping discharge at an isolated
down conductor without special coating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90
Fig. 5.2.4.1.2 Components of HVI Conductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90
Fig. 5.2.4.1.3 HVI conductor I and components of the DEHNconductor
system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90
Fig. 5.2.4.2.1 Integration of a new 2G/3G antenna into the existing
lightning protection system by using the HVI conductor . . .91
Fig. 5.2.4.2.2a Insulating pipe within the antenna area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91
Fig. 5.2.4.2.2b Connection to the antenna frame structure for directing
potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91
Fig. 5.2.4.2.3a Fan with air-termination rod and spanned cable . . . . . . . . .92
Fig. 5.2.4.2.3b Air-termination rod, elevated ring conductor connected
to the isolated down-conductor system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92
Fig. 5.2.4.2.4 Keeping the required separation distance with voltage-
controlled isolated down conductor (HVI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92
Fig. 5.2.4.2.5 Air termination system with spanned cable and isolated
down-conductor system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92
Fig. 5.2.4.3.1 Total view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93
Fig. 5.2.4.3.2 Isolated air-termination system and isolated ring con-
ductor, Ref.: H. Bartels GmbH, Oldenburg, Germany . . . . . . .94
Fig. 5.2.4.3.3 Down conductor of isolated ring conductor . . . . . . . . . . . . .94
Fig. 5.2.4.3.4 Total view on a newly installed external lightning protec-
tion system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94
Fig. 5.2.4.4.1 Calculation of the required separation distance . . . . . . . . . .95
Fig. 5.4.1 Detail examples of an external lightning protection sys-
tem at a building with a sloped tiled roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97
Fig. 5.4.2 Air-termination rod for chimneys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97
Fig. 5.4.3 Application on a flat roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97
Fig. 5.4.4 Dimensions for ring earth electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
Fig. 5.4.5 Points threatened by corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
Fig. 5.4.1.1 Air-termination system Compensation of expansion
with bridging braid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99
Fig. 5.4.2.1a External lightning protection of a residential building . . . .100
Fig. 5.4.2.1b External lightning protection of an industrial structure . . .101
Fig. 5.4.2.2 DEHNsnap and DEHNgrip conductor holders . . . . . . . . . . .102
Fig. 5.4.3.1 Conductor holder with DEHNsnap for ridge tiles . . . . . . . .102
Fig. 5.4.3.2 SPANNsnap with plastic DEHNsnap conductor holder . . . .102
Fig. 5.4.3.3 FIRSTsnap for mounting on existing ridge clamp . . . . . . . .102
Fig. 5.4.3.4 UNIsnap roof conductor holder with preformed strut
Used on grooved pantiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
Used on smooth tiles, e.g. plain tiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
Used on slate roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
Fig. 5.4.3.7 Conductor holder for direct fitting on the seams . . . . . . . .104
Fig. 5.4.3.8 Roof conductor holder for hanging into the bottom seam
of pantile roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
Fig. 5.4.3.9 ZIEGELsnap, for fixing between flat tiles or plates . . . . . . .104
Fig. 5.4.3.10 PLATTENsnap roof conductor holder for overlapped con-
struction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
Fig. 5.5.1 Earth surface potential and voltages at a foundation
earth electrode FE and control earth electrode CE flown
through by currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
Fig. 5.5.2 Current distribution from the spherical earth electrode . . .107
A
of a spherical earth elec-
trode with 20 cm, 3 m deep, at
E
= 200 m as a
function of the distance x from the centre of the sphere . .107
E
of different ground types . . . .108
E
as a function of the seasons
without influencing of rainfall (burial depth of the earth
electrode < 1.5 m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108
Fig. 5.5.6 Determination of the specific earth resistance
E
with a
four-terminal measuring bridge acc. to the WENNER
method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108
A
as a function of length I
of the surface earth electrode at different specific earth
resistance
E
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
E
between supply conductor and earth
surface as a function of the distance from the earth elec-
trode, at an earth strip (8 m long) in different depths . . . .110
Fig. 5.5.9 Max. step voltage U
S
as a function of the burial depth
for a stretched earth strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
A
of earth rods as a function
of their length I at different specific earth resistances
E
. .111
A
of crossed surface earth
electrode (90 ) as a function of the burial depth . . . . . . . .112
E
between the supply conductor of the
earth electrode and earth surface of crossed surface earth
electrode (90 ) as a function of the distance from the
cross centre point (burial depth 0.5 m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
Fig. 5.5.13 Impulse earth resistance R
st
of single or multiple star-
type earth electrodes with equal length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113
Fig. 5.5.14 Reduction factor p for calculating the total earth elec-
trode resistance R
A
of earth rods connected in parallel . . .113
A
of surface and earth rods
as a function of the length of the earth electrode I . . . . . .115
Fig. 5.5.1.1 Minimum lengths of earth electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116
radius example calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117
radius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117
Fig. 5.5.2.1 Foundation earth electrode with terminal lug . . . . . . . . . .118
Fig. 5.5.2.2 Mesh of a foundation earth electrode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118
Fig. 5.5.2.3 Foundation earth electrode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
