05/EC/42 WIRELESS NETWORKING

WIRELESS NETWORKING
Sr.
no
Main Topic Sub Topic
1 Wireless LANs introduction
peer-to-peer mode
infrastructure mode
WLAN Equipment
access point
outdoor LAN bridges
IEEE 802.11 architecture
IEEE 802.11 a!ers
2 Bluetoot introduction " histor!
basic s!stem architecture
o#er#ie$ of protoco stac%
radio a!er
base band
in% manager protoco
ogica in% contro adoption protoco
host controer interface
securit!
Wh! the &uetooth $a! it is'
significance of (IN)*+E in &uetooth
! Te cellular concept introduction
frequenc! reuse
channe assignment strategies
handoff strategies
e. prioriti,ing handoffs
" Te #ultiple access
tecni$ues %or
&ireless
co##unication
introduction
narro$band s!stem
$ideband s!stem
frequenc! di#ision mutipe access
time di#ision mutipe access
code di#ision mutipe access
Access schemes
)oding
)odes
-he spreading process
(o$er contro
.and o#er
/utipath and ra%e recei#ers
)+/A 2000 is 01
)+/A 2000 2dei#ering on 01
Ad#antage of )+/A 2000
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05/EC/42 WIRELESS NETWORKING
' GSM Arcitecture )+/A de#eopment
Ad#antage of )+/A
/ain s$itching center
3isitor ocation resistor
An)
EI4
1IW5
1eographica area of 16/ net$or%
16/ function
-ransmission
/anagement of 16/
16/ ser#ices
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05/EC/42 WIRELESS NETWORKING
WIRELESS NETWORKING
Intro(uction)
Over recent years the market !r "#re$ess c!mm%n#cat#!ns has en&!ye' tremen'!%s
(r!"th) W#re$ess techn!$!(y n!" reaches !r #s ca*a+$e ! reach#n( v#rt%a$$y every
L!cat#!n !n the ace ! the earth) ,%n're's ! m#$$#!ns !r #s ca*a+$e e-chan(e
#n!rmat#!n Every'ay %s#n( *a(ers. ce$$%$ar te$e*h!nes. an' the !ther "#re$ess
C!mm%n#cat#!n *r!'%cts) W#th the tremen'!%s s%ccess ! "#re$ess te$e*h!ny an'
messa(#n( Serv#ces. #t #s har'$y s%r*r#s#n( that W#re$ess c!mm%n#cat#!ns #s +e((#n( t! +e
a**$#e' t! the rea$m ! *ers!nne$ an' +%s#ness C!m*%t#n() N! $!n(er +!%n' +y the
harnesses ! "#re' net"!rks. *e!*$es "#$$ +e a+$e t! access an' share #n!rmat#!n near$y
any"here they /ent%re) Th#s art#c$e "#$$ try t! ans"er s!me +as#c 0%est#!ns ! "hy an'
"here "#re$ess $!ca$ area net"!rks can +e %se' an' *resent +r#e 'escr#*t#!n ! s!me !ne
*r!t!c!$ that have +een 1eve$!*e' "#th em*has#s !n IEEE202)11)

1. Wireless LANs) 1. Wireless LANs)
The W#re$ess $!ca$ area net"!rk #s a $e-#+$e 'ata c!mm%n#cat#!ns system that can e#ther
re*$ace !r e-ten' a "#re' L3N t! *r!v#'e a''e' %nct#!na$#ty) 4s#n( ra'#! re0%ency
5R67 techn!$!(y. WL3Ns transm#t 8 rece#ve 'ata !ver the a#r. thr!%(h "a$$s. ce#$#n(s 8
even cement str%ct%res. "#th!%t "#re' ca+$#n(
3 WL3N *r!v#'es a$$ the eat%res 8 +ene#ts ! tra'#t#!na$ L3N techn!$!(#es $#ke
Ethernet an' t!ken r#n(. +%t "#th!%t the $#m#tat#!ns ! +e#n( tethere' t! a ca+$e) Th#s
*r!v#'es (reat$y #ncrease' the ree'!m an' $e-#+#$#ty the #m*!rtance ! WL3N
techn!$!(y h!"ever (!es ar +ey!n' &%st the a+sence ! "#res) The a'vent ! the WL3N
!*ens %* a "h!$e e" 'e#n#t#!n ! "hat a net"!rk #nrastr%ct%re can +e #nstea' #t can
m!ve "#th the %ser an' chan(e as ast as the !r(an#9at#!n '!es)
6!r e-am*$e +%s#ness *e!*$e stay c!nnecte' %s they m!ve thr!%(h !%t cam*%s eas#$y
ta**#n( #nt! the res!%rces ! the "#re' net"!rk) St%'ent an' #nstr%ct!r can "#re$ess$y
access #nstant #n!rmat#!n '%r#n( #e$' tr#*s !r $a+ *r!&ect )!r(an#9at#!n $eas#n( tem*!rary
!#ce s*ace can set%* a WL3N an' they eas#$y take the #nrastr%ct%re "#th them "hen
they m!ve)
:%st as "#re' L3Ns %se c!**er !r #+re!*t#c ca+$e WL3Ns a$s! %se a me'#%m; ra'#!
re0%enc#es) 1ata #s s%*er#m*!se' !n t! a ra'#! "ave thr!%(h a *r!cess ca$$e'
m!'%$at#!n an' th#s <carr#er "ave= then acts as the transm#ss#!n me'#%m tak#n( the *$ace
! "#re)

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05/EC/42 WIRELESS NETWORKING
A WLAN can be con%i*ure( in t&o basic &a+s)
17 *eer?t!?*eer 5a' h!c m!'e7; Th#s m!'e c!ns#sts ! t"! !r m!re @Cs e0%#**e' "#th
W#re$ess a'!*ter car' +%t "#th n! c!nnect#!n ! "#re' net"!rk)
27 c$#ent/server 5#nrastr%ct%re net"!rk#n(7; !er#n( %$$y '#str#+%te' 'ata
C!nnect#v#ty th#s m!'e ty*#ca$$y c!ns#st ! m%$t#*$e @Cs $#nke' t! a centra$ h%+
That acts as a +r#'(e t! the res!%rces ! the "#re' net"!rk)
Intro(uction to LAN a(opters)
W#re$ess a'!*ters are ma'e #n the same +as#c r!m act!rs as the#r "#re' c!%nter *arts
@CACI3. car' +%s. @CI. an' 4SB) They a$s! serve the same 6%nct#!n ena+$#n( en' %sers
t! access the net"!rk) In a "#re' L3N a'!*ters *r!v#'e the #nterace +et"een the
net"!rk !*erat#n( system an' the "#re) In a WL3N they *r!v#'e the #nterace +et"een
the net"!rk !*erat#n( system an' antenna t! create C!nnect#!n t! the net"!rk)
Access point)
Essent#a$$y the access *!#nt #s the "#re$ess e0%#*ment ! L3N h%+) It rece#ves +%ers an'
transm#ts 'ata +et"een the WL3N an' "#re' net"!rk. s%**!rt#n( a (r!%* ! "#re$ess
%serCs 'ev#ces an' access *!#nt #s ty*#ca$$y c!nnecte' "#th the "#re$ess 'ev#ces +y means
! an antenna) The access *!#nt !r the antenna c!nnecte' t! #t #s (enera$$y m!%nte' h#(h
!n a "a$$ !r !n the ce#$#n(s )$#ke the ce$$ #n a ce$$%$ar *h!ne net"!rk. m%$t#*$e access
*!#nt can s%**!rt han'?! r!m !ne access *!#nt t! an!ther as the %ser m!ves r!m the
area t! area)
3ccess *!#nts have ran(e r!m %n'er 20 meters t! 500mts) 3n' a s#n($e access *!#nt can
S%**!rt +et"een 15 an' 250 %sers 'e*en'#n( !n the techn!$!(y c!n#(%rat#!n an' %se) It
#s re$at#ve$y easy t! sca$e Weans +y a''#n( m!re access *!#nt)
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05/EC/42 WIRELESS NETWORKING
Out(oor LAN bri(*es)
O%t '!!r L3N +r#'(es are %se t! c!nnect L3Ns #n '#erent +%#$'#n() When the c!st !
+%ry#n( a #+er !*t#c ca+$e +et"een +%#$'#n(s #s c!ns#'ere' es*ec#a$$y # there are +arr#ers
s%ch as h#(h"ay !r +!'#es ! "ater #n the "ay a WL3N +r#'(es can +e an ec!n!m#ca$
a$ternat#ve t! rec%rr#n( $ease $#ne char(es) L3N +r#'(es *r!'%cts s%**!rt a#r$y h#(h 'ata
rates an' ran(es * severa$ m#$es "#th the #ss%e ! the $#ne?!?s#(ht '#rect#!na$ antennas)
S!me access *!#nt can a$s! +e %se' as a +r#'(e +et"een +%#$'#n(s ! re$at#ve$y c$!se
*r!-#m#ty)
Intro(uction to IEEE 1/2.11)
In IEEECs *r!*!se' stan'ar' ! "#re$ess L3Ns 5IEEE 202)117 there are t"! '#erent
"ays t! c!n#(%re a net"!rk)
1) a' h!c net"!rk
2) #nrastr%ct%re as e-*$a#n a+!ve
The IEEE 202)11 stan'ar' *$aces s*ec##cat#!n !n the *arameters ! the +!th *hys#ca$
5@,D7an' me'#%m access c!ntr!$5A3C7 ! the net"!rk )The @,D $ayer "h#ch act%a$$y
han'$es the transm#ss#!n ! 'ata +et"een n!'es can %se e#ther '#rect se0%ence s*rea'
s*ectr%m. re0%ency h!**#n( s*rea' s*ectr%m !r #nrare' 5IR7 *%$se *!s#t#!n m!'%$at#!n)
IEEE 202)11 makes *r!v#s#!ns !r 'ata rates ! e#ther 1A+*s !r 2A+*s 8 ca$$s !r the
!*erat#!n #n the 2)42)42>5G,9 re0%ency +an' 5#n the case ! s*rea' s*ectr%m
transm#ss#!n7 "h#ch #s an %n$#cense' +an' !r #n'%str#a$ sc#ent##c an' (enera$$y me'#ca$
5ISA7 a**$#cat#!n an' >00?422000 G,9 !r IR transm#ss#!n) Inrare' #s (enera$$y
c!ns#'ere' t! +e m!re sec%re t! eaves'r!**#n( +eca%se IR transm#ss#!ns re0%#re a+s!$%te
! $#nk ! s#te $#nks5n! transm#ss#!n #s *!ss#+$e !%ts#'e s#m*$y c!nnecte' s*ace !r ar!%n'
c!rners 7 as !**!se' t! R6 transm#ss#!ns "h#ch can *enetrate "a$$s an' +e #nterce*te' +y
th#r' *artyCs kn!"#n($y) ,!"ever #nrare' transm#ss#!n can +e a'verse$y aecte' +y
s%n$#(ht an' the s*rea' s*ectr%m *r!t!c!$ ! 202)11 '!es *r!v#'e s!me r%'#mentary
sec%r#ty !r ty*#ca$ 'ata transers)
The A3C $ayer #s a set ! *r!t!c!$s "h#ch #s res*!ns#+$e !r ma#nta#n#n( !r'er #n the %se
! a share' me'#%m) The 202)11 stan'ar' s*ec##es a carr#er sense m%$t#*$e access "#th
c!$$#s#!n av!#'ance 5CSA3/C37 *r!t!c!$) In th#s *r!t!c!$ "hen a n!'e rece#ves a *acket
t! +e transm#tte' #t #rst $#stens t! ens%re n! !ther n!'e #s transm#tt#n() I the channe$ #s
c$ear #t then transm#ts the *acket) Other"#se #t ch!!ses a ran'!m <+ack ! act!r= "h#ch
'eterm#nes the am!%nt ! t#me the n!'e m%st "a#t %nt#$ #t #s a$$!"e' t! transm#t #ts
*acket) 1%r#n( *er#!'s #n "h#ch the channe$ #s c$ear the transm#tt#n( n!'e 'ecrement #t
+ack ! c!%nters) 5When the channe$ #s +%sy #t '!es n!t 'ecrement #ts +ack ! c!%nter7)
When the +ack ! c!%nter reaches 9er! the n!'e transm#t the *acket) S#nce the
*r!+a+#$#ty that t"! n!'es "#$$ ch!!se the same +ack ! act!r #s sma$$ c!$$#s#!n +et"een
*ackets are m#n#m#9e') C!$$#s#!n 'etect#!n as #s em*$!ye' #s #n Ethernet can n!t +e %se'
!r the R6 transm#ss#!n ! IEEE 202)11) The reas!n !r th#s #s that "hen a n!'e #s
transm#tt#n( #t can n!t hear any !ther n!'e #n the system "h#ch may +e transm#tt#n( s#nce
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05/EC/42 WIRELESS NETWORKING
#ts !"n s#(na$ "#$$ +e 'ra"n !%t any !thers arr#v#n( at the n!'e) Whenever a *acket #s t!
+e transm#tte' the transm#tt#n( n!'e #rst sen's !%t a sh!rt rea'y t! sen' 5RTS7 *acket
c!nta#n#n( #n!rmat#!n !n the $en(th ! the *acket) I the rece#v#n( n!'e hears the RTS #t
res*!n's "#th a sh!rt c$ear t! sen' 5CTS7 *acket) 3ter th#s e-chan(e the transm#tt#n(
n!'e #ts *acket) When the *acket #s rece#ve' s%ccess%$$y as 'eterm#ne' +y a cyc$#c
re'%n'ancy check 5CRC7 the rece#v#n( n!'e transm#ts an ackn!"$e'(ement 53CK7
*acket) Th#s +ack an' !rth e-chan(e #s necessary t! av!#' <h#''en n!'e= *r!+$em )as
sh!"n +e$!" n!'e 3 can c!mm%n#cate "#th n!'e B an' n!'e B c!nnecte' "#th n!'e C)
,!"ever n!'e a can n!t c!nnecte' "#th n!'e C) Th%s !r #nstance a$th!%(h n!'e 3 may
sense the channe$ t! +e c$ear n!'e C may #n aect +e transm#tt#n( t! the n!'e B) the
*r!t!c!$ 'escr#+e' a+!ve a$erts n!'e 3 that n!'e B #s +%sy an' hence #t m%st "a#t +e!re
transm#tt#n( #ts *acket)
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05/EC/42 WIRELESS NETWORKING
2. Bluetoot 2. Bluetoot
B$%et!!th #s the name (#ven t! techn!$!(y stan'ar' %s#n( sh!rt ran(e ra'#! $#nks
#nstea' t! re*$ace the ca+$e c!nnect#n( *!rta+$e an'F!r #- e$ectr!n#c 'ev#ces) The
Stan'ar' 'e#nes %n#!rm str%ct%re !r "#'e ran(e 'ev#ces the c!mm%n#cate "#th each
!ther "#th m#n#ma$ %ser e!rt) Its key eat%res are r!+%stness $!" c!m*$e-#ty $!" *!"er
8 $!" c!st "h#ch make #t es*ec#a$$y s%#te' t! m!+#$e han' he$' 'ev#ces) The techn!$!(y
a$s! !ers "#re$ess access t! L3Ns. @STN. the m!+#$e *h!ne net"!rk an' the #nternet
!r a h!st ! h!me a**$#ances an' *!rta+$e han' he$' #nteraces)
The stan'ar' has ach#eve' ($!+a$ acce*tance s%ch that any B$%et!!th any"here #n the
"!r$' can c!nnect t! !ther B$%et!!th 'ev#ces #n *r!-#m#ty re(ar'$ess ! +ran') B$%et!!th
ena+$e' e$ectr!n#c 'ev#ces C!nnect 8 c!mm%n#cate "#re$ess$y v#a sh!rt?ran(e. a' h!c
net"!rks ca$$e' @#c! nets) Each %n#t can s#m%$tane!%s$y +e$!n( t! severa$ @#c! nets)
These @#c! nets are esta+$#she' 'ynam#ca$$y an' a%t!mat#ca$$y as B$%et!!th 'ev#ces enter
an' $eave the *r!-#m#ty)
Bluetoot istor+)
L)A) Er#c s!n ! S"e'en #nvente' B$%et!!th #n 1G24) The stan'ar' #s name' ater ,era$'
B$aatan' <B$%et!!th= II k#n( ! 1enmark G40 t! G21 31) 3 r%n#c st!ne has +een erecte'
#n h#s ca*#ta$ c#ty :e$$#n( that 'e*#cts the ch#va$ry ! hera$' an' the <r%nes= say;
,era$' Chr#st#an#9e' the 1anes)
,era$' c!ntr!$$e' 1enmark an' N!r"ay)
,era$' th#nks n!te+!!k an' ce$$%$ar *h!nes sh!%$' seam$ess$y c!mm%n#cate) The
B$%et!!th s*ec#a$ #nterest (r!%* "as !%n'e' +y er#css!n. IBA. Inte$. N!k#a. T!sh#+a #n
6e+r%ary 1GG2 t! 'eve$!* an !*en s*ec##cat#!n !r sh!rt ran(e "#re$ess c!nnect#v#ty) The
(r!%* #s n!" a$s! *r!m!te' +y >c!m A#cr!s!tH a(ree system 5!rm%$a $%cent7 an'
A!t!r!$a m!re than 2500 c!m*an#es have &!#ne' the SIG)
Bluetoot Arcitecture)
The system arch#tect%re !r B$%et!!th #s +r#e$y 'escr#+e' here the system 'es#(n has
+een se(mente' #n t! var#!%s a$m!st #n'e*en'ent $ayer !r c!nce*t%a$ ease ! 'escr#*t#!n)
These $ayers are 'escr#+#n( #n 'eta#$ #n the c!re B$%et!!th s*ec##cat#!n) The 'es#(n
s*ec##cat#!n a$s! 'escr#+es certa#n *r!*ert#es !r certa#n c!mm!n c$asses ! a**$#cat#!n
t! +e #m*$emente' !ver B$%et!!th t! ach#eve %n#!rm#ty acr!ss '#verse man%act%res)
These are 'escr#+e' #n the *r!#$e ! the B$%et!!th s*ec##cat#!n)
O2er2ie& o% te protocol stac3)
The *r!t!c!$ stack c!ns#sts ! a ra'#! $ayer at the +!tt!m that !rms the *hys#ca$
c!nnect#!n #nterace) The +ase +an' an' $#nk mana(er *r!t!c!$ 5LA@7 that res#'es !ver #t
are +as#ca$$y meant t! esta+$#sh an' c!ntr!$ $#nk +et"een B$%et!!th 'ev#ces) These three
+!tt!m $ayer are ty*#ca$$y #m*$emente' #n har'"are 8#rm "are) The h!st c!ntr!$ $ayer #s
re0%#re' t! #nterace t! the B$%et!!th har'"are t! the %**er *r!t!c!$ L2C3@ 5$!(#ca$ $#nk
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05/EC/42 WIRELESS NETWORKING
c!ntr!$ 8 a'!*t#!n *r!t!c!$7 ) The h!st c!ntr!$$er #s re0%#re' !n$y "hen the L2C3@
res#'es #n s!t"are #n the h!st # the L2C3@ #s a$s! !n the B$%et!!th m!'%$e th#s $ayer
may n!t +e re0%#re' as than the L2C3@ can '#rect$y c!mm%n#cate "#th the LA@ an'
Base +an') 3**$#cat#!n res#'es a+!ve L2C3@)The !$$!"#n( s%+sect#!n (#ves a +r#e
'escr#*t#!n ! each $ayer )
Ra(io la+er)
Th#s $#nk !*erate #n the %n$#cense' ISA ar!%n' 2)4G,9 an' %ses s*rea' s*ectr%m
c!mm%n#cat#!n the +an' e-ten' r!m 2400?242>)5A,9 #n a vast ma&!r#ty ! c!%ntr#es
an' th#s "h!$e ran(e #s %t#$#9e' !r !*t#m#9#n( the s*ectr%m s*rea'#n( ),!"ever !r
s!me c!%ntr#es "#th a sma$$ ISA +an' a '!"n sca$e' vers#!n #s a$s! *r!v#'e' s*rea'
s*ectr%m the re0%ency h!**#n( techn#0%e #s %se') 3s m%$t#*$e %nc!!r'#nate' net"!rks
may +e e-#st #n th#s +an' ca%se #ntererence. ast 6, 8 sh!rt 'ata *ackets are %se') Th#s
#s +eca%se err!r rate may +e h#(h es*ec#a$$y '%e t! str!n( #ntererence r!m m#cr! "ave
!vens that !*erate at th#s re0%ency) C/S1 c!'#n( has +een a'!*te' !r v!#ce "h#ch can
"#thstan' h#(h +#t err!r rates) 3$s! the *acket hea'ers are *r!tecte' +y a h#(h$y re'%n'ant
err!r c!rrect#!n scheme t! make them r!+%st t! err!r)

