August 30, 2013 Contents Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Using the Carlson Software Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Product Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 System Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Installing Carlson Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Authorizing Carlson Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Carlson Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Setting Up a Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Startup Wizard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Command Entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Layer and Style Defaults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 What is New . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Standard Report Viewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Report Formatter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Instruction Manual and Program Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Carlson File Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Quick Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Obtaining Technical Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 License Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Chapter 2. Tutorials 35 Lesson 1: Entering a Deed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Lesson 2: Making a Plat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Lesson 3: SurvNET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Lesson 4: Field to Finish for Faster Drafting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Lesson 5: Intersections and Subdivisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Lesson 6: Contouring, Break Lines and Stockpiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Chapter 3. AutoCAD Overview 160 Issuing Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 General Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Selection of Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Properties and Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Properties Toolbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 i Chapter 4. File Menu 166 New . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Open . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Close . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Save . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Save As . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Page Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Plot Preview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Import Xref to Current Drawing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Xref Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Import LandXML File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Export LandXML File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Import RoadXML File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Export RoadXML File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Import Google Earth File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Export Google Earth File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Write Polyline File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Draw Polyline File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Clipboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Drawing Cleanup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Audit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 Recover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 Remove Reactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 Remove Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Translate Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Remove XData . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Purge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Chapter 5. Edit Menu 196 Undo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Redo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Erase Select . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Erase by Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Erase by Closed Polyline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 Erase Outside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Temporary Erase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Move . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Standard Copy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Contents ii Copy To Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 Copy Polyline Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 Standard Offset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Variable Offset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Offset To Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Offset to Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Multiple Offsets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Buffer Offset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Standard Explode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Block Explode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 Trim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 Extend To Edge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Extend to Intersection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Extend Arc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Extend by Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 Break by Crossing Polyline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 Break Polyline at Specied Distances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Break at Intersection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Break, Select Object, 2nd Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 Break, Select Object, Two Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 Break, At Selected Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 Change Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 Change Elevations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Change Attribute Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 Change Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 Change Colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Change Block/Inserts Rotate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 Change Block/Inserts Substitute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 Change Block/Inserts Resize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Pivot Point Rotate by Bearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Rotate by Pick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 Entity Insertion Point Rotate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 2D Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 Edit Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 Text Enlarge/Reduce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 Rotate Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Move Text with Leader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Contents iii Change Text Font . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Change Text Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Change Text Width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Change Text Oblique Angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Flip Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 Split Text into Two Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 Text Explode To Polylines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Add Prex/Sufx To Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Remove Spaces From Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Line Up Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Join Text Entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Replace Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 2D Align . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Standard Align . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 Fillet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Mirror . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 Properties Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 Entities to Polylines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 Reverse Polyline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 Reduce Polyline Vertices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Densify Polyline Vertices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Smooth Polyline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 Draw Polyline Blips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 Add Intersection Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Add Polyline Vertex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 Add Polyline Arcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 Add Point by Two Slopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Edit Polyline Vertex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Edit Polyline Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 Remove Duplicate Polylines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Remove Polyline Arcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Remove Polyline Segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 Remove Polyline Vertex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 Create Polyline ID Labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Change Polyline Width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 Set Polyline Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 Remove Polyline Arcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 Change Polyline Elevation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Contents iv Check Elevation Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Highlight Non-Tangent Polylines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 Highlight Crossing Plines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 Highlight Unclosed Polylines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Offset 3D Polyline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Fillet 3D Polyline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Join 3D Polyline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Add Points At Elevation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 3D Polyline by Slope on Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Join Nearest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 3D Entity to 2D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Select by Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Select by Elevation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 Select by Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Select by Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Select by Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 Select Similar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 Image Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 Image Clip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Image Adjust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Chapter 6. View Menu 255 Redraw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Regen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Zoom - Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Zoom - Dynamic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Zoom - Previous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Zoom - Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Zoom - Extents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Zoom IN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Zoom OUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Zoom Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Zoom Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Pan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 3D Viewer Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Surface 3D Viewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 Surface 3D FlyOver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Viewpoint 3D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 Twist Screen: Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Contents v Twist Screen: Line Pline or Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 Twist Screen: Surveyor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 Restore Due North . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 Twist To 3D View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Restore World View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Display Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Layer Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 Set Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 Change Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 Freeze Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 Freeze Layer By Pick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Thaw Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Isolate Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Restore Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 Thaw/On All Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 Lock Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 Save/Restore Layer State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 Chapter 7. Draw Menu 276 Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 2D Polyline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 3D Polyline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 3 Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 PC, PT, Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 PC, PT, Tangent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 PC, Radius, Chord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 PC, Radius, Arc Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 2 Tangents, Radius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 2 Tangents, Arc Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 2 Tangents, Chord Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 2 Tangents, Mid-Ordinate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 2 Tangents, External . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 2 Tangents, Tangent Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 2 Tangents, Degree of Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 2 Tangents, Through Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 Tangent, PC, Radius, Arc Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 Tangent, PC, Radius, Tangent Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 Tang, PC, Radius, Chord Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 Contents vi Tang, PC, Radius, Delta Angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 Compound or Reverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 3-Radius Curve Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 Best Fit Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 Curve Calc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 Spiral Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 Draw Box Around Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 White Solid Behind Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 Trim Linework Through Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 Insert Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Insert Multi-Point Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 Hatch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 Raster Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Place Image by World File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 Draw Standard Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 Overview Draw Standard Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 Draw Standard Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 Set Drawing Standards Data Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 Item Standards Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 Item Standards Manager - Best Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 Exit Drawing Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 Draw By Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 Sequential Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 Arrowhead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 Curve - Arrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 Leader With Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 Special Leader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 Callout Leader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 Bold Curve Leader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 Flow Leader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 Boundary Polyline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 Shrink-Wrap Entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 Polyline by Nearest Found . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 Drawing Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334 Write Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 Insert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 Contents vii Chapter 8. Inquiry Menu 339 List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 Point ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 Layer ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 Layer Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 Layer Inspector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 Drawing Inspector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 List Elevation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 Bearing & 3D Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 Find Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 Calculator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 Curve Info . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 Polyline Info . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 Angle Info . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 Display-Edit File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 Display Last Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 Load Saved Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350 Chapter 9. Settings Menu 351 Drawing Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352 Set Project/Data Folders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 Drawing Explorer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 Project Explorer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 Data Depot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 Store Project Archive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 Extract Project Archive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 Preferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 Congure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388 Carlson Settings Explorer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 Settings File Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 Mouse Click Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 Toolbars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 Edit Symbol Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 Layer Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405 Title Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 Mortgage Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 Rescale Drawing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 Set/Reset X-Hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 Tablet Calibrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 Contents viii Save/Load Tablet Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 Set UCS to World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 Units Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 Point Object Snap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 Aperture Object Snap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 System Variable Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 Chapter 10. Points Menu 421 Point Defaults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 Draw-Locate Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 List Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428 Import Text/ASCII File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430 Export Text/ASCII File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 Set Coordinate File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 CooRDinate File Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434 Point Group Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447 Edit Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452 Erase Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453 Freeze Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453 Thaw Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 Translate Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 Rotate Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456 Align Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458 Scale Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459 Move Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 Edit Point Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462 Edit Multiple Pt Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463 Move Point Attributes Single . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466 Move Point Attributes with Leader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467 Scale Point Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468 Erase Point Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468 Twist Point Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468 Resize Point Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 Fix Point Attribute Overlaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 Trim by Point Symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472 Change Point LayerColor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473 Renumber Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474 Explode Carlson Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474 Convert Surveyor1 to CRD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475 Contents ix Convert CRD to TDS CR5/Convert TDS CR5 to CRD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475 Convert CRD to Land Desktop MDB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475 Convert Land Desktop MDB to Carlson Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476 Convert Civil 3D to Carlson Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476 Convert Carlson Points to Land Desktop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477 Convert Land Desktop to Carlson Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477 Convert Softdesk to Carlson Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477 Convert Carlson Points to C&G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478 Convert C&G to Carlson Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478 Convert Carlson Points to Simplicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478 Convert Simplicity to Carlson Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 Convert Leica to Carlson Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 Convert Geodimeter to Carlson Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480 Convert Carlson Points to Ashtech GIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480 Convert Carlson Points to Softdesk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480 Convert CAICE KCM to Carlson CRD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480 Convert PacSoft CRD to Carlson CRD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480 Convert Carlson Points to Eagle Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 Convert Eagle Point to Carlson Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 Search Published Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482 Chapter 11. Survey Menu 485 Data Collectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486 Edit-Process Raw Data File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509 Edit-Process Level Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556 Edit Process SDMS File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562 SurvNET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562 Draw Field to Finish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647 Field to Finish Inspector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685 Enter Deed Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688 Deed Reader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 690 Deed Linework ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692 Deed Correlation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693 Process Deed File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696 Legal Description Writer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698 Closure by Point Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705 Map Check by Pnts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708 Mapcheck by Screen Entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709 Cut Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711 Contents x Set Point Elevations by 3D Polylines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724 Set Point Elevations by Surface Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724 Polyline Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725 Polyline to Deed File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726 Polyline to RW5 File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726 Compass Polyline Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726 Grant Boundary Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727 4 Sided Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728 Cadastral Automated Plat Drafting (CAPD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729 Chapter 12. COGO Menu 731 Inverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732 Occupy Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734 Traverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734 Side Shots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736 Enter-Assign Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736 Raw File On/Off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737 Line On/Off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737 Visual COGO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 738 Locate by Line Bearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742 Locate by Turned Angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742 Locate by Azimuth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743 Locate by Bearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743 Locate by Delta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743 Pick Intersection Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744 Linework Intersection Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745 Bearing-Bearing Intersect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745 Create Points from Entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746 Distance-Distance Intersect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748 Bearing-Distance Intersect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749 Perpendicular Intersect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750 Tangent Intersect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751 2 Point - 2 Point Intersect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752 Resection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752 Benchmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 754 Numeric Pad COGO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755 Point on Arc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756 Divide Between Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757 Divide Along Entity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757 Contents xi Interval Between Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 758 Interval Along Entity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 758 Line by Angle-Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760 Tangent Line from Circles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760 Building Offset Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761 Radial Stakeout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762 Section Subdivision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764 GLO Corner Proportioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765 Geodetic Traverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765 Geodetic Single Proportion Line Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766 Geodetic Double Proportion Line Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766 Geodetic Double Break . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767 Geodetic Middle Break . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768 Irregular Boundary Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768 One Way Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769 Two Way Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 770 Three Way Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772 Four Way Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773 Solar Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774 Triangle Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778 Best Fit Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778 Best Fit Circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779 Best Fit Centerline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781 Best Fit Line by Average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782 Best Fit Line by Least Squares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783 Chapter 13. Centerline Menu 785 Design Centerline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786 Input-Edit Centerline File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788 Polyline to Centerline File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797 Draw Centerline File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797 Centerline Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 798 Centerline ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799 Station Polyline/Centerline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799 Label Station-Offset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807 Offset Point Entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811 Calculate Offsets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813 Distance Between Two Entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815 Centerline Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 816 Contents xii Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 817 Area Defaults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 818 Inverse with Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822 Area by Lines & Arcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 824 Area by Interior Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825 Area by Closed Polylines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825 Digitize Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827 Label Last Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827 Area Table Defaults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828 New Area Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831 Set Active Area Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 832 Edit Area Table Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 832 Remove Area Table Rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834 Consolidate Area Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835 Tag Area Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836 Identify Area Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836 Untag Area Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837 Hinged Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837 Sliding Side Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 838 Area Radial from Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839 Bearing Area Cutoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840 Lot Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 842 Cleanup Lot Linework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844 Set Linework Angles To Nearest Second . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845 Set Linework Intersections To Perpendicular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 846 Offsets & Intersections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 846 Cul-de-Sacs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847 Elevate 2D Polylines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848 Parking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 850 Set Back Measure-Move . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851 Draw Lot Setback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851 Footprint Creator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 852 Fit Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858 Lot Network Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 870 Lot Network Boundary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 875 Tag Sub-Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 875 Untag Sub-Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 875 Identify Sub-Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 876 Contents xiii Report Sub-Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 876 Hatch Sub-Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 876 Erase Sub-Areas Hatch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 877 Label Sub-Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 877 Input-Edit ROW Offsets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 877 Lot Network Road Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 878 Lot Network Linework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 883 Lot Network Subdivide Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 883 Size Lot by Frontage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885 Lot Network Sliding Side Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885 Lot Network Hinged Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885 Lot Network Labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886 Lot Network Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886 Lot Network Inspector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887 Check Lot Network Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887 Find Lot Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 888 Lot Network Renumber Lots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 888 Lot Network - Assign Lot Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 888 Lot Network Output To Lot File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889 Set Lot File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889 Design Lot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889 Polyline to Lot File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 890 Lot File by Pick Interior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891 Lot File by Closed Linework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 892 Lot File by Interior Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 892 Lot Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893 Lot Inspector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897 Right-of-Way Crossing Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 898 Dene Lot Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 901 Import Lot File From MDB Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 902 Export Lot File to MDB Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903 Export Lot File To Old SurvCADD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903 Set CRD File for Lot Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903 Lot File to Centerline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 904 Contents xiv Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 905 Annotation Defaults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 906 Auto Annotate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 913 Custom Label Formatter AD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921 Draw End Point Leaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923 Dynamic Annotation Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923 Fix Label Overlaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 924 Switch Bearing/Azimuth Quadrant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 926 Mirror Selected Labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 927 Mirror and Flip Selected Labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 927 Flip Last Label . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 928 Flip ON/OFF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 928 Move Label with Leader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 928 Bearing with Leader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 930 Distance with Leader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931 Bearing-Distance with Leader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931 Distance-Bearing with Leader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 932 Azimuth-Distance with Leader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 932 Flip Selected Labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 933 Global Reannotate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 933 Survey Text Defaults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 934 Offset Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 935 Building Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936 Adjoiner Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 937 Draw Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 937 Stack Label Arc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 939 Draw Legend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 941 Draw North Arrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 943 Draw Barscale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 944 Create Point Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 945 Update Point Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 946 Table Defaults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 946 Table Header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 949 Set Table Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 950 Curve Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 950 Line Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 950 Railroad Curve Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 951 Edit Table Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 951 Contents xv Delete Table Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 955 Edit Table Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 955 Split Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 956 Merge Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 957 Label Arc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 959 Custom Label Formatter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 960 Draw Text On Arc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 961 Draw Text on Tangent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 963 Edit Text on Arc or Tangent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 964 Fit Text Inside Arc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 964 Fit Text Outside Arc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 964 Change Polyline Linetype . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965 Polyline to Special Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 966 Polyline to Tree Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 967 Add Zig to Polyline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 968 Add Culvert to Polyline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 968 Sketch Tree Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 969 Special Line/Entity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 969 Guard Rail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 970 Label Angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 970 Label Coordinates/Elevation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 971 Label LatLong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 973 Label Curb Flow Elevations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 974 Replot Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975 Textbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975 Label Offset Distances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 976 Label Elevations Along Pline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 976 Chapter 16. Surface Menu 980 Triangulate & Contour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 981 Contour from TIN File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 994 Draw Triangular Mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995 Contour ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 996 Highlight Index Contours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 996 Highlight Depression Contours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 996 Contour Elevation Label . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 997 Move Label Along Contour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 999 Volumes By Triangulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1000 Triangulation File Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1002 Contents xvi Surface Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1007 Make 3D Grid File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1014 Draw 3D Grid File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1018 Two Surface Volumes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1019 Volumes By Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1023 Spot Elevations By Surface Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1025 Tag Hard Breakline Polylines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1027 Untag Hard Breakline Polylines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1027 Import Google Earth Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1028 Design Pad Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1030 Convert LDD Contours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1038 Export Topcon Grid or TIN File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1039 Slope Zone Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1039 Quick Prole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1044 Prole from Surface Entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1046 Prole from Grid or Triangulation Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1047 Prole from Points on Centerline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1048 Input-Edit Prole File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1049 Draw Prole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1053 Prole to 3D Polyline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1078 Prole To Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1078 Prole Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1080 Chapter 17. GIS Menu 1083 GIS Database Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1084 Dene GIS Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1084 Input-Edit GIS Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1086 GIS Inspector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1087 GIS Inspector Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1088 GIS Query/Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1089 Label GIS Polyline: Closed Polyline Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1091 Label GIS Polyline: Closed Polyline Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1093 Label GIS Polyline: Open Polyline Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1094 Create Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1095 Erase Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1096 Audit Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1096 Import SHP File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1097 Export SHP File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1099 Import GIS Data from SurvCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1100 Contents xvii Export GIS Data to SurvCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1100 Export DWG File with Esri MSC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1101 Image Inspector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1102 Place Camera Symbol/Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1103 Import MrSID Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1103 Place Image by World File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1103 Attach Image to Entity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1104 Dene Note File Prompts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1105 Database File Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1106 Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1109 CGFile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1110 Current Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1110 Coordinate Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1111 Opening Closing and Saving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1111 New . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1111 Open . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1112 Close . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1113 Save As . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1113 Export Coordinates to ASCII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1114 Import ASCII File into Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1125 Close Raw File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1126 Close Map Check File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1126 CGDos Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1126 Open Dos Drawing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1127 Setup DOS Dwg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1128 Convert Old CG Dos Level File to New Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1129 Convert Old CG Dos Raw File to New format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1129 Convert Old CG Dos Cross Section File to New Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1129 Convert Old CG Dos Template File to New Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1130 Empty Print File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1130 Print View Print File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1130 CGTrav . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1131 Quick Traverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1131 Edit Raw File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1134 Data Collector Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1135 Reduce Traverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1188 Edit Map Check File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1202 Reduce Map Check File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1202 Contents xviii Visual Map Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1204 Create StarNet File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1206 CGCogo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1209 General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1209 Inverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1210 Intersects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1211 Station Offset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1218 Station Offset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1218 Coords From Station Offset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1219 Create Point Group From Station Offset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1221 Display Centerline Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1221 Station Offset From Coords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1222 Points on Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1223 Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1225 Calculate Horizontal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1225 Curve Between Tangents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1226 Middle Ordinate Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1227 Points on Arc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1227 Spiral Curve Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1228 Spiral Curve Stakeout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1230 Stakeout Horizontal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1231 Tangent Between Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1232 Vertical Curve Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1232 Area Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1233 Roadways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1234 Right-of-Way Easements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1234 Intersections/Cul-de-sacs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1234 T Intersections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1234 X Intersections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1235 Y Intersections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1235 Bubble Cul-de-Sac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1236 Standard Cul-de-Sac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1236 Stake-Out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1237 Angles Right . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1237 Radial Stake Out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1238 Best Fit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1238 Triangulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1242 NAD83 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1243 Contents xix CGDraw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1244 Drawing Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1244 Set Line Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1244 Global Edit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1246 Border . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1247 Coordinate Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1248 Text on Arc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1250 Create . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1250 Move . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1250 Edit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1250 Delete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1251 Draw Mapcheck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1252 Multi-Draw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1254 Plot Points and Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1257 Plot Points on Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1257 Remove Points from Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1258 Graphic Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1258 Lines and Polylines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1259 Lines by Point Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1259 Lines by Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1260 Lines by Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1261 Polylines by Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1261 Fit Polylines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1262 Calls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1264 Place Calls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1264 Move Calls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1266 Reverse Calls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1266 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1266 Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1266 Call Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1268 Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1270 Auto Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1271 Draw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1271 Erase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1277 Leaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1277 Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1277 Coordinate Leader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1278 Point Label . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1279 Contents xx Station-Offset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1279 Query . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1280 Drop C&G Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1281 re-Associate Coord. le . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1281 Refresh Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1283 CGMngmt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1284 Point Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1284 Edit Coordinates (CGEditor) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1291 Auto Create Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1292 Manual Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1293 Delete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1295 Fix Coords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1295 List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1296 Renumber Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1296 Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1297 Combined Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1297 Best Fit Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1301 Copy Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1303 Description Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1304 Create . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1305 Edit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1305 Set Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1309 Close Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1309 Set Default . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1309 Convert to SurvCE FCL le . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1309 Point Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1310 Create . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1311 Edit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1313 CGTopo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1314 Topographic Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1314 Erase Surface from DWG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1314 Tin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1314 Main Contours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1314 Intermediate Contours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1315 All topo items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1315 Label Contours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1315 Place Labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1315 Delete Labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1316 Contents xxi CGTools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1317 CG Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1317 Copy Entity to Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1334 Layer Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1335 Pick Layers to Freeze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1335 Pick Layers to Thaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1335 Freeze ALL Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1336 Thaw ALL Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1336 Pick Layers to turn Off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1336 Pick Layers to turn On . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1336 Turn OFF ALL Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1336 Turn ON ALL Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1337 Pick Current Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1337 Elevations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1337 Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1337 Point Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1337 Auto Point Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1338 Auto Point Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1338 Auto Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1338 CG Snap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1339 Off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1339 Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1339 Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1339 Points and Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1340 Zoom to Point ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1340 Windows Calculator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1340 CGEditor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1340 CGEditor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1340 Chapter 19. SurvNET 1388 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1389 Starting Survnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1392 Menu System Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1394 File Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1394 Settings Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1405 Process Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1422 Tools Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1433 View Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1442 Toolbars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1445 Contents xxii Raw Traverse Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1446 SurvNET Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1460 Data Collector Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1460 Example Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1460 Network Processing Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1461 2D-1D Local Coordinate System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1461 2D-1D State Plane Coordinate System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1469 GPS Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1474 GPS Vectors and Total Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1478 Vertical Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1483 Contents xxiii Introduction 1 1 Using the Carlson Software Manual This manual is designed as a reference guide. It contains a complete description of all commands in the Carlson Software product. The chapters are organized by program menus, and are arranged in the order that the menus appear in Carlson Software. Product Overview Carlson Software offers a full suite of commands for downloading, entering, and processing eld survey data and for generating nal plats and drawings. Carlson Software can function as a total and complete software solution for the land surveying rm, or as an affordable downloading, calculation, and preparatory solution used in conjunction with the more full-featured Carlson Software. Built around the Autodesk 2013 OEM graphics engine, Carlson Software reads and writes standard AutoCAD drawings and assures familiarity to AutoCAD trained staff. Data Collection The power of Carlson Survey begins with data collection. Carlson Survey downloads all major collec- tors ranging from Geodimeter and TDS to Leica, Nikon, Sokkia, and SMI. The raw data is stored in “RW5†format and can be viewed, edited and processed. The processing, or calculation of coordinates, recognizes “direct and reverse†and other forms of multiple measurement, and processes sets of eld measurements. Surveys can be balanced and closed by selective use of angle balance, compass, transit, Crandall, and least squares methodsâ€''or simply by direct cal- culation with no adjustment. Commands exist for nding bad angles and for plotting the traverse and sideshot legs of the survey in distinct colors as a means of searching for “busts†or errors. In addition to downloading of data from electronic data collectors, the program accepts manual entry of eld notes di- rectly into a spreadsheet format, permitting review, storage, and editing. Alternatively, eld notes can be entered for immediate calculation and screen plotting of points, with the “raw notes†stored simultaneously, permitting re-processing and re-calculation as needed. For data that was not eld-surveyed, but was provided in the form of an ASCII or binary point le, Carlson Software offers the “Import Text/ASCII File†command, unrivaled in its exibility to read foreign data sources. Field to Finish The survey world is recognizing the power of coding eld shots with descriptions that lead to automatic layering, linework, and symbol work. Ofce drafting time can be reduced by 50% or more with intelligent use of descriptions, leading to “eld to nish†plotting. For example, breaklines, which act as barriers to triangulation, should be placed on streams, ridges, toe-of-slopes and top-of-banks for more accurate contouring. With the eld to nish command, breaklines can be created by eld coding, with descriptions such as DL, for creating 3D polyline ditch lines, or TB for creating top-of-bank polylines, etc. and this coordinate data can be simply plotted to the screen as undifferentiated points. However, with the eld to nish command, the data can be plotted in one step, creating 3D polyline break lines, building lines, light poles, manholes, edge-of-pavements, that are all distinctly layered and fully annotated. The eld to nish command within Carlson Survey is extremely robust, so much so that it can adapt to a coding system made up on-the-y, or a coding system that has been received from an outsourced survey. Field crew coding and ofce processing using the eld to nish command can save valuable hours of drafting and eliminate misinterpretations, paving the way for quick plat generation or supporting supplemental engineering work. Deed Work Carlson Survey allows you to enter old deeds and plot the linework, then add bearing and distance annotation optionally. Distances can be entered in meters and feet, and even in the old measurement forms of chains, poles, links, and varas. Both tangent and non-tangent arcs can be entered. Closures, distances traversed, and Chapter 1. Introduction 2 areas are automatically reported. Working in reverse, the command Legal Description creates a property de- scription suitable for deed recording directly from a closed polyline on the screen. If that polyline has point numbers with descriptions at any of the property corners, these descriptions will appear in the deed report, as in “…thence N 45 degrees, 25 minutes, 10 seconds E to a fence post…â€. Deed les can be saved, re-loaded, edited, re-drawn and printed or plotted to the screen in a report form. Drafting and Design Carlson Software offers approximately 150 different symbols and north arrows, broken down by categories (for example, points, trees, map symbols). You can create new categories or supplement or change the available point symbols within any category. The program is designed to receive entire sets of new, customized point symbols in a single command. Attributes of points, such as elevation and point number, can be selectively “frozen,†allowing the creation of nal plats with symbols and optional descrip- tions remaining on points, as desired. Linework, typically in the form of polylines, can be drawn by any combination of point number and “snap†selection, to create property lines, street lines, ease- ments and right-of-ways, building lines and borders. In addition to Carlson Softwareâ€s standard line types, dozens of special line types are available, including tree lines, fence lines, all manner of utility lines, stonewalls, and customizable line types. Design features include automatic street intersections and cul-de-sacs, and automatic lot layout. For lots, you can pick your right-of-way and back property polylines, specify desired acreages and frontage/rear lot parameters, and the lots are automatically calculated and drawn. Hinged Area, Sliding Side Area, and Area Radial from Curve are excellent design tools, with an easy, graphic interface. All design polylines can be converted to point numbers at vertices and radius points for purposes of eld stakeout. Annotation With a full slate of annotation commands, Carlson Survey is all you need to nalize your boundary surveys and plats. There is a wide range of bearing and distance annotation options, including the Auto-Annotate command, which allows you to annotate an entire selection set of polylines in one step. Station and offset annotating, as for right-of- way lines, is provided. Use commands such as Special Leader, Station Polyline, Draw North Arrow, and Draw Bar Scale to dress up the drawing and give it a hand-drafted look. Commands such as Title Block and Draw Legend, as well as sequential lot numbering and the area labeling commands, help you complete the nished drawing quickly. Powerful Utilities Carlson Software contains many strong utilities, particularly polyline utilities. You can Join Nearest disconnected polylines, turn 2-sided gures into closed, 4-sided gures, offset, trim, and extend 3D polylines, create building “footprints†with left and right entries using Extend by Distance, even reverse polyline directions. There are over 20 signicant polyline utilities available, including Reduce Vertices, which weeds out duplicate or unnecessary vertices and cuts down on drawing size. Boundary Polyline is a simplied version of the AutoCAD command Boundary, and its opposite, Shrinkwrap Entity. Other categories of utilities include point attribute editing, scaling, twisting and re-sizing, text editing, font alteration and re-sizing, and advanced layer manipulation. Raster images such as aerial photos and scanned images can be placed on drawings. Contouring and Terrain Modeling There are many higher order features in Carlson Survey. Full contouring is provided, with options for smoothing and labeling contours, highlighting index contours and clipping contours to selected perimeters. Carlson Survey can be used to create both grid les and TIN les (.t format). Volumes can be computed between grid les, inside any selected polyline perimeter. Proles can be extracted from contour maps or hand-entered, as generic “point-to-point†proles or as road proles with vertical curves. The Design Pad Template command carves in building pads, pits, parking lots, roads, and other 3D features into any existing terrain. Land forms created by contouring and Design Pad Template can be viewed in 3D and rotated in real time, using the 3D Viewer Window command. In addition to all the commands needed to create nal drawings, Carlson Survey Chapter 1. Introduction 3 also contains commands to perform many engineering tasks typically encountered by survey rms. Carlson Software is the ideal stand-alone solution for the survey and drafting organization, but it is also the perfect go-between product for the large civil engineering rm with in-house or outsourced survey operations. It compli- ments Carlson Roads. Carlson Survey enables Carlson Software to serve the full spectrum of the surveying and civil engineering design world. System Requirements Operating System Microsoft Windows 7, Vista, Windows XP Professional or Home Edition (SP1 or SP2), Windows XP Tablet PC Edition (SP2), or Windows 2000 (SP3 or SP4). Notes It is recommended that you install and run Carlson Software on an English version of the operating system. Users of Windows NT 4.0 or Windows 2000 Professional must have Administrator permissions to install Carlson Software. Not assigning these permissions can cause Carlson Software to perform incorrectly. See Windows Help for information about assigning user permissions. Carlson OEM 2013 based products do not support Windows 95, 98 and ME (all editions). Processor Intel Pentium IV processor recommended RAM 512 MB Video 1024 x 768 VGA display with true color Hard disk 750 MB free disk space Pointing device Mouse CD-ROM Any speed (for installation only) Optional hardware Printer or plotter Digitizer Modem or access to an Internet connection Open GL-compatible 3D video card Chapter 1. Introduction 4 The OpenGL driver that comes with the 3D graphics card must have the following: Full support of OpenGL or later. An OpenGL Installable Client Driver (ICD). The graphics card must have an ICD in its OpenGL driver software. The ''miniGL'' driver provided with some cards is not sufcient for use with this Autodesk CAD engine. Web browser Microsoft Internet Explorer 6.0 (SP1 or higher) Installing Carlson Software If you're installing Carlson Software on Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 or Windows 2000, you must have permission to write to the necessary system registry sections. To do this, make sure that you have administrative permissions on the computer on which you're installing. Before you install Carlson Software, close all running applications. Make sure you disable any virus-checking software. Please refer to your virus software documentation for instructions. Note: If you are upgrading from an older version of Carlson Software, you must uninstall the older version before installing Carlson Software. This is required for successful software installation and to meet the guidelines of the EULA (End User License Agreement). 1 Insert the CD into the CD-ROM drive. If Autorun is enabled, it begins the setup process when you insert the CD. To stop Autorun from starting the installation process automatically, hold down the SHIFT key when you insert the CD. To start the installation process without using Autorun, from the Start menu (Windows), choose Run. Enter the CD-ROM drive letter, and setup. For example, enter d:\setup. 2 The Windows Installer dialog box is displayed briey, followed by a dialog box for entering in your serial number. In the Enter Carlson Software 2008 Serial Number dialog box, you must enter the serial number provided with your copy of Carlson Software. Then click OK. 3 The Setup dialog box appears briey, followed automatically by the Carlson Software 2008 Setup dialog. If this is the initial installation, you will see the dialogs shown below. Chapter 1. Introduction 5 After reading this second dialog box, press Next. If this version of Carlson Software has already been installed, you will see a a different Add/Remove dialog instead. In this case, it is recommended that you Cancel the current install and go to Windows > Control Panel > Add/Remove Programs and remove Carlson Software 2008. After the old installation is removed, you may start the install process once more to continue. 4 Review the End-user License Agreement, accept it with the correct click choice, and then click Next. You can optionally print it out. Chapter 1. Introduction 6 5 On the Select Installation Type dialog box, select the type of installation you want: Typical or Custom. Choose Next. Typical installs the following features: Program les: Executables, menus, toolbars, Help templates, TrueType fonts, and additional support les Internet tools: Support les Fonts: SHX fonts Samples: Sample drawings Help les: Online documentation Custom installs only the les you select. By default, the Custom installation option installs all Carlson Software features. To install only the features you want, choose a feature, and then select one of the following options from the list: Chapter 1. Introduction 7 Will be installed on local hard drive: Installs a feature or component of a feature on your hard drive. Entire feature will be installed on local hard drive: Installs a feature and its components on your hard drive. Feature will be installed when required only: Installs a feature on demand. Entire feature will be unavailable: Makes the feature unavailable. 