Fig. 5.5.2.4 Foundation earth electrode in use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
Fig. 5.5.2.5 Arrangement of a foundation earth electrode in a strip
foundation (insulated basement wall) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120
Fig. 5.5.2.6 Arrangement of a foundation earth electrode in a strip
foundation (insulated basement wall and foundation
slab) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120
Fig. 5.5.2.7 Arrangement of a foundation earth electrode in case of
a closed floor slab (fully insulated) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121
Fig. 5.5.2.8 Fixed earthing terminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121
Fig. 5.5.2.9 Arrangement of the foundation earth electrode in case
of a closed tank white tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122
Fig. 5.5.2.10 Arrangement of the earth electrode in case of a closed
tank black tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123
Fig. 5.5.3.1 Ring earth electrode around a residential building . . . . . . .124
Fig. 5.5.4.1 Couplings of DEHN earth rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124
Fig. 5.5.4.2 Driving the earth rod in with a work scaffolding and a
vibrating hammer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125
Fig. 5.5.6.1 Intermeshed earth-termination system of an industrial
facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126
Fig. 5.5.7.1.1 Application example of a non-polarisable measuring
electrode (copper / copper sulphate electrode) for tapping
a potential within the electrolyte (cross-sectional view) . . .128
Fig. 5.5.7.2.1 Galvanic cell: iron/ copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128
Fig. 5.5.7.2.2 Concentration cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128
Fig. 5.5.7.2.3 Concentration cell: Iron in soil / Iron in concrete . . . . . . . . .130
Fig. 5.5.7.2.4 Concentration cell: Galvanised steel in soil / steel (black)
in concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130
Fig. 5.6.1 Illustration Separation distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135
Fig. 5.6.2 Potential difference with increasing height . . . . . . . . . . . .136
Fig. 5.6.3 Air-termination mast with k
c
= 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136
Fig. 5.6.4 Flat roof with air-termination rod and ventilation outlet . .137
c
with two masts with overspanned
cable and an earth electrode Type B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137
c
for a gable roof with 2 down con-
ductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137
Fig. 5.6.7 Gable roof with 4 down conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138
c
in case of a meshed network of
air-termination conductors and an earthing Type B . . . . . .139
Fig. 5.6.9 Material factors of an air-termination rod on a flat roof . . .139
c
in case of an intermeshed net-
work of air-termination, ring conductors interconnecting
the down conductors and an earthing Type B . . . . . . . . . . .140
Fig. 5.7.1 Illustration of touch voltage and step voltage . . . . . . . . . .141
Fig. 5.7.2 Potential control Illustration and symbolic course of
the gradient area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142
Fig. 5.7.3 Possible potential control in entrance area of the building .143
Fig. 5.7.4 Potential control performance for a flood light or cell site
mast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143
Fig. 5.7.5 Connection control at the ring/ foundation earth elec-
trode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143
Fig. 5.7.1.1 Area to be protected for a person . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144
Fig. 5.7.1.2 Structure of the CUI conductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144
Fig. 5.7.1.3 Withstand voltage test under sprinkling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145
Fig. 5.7.1.4 CUI conductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145
Fig. 5.7.1.5 (a) Loop formed by conductor and person
(b) Mutual inductance M and induced voltage U
i
. . . . . . . .146
Fig. 6.1.1 Principle of lightning equipotential bonding consisting
of lightning and main equipotential bonding (in future:
protective equipotential bonding) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147
Fig. 6.1.2 K12 Equipotential bonding bar, Part No. 563 200 . . . . . . . .149
Fig. 6.1.3 Pipe earthing clamp, Part No. 408 014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150
Fig. 6.1.6 Equipotential bonding with straight-through connection . .150
Fig. 6.2.1 DEHNbloc NH lightning current arrester installed in a
busbar terminal field of a meter installation (refer to Fig.
6.2.2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151
Fig. 6.2.2 DEHNventil ZP combined arrester directly snapped on
the busbars in the terminal field of the meter cabinet . . . .151
Fig. 6.3.1 Lightning equipotential bonding with isolated air-termi-
nation system, type DEHNconductor, for professional an-
tenna systems according to IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3) . . .152
Fig. 6.3.2 Isolated construction of a lighning protection system at
a cell site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152
Fig. 6.3.3 SAK shield connection system capable of carrying light-
ning currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153
Fig. 6.3.4 Lightning equipotential bonding for connection of a tele-
communication device BLITZDUCTOR CT (application
permitted by Deutsche Telekom) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154
Fig. 6.3.5 DEHN equipotential bonding enclosures (DPG LSA) for
LSA-2/10 technology, capable to carry lightning current . .154
Fig. 7.1.1 Lightning protection zones concept according to IEC
62305-4 (EN 62305-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155
Fig. 7.1.2 Example for realisation of the lightning protection zones
concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156
Fig. 7.3.1 Reduction of the magnetic field by means of lattice
shields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158
Fig. 7.3.2 Magnetic field at a lightning strike (LEMP) IEC 62305-4
(EN 62305-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158
Fig. 7.3.3 Volume for electronic devices within LPZ 1 . . . . . . . . . . . .158