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05/EC/42 WIRELESS NETWORKING
The 6re0%ency h!*s are 6#-e' at 2402J K A,9 Where KK0. 1LLL I2)
The n!m#na$ h!* rate #s 1E00h!*s/sec) Th#s (#ves a s#n($e h!* s$!t ! E25 m#cr! sec!n's)
The m!'%$at#!n %se' #s Ga%ss#an *re#$tere' +#nary 6SK 5re0%ency Sh#t Key#n(7) The
Ga%ss#an #$ter has BTK 0)5
The transm#tter *!"er #s #-e' at 0'Bm !r a 10m ran(e "h#$e #t can +e
#ncrease' t! 200'Bm !r 10m ran(e "h#$e #t can +e #ncrease' t! 200'Bm !r a 100m
ran(e) /ar#!%s restr#ct#!ns are s*ec##e' !n c$!ck acc%rac#es an' 'r#t. s*%r#!%s em#ss#!ns
an' ra'#! re0%ency t!$erance)

The Base +an' #s the $ayers that c!ntr!$ the ra'#!) The re0%ency h!* se0%ences
are *r!v#'e' +y the $ayer) Base +an' a$s! takes care ! $!"er $eve$ encry*t#!n !r sec%re
$#nks) The *ackets han'$#n( !ver the "#re$ess $#nk #s the res*!ns#+#$#ty ! Base +an') T"!
ty*es ! $#nks can +e
Base ban()
Synchr!n!%s c!nnect#!n $ess) These $#nks are meant !r synchr!n!%s 'ata
ty*#ca$$y /!#ce)
3synchr!n!%s c!nnect#!n !r#ente') These $#nks may +e %se' !r 'ata transer
a**$#cat#!ns "h#ch '! n!t re0%#re a synchr!n!%s $#nk)
The Base +an' *r!v#'es the %nct#!na$#t#es re0%#re' !r 'ev#ces t! synchr!n#9e'
the#r c$!cks an' esta+$#sh c!nnect#!n) In0%#ry *r!ce'%res !r '#sc!ver#n( the a''ress !
'ev#ces #n *r!-#m#ty are a$s! *r!v#'e') Err!r c!nnect#!n !r *ackets #s *r!v#'e'
'e*en'#n( !n the ty*e ! *ackets) /ar#!%s *acket ty*es are s*ec##e' !r s!me c!mm!n
a**$#cat#!n 'eerr#n( #n the#r 'ata ca*ac#ty an' err!r c!rrect#!n !verhea's) 6#ve '#erent
channe$ ty*es are *r!v#'e' !r c!ntr!$ #n!rmat#!n. $#nk mana(ement #n!rmat#!n. %ser
synchr!n!%s 'ata. %ser asynchr!n!%s 'ata. an' #s synchr!n!%s 'ata) 1ata "h#ten#n( #s
a$s! carr#e' !%t ! th#s $ayer) The %nct#!n re0%#re' !r (enerat#n( encry*t#!n keys an'
$#nk keys are 'e#ne')
Lin3 #ana*er protocol)
The +as#c 6%nct#!n ! LM- can +e c$ass##e' asH
a7 @#c! net mana(ement
+7 L#nk c!n#(%rat#!n
c7 Sec%r#ty 6%nct#!ns
3 @#c! net #s a (r!%* ! 'ev#ces c!nnecte' t! a c!mm!n channe$ "h#ch #'ent##e'
"#th #ts %n#0%e h!* se0%ences) One ! the 'ev#ces %s%a$$y the !ne "h#ch #rst #n#t#ate' the
c!nnect#!n #s the master) 4* t! seven !ther 'ev#ces %s%a$$y the !ne "h#ch #rst #n#t#ate'
the c!nnect#!n #s the master) 3n' many m!re c!%$' +e c!nnecte' #n the $!" *!"er
<*arke'= state) The 'ev#ces !n the @#c! net can c!mm%n#cate "#th each !ther !ver S0O
!r A0L $#nks) The channe$ shar#n( #s mana(e' +y the master "#th the he$* ! $#nk
mana(er !n each 'ev#ce) 3ny t"! !r m!re 'ev#ces that nee' t! c!mm%n#cate m%st
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05/EC/42 WIRELESS NETWORKING
esta+$#sh a @#c! net am!n( themse$ves) 1ev#ces can +e *art ! many @#c! nets at same
t#me)
-ico net an( scatter net)
a7 a @#c! net +et"een t"! 'ev#ces
+7 a @#c! net +et"een many 'ev#ces
c7 3 scatter net. a C!m+#nat#!n ! @#c! nets "#th s!me 'ev#ces c!mm!n the
@#c! nets)

The LA@ @r!v#'es the %nct#!na$#ty t! attach an' 'etach s$aves. s"#tch r!$es
+et"een a master an' a s$ave t! esta+$#sh 3CL/SCO $#nks) LA@ a$s! han'$es the $!"
*!"er m!'es?h!$'. sn# an' *ark. 'es#(ne' t! save *!"er. "hen the 'ev#ce '!es n!t
have 'ata t! sen')
L#nk c!n#(%rat#!n tasks #nc$%'e sett#n( $#nk *arameters. 0%a$#ty ! serv#ce an' *!"er
c!ntr!$ # the 'ev#ce s%**!rts #t) 3%thent#cat#!n ! 'ev#ces t! +e $#nke' an' mana(#n( $#nk
keys #s a$s! taken care +y LM-.
Lo*ical lin3 control a(option protocol)
Th#s #s the *r!t!c!$ "#th "h#ch m!st a**$#cat#!ns "!%$' #nteract %n$ess a h!st
c!ntr!$$er #s %se') The +as#c %nct#!ns ! the L2C3@ are;
a7 A4LTI@LEMING;
The *r!t!c!$ m%st a$$!" m%$t#*$e a**$#cat#!ns t! %ser $#nk +et"een t!
'ev#ces s#m%$tane!%s$y)
+7 SEGAENT3TION 3N1 RESSEABLD;
The *r!t!c!$ m%st re'%ce the s#9e ! *ackets *r!v#'e' +y a**$#cat#!ns t!
the s#9e ! *ackets acce*te' +y +ase +an') L2C3@ #t se$ 3cce*ts *ackets
s#9e %* t! E4k+ +%t the Base +an' @ackets can acce*t a *ay$!a' ! at
10
M
S
M
S

S

S
M S

M
S

S

S

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05/EC/42 WIRELESS NETWORKING
m!st 2I45+#ts) The reverse *r!ce'%re that c!m+#n#n( the se(mente'
*ackets #n the *r!*er !r'er has t! +e carr#e' !%t !r rece#ve' *ackets)
c7 N43LITD O6 SER/ICE;
L2C3@ a$$!"s a**$#cat#!ns t! 'eman' N!S !n the certa#n *arameters $#ke
*eak +an'"#'th $atency an' 'e$ay var#at#!n) L2C3@ checks # the $#nk #s
ca*a+$e ! *r!v#'#n( #t an' *r!v#'es #t # *!ss#+$e)
Bas#ca$$y L2C3@ *r!v#'es the net"!rk $ayer %nct#!ns t! a**$#cat#!n an' h#(her *r!t!c!$
5ost controller inter%ace)
The +as#c str%ct%re sh!"#n( the h!st c!ntr!$$er $ayers are #tte' #nt! the *r!t!c!$ stack #s
sh!"n #n #( sh!"n +e$!";
6!r many 'ev#ces the +$%e t!!th ena+$#n( m!'%$e may +e a''e' as a se*arate car' !r
#nstance !r a @C !r a $a*t!* the B$%et!!th har'"are Aay +e a''e' as a @CI car' !r a
4SB a'a*ter) ,ar'"are m!'%$es %s%a$$y #m*$ement the $!"er $ayers ra'#! Base +an' an'
LA@) Then the 'ata t! +e sent t! LA@ an' Base +an' trave$s !ver the *hys#ca$ +%s $#ke
4SB) 3 'r#ver !r th#s +%s #s re0%#re' !n the <h!st= that the @C an' a <h!st c!ntr!$$er
#nterace <the re0%#re' !n the B$%et!!th $ayers L2C3@ an' a+!ve are #n s!t"are an' the
$!"er !nes #n har'"are the !$$!"#n( E-tra $ayers are at $east Re0%#re';
B$%et!!th h!st
Other h#(her
Layer 'r#ver
,CL 'r#ver
@hys#ca$ +%s
'r#ver 54SB.
@Ccar'. !ther7
B$%et!!th h!st
Other h#(her
Layer 'r#ver
,CL 'r#ver
@hys#ca$ +%s
'r#ver 54SB.
@Ccar'. !ther7
B$%et!!th

,ar'"are
Base +an'
C!ntr!$$er
6#rm"are
$#nk
mana(er
,CL
#rm"are
B$%et!!th

,ar'"are
Base +an'
C!ntr!$$er
6#rm"are
$#nk
mana(er
,CL
#rm"are
@hys#ca$
#rm"are
@hys#ca$
#rm"are
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05/EC/42 WIRELESS NETWORKING
50I 6ri2er)
Th#s #s the 'r#ve !r h!st c!ntr!$$er #nterace) It res#'es #n the a+!ve the @hys#ca$
B%s an' 6!rmats the 'ata t! +e acce*te' +y the h!st c!ntr!$$er !n the B$%et!!th
har'"are)