6 On the Destination Folder dialog box, do one of the following: Choose Next to accept the default destination folder/directory. Choose Browse to specify a different drive and folder where you want Carlson Software to be installed. Choose any directory that is mapped to your computer (including network directories), or enter a new path. Choose OK and then Next. Setup installs some les required by Carlson Software in your system folder (for example, c:\Windows\System, or c:\Winnt\System32). This folder may be on a different drive than the folder you specify as the installation folder (for example, d:\Program Files\Carlson Software). You may need up to 60 MB of space in your system folder, depending on the components you select to install. Setup alerts you if there is insufcient free space on the drive that contains your system folder. On the Start Installation page, choose Next to start the installation. Chapter 1. Introduction 8 The Updating System dialog box is displayed while Carlson Software is installed. When the installation is complete, the Setup Complete dialog box is displayed. Choose Finish to exit the installation program. Chapter 1. Introduction 9 It is strongly recommended that you restart your computer at this point in order for the new conguration settings to take effect. Congratulations! You have successfully installed Carlson Software. You are now ready to register your product and start using the program. To register the product, double-click the Carlson Software icon on your desktop and follow the instructions. Authorizing Carlson Software The rst time you start Carlson Software, the Registration Wizard is displayed. Carlson Software has installed an automated procedure for registering your software license. Change keys are no longer given over the telephone. Please choose one of the following registration methods. Form: This method allows you to ll out a form that you can print out and fax or mail to Carlson Software for registration. Internet: If your computer is online, you may register automatically over the Internet. Your information is sent to a Carlson Software server, validated and returned in just a few seconds. If you are using a dial-up connection, please Chapter 1. Introduction 10 establish this connection before attempting to register. Enter change key: Choose this method after you have received your change key from Carlson Software (if you previously used the Form method above). Register Later: Choose this method if your want to register later. You may run Carlson Software for 30 days before you are required to register. After you choose the registration method, press Next Choose the reason for installation. The very rst time you install Carlson Software is the only time you will choose the rst reason. All subsequent installations require a choice from the remaining options. New install or maintenance upgrade of Carlson Software: If you are installing Carlson Software for the rst time, choose this reason. Home use. See License Agreement: Choose this reason if you are installing on your home computer. See your license agreement for more details! Re-Installation of Carlson Software: Choose this reason if you are reinstalling on the same computer with no modications. Windows or AutoCAD upgrade: Choose this reason if you have reinstalled Carlson Software after installing a new version of Microsoft Windows. New Hardware: Choose this reason if you are installing Carlson Software on a new computer or if your existing computer has had some of its hardware replaced such as the hard disk, network adapter, etc. After you choose the reason for installation, press Next, and then enter the required information into the dialog. Chapter 1. Introduction 11 If you are using the Form method, press the Print Fax Sheet button, to print out the form. You may fax this form to the number printed on the form, or mail it to Carlson Software, 102 W. Second St., Suite 200, Maysville, KY 41056-1003. If you are using the Internet method, press Next. After a few seconds, your registration will complete. If your registration is successful, you will receive a message such as the one below. If your registration is unsuccessful, please note the reason why and try again. Keep in mind that each serial number may be registered to a single computer only. If you do not have access to the Internet, and do not have a printer, you must write down the information from the User Info tab (shown above) and fax it to 606-564-9525, or mail it to Carlson Software, 102 W. Second St., Suite 200, Maysville, KY 41056-1003. Carlson Registration Each Carlson program is licensed for use on one workstation which must be registered. The registration records your company name, Carlson serial number and AutoCAD serial number. To register your copy of Carlson, start Carlson and choose ''Register Now''. The following dialog will appear. Note: Carlson Software will no longer issue change keys over the telephone. There are four registration options. Fax: This method allows you to print out the required information on a formwhich you then fax to Carlson Software. The fax number is printed on the form. The change key will be faxed back to you within 72 hours. Internet: Register automatically over the Internet. Your information is sent to a Carlson Software server, validated and returned in just a few seconds. If you are using a dial-up connection, please establish this connection before attempting to register. Enter pre-authorized change key: If you originally chose the Fax method above, you will need to choose this method now to enter the change key that is faxed back to you. Register Later: If you wish, you may defer registration up to 30 days. After this time, Carlson will enter demo mode which displays a message each time a Carlson command is run. Chapter 1. Introduction 12 After you select the registration method, choose Next and select the type of installation you are performing, choose Next again to review the copyright information and to ll out the required information. At this point, if you are using the Fax method, press the Print Fax Sheet button. If you are registering using the Internet method, press Next and the process will start. If you have any problems with Internet registration, please repeat this process and use the Fax method. The registration form is available on the Carlson Software website at http://www.carlsonsw.com/registration.html. Tip: If Carlson is running, you may access the registration dialog by choosing About Carlson from the Help menu, then pick the Change Registration button. Setting Up a Project Over 200 Carlson Software settings can be specied in the Congure command on the Settings menu. These values are used to initialize Carlson Software options when opening a new or existing drawing. Among these settings is the coordinate point number format, object linking options, and settings for the COGO portion of Carlson Software. The template drawing is the default drawing that opens up each time Carlson Software is started. To customize the template drawing, run the OPEN command under the File pulldown menu, change the les of type setting to Drawing Template and choose the template drawing, ''survey.dwt''. Then make your changes and SAVE the drawing as survey.dwt in the Template folder. When starting a new drawing, one of the rst steps is to run Drawing Setup in the Settings menu. Drawing Setup sets the drawing scale, the units mode as either english or metric, and the text, symbol and linetype size scalers. The initial values for these Drawing Setup variables are set in Congure > General Settings. When a drawing is saved, the Drawing Setup variables are saved with the drawing. Carlson Software will set the text height according to the drawing scale and text size scaler set in Drawing Setup. For example, if the horizontal scale is set to 50 and the text size scaler is 0.1, Carlson Software will draw the text with a height of 5 (50 * 0.1). Then, when the drawing is plotted at 1''=50', the text will be 0.1 inches. Every drawing remembers the data les that are being used for the drawing. When the drawing (.DWG) le is saved with the SAVE or SAVEAS command, Carlson Software writes a settings le that contains all the active data le names. Then, when the drawing is reopened, the data les default to their previous settings. For example, you won't have to choose which coordinate le to use unless you want to change it. The settings le is stored in the same folder as the drawing le, and has the same name as the drawing, with an .INI extension. For example, a drawing called survey.dwg would have a settings le called survey.ini. The Drawing Explorer command, in the Settings menu within the Project command, tracks and stores project les associated with each saved drawing. You may use this command to generate a report of all les used in a particular drawing. Project Explorer takes this concept one level further and allows you to group drawing les and their associated project les. Reports can also be generated using this tool. Startup Wizard For creating a new drawing in Carlson Software, the Startup Wizard can guide you through starting and setting up the drawing. This wizard is optional, and it can be turned on or off in the Settings menu by clicking Congure, then General Settings. You can also exit out of the Startup Wizard at any time. When the Startup Wizard is turned on and the New drawing command is executed, you will see the Select template dialog box. Chapter 1. Introduction 13 Typically, you want to choose the drawing template SURVEY.DWT when you are using Carlson Survey, and then click Open. Rember that for Carlson Roads you will use ROADS.DWT. For Carlson Field you will use ROADS.DWT. The drawing template will set some of the basic drawing parameters, such as the default layer names. The Startup Drawing Wizard dialog appears. Here, you need to set the new drawing name and scale. Set the drawing (.dwg) name by picking the Set button. The Drawing to Create dialog box opens. Change to the directory/folder (''Save in'' eld) where you want to store the drawing. You can either select an existing folder or create a new folder. Type in the drawing name in the File name eld and click the Save button. Chapter 1. Introduction 14 Then you can set the drawing horizontal scale, symbol size, text size and unit mode (English or Metric). Clicking the Next button brings up the Startup Wizard Data Files dialog box. This is for setting the Data Path and CRD File. The Set button for the Data Path is for setting the folder where Carlson Software will store the data les, such as raw (.RW5) les and prole (.PRO) les. The Set button for the Data Path allows you to select an existing folder or create a new folder. See the Set Data Directory command for more information. The Coordinate (.CRD) File is the coordinate le for storing the point data. There is an option to create a new or existing coordinate le. The New option will erase any point data that is found in the specied CRD le. The Existing option will retain any point data in the specied coordinate (.CRD) le. If the specied coordinate (.CRD) le does not exist, the wizard will create a new le. The next wizard step depends on the Import Points option. The Data Collector option will start the data collection routines to download data from a collector. The Text/ASCII option will import point data from a text/ASCII le. See the Data Collection and Import Text/ASCII File commands for more information on running these routines. If the None option is set, then the Startup Wizard is nished. Once point data has been imported from the data collector or text/ASCII le, the wizard guides you through drawing the points. There are options to run Draw/Locate Points, Field To Finish or None. If None is selected, then the Startup Wizard is nished. Draw/Locate Points will import the points into the drawing using the same symbol and layer for all the points. From the Draw/Locate Points dialog, set the symbol, layer and point attributes to draw (description, elevation) and then pick the Draw All button. The Field To Finish command will import the points into the drawing using different layers and symbols depending on the point descriptions that refer to the code table dened in Field to Finish. Also Field to Finish can draw linework. See the Draw/Locate Point and Field To Finish Chapter 1. Introduction 15 commands for more information on running these routines. After drawing the points, the wizard will zoom the display around the points. Then the wizard is nished. Command Entry Commands may be issued by selecting a pulldown menu, screen menu, digitizer tablet item, or by typing a command at the command prompt. Pulldown menus have a row of header names across the top of the screen. Selecting one of these header names displays the possible commands under that name. Screen menu items are shown in the screen menu (typically on the right side of the screen). The screen menu can be toggled off and on inside of the AutoCAD Options dialog. The Pulldown menus are the primary method for Carlson command selection. Each section of this manual shows the pulldown menu which contains the commands that are explained in that section. Pulldown menus are sometimes also referred to as dropdown menus. Command availability depends on which menu is loaded. Carlson menus have a mixture of both Carlson and CAD commands. This allows you to execute the commonly used CAD commands from the menus while running Carlson. Quick Keys are user-dened short cut names that can be typed in to start commands. To review the current set of Quick Keys, run the Quick Keys command in the Settings pulldown menu. Quick Keys are explained in more detail in the next section. For command entry at the Command: prompt, pressing Enter repeats the last command. Also the prompt history records the sequence of previous commands, and you can run these previous commands without invoking the menu. To access the commands, use the keyboard up and down arrows. The up arrow moves backwards in the history and the down arrow moves forward. As you press the arrows, the previous command names appear at the command prompt. When you get to the command that you want to run again, press Enter. Layer and Style Defaults Many Carlson Software commands have default layers such as AREATXT for area labels and BRGTXT for bearing and distance annotations. These layers can be specied in dialogs for the corresponding commands, and several can be set in the Congure command under the Settings menu. Sometimes you may want to use the current layer, and it can be an extra step to have to open the dialog to set the layer. In this case, instead of using the default layer that is set in the dialog, the default layer can be set as ''CLAYER'', which will use the current layer. For example, if the annotation layer is set to CLAYER, then annotation will be drawn in the current layer instead of BRGTXT or whatever the annotation layer used to be. This same concept applies for text styles. Several com- mands have specic text styles and if you want to use the current style instead of the command style, use the name ''CSTYLE'' for the style name. Chapter 1. Introduction 16 What is New General Symbol Library - Added 18 new 3D symbols, 130 new points symbols and 5 new north arrows. Toolbars - Added 38 new toolbar icons. Linetypes - Added 16 new linetypes. Hatches - Added 7 new hatches. Unlock Attributes - New command to unlock block attributes. Drawing Cleanup - Added method to set negative thickness for polylines to zero. Median Offset - New command to create median polyline between two existing polylines. Merge Closed Polylines - New command to select closed polylines and enter a min area and then automatically merge too small polylines. Join Nearest - Added option to elevate zero linework to matching linework at elevation. Annotative Text - Added support for creating annotative text. Text Styles - In Drawing Setup , added method to create text styles for various sizes for current drawing scale. Convert Text To MText - New command to create MText from selected Text entities. Text Capitalization - New command to set capitalization of selected text. Text On Polyline - New command to create text that follows a polyline. Text Unmask - New command to remove text masks from selected text entities. Curve - Arrow - Added option for draw text and put all options into a dialog. Leader with Text - Added option to store and recall text for the labels. Layer Turn Off By Pick - New command to turn layer off by picking an entity on that layer. Layer Turn Off By Selection - New command to turn layers off by selecting entities on the layers. Turn On Layers - New command to turn on layers that were turned off by the layer off commands. Freeze Layer By Name - New command to enter layer name to freeze. Thaw Layer By Name - New command to enter layer name to thaw. Isolate Layer By Name - New command to enter layer names to isolate. 3D Viewer Window - Created faster dynamic zoom, pan and rotate for large models. View rotation works from current view center instead of overall model center. Added functions to save and load the model to a .3dx le. Chapter 1. Introduction 17 Added model view tree for setting properties of objects and turning layers on/off. Added transparent shading mode for surfaces. Twist Screen Restore Due North - Added option to choose between geodetic or grid north. Align Paper Space with Model Space - New command to pan the view to match a pair of points between paper and model space. Section Line - New command to draw section line with labels in plan view. Curve Info - Added tangent-in and tangent-out to the report. Export Google Earth - Added option to easily create URL to KML results for sharing results with others. When exporting linework, special data attached to linework such as volumes attached to perimeter polylines become tags for display in Google Earth. Added support for text, image and solid entities. Added settings for transparency of data when shown in Google Earth. Survey Commands Data Collection SurvCE - Added method to transfer using external drive and method to transfer by copying les to a folder. Added support for .STK les. Draw Locate Points - Added Match Properties function to pick existing point to set current point style. Edit Process Raw Data - Added support for entering, processing and reporting angles with decimal seconds. Added option for reporting raw data to use the report formatter. Added option to apply distance scale factor for reports to report in different units than the original measurements. Edit Process Level Data - Added option to use the report formatter for reports. Added imports for Topcon and old Carlson LEV formats. SurvNET - Added statistical error information at the desired condence interval for elevations in the 2D/1D model. Changed the ALTA reports to show the certication settings and added a PASS/FAIL message for SPECIFIC relative error ellipses. Added the ability to use ''Point Substitution Strings'' in RW5 control point records, RW5 GPS records, and Supplemental Control les. Added the ability to do GPS Point-to-Point closures (previously you could only do loops). Added support for supplemental control les with ECEF coordinates. Added support for ECEF control coordinate records with standard errors in .GPS les. Now supports all the geoids that are supported by Carlson Survey. Improved the output format for adjusted grid coordinates. Field-To-Finish - Added new pipe special coding to create pipe polylines with assigned width with option to draw 3D pipes. Added height parameter and option to use point number for tree id for the tree special coding. Added method to make two and three point curves tangent by adjusted the PC/PT points as needed within a given tolerance. New special code ZO for points to be used for elevation only when creating linework. New special code PHOTO for specifying image to attach to the point symbol. Added method to automatically stop linework when there is a gap in the point numbers for the linework code. Cut Sheet - Added method to lter the spreadsheet by point# or description. Added function to label in drawing with full control of elds (cut/ll, station/offset, point#, elevations and description). Added report style with design and survey data on separate lines and added option for summary statistics in the report. Added method to pair survey and design point numbers manually. Lock Points - New set of commands to lock selected points in the coordinate database to prevent modications. Coordinate Transformation - Added method to grid to grid transformations between user-dened projections. Freeze/Thaw Point Attributes - New commands to freeze or thaw all the point attributes in the drawing. Create Points From Entities - Added method to number points from left to right or top to bottom. Building Offset Extensions - Added options for perpendicular and for second offsets. Point Group Manager - Points specied by number now retain user-specied order. New editor with method to ag radius points. Added import groups from another coordinate le or C&G points list PTS le. Compare Points - Added method to create point groups for point matching status. Twist Point Attributes - Added option to twist specic attributes instead of whole point. Added option to set perpendicular when using line for angle reference. Mask Point Attributes - New command create wipeout behind selected point attributes to hide other entities. Edit Multiple Point Attributes - Added save/load settings to le for managing different point styles. Calculate Offsets - Added prex/suffx label settings. Legal Description - Added method to use point group for input. Enter Deed Description - Added option to apply a rotation to the entered angles. Added option to use curve calculator to enter curves. Chapter 1. Introduction 18 Irregular Boundary Adjustment - New command to adjust angle/distance courses between two control points. Polyline Compass Adjustment - New command to adjust misclosure at end of polyline by compass rule. Bearing-Distance Intersect - Added support for geodetic angles and distances. Distance-Distance Intersect - Added support for geodetic distances. Perpendicular Intersect - New command to nd intersection perpendicular from a point to another point and angle. Tangent Intersect - New command to nd tangential intersection from a point to another point and distance. Best Fit Line - Added method to process points for two parallel lines and create two parallel lines. Best Fit Centerline - Added option to create only tangents to PIs. Inverse - Added option to report geodetic distances. Geodetic Traverse - New command to traverse by entering geodetic bearings and distances. Double Proportion - New command for geodetic double proportion computation. Area Labels - Added elds for geodetic areas and area centroid northing and easting. Inverse With Area - Added methods to use linework or point group for input. New option to report closure by angle/distance precision. Added option to adjust perimeter by compass rule with option to draw adjusted polyline. Polyline To Special Line - Added controls for spacing gaps and sizing labels. Annotate Distances - Added option to label distances in chains and option to label geodetic distances. Auto Annotate - Added method to use point group for input. Create Point Table - Added settings for the header and footer for the table. Added setting for the max number of rows before splitting to a new table. Added option to create table with coordinates in degrees, minutes, seconds format. Label Lat/Lon - Added option to label using an attribute block and added option for elevation. Footprint Creator - New command for placing blocks into drawing for different building footprints with various building options and ability to draw labels. Set Linework Angles To Nearest Second - New command adjusts linework to set angles to the nearest second. Set Linework Intersections To Perpendicular - New command to adjust linework with a tolerance at T- intersections to be perpendicular. Cleanup Lot Linework - New command that nds any overshoots or undershoots in the lot linework with the options to highlight or x the errors. Lot Network Subdivide Area - Added method to size lots by frontage. Lot Network Report - Added option to use the report formatter and added reporting of the frontage. Lot File By Closed Linework - New command to create lots for each closed area from the selected linework. Lot File Manager - Added method to draw lots as non-overlapping lines and arcs in addition to closed polylines. Added function to set clockwise point order for selected lots. Added function to create point groups. Added option for station/offset from reference CL for report function. Surface Commands Draw Prole - Added a method to draw sheets in model space and create layouts in paperspace with viewports for the proles in model space. For redrawing updated proles, program now only redraws the updated prole instead of the entire prole sheet. Added new controls for text layers and styles for many types of labels such as pipe labels. Horizontal Label Box now shifts labels or skip within a tolerance to avoid overlaps, has new elds for combined cut/ll, descriptions and MXS stations, new options to use road high/low stations or centerline special stations for labels, and new controls for which proles to use for break point stations and which elds to have vertical lines. For road labels, added option to label PVI next to the PVI and option for slope arrow along the prole line. Added option to prex all layers with name of rst prole. Added option to draw matchline elevation. For PVI labels on reverse vertical curves, added label controls for combined PVC/PVT station. For break point leaders, added option to label centerline special stations and added method to position labels on row offset from grid bottom. Added option for station grid added to start and end of prole. For sewer proles, added option to draw short pipes at the start and end. For sewer labels, added method for vertical line with xed height and added option to label invert-in separately at bottom of manhole. Added option to hatch cut/ll areas between two proles. Added setting for offset from grid for linework crossing labels. Draw Spot Elevations - Added options to prompt for description and to apply a text mask. Triangulate and Contour - Improved memory usage to increase capacity of data model by 50% which also improved speed. Chapter 1. Introduction 19 Triangulation File Utilities - Added functions to transform TIN by translate, rotate and scale. Data Conversions Geoids - Added support for USA Geoid2012A, New Caledonia 2008, Singapore 2009, and Mexico 97. Projections - Added WI County projections for WisCRS. 12D Export - New command to export drawing linework, centerlines, proles, sections and surfaces. 12D Import - Added support for Unicode le format. Added support for centerlines, proles, sections and surfaces. Civil 3D - Updated support for newer Civil 3D versions for points and surfaces. Convert surface now works on the current drawing and has option to output surface to Carlson TIN format. dgDialog - Added export from Carlson RW5 to DGD format. ePlan - New commands to import/export ePlan parcel data. Leica - For DBX importing, added new point data import to get Leica attributes and added new GPS points import. MassDOT - Added symbol and layer libraries for MassDOT standards. Netherlands - Added export from Carlson RW5 to SFN. Saskatchewan - Added Field-to-Finish code table. Trimble DC - Added support for importing centerlines, proles and sections. WinCMM - Added export from Carlson RW5 to LSA. Standard Report Viewer Many Carlson routines display output in the Standard Report Viewer as shown below. A project name and job num- ber can be added to the report header by lling out values for them in the Settings->Drawing Setup command. The format for the date in the upper right of the report is controlled by the Date Format setting in Settings->Congure- >General Settings. The report can be edited directly in the report viewer. Report Viewer commands are described below. Open: This allows you to open an ASCII le and display the contents in the report viewer. Save: Save the contents of the report viewer to a text le. SaveAs: This allows you to save the contents of the report viewer to a le. Append To: This allows you to append the contents of the report viewer to another le. Print: Print the contents of the report viewer. This will open the standard windows Print dialog where you can choose the printer and modify any of the printer settings before you actually print. Screen: Draws the report in the current drawing. The program will prompt you for a starting point, text height, rotation, layer and whether you want it inserted as Mtext or Text. Undo: Reverses the effect of your last action. If you mistakenly deleted some text, stop and choose the Undo command to restore it. The key combination Ctrl+Z also performs this action. Chapter 1. Introduction 20 Select All: Selects all the text in the report viewer. Cut: Deletes the selected text and places it on the Windows clipboard. Copy: Copies the selected text to the Windows clipboard. Paste: Inserts ASCII text from the Windows Clipboard into the report viewer at the cursor. Search: Opens the Find Text dialog. Allows you to search for text in the report viewer. Chapter 1. Introduction 21 Replace: Opens the Find and Replace Text dialog. Allows you to search for text and replace it. Options: Opens the Report Viewer Options dialog. In this dialog, you can specify print settings, such as lines per page and margins. You can also specify the font used in the report viewer. This font is used for both the display and for printing. Hide: This button allows you to minimize the report viewer window and give focus back to the Carlson CAD screen. This allows you to return to working on the Carlson CAD screen without closing the report. You can re-activate the report by picking on the minimized report viewer icon. Report Formatter A number of Carlson routines use a dialog box called Report Formatter Options to allow you to specify how and which results of calculations should be presented in the report. This report routine lets you select a set of data to report and the format of the selected data. The report can be displayed in either the standard report viewer as described in the previous section, Microsoft Excel or Microsoft Access. The data set in the Report Formatter may be thought of as a spreadsheet, where columns are various elds related to a single item such as time period, drillhole, area and etc. Each new row represents a new item. Descriptions of these eld names are displayed in the Available list of the Report Formatter. To include a data eld in the report, highlight the eld name in the Available list on the left and pick the Add button. This moves the eld name to the Used list on the right. The order of items in the right list denes the order in which they will be displayed. In addition, the items may be sorted as specied by the user in the right column. Items are rst sorted by the rst column, then items with the same value in the rst column are sorted as specied for the second column, and so on. These subsequent sortings do not modify sortings of previous columns. If you specify no sorting for some column (even the rst one) then no sorting will happen in subsequent columns either. For example, you may want to sort production by mining panel name but not by month. To generate the report after selecting columns and other preferences, click on Display button. It will bring up a standard report viewer showing the report data. Upon exiting the viewer, you come back into the Report Formatter for further data manipulation if needed. The other data output and destination options include saving the specied Chapter 1. Introduction 22 data into a comma-delimited text or CSV le, creating a spreadsheet preview whereby the data may be exported using several methods, and direct export to Microsoft Excel. Due to the popularity of the Excel output choice, you can also customize certain Excel options, including setting mirror output, just prior to export. Data can also be merged to combine current and old reports, and it be exported to XML format les. There is an option for output to other database formats as well. You may dene new columns as equations based on existing columns. Click on the Edit User Attributes button to add a new eld name. A list of the existing attributes is available for reference. User attributes may have one of the several summation options just like program-generated ones (except that for them these options are set by program). The summation level is dened by the ''Total'' pop-up list in the middle of the dialog. By default only grand total will be displayed at the bottom of the list. By picking the next item in that box, you will get subtotals added each time the value in rst column is changed. It makes most sense to use this kind to summation if the corresponding column is sorted. For example if the rst column is ''Area Name'' and it is sorted, and ''Total'' is set to ''Grand, Area Name'' the report will have a sub-total for each distinct Area Name. This feature makes the Report Formatter a very exible tool for results exploration, even before or without using a spreadsheet. Various forms of reports may be saved and recalled using controls in the top line of the dialog. Chapter 1. Introduction 23 To save a new version of the format, type in a new name (or use default to overwrite old one) and click on the Save button. The next time that you come to the Report Formatter from the same Carlson routine it will recall this last format. To pick another format just pull down on list of formats in the left top corner and pick which format to use. To Delete an unwanted format, pick it from the list rst and then click on Delete button. There are several Microsoft Excel export options provided. You may specify a spreadsheet le to load before export, as well as a left upper cell to start with and sheet number to use. Totals which are reported when using built-in viewer may be skipped when using Microsoft Excel export. For commands that process reports using perimeter polylines, the Report Formatter has an option to create GIS links between the polylines and the database records when the Export to MS Access function is used. When the polyline data is available for the GIS Links, there will be a report eld called Handle. This Handle eld is the AutoCAD entity name for the polyline and serves as the hook for the GIS link. The Handle eld does not need to be put into the report Used list in order to create the links. When the Export function is called with the MS Access method, there is a pop-up window prompt for whether to create the GIS links. When these links are created, you can then use the GIS menu commands to manage and report the data. Chapter 1. Introduction 24 Instruction Manual and Program Conventions Westwood Italic text represent responses by the user that should be typed in and followed by the Enter key. Number/<Pick point>: Bold text represents prompts or questions that the computer program will ask the user. <90.0000> Values enclosed in corner brackets represent default values obtained by pressing Enter with a blank response. [end on] Lower case text enclosed in brackets in Command prompts denotes an OSNAP mode that is turned on by the com- mand. Carlson File Types .AAN Auto-Annotate Settings .ADF Annotation Default Settings .ARX AutoCAD Runtime Extension For Carlson Program .ATR Strata attribute denitions .AVG Mining Composite Quality Analysis .BLK Mining Block Model .CAL Mining equipment calendar .CAP Capacity le for hydrology (stage-storage) .CDF Geology Channel Sample File Format .CDS MDL Laser Raw Data .CDT Mining custom date table .CFG Congure Conguration Settings .CFZ Cut/Fill Color Map Zones Chapter 1. Introduction 25 .CGC C&G Coordinate File .CGR C&G Raw Data .CH Corehole denition .CL Centerline le .CLT Culvert Settings .CN Hydrology CN Factors .COG Cadvantage Coordinate Data .COT Multiple Outlet Design Data .CQT Mining custom quantity table .CRB Template Curb Denition .CRD Coordinate le (point#, northing, easting, elevation, description) in binary form .CTL SDMS Format Raw Data .CTR Auto-Run Strata Isopach Maps .CUI Customized User Interface AutoCAD Menu .CUT SMI Format Cutsheet .CVT SEDCAD Format Hydro Network .DAT GPS Localization Denition .DCF Deed Correlation File .DCL Carlson dialogs .DEM Digital Elevation Model .DEQ Drillhole equations .DHF Drillhole Text File .DHT Dragline History .DIL StrataCalc Convert As-Determined Qualities .DLL Carlson programs les .DTF Drillhole Data Format .DTS Drillhole Text Settings .DWG Drawings .DXF Drawing Exchange Format .DZR Dozer Push Settings .EQO Mining equipment options .EQU Mining equipment denitions .ERD Erodible Channel Settings .EW Earthwork Section End Areas .EXE Carlson programs .FCL Feature Code List for SurvCE .FEN Fence Diagram Settings .FLD Field to Finish code denitions .FLT Triangulation mesh .FMS Report Formatter Settings .FRM Ferm Codes .GCL Geologic Column Settings .GEO Settings for Draw Geologic .GFU Grid File Utilities macro command recorder le .GIS GIS prompting denitions for note les .GPF Grade Parameter File For Block Model .GRD Grid le - a DTM surface model .GRR Lot Edge Grading Rules .GSQ Grid sequence history le for mining .H1 Hydrograph .H2I HEC-2 Water Surface Prole .HYD Watershed settings .HZN Horizon code denitions .IMP Drillhole Import Format Chapter 1. Introduction 26 .INI Program user preferences settings .LAY Layer State .LEV Level Raw Data .LGD Annotate Draw Legend denition le .LOT Lot le for Survey .LPT Coordinate Transformation Point File .LQE Least-Squares Measurement Error Settings .LSP Carlson Lisp programs .LSQ Least-squares input data .LSS Localization Settings .LTD Lot Attribute Denition .LTN Lot Network Settings .MAT Materials Library .MDN Template Median Denition .MIN Underground Mining Report .MNC Compiled menus .MNL Carlson Lisp programs for corresponding menu startup .MNR Compiled menus .MNS Compiled menus .MNU Carlson source menus .MNX Compiled menus .MPD Mining Timing Project File .MPJ Mining project denitions .MXS Cross section alignment .NOT Note le - additional descriptions for points in corresponding .CRD le .OWN Mining Ownership Data .PAN Mining Underground Panel Data .PAR Parameters for mining quality compliance .PAT Hatch Pattern Denitions .PDD Enter Deed Description data le .PFF Mining Pit Format File .PFS Draw Prole Settings .PHN Modem Settings For Carlson Field .PIT Mining Pit Parameter File .PLN Plan view polyline le for Dozer 2000 .PNA Mining panel attributes .PPQ Polygon Processor Query .PRE Pre-calculated grids for strata model .PRF Point Range File .PRJ Project settings le .PRO Prole (station, elevation, descriptions) .PSZ Pipe Size Denitions .PTA Mining pit attributes .PVF System Variable Settings .PVL Sewer Network Plan View Label Settings .PVS Mining Projection and Ventilation Settings .RCF Drainage Runoff Library .RCL Runoff Coefcient Layer Denitions .RDF Road Design File .RDN Road Network File .RDS Roadside Ditch File .REC Seismic Record Output .REP Hec-Ras Report File .RES Mining Auto-Run Residuals Settings Chapter 1. Introduction 27 .RME Reame Slope Stability Settings .RMP RiverMorph Project .RNF Road Network Stakeout for SurvCE .ROW Right-of-Way offsets for Lot Network .RPT Report Formatter Data .RSV Mining Reserve Description .RUN Auto-Run Strata Grids denition le .RW5 Raw le of traverse data .SC Coal Section Conguration .SC5 SurvCE Raw Data Archive .SCR COGO script le .SCT Cross section data (station, offset, elevation, descriptions) .SDF Strata Denitions .SDT SB-Slope Stability File .SEQ Dragline sequence le .SEW Sewer network le for hydrology .SGD Slope Group Denition for Design Pad Template .SIF Surface Inspector File .SLB Slide library .SLD Slide image .SLI Symbol Library .SST Draw Section Sheet Settings .STG Stage-discharge data for hydrology .STR Sewer Structure Library .SUP Superelevation le .TAB Hydrology Peak Flow Data .TCF Digitizer Tablet Conguration File .TCH Trench Structure Template .TIM Mining Timing Settings .TIN Triangulation Surface .TKD Takeoff Material Denitions .TOP Topsoil Denition for Road Design .TPC Template point centerline denition .TPL Template le for Section-Prole .TPP Template point prole denition .TPT Template transition le for Civil Design .TRG Takeoff Layer Target Settings .TRI Triangulate & Contour Settings .TSF Road Template Series File .UAO Report Formatter Attribute Options .UAT Report Formatter User Attributes .UDP User-Dened Projection For Grid Coordinates .VOL Auto-Run Strata Quantities denition le .WST Watershed Structure File .XML LandXML Data Exchange File .ZIP Compressed Data Files .ZON Earthwork Zone Denitions Chapter 1. Introduction 28 Quick Keys ''Quick Keys'' allows you to enter in the coding shown here on the left, and by doing so run the commands shown on the right. 