Fig. 7.3.4 Magnetic field at a lightning strike (LEMP) IEC 62305-4
(EN 62305-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159
Fig. 7.3.5 Magnetic field at a distant lightning strike (LEMP) IEC
62305-4 (EN 62305-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159
Fig. 7.3.6 Use of reinforcing rods of a building or structure for
shielding and equipotential bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160
Fig. 7.3.7a Galvanised construction steel mats for shielding the
building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160
Fig. 7.3.7b Use of galvanised construction steel mats for shielding,
e.g. in case of planted roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160
Fig. 7.3.8 Shielding of a structure or building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161
Fig. 7.3.9 Earthing bus according to DIN VDE 0800-2 (German
standard)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161
Fig. 7.3.1.1 No shield connection No shielding from capacitive/
inductive couplings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163
Fig. 7.3.1.2 Shield connection at both ends Shielding from capaci-
tive/inductive couplings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163
Fig. 7.3.1.3 Shield connection at both ends Solution: Direct and in-
direct shield earthing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163
Fig. 7.3.1.4 Shield connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164
Fig. 7.3.1.5 Shield connection at both ends Shielding from
capacitive/ inductive coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164
Fig. 7.4.1 Equipotential bonding network in a structure or building .165
Fig. 7.4.2 Ring equipotential bonding bar in a computer facility . . . .165
Fig. 7.4.3 Connection of the ring equipotential bonding bar with
the equipotential bonding network via fixed earthing
point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165
Fig. 7.4.4 Integration of electronic systems into the equipotential
bonding network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166
Fig. 7.4.5 Combination of the integration methods according to
Figure 7.4.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166
Fig. 7.5.1.1 Connection of EBB with fixed earthing point . . . . . . . . . . .167
Fig. 7.5.2.1 Transformer outside the structure or building . . . . . . . . . . .167
Fig. 7.5.2.2 Transformer inside the structure or building (LPZ 0 inte-
grated in LPZ 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168
Fig. 7.5.2.3 Example for equipotential bonding in a structure or build-
ing with several entries or the external conductive parts
and with an internal ring conductor as a connection be-
tween the equipotential bonding bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168
Fig. 7.5.2.4 Internal lightning protection with a common entry of all
supply lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169
Fig. 7.5.2.5 DEHNventil combined lightning current and surge
arrester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170
Fig. 7.5.2.6 Lightning equipotential bonding for power supply and
information technology systems situated centrally at one
point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170
Fig. 7.5.2.7 Lightning current arrester at LPZ boundary LPZ 0
A
LPZ 1 170
Fig. 7.5.3.1 Comparison of the amplitudes of test currents wave
form 10/350 s and 8/20 s, each at equal loads . . . . . . . .171
Fig. 7.6.2.1 Only one SPD (0/1/2) required (LPZ 2 integrated in LPZ 1) .171
Fig. 7.6.2.2 DEHNventil M TT 255 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172
Fig. 7.6.3.1 Combination aid for Yellow/Line SPD classes (see also
Figure 7.8.2.2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172
Fig. 7.7.1.1 Ring equipotential bonding and fixed earthing point for
connection of metal installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173
Fig. 7.7.2.1 Electromagnetic compatibility in case of a lightning strike .174
Fig. 7.7.2.2 Surge protective device for terminal circuits DEHNflex M . .174
Fig. 7.7.2.3 Multi-pole surge arrester DEHNguard M TT . . . . . . . . . . . .175
Fig. 7.7.3.1 Protection of industrial electronic equipment (e.g. an
SPC) by BLITZDUCTOR CT and SPS Protector . . . . . . . . . . .175
Fig. 7.8.1.1 DEHNbloc 3-pole Lightning current arrester and
DEHNventil ZP Combined arrester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176
Fig. 7.8.1.2 DEHNguard TT H LI Multi-pole surge arrester with
service life indication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176
Fig. 7.8.1.3 DEHNventil M TNS Modular combined arrester . . . . . . . .176
Fig. 7.8.2.1 Coordination according to let-through method of 2 SPDs
and one terminal device (according to IEC 61643-21) . . . .177
Fig. 7.8.2.2 Examples for the energy coordinated use of arresters ac-
cording to the Yellow/Line TYPE of arresters and structure
of the Yellow/Line TYPE of arresters symbol . . . . . . . . . . . .177
Fig. 8.1.1 Use of SPDs in power supply systems (schematic dia-
gram) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180
Fig. 8.1.3.1 RCD destroyed by lightning impulse current . . . . . . . . . . . .185
Fig. 8.1.3.2 3-0 circuit in TN-C systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185
Fig. 8.1.3.3a 4-0 circuit in TN-S systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185
Fig. 8.1.3.3b 3+1 circuit in TN-S systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185
Fig. 8.1.3.4 Use of SPDs in TN-C-S systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186
Fig. 8.1.3.5 Use of SPDs in TN-S systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186
Fig. 8.1.3.6 SPDs used in TN systems Example: Office Building
Separation of the PEN in the main distribution board . . . .187
Fig. 8.1.3.7 SPDs used in TN systems Example: Office Building
Separation of the PEN in the subdistribution board . . . . . .188
Fig. 8.1.3.8 SPDs used in TN systems Example: Industry Sepa-
ration of the PEN in the subdistribution board . . . . . . . . . .189
Fig. 8.1.3.9 SPDs used in TN systems Example: Residential building .190
Fig. 8.1.4.1 TT system (230/400 V); 3+1 circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190
Fig. 8.1.4.2 Use of SPDs in TT systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191
Fig. 8.1.4.3 SPDs used in TT systems Example: Residential Building .192