,!st c!ntr!$$er #nterace;
Th#s res#'es !n the B$%et!!th har'"are an' acce*ts c!mm%n#cat#!n !ver the
*hys#ca$ +%s)
Application)
The L2C3@ may +e accesse' '#rect$y +y the a**$#cat#!ns !r th!%(ht certa#n
s%**!rt *r!t!c!$s $#ke R6COAA. TCS an' S1@ ment#!ne' ear$#er) The a**$#cat#!ns may
themse$ves r%n @@@ 5*!#nt t! *!#nt *r!t!c!$7 6T@ 5#$e transer *r!t!c!$7 !r !ther
s*ec##c *r!t!c!$s as re0%#re' +y the a**$#cat#!n) 3n a**$#cat#!n many %sa(e m!'e$s have
+een *r!*!se' +y severa$ man%act%rers)
S!me ! these;
Three #n !ne *h!ne;
3 s#n($e han'set W!rks as an #nterc!m #n the !#ce 5n! ca$$ char(es7 as a @STN
*h!ne "henever an access *!#nt t! the @STN #s ava#$a+$e an' as a m!+#$e !ther"#se)
Te brie%case lin3)
The R6 $#nk '!es n!t nee' $#ne ! s#(ht) S! a m!+#$e c!%$' c!nnect t! a $a*t!*
even "h#$e #t #s #n the +r#ecase an' a$$!" access t! #ts ac#$#t#es $#ke ema#$)
Te Auto#atic s+ncroni7e)
Seam$ess c!nnect#v#ty +et"een the %serCs @13Cs $a*t!* an' m!+#$e "#$$ a$$!"
a**$#cat#!ns t! a%t!mat#ca$$y %*'ate an' synchr!n#9e sche'%$es an' the !ther 'ata "hen
m!'##cat#!ns are ma'e !n !ne 'ev#ce)
0ar 3its)
,an's ree 'ev#ces "#$$ a$$!" %sers t! access the#r *h!nes "#th!%t $ett#n( the#r
han's ! the steer#n( "hee$)
3*art r!m these a $ar(e var#ety ! !ther a**$#cat#!ns #n h!me a%t!mat#!n 'ata shar#n(
'%r#n( meet#n( "#th!%t the %se ! e-tra e0%#*ments. test#n( 6act!ry 'ev#ces !ver a
"#re$ess han' he$' "h#$e Wa$k#n( thr!%(h. t!''$er a$arms. sec%r#ty system. net"!rk
access at *%+$#c *$aces an' h#''en c!m*%t#n( have +een s%((este' s!me ! Wh#ch have
+een s%ccess%$$y 'em!nstrate')
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05/EC/42 WIRELESS NETWORKING
Bluetoot securit+)
The B$%et!!th system #s #nten'e' t! +e %se' as %n#!rm #nterace t! !n !
*ers!nCs #n!rmat#!n s!%rces an' th%s +e e-*ecte' t! transer sens#t#ve *ers!na$ 'ata)
Sec%r#ty ! the 'ata #s th%s %n'erstan'a+$y an #m*!rtant #ss%e) 6%rther B$%et!!th 'ev#ces
are e-*ecte' t! +e !mn#*resent an' at s!me *$aces the access t! these 'ev#ces +y *%+$#c
%sers may have t! +e restr#cte') Th#s ca$$s !r a%thent#cat#!n *r!ce'%re t! +e *r!v#'e') 3s
The channe$ %se' #n "#re$ess an' the *ackets +e#n( transm#tte' are ava#$a+$e t! a$$
mem+ers ! a @#c! net the sec%r#ty #n#t#a$#9at#!n C!mm%n#cat#!n sh!%$' n!t sen' any
#n!rmat#!n that can a$$!" an a%th!r#9e' 'ev#ce t! kn!" the secret a%thent#cat#!n keys)
6%rther the mechan#sms sh!%$' +e a**r!*r#ate !r a *eer? t!?*eer env#r!nment) The
meth!' s a'!*te' +y the B$%et!!th Stan'ar's care ! these #ss%es) Th#s scheme %se'
reeree' t! as the cha$$en(e Res*!nse scheme)
The a**$#cat#!n may #tse$ encry*t #ts 'ata !r a''e' sec%r#ty) Th#s can a'' t! the
saety ! the 'ata +%t m!st ! the a%thent#cat#!n #s +ase' !n the $#nk $eve$ sec%r#ty
*r!ce'%res. as #t #s '##c%$t t! ach#eve %n#!rm#ty #n th#s ste* at the a**$#cat#!n $eve$)
Te Basic Structure)

The *r!ce'%re !r sec%r#ty %se !%r va$%es; the 'ev#ce a''ress 5"h#ch #s *%+$#c7. a
*r#vate a%thent#cat#!n 5122 +#tes7. *r#vate encry*t#!n key 52?122 +#ts. c!n#(%ra+$e7 an' a
ran'!m n%m+er) 3s the key have t! +e secret they can n!t +e !+ta#ne' +y #n0%#ry) The
e-chan(e *r!ce'%re "#$$ +e 'escr#+e' +e$!") The sec%r#ty *r!ce'%re re0%#res a secret
@IN t! +e kn!"n t! the %ser 5!r st!re' +y h#s a**$#cat#!n7 !r access#n( a *art#c%$ar
'ev#ce) The ma#n ste*s #n the *r!ce'%re are;
3n #n#t#a$#9at#!n key #s (enerate' %s#n( the @IN the $en(th ! the @IN. a ran'!m
n%m+er an' a 'ev#ce a''ress) The 'e*en'ence !n the 'ev#ce a''ress makes #t m!re
'##c%$t !r a ra%'%$ent 'ev#ce t! try a $ar(e n%m+er ! @INs as each has n!" t! +e a
t#re' "#th '#erent 'ev#ce a''resses)
3n a%thent#cat#!n *r!ce'%re #s carr#e' !%t %s#n( the cha$$en(es res*!nse scheme)
The ver##er %n#t sen's ran'!m n%m+ers (enerate' +y a s*ec##c *r!cess !r the
a%thent#cat#!n) Th#s ran'!m n%m+er #s s%ch that a c$a#mant 'ev#ce that has the c!rrect
#n#t#a$#9at#!n key 5!r a $#nk key # the 'ev#ces ha' e-chan(e' that '%r#n( an ear$#er
c!mm%n#cat#!n7 an' re0%#re' 'ev#ce a''ress "#$$ +e a+$e t! *r!'%ce a res*!nse n%m+er
that #s kn!"n t! the ver##er) Th#s res*!nse n%m+er #s sent +ack an' checke' +y the
ver##er)
The c$a#mant may a$s! carry !%t ver##cat#!n !n the ver##er %s#n( the s#m#$ar
*r!ce'%re as a+!ve)

Each B$%et!!th %n#ts has a %n#t key. #nsta$$e' #n #ts n!n v!$at#$e mem!ry) The
'ev#ce #s treate' as the 'ev#ces are ca*a+$e ! han'$#n( th#s) Other"#se the %n#t key ! !ne
! #n#t#a$#9at#!n key t! encry*t th#s %n#t key an' sen's #t t! the !ther 'ev#ce that 'ecry*ts
#t %s#n( the #n#t#a$#9at#!n key e-chan(e ear$#er)
1>
05/EC/42 WIRELESS NETWORKING
The sec!n' 'ev#ce may a'' #ts !"n %n#tCs key t! the %n#t key ! the 6#rst 'ev#ce
an' (enerates a c!m+#nat#!n $#nk key # +!th the 'ev#ces are ca*a+$e ! han'$#n( th#s)
Other"#se the %n#t key ! !ne ! #n#t#a$#9at#!n key #s '#scar'e')
3n encry*t#!n key #s n!" (enerate' r!m the $#nk key. a ran'!m n%m+er an'
an!ther n%m+er !+ta#ne' r!m a #- *r!ce'%re) B!th the 'ev#ce can (enerate th#s
encry*t#!n key as a$$ the re0%#re' #n!rmat#!n #s kn!"n t! +!th the 'ev#ces) Th#s key "#th
s!me m!'##cat#!n as 'escr#+e' $ater #s %se' t! encry*t 'ata *ay $!a's)
The $#nk key #s remem+ere') I an!ther $#nk #s t! +e esta+$#she' +et"een the t"!
'ev#ces at a $ater t#me. th#s $#nk key can +e '#rect$y %se') Th#s e$#m#nates the nee' t! sen'
keys !ver the channe$ a(a#n) Th%s. 'ata can +e transm#tte' sec%re$y "#th m#n#m%m %ser
#nteract#!n)
W+ Bluetoot te &a+ it is8
Th#s sect#!n attem*t t! e-*$a#n s!me ! the 'es#(n an' techn!$!(y tra'e!s #n
B$%et!!th an' the ma#n c!ns#'erat#!n #n the "#re$ess $#nk 'es#(n are e-*$!re')
A( te connecti2it+)
A!st "#re$ess c!mm%n#cat#!n systems $#ke the *%+$#c ce$$%$ar *h!ne net"!rks?
GSN. 13A@S. IS?G5 !ther *r#vate net"!rks $#ke ,#*er$an 2. 1ECT !r *ers!na$ han'y
*h!ne net"!rks OGSN. 1am*s. IS?G5 !r !ther *r#vate net"!rk $#ke ,#*er$an 2 .1ECT !r
*ers!na$ han'y *h!ne system. %se a net"!rk arch#tect%re #n "h#ch the ra'#! %n#ts; Base
stat#!ns an' m!+#$e term#na$s are str#ct$y '#st#nct) Th#s a'vanta(e!%s #n 'es#(n as channe$
access. channe$ a$$!cat#!n. tra#c c!ntr!$. #ntererence m#n#m#9at#!n etc) can +e taken
care +y the +ase stat#!n. mak#n( the 'es#(n ! m!+#$e term#na$s s#m*$er) In a' h!c
net"!rks. there #s n! '#erence +et"een ra'#! %n#ts) C!mm%n#cat#!n #s *eer t! *eer "#th
n! centra$ c!ntr!$$ers) C!nvent#!na$$y #n a' h!c W#re$ess net"!rk. a$$ 'ev#ces #n
B$%et!!th %sa(e m!'e$s h!"ever even th#s #s n!t s%#c#ent as the n%m+ers ! B$%et!!th
'ev#ces) In (#ven re(#!n ! s*ace may +e very $ar(e an' !n$y a e" ! them may nee' t!
c!mm%n#cate am!n( themse$ves mak#n( m%t%a$ c!!r'#nat#!n am!n( them very '##c%$t
an' %n$#ke$y )th#s has $e' t! the c!nce*t ! scatter nets; a (r!%* ! net"!rks #n the same
s*ace +%t c!mm%n#cat#n( !ver '#erent channe$s. "#th s!me !ver$a**#n( 'ev#ces) There
nee' n!t +e any c!!r'#nat#!n am!n( 'ev#ces +e$!n(#n( t! '#erent net"!rks "#th #n the
scatter nets)

14
05/EC/42 WIRELESS NETWORKING
Base stat#!n
A!+#$e a'm#t

6#(%re;
a7 a ce$$%$ar net"!rk "#th s0%ares re*resent#n( stat#!nary +ase stat#!n
+7 a c!nvent#!na$ a' h!c system
c7 Scatter a' h!c net"!rk)
Th%s #t #s c$ear that the B$%et!!th system '%e t! #ts very nat%re ! a**$#cat#!n "#$$ have t!
%se scatter net k#n' ! a' h!c c!nnect#v#ty) The ma&!r c!ns#'erat#!n #n th#s 'es#(n #s;
a7 Ch!#ce ! the ra'#%s s*ectr%m
+7 C!nnect#!n esta+$#shment an' 'eterm#n#n( %n#ts #n ran(e that can +e c!nnecte')
c7 Ch!#ce ! the m%$t#*$e access Scheme
'7 Channe$ a$$!cat#!n
e7 Ae'#%m access c!ntr!$
7 Serv#ce *r#!r#t#9at#!n) /!#ce may have h#(her *r#!r#ty !ver 'ata)
(7 Intererence. m%t%a$ an' r!m !ther S!%rces)
h7 @!"er C!ns%m*t#!n)
#7 @r!'%ct#!n ! 'ata !ver the channe$
The ch!#ce ! the ra'#%s s*ectr%m;
The #ss%es t! +e c!ns#'ere' here are;
There "#$$ n!t +e any c!!r'#nat#!n +et"een !*erat!rs as #n a ce$$%$ar
net"!rk) The s*ectr%m m%st +e ava#$a+$e "!r$' "#'e "#th!%t the nee' !r $#censes)
Th#s "#$$ make the #nter!*era+#$#ty tr%$y ($!+a$) Th#s #s #m*!rtant. as m!+#$#ty #s !ne
ma#n a'vanta(e ! B$%et!!th 'ev#ces)
15
05/EC/42 WIRELESS NETWORKING
Th#s c!ns#'erat#!n enc!%ra(es the a'!*t#!n ! the ISA +an' ar!%n' 2)45 G,9)
that #s ($!+a$$y ava#$a+$e) It #s (!verne' +y '#erent re(%$at#!n #n '#erent *arts ! the
"!r$' an' hence the system m%st +e 'es#(ne' c!ns#'er#n( the m#n#m%m c!mm!n
ava#$a+#$#ty)
Me(iu# access control)
The ch!#ce ! the me'#%m. access scheme m%st take #nt! acc!%nt the $ack !
c!!r'#nat#!n am!n( 'ev#ces #n the ISA +an') 61A3 56re0%ency '#v#s#!n m%$t#*$e
access7 can n!t +e %se'. as #t '!se n!t sat#sy the re0%ency s*rea'#n( character#st#cs !
the ISA s*ectr%m) T1A3 5t#me '#v#s#!n m%$t#*$e access7 can n!t +e %se'. as #t '!se n#t
sat#sy the re0%ency s*rea'#n( character#st#cs ! the ISA s*ectr%m) T1A3 5t#me
'#v#s#!n m%$t#*$e access7 re0%#re a str#ct t#m#n( synchr!n#9at#!n that #s rather
c%m+ers!me !r a' h!c c!nnect#!ns) C1A3 5c!'e '#v#s#!n m%$t#*$e access7 #s the c$ear
ch!#ce as #t %$#$$s the s*rea'#n( re0%#rements an' can "!rk "#th %nc!!r'#nate' systems)
The ne-t 0%est#!n #n 1S 5'#rect se0%ence7 ! 6, 5re0%ency h!**#n(7) 1S s%ers r!m
certa#n '#sa'vanta(es $#ke the re0%#rement ! a c!mm!n t#m#n( reerence "h#ch #s n!t
(!!' #'ea #n the scatter net a' h!c scenar#!) 6%rther '%e t! the near ar *r!+$em a
c!!r'#nate' *!"er c!ntr!$ #s re0%#re') 6#na$$y h#(h 'ata rates "#$$ re0%#re h#(her ch#*
rates "h#ch #s n!t a'v#sa+$e '%e t! the "#'e +an'"#'th an' the res%$t#n( #ntererence an'
'%e t! e-cess#ve c%rrent 'ra#n) 6,. a*art r!m tak#n( care ! these *r!+$ems. !ers !ther
a'vanta(es) The avera(e s#(na$ #s s*rea' !ver a $ar(e +an'"#'th +%t the #n #nstantane!%s
s#(na$ #s !n$y #n a narr!" +an' mak#n( #t easy t! #$ter !%t a $!t ! *!tent#a$ #ntererence)
B$%et!!th th%s %ses 6,?C1A3) T! kee* #ntererence eects m#n#ma$ an' t! make the
'ata r!+%st very sh!rt +rackets are %se' an' the 6re0%ency h!* rate #s ke*t #s ke*t h#(h
1E00 h!*s/sec)
0onnection establis#ent)
The env#r!nment ! a B$%et!!th "#$$ chan(e 'ynam#ca$$y "#th a#r am!%nt !
ra*#'#ty) 6%rther the n%m+er ! 'ev#ces "#$$ +e 0%#te $ar(e an' ne" 'ev#ces "#$$ %s%a$$y
+e ha' t! access "henever the %ser takes #ts 'ev#ce !%ts#'e h#s %s%a$ "!rk *$ace) Then
h!" t! '! the 'ev#ce 6#n' each !ther an' esta+$#sh $#nks !ver the C1A3 channe$P It #s
#m*!rtant that the 'ev#ces sh!%$' n!t 'e*en' !n man%a$ c!mman' t! esta+$#sh
c!nnect#!ns) S! the stan'ar' m%st *r!v#'e !r *r!ce'%res %s#n( "h#ch a 'ev#ce can
'#sc!ver the a''ress ! the !ther B$%et!!th 'ev#ces #n #ts *r!-#m#ty "#th!%t any %ser
s%**!rt) 6%rther there synchr!n#9at#!n t! +e ach#eve' +et"een the t"! 'ev#ces)
Me(iu# access control an( 0annel allocation)
3s n!te' ear$#er a $ar(e n%m+er ! #n'e*en'ent channe$s nee' t! e-#st #n the same s*ace
each serv#n( #ts !"n *art#c#*ants !n the m!'%$at#!n scheme %se' the 'ata rate ava#$a+$e #s
the same s*ace each serv#n( #ts *art#c#*ants !n the m!'%$at#!n Scheme %se' the 'ata rate
ava#$a+$e #s 1 A+*s) S! t! c!nserve ca*ac#ty. !n$y the %n#ts that nee' t! transer 'ata
am!n( themse$ves sh!%$' +e *%t !n a *art#c%$ar channe$) 6!r th#s reas!n the c!nce*t !
1E
05/EC/42 WIRELESS NETWORKING
@#c! nets has +een #ntr!'%ce') Each channe$ #s #'ent##e' "#th #'ent##e' "#th a %n#0%e
h!* se0%ence an' the c$!ck ! !ne c!!r'#nat#n( 'ev#ces !n that channe$ reer t! as a
master) Th#s channe$ ca$$e' a @#c! net an' m%$t#*$e @#c! nets that !ver$a* #n terms !
'ev#ces c!nnecte' are reerre' t! as a scatter net) T! s#m*$#y #m*$ementat#!n ! '%*$e-
c!mm%n#cat#!n T11 has +een a**$#e') Each 'ev#ce transm#ts #n a$ternate s$!ts an' %ses
the #nterme'#ate s$!ts t! rece#ve)
6%rther a 1/> rate 6!r"ar' Err!r Check 56EC7 #s a**$#e' Wh#ch re*eats each +#t three
t#mes 6!r *r!tect#!n ! 'ata var#!%s $eve$s ! re'%n'ancy are s%**!rte' '#er#n( #n the#r
!verhea's)
The re0%#re' *acket ty*e may +e %se' +y an a**$#cat#!n as *er #ts re0%#rement)
6!r the synchr!n!%s /!#ce $#nk #s '##c%$t t! retransm#t a *acket #n case ! err!r hence
the C/S1 v!#ce c!'#n( #s em*$!ye' "h#ch are r!+%st t! h#(h +#t err!r rates)
Mo(ulation sce#e use()
In the ISA +an' the +an' "#'th ! s#(na$s #s $#m#te' t! 1 me(a hert9)
6!r r!+%stness a +#nary m!'%$at#!n scheme has +een ch!sen)
Th#s #s "hat *$aces the 'ata rate $#m#t ! A+*s) 6!r 6, systems an' s%**!rt !r +%rst 'ata
tra#c a n!n c!herent 'etect#!n scheme #s m!st a**r!*r#ate) 3 Ga%ss#an *r!#teere'
re0%ency
Sh#t key#n( 56SK7 #s %se' "#th a n!m#na$ m!'%$at#!n #n'e- ! 0)>) The t#me +an' "#'th
*r!'%ct ! the Ga%ss#an *re #$ter #s 0)5) L!(#ca$ !nes are sent as *!s#t#ve re0%ency
'ev#at#!na$ an' Qer!s as ne(at#ve re0%ency 'ev#at#!ns) In th#s techn#0%e 'em!'%$at#!n
can +e s#m*$y acc!m*$#she' +y a $#m#t#n( 6A '#scr#m#nat!r th%s ena+$#n( the
#m*$ementat#!n ! $!" c!st ra'#! %n#ts)
1I
6IG; 2 The T11 scheme #n B$%et!!th
9.2' -s
Sta2e
Master
4 :3; 4 :3 < 1; 4 :3 < 2;
05/EC/42 WIRELESS NETWORKING