2DP = 2D Polyline 3DP = 3D Polyline A = Arc AL = Align B = Block BB = Bearing-Bearing Intersect BD = Bearing-Distance Intersect BH = Boundary Hatch C = Circle CH = Change Properties CO = Color CP = Copy DD = Distance-Distance Intersect DI = Distance DT = Draw Text E = Erase EA = Enter-Assign Point EX = Extend F = Fillet H = Hatch I = Inverse L = Line LI = List LP = Draw-Locate Point LS = List M = Move MI = Mirror O = Osnap OF = Offset OP = Occupy Point P = Pan PL = Polyline PR = Properties PREF = Preferences R = Redraw RE = Redo RG = Regen RO = Rotate SC = Scale SET = Set Environment Variable SS = SideShot ST = Style T = Traverse TR = Trim UN = Undo UT = Units VP = Viewpoint W = Write Block Chapter 1. Introduction 29 X = Explode Z = Zoom ZC = Zoom Center ZD = Zoom Dynamic ZE = Zoom Extents ZIN = Zoom In ZOUT = Zoom Out ZP = Zoom Previous ZW = Zoom Window Obtaining Technical Support via Discussion Groups Carlson Software operates user discussion groups located at news://news.carlsonsw.com. You can participate in user-to-user discussions on tips, tricks and problems. Our staff monitors these groups to ensure that all the issues are addressed. Visit our website at http://www.carlsonsw.com for information on how to access these groups. You may also access the Carlson Software Knowledge Base. Visit it directly at http://update.carlsonsw.com/kbase main.php. via Electronic Mail The Technical Support e-mail address is [email protected]. via Phone/Fax Phone: (606) 564-5028 Fax: (606) 564-6422 via Web Site Check the Carlson Software web site at http://www.carlsonsw.com for: Knowledge Base, discussion groups, technical support documents and newsletters Carlson Software manuals (PDF) and training movies Training and seminar schedules Step by step procedures on popular called-in topics Carlson Software and Autodesk downloads and updates (Feel free to register for automatic update notication of updates when you come to that area.) via Training Basic, advanced and update training is available from Carlson College. Enroll on our webpage or call 606-564- 5028 and ask for Carlson College. License Agreement Copyright 1992-2013 Carlson Software All Rights Reserved CAUTION! READ THIS NOTICE BEFORE USING SOFTWARE Please read the following Software License Agreement before using the SOFTWARE. Using this SOFT- WARE indicates that you have accepted its terms and conditions. Carlson 2014 Chapter 1. Introduction 30 END-USER LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR CARLSON SOFTWARE IMPORTANT-READ CAREFULLY: This Carlson Software End-User License Agreement (''EULA'') is a legal agreement between you (either an individual or a single entity) and Carlson Software, Inc for the software accompanying this EULA, which includes computer software and may include associated media, printed materials, and ''online'' or electronic documentation (''SOFTWARE PRODUCT'' or ''SOFT- WARE''). By exercising your rights to use the SOFTWARE, you agree to be bound by the terms of this EULA. If you do not agree to the terms and conditions of this EULA, you may not use the SOFTWARE. IF YOU DO NOT AGREE TO THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF THIS EULA, DO NOT INSTALL OR USE ANY PART OF THE SOFTWARE. Carlson Software, Inc., referred to as ''LICENSOR'', develops and/or licenses proprietary computer programs and sells use licenses for such proprietary computer programs together with or apart from accompanying copy- righted material and documentation and; End User desires to obtain the benets thereof and, in return for which, is willing to abide by the obliga- tions and fee agreements applicable to LICENSOR's use licenses in LICENSOR's proprietary computer programs. For good and valuable consideration, including but not limited to license grant in accordance with this Agreement by LICENSOR to End User's covenant regarding LICENSOR's proprietary rights, LICENSOR agrees to permit End User to utilize materials representing LICENSOR's product or products subject to the following terms and conditions: 1. 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You may also store or install a copy of the SOFTWARE PRODUCT on a storage device, such as a network server, used only to install or run the SOFTWARE PRODUCT on your other computers over an internal network; however, you must acquire and dedicate a license for each separate computer on which the SOFTWARE PRODUCT is installed or run from the storage device. A license for the SOFTWARE PRODUCT may not be shared or used concurrently on different computers. 2. Exclusive Source. End User shall obtain all LICENSOR authorized product materials through LICEN- SOR or LICENSOR'S authorized representative and no other source. LICENSOR authorized product materials include, but are not limited to, manuals, license agreements and media upon which LICENSOR's proprietary computer programs are recorded. End User shall make no copies of any kind of any of the materials furnished by LICENSOR or LICENSOR's authorized representative, except as specically authorized to do so in this EULA. End User is not entitled to make archival copies of those portions of LICENSOR's product(s) that are provided on a machine readable media. 3. Proprietary Rights of Licensor. End User agrees that LICENSOR retains exclusive ownership of the trademarks and service marks represented by its company name and logo and all of the documentation and computer recorded data related thereto. End User also agrees that all techniques, algorithms, and processes contained in LICENSOR's computer program products or any modication or extraction thereof constitute TRADE SECRETS OF LICENSOR and will be safeguarded by End User, but in no event shall End User exercise less than due diligence and care in accordance with the laws of the country of purchase and International Law, whichever operates to best protect the interests of LICENSOR. End User shall not copy, reproduce, re-manufacture or in any way duplicate all or any part of LICENSOR products WHETHER MODIFIED OR TRANSLATED INTO Chapter 1. Introduction 31 ANOTHER LANGUAGE OR NOT, or in any documentation, or in any other material provided by LICENSOR in association with LICENSOR's computer program products regardless of what manner of storage and retrieval the product exists, except as specied in this Agreement and in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Agreement which remain in force. End User agrees that in the event End User breaches this EULA, End User will be liable for damages as may be determined by a court of competent jurisdiction. 4. Restrictions. End User's rights and obligations under this EULA are nonexclusive and personal in nature, and the intellectual property Licensor grants to End User is subject to applicable law other than bankruptcy law. End User may not transfer or assign the SOFTWARE, rights under this EULA or accompanying user documentation, or any updates of the SOFTWARE which may be provided under this EULA, to a third party unless End User receives written consent from Licensor at least 30 days prior to the completion of transfer. Licensor reserves the right to deny transfer or assignment if, in its sole discretion, Licensor determines the transfer not to be a necessity. Whether or not a transfer or assignment is allowed shall be determined in Licensor's sole discretion after taking into consideration certain factors to nd the existence of a necessity including, but not limited to, merger or acquisition of an entity, complete asset acquisition, change of control, severe economic hardship, severe loss of human resources or signicant loss in business divisions, or winding down of entity affairs. 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Licensor and its afliated companies take all legal steps to eliminate piracy of their software products. In this context, the Software Product may include a security mechanism that can detect the installation or use of illegal copies of the Software Product, and collect and transmit data about those illegal copies. Data collected will not include any customer data created with the Software. By using the Software Product, you consent to such detection and collection of data, as well as its transmission and use if an illegal copy is detected. Licensor also reserves the right to use a hardware lock device, license administration software, and/or a license authorization key to control access to the Software. You may not take any steps to avoid or defeat the purpose of any such measures. Use of any Software without any required lock device or authorization key provided by Licensor is prohibited. 6. Audit Rights. End User agrees that LICENSOR has the right to require an audit (electronic or otherwise) of the LICENSOR Materials and the Installation thereof and access thereto. As part of any such audit, LICENSOR or its authorized representative will have the right, on fteen (15) days' prior notice to End User, to inspect End User's records, systems and facilities, including machine IDs, serial numbers and related information, to verify that the use of any and all LICENSOR Materials is in conformance with this Agreement. End User will provide full cooperation to enable any such audit. If LICENSOR determines that End User's use is not in conformity with this EULA, End User will obtain immediately and pay for a valid license to bring End User's use into compliance Chapter 1. Introduction 32 with this EULA and other applicable terms and pay the reasonable costs of the audit. In addition to such payment rights, LICENSOR reserves the right to seek any other remedies available at law or in equity, whether under this Agreement or otherwise. 7. Warranty. THE PRODUCT IS PROVIDED ''AS IS'' WITH ALL FAULTS. TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW, LICENSOR HEREBY DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, WHETHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANITIBILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, AND WARRANTIES THAT THE PRODUCT IS FREE OF DEFECTS AND NON-INFRINGING, WITH REGARD TO THE SOFTWARE, AND THE ACCOMPANYING WRITTEN MATERIALS. YOU BEAR ENTIRE RISK AS TO SELECTING THE PRODUCT FOR YOUR PURPOSES AND AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PRODUCT. THIS LIMITATION WILL APPLY NOTWITHSTANDING THE FAILURE OF ESSENTIAL PURPOSE OF ANY REMEDY. In any event, LICENSOR will not honor any warranty shown to exist for hich inaccurate or incorrect identifying data has been provided to LICENSOR. 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Any protected health information data of End User maintained on LICENSOR'S data base shall upon reasonable notice to End User and at the discretion of LICENSOR may be destroyed. 12. Copyright. The SOFTWARE (including, but not limited to, any images, photographs, animations, video, audio, music and or text incorporated into the SOFTWARE), and all intellectual property rights associated with it, whether exists in a tangible media or in an electronic image media is owned by LICENSOR and is protected by United States copyright laws and international treaty provisions and all other commonwealth or national laws. LICENSOR reserves all intellectual property rights in the Products, except for the rights expressly granted in this Agreement. You may not remove or alter any trademark, logo, copyright or other proprietary notice in or on the Product. This license does not grant you any right to use the trademarks, service marks or logos of LICENSOR or its licensors. You may not copy any user documentation accompanying the SOFTWARE. Chapter 1. Introduction 33 13. Injunctive Relief. It is understood and agreed that, notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, LI- CENSOR has the unequivocal right to obtain timely injunctive relief to protect the proprietary rights of LICENSOR. 14. Entire Agreement. This EULA constitutes the entire agreement between the parties and supersedes any prior agreements. This EULA may only be changed by mutual written consent. 15. End User Agreement Acknowledgment. The End User hereby accepts all the terms and conditions of this Agreement without exception, deletion, alteration. End User acknowledges they are authorized to enter this agreement on behalf of any organization for which the license is sought. Any unauthorized use of LICENSOR products will be considered a breach of this Agreement, subject to liquidated damages and otherwise unlawful and willful infringement of LICENSOR's trade secrets and/or proprietary products. 16. Payment and Refund Policy. The use of the SOFTWARE herein is deemed a commercial use and under the terms of this license agreement End User shall not be entitled to any refund of purchase price. End User agrees to pay all user fees promptly. LICENSOR is authorized by End User to suspend any further access to SOFTWARE in the event fees are not fully paid. End user entity shall promptly pay any and all access and use charges incurred regardless of the end user. End user is responsible for protecting any pass word and user identity supplied to End User. 17. Loss/Theft/Misuse. End user shall promptly report to LICENSOR the theft or other loss of any pass- word and/or user identity required to access SOFTWARE. LICENSOR shall not be responsible for maintaining the integrity of End User data in the event that end user's data base is accessed and/or altered by an unauthorized end user due to the failure of licensed End User to protect its password or user identity. End User shall be responsible for any costs incurred by LICENSOR due to the negligence or reckless disregard of End User's failure to protect its password or user identity. 18. Civil/Criminal Investigation. End user shall fully cooperate with LICENSOR and or any person autho- rized by LICENSOR (including local, state, or federal law enforcement ofcials) to investigate any alleged theft, misuse or unauthorized use of SOFTWARE or data related thereto. 19. U.S. Government Restricted Rights. The SOFTWARE PRODUCT and documentation are provided with RESTRICTED RIGHTS. Use, duplication, or disclosure by the Government is subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph (b)(1)(ii) and (c) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software clause at DFARS 252.227-7013 or subparagraphs (c)(1) and (2) of the Commercial Computer Software-Restricted Rights at 48 CFR 52.227-19, as applicable. 20. Governing Law. This EULA shall be governed and construed in accordance with the laws of the Com- monwealth of Kentucky, USA. Chapter 1. Introduction 34 Tutorials 2 This section contains tutorials designed to assist you in learning this Carlson Software product. It is recommended that you try some of these out when you are rst starting to learn the software, or when you need some pointers later on. You will see how to enter a deed, make a plat and use Field to Finish for faster drafting. There are also lessons on intersections and subdivisions, SurvNET, contouring, DTM and design. Using break lines and surfaces are also covered. Some of the tutorials will ask you to open drawing and data les that are provided to you at purchase. Good luck! 35 Lesson 1: Entering a Deed In this short lesson you will create a simple drawing. You will enter a 6-sided deed, add a title block, bar scale, and north arrow, add a title and certication text, and plot the deed area. Note that the Esc key will cancel most commands, so if you choose the wrong command or enter something incor- rectly and want to start over, just press Esc. 1 Click the icon for Carlson. You may be presented with a ''Startup Wizard'' dialog box. If so, click Exit. 2 Under the Settings menu, click Drawing Setup. Set the unit setting to English and the Horizontal Scale to 50. Click OK. 3 Choose Point Defaults from the Points menu, and, in the dialog box, click Elevations off to eliminate the Elevation prompt. Click Descriptions on and also set the point symbol name to symbol 4 (SPT4), which is the round, open circle. Click Automatic Point Numbering on. Click OK. 4 Under the Survey menu, select Enter Deed Description. Use the default settings as shown in this dialog box image. Chapter 2. Tutorials 36 Set the To Table Scaler option to 0.00. This places all of the deed calls in the drawing. The To Table Scaler determines which deed calls appear in the drawing and which deed calls appear in a table. Deed calls less than the To Table Scaler value multiplied by the Drawing Scale will be placed in a table of calls. Set the dialog box options to match those shown above. Click OK. The command line is the area below the graphics and to the left. When prompted to ''Pick point or point number'' at the command line, pick a point in the lower left quadrant of your screen to start the deed plotting. If you are prompted for elevation, you failed to turn off the elevation prompt in Point Defaults. Press Esc and return to the Point Defaults command. The following dialog box will appear so you can specify where to store the coordinates: Chapter 2. Tutorials 37 Select the New tab. Then, for the File Name, type in Deed. This creates a le called Deed.crd. All Carlson points are stored in les with the ''crd'' extension, which stands for ''coordinates.'' Click Open. Now respond to the command line prompts exactly as shown here: When you are prompted for a description, enter ''Fence Post''. Exit/Curve/<Bearing (Qdd.mmss)>: 125.3500 The quadrant (Q) is 1 for Northeast (2 is Southeast, 3 is Southwest and 4 is Northwest). The bearing is 25 degrees, 35 minutes, and 00 seconds. If all digits for the minutes and seconds are entered as shown above, then the deed call will be fully plotted, including the seconds. If only the degrees and minutes were entered, as in 125.35, then the plot would appear as ''N 25 35' E''. Varas/Meters/Poles/Chains/<Distance(ft)>: 200.51 Note that you can enter old deeds in the forms of Poles and Links, Chains and Links and even Varas (a unit of measurement formerly used in the southwestern states of the U.S.). Enter Point Description <Fence Post>: Iron Pin Undo/Exit/Curve/<Bearing (Qdd.mmss)>: 189.4321 Varas/Meters/Poles/Chains/<Distance>: 225.00 Enter Point Description <Iron Pin>: press Enter Pressing Enter selects the default, which is Iron Pin. Undo/Exit/Curve/<Bearing (Qdd.mmss)>: C Radius: 75 Curve direction [Left/<Right>]? press Enter for right Non-tangent/Reverse-tangent/Bearing/Chord/DeltaAng/Tangent/<Arc Len>: 118.17 If you don't know the arc length, but you know the tangent, you would choose ''T'' for tangent. Enter Point Description <Iron Pin>: press Enter Undo/Exit/Curve/<Bearing (Qdd.mmss)>: 200.0000 (due south) If you were to enter just 2 (no degrees, minutes, or seconds), then the deed call would be plotted ''S 000 E''. Varas/Meters/Poles/Chains/<Distance>: 178.00 Enter Point Description <Iron Pin>: Concrete Monument Undo/Exit/Curve/<Bearing (Qdd.mmss)>: 488.2300 This entry species Northwest 88 degrees, 23 minutes. Varas/Meters/Poles/Chains/<Distance>: 300.34 Enter Point Description <Concrete Monument>: Fence Post Chapter 2. Tutorials 38 Undo/Exit/Curve/<Bearing (Qdd.mmss)>: 454.1109 Varas/Meters/Poles/Chains/<Distance>: 106.93 Enter Point Description <Fence Post>: press Spacebar, then press Enter Simply pressing Enter uses the default text (Fence Post) again. To avoid drawing the text ''Fence Post'' twice on the end point, press the spacebar, skip a blank character, and press Enter. You have now completed the 6-sided gure (including one curve). Undo/Exit/Curve/<Bearing (Qdd.mmss)>: E The following results are reported: SQ. FEET: 83921.8 SQ. YARDS: 9324.6 SQ. MILES: 0.0 ACRES: 1.93 Closure error distance> 0.01708540 Error Bearing> S 52d5'26'' E Closure Precision> 1 in 66076.89 Total Distance Traversed> 1128.95 SQ. FEET: 82302.9 SQ. YARDS: 9144.8 SQ. MILES: 0.0 ACRES: 1.89 The resulting deed, has a closure of 1:66077. In the initial prozmpt ''Undo/Exit/Curve...'', U for Undo would allow you to reenter the previous deed call. Use the Extents command on the View menu to see the entire area. Then choose Zoom Out under the View menu giving you adequate room for the next step. 5 Under the Settings menu, select Title Block. The rst dialog you will see is shown here: Select Paper Size B2 (11 x 17), and enter the layer name of BORDER, then choose OK. You will be prompted for the border location, pick a point in the lower left of the survey. The following dialog appears, allowing you to enter the attributes for the Title Block. After you have completed the title block entries, as shown below, select OK. Chapter 2. Tutorials 39 Note that the title line is plotted in large text on the title block. Its length, therefore, should not exceed 15 characters. Your drawing should look like the example below at this point. Use the Extents command, found in the View menu, to see the entire working area. If you want to move the border, use the Move command on the Edit menu. Pick the border lines and the title block objecm ts (up to 3 picks total), press Enter (to end object selection), then pick two points representing the vector of the move. If you want to see a margin around the working area after you use the Extents command, use the Zoom Out command on the View menu. Then use the Window command on the View menu to capture the view and margin you prefer. If you make a mistake, enter U for undo, or select the back arrow icon that appears at the top of the screen. 6 On the Annotate menu, select Draw North Arrow. Chapter 2. Tutorials 40 Accept the default north arrow that is shown at the right side of the dialog, click OK, and place it in the upper right of your drawing. Choose Move on the Edit menu (or Enter M for move at the command line) and move it. 7 On the Annotate menu, select Draw Bar Scale. Accept the defaults, and then pick an insertion point below the north arrow and directly above the ''a'' in Farmer, and approximately the same distance from both. You can move the bar scale using the Move command on the Edit menu, if you need to. 8 On the Draw menu, select Dynamic within the Text command. Respond to the prompts as shown below: Specify start point of text or [Justify/Style]: J Enter an option [Align/Fit/Center/Middle/Right/TL/TC/TR/ML/MC/MR/BL/BC/BR]: C for center justied Specify center point of text: Choose a point near the top-center of the drawing. Specify height <4.00>:10 Entering 10 make the title text bigger than the default. Specify rotation angle of text <E>: E Text: Farmer Survey Text: Ashland, KY Text: press Enter To enter a certication in the lower-right of the drawing, again select Text > Dynamic from the Draw menu, or type ''dtext'' at the command line. If you haven't done anything else, such as Zoom or Pan, you can simply press Enter to repeat the last command. If pressing Enter does not repeat the Text command, press Esc to cancel. Enter Dtext at the command prompt, and respond to the resulting prompts as shown below. Pick a point above and to the left of the title block for the certication. You don't have to enter L for left-justication. The Dtext command defaults to left-justication every time. Height <10.00>: 4 Rotation angle <E>:press Enter Text: Surveyor's Certication Text: Press spacebar, then press Enter Text: I do hereby certify that the survey shown hereon Text: is a true and correct representation..... Text: press spacebar, then press Enter Text: Text: Arnold James, PLS #2534 Text: press Enter twice to end The following is a closeup of the certication that we just entered: Chapter 2. Tutorials 41 9 Enlarge the two title lines (''Farmer Survey'' and ''Surveyor's Certication'') by a factor of 2.0 using the command Text Enlarge/Reduce on the Edit menu, option Text. When prompted for Scaling Multiplier, enter 2. Select both the Farmer Survey text (at the top of the screen, not in the title block) and the Surveyor's Certication text. When asked again to Select Objects, press Enter. When you are selecting objects, if you select something you don't want, you can enter ''R'' at the next Select Objects prompt, and remove items from the selection set. If you want to add objects after you have removed an object, enter ''A'' at the next Select Objects prompt. 10 Make the enlarged Farmer Survey text at the top of the screen bold by changing its font to the bold font. Select the Text command from the Edit menu, Text, then select the Change Text Font option. Select Objects: pick the Farmer Survey Text at the top of the drawing Select Objects: press Enter for no more selections. Style Name: Bold 11 Select the Edit Text command (under the Edit menu, Text option) to change S 0000'00'' E to S 00 E. When you are prompted, ''Select Text to Edit:'' pick the due South bearing text. A dialog box appears as follows: The degree symbol is represented as %%d. (If you had typed N 15%%d25'35'' E in the Dtext command, Carlson would draw that entry as N1525'35''E.) Click in the text to the immediate right of the quotation mark and press the Backspace key until the text reads as shown here. Chapter 2. Tutorials 42 Click OK. Press Enter to exit the command. 12 In the enlargement in Step 8 showing the title block and also showing point 5, notice how the linework travels into the circle that represents the point. To clip off the linework at the edge of the corner symbols, use the Trim by Point Symbol command on the Points menu. This command requires that all points be in view, so if you cannot see your entire drawing, use the Extents command on the View menu (sometimes referred to as Zoom Extents). Respond to the following prompts: Select point symbols to trim against. Select objects: ALL Entering ''all'' at the command line selects everything on the screen. Only the linework crossing into the corner symbols will be trimmed. Select objects: press Enter You can continue to select objects until you press Enter. The trimming is completed. 13 Prepare for area labeling by selecting the Area Defaults command on the Area menu. The dialog box shown below appears. Change the Other Area Labels and Inverse with Area decimal precision to 4 decimal places. Also, make the Area Text Size Scaler 0.2 (doubled from the default of 0.1). You are going to compute the area by point number. You could have chosen the Area by Lines & Arcs command. In that command, you would pick the lines and arcs that make up the gure. But since the closure was 0.017 off (the distance from point 7 to point 1), you would exceed the default Max gap tolerance. Unless you change that tolerance in this dialog box to something larger than 0.017, you would get no result using the Area by Lines & Arcs command. So do not change it for this exercise because you might forget to change it back. Instead, you will compute the area by inversing from 1 through 7 and back to 1. Click OK to exit the Area Defaults dialog box. 14 Select Inverse with Area on the Area menu. Respond to the prompts as shown below: Station/<Pick Starting point or point number>: 1 Pick point or point numbers (R-RadiusPt, U-Undo, Enter to end): 2 Pick point or point numbers (R-RadiusPt, U-Undo, Enter to end): 3 Pick point or point numbers (R-RadiusPt, U-Undo, Enter to end): R Radius point number or pick point:CEN for center ''snap'' Chapter 2. Tutorials 43 Now move the cursor, without picking, to the arc and see how the center snap becomes active. When the radius point is found, pick on the arc. Curve direction [Left/<Right>]?press Enter for the Right option Pick End of Arc or point number (U-Undo, Enter to end): 4 Pick point or point numbers (R-RadiusPt, U-Undo, Enter to end): 5 Pick point or point numbers (R-RadiusPt, U-Undo, Enter to end): 6 Pick point or point numbers (R-RadiusPt, U-Undo, Enter to end): 7 Pick point or point numbers (R-RadiusPt, U-Undo, Enter to end): 1 Pick point or point numbers (R-RadiusPt, U-Undo, Enter to end): press Enter to end A Standard Report Viewer dialog box showing the Inverse with Area results will appear. Select Exit at the top of the dialog box and respond to the prompts as shown below: SQ. FEET: 83921.8 SQ. YARDS: 9324.6 SQ. MILES: 0.0 ACRES: 1.9266 PERIMETER: 1128.9671 Pick area label centering point (Enter for none): pick a point near the center of the gure, in its interior. The area units you chose in Area Defaults are labeled on the screen. Erase Polyline [<Yes>/No]: Y This erases a polyline that has been drawn over the original lines and arcs. The Inverse with Area command draws this polyline because often you are solving the area from points and want the new linework drawn. You snapped to the radius point using the ''cen'' snap. Additional object snaps appear under Aperture-Object Snap command on the Settings menu. Since all plotted points have a node, you could have inversed around this gure by using the ''nod'' snap for points 1 through 7, and the ''cen'' snap to capture the radius point. Snaps are typically entered at the keyboard as 3 characters (for example, ''int'' for intersect and ''end'' for endpoint). 15 Freeze the point numbers to nish the drawing by choosing Layer Control on the View menu. In the PNTNO row, click the sun icon to change it to a snowake icon, which freezes the PNTNO layer. Click OK. The point numbers remain in the drawing, waiting to be ''thawed'', but they are not displayed. The nal drawing is shown here: This completes the Lesson 1 tutorial: Entering a Deed. Chapter 2. Tutorials 44 Lesson 2: Making a Plat In this lesson you will draw out a plat of a single lot, using Carlson drafting techniques. You will make the plat from an ASCII le of points named Plat.txt. 1 Click the icon for Carlson. You may be presented with a Startup Wizard dialog box, as shown below: You will use the Wizard in Lesson 3 to quickly perform a series of commands. In this lesson, however, you will enter the commands individually, so that you can see what each one does. If you see the Startup Wizard dialog box, and you don't want to see it again, click the Skip Startup Wizard Next Time option in the dialog box above. Make sure the other settings are as shown above and click Exit. Another way to turn off the Wizard is to click it off within the Congure > General Settings command, found under the Settings menu. You will open this General Settings dialog box now. 2 On the Settings menu, click Congure to display the following menu: Click General Settings to display the dialog box shown here. Chapter 2. Tutorials 45 The settings in this dialog box, along with the settings in other Congure sub-options, determine default working conditions for Carlson. Turn on Group Point Entities, which groups point elevations, numbers, and descriptions (all aspects of the points) into a single entity for moving, erasing and other commands. Choose Numeric Only to store points in numeric form. This produces point numbers such as 1, 2, 3, 10 and 11. If you selected Alphanumeric, then you could have point numbers like 1A, 1B, 1C, HUB5, CTRL, SS10, etc. There is a slight speed advantage to working with purely numeric point numbers. The highest numeric point number allowed is 32000. Regardless of format, point numbers are stored in a le that has a .crd extension. There is no limit to the number of points in an alphanumeric coordinate le. In anticipation of Lesson 3, click on the Use Startup Wizard option. Click OK at the bottom of this dialog box. Now we want to set the data path. Another of the Congure sub-options is Project/Data Folders. Click this option and you will see this dialog box. For this lesson, you will keep it simple. Click on Fixed Folder at the top. Notice the Current Data Folder section at the bottom. This species where data les, such as .crd les in this case, are to be stored. Set the folder to C:\Carlson2008\DATA. Click OK. You are now back to the Congure main dialog. 3 Select Drawing Setup from the Congure main dialog box. Chapter 2. Tutorials 46 The scale acts as a multiplier on all text annotation. For example, 100 * Text Plot Size (0.08) = 8 (text height of 8 units). The Text Plot Size is the effective height, in inches, that the text will appear when plotted at the Horizontal Scale (here 100). Bearings and Distances, Legends, Title Blocks, and Point Symbols will size up or down on the basis of the Horizontal Scale set within Drawing Setup. Set the Horizontal Scale to 100. Then click OK to exit Drawing Setup. Then click Exit to close the Congure dialog box. 4 Next, you will import the ASCII le called Plat.txt and store the points in a Coordinate le called Plat.crd. However, since you are in a new drawing, you have not yet set a coordinate le to store the points in. You must have a Carlson coordinate le (.crd) open and established as the container for your points. So, under the Points menu, select the command Set CoorRDinate File to display a dialog box. Click the New tab, as shown here. To the right of File name enter Plat and click Open. You have now created the required .crd le. Chapter 2. Tutorials 47 You are now ready to import the points. This time, under the Points menu, select Import Text/ASCII File to display the Text/ASCII File Format dialog box, as shown below. Click the Select Text/ASCII Files button and then choose Plat.txt listed on the right. It is found in the default data folder (C:\Carlson2008\Data). Click Open. Plat.txt is an ASCII le containing 54 points in the form of Point Number, Northing, Easting, Elevation and Description. The format of the points appears in the Preview Window. The format is: Point (P), Northing (Y), Easting (X), Elevation (Z), Description (D), or, in short, P,Y,X,Z,D. You must match this format in the Coordinate Order. If you don't see P,Y,X,Z,D in the Coordinate Order box, then select that format from the Common Formats option. Or, you can type the list directly into the Coordinate Order box. Make sure that Draw Points is set to Off. Chapter 2. Tutorials 48 Click OK. The points will be saved and stored in Plat.crd. A conrming dialog appears as follows: Click OK. 5 Choose the List Points command under the Points menu. The List Points dialog box will typically default to the full range of points, which is 1 through 54 in this exercise. You can control the decimal places for the Northing/Easting and the Elevation of the points in the lower portion of the dialog box. Click OK and the settings shown above result in the report exhibited below in the Standard Report Viewer: Chapter 2. Tutorials 49 Exit the report by selecting the Exit icon at the top of this report viewer box, or by clicking the X in the upper right of the window. 6 Select the Draw-Locate Points command on the Points menu to draw the points on the screen. In this gure shown above, the current Symbol Name is showing as SPT10, which stands for Survey Point symbol 10. SPT10 is an X, shown in the symbol display window. You can select a different default symbol using the Point Defaults command on the Points menu. In this exercise you will change the Symbol Name to null, or symbol 0, listed as SPT0 (in effect, no symbol). Later, you will add ofcial property corner and utility symbols. Although you are working without a default symbol, there Chapter 2. Tutorials 50 will always be a ''dot'' or a node at the correct insertion point of each point number. At the top click Select. You will see the following dialog box: Note that the scroll bar at the right of this Select Symbol dialog box leads to more pages of symbols. Click the blank SPT0 point symbol option. When you select a symbol, you automatically return to the Draw-Locate Point dialog box. Click Draw All to display the rather busy drawing shown below: Chapter 2. Tutorials 51 7 You will now be using the Scale Point Attributes command on the Points menu. Notice how the lower-right corner of the drawing is very congested, with many point attributes overlapping. You can specify a window containing these points and scale them down by a factor of 0.4. For Scaling Multiplier, you will enter 0.4. When you are prompted to Select Carlson Software points, you will enter WP for Window Polygon and make a polygon around the congested area. Press Enter when you have surrounded the points with the polygon as shown below. Here is the command line sequence, along with the responses you will enter, after clicking Scale Point Attributes: Scaling Multiplier <0.500>: .4 Scale symbols only, point labels only or both [Symbols/Labels/<Both>]? press Enter Select points from screen, group or by point number [<Screen>/Group/Number]? press Enter Select Carlson Software points. Select objects: wp First polygon point: start creating your polygon Once this polygon is complete, you are again prompted to select points. Press Enter. The following shows the scaled points. Chapter 2. Tutorials 52 8 Next, you will prepare for drawing linework by setting the current layer. You should draft linework and symbol work in designated layers. In this example, you will put linework and symbol work in a layer named Final. (You could put property linework in the Final layer and utility linework in the Utility layer, but, for now, you will put all linework and symbols in the layer Final.) To pick the current working layer, select the Layer Control command from the View menu. Click Final. Click Current. Click OK. 9 The 2D Polyline command allows you to enter point numbers to draw a line. First, connect portions of the property line. Select the 2D Polyline command on the Draw menu. A dialog box might appear. If it does, accept the defaults and click OK. Chapter 2. Tutorials 53 [Continue/Extend/Follow/Offset/OPtions/<Pick point or point numbers>]: 1 [Arc/Close/Distance/Follow/Offset/Undo<Pick point or point numbers>]: 8 [Arc/Close/Distance/Extend/Follow/Line/Offset/Undo<Pick point or point numbers>]: press Enter This creates a polyline. Keep this as a separate polyline because later you will turn this back lot line into a fence line. Now, connect some of the other property lines. Repeat the 2D Polyline command. You can press Enter to repeat the command, or you can select it from the Draw menu. Connect points 8 through 10, and start an arc, by entering as follows: [Continue/Extend/Follow/Offset/OPtions/<Pick point or point numbers>]: 8-10 [Arc/Close/Distance/Extend/Follow/Line/Offset/Undo<Pick point or point numbers>]: a [Radius pt/radius Length/Arc length/Chord/Second pt/Undo/<Endpoint or point number>]: 15 [Arc/Close/Distance/Extend/Follow/Line/Offset/Undo<Pick point or point numbers>]: 1 [Arc/Close/Distance/Extend/Follow/Line/Offset/Undo<Pick point or point numbers>]: press Enter to end the command This creates the full lot, with the arc coming off point 10 on a tangent. The line from 15 to 1 is not guaranteed to be tangent to the previous arc. You should have the following linework at this point: Chapter 2. Tutorials 54 10 You will now create a fence line on the polyline you drew from points 1 to 8. Go back to Drawing Setup from the Settings menu and set the Horizontal Scale to 50. Click OK to exit Drawing Setup. Now, choose the Line Types command on the Annotate menu and select the Change Polyline Linetype command. The Line Types command creates polylines that respond as one entity when selected. When tlhe dialog box appears, click Next twice to display the dialog box shown below. Choose the Fence S option (the solid fence line). Chapter 2. Tutorials 55 When prompted to Select Objects, pick the polyline you created from points 1 to 8. Press Enter to end selection. Notice in the dialog box above that the current Line Type Scaler, governing spacing, should be 0.5 (inches) and the Text (height) Scaler is 0.1. If your settings are different, you may want to Undo (by entering U for undo) the fence line and select the Annotate Defaults command on the Annotate menu, and set these items to match the example. On the View menu, select the Isolate Layers command, pick the property line, and press Enter twice. Here is the result: 11 Next, you will connect up the edge of pavement. On the View menu, select the Restore Layers command to restore your points. Then select the 2D Polyline command under the Draw menu. Again, a dialog box might appear as shown below. If it does, make sure that the options selected are the same. In the future you can choose not to see this box. Click OK. Proceed as follows to connect up the edge of pavement: [Continue/Extend/Follow/Options/<Pick point or point numbers>]:45-47,49-51 Press Enter at the next prompt to exit the command and create the road. Press Enter one more time. Note how you can separate range entries using a comma. Chapter 2. Tutorials 56 12 To smooth the edge of the road, select the Polyline Utilities command on the Edit menu, and select Smooth Polylines. Enter the looping factor (1-10) <5>: press Enter Enter the offset cutoff <0.05>: press Enter Select objects: pick the edge of road polyline Select objects: press Enter 13 To offset the smoothed edge-of-road polyline by 24 feet to make the opposite edge of the road, Select the Standard Offset command on the Edit menu. Specify offset distance or [Through/Erase/Layer] <Through>: 24 Select object to offset or [Exit/Undo] <Exit>: pick the edge-of-road polyline Specify point on side to offset or [Exit/Multiple/Undo] <Exit>: pick to the right of the polyline Select object to offset or [Exit/Undo] <Exit>: press Enter to end the command Now, select the Isolate Layers command again from the View menu, pick on any of your linework, and only the entities on the picked layers are displayed. Select the Restore Layers command from the View menu to recover your points. Experiment with the ''cadence'' of Isolate and Restore Layers. Select Isolate Layers, pick the layers to isolate, then press Enter twice. Then select Restore Layers. 