Fig. 8.1.4.4 SPDs used in TT systems Example: Office building . . . . . .193
Fig. 8.1.4.5 SPDs used in TT systems Example: Industry . . . . . . . . . . .194
Fig. 8.1.5.1a IT system without neutral conductor; 3-0 circuit . . . . . . .195
Fig. 8.1.5.1b IT system with neutral conductor; 4-0 conductor . . . . . .195
Fig. 8.1.5.1c IT system with neutral conductor; 3+1 circuit . . . . . . . . .195
Fig. 8.1.5.2 Use of SPDs in IT systems without neutral conductor . . . . .196
Fig. 8.1.5.3 Use of SPDs in 400 V IT systems Example without
neutral conductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196
Fig. 8.1.5.4 Use of SPDs in 230/400 V IT systems Example with
neutral conductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197
Fig. 8.1.6.1 Surge protective devices in V-shape series connection . . . .198
Fig. 8.1.6.2 Principle of two-conductor terminals (TCT) Illustra-
tion of a single-pole unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198
Fig. 8.1.6.3 Pin connection terminal (PCT) 2 x 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198
Fig. 8.1.6.4 Connection of surge protective devices in cable branches .198
Fig. 8.1.6.5 DEHNbloc Maxi S: coordinated lightning current arrester
for the busbar with integrated backup fuse . . . . . . . . . . . .198
Fig. 8.1.6.6 Surge protective device Type 2 V NH for use in NH fuse
bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198
Fig. 8.1.6.7 Recommended max. cable lengths of surge protective
devices in branch circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199
Fig. 8.1.6.8a Unfavourable conductor routing from the consumers
point of view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199
Fig. 8.1.6.8b Fabourable conductor routing from the consumers point
of view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199
Fig. 8.1.6.9 Arrangement of surge protective devices in a system and
the resulting effective cable length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200
Fig. 8.1.6.10 Series connection V-shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200
Fig. 8.1.6.11 V-shape series connection of the DEHNventil M TNC com-
bined lightning current and surge protective device by
means of a busbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200
Fig. 8.1.6.12 Parallel wiring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201
Fig. 8.1.6.13 Cable routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201
Fig. 8.1.7.1 One-port protective circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201
Fig. 8.1.7.2 Two-port protective circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201
Fig. 8.1.7.3 SPD with through-wiring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202
Fig. 8.1.7.4 Example: DEHNventil, DV TNC 255 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202
Fig. 8.1.7.5 Example: DEHNguard (M) TNC/ TNS/ TT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202
Fig. 8.1.7.6 Example: DEHNrail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203
Fig. 8.1.7.7 Performance of NH fuses bearing impulse current loads . .203
Fig. 8.1.7.8 Current and voltage of a blowing 25 A NH fuse being
charged with lightning impulse currents (10/350 s) . . . . .204
Fig. 8.1.7.9 Use of a separate backup fuse for surge protective
devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204
Fig. 8.1.7.10 Reduction of the follow current with the patented RADAX
Flow principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205
Fig. 8.1.7.11 Disconnection selectivity of DEHNventil to NH fuse
holders with different rated currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205
Fig. 8.2.1 SPD classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .206
Fig. 8.2.2 Limiting performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207
Fig. 8.2.3 Note on special applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207
Fig. 8.2.4 Nominal voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207
Fig. 8.2.5 Test arrangement for determining the limiting voltage at
a rate of voltage rise of du/dt = 1kV/s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208
Fig. 8.2.6 Sparkover performance of an SPD at du/dt = 1kV/s . . . . .208
Fig. 8.2.7 Test arrangement for determining the limiting voltage at
nominal discharge current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209
Fig. 8.2.8 Limiting voltage at nominal discharge current . . . . . . . . . .209
Fig. 8.2.9 Nominal current of BLITZDUCTOR CT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209
Fig. 8.2.10 Typical frequency response of a BLITZDUCTOR CT . . . . . . .209
cables installed between buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .210
and cables installed between buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .210
cables installed inside of the building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .210
and cables installed inside of the building . . . . . . . . . . . . .210
Fig. 8.2.15 Block diagram of temperature measuring . . . . . . . . . . . . .214
Fig. 8.2.1.1 Optocoupler Schematic diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215
Fig. 8.2.2.1 Levels of building automation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216
Fig. 8.2.3.1 Universal cabling structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217
Fig. 8.2.3.2 Influence of lightning on IT cabling subsystems . . . . . . . . .218
Fig. 8.2.4.1 Calculating of L
0
and C
0
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220
Fig. 8.2.4.2a Intrinsically safe SPD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221
Fig. 8.2.4.2b Schematic diagram of BXT ML4 BD EX 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . .221
Fig. 8.2.4.3 SPD in hazardous location Insulation resistance
> 500 V a.c. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222
Fig. 8.2.4.4 Application Insulation resistance < 500 V a.c. . . . . . . . .222
Fig. 8.2.5.1 Correct installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .224
Fig. 8.2.5.2 Most frequent installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .224
Fig. 8.2.5.3 Wrong method of equipotential bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225
Fig. 8.2.5.4 Wrong conductor leading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225