-rotection o% (ata)
B$%e t!!th 'ev#ces "#$$ %s%a$$y carry an' transm#t a *ers!nCs very *ers!na$ 'ata as
they "#$$ +e the #nterace t! m!st ! her va$%a+$e #n!rmat#!n res!%rces) Th%s #t #s
essent#a$ that n! c!m*r!m#se !n sec%r#ty +e ma'e "h#$e sh#t#n( r!m the "#re'
#nteraces t! "#re$ess !nes) 6!r th#s reas!n #t #s necessary t! *r!v#'e 'ata encry*t#!n
ac#$#ty) 6%rther serv#ces !ere' thr!%(h +$%e t!!th e-cess *!#nts may have t! +e $#m#te'
t! a certa#n set! a%th!r#9e' %sers) Th#s means that the stan'ar' sh!%$' *r!v#'e s!me
mechan#sm t! a$$!" restr#cte' e-cess an' #'ent##cat#!n ! re(#stere' 'ev#ces) Kee*#n(
+!th th#s re0%#rements #n m#n' B$%et!!th *r!v#'es +!th $#nk $eve$ encry*t#!n an'
a%thent#cat#!n) These are c!ntr!$$e' +y *r!v#'#n( a @IN t! %ser th#s n%m+er m%st +e
kn!"n t! the %sers # he has t! sec%re' 'ev#ce) Th%s access c!ntr!$ can +e #m*$emente')
T! ens%re saety ! encry*t#!n keys are %se') 6%rther these keys are n!t transm#tte' !ver
the "#re$ess channe$ rather !ther *arameters are $#m#te' %s#n( "h#ch #n c!m+#nat#!n "#th
the #n!rmat#!n s*ec##ca$$y Kn!"n t! a%thent#cate' 'ev#ces. the keys can +e (enerate')
1#erent ty*e ! keys has +een *r!v#'e' t! a$$!" !r vary#n( c!m*%t#n( *!"er !n n!n
%n#!rm 'ev#ces )3*art r!m encry*t#!n at $#nk $eve$ "h#ch %ses 122 +#t keys re(ar'e' as
a#r$y sae c%rrent$y there #s a$"ays an !*t#!n t! %rther encry*t at the a**$#cat#!n $ayer
#tse$) L#nk $eve$ encry*t#!n h!"ever a$$!"s a %n#versa$ stan'ar')
The master ! the @#c! net mana(es "h#ch 'ev#ces transm#t "hen) Th%s the channe$ can
+e eect#ve$y share') One may n!te that there are IG 6re0%enc#es #n the h!* se0%ence
!*en#n( the *!ss#+#$#ty !r IG !rth!(!na$ re0%ency h!* se0%ences that can *r!v#'e 20
A+*s ! 'ata transer ca*ac#ty "#th#n a $!ca$ s*ace) ,!"ever as the B$%et!!th 'ev#ce
12
=ero 0rossin* Error
I(eal =ero 0rossin*
Ti#e
611 scheme #n B$%et!!th
05/EC/42 WIRELESS NETWORKING
'!se n!t c!!r'#nate the h!* se0%ences "#$$ n!t +e !rth!(!na$ 20 A+*s "#$$ n!t +e
reache')
Ser2ice prioriti7ation)
B$%et!!th 'ev#ces #nten' t! *r!v#'e +!th v!#ce c!mm%n#cat#!ns as #n m!+#$e
*h!nes hea' sets !n v!#ce +r!"sers an' a$s! 'ata c!mm%n#cat#!ns t! access net"!rks #n
the tra'#t#!na$ "ay) The v!#ce channe$ m%st +e synchr!n!%s an' *r!v#'e (%arant#es !n
'e$ay an' $atency !r acce*ta+$e v!#ce 0%a$#ty )th%s a se*arate $#nk t! s%**!rt /!#ce #s
re0%#re' "h#ch m%st +e (#ven *r#!r#ty !ver asynchr!n!%s 'ata) ,ence B$%et!!th %ses t"!
K#n's ! $#nks.
3synchr!n!%s c!nnect#!n$ess 3CL
Synchr!n!%s c!nnect#!n !r#ente' O SCO
The SCO $#nk #s a *!#nt t! *!#nt $#nk#n( #n "h#ch res!%rces are reserve' T11
s$!ts at re(%$ar #nterva$s are reserve' t! (%arantee the C!nt#n%#ty ! the v!#ce channe$)
The rema#n#n( s$!ts can +e %se' +y 3CL $#nks) The SCO $#nks #s s%ch that even '%r#n(
*a(#n( #n0%#ry an' scan *r!ce'%res. "h#ch may +e re0%#re !r s!me *ara$$e$ a**$#cat#!n
the synchr!n!%s *ackets can +e transerre' at the#r #-e' s$!ts)
Inter%erence)
The ISA +an' +e#n( an %nnerve' +an' "#$$ have a var#ety ! heter!(ene!%s
transm#tter #n #ts re0%ency ran(e) 6%rther m#cr!"ave !vens an' $#(ht#n( s!%rces em#t #n
th#s +an' "h#ch "as #n act the !r#(#na$ reas!ns !r %n$#cens#n( th#s +an') 3n!ther s!%rce
that may +e e-*ecte' t! +e *resent #n the same areas as the B$%et!!th env#r!nment
"!%$' +e the >0' Bm W3LN transm#tters) Th%s the B$%et!!th 'ev#ces m%st +e #mm%ne
t! s%ch #ntererence) T"! c!mm!n a**r!aches are s%**ress#!n an' av!#'ance)
S%**ress#!n. "h#ch can +e !+ta#ne' +y c!'#n( !r 1S s*rea'#n(. makes $ess sense
6!r B$%et!!th +eca%se the near ar rat#!s may +e t!! h#(h t! han'$e "#th *ract#ca$
atta#na+$e c!'#n( (a#ns) Intererence av!#'ance #s m!re attract#ve +eca%se the 'es#re'
s#(na$ #s transm#tte' at *!#nts #n re0%ency an'/!r t#me "here #ntererence #s $!" !r
a+sent) 3v!#'ance #n re0%ency #s m!re *ract#ca$ +eca%se m!st ra'#! systems are +an'
$#m#te' an' #t sh!%$' +e *!ss#+$e t! #n' s!me +an' "here the #ntererence #s a#r$y $!".
%rther r!+%stness t! err!rs #s re0%#re' as #ntererence #n sh!rt +%rsts '%e t! c!$$#s#!n at
h#(her $ayers a+!ve the *hys#ca$ $#nk) 6!r th#s *%r*!se B$%et!!th has ch!sen t! *r!v#'e
an ackn!"$e'(ement +ase' scheme "#th a%t!mat#c re*eat re0%est 53RN7) The hea'er
#n!rmat#!n #n *ackets that #s very cr#t#ca$ t! the $#nk !*erat#!n #s *r!tecte' #rst +y a
cyc$#c re'%n'ancy check an'
Wat is te si*ni%icance o% -IN0O6E TO Bluetoot8
1G
05/EC/42 WIRELESS NETWORKING
The @INCO1E #s a secret c!'e *r!v#'e' !r sec%r#ty a**$#cat#!ns) Th#s n%m+er
has t! +e man%a$$y entere' +y the %ser !r st!re' +y h#s a**$#cat#!n) Once the 'ev#ces
Kn!"s the @IN ! the 'ev#ce #t "ants t! c!nnect t! #t can start the sec%r#ty *r!ce'%res
re$evant t! a%thent#cat#!n an' encry*t#!n) In s!me 'ev#ces $#ke access *!#nts !r hea' sets
"h#ch '! n!t have an #nterace (!!' en!%(h t! a$$!" the %sers t! enter a @IN the @IN #s
*reerre' an' %se' +y !ther 'ev#ces t! c!nnect t! #t)
!. Te cellular concept) !. Te cellular concept)
Intro(uction)
The ce$$%$ar c!nce*t "as a ma&!r +reak thr!%(h #n s!$v#n( the *r!+$em ! s*ectra$
c!n(est#!n an' %ser ca*ac#ty) It !ere' very h#(h ca*ac#ty #n a $#m#te' s*ectr%m
a$$!cat#!n "#th!%t any ma&!r techn!$!(#ca$ chan(es) The ce$$%$ar c!nce*t #s a system
$eve$ #'ea "h#ch ca$$s !r re*$ac#n( a s#n($e. h#(h *!"er transm#tter "#th many $!" *!"er
transm#tters each *r!v#'#n( c!vera(e t! !n$y a sma$$ *!rt#!n ! the serv#ce area) Each
+ase stat#!n #s a$$!cate' a *!rt#!n ! the t!ta$ n%m+er ! channe$s ava#$a+$e t! the ent#re
system an' near+y +ase stat#!ns #s ass#(ne' '#erent (r!%*s ! channe$s s! that a$$ the
ava#$a+$e channe$s are ass#(ne' t! a re$at#ve$y sma$$ n%m+er ! ne#(h+!r#n( +ase stat#!n
ne#(h+!r#n( +ase stat#!n are ass#(ne' '#erent (r!%*s ! channe$ s! that the #ntererence
+et"een +ase stat#!n 5an' the m!+#$e %ser %n'er the#r c!ntr!$7 #s m#n#m#9e') By
systemat#ca$$y s*ac#n( +ase stat#!n an' the#r channe$ (r!%*s thr!%(h!%t a market the
ava#$a+$e channe$s are '#str#+%te' thr!%(h!%t the (e!(ra*h#c re(#!n an' may +e re%se' as
many t#mes as necessary s! $!n( as the #ntererence +et"een c! channe$ stat#!ns #s ke*t
+e$!" acce*ta+$e $eve$s)
3s the 'eman' !r serv#ce #ncreases 5#)e) as m!re channe$s are nee'e' "#th#n a
*art#c%$ars market7 the n%m+er ! +ase stat#!ns may +e #ncrease' 5a$!n( "#th a
c!rres*!n'#n( 'ecrease #n transm#tter *!"er t! av!#' a''e' #ntererence7 there+y
*r!v#'#n( a''#t#!na$ ra'#! ca*ac#ty "#th n! a''#t#!na$ #ncrease #n ra'#! s*ectr%m) Th#s
%n'amenta$ *r#nc#*$e #s the !%n'at#!n !r a$$ m!'em "#re$ess c!mm%n#cat#!n systems.
s#nce #t ena+$es a #- n%m+er ! channe$s t! serve an ar+#trar#$y $ar(e n%m+er !
s%+scr#+ers +y re%s#n( the channe$s thr!%(h!%t the c!vera(e re(#!n) 6%rther m!re the
ce$$%$ar c!nce*t a$$!"s never *#ece ! s%+scr#+er e0%#*ment "#th#n a c!%ntry !r a
c!nt#nent t! +e man%act%re' "#th the same set ! channe$s s! that any m!+#$e may +e
%se' any"here "#th#n the re(#!n)
Reuse)
Ce$$%$ar ra'#! systems re$y !n an #nte$$#(ent a$$!cat#!n an' re%se ! channe$s
thr!%(h!%t a c!vera(e re(#!n) Each ce$$%$ar +ase stat#!n #s a$$!cate' (r!%*s ! ra'#an
channe$s t! +e %se' "#th#n a sma$$ (ra*h#c area ca$$e' a ce$$) Base stat#!n #n a'&acent ce$$s
ass#(ne' channe$ (r!%*s "h#ch c!nta#n c!m*$ete$y '#erent channe$s than ne#(h+!r#n(
ce$$) The +ase stat#!n antennas are 'es#(ne' t! ach#eve the 'es#re c!vera(e "#th#n a
*art#c%$ar ce$$) By $#m#t#n( the c!vera(e area t! "#th#n the +!%n'ar#es ! a ce$$ the same
(r!%* ! channe$s may +e %se' t! c!ver '#erent ce$$s that are se*arate' r!m !ne
20
05/EC/42 WIRELESS NETWORKING
an!ther +y '#stances $ar(e en!%(h t! kee* #ntererence $eve$s "#th#n t!$era+$e $#m#ts) The
'es#(n *r!cess ! se$ect#n( an' a$$!cat#n( channe$s (r!%*s !r a$$ ! the ce$$%$ar +ase
stat#!ns "#th#n a system %F#s ca$$e' re0%ency re%se !r re0%ency *$ann#n()
The #(%re sh!"n +e$!" #$$%strates the c!nce*t ! ce$$%$ar re0%ency re%se "here
ce$$s $a+e$e' "#th the same $etter %se the same (r!%*s ! channe$s) The re0%ency re%se
*$an #s !ver$a#' a ma* t! #n'#cate "here '#erent re0%ency channe$s are %se') The
he-a(!na$ sha*e sh!"n #n the #(%re #s c!nce*t%a$ an' #s a s#m*$#st#c m!'e$ ! the ra'#!
c!vera(e !r each +ase stat#!n +%t #t has +een %n#versa$$y a'!*te' s#nce the he-a(!n
*erm#ts easy an' mana(ea+$e ana$ys#s ! a ce$$%$ar system) The act%a$ ra'#! c!vera(e ! a
ce$$ #s kn!"n as the !!t*r#nt #s am!r*h!%s #n nat%re a re(%$ar ce$$ sha*e #s nee'e' !r
systemat#c system 'es#(n an' a'a*tat#!ns !r %t%re (r!"th) Wh#$e #t m#(ht seem nat%ra$
t! ch!!se a c#rc$e t! re*resent the c!vera(e area ! +ase stat#!n a'&acent c#rc$es can n!t
+e !ver$a#' %*!n a ma* "#th!%t $eav#n( (a*s !r creat#n( !ver$a**#n( re(#!ns) Th%s "hen
c!ns#'er#n( (e!metr#c sha*es "h#ch c!ver an ent#re re(#!n !ver$a* an' "#th e0%a$ area
there are these sens#+$e ch!#ces O a s0%are. an e0%#$atera$ tr#an($e) 3n' a he-a(!n) 3 ce$$
m%st +e 'es#(ne' t! serve the "eakest m!+#$es "#th#n the !!t*r#nt an' these are ty*#ca$$y
$!cate' at the e'(e ! the ce$$) 6!r a (#ven '#stance +et"een the centre ! the *!$y(!n an'
#ts arthest *er#meter *!#nts the he-a(!n has the $ar(es area ! the three) Th%s +y %s#n(
the he-a(!n
Ge!metry the e"est n%m+er ! ce$$s can c!ver a (e!(ra*h#c re(#!n an' the
he-a(!n c$!se$y a**r!-#mates a c#rc%$ar ra'#at#!n *attern "h#ch "!%$' !cc%r !r an !mn#
'#rect#!na$ +ase stat#!n antenna an' ree s*ace *r!*a(at#!n) O c!%rse the act%a$ ce$$%$ar
!!t*r#nt #s 'eterm#ne' +y the c!nt!%r #n "h#ch the (#ven transm#tter serves the m!+#$es
s%ccess%$$y)
When %s#n( the he-a(!ns t! m!'e$ c!vera(e areas +ase stat#!n transm#tters are
'e*#cte' as e#ther +e#n( #n the centre ! the ce$$ !r !n three ! the s#- ce$$ vert#ces
n!rma$$y !mn# '#rect#!na$ antennas are %se' #n centre e-c#te' ce$$s an' sect!re'
'#rect#!na$ antennas are %se' #n c!rner e-c#te' ce$$s) @ract#ca$ c!ns#'erat#!n %s%a$$y '!n!r
a$$!"s +ase stat#!n t! +e *$aces e-act$y as they a**ear #n the he-a(!na$ $ay!%t) A!st
system 'es#(ns *erm#t a +ase stat#!n t! +e *!s#t#!ne' %* t! !ne !r the ! the ce$$ ra'#%s
a"ay r!m the #'ea $!cat#!n)
T! %n'erstan' the 6re0%ency re%se c!nce*t c!ns#'er a ce$$%$ar system "h#ch has a
t!ta$ ! S '%*$e- channe$s ava#$a+$e !r %se) I each ce$$ #s a$$!cate' a (r!%* ! k channe$s
5kRS7 an' # the ! S '%*$e- channe$s are '#v#'e' am!n( N ce$$s #nt! %n#0%e an' '#s&!#nt
channe$ (r!%*s "h#ch each have the same n%m+er ! channe$s. the t!ta$ n%m+er !
ava#$a+$e ra'#! channe$s can +e e-*resse' as SKkSN
21