14 Next, you will draw the shed. Select the 2D Polyline command on the Draw menu. To draw a two-sided shed, connect points 5 through 7 as follows: [Continue/Extend/Follow/Options/<Pick point or point numbers>]: 5-7, press Enter twice This produces the 2-sided building shown here: Select the 4 Sided Building command on the Survey menu. Turn the 2-sided shed into a 4-sided shed as follows: Options/<Pick a line or polyline>: Pick the shed Now your 2-sided building looks like this: Chapter 2. Tutorials 57 15 Focus your attention on the area of tightly spaced points with point numbers ranging from 27 to 44. This is the driveway and paving area. In the case of the driveway, assume that the surveyor who collected the points shot in 3-point arcs. They came up to a PC, shot a point on the arc, and nished up at the PT. On the View menu, select the Window option, and pick a lower left and upper right point that windows the driveway area. (If you wish to use the View>Previous command to zoom out, then use View>Window to zoom in again.) Select the 2D Polyline command under the Draw menu, and walk the polyline through the two arcs as follows: [Continue/Extend/Follow/Options/<Pick point or point numbers>]: 27 [Arc/Close/Distance/Follow/Undo/<Pick point or point numbers>]: 28 [Arc/Close/Distance/Extend/Follow/Line/Undo/<Pick point or point numbers>]: A [Radius pt/radius Length/Arc length/Chord/Second pt/Undo/<Endpoint or point number>]: S Use S for 3-pt arcs. Second point or point number: 29 Endpoint or point number: 30 [Arc/Close/Distance/Extend/Follow/Line/Undo/<Pick point or point numbers>]: 31 [Arc/Close/Distance/Extend/Follow/Line/Undo/<Pick point or point numbers>]: A [Radius pt/radius Length/Arc length/Chord/Second pt/Undo/<Endpoint or point number>]: S Second point or point number: 32 Endpoint or point number: 33 [Arc/Close/Distance/Extend/Follow/Line/Undo/<Pick point or point numbers>]: press Enter In the above exercise you started at point 27, went to the PC at point 28 and inserted a 3-point arc through points 29 and 30. You proceeded tangent to point 31, which was another PC, then completed a 3-point arc through points 32 and 33, and ended. Now, connect up the basketball court area. Select the 2D Polyline command under Draw, or press Enter to repeat the previous command. [Continue/Extend/Follow/Options/<Pick point or point numbers>]: 27 [Arc/Close/Distance/Follow/Undo/<Pick point or point numbers>]: 44 [Arc/Close/Distance/Extend/Follow/Line/Undo/<Pick point or point numbers>]: 43-39 (you can enter ''backwards'' ranges) [Arc/Close/Distance/Extend/Follow/Line/Undo/<Pick point or point numbers>]: A [Radius pt/radius Length/Arc length/Chord/Second pt/Undo/<Endpoint or point number>]: S Second point or point number: 38 Endpoint or point number: 37 [Arc/Close/Distance/Extend/Follow/Line/Undo/<Pick point or point numbers>]: 36 Chapter 2. Tutorials 58 [Arc/Close/Distance/Extend/Follow/Line/Undo/<Pick point or point numbers>]: A [Radius pt/radius Length/Arc length/Chord/Second pt/Undo/<Endpoint or point number>]: S Second point or point number: 35 Endpoint or point number: 34 [Arc/Close/Distance/Extend/Follow/Line/Undo/<Pick point or point numbers>]: press Enter Shown below is your drawing to this point. 16 Next you will make a building footprint. Points 18 and 19 are two shot corners of a building. Assume that the surveyors taped the main house, going clockwise from point 18, as follows: 10'L, 20'R, 40'L, 20'R, 20'L, 83'L, 60'L, 23'L, 10'R. You can easily enter these ''jogs'' in the building using the Extend by Distance command. If you are zoomed in on the driveway, use View >Zoom>Zoom Out, then View >Pan to focus on the building north of the driveway. Now use the 2D Polyline command on the Draw menu to draw a line from 18 to 19. Pick point or point numbers:18 Undo/Arc/Length/<Pick point of point numbers>:19, then press Enter twice to end Select the By Distance option from the Edit menu, Extend command. Pick line or pline to extend: pick the building line closer to point 18 This makes the arrow point toward 18 rather than 19. Now you can go clockwise: Enter or pick distance to Draw (A,B,C,E,I,L,M,N,O,P,R,S,T,U,Z,?,Help): L10 (lower case ''l'' and ''r'' work also) Enter or pick distance to Draw (A,B,C,E,I,L,M,N,O,P,R,S,T,U,Z,?,Help): R20 Enter or pick distance to Draw (A,B,C,E,I,L,M,N,O,P,R,S,T,U,Z,?,Help): L40 Enter or pick distance to Draw (A,B,C,E,I,L,M,N,O,P,R,S,T,U,Z,?,Help): R20 Enter or pick distance to Draw (A,B,C,E,I,L,M,N,O,P,R,S,T,U,Z,?,Help): L20 Enter or pick distance to Draw (A,B,C,E,I,L,M,N,O,P,R,S,T,U,Z,?,Help): L83 Chapter 2. Tutorials 59 Enter or pick distance to Draw (A,B,C,E,I,L,M,N,O,P,R,S,T,U,Z,?,Help): L60 Enter or pick distance to Draw (A,B,C,E,I,L,M,N,O,P,R,S,T,U,Z,?,Help): L23 Enter or pick distance to Draw (A,B,C,E,I,L,M,N,O,P,R,S,T,U,Z,?,Help): R10 Enter or pick distance to Draw (A,B,C,E,I,L,M,N,O,P,R,S,T,U,Z,?,Help): press Enter to end 17 Next, you will complete the linework for the sewer line and the electric utility line. Use the View > Extents command so you can see all your points. The sewer line runs from points 52 to 53 to 54. Select the 2D Polyline command from the Draw menu. To create the sewer line, enter the following: [Continue/Extend/Follow/Options/<Pick point or point numbers>]: 52-54, press Enter twice to end You will next annotate the sewer polyline using the Change Polyline Linetype command, but rst you must set the default spacing for the annotation. Select the Annotate Defaults command on the Annotate menu. The following dialog box appears. Change the Line Type Spacing to 1.5. This will label ''S'' on the sewer line every 1.5'' at the current scale (1''=50'). To annotate the sewer line with an S, select the Line Types command on the Annotate menu, then choose Change Polyline Linetype. Within the dialog box, click Next four times, select the Sewer linetype from the list, and then select the sewer polyline that runs next to the road. The polyline will be annotated. Next, create the electric utility line, which runs from point 3 to point 4 to point 17. Select the 2D Polyline command on the Draw menu. [Continue/Extend/Follow/Options/<Pick point or point numbers>]: 3 [Arc/Close/Distance/Follow/Undo/<Pick point or point numbers>]: 4 [Arc/Close/Distance/Extend/Follow/Line/Undo/<Pick point or point numbers>]: 17 [Arc/Close/Distance/Extend/Follow/Line/Undo/<Pick point or point numbers>]: press Enter twice to end No points were taken beyond point 17, due to obstructions from the various setups in the eld. So you must extend the polyline from point 17 to beyond the property. Under the Edit menu, choose Extend, then By Distance. Pick on the electric utility polyline near point 17. Then pick beyond the property. Press Enter to end. Chapter 2. Tutorials 60 Before you annotate the electric utility line, you must offset it 25' on both sides, for a 50' total right-of-way. You will do this using Standard Offset. Select the Offset>Standard Offset command under the Edit menu. Enter the offset distance of 25. Pick the electric utility polyline and then pick to one side for the rst offset. Repeat for the other side, by rst picking the electric utility polyline, then picking the other side for the offset. Press Enter to end. Now annotate the central electric line with an E by selecting the Line Types command on the Annotate menu, then choose Change Polyline Linetype. Choose the Electric linetype, which appears on the second page of linetypes. Then select the electric utility polyline to annotate it, and press Enter. 18 Next, make the Property lines bold. Under the Edit menu, select Polyline Utilities, then Edit Polyline and then select Change Polyline Width. New Width <0.0>: 1.5 Select objects: pick the property polylines while holding down the Shift key Pick once for the fence line portion and once for the remaining property lines. Select objects: press Enter to end 19 To add color and improve layer management, make a layer for your road and driveway. Select theLayer Control command on the View menu. Click the New Layer button, and enter the name ''Road'' for the new layer. Choose the color cyan by clicking the color square to the right of the layer name. Click OK. On the View menu, select the Change Layer command. Select entities to be changed. Select objects: with Shift key held down, pick all driveway and road entities and press Enter This brings up the dialog box shown below. Select ROAD and click OK. Your linework is now complete and is shown below: Chapter 2. Tutorials 61 If you have not already saved your drawing, now is a good time to do it. Use the Save command on the File menu, and call the le Lesson2.dwg. 20 You will add symbols for trees, property corners, manholes and a light pole. Start with the trees. Points 11, 12, and 20 are oak trees of different sizes, and point 14 is a pine tree. Use symbol 61 for the deciduous oak trees and symbol 53 for the pine tree. On the Draw menu select Symbols. Then select the Insert Symbols command. The following dialog box appears. Click the Select button, and within the Select Symbol dialog box, use the down arrow at the right to scroll forward to the tree symbols, which are several pages deep. Choose symbol SPT61. You can also choose Trees under the Symbol category eld in this dialog. You are returned to the Insert Symbols dialog box. Click the Select Layer button, and type in TREES in the Layer Name eld. This creates a Trees layer if one does not exist. Click OK. For the Symbol Size use 18. A symbol size equal to the diameter of the tree is often effective. Click OK. Options/Select entities/Enter Coords/<Pick point or point numbers>: 11 Chapter 2. Tutorials 62 Options/Select entities/Enter Coords/<Pick point or point numbers>: 20 Options/Select entities/Enter Coords/<Pick point or point numbers>: press Enter Place symbol 61 on the larger point 12 at size 24. Press Enter to repeat the last command, or once again select the Insert Symbols command from the Draw menu. Symbol 61 will now be the default. Change the Symbol Size to 24 and click OK. Options/Select entities/Enter Coords/<Pick point or point numbers>: 12 Options/Select entities/Enter Coords/<Pick point or point numbers>: press Enter Place symbol 53 on the larger point 14 at size 8. To do this, press Enter to repeat the last command, or select Insert Symbols from the Draw menu. Select symbol 53 and a Symbol Size of 8. Click OK. Options/Select entities/Enter Coords/<Pick point or point numbers>: 14 Options/Select entities/Enter Coords/<Pick point or point numbers>: press Enter Place symbol 5 (representing an iron pin) on points 8-10 and point 15. Repeat Insert Symbols by pressing Enter to repeat the last command, or again select the Insert Symbols command from the Draw menu. Select symbol 5 (rst page) and leave the Symbol Size of 8. Change the layer to FINAL. Click OK. Options/Select entities/Enter Coords/<Pick point or point numbers>: 8-10,15 Wildcard match of point description < * >: press Enter This puts symbols on points 8 through 10, as well as point 15. Options/Select entities/Enter Coords/<Pick point or point numbers>: press Enter Place a concrete monument (symbol 13) on point 13 on layer FINAL. Keep the Symbol Size of 8. Press Enter to repeat the last command, or select the Insert Symbols command from the Draw menu. Select symbol 13. Options/Select entities/Enter Coords/<Pick point or point numbers>: 13 Options/Select entities/Enter Coords/<Pick point or point numbers>: press Enter Place a manhole (symbol 34) on the vertices (endpoints) of the sewer line, at points 52 through 54. You could use the above method, but you can also use S for Select entities, and place the symbol automatically at the vertices of the selected entity. Select the Insert Symbols command from the Draw menu. Select symbol 34 from the list. Keep with layer FINAL and Symbol Size 8. Click OK. Options/Select entities/Enter Coords/<Pick point of point numbers>: S The following dialog box appears. Click OK. Chapter 2. Tutorials 63 Select arcs, circles, faces, points, text, lines and polylines. Select objects: pick the sewer polyline The symbols are inserted at the three polyline endpoints. 21 You can reduce clutter by selecting the Freeze Layer command under the Viewmenu, and picking a point number. The points freeze, leaving only linework and symbols. To bring the points back, use the Thaw Layer command under the View menu. The Freeze Layer and Thaw Layer commands go together, just like the Isolate and Restore Layers commands. 22 Next, you will create (in reduced size) your building dimensions. You can set the building dimension text size for the current work session using the Survey Text Defaults option of the Survey Text command on the Annotate menu. However, you can set the text size permanently using the Congure command on the Settings menu, then selecting the Congure command. Use this last method. This dialog box appears: Select Survey Settings and the following dialog box appears: Choose Survey Text Defaults. The following dialog box appears: Chapter 2. Tutorials 64 The changes you will make are in the upper-left section ''Building Dimensions.'' Change the Text Size Scaler to 0.04, change Offset From Line to 0.02, and select Drop Trailing Zeros. The Drop Trailing Zeros option will label 17.0' as 17'. To save more space, you could blank the Characters to Append box, but not this time. Enter the name of a new layer for the building text called BTXT, so that building dimensions can be frozen to reduce the clutter even more. It is generally a good strategy to use layers for selective freezing and thawing. Click OK on the above dialog box, then click Exit until you return to the command prompt. On the Annotate menu, choose the Survey Text command, Building Dimensions option. Click on the middle of the bottom segment of the building and then drag the alignment to the right, along the same bottom segment being dimensioned. The resulting label is shown below. Chapter 2. Tutorials 65 If you had dragged the cursor to the left rather than to the right, with the same near-parallel angle to the line, the 83' would be drawn below the building rather than above. Another example is shown below. Select Annotate > Survey Text > Building Dimensions, and click on the left- most segment of the building. Then click roughly perpendicular to the left. This creates a perpendicular, rather than parallel, label as shown below. Label the rest of the building. Notice that the sides of the building that you are dimensioning are measured in even feet. Because you had selected the Drop Trailing Zeros option when you set your Survey Text Defaults, and you set the Decimal Places default at 0.0, the ''.0'' is not reected in the labels, Chapter 2. Tutorials 66 If you choose the wrong direction while you are labeling, you can exit the command, or you can erase the incorrect dimension by typing E for erase at the command line, or you can enter U for undo to back out your last work. Once the labels are in place, you can type M for the Move command, and move the text to the desired position. 23 Next, you will label the offset dimension from property lines to two building corners, the SE corner as offset from the south property line, and the SW corner as offset from the west property line. Because of the options you set in the Survey Text Defaults dialog box above, Offset Dimensions will be created on layer DTXT, and they will be horizontal, with arrowheads. On the Annotate menu select Survey Text, Survey Text Defaults. The dialog previously shown will reappear. Change the Text Size and Arrow Size Scalers to 0.040. Then select Dual Arrows Line and click OK. On the Annotate menu, select Survey Text, Offset Dimensions option. [end on] Pick Bldg/Object Corner: pick on the SE building corner [perp] Pick Line To Offset From: pick on the South property line (before the arc, near the end of the driveway) The setback is labeled 43.5 ft. Why ''ft'' and not '' ' '' for distance? If you review the Survey Text Defaults dialog box again, you will see that you set the Characters to Append option to ''ft''. On the Annotate menu, select Survey Text > Survey Text Defaults. Under Offset Dimension Text, change the characters to Append to an apostrophe, '' ' ''. Also, change the Text Alignment to Parallel instead of Horizontal. Click OK. Select Annotate > Survey Text > Offset Dimensions. [end on] Pick Bldg/Object Corner: pick on the SW building corner [perp] Pick Line To Offset From: pick on the West property line (avoid the electric right-of-way line) Use the Move command to move the 20' text label to the right, so that it is not overwritten by the offset dimension. The result is shown below: Chapter 2. Tutorials 67 Notice the display, within the above prompts, of the [end on] and [perp] snaps. When Carlson sets a snap for temporary use, it displays the snap within the brackets as shown. A building corner is always an endpoint, so the end snap always applies to the rst pick. The offset is the perpendicular distance to the property lines, so the [perp] snap always applies to the second pick. The per, or perpendicular, snap applies to offsets from arcs as well. In the case of arcs, the per snap nds the shortest, radial distance to the arc. When you enter a snap at the keyboard in response to a ''Pick object'' request, type only the rst 3 letters of the snap, such as ''per'' or ''end''. You could use the Offset Dimension command to label the Electric utility right-of-way distance of 50' total by entering ''nea'' (for nearest snap) for the rst pick, then entering the default ''per'' snap for the second pick on the other side of the right-of-way. 24 Next, you will add adjoiner ownership text to the property lines. Select the Survey Text Defaults command, under the Annotate menu, and set the Adjoiner Text Justication option to C for centered, and the Text Size Scaler to 0.06. Click OK and then select the Adjoiner Text option on the Annotate > Survey Text command. Pick Line Or Polyline: pick the west property line Pick Starting Point: pick a centering point west of the property for the adjoiner text Text: Brian W. and Mary T. Jones Text: D.B. 101, P. 37 Text: press Enter twice This produces parallel, center-justied text on the west side of the property. Repeat the command for the north side. Press Enter to repeat the Adjoiner Text command or select it from the menus. Pick Line Or Polyline: pick the north property line Pick Starting Point: pick a centering point north of the north property line Text: Stan W. Bosworth Text: D.B. 94, P. 272 Text: press Enter twice The results are shown here: Chapter 2. Tutorials 68 25 Next, you will add bearing annotation. Select the Annotate menu, choose Angle/Distance, select the BearingDis- tance option to place Bearing and Distance above the line. Dene bearing by, Points/<select line or polyline>: pick the northern property line to the east, or right side The bearing direction will be labeled towards the picked end, which is northeast. Dene bearing by, Points/<select line or polyline>:pick the eastern property line Pick closest to the southern endpoint of the line To label the western property line on the lower (western) side of the line, select the BearingDistance option of the Angle/Distance command. Dene bearing by, Points/<select line or polyline>: pick the western property line on the northern por- tion of the line To label the southern line segment with a leader, on the Annotate menu select the Annotate w/Leader command, Brg-Dist w/Leader option. Options/Points/<Select line or polyline>: pick the southern property line segment on the southwest side Pick point to start leader: pick a point to start and locate the pointed end of the arrowhead Pick next leader point: pick a point Pick a point off to the right for the left-justied bearing and distance Pick next leader point (Enter to end): press Enter Options/Points/<Select line or polyline>: press Enterto end 26 Next, you will want to annotate the arc in the drawing. The label will consist of four entries: arc length, radius, chord bearing (angle) and chord distance. Select the Annotate Arc command, on the Annotate menu, and choose the Stack Label Arc option. The Stack Label Arc dialog box appears. Chapter 2. Tutorials 69 Set the sequence column to 1, 2, 3 and 4 as shown. Remember that changes to this box apply only to this work session. To set these options permanently, go to the Settings menu, choose Congure > Survey Settings > and choose the Stack Label Arc command. When you are done with the dialog box, click OK. Dene arc by, Points/<select arc or polyline>: pick the arc Pick point for labels: pick a point to the right to place the label As the cursor moves, the text ''ghosts'', allowing you to make the best possible placement decision Pick point to start leader at ([Enter] for none): pick a point on or near the arc for the arrowhead Dene arc by, Points/<select arc or polyline>: press Enter to end Sometimes Carlson displays an arc as a series of chords. Type Regen at the command prompt to ''regenerate'' the arc. Even if an arc shows up on the screen as a group of jagged chords, it will plot as a smooth arc to a printer or plotter. 27 Next, you will label the trees, the shed, and the building using a special leader, for a hand-drafted appearance. Under the Annotate menu, select the Special Leader command. Options/Pick Arrow Location: pick near the southern most corner of the shed Text location: pick slightly down and to the right Text: Shed Text: press Enter twice to end Repeat the process for all the special leader text items shown in the drawing below. In the case of the 18'' Oak trees, create just one leader with text, and on the second oak tree, create only the leader, and then press Enter when asked for Text. For the best appearance, enter 18''Oak and 24''Oak with no spaces between the characters. Your drawing should be similar to this one: Chapter 2. Tutorials 70 28 You can add a North Arrow and Bar Scale by selecting these options under the Annotate menu. When you place the North Arrow, pick your North Arrow symbol, maybe change the scale, and click OK. Then pick an insertion point. You place the Bar Scale by answering the prompts and picking a location. Both the North Arrow and the Bar Scale can be moved to desired locations with the Move command on the Edit menu. 29 Next, you will insert a title block with a border. Select the Title Block command from the Settings menu. Choose paper size A1 (portrait view, 8-1/2 by 11). Click OK. Pick a point below and to the left of the survey in Chapter 2. Tutorials 71 order to locate the lower-left corner of the border outer line. Remember that the title block will be at the bottom, so leave extra room at the bottom. The following dialog appears, prompting you for the attributes of the title block. Be sure to also click Next in order to enter in more attributes. Your drawing should resemble the one shown below. 30 Next, you will add a legend. On the Annotate menu, select the Draw Legend command. Choose the New tab, then Open the default legend name. When the dialog box appears, select Add from Drawing. You will make one pick for each symbol you want to appear in the legend. So, with the Shift key held down, select one of the sewer manholes, one of the iron pins, the concrete monument, one oak tree and the pine tree. Press enter. You will then Chapter 2. Tutorials 72 see the symbols that you picked listed. If you want to change the order of the items in the list, use the Move Up and Move Down buttons, after rst selecting and highlighting the item to be moved. After the list is ordered correctly, highlight one item on the list and click the Edit button to edit the symbol denition. Edit each symbol denition individually, typing the following descriptions in the description box: SPT5 = ''Iron Pin'' SPT34 = ''Manhole'' SPT13 = ''Concrete Monument'' SPT 61 = ''Oak Tree'' SPT53 = ''Pine Tree'' Below is the symbol denition, with Description, for SPT13. After you have entered the descriptions for the symbols, choose the Add option from the Legend Denition dialog box, and add the Fence Line type to the list by picking the Select Linetype command, as shown below: Save the completed legend, which is shown below. Chapter 2. Tutorials 73 Select the Draw option from the Legend Denitions dialog box. Set the defaults as shown below. Click OK. Pick a point for the legend, at roughly 5260,4380. Then click Exit. You may need to move the fence line portion of the legend to t in the tight space. You also may need to move the previously drawn bar scale. Use the Move command to do this. The following shows the drawing to this point: Chapter 2. Tutorials 74 If you wish to reset the spacing of the sewer and electric utility annotation, use the LTSCALE box in the Drawing Setup dialog box, under the Settings menu, to set it. (The setting is 50, in this example). 31 Next, you will use Dtext to label the road and Mtext to create a certication block. Zoom in on the area shown below. At the command line, type Dtext. Specify start point of text or [Justify/Style]: R (for right-justied) Specify right endpoint of text baseline: pick a pointas shown below, just to the left of the leader annotation Specify height <8.00>: 10 Specify rotation angle of text <E>: pick a point as shown below by the location of the crosshair Text: Meadow Lane Text: press Enter This right-justies the label Meadow Lane, ending it before it contacts the leader line. Now you will enter a certication using Mtext. The Mtext command stretches an entire block of text. This command breaks up the lines in the block of text, depending on how you edit and adjust the Mtext window. First, use the View > Extents command to view the entire drawing. Then, at the command line, type in Mtext. Specify rst corner: pick a point in the 5660,4980 range Specify opposite corner or [Height/Justify/Line spacing/Rotation/Style/Width]: pick a point below and to the Chapter 2. Tutorials 75 right of the rst, but inside the inside border line. You now see a dialog box that displays all the text heights that you have used in the drawing. Choose the text height of 8. Then type the following into the dialog box: The command adds carriage returns to the text when it runs out of space in the Mtext window. Click OK at the upper right to place this text into the drawing. After the Mtext is plotted, you can click on the text to activate the grips. All 4 corners highlight as grips. Pick on a grip, and then you can expand or change the shape of the Mtext rectangle. When you do this, the text adjusts automatically, adding more lines and carriage returns, or condensing many lines into fewer, but longer, lines of text. You can also move the entire text block to a new location. 32 Next, you will dene a text style, then add text using that style. On the Draw Menu, under Text, choose select the Set Style option. The Text Style dialog box appears. Click New, enter Bold in the New Text Style dialog, and click OK. Create a Bold Style consisting of the Arial Black font tilted at a 10 degree oblique angle, by entering the settings as show below. Chapter 2. Tutorials 76 Then click Apply and Close. Now, run the Dtext command by typing Dtext at the command line, and place the text at the top of the drawing as follows: Specify start point of text or [Justify/Style]: pick a point near the northwest corner of the drawing Specify height <10.00>: 20 Specify rotation angle of text <N 54d40'16'' E>: E for due East Text: William T. Farmer Text: press Enter twice 33 Next, you will create an area label for the drawing. Select the Area Defaults command, under the Area/Layout menu, and change the Precision for Other Area Labels to 2 decimal places. Select the Areas by Lines & Arcs command, under the Area menu. When prompted to Select objects, pick the 2 polylines that, taken together, completely enclose the property. Pick an area labeling centering point for the area label under the William T. Farmer title at the top of the drawing. 34 Next, bring the points back and draw a contour map. To draw the points, use the Thaw Layer command under the View menu. If you did not complete this lesson in one sitting, then Carlson won't ''remember'' what layer to thaw. In that case, select the Layer Control command on the View menu, and thaw the PNTS layer by turning the snowake to a sun symbol. Go to the Surface menu and select the Triangulate & Contour command. Click the Contour tab. Chapter 2. Tutorials 77 In this Contour tab section, change the contour interval to 1.0. Now click on the Triangulate tab, then click on Use Inclusion/Exclusion Areas. Press OK and then answer as follows: Select the Inclusion perimeter polylines or ENTER for none. Select objects: press Enter We have no ''inclusion'' perimeter. Select the Exclusion perimeter polylines or ENTER for none. Select objects: select the building and the shed while holding down the Shift key, then press Enter Since the building and shed are closed polygons acting as exclusion perimeters, the contours will not pass through them when they are created. Select the points and barrier lines to Triangulate: select a window around the points by picking from the lower left to the upper right The contour map is created. Freeze the points again by using View > Freeze Layer and picking one of the points. 35 Next, label the contours. Select the Contour Elevation Label command from the Surface menu > Contour Labels. Select OK after matching the settings in the dialog box shown here: Chapter 2. Tutorials 78 Now pick two points that cross through one or more contours. The contours are automatically labeled using the current text style. You can use the Change Text Font command, part of the Text command in the Edit menu, to change the font to Romans, or to another font, if you wish to. The Completed Plat is shown here: If you have not saved your drawing for awhile, now is a good time to do it. Use the Save command on the File menu. 36 Now we are ready to plot the drawing. Before plotting it's a good idea to do a Zoom Extents, then a Zoom Out (both on the View Menu) before executing the plot command. Chapter 2. Tutorials 79 To get started, choose Plot from the File menu. There are many variables that can affect how the dialog box will look, such as what version of AutoCAD you are using. Here is a common Plot dialog box: With this layout, you have two tabs on the dialog labeled ''Plot Device'' and ''Plot settings''. We will start with ''Plot device''. The rst thing to select is your plotting device (see arrow #1). Here DWF6 ePlot.pc3 is already selected, and that is what we want to use. Next, arrow #2 points to the ''What to Plot'' section. In this version of AutoCAD, you are either working in the model tab or one of the layout tabs. Our example is drawn in the model tab, so the option labeled ''Current Tab'' should be selected. If you want more than one copy of your plot, this is where you would change that number. Arrow #3 points to the plot settings tab. Click on here next. Now the dialog should look like this: Chapter 2. Tutorials 80 Now we are on the ''Plot settings'' tab. Arrow #4 points to where you can change the paper size and units. Here we chose 8.5 X 11 for our size and inches for our units. The next thing to select is the drawing orientation, arrow #5 shows you where this is. We will choose portrait. Now looking at arrow #6, we want to choose the window button in order to select the area we want to plot. After you select this button, the dialog will disappear and you can select the upper left and the lower right corners of the drawing border. When you nish, the dialog will reappear. The next thing to do (arrow #7) is choose the correct plotting scale, our drawing is 1''=100' or 1:100. Choose this from the dropdown list. Now we are ready to preview the plot. Press the Full Preview button in the lower left corner of the main dialog. Press ESC to return to the main dialog. One new feature starting in AutoCAD 2000 is the ability to save all the information you have just entered in a ''Page Setup''. In the upper part of the dialog, check on the box labeled ''Save changes to layout'', then to the right of that, click the button labeled ''Add''. A new dialog will appear, at the top of this dialog, enter a name to save your page setup as and click OK. I chose 8.5 X 11 STD. You can see this in the dialog shown above. If your plot preview looked OK, choose OK from the bottom of the dialog and your plot is on its way. The advantage to saving the page setup is that you can open this drawing tomorrow or 3 weeks later and choose 8.5 X 11 STD as your page setup, and then choose OK to plot the drawing exactly like you did today, without having to remember all the settings yourself. This completes the Lesson 2 tutorial: Making a Plat. Lesson 3: SurvNET This tutorial is divided into two lessons covering the process of reducing and adjusting raw survey data into nal adjusted coordinates, using the SurvNET program. The tutorial will describe the reviewing and editing of the raw data prior to the processing of the raw data. Next, the least squares project settings will be described, and then the nal report generated from the least squares processing will be be reviewed. This tutorial will review both a total station only project, and a project that combines both total station and GPS vectors. The raw data les associated with this tutorial is located in the Carlson2008\Data folder, under the installation folder on your computer (example: \Carlson2008\DATA). Chapter 2. Tutorials 81 Lesson One - Processing an Assumed Coordinate System 2D Total Station Network 1 The easiest way to start the program is to select SurvNET from the Survey menu. This opens the SurvNET window and program. 2 The rst step is to open an existing project or create a new project. We will open an existing project. Choose Open Project from the File menu. Navigate to the \Carlson2008\DATA\ folder and open the SurvNetTut01 project. 3 Learning the meaning and implications of the different project settings is the most critical initial step in learning how to use SurvNET. Let's review the different project screens. Choose Project from the Settings menu. Chapter 2. Tutorials 82 Least Squares Settings 4 The Network Least-Squares Settings dialog box is displayed. In this dialog, the different settings required for the Least Squares reduction are available in the different tabbed dialog boxes. When all of the settings are set as desired, press OK to save the changes to the project settings, or press Cancel to return to the raw data editor without saving any project settings. For the purpose of this tutorial, the Coordinate System settings tab should look as follows before proceeding to the next step. To use an assumed coordinate system, the 'Local' Coord. System needs to be checked, and the 2D,1D Adjustment Model must be chosen. When using a local coordinate system, the distance units are not important other than for display purposes in the report. Computing elevation factors and performing Geoid modeling is not applicable to assumed datums. Notice that in this example we are not performing a vertical adjustment. Chapter 2. Tutorials 83 For more information on the content of this dialog box section, please review the SurvNET chapter of this manual. 5 Choose the 'Input Files' tab. This is the section of the Settings dialog box where you dene the data les that make up the project. You can have multiple raw les in a single project. The ability for multiple raw les allows exibility in collecting the data and processing large projects. It is typically easier in a large project to analyze and edit subsets of the total project, before combining all the data for a nal adjustment. Notice that since we are working in a local coordinate system and using the 2D,1D Adjustment Model, GPS vectors cannot be incorporated into this project. Note: The sample tutorial project has the input raw le in the default data folder of C:\Carlson2008\DATA. If you have a different data directory, then set the correct data le by highlighting the default le, pick Delete and then pick Add and select SurvNetTut01.rw5 from your data folder. Chapter 2. Tutorials 84 6 Choose the Preprocessing tab to review the least squares preprocessing settings. For the purpose of this tutorial, the Preprocessing settings should look as follows before proceeding to the next step. Preprocessing consists of reducing and averaging all the multiple measurements, applying curvature and refraction correction, reducing the measurements to grid if appropriate, and computing unadjusted traverse closures if appropriate. Much of the data validation is performed during the preprocessing step. For more information on the content of this dialog box section, please review the SurvNET chapter of this manual. Chapter 2. Tutorials 85 7 Choose the Standard Errors tab to review the standard error settings. The standard error settings should look as follows before proceeding to the next step. Standard errors are an estimate of the different errors you would expect to obtain based on the type equipment and eld procedures you used to collect the raw data. For example, if you are using a 5 second theodolite, you could expect the angles to be measured within +/- 5 seconds (Reading error). For more information on the content of this dialog box, please review the SurvNET chapter of this manual. 