Fig. 8.2.5.5 Separation of cables in cable duct systems . . . . . . . . . . . . .226
Fig. 9.1.1 Schematic diagram of a frequency converter . . . . . . . . . . .227
Fig. 9.1.2 EMC conforming shield connection of the motor supply
line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227
Fig. 9.1.3 Structure of a frequency converter with SPD . . . . . . . . . . .228
Fig. 9.2.1 Insulation of the place around the lamp pole to reduce
the risk of touch voltage in case of lightning strike . . . . . .230
Fig. 9.2.2 Potential control to reduce the arising step voltage at
lightning strikes into a lamp pole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231
tion zone LPZ 0
A
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231
A
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232
tion zone LPZ 0
B
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232
B
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232
Fig. 9.3.1 System layout of a biogas plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .234
Fig. 9.3.2 Use of the DEHNiso-Combi system to protect a fermenter
with film dome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236
Fig. 9.3.3 Protection of a fermenter with film dome by steel tele-
scopic lightning protection masts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236
by 1 HVI conductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237
by 2 HVI conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237
Fig. 9.3.6 Fermenter out of screwed sheet metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .238
Fig. 9.3.7 Isolated air-termination system to protect a fermenter
out of sheet metal (Ref.: Bro fr Technik, Hsbach) . . . . .238
Fig. 9.3.8 Welded steel tank (Ref.: Eisenbau Heilbronn GmbH) . . . . .238
Fig. 9.3.9 Intermeshed earth-termination system for a biogas plant .239
Fig. 9.3.10 Sectional view of an overall circuit diagram of a biogas
plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240
Fig. 9.3.11 Surge protection for information technology systems . . . .242
Fig. 9.3.12 Combined lightning current and surge arrester modules
with LifeCheck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243
Fig. 9.3.13 Surge arrester DEHNpipe for outdoor areas for screwing
into 2-wire process field devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243
Fig. 9.4.1 Schematic structure of a sewage plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244
Fig. 9.4.2 Division of a sewage plant control into lightning protect-
ion zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .245
Fig. 9.4.3 Electrical lines going into the sewage plant control . . . . . .246
Fig. 9.4.4 Protective angle method according to IEC 62305-3
(EN 62305-3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .247
Fig. 9.4.5 Lightning equipotential bonding according to
IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .247
Fig. 9.4.6 DEHNventil installed into a switchgear cabinet for pro-
tection of the power supply system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .248
Fig. 9.4.7 DCO ME 24 surge protective device installed into a
switchgear cabinet for protection of the complete mea-
suring and control system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249
Fig. 9.4.8 DCO ME 24 surge protection device installed into a
switchgear cabinet, incoming lines from double bottom . .249
Fig. 9.5.1 Horizontal and vertical distances of antenna arrange-
ments requiring no earthing connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250
Fig. 9.5.2 Examples of permitted earth electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251
Fig. 9.5.3 Earthing and equipotential bonding of antennas on
buildings without external lightning protection system . . .252
Fig. 9.5.4 Antenna with air-termination rod on a flat roof of build-
ings with external lightning protection system . . . . . . . . . .252
Fig. 9.5.5 Antenna with air-termination rod and highly insulating
distance holder on pitched roofs with external lightning
protection system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252
bonding bar for the coaxial cable shields in case of an-
tenna systems with external lightning protection system
and isolated air-termination system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252
bonding bar for the coaxial cable shields in case of an-
tenna systems without external lightning protection
system and with isolated air-termination system . . . . . . . .253
stream the equipotential bonding bar for the coaxial
cable shields in case of antenna systems without exter-
nal lightning protection system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .253
stream the equipotential bonding bar for the coaxial
cable shields in case of underground cable networks . . . . .254
Fig. 9.6.1 Modern automatic milking system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .255
Fig. 9.6.2 Automatic feeding system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .255
Fig. 9.6.3 Ventilation and flushing system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .255
Fig. 9.6.4 Heating system with heat recovery and service water
supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .255
Fig. 9.6.5 Electrical milking system with control box . . . . . . . . . . . . .256
Fig. 9.6.6 Cow with collar and registration chip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .256
Fig. 9.6.7 Lightning and surge protection for agricultural install-
ations, residential building and office . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .257
Fig. 9.6.8 Lightning and surge protection for agricultural install-
ations, stabling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .257
Fig. 9.7.1 Video surveillance system Lightning and surge pro-
tection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259
Fig. 9.7.2 Camera for video surveillance in the protective area of
the air-termination rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .260
Fig. 9.7.3 Video surveillance system Surge protection . . . . . . . . . .261
Fig. 9.8.1 Public address system in modular design with surge pro-
tective devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262
Fig. 9.8.2 Building without external lightning protection and horn
in LPZ 0
A
protected by combined lightning current and