B
C

1

3

E

1

C

E

6

3

G

6
B
G
3

E

1

C

6

B
G
05/EC/42 WIRELESS NETWORKING
The N ce$$s "h#ch c!$$ect#ve$y %se the c!m*$ete set ! ava#$a+$e re0%enc#es #s
ca$$e' c$%ster) I a c$%ster #s re*$#cate' A t#mes "#th#n the system the t!ta$ %m+ers !
'%*$e- channe$s C can +e %se' as the meas%re ! ca*ac#ty an' #s (#ven +y
CKASS
3s seen r!m the a+!ve e0%at#!n the ca*ac#ty ! a ce$$%$ar system #s '#rect$y *r!*!rt#!na$
t! the n%m+er ! t#mes a c$%ster #s re*$#cate' #n the #- serv#ce area) The act!r N #s ca$$e'
the c$%ster s#9e an' #s ty*#ca$$y e0%a$ t! 4. I. !r 12) I the c$%ster s#9e N #s re'%ce' "h#$e
the ce$$ s#9e #s ke*t c!nstant m!re c$%ster are re0%#re' t! c!ver a (#ven area an' hence
m!re ca*ac#ty #s ach#eve') 3 $ar(e c$%ster s#9e #n'#cates that the ra'#! +et"een the ce$$
ra'#%s an' the '#stance +et"een c! $!cate' m%ch c$!ser t!(ether) The va$%e !r N #s a
%nct#!n ! h!" m%ch #ntererence !r +ase stat#!n can t!$erate "h#$e ma#nta#n#n(
s%#c#ent 0%a$#ty ! c!mm%n#cat#!ns) 6!r a 'es#(n v#e" *!#nt the sma$$est *!ss#+$e va$%e
! N #s m#n#m%m %sea+$e s#(na$ !r acce*ta+$e v!#ce 0%a$#ty at the +ase stat#!n rece#ver
5n!rma$$y taken as +et"een G0 'Bm t! 100 'Bm7 a s$#(ht$y str!n(er s#(na$ $eve$ #s %se'
as +et"een G0 'Bm t! 100 'Bm7 a s$#(ht$y str!n(er $eve$ #s %se' as a thresh!$' at "h#ch a
han'! #s ma'e) Th#s mar(#n (#ven +y K *han'! O @ m#n#m%m %sea+$e cann!t +e t!!
$ar(e !r t! sma$$) I #s t!! $ar(e !r a sma$$) I #s t!! $ar(e %nnecessary han'!s "h#ch
+%r'en the ASC may !cc%r an' # t!! sma$$ there may +e #ns%#c#ent t#me t! c!m*$ete
han'! +e!re a ca$$ #s $!st '%e t! "eak s#n($e c!n'#t#!n there!re #s ch!sen care%$$y
t! make th#s c!n$#ct#n( re0%#rements the 6#(%re sh!"n +e$!" #$$%strate a han'!
s#t%at#!n the #rst 'em!nstrates the case "here a han'! #s n!t ma'e an' the s#(na$ 'r!*s
+e$!" the m#n#m%m 3cce*ta+$e $eve$ t! kee* the channe$ act#ve) Th#s 'r!**e' ca$$ event
can ha**en "hen there #s an e-cess#ve 'e$ay +y the ASC #n a ass#(n#n( a han'! !r
"hen the thresh!$' #s set t! sma$$ !r the han'! t#me #n the system) E-cess#ve 'e$ays
may !cc%r '%r#n( h#(h tra#c c!n'#t#!ns '%e t! c!m*%tat#!na$ $!a'#n( at the ASC !r '%e
T! the act that n! channe$s are ava#$a+$e !n any ! the near+y +ase stat#!ns 5th%s 6!rc#n(
the ASC t! "a#t %nt#$ a channe$ #n a near$y ce$$ +ec!mes 6ree7
In 'ec#'#n( "hen t! han'! #t #s #m*!rtant t! ens%re that the 'r!* #n the meas%re'
s#(na$ $eve$ #s n!t '%e t! m!mentar#$y a'#n( an' that the m!+#$e #s act%a$$y m!v#n( a"ay
r!m the +ase stat#!n) In !r'er t! ens%re th#s the +ase stat#!n m!n#t!rs the s#(na$ $eve$ !r
a certa#n *er#!' ! t#me +e!re a han'! #s #n#t#ate') Th#s r%nn#n( avera(e meas%rement
! s#n($e stren(th sh!%$' +e !*t#m#9e' s! that %nnecessary han'!s are av!#'e') Wh#$e
ens%r#n( that necessary a han'!s are av!#'e') Wh#$e ens%r#n( that a han'! #s
c!m*$ete' +e!re a ca$$ #s term#nate' '%e t! a *!!r s#n($e $eve$) The $en(th ! t#me
nee'e' t! 'ec#'e # a han'! #s necessary 'e*en's !n the s*ee' at "h#ch the veh#c$e #s
m!v#n() I the s$!*e ! the sh!rt term avera(e rece#ve' s#(na$ $eve$ #n a (#ven t#me
#nterva$ #s stee* the han'! sh!%$' +e ma'e 0%#ck$y) In!rmat#!n a+!%t the veh#c$e s*ee'
"h#ch can +e %se%$ #n han'! 'ec#s#!ns can a$s! +e c!m*%te' r!m the stat#st#cs ! the
rece#ve' sh!rt term 6a'#n( s#n($e at the +ase stat#!n)
22
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05/EC/42 WIRELESS NETWORKING