8 Choose the Adjustment tab to review the Adjustment settings. The Adjustment settings should look as follows before proceeding to the next step. The Adjustment settings affect how the actual least squares portion of the processing is performed. Additionally, from the screen the user can set whether ALTA reporting is performed. Chapter 2. Tutorials 86 9 Choose the Output Options tab to review the output settings. For the purpose of this tutorial, the Output Options settings should look as follows before proceeding to the next step. These settings apply only to the output of data to the report les. These settings do not affect computational precision. Press OK to return to the main SurvNET screen. General Rules For Collecting Data for Use in Least Squares Adjustments Chapter 2. Tutorials 87 Least squares is very exible in terms of how the survey data needs to be collected. Generally speaking, any combination of angles and distances, combined with a minimal amount of control points and azimuths, are needed. This data can be collected in any order. But there needs to be at least some redundancy in the measurements. Redundant measurements are measurements that are in excess of the minimum number needed to determine the unknown coordinates. Redundancy can be created by including multiple GPS, and other control points, within a network or traverse. Measuring angles and distances to points in the network that have already been located create redundancy. Running additional cut-off traverses, or additional traverses to existing control points, creates redundancy. Following are some general rules and tips in collecting data for least squares reduction. Backsights should be to point numbers. Some data collectors allow the user to backsight an azimuth not associated with a point number. SurvNET requires that all backsights be associated with a point number. There has to be at least a minimum amount of control. There has to be least one control point. Addi- tionally, there needs to be either one additional control point or a reference azimuth. Control points can be entered in either the raw data le, or there can be a supplemental control point le containing the control point. Reference azimuths are entered in the raw data le. The control points and azimuths do not need to be for the rst points in the raw le. The control points and azimuths can be associated with any point in the network or traverse. The control does not need to be adjacent to each othere. It is permissi- ble to have one control point on one side of the project, and a reference azimuth on the other side of the project. At least one of the control points needs to be occupied. There may be situations where no control point is ever occupied in the network, but only backsighted. In these situations, a preliminary value for one of the occupied points needs to be computed and entered as a oating point control point. Some data collectors do not allow the surveyor to shoot the same point twice using the same point number. SurvNET requires that all measurements to the same point use a single point number. The raw data may need to be edited after it has been downloaded to the ofce computer to insure that points are numbered correctly. The majority of all problems in processing raw data are related to point number problems. Using the same point number twice to different points, not using the same point number when shooting the same point, misnumbering backsights or foresights, and misnumbering control points are all common problems. It is always best to explicitly dene the control for the project. A good method is to put all the control for a project into a separate raw le. A big source of problems with new users is a misunderstanding in dening their control for a project. Some data collectors may have preliminary unadjusted coordinates included with the raw data. These coordi- nate records should be removed from the raw le. The only coordinate values that should be in the raw le are the control points. When a large project is not processing correctly, it is often useful to divide the project into several raw data les and debug and process each le separately as it is easier to debug small projects. Once the smaller projects are processing separately, they can be combined for a nal combined adjustment. Reviewing and Editing the Raw data 10 To review or edit the raw data, choose the Edit Raw Files command from the Tools menu. Chapter 2. Tutorials 88 11 If there are problems with the raw data, such as point numbering problems or incorrect rod heights, the raw data can be edited from this dialog. See the section on the raw data editor in the Carlson documentation to learn the details of the editor. Review the following Standard Errors and Control Points section before exiting the raw data editor. Standard Errors and Control Points The default standard errors for points are dened in the Standard Errors sheet of the Settings dialog box. There are times when the default values may need to be overridden. For example, the control may be from GPS and the user has differing standard errors for his various GPS points. Or maybe some of the control points were collected with RTK methods, and other GPS points collected with more accurate static GPS methods. Standard error for individual points can be inserted into the raw data le. The following is the menu option used to insert standard errors into the raw le. Notice in the above raw data le that points TR1 and TR100 are the control points for this project. Also, notice there is a standard error record, CSE, preceding the control points. Chapter 2. Tutorials 89 The CSE record has the character '!' in the N,E,& Z eld. The character '!' designates that all following control points will be xed. Points that are xed will not be adjusted during the adjustment. Placing a very small standard error on a control point is almost equivalent to xing the point. Points can also be designated to be oating points by using the '#' character. The only practical use of creating a oating point is if SurvNET cannot compute preliminary coordinates because no control point is occupied. The surveyor can compute a preliminary value for one of the occupied points, and insert that point as a oating point. The oating point will be adjusted, and no weight will be given to the oating coordinate values. Standard error records effect all the records that follow the standard error record. To revert the standard er- rors back to the default values, a CSE record can be inserted containing the ' * ' character. In the following example, point TR1 has been designated as a xed point. TR100 has a north standard error of .02 and and east standard error of .01. Following the TR100 point record there is a CSE record containing the ' * ' character. So, if there were any control points further down in the raw data le they would use the default standard errors as set in the project settings dialog box. Chapter 2. Tutorials 90 There may be times when non-control standard errors need to be overridden for certain measurements. For example, if xed tripods were used for backsights and foresights for part of the traverse, and hand-held rods were used for another portion of the traverse, it would be appropriate to have differing 'Rod Ctr' standard errors for the different sections of the raw data. Standard errors for angles and distances can also be inserted into the raw data le using the Add menu op- tions Setup Standard Error and Measurement Standard Error. The standard errors set by these inserted records override the default standard errors. In the following example, a setup standard record, SSE record, has been inserted in record 12. The SSE record effects all setup data that follow until another SSE record is inserted. In the following example, the foresight rod centering error is set to .005, the total station centering error is set to .005, the total station meaure-up error is set to .005 and the foresight measure-up error is set to .005. The following is another example where it would be appropriate to insert a measurement standard error record, MSE, into the raw data. If two different total stations with different accuracy specications were used to collect the data, it would be approriate to have different standard errors for the different sections of the raw le, depending on which total station was used to collect the data. In the following example, a MSE record has been inserted for record 27. The horizontal pointing and reading error has been changed to 5 seconds, and the vertical pointing and reading error has been changed to 10 seconds. The inserted MSE record will effect all following raw data until another MSE is inserted. Chapter 2. Tutorials 91 Least Squares Processing 12 After exiting the raw data editor, we are ready to perform the least squares adjustment. From the Process menu, choose the Network Adjustment option. The least squares adjustment is performed, and the results from the adjustment are displayed. If the solution converged correctly, the report should look similar to the following window. If there were errors or the solution did not converge, an error message dialog will be generated. If there are errors, you will need to return to the raw data editor to review and edit the raw data. Since the tutorial example should have converged, we will next review the reports generated by the least squares adjustment. There are four windows created by the least squares program during processing. These les include the .err le, which contains any errors or warnings that were generated during processing. The .rpt le is the primary least squares report le summarizing the data and the results from the adjustment. An .out le is created containing a listing of the nal coordinates. There is also a Graphics window that is displayed. The graphic window is temporary and useful only for seeing the results of the survey. To bring up the Graphics window, choose under the Window menu the Graphics command, or click the View Graphics icon on the toolbar. Chapter 2. Tutorials 92 Relative Error Ellipses Relative error ellipses are a statistical measure of the expected error between two points. Regular error ellipses are a measure of the absolute error of a single point. Some survey accuracy standards such as the ALTA standards state the maximum allowable error between any two points in a survey. Relative error ellipses can give you this information. There is a more detailed ALTA reporting feature in SurvNET. See the manual for additional information on creating an ALTA report. 13 Press the Relative Error Ellipse toolbar icon button, or choose, off of the Tools menu, Relative Error Ellipse. Enter TR3 and TR7 in the From Pt. and To Pt. elds. Press OK to calculate. The dialog box should look as follows. At the 95% condence level there should only be around .02 feet of error between points TR3 and TR7. If you need to compute relative error ellipses for sideshots make sure the ''Enable sideshots for error ellipse'' toggle is set in the Adjustment tab of the Settings/Project dialog box. Review of the Least Squares Report Chapter 2. Tutorials 93 14 In this section, the different sections of the least squares report are explained. If the Least Squares Report is not already showing, choose the Window menu and select the Least Square Report item. The report viewer has tabs to quickly access different sections of the report. Preprocessing and Header Information The following excerpt from the report shows the header information and the preprocessing results. The header infor- mation consists of the date and time, the input and output le names, the coordinate system, the curvature/refraction setting, maximum iterations, and distance units. During the preprocessing process, multiple angles are reduced to a single angle and multiple slope distances, vertical angles, HI's, and rod heights are reduced to a single horizontal distance and vertical difference. During this process the horizontal angle, horizontal distance, and vertical difference spreads are computed. If the spreads exceed the tolerance settings from the Settings dialog box, then a warning message is displayed showing the high and low measurement and the difference between the high and low measurement. Unadjusted Measurements The following excerpt from the report shows the unadjusted measurements. Measurements consist of some combi- nation of control X, and Y, horizontal distances, horizontal angles, and azimuth measurements. These measurements consist of a single averaged measurement. For example, if multiple distances were collected between two points during data collection, only the single averaged measurement is used in the least squares adjustment. Also, standard errors for the measurements are displayed in this section of the report. The standard errors are computed from the standard error setting in the Settings dialog box using error propagation formulas. The standard error of an angle that was measured several times would typically be lower than an angle that was measured only once. If the data had been adjusted into NAD 83 coordinates both the ground distances and the grid distances would be displayed. The grid, elevation, and combined factor would also be displayed in this section of the report. Chapter 2. Tutorials 94 Adjusted Coordinates The next section of the report shows the nal adjusted coordinates. Additionally, the computed standard errors of the coordinates are displayed. If this project was reduced to NAD 83, the nal latitude and longitudes are also displayed. Error ellipses computed to the 95 percent condence interval are also displayed. Adjusted Measurements The following section from the report shows the nal adjusted measurements. This section is one of the most important sections to review when analyzing the results of the adjustment. In addition to the adjusted measurement, the residual is displayed. The residual is the amount of adjustment applied to the measurement. The residual is computed by subtracting the unadjusted measurement from the adjusted measurement. The standard deviation of the measurement is also displayed. Ideally, the computed standard deviation and residual and the standard error displayed in the unadjusted measurement would all be of similar magnitude. The standard residual is a measure of the similarity of the residual to the a-priori standard error. The standard residual is the measurements residual divided by the standard error displayed in the unadjusted measurement section. A standard residual greater than 2 is marked with an '' * ''. A high standard residual may be an indication of a blunder. If there are consistently a lot of high standard residuals it may indicate that the original standard errors set in the Settings dialog box were not realistic. Chapter 2. Tutorials 95 Statistics The next section displays some statistical measures of the adjustment including the number of iterations needed for the solution to converge, the degrees of freedom of the network, the reference variance, the standard error of unit weight, and the results of a Chi-square test. The degree of freedom is an indication of how many redundant measurements are in the survey. Degree of freedom is dened as the number of measurements in excess of the number of measurements necessary to solve the network. The standard error of unit weight relates to the overall adjustment and not to an individual measurement. A value of one indicates that the results of the adjustment are consistent with the a priori standard errors. The reference variance is the standard error of unit weight squared. The chi-square test is a test of the ''goodness'' of t of the adjustment. It is not an absolute test of the accuracy of the survey. The a-priori standard errors which are dened in the project settings dialog box or with the SE record in the raw data le are used to determine the weights of the measurements. These standard errors can also be looked at as an estimate of how accurately the measurements were made. The chi-square test merely tests whether the results of the adjusted measurements are consistent with the a priori standard errors. Notice that if you change the project standard errors and then reprocess the survey the results of the chi-square test change, even though the measurements themselves did not change. In our example the chi-square test failed at the 95% signicant level. Our example failed the chi-square test on the low end, 52.6 is less than 60.5. Failing on the low end indicates that our data is actually better than expected compared to our a-priori standard errors. If we were to decrease the pointing and reading standard error in the Settings screen by 5-10 seconds we would probably pass the chi-square. Also notice that if you change the standard errors by only 5-10 seconds and reprocess the data the nal coordinates will not change signicantly. Sideshots Chapter 2. Tutorials 96 If the ''Enable sideshots for relative error ellipses'' is not set in in the Adjustment screen of the project settings screen, sideshots are computed separately after the adjustment is completed. If the project had valid elevation benchmarks and measured HI's and rod heights the project could have been dened to adjust elevations. When using the 2D/1D least squares model the horizontal and the vertical adjustments are separate least squares adjustment processes. As long as there are redundant vertical measurements the vertical com- ponent of the network can also be reduced and adjusted using least squares. In the vertical adjustment, benchmarks are held xed. This is the nal step in the adjustment. The nal adjusted coordinates are now stored in the current project point database and can now be used for mapping and design. Lesson Two - Processing a 3D Network With Both Total Station Data and GPS Vectors In this lesson we will process a project that contains both GPS vectors and total station measurements. 1 Following is the opening SurvNET window. The rst step is to open the project for lesson two. Choose the File/Open Project.. option. Navigate to the \Carlson2008\Data\ subdirectory and open the SurvNetTut02 project. 2 Let's review the project settings. Go to Settings/Project. Chapter 2. Tutorials 97 In order process GPS vectors, the coordinate system must be set to 'SPC 1983' with the appropriate state plane zone. The 'Coordinate System Adjustment Model' must be set to the 3D Model. With the 3D model, horizontal units and vertical units must be the same in regards to output and total station raw data. Geoid modeling may or may not be important depending on the extent of the project and the accuracies required. The most accurate results are typically obtained by using a 'Geoid File' set to GEOID03. The project raw data is dened from the 'Input Files' settings screen. Notice that the units need to be specied for both the GPS vector data and the total station raw data. Typically, but not always, GPS vectors are in meters while Chapter 2. Tutorials 98 the total station and the nal output may need to be in feet. Also make sure that the correct GPS vector format is correct. Some GPS formats are binary and cannot be edited easily. Sometimes it is needed to edit the GPS vectors usually in terms of point numbers. Note: The sample tutorial project has the input raw le in the default data folder of C:\Carlson2008\Data. If you have a different data directory, then set the correct data le by highlighting the default le, pick Delete and then pick Add and select GPSAndTS.cgr (C&G format raw le) from your data folder. Do the same for the GPS Vector les of GPSAndTS1.gps and GPSAndTS2.gps. Though this tutorial does not cover the topic, it is from this screen that you would dene the traverse le needed to compute either GPS loop closures or totals station traverse closure. See the manual for further details. Chapter 2. Tutorials 99 Notice the standard error settings related to GPS. The GPS instrument centering error can be dened. The vector standard error is a factor that can be used to increase the standard errors as dened in the GPS vector les. None of the settings in this screen are specic to processing GPS vectors. See the manual for details on the settings in the 'Adjustment' dialog box. Chapter 2. Tutorials 100 None of the settings in this screen are specic to processing GPS vectors. See the manual for details on the settings in the 'Output' dialog box. Press the OK to return to the main SurvNET dialog box. 3 Following is the main SurvNET window. To process the data chose the Process/Network Adjustment option. The project should process and converge and the following windows should be displayed. Chapter 2. Tutorials 101 Let's review sections of the report that are unique to the processing of GPS vectors and the 3D model. Notice that now that we are working with a specic datum instead of an assumed coordinate system that lati- tude/longitude, state plane coordinates and geocentric coordinates are all displayed. Chapter 2. Tutorials 102 In the above unadjusted observations section of the report, notice that distances have been converted to mark to mark distances. Note that vertical angles are now treated as measurements in the 3D model. And lastly, notice that the GPS vectors are also displayed. The GPS vectors are displayed as delta X,Y,&Z in the geocentric coordinate system. In the above adjusted coordinate section of the report, notice that the grid, elevation, and combined factor are displayed with the adjusted geographic coordinates. Chapter 2. Tutorials 103 In the above adjusted measurements section the adjusted measurements are shown along with their residuals, standard residuals and standard deviation. This completes the Lesson 3 tutorial title SurvNET. Lesson 4: Field to Finish for Faster Drafting In this lesson, you will make a plat using eld to nish techniques, with the help of the Startup Drawing Wizard. 1 Launch Carlson, or, if you are already in the program, select the File menu, and select New to start a new drawing. Save your existing drawing rst, if you'd prefer. If you are asked to use a template, choose carlsonxx.dwt, where xx is the last two digits of the AutoCAD release that you are working with. For example, for AutoCAD 2006, you will select carlson06.dwt. The rst of several Startup Wizard dialog boxes appears. If the Startup Wizard does not appear, then go to the Settings menu, choose Congure and then select General Settings. In the General Settings dialog, click Use Startup Wizard in the upper-left and click OK. Then open a new drawing again. Chapter 2. Tutorials 104 Once in the Startup Drawing Wizard, click Set at the top of the dialog box, and enter in a new Drawing Name. Since this is Lesson 3, call the new drawing Plat3. Verify that the other settings match the settings shown above, and click Next. You will see the Startup Wizard Data Files dialog. This dialog box is used to specify where to store data, and the existing point information source. Set Plat3.crd as the new CRD le name. Our source is the same le as in Lesson 2, Plat.txt. This is an ASCII le, so click Next, and in the new dialog box click the option to Select Text/ASCII Files. In the next dialog box, titled Text File to Read, choose plat.txt from the \DATA folder, and then click Open. Chapter 2. Tutorials 105 The Text/ASCII File Format dialog appears again, and the format of the points appears in the Preview Window, for verication, as shown below. Be sure that to the right of Draw Point, that Draw-Locate Pts is selected. Set the other options as shown. Click OK. The points are then copied into the le Plat3.crd. If you repeat this exercise, and again use the le name Plat3.crd, you will be asked: [O]verwrite w/new coordinates, overwrite [A]ll, or use number <55>: A (for all) In either case, when you correctly complete the process, the following dialog box appears: Chapter 2. Tutorials 106 Then this Drawing Import Wizard dialog box appears: Choose the Field to Finish option, and click Next. If you receive a le selection dialog titled Specify Field Code Denition File, choose the le called ''Carlson.d''. A dialog box now appears with a warning that some codes have two descriptions. The command is asking whether these codes are to be treated as two separate descriptions, or as one description that has a space in it. Choose the default (Split all multiple codes), to tell the command that codes with spaces are really two separate descriptions, and click OK. The Draw Field to Finish dialog box appears. Choose the options as shown here. Then click Additional Draw Options. Chapter 2. Tutorials 107 This displays a dialog box that provide many additional options, as shown below. You want to draw all 1 through 54. Make sure the other options are set as shown above. Click OK twice. Draw Field to Finish now draws the points and linework. Got to View, and then Extents to show the points, as well as the linework and point symbols. Draw Field to Finish saves you many manual steps. Your plat is shown below: Chapter 2. Tutorials 108 2 To understand how the above drawing was created, select Draw Field to Finish again from the Survey menu, and then select the Edit Codes/Points button from the dialog box. This take you to the Field to Finish dialog box. The display window shows a list of point codes, such as IP for iron pin and FL for fence line, that are converted to special symbols and linetypes by Draw Field to Finish. For an example of how the codes are used, look at the sewer line running from point 52 to 53 to 54 (the southernmost point), which is based on a eld code of MH. Select MH for Manhole, as shown above, and then click Edit. The following dialog box is displayed. Chapter 2. Tutorials 109 MH has several attributes that are used by Draw Field to Finish, based on the settings shown above. Draw Field to Finish draws a manhole using the symbol SPT34. It draws a sewer line with the letter S for sewer. It places the manhole on layer SEWER, and plots a text description of ''MANHOLE'' underneath the symbol. (Descriptions can be upper or lower case.) When you are done looking at the MH eld code denition dialog, click OK. Other codes have fewer attributes. LP is set only to draw a symbol and text (Light Pole), but not to draw linework. FL, for fence line, is set to draw linework but not corner symbols or points descriptions. A code's attributes depend on the entries in the Set Linetype, Set Symbol, Description and Entity Type options. The ''Carlson.d'' Field to Finish code table is provided with the Carlson software. This table shows one possible system, but with far too many codes for a eld crew to remember. You can make your own table by choosing the Code Table Settings option from the Field to Finish dialog box, then choose the Set button at the top right. Then select the New or the Existing tab from the top of the Specify the Code Denition File dialog box, in order to create or select a different code table (.FLD) le. 3 Use the Layer ID command, located under Inquiry, to verify the layers of the various plotted entities. Select Layer ID. Pick on the fence line, the road and the utility line, and notice the different layers (FENCE, EOP, UTILITY). You should study the layers in a drawing before deciding what to freeze and thaw. To reduce clutter on the screen, select the Layer Control command from the View menu. (The appearance of this dialog box might differ from what you see. It varies, depending upon what AutoCAD version is in use.) Chapter 2. Tutorials 110 Freeze the PNTS layer, the SPOT layer, and the PNTELEV layer by turning the sun into a snowake. Then click OK. 4 Now you will do some drawing cleanup. Note that a single property line is drawn from point 8 to 9 to 10 and to 15. The chord from point 10 to 15 should be an arc. You will erase the segment from 9 to 10 and from 10 to 15, so that you can re-draw it, establish the tangent, then draw the arc and nish back at point 1. To eliminate part of a polyline, select the Edit menu, then select the Polyline Utilities command, then Remove Polyline, and then click Remove Polyline Segment. Break polyline at removal or keep continuous [<Break>/Continuous]: press Enter for Break Select polyline segment to remove: Pick the segment from 9 to 10, then the segment from 10 to 15, then press Enter to end To draw the correct polyline, use the 2D Polyline command under the Draw menu. If you prefer to type in the command, enter 2dp, which stands for 2D Polyline. [Continue/Extend/Follow/Options/<Pick point or point numbers>]: 9 [Arc/Close/Distance/Follow/Undo/<Pick point or point numbers>]: 10 [Arc/Close/Distance/Extend/Follow/Line/Undo/<Pick point or point numbers>]: A [Radius pt/radius Length/Arc length/Chord/Second pt/Undo/<Endpoint or point number>]: 15 [Arc/Close/Distance/Extend/Follow/Line/Undo/<Pick point or point numbers>]: 1 [Arc/Close/Distance/Extend/Follow/Line/Undo/<Pick point or point numbers>]: press Enter Now erase the plotted traverse line that makes a ''V'' near the left side of the drawing. Then use the 4-Sided Building command you learned in Lesson 2 to create the other two sides of the shed, located in the upper middle of the screen, near point 17. The end result, except the house, is shown below: Chapter 2. Tutorials 111 5 Much of the text in the above drawing, such as tree sizes and types, the manhole text, and the light pole text, can be used in the nal drawing. But some of the text, such as the text plotted for iron pins and poles, can be fully described in the Legend without the redundancy of plotting to the screen. If you use the Erase command to remove the iron pin and pole text, the entire point will be erased because the attributes are grouped with the point. Instead, use the Erase Point Attributes command under the Points menu. Select Point No., Elev, or Desc to Erase: Pick the 3 poles and the 4 iron pins 6 Next, you will use Extend by Distance command to create a building. The building will be less complex than the building you created in Lesson 2, but you will learn the ''t'' and ''c'' options , in addition to ''l'' for left and ''r'' for right. Under Edit, choose the Extend command. Select the By Distance option. Pick the western side of the small line segment west of the 12'' pine and north of the driveway. Follow the prompts: Pick line or polyline to extend: Enter or pick distance to Draw (A,B,C,E,I,L,M,N,O,P,R,S,T,U,Z,?,Help): T50 ''T'' or ''t'' means ''total'' distance or ''to'' the distance - so extend ''to'' 50 feet total. Enter or pick distance to Draw (A,B,C,E,I,L,M,N,O,P,R,S,T,U,Z,?,Help): L62.5 Enter or pick distance to Draw (A,B,C,E,I,L,M,N,O,P,R,S,T,U,Z,?,Help): L35 Enter or pick distance to Draw (A,B,C,E,I,L,M,N,O,P,R,S,T,U,Z,?,Help): L30 Enter or pick distance to Draw (A,B,C,E,I,L,M,N,O,P,R,S,T,U,Z,?,Help): R15 Enter or pick distance to Draw (A,B,C,E,I,L,M,N,O,P,R,S,T,U,Z,?,Help): C Enter or pick distance to Draw (A,B,C,E,I,L,M,N,O,P,R,S,T,U,Z,?,Help): press Enter The Extend by Distance ''T'' option for total distance solves the dilemma of making an existing line, of unknown length, extend to an exact known length. 7 Use the Twist Screen command to position the plat on the sheet. Not every drawing can be plotted ''due North.'' Sometimes North needs to be rotated so that property lines and important features run nearly left-to-right or top-to-bottom on the plotted page, for a better t. In this drawing, you want the western line from point 8 to point 9 to run left-to-right on a sheet that will be plotted in landscape style (longer left-to-right than top-to-bottom). Under the View menu, select Twist Screen, then Line, Polyline or Text. Chapter 2. Tutorials 112 Pick a line, polyline or text to make horizontal: Pick the western line from point 8 to point 9, closer to point 9 Now the drawing appears as shown below: Notice that the north indicator (referred to as the USCICON), at the lower left, displays the rotation. 8 Now select Twist Point Attributes, under the Points menu, to twist the point descriptions and point numbers back to a left-to-right rotation. Twist by [<Twist screen>/Azimuth/Entity segment/Follow polyline]? press Enter Enter angle relative to current twist screen <0.0>: press Enter Select points from screen, group or by point number [<Screen>/Group/Number]? press Enter Select Carlson Software points. Select objects: ALL press Enter The points then twist back orthogonal to the screen, reading once again left-to-right. 9 The remaining descriptions associated with the points can be used in the nal drawing, but they should be moved slightly for a better appearance. For example, the tree descriptions would look better if they were not inside the tree canopies. Under the Points menu, select Move Point Attributes - Single. The steps of the command are: pick text, pick the new text position, press Enter, press Enter. Then the command repeats. Notice how the text ''ghosts'' as it moves, which helps you place it in the best position. Try to duplicate this result: Chapter 2. Tutorials 113 10 Because of the earlier Twist Screen command, the E's in the electric utility polyline are upside down. Choose the Text command, from the Edit menu, and select the Flip Text option. Select the text to ip. Select objects: pick the upside down E's individually while holding down the Shift key 11 To label the dimensions of the building automatically, you must rst activate the Auto Label Closed Polyline Exterior function. To make this a permanent setting, under the Settings menu, select Congure, then Survey Settings, and then Survey Text Defaults. Change the dialog box as shown below: Click OK, and Exit back out. Select Building Dimensions from the Annotate menu, which is under the Survey Text command. Pick on the house. If the text overwrites the inside corner of the house, use the Move command (under the Edit menu, or type M for Move at the command prompt) and move the 30' dimension beneath the line. 12 To automatically annotate bearings and distance, as well as arcs, select the Auto Annotate command from the Annotate menu. When the dialog box appears, under the Lines tab, select the options you would like to use so that the bearings and distance labels appear as you would like. Then pick the three polylines that fully dene the perimeter: the fence line, the polyline containing the arc, and the lower polyline, which is still the western polyline although you have twisted the screen so that it runs along the lower portion of the drawing. Use the Move command to move the bearing and distance labels to avoid overwriting other features. When you move the lower distance label, 404.90' to the left, you want to move perfectly level to the screen, since this was the line you used to twist the screen, and it runs perfectly left-to-right. To do this, press the function key F8 to activate Ortho. Then pick 404.90' and move it to the left, picking its nal position. Repeat this for the S 1705'38'' E bearing. After you move these items, press F8 again to turn off Ortho. Sometimes you will load a drawing from another client or source, and the Ortho setting has been left on. This may initially confuse you during the Move commands. Press F8 to deactivate Ortho. Notice that F8 works even with Twist Screen active. 13 Auto Annotate typically centers the arc annotation above and belowthe arc, which causes the arc data to overwrite the surveyed edge-of-pavement (EOP) polyline. You want to erase both the arc annotations, and use the Label Arc option of the Annotate Arc command to force both the arc length and radius to be drawn beneath the arc. At the command line, enter E for Erase. Select objects: enter WP, then pick as shown below Chapter 2. Tutorials 114 Press Enter when the selection set is complete. There is no ''close'' option for window polygon and crossing polygon selections. For the new annotation, under the Annotate menu, select the Annotate Arc command, then the Label Arc option. Then select the arc from the screen. The Label Arc Settings dialog box appears: You want to locate the arc text inside the arc, on positions 1 and 2. Position (Row) 1 is just under the arc, and 2 is under 1. Be sure they are both Inside. Fill out the dialog box as shown above, and click OK. The new arc text might overwrite the 8'' Pine, so, if it does, use the command Move Point Attributes - Single, in the Points menu, to relocate the 8'' Pine description. With the annotations placed in new positions, your drawing should be similar to the one shown below. Move your Chapter 2. Tutorials 115 annotations to match this drawing. 14 To label the area of the lot, rst select the Area Defaults command from the Area/Layout menu. Set the Square Units (s.f.) to the nearest whole unit (no decimals) and the Other Area Labels to 2 decimal places. Then click OK to exit the dialog box. Select the Area by Lines & Arcs command from the Area/Layout menu, and pick the three polylines individually, while holding down the Shift key, that dene the property perimeter. Press enter, and locate the text to the left of the 12'' Pine. 15 Before completing the nal formatting of your drawing, you need to do some minor cleanup, using procedures you learned in Lesson 2. You don't want point 16, the PL point, to show in the nal drawing. Use the Layer ID command, under the Inquiry menu, to verify the layer of point 16, which should be MISC. Freeze MISC using the Freeze Layer command on the View menu, and pick point 16. Freeze the point numbers using the Layer Control command on the View menu, and freeze the layer PNTNO. 16 To insert an A1, 8-1/2 x 11 border and title block, with the orientation landscape (not portrait), select the Title Block command from the Settings menu. You will see this dialog box. Chapter 2. Tutorials 116 Be sure these above selections match your own. Click OK. For the insertion point, select a point at the very lower-left of the screen, so that your drawing plan entities t inside the border and somewhat nearer to the top. Pick your screen location. You will then be prompted for the attributes of the title block. Fill them in and click OK. If you prefer, you can use the Move command, pick the title block and two border perimeters, and move them. Never move the drawing, because you will change the coordinates if you do. Move the drawing only if changing the coordinate locations does not matter. 