surge arresters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263
Fig. 9.8.3 Building with external lightning protection and horn in
LPZ 0
B
protected by surge arresters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263
Fig. 9.9.1 Lightning and surge protection for the control unit of a
burglar alarm system with impulse line technology . . . . . .265
fire alarm system Analogue ring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .265
burglar alarm system with d.c. line technology . . . . . . . . .266
fire alarm system with d.c. line technology . . . . . . . . . . . .267
Fig. 9.10.1 Application of the BUStector (Part No. 925 001) . . . . . . . .268
Fig. 9.10.2 Lightning and surge protection for cabling systems in-
stalled between buildings without interconnection of
the foundation earth electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .269
stalled between buildings with interconnection of the
foundation earth electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270
stalled between buildings without interconnection of
the foundation earth electrodes, with KNX optical fibre
cabling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270
Fig. 9.11.1 Administration building with highly available installation
parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .271
Fig. 9.12.1 Example of an M-Bus system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .273
Fig. 9.12.2 Protection concept for M-Bus systems in buildings with
external lightning protection system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .275
Fig. 9.12.3 Protection concept for M-Bus systems in buildings with-
out external lightning protection system . . . . . . . . . . . . . .277
Fig. 9.13.1 Lightning and surge protection for SIMATIC Net
PROFIBUS FMS and DP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .279
Fig. 9.13.2 Use of surge protective devices in an intrinsically safe
PROFIBUS PA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .279
Fig. 9.14.1 Lightning and surge protection for ADSL with analogue
connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .283
Fig. 9.14.2 Lightning and surge protection for ISDN and ADSL
connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .283
Fig. 9.14.3 Surge protection for telecommunications systems ISDN
Primary rate Multiplex access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .284
Fig. 9.15.1 Division of a hazardous location into lightning protection
zones (LPZ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .285
Fig. 9.15.2 Air-termination system for a tank with air-termination
rods and conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .286
Fig. 9.15.3 Lightning equipotential bonding according to IEC 62305-3
(EN 62305-3) based on main equipotential bonding ac-
cording to IEC 60364-4-41 and IEC 60364-5-54 . . . . . . . . .287
Fig. 9.15.4 DEHNventil DV TT 255 in a switchgear cabinet for pro-
tection of the power supply system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .287
Fig. 9.15.5 Surge protective devices in intrinsically safe circuits . . . . .287
Fig. 9.15.6 BCT MOD MD EX 24 for intrinsically safe circuits . . . . . . . .288
Fig. 9.15.7 Surge arrester for field devices DEHNpipe,
DPI MD EX 24 M2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .289
Fig. 9.16.1 Impulse current laboratory DEHN + SHNE Max. light-
ning impulse current 200 kA, wave form 10/350 s . . . . . .291
Fig. 9.16.2 Lightning protection zones concept for a wind turbine . . .292
Fig. 9.16.3 Intermeshed network of earth electrodes of a wind
turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .293
Fig. 9.16.4 Application of DEHNbloc Maxi coordinated lightning
current arrester for 400/690 V TN-C systems . . . . . . . . . . .293
Fig. 9.16.5 DEHNguard surge arrester, DG MOD 750 +
DG M WE 600 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .294
Fig. 9.16.6 Application of BLITZDUCTOR XT lightning current and
surge arrester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .294
Fig. 9.17.1 Dual cell site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .295
Fig. 9.17.2 Electrical circuit diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .295
Fig. 9.17.3 Basic structure of a RBS with DV M TT 255 and
DG M TT 275 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .296
Fig. 9.18.1.1 Combined arrester Type 1, DEHNlimit PV, to protect
photovoltaic inverters from surges also in case of direct
lightning strikes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .299
Fig. 9.18.1.2 Single pole photovoltaic arrester Type 2, DEHNguard
PV 500 SCP, with integrated short-circuiting device . . . . . .299
Fig. 9.18.1.3 Isolation fault at the PV generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .300
Fig. 9.18.1.4 Overloading of SPD due to an isolation fault . . . . . . . . . . .300
Fig. 9.18.1.5 Activation of the DEHNguard PV 500 SCP disconnecting
and short-circuiting device ensures safe operating state
also in case of an isolation fault in the PV generator
circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .300
Fig. 9.18.1.6 Surge protection concept for a PV system on a building
without external lightning protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .301
with external lightning protection system and the sepa-
ration distance is being kept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .302
with external lightning protection system and the sepa-
ration distance is not being kept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .302
Fig. 9.18.2.1 Layout of a large PV installation in an open area . . . . . . . .304
Fig. 9.18.2.2 Basic circuit diagram Surge protection for a solar
power plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .305
Fig. 9.18.2.3 Protection concept for data acquisition and evaluation . . .306
Table 1.1.1 Lightning protection standard valid since January 2006 . . . .11
Table 1.1.2 Equivalents for SPD classifications (In the following the
Lightning Protection Guide uses the designation SPD
Type 1, SPD Type 2, SPD Type 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Table 2.5.1 Temperature rise T in K of different conductor materials . .22
Table 2.6.1 Maximum values of lightning current parameters and
their probabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Table 2.6.2 Minimum values of lightning current parameters and
their probabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Table 3.2.3.1 Site factor C
d
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Table 3.2.3.2 Equivalent interception areas A
l
and A
i
in m
2
. . . . . . . . . . . .33
Table 3.2.3.3 Environment factor C
e
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
B
to describe the protective measures
against physical damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
SPD
to describe the protective measures
surge protective devices as a function of the lightning
protection level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
Table 3.2.5.1 Sources of damage, types of damage and types of loss
according to the point of strike . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
Table 3.2.7.1 In addition to the risk components R
U
, R
V
and R
W
, there
is the frequency of direct lightning strikes into the supply
line N
L
and the frequency of direct lightning strikes into
the connected building or structure N
DA
(compare Figure
3.2.3.). In case of the risk component R
Z
, however, the fre-
quency of lightning strikes next to the supply line N
l
has
to be reduced by the frequency of direct lightning strikes
into the supply line N
L
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
Table 3.2.8.1 Typical values for the tolerable risk R
T
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
Table 3.3.1.1 Longest interval between inspections of the LPS acc. to
IEC 62305-3, Table E.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
Table 5.1.1.1 Relations between lightning protection level, interception
criterion E
i
, final striking distance h
B
and min. peak value
of current I Ref.: Table 5, 6 and 7 of IEC 62305-1
(EN 62305-1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
Table 5.1.1.2 Sag of the rolling sphere over two air-termination rods or
two parallel air-termination conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
Table 5.1.1.3 Mesh size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
Table 5.1.1.4 Protective angle depending on the class of lighting
protection system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
Table 5.1.1.5 Min. thickness of metal plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
Table 5.1.4.1 Lightning protection for metal roofs Height of the air-
termination tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
Table 5.2.1.1 Distance between down conductors according to
IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
Table 5.2.2.1 Max. temperature rise T in K of different conductor
materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
Table 5.3.1 Material, configuration and min. cross sections of air-ter-
mination conductors, air-termination rods and down con-
ductors according to IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3) Table 6 . . .96
Table 5.4.1 Material combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
Table 5.4.1.1 Calculation of the temperature-related change in length
L of metal wires in lightning protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99
Table 5.4.1.2 Expansion pieces in lightning protection Recommended
application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99
Table 5.4.2.1a Components for external lightning protection of a resi-
dential building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
Table 5.4.2.1b Components for external lightning protection of a resi-
dential structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
Table 5.5.1 Formulae for calculating the earth electrode resistance R
A
for different earth electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109
Table 5.5.7.2.1 Potential values and corrosion rates of common metal
materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129
Table 5.5.7.4.1 Material combinations of earth-termination systems for
different area ratios (A
C
> 100 x A
A
) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133
Table 5.5.8.1 Material, configuration and min. dimensions of earth
electrodes according to IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3)
Table 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134
Table 5.7.1 Ring distances and depths of the potential control . . . . . .143
Table 6.1.1 Cross sections for equipotential bonding conductors . . . . .149
Table 7.2.1 LEMP protection management for new buildings and for
comprehensive modifications of the construction or the
utilisation of building according to IEC 62305-4 (EN
62305-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157
Table 7.3.1 Magnetic attenuation of lattices at a nearby lightning
strike acc. to IEC 62305-4 (EN 62305-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159
Table 7.3.1.1 Specific shield resistance
c
for different materials . . . . . .162
Table 7.3.1.2 Electric strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162
Table 7.5.2.1 Required lightning impulse current carrying capability of
surge protective devices SPDs Type 1 according to the
lightning protection level LPL and the type of low voltage
consumers installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169
Table 7.8.2.1 Symbol of the SPD class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178
Table 7.8.2.2 Assignment of the Yellow/Line class of the SPDs at the
LPZ boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178
Table 8.1.1 Classification of SPDs according to VDE, IEC and EN . . . . .181
Table 8.1.7.1 Material coefficient k for copper and aluminium con-
ductors with different insulating material . . . . . . . . . . . . .202
Table 8.2.1 Type designation of the protection modules . . . . . . . . . . . .208
Table 8.2.2 Nominal currents of the protection modules BCT . . . . . . . .208
Table 8.2.3 Selection features for an electrical temperature measur-
ing equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .213
Table 8.2.5.1 Separation of telecommunications and low voltage
supply lines (based on EN 50174-2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225
Table 9.2.1 Min. dimensions of earthing conductors for interconnect-
ing lamp poles in LPZ 0
A
and for connecting to the earth-
termination system of the building or structure . . . . . . . . .230
Table 9.3.1 DEHNiso-Combi Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236