6#(%re >)2 meth!' ! $!cat#n( c!?channe$ ce$$ #n a ce$$%$ar system) In th#s e-am*$e N =
19
(i.e... I =3, j=2). (Adapted from [Oet83] c IEEE)7
The t#me !ver "h#ch a ca$$ may +e ma#nta#ne' "#th#n a ce$$ "#th!%t han'! #s
ca$$e' the '"e$$ t#me) The '"e$$ t#me ! a *art#c%$ar %ser #s (!verne' +y n%m+er !
act!rs #nc$%'#n( *r!*a(at#!n. #ntererences. '#stance +et"een the s%+scr#+er an' the +ase
stat#!n. an' !ther t#me vary#n( eects) The stat#st#cs ! '"e$$ t#me vary (reat$y 'e*en'#n(
!n the s*ee' ! the %ser an' the ty*e ! ra'#! c!vera(e) 6!r e)() #n mat%re ce$$s "h#ch
*r!v#'es c!vera(e !r veh#c%$ar h#(h"ay %sers 1es#ra+$e #n !r'er t! ma-#m#9e ca*ac#ty
!ver a (#ven c!vera(e area) The re0%ency re%se act!r ! a ce$$%$ar system #s (#ven +y
1/N) s#nce each ce$$ "#th#n a c$%ster #s ass#(ne' 1/N ! the t!ta$ ava#$a+$e channe$ #n the
system)
0annel assi*n#ent strate*ies)
6!r e#c#ent %t#$#9at#!n ! the ra'#! s*ectr%m a re0%ency re%se scheme #)e)
c!ns#stent "#th the !+&ect#ves ! #ncreas#n( ca*ac#ty an' m#n#m#9#n( #ntererence #s
re0%#re') 3 var#ety ! channe$ ass#(nment strate(#es have +een 'eve$!*e' t! arch#ve these
!+&ect#ves) Channe$ ass#(nment strate(#es can +e c$ass##e' as e#ther #-e' !r 'ynam#c)
The ch!#ce ! channe$ ass#(nment strate(y #m*acts the *er!rmance ! the system
*art#c%$ar$y as t! h!" ca$$s are mana(e' "hen a m!+#$e %ser #s han'e' ! r!m !ne ce$$
t! an!ther)
In a #- channe$ ass#(nment strate(y each ce$$ #s a$$!cate' a *re'eterm#ne' set !
v!#ce channe$s) 3ny ca$$ attem*t "#th#n the ce$$ can !n$y +e serve' +ay the %n%se'
channe$s #n that *art#c%$ar ce$$) I a$$ the channe$s #n that ce$$ are !cc%*#e' the ce$$ #s
+$!cke' an' the s%+scr#+er '!es n!t rece#ve serv#ce) Severa$ var#at#!ns ! the channe$s #n
the #-e' ass#(nment strate(y e-#st) In !ne a**r!ach ca$$e' the +!rr!"#n( strate(y a ce$$
#s a$$!"e' t! +!rr!" channe$s r!m a ne#(h+!r#n( ce$$ # a$$ ! #ts !"n channe$s are
a$rea'y !cc%*#e') The m!+#$e s"#tch#n( center 5ASC7 s%*erv#ses s%ch +!rr!"#n(
*r!ce'%res an' ens%res that the +!rr!"#n( ! a channe$ '!es n!t '#sr%*t !r #nterere "#th
any ! the ce$$s #n *r!(ress #n the '!n!r ce$$)
In a 'ynam#c channe$ ass#(nment strate(y v!#ce channe$ are n!t a$$!cate' t!
'#erent ce$$s *ermanent$y) Instea' each t#me a ca$$ re0%est #s ma'e the serv#ce +ase
stat#!n re0%est a channe$ r!m the ASC) The s"#tch then a$$!cate' the channe$ t!
re0%este' ce$$ !$$!"#n( an a$(!r#thm that takes #nt! acc!%nt the $#ke$#h!!' ! %t%re
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05/EC/42 WIRELESS NETWORKING
+$!ck#n( "#th#n the re0%ency ! %se ! can'#'ate channe$ the re%se '#stance ! the
channe$ an' !ther c!st %nct#!n)
3cc!r'#n($y the ASC !n$y a$$!cates a (#ven re0%ency # that re0%ency #s n!t
*resent$y #n %se #n the ce$$ !r any !ther ce$$ "h#ch a$$s "#th#n the m#n#m%m restr#cte'
'#stances ! re0%ency re%se' t! av!#' c! channe$ #ntererence) 1ynam#c channe$
ass#(nments the $#ke h!!' ! +$!ck#n( "h#ch #ncreases the tr%ck#n( ca*ac#ty ! the
system s#nce a$$ the ava#$a+$e channe$s !n a market are access#+$e t! a$$ the ce$$s)
1ynam#c channe$ ass#(nment strate(y #s re0%#re the ASC t! c!$$ect rea$ t#me 'ata !n
channe$ !cc%*ancy. tra#c '#str#+%t#!n an' ra'#! s#(na$ stren(th #n'#cat#!n 5RSSI7 ! a$$
channe$s !n a c!nt#n%es +as#s) Th#s #ncreases the st!ra(e an' c!m*%tat#!na$ $!a' !n the
system +%t *r!v#'es the a'vanta(e ! #ncrease' channe$ %t#$#9at#!n an' 'ecrease'
*r!+a+#$#ty ! a +$!cke' ca$$)
5an( O% Strate*ist)
When a m!+#$e m!ves #nt! a '#erent ce$$ "h#$e a c!nversat#!n #s #n *r!(ress the
ASC a%t!mat#ca$$y transer the ce$$ t! a ne" channe$ +e$!n(#n( t! the ne" +ase stat#!n)
Th#s han' ! !*erat#!n n!t !n$y #nv!$ves #'ent#y#n( the ne" +ase stat#!n +%t a$s!
re0%#res that the v!#ce an' c!ntr!$ s#(na$s t! channe$s ass!c#ate' "#th the ne" +ase
stat#!n)
@r!cess#n( han'!s #n an #m*!rtant task #n any ce$$%$ar ra'#! system) Aany
han'! strate(#es *r#!r#t#es han'! re0%est !ver ca$$ #n#t#at#!n re0%ests "hen a$$!cat#n(
%n%se' channe$s #n a ce$$ s#te) ,an'! m%st +e *er!rme' s%ccess%$$y an' as
#nre0%ent$y as *!ss#+$e an' +e #m*erce*t#+$e t! the %sers) In !r'er t! meet these
re0%#rements system 'es#(ners m%st s*ec#y an !*t#m%m s#(na$ $eve$ at "h#ch t! #n#t#ate a
han'!) Once a *art#c%$ar s#(na$ $eve$ #s s*ec##e' as the m!st %sers ten' t! have a
re$at#ve$y c!nstant s*ee' an' trave$ a$!n( #-e' an' "e$$ 'e#ne' *aths "#th (!!' ra'#!
c!vera(e #n s%ch #nstances the '"e$$ t#me !r an ar+#trary %ser #s ran'!m var#a+$es "#th a
'#str#+%t#!n that #s h#(h$y c!ncentrate' a+!ve the mean '"e$$ t#me) On the !ther han' !r
%sers #n 'ense c$%ttere' m#cr! ce$$s env#r!nments there #s ty*#ca$$y a $ar(e var#at#!n !
'"e$$ t#me a+!%t the mean an' the '"e$$ t#mes are ty*#ca$$y sh!rter than the ce$$
(e!metry "!%$' !ther"#se s%((est) It #s a**arent that the stat#st#cs ! '"e$$ t#me are
#m*!rtant #n the *ract#ca$ 'es#(n ! han'! a$(!r#thms)
In #rst (enerat#!ns ana$!(%e ce$$%$ar systems s#(na$ stren(th meas%rements are
ma'e +y the +ase stat#!n an' s%*erv#se' +y the ASC) Each +ase stat#!n c!nstant$y
m!n#t!rs the s#(na$ stren(th ! a$$ ! #ts reverse v!#ce channe$s t! 'eterm#ne the re$at#ve
$!cat#!n ! each m!+#$e %ser "#th res*ect t! the +ase stat#!n t!"er) In a''#t#!n t!
meas%r#n( the RSSI ! ca$$s #n *r!(ress "#th#n the ce$$ a s*are rece#ver #n each +ase
stat#!n ca$$e' the $!cater rece#ver #s %se' t! scan an' 'eterm#ne s#(na$ stren(ths ! m!+#$e
%sers "h#ch are #n ne#(h+!r#n( ce$$s) The $!cat!r rece#ver #s c!ntr!$$e' +y the ASC an' #s
%se' t! m!n#t!r the s#(na$ stren(ths ! %sers #n ne#(h+!r#n( ce$$s "h#ch a**ear t! +e #n
nee' ! han'! an' re*!rts a$$ RSSI va$%es t! the ASE) Base' !n the $!cater rece#ver
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05/EC/42 WIRELESS NETWORKING
s#(na$ stren(th #n!rmat#!n r!m each +ase stat#!n) The ASC 'ec#'es # a han'! #s
necessary !r n!t)
In t!'ayTs sec!n' (enerat#!n system han'! 'ec#s#!n are m!+#$e ass#ste') In
m!+#$e ass#ste' han'! 5A3,O7 every m!+#$e stat#!n meas%res the rece#ve' *!"er r!m
s%rr!%n'#n( +ase stat#!ns an' c!nt#n%a$$y re*!rts the res%$t ! three meas%rements t! the
serv#n( +ase stat#!n a han'! #s #n#t#ate' "hen the *!"er rece#ve' r!m the +ase stat#!n
! the ne#(h+!r#n( ce$$ +e(#ns t! acce'e the *!"er rece#ve' r!m the c%rrent +ase stat#!n
+y a certa#n $eve$ !r !r a certa#n *er#!' ! t#me) The A3,O meth!' ena+$es the ce$$ t!
+e han'e' !ver +et"een +ase stat#!ns at a m%ch aster rate than #n #rst (enerat#!n ana$!(
systems s#nce the han'! meas%rements are ma'e +y each m!+#$e an' the ASC n!
$!n(er c!nstant$y m!n#t!rs s#(na$ stren(th) A3,O *art#c%$ar$y s%#te' !r m#cr! ce$$%$ar
env#r!nments "here han'! #s m!re re0%ent)
1%r#n( the c!%rse ! a ca$$ # a m!+#$e m!ves r!m !n ce$$%$ar system t! a
'#erent ce$$%$ar system c!ntr!$$e' +y a '#erent ASC an' #ntersystem han'! +ec!mes
necessary) 3n ASC en(a(es #n an #ntersystem han'! "hen a m!+#$e s#(na$ +ec!mes
"eak #n a (#ven ce$$ an' the ASC cann!t #n' an!ther ce$$ "#th#n #ts system t! "h#ch #t
can transer the ce$$ #n *r!(ress) There are many #ss%es that m%st +e a''resse' "h#$e
#m*$ement#n( an #ntersystem han'!) 6!r #nstance a $!ca$ ca$$ may +ec!me a $!n(
'#stance ca$$ as m!+#$e m!ves !%t ! #ts h!me system an' +ec!mes a r!amer #n a
ne#(h+!r#n( system) 3$s! ca*a+#$#ty +et"een the t"! ASC s m%st +e 'eterm#ne'
#m*$ement#n( an #ntersystem han'!)
1#erent system has '#erent *!$#c#es #n meth!'s !r mana(#n( han'! re0%ests)
S!me systems han'$e han'! re0%est #n the same "ay they han'$e !r#(#nat#n( ca$$s) In
s%ch systems the *r!+a+#$#ty that a han'! re0%est "#$$ n!t +e serve' +ay ne" +ase
stat#!n #s e0%a$ t! the +$!ck#n( *r!+a+#$#ty ! #nc!m#n( ca$$s) ,!"ever r!m the %serCs
*!#nt ! v#e" hav#n( a ca$$ a+r%*t$y term#nate' "h#$e #n the m#''$e ! the c!nversat#!n #s
m!re ann!y#n( than +e#n( +$!cke' !ccas#!na$$y !n a ne" ca$$ attem*t) T! #m*r!ve the
0%a$#ty ! serv#ce as *erce#ve' +y the %sers) /ar#!%s meth!'s have +een 'ev#ce t!
*r#!r#t#es han'! re0%est !ver ca$$ #n#t#as#t#!n re0%est "hen a$$!cat#n( v!#ce channe$s)
Title)
One meth!' !r (#v#n( *r#!r#ty t! han'! #s ca$$e' the (%ar' channe$ c!nce*t
"here+y a ract#!n ! the t!ta$ ava#$a+$e channe$s #n a ce$$ #s rece#ve' e-c$%s#ve$y !r
han'! re0%est r!m !n(!#n( ca$$s "h#ch may +e han'e' ! #nt! the ce$$) Th#s meth!'
has the '#sa'vanta(es ! re'%c#n( the t!ta$ carr#e' tra#cs as e"er channe$s are a$$!cate'
t! !r#(#nat#n( ce$$s) G%ar' channe$s h!"ever !er e#c#ent s*ectr%m %t#$#9at#!n "hen
'ynam#c channe$ ass#(nment strate(#es "h#ch m#n#m#9e the n%m+er ! re0%#re' (%ar'
channe$s +y e#c#ent channe$s +ase' a$$!cat#!n are %se')
N%e%#n( ! han'! re0%est #s an!ther meth!' t! 'ecrease the *r!+a+#$#ty !
!rce' term#nat#!n ! a ca$$ '%e t! $ack ! ava#$a+$e channe$s) There #s a tra'e ! +et"een
the 'ecrees #n *r!+a+#$#ty ! !rce' term#nat#!n an' t!ta$ carr#e' tra#c) N%e%#n( !
han'! #s *!ss#+$e '%e t! the act that there #s a #n#te t#me #nterva$ +et"een the t#me
rece#ve' s#(na$ $eve$s) The 'e$ay t#me an' s#9e ! the 0%e%e #s 'eterm#ne' r!m the tra#c
*attern ! the tra#c *attern ! the *art#c%$ars serv#ce area) It sh!%$' +e n!te' that 0%e%#n(
'!es n!t (%arantee a 9er! *r!+a+#$#ty ! !rce' term#nat#!n)
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05/EC/42 WIRELESS NETWORKING
". Multiple access tecni$ues %or &ireless co##unication) ". Multiple access tecni$ues %or &ireless co##unication)
Intro(uction to Multiple Accesses)
6re0%ency '#v#s#!n m%$t#*$e access 561A37 t#me '#v#s#!n access 5T1A37 c!'e
'#v#s#!n m%$t#*$e access 5C1A37 are the three ma&!r access techn#0%es %se' t! share the
ava#$a+$e +an'"#'th #n a "#re$ess c!mm%n#cat#!n system) These techn#0%es can +e
(r!%*e' as narr!" +an' an' "#'e +an' system 'e*en'#n( %*!n h!" the ava#$a+$e
+an'"#'th #s a$$!cate' t! the 'e*$et#n( techn#0%e ! a m%$t#*$e access system #s %s%a$$y
'escr#+e' a$!n( "#th the m%$t#*$e access schemes)
Title)
The term narr!" +an' #s %se' t! re$ate the +an'"#'th ! a s#n($e channe$ t! the
e-*ecte' c!herence +an'"#'th ! the channe$) In a narr!" +an' m%$t#*$e access system
the ava#$a+$e ra'#! s*ectr%m #s '#v#'e' #nt! a $ar(e n%m+er ! narr!" +an' channe$s) The
channe$s are %s%a$$y !*erate' %s#n( 611) T! m#n#m#9e #ntererence +et"een !r"ar' an'
reverse $#nks !n each channe$ the re0%ency se*arat#!n #s ma'e as (reat as *!ss#+$e "#th#n
the re0%ency s*ectr%m "h#$e st#$$ a$$!"#n( #n #ne-*ens#ve '%*$e-ers an' a c!mm!n
transce#ver antenna t! +e %se' #n each s%+scr#+e %n#t #n narr!" +an' 61A3 a %ser #s
ass#(ne' a *art#c%$ar channe$s "h#ch #s n!t share' +y !ther %ser #n the v#c#n#ty an' 611
#s %se' 5each '%*$e- channe$ has !r"ar' an' reverse s#m*$e- channe$s7 than the system
#s ca$$e' 61A3/611) Narr!" +an' T1A3 !n the !ther han' a$$!" %sers t! share the
same ra'#! channe$ +%t a$$!cates a %n#0%e t#me s$!%(h t! each %ser #s a cyc$#c ash#!n !n
the channe$) Th%s se*arat#n( a sma$$ n%m+er ! %sers #n t#me !n a s#n($e channe$) 6!r
narr!" +an' T1A3 systems there (enera$$y are a $ar(e n%m+ers ! ra'#! channe$s
a$$!cates %s#n( e#ther 611 !r T11 an' each channe$ #s share' %s#n( T1A3 s%ch
systems are ca$$e' T1A3/611 !r T1AS/T11 e-cess systems)
In "#'e +an' systems the transm#ss#!n +an'"#'th ! a s#n($e channe$ #s m%ch
$ar(er that the c!herence +an'"#'th ! the channe$) Th%s m%$t#*art a'#n( '!es n!t
(reat$y very the rece#ve' s#(na$ *!"er "#th#n a "#'e +an' channe$ an' re0%ency
se$ect#ve a'es !cc%r #n !n$y a sma$$ ract#!n ! the s#(na$ +an'"#'th at any #nstance !
t#me) In "#'e +an' m%$t#*$e access system a $ar(e n%m+er ! transm#tter are a$$!"e' t!
transm#t !n the same channe$) T1A3 a$$!cates t#me s$!%(hs t! the many transm#tters !n
the same channe$ an' a$$!"s !n$y !ne transm#tter t! access the channe$s at the #nstance !
t#me "hereas s*rea' s*ectr%m C1A3 a$$!"s the ent#re transm#tter t! access the channe$s
at the s!met#me) T1A3 an' C1A3 systems may %se e#ther 611 !r T11 m%$t#*$e-#n(
techn#0%es)
6re0%ency '#v#s#!n m%$t#*$e accesses 561A37 ass#(n #n'#v#'%a$ t! #n'#v#'%a$
%sers) IT can +e seen r!m the #(%re +e$!" that each %ser #s a$$!cate' a %n#0%e re0%ency
+an' !r channe$) These channe$s are ass#(ne' !n 'eman' t! %sers "h! re0%est serv#ce)
1%r#n( the *er#!' ! the ca$$ n! !ther %ser can share the same channe$) In 611 systems
the %sers are ass#(ne' a channe$ as a *a#r ! re0%enc#es) One re0%ency #s %se' !r
!r"ar' channe$ "h#$e the !ther re0%ency #s %se' !r the reverse channe$) The eat%res !
61A3 are as !$$!"s)
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05/EC/42 WIRELESS NETWORKING
a7 The 61A3 channe$s carr#es !n$y !ne *h!ne c#rc%#t at a t#me
+7 I an 61A3 channe$ #s n!t #n %ses than #t s#ts #'$e an' cann!t +e %se' +y !ther
%sers t! #ncrease !r shares ca*ac#ty) It #s essent#a$$y a "aste' res!%rce)
c7 3ter the ass#(nment ! a v!#ce channe$ the +ase stat#!n an' the m!+#$e
transm#t s#m%$tane!%s$y an' c!nt#n%!%s$y)
'7 The +an'"#'ths ! 61A3 channe$s are re$at#ve$y narr!" 5>0 k,97 as each
channe$ s%**!rts !n$y !ne c#rc%#t *er carr#er #)e) 61A3 #s %s%a$$y
#m*$emente' #n narr!" +an' systems)
e7 The sym+!$ t#me ! a narr!" +an' s#(na$ #s $ar(e as c!m*are' t! the avera(e
'e$ay s*rea') These #m*$#es that the am!%nt ! #nter sym+!$ #ntererence #s
$!" an' th%s $#tt$e !r n! e0%at#!ns #s re0%#re' #n 61A3 narr!" +an' systems)
7 The c!m*$e-#ty ! 61A3 m!+#$e system #s $!"er than c!m*are' t! T1A3
systems) Thr!%(h th#s #s chan(#n( as '#(#ta$ s#(na$ *r!cess#n( meth!'s
#m*r!ve' !r T1A3
(7 61A3 systems have h#(her se$$ s#te system c!st as c!m*are' t! T1A3
systems)
h7 The 61A3 m!+#$e %n#ts %se '%*$e-ers s#nce +!th the transm#tter an' rece#ver
!*erat!r at the same t#me) Th#s res%$t #n #ncreases #n the c!st ! 61A3
s%+scr#+er %n#ts an' +ase stat#!ns)
#7 61A3 re0%#res t#(ht R6 #$ter#n( t! m#n#m#9e a'&acent channe$ #ntererence)
Ti#e (i2ision #ultiple access :T6MA;)
T#me '#v#s#!n m%$t#*$e access 5T1A37 systems '#v#'e the rat#! s*ectr%m #nt!
t#me s$!%(hs an' each s$!%(h !n$y !ne %ser #s a$$!"e' t! transm#t !r rece#ve) It can +e
seen r!m the #(%re +e$!" that each %ser !cc%*#es a cyc$#ca$$y re*eat#n( t#me s$!%(hs s!
the channe$ may +e th!%(ht ! as a *art#c%$ar t#me s$!%(hs that re!cc%rs every rame
"hen N t#me s$!%(hs c!m*r#se the rame) T1A3 systems transm#t 'ata #n a +%er #n a
+%er an' +%rst meth!') Th%s the transm#ss#!n ! my %ser #s n! c!nt#n%es) Th#s #m*$#es
that %n$#ke #n 61A3 systems "h#ch acc!mm!'ate ana$!( 6A. '#(#ta$ 'ata an' '#(#ta$
2I
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05/EC/42 WIRELESS NETWORKING
'ata an' '#(#ta$ m!'%$at#!n m%st +e %se' "#th T1A3) The transm#ss#!n r!m var#!%s
%sers #s #nterre' $ace' #nt! a re*eat#n( rame str%ct%re as sh!"n +e$!") It can +e seen that
a rame c!ns#st ! a n%m+er ! s$!%(hs) Each rame #s ma'e %* ! a *ream+$e an'
#n!rmat#!n messa(e "!%$' +e an' ta#$ +#ts) In T1A3/T11 ha$ ! the t#me s$!%(hs #n
the rame #n!rmat#!n messa(e "!%$' +e %ses !r the !r"ar' $#nk channe$s an' ha$
"!%$' +e %se' !r the reverse $#nk channe$s) In T1A3/611 systems an #'ent#ca$ !r
s#m#$ar rame str%ct%re sh!%$' +e %se' s!$e$y !r e#ther !r"ar' !r reverse transm#ss#!n
+%t the carr#er re0%enc#es "!%$' +e %se' s!$e$y !r e#ther !re"!r' !r reverse
transm#ss#!n +%t the carr#er re0%enc#es "!%$' +e '#erent !r the !r"ar' an' reverse
$#nks) In (enera$ T1A3/611 systems #ntent#!na$$y #n'%ce severa$ t#me s$!%(hs ! 'e$ay
+et"een the !r"ar' an' reverse t#me s$!%(hs !r a *art#c%$ar %ser s! that '%*$e-ers are
n!t re0%#re' #n s%+scr#+er %n#ts)
The eat%res ! T1A3 #nc$%'e the !$$!"#n(
a7 T1A3 shares a s#n($e carr#er re0%ency "#th %sers "here each %ser makes %se
! n!n !ver$a**#n( t#me s$!%(hs) The n%m+er ! t#me s!%(hs *er rame
'e*en's !n severa$ act!rs s%ch as m!'%$at#!n techn#0%e. ava#$a+$e +an'
"#'th etc)
+7 1ata transm#ss#!n !r %sers ! a T1A3 system #s n!t c!nt#n%e +%t !cc%rs #n
+%rst) Th#s res%$t #n $!" +attery c!ns%m*t#!n s#nce the s%+scr#+er transm#tter
can +e t%rne' ! "hen n!t #n %se)
c7 Beca%se ! th#s c!nt#n%es transm#ss#!n #n T1A3 the han'! *r!cess #s m%ch
s#m*$er !r a s%+scr#+er %n#t s#nce #t #s a+$e t! $#sten !r !ther +ase stat#!n
'%r#n( the #'$e t#me s$!%(hs) 3n chance' $#nk c!ntr!$ s%ch as that *r!v#'e +y
m!+#$e ass#ste' han'! 5A3,O7 can +e carr#e' !%t +y a s%+scr#+er $#sten#n(
!n #'$e s$!%(hs #n the T1A3 rame)
'7 T1A3 %ses '#erent t#me s$!%(hs !r transm#ss#!n an' rece*t#!n. Th%s
'%*$e-ers are n!t re0%#re' t! s"#tch +et"een the transm#tter an' rece#ver
%s#n( T1A3)
22
Channe$ 1
Channe$ N
C!'e
6re0%enc
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T#me
Channe$ 2
Channe$ >
05/EC/42 WIRELESS NETWORKING
e7 3'a*t#ve e0%a$#9at#!n #s %s%a$$y necessary #n T1A3 system s#nce the
transm#ss#!n rates are (enera$$y vary h#(h as c!m*are' t! 61A3 channe$s)
7 In T1A3 the (%ar' t#me sh!%$' +e m#n#m#9e') I the transm#tte' s#(na$s at the
e'(es ! a t#me s$!%(h are s%**resse' shar*$y #n !r'er t! sh!rten the (%ar'
t#me the transm#tte' s*ectr%m "#$$ e-*an' an' ca%se #ntererence t! a'&acent
channe$s)
(7 ,#(h synchr!n#9at#!n !verhea' #s re0%#re' #n T1A3 system +eca%se ! +%st
transm#ss#!ns) T1A3 transm#ss#!ns are s$!%(he' an' th#s re0%#res the
rece#vers t! +e synchr!n#9e' !r each 'ata +%rst) In a''#t#!n (%ar' s$!%(hs are
necessary t! se*arate %sers an' th#s res%$t #n the T1A3 system hav#n( $ar(er
!verhea's as c!m*are' t! 61A3)
h7 T1A3 has an a'vanta(e #n that #t #s *!ss#+$e t! a$$!cate '#erent %sers +y
c!ncatenat#n( t#me s$!%(hs +ase' !n *r#!r#ty)
0o(e (i2ision #ultiple access :06MA;)
Access sce#es)
6!r ra'#! system there are t"! res!%rces re0%ency an' t#me) 1#v#s#!n !
re0%ency s! that each *a#r ! c!mm%n#cat!rs #s a$$!cate' *art ! the s*ectr%m !r a$$ !
the t#me res%$ts #n re0%ency '#v#s#!n m%$t#*$e accesses 561A37) 1#v#s#!n +y t#me s! that
each *a#r ! c!mm%n#cat!rs #s a$$!cate' a$$ ! the s*ectr%m !r *art ! the t#me res%$ts #n
t#me '#v#s#!n m%$t#*$e access 5T1A37)#n c!'e '#v#s#!n m%$t#*$e access 5C1A37every
c!mm%n#cat!r "#$$ +e a$$!cate' the ent#re s*ectr%m a$$ ! the t#me) C1A3 %ses c!'es t!
#'ent#y c!nnect#!ns)