17 Select the Draw Legend command, under the Annotate menu, select the Existing tab, choose the .lgd le that you saved in Lesson 2, and click Open. Then select Draw and OK, to close out the dialog boxes that follow, and then click Exit. Pick an upper-left location point in the available space to the lower-left of the plat. If you did not save a legend in Chapter 2. Tutorials 117 Lesson 2 (or you skipped Lesson 2), follow the steps in that lesson. Use the Scale Point Attributes command, under the Points menu, and scale up the oak tree symbol in the Legend by a factor of 1.5. Select the Survey Text command from the Annotate menu, then select Survey Text Defaults. Change the Offset Dimension Text alignment to Horizontal. (It may have been set to Parallel in Lesson 2.) Click OK. Now select the Offset Dimensions command from the Annotate menu, under the Survey Text command, and pick the lower right corner of the building, then the lower-most property line (in the current twist screen position). This labels the offset dimension horizontal to the current twist screen. Pick the Draw North Arrow command, under the Annotate menu, and select and nd the north arrow symbol that is shown in the gure below. Change the Symbol Size Scaler, if necessary, and click Specify Rotation On-Screen. Click OK. Then pick an appropriate location and press Enter. Note how the arrow draws due north, respecting the twist screen. Choose the Draw Barscale command, under the Annotate menu, and pick a location near the lower-left portion of the drawing. Your drawing should now look similar to this: 18 Select the Hatch command from the Draw menu. Chapter 2. Tutorials 118 Select the SOLID pattern from the pulldown list, then click the Select Objects button. Pick the house and the shed, and press Enter twice. 19 To offset the EOP Polyline, rst try using the Standard Offset command under the Edit menu, and try offsetting the edge-of-pavement polyline that runs roughly parallel to the sewer line. You will see an error message because that object is a 3D Polyline, created by the Draw Field to Finish command. To offset a 3D Polyline, you must use a command specically designed to offset 3D Polylines. Under the Edit menu, select 3D Polyline Utilities, and slide over to Offset 3D Polyline. Enter the offset method [<Interval>/Constant/Variable]: press Enter Vertical/<Horizontal offset amount>: 30 Percent/Ratio/Vertical offset amount <0>: press Enter Select a polyline to offset (Enter for none): pick the EOP polyline Select side to offset: pick out and away from parcel, for the other side of the road 20 Before you add a title to the drawing, create a text style for the title. Choose Set Style in the Draw menu, found under Text. Chapter 2. Tutorials 119 Click New, and name the style Title. Choose the font named romant.shx, and then change the oblique angle to 10 degrees as shown. Click Apply, then click Close. Now, to create the title, type Dtext at the command line. Make sure that TITLE is the current text style. Specify start point of text or [Justify/Style]: C Specify center point of text: pick a point near the top-right of the screen Specify height <8.00>: 20 Specify rotation angle of text <E>: pick a point to right of rst point with <Ortho on>, dynamically stretch right Text: Farmer Survey Text: August 15, 2006 Text: press Enter Select the Text Enlarge/Reduce option of the Text command under the Edit menu. Enter a Scaling Multiplier of .8 and pick the date you just entered. 21 Verify your drawing scale using the Drawing Setup command under Settings. Your drawing should have a scale of 100 with a Text Plot Size of 0.08. Change the Text Plot Size to 0.06 to shrink the the building dimensions. Then label the house ''2-Story'', ''Farm House'' (2 lines of labeling), select the Leader with Text command under the Annotate menu. Options/Pick Arrow Location: pick near or on the left side of the house To point: pick off to the left Next point (Enter to end): press Enter Text: 2-Story Text: Farm House Text: press Enter Pick anywhere on the leader. You see two grip squares (usually yellow), one on the left side and one of the right side. Pick on the right grip nearest the house. Move your cursor. Note how the arrow moves. Pick again for the new location, and note how the arrowhead and leader are now located and angled to your specications. 22 Select the Triangulate & Contour command from the Surface menu. The Contour tab of dialog box should be lled out as shown below: Chapter 2. Tutorials 120 Click on the Selection tab and ll out to match the following: Click on the Labels tab and match the following dialog: Chapter 2. Tutorials 121 Click OK. Select the Inclusion perimeter polylines or ENTER for none. Select objects: press Enter Select the Exclusion perimeter polylines or ENTER for none. Select objects: Pick the house and the shed. Since these objects have now been lled, the selection may be a little more tricky. We could (actually should) have placed the solids on their own layer and froze the layer before beginning the contour command. But we can use the fact that Carlson is ltering the objects to get around the problem. When prompted to select the objects, issue the C (for crossing) option, then pick a box that crosses the edge of the lled polylines. Carlson will accept the polyline but reject the ll. Select the points and breaklines to Triangulate. Select a right-to-left window of the property. A right-to-left selection behaves as a crossing, which means that any object that is touched by the window or included inside the window is selected. (A left-to-right selection is a window selection, which means that only objects that are fully enclosed by the window are selected.) Select objects: pick Window location Other corner: pick other location Select objects: press Enter to end Pick the coordinate le that contains the points, plat3.crd, and click Open. Reading points ... Range of Point Numbers to use [<All>/Group]: press Enter Wildcard match of point description< * >: press Enter If the triangulation lines and faces were drawn, freeze them now. Next, pick the lower-left elevation ''502'' contour near the end. The grips are displayed. The grips near the contour end can be used for stretching. Straighten out the end of this contour line. ** STRETCH ** Specify stretch point or [Base point/Copy/Undo/eXit]: pick a grib and pick a point ** STRETCH ** Specify stretch point or [Base point/Copy/Undo/eXit]: prck another grib and pick a point Chapter 2. Tutorials 122 Press Enter. Clicking the right button on your mouse is the equivalent to pressing enter. The nal drawing will look similar to this: This completes this Lesson 4 tutorial titled Field to Finish for Faster Drafting. Lesson 5: Intersections and Subdivisions 1 Click the icon for Carlson and start up Carlson Software from Windows. Once in the program, exit the Startup Wizard if it appears. 2 Once in Carlson, click Open under the File pulldown menu. Look for the le Plat4.dwg and click on it. When it lights up blue, as shown below, it will appear in the Preview Window at right. It should look like the open-sided property shown here. Plat4.dwg is found within the WORK folder of Carlson. You search for the le as you typically would in Windows, clicking the yellow ''Up one level'' button to go to the parent folder of the current folder, or by clicking the adjacent down arrow to nd the desired path in the full tree of folder locations. Chapter 2. Tutorials 123 Now click Open to select and open the le Plat4.dwg. 3 Enter & Assign a Starting point for the Street Centerline. Select Draw-Locate Points, found under the Points pulldown, and obtain the dialog shown below: Click off the prompting and labeling for Descriptions, Elevations and Locate on Real Z Axis (make them blank as shown). Up top, change the symbol to SPT10 by picking Select at the very top of the dialog, and choosing symbol SPT10 from the dialog of symbol choices (not shown here). Also, verify that Automatic Point Numbering is clicked on, that the Starting Point Number is 1, that the layer is PNTS. Match these entries (which are mostly the default Chapter 2. Tutorials 124 conditions) and click Enter and Assign at the lower left. Prompting will appear at the bottom of the screen. We will enter the starting point as follows: Enter North(y): 4809.17 Enter East (x): 4391.28 The program will recognize that you have not yet started a coordinate le, so click the New tab and enter the File Name as Plat4.crd (which should be the default). If you enter Plat4, you do not need to enter the extension .crd. The program will add extensions automatically. You will see this: Click Open. You will be prompted again: Enter North(y): press Enter (for no more points; we are done) 4 Traverse from PI to PI (to the two endpoints of our centerline). Select Traverse under the COGO menu, or alternately just enter T at the command line. (T is a hot key. Other hot keys are I for Inverse and SS for Sideshot). Reply to the prompts as follows: Traverse, Line OFF, RAW FILE OFF Exit/Options/Arc/Points/Line/SideShot/Inverse/Angle-Bearing Code <7>: 1 Enter Bearing Angle (dd.mmss) <90.0000>: 58.1848 Points/<Distance>: 736.73 N: 5196.15 E: 5018.19 Z: 0.00 Exit/Options/Arc/Points/Line/SideShot/Inverse/Angle-Bearing Code <1>: E (to exit) You could keep on traversing, but we will stop here to review. You have created point 2, traversing NE from point 1. To review, code 1 is for NE, 2 for SE, 3 for SW, 4 for NW, 5 for Azimuth, 6 for Angle Left, 7 for Angle Right, 8 for Deection Left and 9 for Deection Right. This is the standard way that traverses and sideshots are entered in Carlson with a code entry (followed by Enter), then the angle or bearing entry (followed by Enter). Lesson 1, the Entering a Deed lesson, presented another method, where the angle and bearing are together in the form of 158.1848. That is a rare form, designed to save keystrokes, and used primarily only in Enter Deed Description. Now you have been exposed to both! 5 Line On/Off. Click Line On/Off, under the COGO menu, to turn on simultaneous linework with traversing. This command toggles on and off each time you click it, with the On status indicated by a check mark. Now repeat the Chapter 2. Tutorials 125 Traverse command. Try T for Traverse this time, entered at the command line. Traverse, Line ON, RAW FILE OFF Exit/Options/Arc/Points/Line/SideShot/Inverse/Angle-Bearing Code <1>: 2 Enter Bearing Angle (dd.mmss) <58.1848>: 75.0627 Points/<Distance>: 553.69 N: 5053.85 E: 5553.28 Z: 0.00 Exit/Options/Arc/Points/Line/SideShot/Inverse/Angle-Bearing Code <2>: E (to exit) 6 Draw a Polyline from Point 1 to Point 2, and connect the segments with Join Nearest. We could have turned linework with traverse on before we got started, but now we will do it after-the-fact. So choose 2D Polyline under Draw. Some users like to simply type in 2DP at the command line that starts the Polyline command, also. [Continue/Extend/Follow/Options/<Pick point or point numbers>]: 1 [Arc/Close/Distance/Follow/Undo/<Pick point or point numbers>]: 2 [Arc/Close/Distance/Extend/Follow/Line/Undo/<Pick point or point numbers>]: press Enter (to end) Now we have two line objects. The rst, from point 2 to point 3 is a pure Line. The second, from point 1 to point 2, is a true Polyline (even though it is only one segment long). It is ofcially a LWPOLYLINE, a lightweight polyline. This can be veried by picking it using the List command under Inquiry. Polylines are linked combinations of one or more line segments that behave as one unit. We encourage use of polylines versus lines because they offset as a unit, will take on a thickness or width, are easier to select and have superior editing capabilities. A line can be turned into a polyline by picking Polyedit under Edit, picking the line, and answering Y to the question ''Do you want to turn it into one? <Y>''. To join the polyline and line objects into a single polyline, choose the very useful command Join Nearest, found under Edit. The defaults are good. Just click OK. Now pick the polyline from 1 to 2 and the line from 2 to 3, and then hit Enter for no more. Now, see the grips on the new polyline by picking it with the cursor. See how the whole thing highlights? That is proof that it is joined up as a polyline. 7 Design a Curve with a 500' Radius. Under Draw, pick Arc and slide over to 2 Tangents,Radius. Radius of Arc <0.00>: 500 [nea] Pick Point on 1st Tangent Line: Pick on the 1st polyline segment closer to point 2 [nea] Pick Point on 2nd Tangent Line: Pick on the 2nd polyline segment close to point 2 The arc draws in, and the centerline remains a polyline, now with 3 segments. 8 I for Inverse. Entering I for Inverse, at the command line, is a handy way to get on a point to begin another traverse. Practice inversing. Enter I. Inverse from point 1, then to point 2, then to point 3 then back to 1. But you can also Chapter 2. Tutorials 126 inverse (go to) a snapped position on a line or polyline, such as the midpoint of an arc. Let's do that, because we want to traverse south from the midpoint of the arc. Enter I, for Inverse. Calculate Bearing & Distance from starting point? Traverse/SideShot/Options/Arc/Pick point or point number: MID (for midpoint snap) of Select the arc Traverse/SideShot/Options/Arc/Pick point or point number: T (for traverse) Traverse, Line ON, RAW FILE OFF Exit/Options/Arc/Points/Line/SideShot/Inverse/Angle-Bearing Code <2>: press Enter Enter Bearing Angle (dd.mmss) <75.0627>: 10.11 Calculated Bearing (Qdd.mmss): 210.1100 Points/<Distance>: 400 Exit/Options/Arc/Points/Line/SideShot/Inverse/Angle-Bearing Code <2>: E (to exit traverse) Notice that you can transition from inverse, to traverse, to sideshot, etc. with these COGO options. We were in inverse, but we did T for traverse, and could have done I for inverse to return to inverse. This cuts down on keystrokes, and adds to the sense of uidity of the software. 9 Turn a Line into a Polyline with Polyedit. The command Offsets & Intersections requires pure polylines, not lines, to execute. So, since we had Line On with the last traverse, we have created a line. To use this in street design, we need to convert it into a polyline. Select Polyedit under the Edit pulldown menu. Select polyline or [Multiple]: Pick the side road line Object selected is not a polyline Do you want to turn it into one? <Y> press Enter Enter an option [Close/Join/Width/Edit vertex/Fit/Spline/Decurve/Ltype gen/Undo]: press Enter 10 Offsets & Intersections. Under the Area/Layout menu, select Offsets & Intersections. Select all PRIMARY road polylines. Select objects: Enter(we will consider both these subdivision streets secondary) Select all SECONDARY road polylines. Select objects: Hold down the Shift key and pick the main centerline Select objects: With shift key still down, pick the side road Select objects: Enter (for no more) Chapter 2. Tutorials 127 The street intersections are presented in a dynamic dialog as shown above. Try experimenting with different radii under the Secondary Roads column, then clicking Calculate. The streets will re-draw in the upper graphical area. But after experimenting, change the four values under Secondary Roads to those shown (ignore Primary Roads those don't apply here), and click Calculate. Then click Finish 2D. Note the drawn-out street intersection. Now select Layer ID under the Inquiry menu. Pick on the outside polyline (it is layer ROW). Pick on the next polyline in from the outside (it is layer EOP). For example, if you had clicked off EOP under the Draw column in the above dialog, the edge-of-pavement polyline would not have drawn. 11 Standard Cul-de-Sac. Under Area/Layout, select Cul-de-Sacs. You may want to zoom into the area of the bottom center, near point 4. When nished with the procedure below, zoom back out. Prompting: Select all offset polylines to end with cul-de-sac. Select objects: Do a crossing selection from right to left across the lower side road, selecting all 5 polylines (ROW- L, EOP-L, CL, EOP-R, ROW-R) Select objects: press Enter (for no more) Pick cul-de-sac center projection onto centerline: END (type end for endpoint snap) Pick near the endpoint of the centerline of the lower side road near point 4. However make sure the pick is on the centerline polyline, or the routine will say the centerline not found. This brings up the following dialog: Chapter 2. Tutorials 128 Again, you can change the Fillet Radius and the Outside Radius on the EOP or ROW, hit Calculate, and check out its effect. (Don't make the Outside radii too small or it will fail Calculate if there is no workable solution). Set values as shown above. Then click on Finish 2D. 12 Teardrop Cul-de-Sac. Now select the Cul-de-Sacs routine again, under Area/Layout. Select all offset polylines to end with cul-de-sac. Select objects: Do a crossing selection pick from right to left across the right main road, selecting all 5 polylines (ROW-L, EOP-L, CL, EOP-R, ROW-R) Select objects: Enter(for no more) Pick cul-de-sac center projection onto centerline: END for endpoint snap Pick endpoint of the centerline of the lower side road near point 3 For a teardrop cul-de-sac, ll out the dialog as follows, then click on Calculate and Finish 2D. Teardrop cul-de-sacs allow moving vans and other large vehicles more turning room, and have been popular in the Chapter 2. Tutorials 129 Cincinnati area, for instance. Our drawing now appears as shown below, with the exception of the lled reference dots. 13 Let's make a layer called LOTS using Layer Control found under View. It's a good idea to create a layer and set it current before beginning the design process. Select Layer Control and obtain the following dialog: Click on for New layer. When Layer1 highlights, as shown at bottom of list, type over it with LOTS, then click under the Color column and change the color to Magenta. Then click the (Set) Current button up top to make this layer current. Then click OK to exit the dialog. Next, we will use Break at Selected Point, found in the Edit menu. The Lot Layout routine under Area/Layout works nicely with reasonable polylines that run roughly parallel. Our goal is to make 1-acre lots. Lots of zigs, zags, and jogs in the polylines cause the perpendicular offset logic to fail to Chapter 2. Tutorials 130 nd a solution (lots will radiate perpendicular from the front polyline in Lot Layout). Not only should the front and back lines run opposite each other, but they should end at some point before the calculation runs into difculty with impossible math. The outer R-O-W polyline currently runs left-to-right, goes around both cul-de-sacs and returns right-to-left in one, connected polyline. We need to break it near where the lled dot is pointing. It should be easy to lay out lots along the upper portion of the subdivision, as long as we stop to break the R-O-W polyline before it turns and runs back through the lower, more complex frontage and back property portions. Under Edit, select Break, and slide over to At Selected Point. You will select using the lled dots, shown on the plan above, as references. Select Line, Arc, or Polyline at break point: Pick near the lled dot on the outer boundary polyline. Repeat the command for the ROW polyline. Select Line, Arc, or Polyline at break point: Pick the far right end of the Teardrop cul-de-sac R-O-W polyline. To prove you have broken the polylines in two, click on the R-O-W polyline on the south side (only the south portion should highlight), then click on the north R-O-W polyline (which we will use as our frontage polyline in the command Lot Layout). Then press the ESC key twice, which gets rid of the grips, as does zooming or panning. 14 Select Lot Layout under Area/Layout. A dialog appears: Fill out as shown. In particular, click off Apply Remainder Equally to All Lots (if it is on) so that we force 1.000 acres lots and don't just get equal lots of some size such as 1.0017 (because the remainder lot that would not t was added onto all lots). Making Closed Polylines means that our side lines will be doubled up, each lot sharing a side line. Click OK. Select front polyline: Pick north R-O-W Select back polyline: Pick northernmost polyline the back property line. The 1.00 acres lots are laid out as far as is possible. You may get a small lot at the end of the row, which you would erase. 15 Applications of Reverse Polyline. We can get one more lots from Lot Layout, by doing the lower R-O-W at the left side of the drawing, and picking the southern back polyline. Let's try. Select Lot Layout under Area/Layout. Use same dialog entries. Select the front polyline as the southern edge of the road R-O-W, near the left side of the drawing. Select the back polyline as the southern property line. Oops! Nothing drew. It was unable to calculate. It turns out that the direction of the polyline is important. The southern R-O-W polyline starts way off to the right, Chapter 2. Tutorials 131 so the program was not even considering where we were looking! We need to reverse the direction of the southern R-O-W polyline so it starts on the left side. Select Reverse Polyline, found under the Edit pulldown, sliding over from Polyline Utilities. It prompts: Select polyline or line to reverse: Pick the southern R-O-W polyline. The polyline now reverses direction, goes left-to-right, and shows phantom direction lines (which are automatically removed when the command ends). Now repeat the Lot Layout command as outlined in the beginning of Step 15, and we get one new lot out of the exercise, as shown below. If you get a second wedge shaped lot, erase it. 16 Break at Intersection. The lower back property line is still continuous. We can work with it in small pieces rather than as one big polyline. Say we want to break it as the inside corner identied by the arrow above. To do this, select Edit pulldown, Break, sliding over to At Intersection. Prompting: Select Line, Arc, or Polyline to Break: Pick the south property line [app on] Pick Intersection to break at: Move the cursor to the intersection point indicated above, look for the INT snap to appear as you approach the exact corner (which is an intersect), then click there. 17 Draw a Polyline from the corner indicated by the lled dot to the beginning of the R-O-W arc, also indicated by a lled dot in the previous graphic. Select 2D Polyline under Draw. Pick point or point numbers: End (type in end for the endpoint snap) of ..Pick the inner back property corner Undo/Arc/Length/<Pick point or point numbers>: End (type in end for the endpoint snap) of ..Pick the beginning of the Arc (it will show endpt when you get close to the true start of arc) Undo/+/-/Arc/Close/Length/<Pick point or point numbers>: Enter (to end) 18 Area by Interior Point. We have just created a new lot, but the lot is not dened by one, single, closed polyline. If we want to verify its area, however, we can still use the command Area by Interior Point. Select Area by Interior Point under Area. Pick point inside area perimeter: Pick inside our new lot SQ. FEET: 40997.2 SQ. YARDS: 4555.2 SQ. MILES: 0.0 ACRES: 0.9412 PERIMETER: 830.5026 Pick area label centering point: Press Enterhere to avoid labeling. Chapter 2. Tutorials 132 The lot is less than one acres. We will set as a goal to extend its lower boundary to the right to obtain one acre. That is accomplished by using the command Hinged Area. But Hinged Area works best if we have a nice, closed polyline for the new lot. We can get one using the command Boundary Polyline. 19 Boundary Polyline. At the command line, type in BPOLY (or BOUNDARY). When the dialog appears, pick New. Then pick all the polylines that surround our new lot. Then after you hit Enter to Select objects, this same dialog returns. Then you select Pick Points and pick inside the lot. This creates a new closed polyline, in the current, LOTS layer (magenta). 20 Select Hinged Area under the Area/Layout pulldown. Dene area by points or closed polyline [Points/<Linework>]? press Enter (for linework) Select polyline segment to adjust: Pick on the right-side line Select hinge point [endp]: Pick on the upper right hinge point (see arrow) Keep existing polyline [Yes/<No>]? N Area: 40997.20 S.F, 0.9412 Acres Remainder/Acres/<Enter target area (s.f.)>: A (for acres) Remainder/SF/<Enter target area (acres)>: 1.0 The new lot draws, as shown below: Chapter 2. Tutorials 133 21 Next, use the Erase command to remove the segment that is pointed to above with the text Click on This Side. 22 Make 2 More Lots with Polyline command. Instead of using Draw, 2D Polyline, we will use the straight AutoCAD polyline command. At the command line, enter PL. Specify start point: END (type in the endpoint snap) of Pick the endpoint (which is the lower right corner of the new lot). Current line-width is 0.00 Specify next point or [Arc/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: PER(type in the perpendicular snap) to Pick on the R-O-W polyline to the right. Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: press Enter(to end) Now for the second lot. Referring to the drawing below, repeat the PL command, and answer as follows: Specify start point: NEA (enter the nearest snap) of Pick on the property line anywhere near the circled point 1(no need to be exact) Current line-width is 0.00 Specify next point or [Arc/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: PER (type in the perpendicular snap, which when intersecting arcs means radial to the arc) to Pick on the R-O-W polyline near circled point 2. Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: ENTER (to end) The drawing appears below: Chapter 2. Tutorials 134 23 Issue the Break at Intersect command, and break the back property polyline and the cul-de-sac R-O-W polyline at the intersections with our newly drawn polyline from step 22. Repeat this command, and break the back property polyline at the lled dot to the right of the ''Sliding Side Area'' label below. 24 Repeat Lot Layout with the same entries as before. The front and back polylines to select are shown below, along with the results. This gives us 2 more usable lots. Next, use the 2D Polyline command to generate a segment (above the ''Sliding Side Area'' label below) that runs from the ENDpoint of the corner to a point PERpendicular to the R-O-W line. Then use BPOLY to create a closed boundary inside it. Erasing the original segment you placed is a little tricky since the newly formed polyline is on top. When two pieces of geometry lie on top of each other, Carlson will take the one created last. Issue the Erase command, then hold down the control key while picking the segment above the ''Sliding Side Area'' label. When the single segment highlights, press enter to erase it, leaving the boundary polyline. 25 Sliding Side Area. Because we have a small closed polyline, we can investigate another area command, the Chapter 2. Tutorials 135 Sliding Side Area. As shown in the graphic above, we want to slide the north side of the last, smaller lot parallel to its current bearing such that the lot will contain 1.00 acres. Select Sliding Side Area under the Area/Layout pulldown. Dene area by points or closed polyline [Points/<Linework>]? press ENTER Select polyline segment to adjust: Pick the north side of the lot above (shown here containing the words Sliding Side Area) Keep existing polyline [Yes/<No>]? press ENTER Area: 20375.30 S.F, 0.4678 Acres Remainder/Acres/<Enter target area (s.f.)>: A (a for acres) Remainder/SF/<Enter target area (acres)>: 1.0 26 Complete the remaining Lots. Using the 2D Polyline command, under Draw, use endpoint snaps and perpendic- ular snaps (end and per) to draw the nal 3 polylines, shown below marked 1, 2 and 3 for reference. It may not be the most aesthetic subdivision, but we applied a lot of tools making it. But we're not done. There's some real automation ahead. 27 Create Points from Entities. We have designed a subdivision, in effect, without point numbers. This is the beauty of CAD. But we need to make point numbers in order to stakeout the subdivision. To do this, select Create Points from Entities, under COGO. The following dialog appears: Chapter 2. Tutorials 136 Set the starting point number to 5, verify the dialog as shown, and click OK. A second dialog, covering what entities to capture, appears next. Stick with the default settings and click OK. When it asks, Select objects, type in All. Press Enter for no more selections, and Enter again. All the point numbers for stakeout are created. 28 Number the lots, clockwise from the upper left, using the command Sequential Numbers. Under Draw, select Sequential Numbers. This dialog appears: Chapter 2. Tutorials 137 Choose the circled text and click OK. Set the text size (height) to 16 and the starting text value to 10, as shown. Then click OK. Pick point at center of label or type Polylines to label: Pick near the center of the rst upper left lot. Pick point for label alignment: Press F8 for <Ortho on> Pick to the right. Now pick near the center of all of the lots, going clockwise. When done, and back to the command line, press F8 again to set Ortho off. The resulting drawing, with point numbers, is shown below: Chapter 2. Tutorials 138 29 Lot File by Interior Text. Ofcial lot les can be created whenever a lot number or name exists within a lot as the sole text (other text may be present but could be frozen). So we will play it safe and rst freeze the point number layer. Before we do, take note of the point number assigned to the NW corner of Lot 10. In our case, it is point 64 (it may be different in your case, depending on how you selected the objects in the command Convert Entities to Points). Under View, select Freeze Layer and pick on one of the point numbers. Now go to the Area/Layout pulldown, select Create Lots and slide over to select Lot File by Interior Text. A dialog box will appear. Be sure that is says Block Name 1. Click OK. Select lot lines, polylines and text. Select objects: Pick the lots and the lot numbers The Lot Files will be created. Before we look at the Lot Files, let's nish up and do area annotation on the upper lots, by the command Area by Interior Point. Note: If we had not made points at all lot corners, using Convert Entities to Points, the Lot File by Interior Text would make point numbers. This is the reason for the prompt: Starting point number. If points are found, no new ones are created. Lot les must have points at all the corners. 30 Area by Interior Point. Select Area Defaults, under Area/Layout, and cancel the square feet plot, leaving only the area plot to 3 decimal places. Set as shown below: Chapter 2. Tutorials 139 Now choose Area by Interior Point, under the Area/Layout pulldown menu, and pick inside Lots 10 through 16, as shown below: 31 Select Lot Manager, under Area/Layout, and the following Lot Editor dialog appears: Chapter 2. Tutorials 140 Pick on Lot 10 and click Report. This will lead to the Lot Report dialog box. Be sure that your setting are as shown above, and then click Lot Report. Chapter 2. Tutorials 141 This dialog is typical of the many Carlson Standard Report Viewer dialogs, rst introduced in Carlson CES. You can click on 1 or more lines, highlight them and hit the delete key on the keyboard, and these lines will delete. You can edit lines directly in the dialog. You can also save the report to disk with the Save icon shown above. To exit, click the Exit icon. 32 The Edit Current (lot) option within the Lot Editor dialog box can be used to describe a lot by different point numbers, or to assign a lot to a different block. This is explained here and shown below for reference purposes only. Click Lot Manager under the Area/Layout pulldown menu. You will see the Lot Editor dialog as shown in Step 31. First, make sure that a .lot le is open. If it is not, open one. Then, under Selection, select a lot to edit. Click Edit Current. You will get this dialog. Note the graphic display in the lower half, which map the Points listed above. Chapter 2. Tutorials 142 33 Re-Drawing Lots after Editing Points. Let's assume you actually changed the point numbers that dene Lot 10. That would cause the lot to draw differently. Also, you could simply alter the coordinate values of a point in the current lot le. That would also cause the lot to draw differently. Let's take the latter approach. Remember point 64? It is the NW corner of lot 10 (in our case your's may be different as stated above). So select Edit Points under the Points pulldown menu. A spreadsheet appears. Scroll down to point 64 (or whatever point is your NW corner of Lot 10). Click on the Northing and edit it to 5050. This is for illustration purposes. In reality, you might be ne-tuning your Chapter 2. Tutorials 143 subdivision design points. As long as the same points dene the lots, you are, in effect, making a ready-made new drawing. Now select at the top of the dialog File, then Save and Exit. 34 Draw the Lot File. Before we draw the lot le, save your drawing by selecting Save under the File pulldown menu. Then choose New, exit the Startup Wizard (if it appears), and go straight to Lot Manager, found under the Area/Layout pulldown menu. Lot Manager provides the tools for drawing lot les to the screen. Click the Existing tab. Select the plat4 lot le and click Open. Now select your existing crd le that you created earlier. In the next dialog, called Lot Editor, shown below, choose all lots by clicking Select All. Then click Draw. Chapter 2. Tutorials 144 Accept the defaults and click OK to the Draw Lots dialog box. This leads to the Auto-Annotate dialog, shown below. Use the settings shown here. Click OK. Next comes the Area Defaults dialog, as seen in Step 30. Fill out exactly as shown in Step 30. Chapter 2. Tutorials 145 Click OK and then Exit. This leads to the plot shown below, created entirely from stored Lot Files, and showing our revision of Lot 10. This completes this Lesson 5 tutorial titled Intersections and Subdivisions. Lesson 6: Contouring, Break Lines and Stockpiles 1 Click the icon for Carlson and start-up AutoCAD/Carlson from Windows. 2 Once in Carlson, exit out of the Startup Wizard (if it appears) and click Open under the File pulldown menu. Look for the le Mantopo.dwg and click on it. 3 Select Triangulate & Contour from the Surface pulldown menu (within the Survey module). Click the Contour tab. Let's target contours at a 1-unit interval, and contour the area of points. You will see this dialog: Chapter 2. Tutorials 146 Make all settings as shown (most of them are the default). We want to make sure that the Contour Interval (top right) is set to 1. Also, be sure to set the Index Interval to 5. Click OK. Select the points and breaklines to Triangulate. Select objects: Do a bottom right to upper left crossing selection by picking just to the left of the small, stockpile contour map, near the bottom of the screen, and then picking the upper left of the screen (capturing all points). Select objects: Enter(for no more) A dialog box appears. Select Mantopo.crd as your crd le. Click Open and the points will be read from the crd le. Range of Point Numbers to use [<All>/Group]: Enter (to accept All) Wildcard match of point description < * >: Enter Contours are drawn, but notice the unacceptable wavy look around the perimeter an area which is meant to be a ditch. Chapter 2. Tutorials 147 Type in U for Undo and press Enter until the new contours (at left) disappear and you are back at the command prompt. 4 Field-to-Finish: From within the Survey module, under the Survey pulldown menu, select Draw Field-to-Finish. You will be prompted for the CRD le to process. Choose the Existing tab, then select MANTOPO.CRD, which resides in Carlson's data folder, and click Open. The Draw Field to Finish dialog appears. At the lower left of the Draw Field to Finish dialog, click Edit Codes/Points. The Field to Finish dialog appears. Chapter 2. Tutorials 148 On the left side of the Field to Finish dialog, under the heading Code Table, there is an option called Code Table Settings. Click on it. You will see this dialog: As you can see at the top of the Code Table Settings dialog, the default Field to Finish code denition (.FLD) le is Carlson.d. We want to make a new code table because the coordinate le for the eld survey includes special coding (17 and 18) for ditch lines and top of banks. You can react and adjust to whatever a eld crew uses by making a new eld-to-nish table that can load up the codes right from whatever descriptions were used in the eld. To do this, click Set at the upper-right of the Code Table Settings dialog, then choose the New tab (for new le) and you might name it Mantopo, as shown below: Chapter 2. Tutorials 149 Click Open. You will be taken to the previous dialog. Notice how \DATA\Mantopo.d is now listed at the top. Click OK. You will return to the main Field to Finish table, completely empty, as shown below: Chapter 2. Tutorials 150 Now, jump start the table by choosing the option Code Table by CRD (located in the lower left of the dialog). Choose Append. In this lesson, we only care about code 17 and 18, so highlight all of the others (by holding the CTRL key down and picking them), then choose Cut. Now highlight both 17 and 18 as shown below. Chapter 2. Tutorials 151 Pick the middle Edit button. Another dialog appears. Click the Entity button for yet another dialog, shown below. Make all settings as shown in this box. We will turn them both into 3D polylines (which will act as break lines or barrier lines for contouring). Accept the 3D Polyline choice by clicking OK, then hit Exit, which will take you back to the Field to Finish dialog. Chapter 2. Tutorials 152 The last steps are to rst to save the Field-to-Finish (.FLD) le Mantopo by clicking the Save button. Then click Draw (lower right) to draw the 3D polylines. You will see the following dialog which allows you to control the details of what to draw. Make sure lines is the only entity to be drawn, not points or symbols. Take a quick look at Additional Draw Options by clicking that button. Make sure that the Point Label Settings are set so that you can see the points properly. Click OK to both dialog boxes. Chapter 2. Tutorials 153 The following drawing is created. All the ditch lines and top of bank lines, because they were coded 17 and 18, are drawn in one quick procedure. 