Table 9.3.2 Material recommendation for earthing and equipotential
bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .239
Table 9.3.3 Surge protection for the power supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241
Table 9.3.4 Surge protection for information technology systems . . . .242
Table 9.3.5 Surge arresters for the measuring and control tech-
nology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242
Table 9.3.6 Surge arresters for field devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242
Table 9.7.1 Lightning and surge protection for signal lines . . . . . . . . . .260
Table 9.7.2 Lightning and surge protection for power supply lines . . . .260
Table 9.9.1 Short definition of the SPDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .266
Table 9.9.2 Selection of SPDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267
Table 9.10.1 Short description of the SPDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .269
Table 9.12.1 Max. data transmission rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .274
Table 9.12.2 Capacitances and series impedances of surge protective
devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .274
Table 9.12.3 Selection of combined SPD with regard to the power
supply system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276
Table 9.12.4 Surge protection for signal interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276
Table 9.12.5 Surge protection for the 230 V power supply . . . . . . . . . . .276
Table 9.12.6 Surge protection for signal interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .277
Table 9.12.7 Surge protection for the power supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .277
Table 9.13.1 Surge protection for bus lines of PROFIBUS DP/
PROFIBUS FMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .278
Table 9.13.2 Surge protection for bus lines of PROFIBUS PA . . . . . . . . .278
Table 9.13.3 Surge protection for power supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .280
Table 9.15.1 Example of a temperature transducer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .288
Table 9.15.2 Surge protective devices for use in intrinsically safe
circuits and bus systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .289
Table 9.17.1 Selectivity surge arrester Type 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .297
Table 9.17.2 Standardised surge arrester Type 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .297
Table 9.17.3 Surge protection for the fixed network connection . . . . . .297
Table 9.17.4 Surge protection for the transmission technology . . . . . . .297
Table 9.18.1.1 Selection of the surge protective devices for PV systems
on buildings without external lightning protection
system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .301
on buildings with external lightning protection system
and the separation distance is being kept . . . . . . . . . . . . .303
on buildings with external lightning protection and the
separation distance is not being kept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .303
Table 9.18.2.1 Selection of surge protective devices for solar power
plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .305
Table 9.18.2.2 Surge protective devices for data acquisition and eva-
luation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .306
Answer Sheet DEHN + SHNE GmbH + Co.KG. Fax No.: +49 9181 906-478
Please fill in the answer sheet completely to ensure that you always get the updated
LIGHTNING PROTECITON GUIDE.
I would like to work with the LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE.
Please include me in your list of recipients of the latest edition of the LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE.
The LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE is available as a book and on CD-ROM.
Please send me your:
Book CD-ROM
Please let me have some additional information about the following topics:
Lightning Protection Main catalogue Safety Equipment Main catalogue
Surge Protection Main catalogue Seminarplan
Please give us some information about your company structure:
What are your field activities? (Multiple information possible):
Professional training Data technology Petrochemistry
Occupational safety Power supply systems Photovoltaics
Construction of lightning Measuring and control technology Wind turbines
protection systems
Biogas plants
Which kind of sector are you working in? (Name one sector only):
1.1 Electrical installation 5.1 Electrical industry
1.2 Construction of lightning protection 5.2 Industry, in general
1.3 Other kinds of handicraft business 5.3 Construction of switchgear cabinets
5.4 Manufacture of PCs
2.1 Electrical wholesale 6.1 Telecommunications
2.2 Other type of wholesale 6.2 Railways
2.3 Export business 6.3 Military
2.4 Electronics accessory wholesale 6.4 Other public, communal, specialised authorities/
institutions
3.1 Civil engineering, industrialised and pipeline 7.1 Technical design, technical supervisory committees
construction
7.2 Service industry, in general
3.2 Construction of chimneys and combustion plants
7.3 Insurance sector
4.1 Supply industry 7.4 Architectural practice
Name:
Company:
Department:
Employees:
Address:
Country:
Phone:
eMail:
Total: Specialised:
First name:
Fax:
ISBN 3-00-015975-4

Lightning Protection Guide

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lightning Protection Guide

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lightning Protection Guide

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

LIGHTNING

... MIT SICHERHEIT DEHN.

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 39

www.dehn.de 54 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE

conductor led under

www.dehn.de 90 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE

100 = 0.16 cm = 1.6 mm/m

100 = 0.17 cm = 1.7 mm/m

With respect to ring or foundation

without additional cable length.

without additional cable length.

without additional cable length.

without additional cable length.

without additional cable length.

MAXI DBM 440

MAXI DBM 440

MAXI DBM 440

4x DBM 1 255 Part No. 900 025

modular no follow current

CT and NT Protector have been officially

foundation earth electrode

You might also like