0o(in*)
C1A3 %ses %n#0%e s*rea'#n( c!'es t! s*rea' the +asement 'ata +e!re
transm#ss#!n) The s#(na$ #s transm#tte' #n a channe$ "h#ch #s +e$!" n!#se $eve$) The
rece#ver than %ses a c!rre$ate t! '#s*rea' the "ante' s#(na$ "h#ch #s *asse' thr!%(h a
narr!" +an' *ass #$ter) 4n"ante' s#(na$ "#$$ n!t +e '#s*rea' an' "#$$ n!t *ass thr!%(h
the #$ter) C!'es take the !rm ! care%$$y 'es#(ne' !ne/9er! se0%ence *r!'%ce' at a
m%ch h#(her rate than that ! the +asement 'ata) The rate ! a s*rea'#n( c!'e #s reerre'
t! as chea* rate rather than +#t rate)
2G
05/EC/42 WIRELESS NETWORKING
Examples OVSE codes, used in channels coding.
0o(es)
C1A3 c!'es are n!t re0%#re' t! *r!v#'e ca$$ sec%r#ty +%t create a %n#0%eness t! ena+$e
ca$$ #'ent##cat#!n. c!'es !r t#me sh#te' vers#!n ! #tse$)
S*rea'#n( c!'es are n!#se $#ke *se%'!?ran'!m c!'es channe$s c!'es are 'es#(ne' !r
ma-#m%m se*arat#!n r!m each !ther an' ce$$ #'ent##cat#!n c!'es are +a$ance' n!t t!
c!rre$ate t! !ther c!'es ! #t)
Te Sprea(in* -rocess)
WC1A3 %ses '#rect s*rea'#n( "here s*rea'#n( *r!cess #s '!ne +y '#rect$y
c!m+#n#n( the +ase +an' #n!rmat#!n t! h#(h ch#* rate +#nary c!'e) The s*rea'#n( act!r
#s the rat#! ! the ch#*s 54ATSK >)24 Ch#*s/s7 t! +ase +an' #n!rmat#!n rate) S*rea'#n(
act!rs vary r!m 4 t! 512 #n 611 4ATS) S*rea'#n( *r!cess (a#n can +e e-*resse' #n
'Bs 5s*rea'#n( act!r 122 K 21'B (a#n7)
Spreading factor = Chip rate QPSK
>0
1ata rate
0
1
:1; >1
0
2
:1; 0
2
:2;
0
"
:1; 0
"
:2;
0
1
:1;
0
1
:2;
0
19
:1; 0
19
:2; 0
19
:!; 0
19
:";
0
!2
:1; 0
!2
:2; 0
!2
:!; 0
!2
:";
0
9"
:1; 0
9"
:2; 0
9"
:!; 0
9"
:";
Layer 1
Layer 2
Layer >
Layer 4
Layer 5
Layer E
1 1 1 1
1 ?1 1 ?1
1 1 ?1 ?1
1 ?1 ?1 1
W> K
W
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1 1
1?1
05/EC/42 WIRELESS NETWORKING
CD! Spreading
-o&er control)
C1A3 #s #ntererence $#m#te' m%$t#*$e access system) Beca%se a$$ %ser Transm#t
!n the same re0%ency #nterna$ #ntererence (enerate' +y the systems #s the m!st
s#(n##cat#!n act!r #n 'eterm#n#n( system ca*ac#ty an' ca$$ 0%a$#ty) The Transm#t *!"er
!r each %ser m%st +e re'%ce' t! h!"ever the *!"er sh!%$' +e en!%(h t! ma#nta#n the
re0%#re' E+Fn! 5s#(na$ t! n!#se rat#!7 !r a sat#sact!ry ma-#m%m #s ach#eve' "hen E+Fn!
! every %ser #s at the m#n#m%m $eve$ nee'e' !r the acce*ta+$e channe$ *er!rmance) 3s
the ms m!ves ar!%n' the R6 env#r!nment c!nt#n%!%s$y chan(es '%e t! ast an' s$!"
a'#n( e-terna$ #ntererence sha'!"#n( an' !ther act!rs) The a#m ! the 'ynam#c *!"er
>1
4SER 1
13T3
4SER 2
13T3
4SER >
13T3

@OWER
4SER 1
CO11ING
4SER 2
CO11ING
4SER >
CO11ING
@OWER
TIAE
6REN4ENCD
4ser 1
1ec!'#n(
6REN4ENCD
TIAE
05/EC/42 WIRELESS NETWORKING
c!ntr!$ #s t! $#m#t transm#tte' *!"er !n +!th the $#nks "h#$e ma#nta#n#n( $#nk 0%a$#ty
%n'er a$$ c!n'#t#!n) 3''#t#!na$ a'vanta(es are $!n(er m!+#$e +attery $#e an' $!n(er $#e
s*an ! BTS *!"er am*$##ers)
5an(o2er)
,an'!ver !cc%rs "hen a ca$$ has t! +e *asse' r!m !ne ce$$ t! an!ther as the %ser
m!ves +et"een ce$$s) In a tra'#t#!na$ Uhar'U han'!ver the c!nnect#!n t! the c%rrent ce$$ #s
+r!ken ce$$ #s +r!ken an' then the c!nnect#!n t! the ne" ce$$ #s ma'e) Th#s #s kn!"n as a
U+reak?+e!re?makeU han'!ver) S#nce a$$ ce$$s #n C1A3 %se the same re0%ency #t #s
*!ss#+$e t! make the c!nnect#!n t! the ne" ce$$ +e!re $eav#n( the c%rrent ce$$) Th#s #s
kn!"s as a Umake +e!re +reakU !r Us!tU han'!ver) S!t han'!ver re0%#re $ess *!"er
"h#ch re'%ces #ntererence an' #ncreases ca*ac#ty) A!+#$e can +e c!nnecte' t! m!re that
t"! +#ts the han'!ver) US!terU han'!ver #s a s*ec#a$ case ! s!t han'!ver "here the rat#!
$#nks that are a''e' an' rem!ve' +e$!n( t! the same n!'e +)
Multi pat an( ra3e recei2ers)
One ! the ma#n a'vanta(es ! C1A3 systems #s the ca*a+#$#ty ! %s#n( s#(na$s
that arr#ve #n the rece#vers "#th '#erent t#me 'e$ays) Th#s *hen!men!n #s ca$$e' the
m%$t# *ath) 61A3 an' T1A3 "h#ch are narr!" +an' system can n!t '#scr#m#nate
+et"een the m%$t# *ath arr#va$s an' res!rt t! e0%a$#9at#!n t! m#t#(ate the ne(at#ve eects
! m%$t# *ath) 1%e t! #ts "#'e +an'"#'th the rake rece#verCs C1A3 %ses the m%$t# *ath
s#(na$s an' c!m+#nes them t! make an even str!n(er s#(na$ at the rece#vers) C1A3
s%+scr#+er %n#tCs %ser rake rece#vers) Th#s #s essent#a$$y an ET ! severa$ rece#vers) One !
the rece#verCs c!ns#stent$y searches !r '#erent m%$t# *ath an' ee's the #n!rmat#!n t!
the !ther three #n(ers) Each #n(er then 'em!'%$ates the s#(na$ c!rres*!n'#n( t! a str!n(
m%$t# *ath) The res%$t are them c!m+#ne' t!(ether t! make the s#(na$ str!n(er)
06MA2/// is !G)
>( #s the t! 'escr#+e ne-t (enerat#!n m!+#$e serv#ces "h#ch *r!v#'e +etter
N%a$#ty v!#ce an' h#(h s*ee' #nternet an' m%$t#me'#a serv#ces) Wh#$e there are
many #nter*retat#!ns ! "hat >( re*resents the !n$y 'e#n#t#!n acce*te' %n#versa$$y #s the
!ne *%+$#she' +y the #nternat#!na$ te$ec!mm%n#cat#!n %n#!n 5IT47) IT4 "!rk#n( "#th
stan'ar's "e$$ as the s*ectr%m !r >( systems %n'er the #mt?2000 *r!(ram)
The IT4 re0%#res that #mt?2000 5>(7 net"!rks am!n( !ther ca*a+#$#t#es 'e$#ver
#m*r!ve' system ca*ac#ty an' s*ectr%m e#c#ency !ver the 2( systems an' s%**!rt 'ata
serv#ce at m#n#m%m transm#ss#!n rates ! 144 k+*s #n m!+#$e 5!%t'!!r7 an' 2 m+*s #n
#-e' env#r!nments)
Base' !n these re0%#rements #n 1GGG. IT4 a**r!ve' #ve ra'#! #nteraces !r IAT?
2000 stan'ar's as a *art ! the IT4?R)A) 145I rec!mmen'at#!n) C1A32000 #s !ne the
#ve stan'ar's) It #s a$s! kn!"n +y #ts IT4 name IAT?C1A3 m%$t# carr#er)
>2
05/EC/42 WIRELESS NETWORKING
06MA2/// (eli2erin* on (o)
C1A32000 re*resents a am#$y ! techn!$!(#es that #nc$%'es C1A32000 IM an'
C1A32000 IME/
a7) C1A32000 IM can '!%+$e the v!#ce ca*ac#ty ! c'ma!ne net"!rks an'
'e$#vers *eak *acket 'ata s*ee's ! >0I k+*s #n m!+#$e env#r!nments)
+7) C1A32000 IME/ #nc$%'es;
? C1A32000 1-E/?1O
#) C1A32000 1-E/?1/ 'e$#vers *eak 'ata s*ee's ! 2)4 A+*s an'
s%**!rt a**$#cat#!n s%ch as A@> transer an' v#'e! c!nerenc#n()
? C1A32000 1-E/?1/
#) C1A32000 1-E/?1/ *r!v#'es #nte(rate' v!#ce an' s#m%$tane!%s
,#(h?s*ee' *acket 'ata m%$t#me'#a serv#ces at s*ee's ! %* t!
>)0G A+*s
? 1-E/?1! an' 1-Ev?1/ are +!th +ack"ar' c!m*at#+$e "#th C1A32000
The W!r$'s #rst >( C!mmerc#a$ system#9e e #n Oct!+er 2000) S#nce them
C1A32000 1- has +een 'e*$!ye' #n as#a. n!rth an' s!%th 3mer#ca an' E%r!*e an' the
s%+scr#+er +ase #s (r!"#n( at I0000 s%+scr#+ers *er 'ay)C1A32000 1-E/?1/ "as
$a%nche' #n 2002 +y SK Te$ec!m an' K T 6reeCe$$) The c!mmerc#a$ S%ccess !
C1A32000 has ma'e the IAT?2000 v#s#!n a rea$#ty)
C1A32000 +ene#te' r!m the e-tens#ve e-*er#ences ac0%#re' thr!%(h severa$
years ! !*erat#!n ! C1A3 !ne system) 3s a res%$t C1A32000 #s a very e#c#ent an'
r!+%st techn!$!(y) S%**!rt#n( +!th v!#ce an' 'ata the stan'ar' "as 'ev#se' an' taste' #n
var#!%s s*ectr%m +an's #nc$%'#n( the ne" IAT?2000 a$$!cat#!n)
17 Increase' v!#ce ca*ac#ty
27 ,#(her 'ata thr!%(h!%t
>7 6re0%ency +an' $e-#+#$#ty
47 Increase' +attery $#e
57 Synchr!n#9at#!n
E7 @!"er c!ntr!$
I7 S!t han'?!
27 Transm#t '#vers#ty
G7 /!#ce an' 'ata channe$s
107 Tra#c channe$
117 S%**$ementa$ channe$
127 T%r+! c!'#n()
1>7 C!nnect#v#ty t! ans#?41. GSA?A3@. an' !* net"!rk
147 6%$$ +ack"ar' c!m*at#+#$#ty
157 Im*r!ve' serv#ce m%$t#*$e-#n( an' N!S mana(ement
1E7 6$e-#+$e channe$ str%ct%re #n s%**!rt ! m%$t#*$e serv#ces "#th
/ar#!%s N!S an' var#a+$e transm#ss#!n rates)
>>
05/EC/42 WIRELESS NETWORKING
06MA (eplo+#ents)
The #rst >( net"!rks t! +e c!mmerc#a$$y 'e*$!ye' "ere $a%nche' #n K!rea #n Oct!+er
2000 %s#n( C1A3 2000 techn!$!(y) C1A32000 '!m#nates the >( market t!'ay an'
ana$ysts !recast that "#$$ c!nt#n%e t! $ea' #n the %t%re)
Wat are te a(2anta*es o% 06MA8
17 Ca*ac#ty #ncreases 2 t! 10 t#mes that ! an 3A@S ana$!( system an' 4 t! 5 t#mes
GSA
Beca%se ! C1A3Ts %n#0%e techn!$!(y may %sers can share the same
carr#er re0%ency) Th#s means that m!+#$e *h!ne serv#ces *r!v#'ers can
han'$e m!re c%st!mers !n a C1A3 net"!rk than !n a GSA net"!rk)
27 Im*r!ve' ca$$ 0%a$#ty "#th +etter an' m!re c!ns#stent s!%n';
C1A3 systems %se *rec#se *!"er c!ntr!$ that #s the +ase stat#!n sen's
c!mman's t! every m!+#$e *h!ne c%rrent$y #nv!$ve' #n a ca$$ t%rn#n(
'!"n the *!"er !n the near+y !nes an' #ncreas#n( the *!"er ! th!se
%rther a"ay) The res%$t #s a n#ce even $eve$ acr!ss the carr#er "#th $!"er
!vera$$ *!"er $eve$s an' n! s*#ky #ntererence) In th#s c#v#$#9e'
atm!s*here. each stat#!n can eas#$y *#ck !%t #s !"n 'ata rames 'ec!'e
them an' 'e$#ver a c$ean en' res%$t)
1r!**e' ca$$s are m#n#m#9e' +y C1A3Ts %n#0%e a+#$#ty t! kee* every
sect!r ! every ce$$ !n the same re0%ency s! han'!s are Us!tU as the
m!+#$e *h!ne m!ves r!m !ne area t! the ne-t)
C1A3 'ec!'es #nter*ret c!nstant s!%n' s%ch as r!a' n!t#ce as hav#n( n!
%se%$ c!ntent an' #(n!re them as m%ch as *!ss#+$e)
>7 S#m*$##e' systems *$ann#n( thr!%(h the %se ! the same re0%ency #n every
sect!r ! every ce$$)
Other ty*es ! systems nee' t! +reak %* the#r re0%ency s*ectr%m
a$$!tments s! that each ce$$ %ses a '#erent re0%ency) 3n' s#nce n! t"!
a'&!#n#n( ce$$s can %se the same re0%ency a (#ven ce$$ has t! +e
s%rr!%n'e' +y a c#rc$e ! s#- !ther ce$$s a$$ ! "h#ch have t! +e !n
'#erent re0%enc#es) Th#s trans$ates t! re0%ency re?%se ! !n$y 1 #n I
an' # y!% chan(e !ne the eects r#**$e thr!%(h the system) C1A3
*r!v#'es have n! s%ch *$ann#n( hea'aches s#nce every sect!r ! every ce$$
%ses the same re0%ency)
47 Enhance' *r#vacy
57 Im*r!ve' c!vera(e character#st#cs a$$!"#n( !r the *!ss#+#$#ty ! e"er ce$$ s#te
E7 Increase' ta$k t#me !r m!+#$e *h!ne
I7 Ban'"#'th !n 'eman'
>4
05/EC/42 WIRELESS NETWORKING
'. GSM arcitecture) '. GSM arcitecture)
MS0)
It a$s! st!res the c%rrent $!cat#!n ! these s%+scr#+ers an' the serv#ces t! "h#ch
they have access) The $!cat#!n ! the s%+scr#+er c!rres*!n's t! the ssI 3''ress ! the
v#s#t!r $!cat#!n re(#ster 5/LR7 ass!c#ate' t! the term#na$)
?isitor location re*isters :?LR;)
The /LR c!nta#ns #n!rmat#!n r!m a s%+scr#+erTs ,LR necessary #n !r'er t!
*r!v#'e the s%+scr#+e' serv#ces t! v#s#t#n( %sers) When a s%+scr#+er enters the c!ver#n(
area ! a ne" ASC. the /LR ass!c#ate' t! th#s ASC "#$$ re0%est #n!rmat#!n a+!%t the
ne" s%+scr#+er t! #ts c!rres*!n'#n( ,LR) The /LR "#$$ then have en!%(h #n!rmat#!n #n
!r'er t! ass%re the s%+scr#+e' serv#ces "#th!%t nee'#n( t! ask the ,LR each t#me a
c!mm%n#cat#!n #s esta+$#she')
The /LR #s a$"ays #m*$emente' t!(ether "#th a ASC. s! the area %n'er c!ntr!$ ! the
ASC #s a$s! the area %n'er c!ntr!$ ! the /LR)
Te Autentication 0entre :Au0;)
Te 3%C re(#ster #s %se' !r sec%r#ty *%r*!ses) It *r!v#'es the *arameters nee'e'
!r a%thent#cat#!n an' encry*t#!n %nct#!ns) These *arameters he$* t! ver#y the %serTs
#'ent#ty)
Te E$uip#ent i(entit+ Re*ister :IMEI;)
The EIR #s a$s! %se' !r sec%r#ty *%r*!ses) It #s re(#ster c!nta#n#n( #n!rmat#!n
a+!%t the m!+#$e e0%#*ments) A!re *art#c%$ar$y. #t c!nta#ns a $#st ! a$$ va$#' term#na$s) 3
term#na$ #s #'ent##e' +y #ts #nternat#!na$ m!+#$e e0%#*ment #'ent#ty 5IAEI7) The EIR
a$$!"s then t! !r+#' ca$$s r!m st!$en !r %na%th!r#9e' term#na$s 5e)(). a term#na$ "h#ch
'!es n!t res*ect the s*ec##cat#!ns c!ncern#n( the !%t*%t R6 *!"er7)
Te GSM net&or3in* @nit :GIW@;)
The GIW4 c!rres*!n's t! an #nterace t! var#!%s net"!rks !r 'ata c!mm%n#cat#!ns)
1%r#n( these c!mm%n#cat#!ns. the transm#ss#!n ! s*eech an' 'ata can +e a$ternate')
Te Operation an( Support sub S+ste#)
The OSS #s c!nnecte' t! the '#erent c!m*!nents ! the NSS an' t! the BSC. n
!r'er t! c!ntr!$ an' m!n#t!r the GSA system) It #s a$s! #n char(e ! c!ntr!$$#n( the tra#c
$!a' ! the BSS) ,!"ever. the #ncreas#n( n%m+er ! +ase stat#!ns. '%e t! the
'eve$!*ment ! ce$$%$ar ra'#! net"!rks. has *r!v!ke' that s!me ! the ma#ntenance tasks
are transerre' t! the BTS) Th#s transer 'ecreases c!ns#'era+$y the c!sts ! the
ma#ntenance ! the system)
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05/EC/42 WIRELESS NETWORKING
The #(%re 2 *resents the '#erent areas that r!m a GSA net"!rk) 3s #t has
a$rea'y +een e-*$a#ne' a ce$$. #'ent##e' +y #ts ce$$ ($!+%$e #'ent#y n%m+er 5CGI7.
c!rres*!n's t! the ra'#! c!vera(e ! a +ase transce#ver stat#!n) 3 $!cat#!n area 5L37.
#'ent##e' +y #ts $!cat#!n area #'ent#ty 5L3I7 n%m+er. #s a (r!%* ! ce$$s serve' +y a s#n($e
ASC//LR area) 3 @%+$#c Lan' A!+#$e net"!rk 5@LAN7 #s the area serve' +y !ne
net"!rk !*erat!r)
Figure 2: GSA net"!rk areas
In th#s *ara(ra*h. the 'escr#*t#!n ! the GSA net"!rk #s !c%se' !n the '#erent
%nct#!n t! %$#$$ +y the net"!rk an' n!t an' n!t !n #ts *hys#ca$ c!m*!nents)
In GSA. #ve ma#n %nct#!ns can +e 'e#ne';
Transm#ss#!n)
Ra'#! res!%rces mana(ement 5RR7)
A!+#$#ty mana(ement 5AA7)
C!mm%n#cat#!n mana(ement 5CA7)
O*erat#!n a'm#n#strat#!n an' ma#ntenance 5O3A7)
>E
ASC
BSCKB3SE ST3TION CONTROLLER
BTSK B3SE TR3NSCEI/ER ST3TION
ASCKAOBILE SWITC,ING CENTRE
,LRK,OAE LOC3TION REGISTER
/LRK/ISITOR LOC3TION REGISTER
EIRKEN4I@AENT I1ENTITD REGISTER
05/EC/42 WIRELESS NETWORKING
Trans#ission)
The transm#ss#!n %nct#!n #nc$%'es t"! s%+ %nct#!ns;
517 the #rst !ne #s re$ate' t! the means nee'e' !r transm#ss#!n ! %ser
#n!rmat#!n)
527 The sec!n' !ne #s re$ate' t! the means nee'e' !r the transm#ss#!n !
s#(na$#n( #n!rmat#!n)
N!t a$$ the c!m*!nent ! the GSA net"!rk #s str!n($y re$ate' "#th the transm#ss#!n
%nct#!n) The AS. The BTS are 'ee*$y c!ncern "#th the transm#ss#!n +%t !ther
c!m*!nent c!ncern "#th the transm#ss#!n !r the#r s#(na$#n( nee's "#th !ther c!m*!nent
! the GSA net"!rk)
Ra(io resource #ana*e#ent)
The r!$e ! RR %nct#!n t! esta+$#sh . ma#nta#n an' re$ease c!mm%n#cat#!n $#nks +et"een
m!+#$e stat#!n an' the ASC) The e$ement that ma#n$y c!ncerne' "#th the RR %nct#!n are
the m!+#$e stat#!n an' +ase stat#!n) the RR #s a$s! res*!ns#+$e !r the mana(ement !
re0%ency s*ectr%m an' the react#!n ! the net"!rk t! chan(#n( ra'#! env#r!nment
c!n'#t#!n s!me ! the ma#n RR *r!ce'%re that ens%re #ts res*!ns#+#$#ty are;
517 Channe$ ass#(nment. chan(e an' re$ease)
527 ,an'!ver)
5>7 6re0%ency h!**#n()
547 @!"er $eve$ c!ntr!$)
557 1#sc!nt#n%!%s transm#ss#!n an' rece*t#!n
5E7 t#m#n( a'vance)
Mobilit+ #ana*e#ent)
The AA %nct#!n #s #n char(e ! a$$ as*ects re$ate' "#th the m!+#$#ty ! %ser. s*ec#a$$y
the $!cat#!n mana(ement an' the a%thent#cat#!n an' sec%r#ty)
0o##unication #ana*e#ent)
The CA %nct#!n res*!ns#+$e !r;
Ca$$ c!ntr!$)
S%**$ementary serv#ce mana(ement)
Sh!rt messa(e serv#ce mana(ement)
The CC #s res*!ns#+$e !r Ca$$ esta+$#sh#n( .ma#nta#n an' re$eas#n( as "e$$ as !r
se$ect#n( !r ty*e ! serv#ce) One ! the m!st #m*!rtant %nct#!n ! the CC #s ca$$ r!%t#n()
In !r'er t! reach a m!+#$e s%+scr#+er . a %ser '#a$s the m!+#$e s%+scr#+er IS1N n%m+er
"h#ch #nc$%'es ;
517 3 c!%ntry c!'e;
527 3 nat#!na$ 1est#nat#!n c!'e #'ent#y#n( the s%+scr#+ers !*erat!r
5>7 3 c!'e c!rres*!n'#n( t! s%+scr#+ers ,LR))
Operation A(#inistration an( #aintenance)The O3A %nct#!n a$$!"s
the !*erat!r t! m!n#t!r an' c!ntr!$ the system as "e$$ as t! m!'#y the c!n#(%rat#!n !
the e$ement ! the system)
Biblio*rap+
>I
05/EC/42 WIRELESS NETWORKING
Boo3s
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!. MOBILE AN6 -ERSONAL 0OMM@NI0ATION BA RAB -AN6AA
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>2