5 Because the eld crew did not use start and stop logic (e.g. appending 7 or some agreed upon code to a description could end a polyline and start another), some polylines connect that should not. In particular, the line pointed to near the NW corner is clearly crossing the ditch line. It must be removed. Choose the Edit pulldown, then Polyline Utilities, Remove Polyline, then Remove Polyline Segment. Break polyline at removal or keep continuous [<Break>/Continuous]? Enter Chapter 2. Tutorials 154 Select polyline segment to remove: Select the polyline segment to the right of point 127. You will recognize this as a long segment running from point 127 to point 50. Select polyline segment to remove: Enter(for no more) 6 Return back up to the Surface Menu, pick Triangulate & Contour, and set the standard contour interval to 1 (as before), but specify Draw Index Contours. Set the index interval to 5. Then do a right-to-left crossing selection as before (avoiding the stockpile at the lower right). Select the Mantopo.crd le again. Now we get excellent contours, with a sharply dened ditch. Under View, do Freeze Layer and pick on a point. The points will freeze. Here is the improved drawing, helped out by 3D polylines, which, if selected, act as break lines, which were produced by Draw Field-to-Finish. 7 Delete Layer. Let's say that now you don't want the break lines on there. You don't want to even freeze them, you want to fully delete them. There is a command for that under Edit. Pick Erase, sliding over to Erase by Layer. This dialog appears. Chapter 2. Tutorials 155 If you know the layer names, you can just type them in. If you know where they are but not their names, then click on Select Layers from Screen. If you'd recognize the layer name if you saw it in a list, click Select Lay- ers by Name. Click on Select Layers by Name and pick 17 and 18, then OK twice. Notice the change in the drawing. 8 Explode. Inserted Drawings need to be exploded. Do a View pulldown, option Window and window in on the stockpile at the lower right of the drawing. If you type E to Erase, and try to erase any aspect of the stockpile, the whole stockpile will erase all features. That is because the Stockpile was another drawing inserted into this drawing. Sometimes other drawings that are inserted are referred to as Blocks. In any case, this stockpile block, or inserted drawing, needs to be exploded. Explode just breaks it up into its unit objects which then start to behave normally. Select Explode under Edit and slide over to Standard Explode. Then pick the stockpile. It is now a set of normal objects. It's also worth noting that while the block has been exploded, it still exists in the drawing as a block denition. This means that now that it's exploded it is taking up twice the amount of storage space in the drawing. As such, you should purge the drawing of the unused block, or turn on the explode toggle when inserting one drawing into another. As a basic rule, if it's a symbol, don't turn on the explode toggle; if it's a complete dialog, turn it on. 9 Change Elevations. Let's assume our stockpile drawing is too high and should be lowered in elevations by 540 units. To best see the effect of this command, bring back the points by selecting Thaw Layer, under View. Now select the Edit pulldown, then Change, then Elevations. Ignore zero elevations [<Yes>/No]? Enter Type of elevation change [Absolute/<Differential>]: D Change Layer for changed entities [Yes/<No>]: Enter Positive number increases, negative number decreases elevation. Scale/Elevation difference <0.00>: -540 Hit Enter twice. Select objects: Do a lower right pick to upper left pick (automatic crossing) selection. Select objects: Enter (for no more) Notice in the drawing below how everything has change elevation, including the points, but with the exception of the contour text. Chapter 2. Tutorials 156 Do the command List Elevation under the Inquiry pulldown, pick on an index contour, and notice how the elevation has indeed changed. Repeat step 7 and delete the layer Ctext, so as to remove the 5 index contour elevations, which are no longer accurate. 10 Volumes by Layer. One of the signature commands of Carlson, Volumes by Layer will produce accurate volumes without making any les. The only prerequisite is that the existing and nal surfaces exist on the drawing in separate, distinct layers. It is also very important to have a drawn inclusion perimeter to pick and dene where the volumes are being calculated. In our example, the original ground will be the 3D polyline connecting points 1 through 15, and everything else above will be the nal ground (including the 3D perimeter itself). Select Volumes by Layers. This command is found under the Grading menu, within Volumes by Grid Surface. Pick Lower Left limit of surface area: Pick below and to the left of the stockpile, but as close as possible to the stockpile without clipping it in the window. You want to totally include it, but with little wasted margin. Pick Upper Right limit of surface area: Pick above and to the right of the stockpile. A dialog appears: We will stick with the defaults, as shown. Notice that we are using 50 grid cells within our window, and since our window was not a perfect square, the cell sizes are not whole numbers. (In this example it is 6.88 x 5.77. You my have slightly different sizes). Seeing this, if we wanted 5 x 5 cell size, we could click the Dimensions of a Cell option and set the size to 5 x 5. Hundreds or thousands of cells in both directions will increase calculation time. You can experiment with more cells, or if you prefer, smaller cells (which makes more cells), and see when you get diminishing returns in terms of accuracy changes. After a while, tighter, smaller cell sizes don't add any value to the precision of the calculation. Click OK. Then pick the layers that dene the existing ground (Perimeter) and the layers that dene the nal ground (Perimeter, Barrier, Ctr, Ctrindex). Then click OK. Notice how the Perimeter layer is common to both. If you want to be a master of volumes, remember this as a mantra: The perimeter should be a 3D polyline in a distinct layer, common to both surfaces. A stockpile is just a special case in that sometimes the 3D perimeter is all you know about the base surface. Chapter 2. Tutorials 157 When asked to Select objects, do a right-to-left (crossing) selection of the entire stockpile area. Lastly, you will be asked for the inclusion perimeter (pick the white perimeter polyline) and the exclusion perimeter (none). This leads to a exible reporting and output dialog: Elevation Zone Volumes, for example, would produce volumes in any desired increment from the base of the stock- pile going up. If the stockpile consists of coal (80 lbs/c.f.), then Report Tons can be clicked on and a Density value entered. Click OK, and the basic report is produced, as seen below. We did not include the points in the nal layer. Since there is a high point, for example, the top of the stockpile, the points would lift the volumes up slightly. Click the Exit icon to return to the command prompt. 11 Stockpile Volumes. Our Stockpile is naturally well-suited for applying the simplest volume command of all Stockpile Volumes. It requires that the 3D perimeter polyline for the stockpile be placed in a layer called Perimeter which ours is. So let's try it. Select Calculate Stockpile Volume found under the Grading pulldown menu. Material density lbs/ft3 (Enter for none): 80 Ignore zero elevations [<Yes>/No]? Enter Reading points ... Select Stockpile perimeter polyline: Crossing select (right-to-left picks) the entire stockpile area. The grid resolution dialog (note that it is still at 50x50) appears again. Click OK. Done. A report is generated. Chapter 2. Tutorials 158 This completes the Lesson 6 tutorial: Contouring, Break Lines and Stockpiles. Chapter 2. Tutorials 159 AutoCAD Overview 3 This chapter explains the essentials of using AutoCAD including command entry, selection sets and layers. Since Carlson Software in built on the AutoCAD OEM engine, it is helpful to know the AutoCAD basics. Several of the Carlson Software command are native AutoCADcommands and many others have an AutoCADstyle user-interface. 160 Issuing Commands Virtually all commands in Carlson Software have three or more ways they can be initiated. The two most common are the menu and the toolbar , but the command line can many times be a very easy method of working through commands. Using the menu and toolbar should be second nature to Windows users, so this section will mainly focus on the command line usage in Carlson Software. Command Line Prompt-Command: Carlson Software has a command line prompt where commands are ''issued'' and the status of a command is reported. When you select a command from the menu or toolbar, that command name is sent to the command line and is executed. Before most commands can begin, all other commands must be terminated. The exceptions are referred to as transparent commands. The easiest way to see if no commands are running is to look at the command line. If it displays Command: no commands are currently in progress. Enter When you are required to press the Enter key in Carlson Software, you can use the Enter key on the keyboard or you can press the spacebar or click the right mouse button. Pressing the Enter key will perform different operations depending on your location within Carlson Software. If you are in the process of running a command, the Enter key will end the command (if there are no available options) or it will select one of the options available (see below). If you are at the command line Command: prompt, pressing the Enter key will repeat the last command. Right Mouse Button As mentioned above, the right mouse button can be used as enter. However, you can set the right mouse button to perform different functions. The control for the Right Mouse Button behavior is in the Mouse Click Settings command. When you click the right mouse button, you will get a drop down list of the options and can select the desired one. Move the cursor the desired option and click on it with the left mouse button. Getting Out of a Command-Esc For commands that provide no options, the Enter key (or spacebar or right mouse button) will end the command you are using. Also, when a command is issued in Carlson Software, this action will also automatically end the previous command. However, there are exceptions to these two rules. To avoid any problems with using the above methods to end a command, you can press the Escape (Esc) key. For example, if the command line displays something other than Command: or if a command you want to run does not start because you are using another command, you will want to end the command and return to the command prompt. Using the Escape (Esc) key will accomplish this every time. Note: Some commands have several optional levels which will require the escape key to be pressed more than once. If you accidentally select a location on the screen and start a selection window, the command prompt will prompt for another corner. Either select another point on the screen to nish the selection (not advised) or press the Esc key to return to the Command: prompt. Commands Option When any command is issued, the command line acts as a status bar that will show the available options and ''ask'' for input from you. Chapter 3. AutoCAD Overview 161 When there are options for the command you are currently running, these options will be shown on the command line with capital letters in the option name. To use one of the options, type the capital letter(s) at the prompt. For example, if you issue the Zoom command, the command prompt will show All/Center/Dynamic/Extents/...<Realtime>: To select the Dynamic option, type D at the command line, then press the Enter key. If you do not input an option and just hit enter, you will be selecting the option that appears in the <> brackets. For the example shown, that is the Realtime Zoom option. Transparent Commands Several commands in Carlson Software can be run transparently. This means that they can be performed while another command is running. For example, if you are in a command and are trying to select something in the drawing but it is too small to see, you can use the zoom command transparently. Zoom to the area where the object is, then select the object without ending the initial command. The most commonly used commands are the View commands of Zoom and Pan, and the Properties commands including the Layer dialog box. To issue a transparent command, type an ' (apostrophe) before the command name. For example, 'Z would be transparent zoom. Note that many commands will automatically be assumed to be transparent if they are issued from the toolbar while another command is running. When you are in a command that is running transparently, this will be indicated with a >> at the far left of the command line preceding any options or other text. When a transparent command is complete, you will return to the command you were previously running. If you are in a transparent command and want to end the command to get back to the command prompt, you will need to press the Esc key twice. Note: If you select a View command while running another command, the other command will not end. You will be running the View command transparently. This is one of the exceptions to the rules for ending a command. If you do not want to run the View command transparently, you need to complete the other command or end it by pressing the Esc key. General Commands Enter When you are required to press the Enter key in Carlson Software, you can use the Enter key, the spacebar on the keyboard or click on the right mouse button. Repeating Commands When you press the Enter key at the command line Command: prompt, you will repeat the last command. Cancel The Escape key (Esc)key can be used to cancel any command. Some commands may require pressing the Escape key more than once. Command Options The command line changes as a command is running. When there are options available for the command you are running, they will display at the command line. To select one of the options, type the capital letter(s) in the name of the option and press the Enter key. Chapter 3. AutoCAD Overview 162 Selection of Items Most commands in Carlson Software require the selection of objects. When you need to select objects, the command line will prompt Select objects:. When you are at this prompt, your next step will be to create a selection set. While creating the selection set, the prompt Select Objects: repeats and you can continue to select objects until you press the Enter key, at which time the command you are using will continue and use the objects selected. If you are selecting object for an Eagle Point Software command, the objects selected will be then used for that command. Selection Sets There are several ways to create a selection set from the Select objects: prompt. With all selection methods, the number of objects selected will be displayed in the command line along with any objects that were duplicated. Following are the most commonly used methods for creating a selection set: Single A single selection is made when you move the object selection target to an object on the screen and click on it. The selected object will highlight and the select objects prompt will return. The cursor changes to a small square when the command line displays Select objects:. Window A Window will select all objects completely inside of the rectangle drawn. Create a window by selecting a point on the view screen and then moving the cursor right. The window will display as a solid rectangle. You can also create a window by typing W at the select object prompt. In this case you can move the cursor to the left to create the window. Crossing A crossing will select all objects within the rectangle as well as those touched by the rectangle. If you select a point on the view screen and move the cursor to the left, you are creating a crossing. The crossing will display as a dashed rectangle. You can force a crossing by typing C at the select objects prompt, allowing you to move the cursor to the right and create the crossing. Previous After you select several objects, they will be temporarily stored as a selection set. Should you want to re-use the same objects that were selected by the last command, you can type P at the Select objects: prompt. Remove If you select incorrect objects, you can type R to remove objects from the selection set. When you are in Remove mode, the prompt will be Remove objects:. Click on the objects that you do not want to include in your selection. To return to select or add mode, type A at the command line. Grips Objects may also be selected before issuing the command and receiving the Select objects: prompt. This selection will turn on Carlson Software ''grips.'' Grips appear as small blue squares in the drawing. All objects with grips will be used when a command is issued. Grips are turned on similar to selecting objects as described in the previous section, but with the command line at the Command: prompt, not the Select Objects: prompt. You can select Chapter 3. AutoCAD Overview 163 single objects by clicking on an object with the standard cursor or you can select multiple objects by clicking in the view where there are no objects, then creating the window (right) or crossing (left). To remove grips, press the Esc key twice. Using Grips Grips can also be used to edit or change the location of objects in the drawing. Move your cursor to a grip and click. You should notice the cursor ''snap'' to the grip. The grip will turn from blue to red. The object grip is now attached to the cursor so you can move the object to the desired location and release it by clicking again. Properties and Layers Properties dene how an object in Carlson Software is stored. One of the most common properties is the Layer. Layers can be turned off or frozen so the objects on that layer are hidden from the view of the drawing. Layers that are turned off can still be selected while frozen layers are essentially removed from the working set of the drawing. After layers are turned off or on, a redraw (which is done automatically) will update the view. A redraw of a le is a rather quick process. After a frozen layer is thawed, a regeneration may be required to update the view. Regenerations on large les may take a considerable amount of time depending on your hardware. Layer Dialog Box The Layer dialog box provides control of the drawing layers. You can turn layers on, off, freeze or thaw them, change the layer color and linetype, set the current layer, add new layers, delete layers, etc. To perform any of these functions, click on the Layers button . In the Layer dialog box, you can highlight several individual layers to performactions on at once by holding down the Control key and clicking on the desired layers. You can also highlight a continuous range of layers by highlighting one layer, holding down the Shift key, and clicking on another layer. All layers between the two will be selected. To select all of the layers, hold down the CTRL key and press A on the keyboard. Layer Drop List To turn layers on/off or freeze/thaw, you can also use the drop list on the toolbars. When you click on the symbols in the list, the layer's status will be changed appropriately. Setting Current Layer The current layer will be the one shown in the Layer drop list box. You can change the current layer by selecting the desired current layer from the drop list. You can also use the Set Current Layer button and select an object on the layer. The layer the object is on will become the current layer. Finally, you can highlight a layer in the Layer dialog box and click on the Current button to make the highlighted layer current. You cannot freeze the current layer, but you can turn that layer off (not recommended). Changing Properties To change the properties of an object in the drawing, use the Properties button on the toolbar or the Change command from the command line. This command will allow you to change the layer an object is on, the color or linetype of the object. The color and linetype can be set to bylayer or to a specic setting. Bylayer means that when the property for a layer is changed, so does the property for the object. For example, the specic setting of an object may be the color blue. No matter what color you set for the layer the object is on, that object will be blue. Chapter 3. AutoCAD Overview 164 Properties Toolbar If this toolbar (or any toolbar) is not displayed, you can open it using the Toolbars dialog box. Type toolbars at the command line. Layer The Layer dialog box is used to modify layers properties (color or linetype) or status (on/off, freeze/thaw). Key-in: LA or ddlmodes Toolbar: Current Layer The Current Layer is the layer that you are on and will be working with. The Current Layer is the one shown in the Layer drop list. For example, in the above toolbar illustration, the Current Layer is Water. Toolbar: Change The Change command allows you to modify the properties of an object, such as layer and color. Key-in: CH Toolbar: Chapter 3. AutoCAD Overview 165 File Menu 4 The Carlson Software programs share some of the same pull-down menus, such as File, Edit, View, Draw, Settings and Points. Within each program, the other pull-down menus, typically, are specic to the that program. The com- mon pull-down menus contain general commands that are applicable within all programs. Many of these commands are AutoCAD commands which are described in your AutoCAD Reference manual. The Carlson commands located in the more common pull-down menus are explained in the next sections. All the options on the File menu not described here are AutoCAD commands, which are discussed in the AutoCAD Reference Manual. 166 New This command allows you to create a new drawing le. This routine denes the settings for a new drawing. You can start a new drawing le by selecting New, and then picking a template le. SURV.DWT is the default template le for use in Carlson Survey. After choosing the template, click the Open button at the lower-right. Next, you will either see the New Drawing Wizard dialog box or you will be taken to a blank screen. Should you use the wizard, a new drawing name will need to be chosen in order to get to the next step. There are two methods that you can use to create a new drawing. One is this New command. The other is Open, also under the File pulldown menu. If you need to open an existing drawing, use the OPEN command, under File, then choose an existing le name. The opening dialog, Select Template, lists all template les that currently exist in the drawing template le location. Choose a le to use as a starting point for your new drawing. A preview image of the selected le is displayed to the right. If the wizard is in use, the following options will be available to you in the New Drawing Wizard dialog. The New command starts a new drawing using default settings dened in either the surv.dwt or surviso.dwt template, depending on the measurement system you've chosen. You cannot modify the surv.dwt or surviso.dwt templates. To start a new drawing based on a customized template, see Use a Template. Chapter 4. File Menu 167 English: This option starts a new drawing based on the Imperial measurement system. The drawing is based on the surv.dwt template, and the default drawing boundary (the drawing limits) is 12 9 inches. Metric: This option starts a new drawing based on the metric measurement system. The drawing is based on the surviso.dwt template, and the default drawing boundary (the drawing limits) is 429 297 millimeters. The New command creates a new drawing using the settings dened in a template drawing you select. Template drawings store all the settings for a drawing and may also include predened layers, dimension styles, and views. Template drawings are distinguished from other drawing les by the .DWT le extension. They are normally kept in the template directory. Several template drawings are included with Carlson Survey. You can make additional template drawings by changing the extensions of drawing le names to .DWT. Pulldown Menu Location: File Keyboard Command: new Prerequisite: None Open This command allows you to open an existing drawing le. Carlson TakeOff displays the Select File dialog box (a standard le selection dialog box). Select a le and click Open. Prerequisite: None Keyboard Command: OPEN Close This command allows you to close the current drawing. Carlson TakeOff closes the current drawing if there have been no changes since the drawing was last saved. If you have modied the drawing, the program prompts you to save or discard the changes. You can close a le that has been opened in Read-only mode if you have made no changes or if you are willing to discard changes. To save changes to a read-only le, you must use the SAVEAS command. Prerequisite: None Keyboard Command: CLOSE Save If the drawing is named, Carlson TakeOff saves the drawing without requesting a le name. If the drawing is unnamed, the program displays the Save Drawing As dialog box (see SAVEAS) and saves the drawing with the le name you specify. If the drawing is read-only, use the SAVEAS command to save the changed le under a different name. This command allows you to save the drawing under the current le name or a specied name Chapter 4. File Menu 168 Prerequisite: None Keyboard Command: SAVE or QSAVE Save As This command allows you to save the current drawing and assign the le name which allows you to give an unnamed drawing a le name or rename the current drawing. You can also use this command to save the current drawing to a different le format. You can save a drawing to an earlier version of the drawing format (DWG) or drawing interchange format (DXF), or save a drawing as a template le. Choose the format from Files of Type in the Save Drawing As dialog box. If you save the le as a drawing template, the program displays the Template Description dialog box, where you can provide a description for the template and set the units of measurement. Prerequisite: None Keyboard Command: SAVEAS Page Setup This command allows you to congure your drawing for plotting. The Page Setup dialog box has the same options as the Plot dialog box. See the PLOT command below for a detailed description of options. Menu Location: File Prerequisite: None Keyboard Command: PAGESETUP Plot Preview This option displays the drawing as it will appear when plotted on paper. To exit the print preview, right-click and choose Exit. This command is the same as the Full Preview option under Plot. Menu Location: File Prerequisite: None Keyboard Command: PREVIEW Plot This command allows you to plot a drawing to a plotting device or le. Carlson TakeOff displays the Plot dialog box. Choose OK to begin plotting with the current settings and display the Plot Progress dialog box. 1 The Plot dialog box includes the tabs, Plot Device and Plot Settings, and several options to customize the plot. Layout Name: This option displays the current layout name or displays ''Selected layouts'' if multiple tabs are selected. If the Model tab is current when you choose Plot, the Layout Name shows ''Model.'' Save Changes to Layout: This option saves the changes you make in the Plot dialog box in the layout. This option is unavailable if multiple layouts are selected. Page Setup Name: This option displays a list of any named and saved page setups. You can choose to base the current page setup on a named page setup, or you can add a new named page setup by choosing Add. Add: This option displays the User Dened Page Setups dialog box. You can create, delete, or rename named page setups. Chapter 4. File Menu 169 2 Under the Plot Device Tab you can specify the plotter to use, a plot style table, the layout or layouts to plot, and information about plotting to a le. Plotter Conguration: This eld displays the currently congured plotting device, the port to which it's connected or its network location, and any additional user-dened comments about the plotter. A list of the available system printers and PC3 le names is displayed in the Name list. An icon is displayed in front of the plotting device name to identify it as a PC3 le name or a system printer. Properties: The option displays the Plotter Conguration Editor (PC3 Editor), where you can modify or view the current plotter conguration, ports, device, and media settings. Hints: This option displays information about the specic plotting device. Plot Style Table (Pen Assignments): This option sets the plot style table, edits the plot style table, or creates a new plot style table. Name: This option displays the plot style table assigned to the current Model tab or layout tab and a list of the currently available plot style tables. If more than one layout tab is selected and the selected layout tabs have different plot style tables assigned, the list displays ''Varies.'' Edit: This option displays the Plot Style Table Editor, where you can edit the selected plot style table. New: This option displays the Add-a-Plot-Style-Table wizard, which you can use to create a new plot style table. Plot Stamp: This option places a plot stamp on a specied corner of each drawing and/or logs it to a le. On: This options turns on plot stamping. Settings: This option displays the Plot Stamp dialog box, where you can specify the information you want applied to the plot stamp, such as drawing name, date and time, and plot scale. What to Plot: This eld denes the tabs to be plotted. Current Tab: This option plots the current Model or layout tab. If multiple tabs are selected, the tab that shows its viewing area is plotted. Selected Tabs: This option plots multiple preselected Model or layout tabs. To select multiple tabs, hold down CTRL while selecting the tabs. If only one tab is selected, this option is unavailable. Chapter 4. File Menu 170 All Layout Tabs: This option plots all layout tabs, regardless of which tab is selected. Number of Copies: This option denotes the number of copies that are plotted. If multiple layouts and copies are selected, any layouts that are set to plot to a le or AutoSpool produce a single plot. Plot to File: This option plots output to a le rather than to the plotter. File Name: This option species the plot le name. The default plot le name is the drawing name and the tab name, separated by a hyphen, with a .plt le extension. Location: This option displays the directory location where the plot le is stored. The default location is the directory where the drawing le resides. [...]: This option displays a standard Browse for Folder dialog box, where you can choose the directory location to store a plot le. 3 Under the Plot Settings Tab you specify paper size, orientation, plot area and scale, offset, and other options. Paper Size and Paper Units: This eld displays standard paper sizes available for the selected plotting device. Actual paper sizes are indicated by the width (X axis direction) and height (Y axis direction). If no plotter is selected, the full standard paper size list is displayed and available for selection. A default paper size is set for the plotting device when you create a PC3 le with the Add-a-Plotter wizard. The paper size you select is saved with a layout and overrides the PC3 le settings. If you are plotting a raster image, such as a BMP or TIFF le, the size of the plot is specied in pixels, not in inches or millimeters. Plot Device: This eld displays the name of the currently selected plot device. Paper Size: This eld displays a list of the available paper sizes. Printable Area: This eld displays the actual area on the paper that is used for the plot based on the current paper size. Inches: This option allows you to specify inches for the plotting units. MM: This option allows you to specify millimeters for the plotting units. Drawing Orientation: This option species the orientation of the drawing on the paper for plotters that support landscape or portrait orientation. You can change the drawing orientation to achieve a 0-, 90-, 180-, or 270-degree Chapter 4. File Menu 171 plot rotation by selecting Portrait, Landscape, or Plot Upside-Down. The paper icon represents the media orientation of the selected paper. The letter icon represents the orientation of the drawing on the page. Portrait: This option orients and plots the drawing so that the short edge of the paper represents the top of the page. Landscape: This option orients and plots the drawing so that the long edge of the paper represents the top of the page. Plot Upside-Down: This option orients and plots the drawing upside down. Plot Area: This option species the portion of the drawing to be plotted. Layout: This option plots everything within the margins of the specied paper size, with the origin calculated from 0,0 in the layout. Available only when a layout is selected. If you choose to turn off the paper image and layout background on the Display tab of the Options dialog box, the Layouts selection becomes Limits. Limits: This option plots the entire drawing area dened by the drawing limits. If the current viewport does not display a plan view, this option has the same effect as the Extents option. Available only when the Model tab is selected. Extents: This option plots the portion of the current space of the drawing that contains objects. All geometry in the current space is plotted. TakeOff may regenerate the drawing to recalculate the extents before plotting. Display: This option plots the view in the current viewport in the selected Model tab or the current paper space view in the layout. View: This option plots a previously saved view. You can select a named view from the list provided. If there are no saved views in the drawing, this option is unavailable. Window: This option plots any portion of the drawing you specify. If you select Window, the Window button becomes available. Choose the Window button to use the pointing device to specify the two corners of the area to be plotted or enter coordinate values. Plot Scale: This option controls the plot area. The default scale setting is 1:1 when plotting a layout. The default setting is Scaled to Fit when plotting a Model tab. When you select a standard scale, the scale is displayed in Custom. Scale: This option denes the exact scale for the plot. The four most recently used standard scales are displayed at the top of the list. Custom: This option creates a custom scale. You can create a custom scale by entering the number of inches or millimeters equal to the number of drawing units. Scale Lineweights: This option scales lineweights in proportion to the plot scale. Lineweights normally specify the linewidth of printed objects and are plotted with the linewidth size regardless of the plot scale. Plot Offset: This eld species an offset of the plotting area from the lower-left corner of the paper. In a layout, the lower-left corner of a specied plot area is positioned at the lower-left margin of the paper. You can offset the origin by entering a positive or negative value. The plotter unit values are in inches or millimeters on the paper. Center the Plot: This option automatically calculates the X and Y offset values to center the plot on the paper. X: This eld species the plot origin in the X direction. Y: This eld species the plot origin in the Y direction. Plot Options: This eld species options for lineweights, plot styles, and the current plot style table. You can select whether lineweights are plotted. By selecting Plot with Plot Styles, you plot using the object plot styles that are assigned to the geometry, as dened by the plot style table. Plot object lineweights: This option plots lineweights. Plot with Plot Styles: This option plots using the plot styles applied to objects and dened in the plot style table. All style denitions with different property characteristics are stored in the plot style tables and can be easily attached to the geometry. This setting can replace pen mapping in earlier versions of AutoCAD. Chapter 4. File Menu 172 Plot Paperspace Last: This option plots model space geometry rst. Paper space geometry is usually plotted before model space geometry. Hide Objects: This option plots layouts with hidden lines removed for objects in the layout environment (paper space). Hidden line removal for model space objects in viewports is controlled by the Viewports Hide property in the Object Property Manager. This is displayed in the plot preview, but not in the layout. Full Preview: This option displays the drawing as it will appear when plotted on paper. To exit the print preview, right-click and choose Exit. Partial Preview: This option quickly shows an accurate representation of the effective plot area relative to the paper size and printable area. Partial preview also gives advance notice of any warnings that you might encounter when plotting. The nal location of the plot depends on the plotter. Changes that modify the effective plot area include those made to the plot origin, which you dene under Plot Offset on the Plot Settings tab. If you offset the origin so much that the effective area extends outside the preview area, the program displays a warning. Prerequisite: None Keyboard Command: PLOT Import Xref to Current Drawing This command allows you to import external reference les (Xrefs) into the current drawing. Before Xrefs are imported, the drawing data from the Xrefs can be viewed but not modied. This import routine has a simplier method for importing than the Xref Manager command. A list is shown of the Xrefs that are attached to the current drawing. If the Xref le is not found, you can pick the Set Path button to locate the drawing le. To import an Xref, highlight the le name and Pick Import. Prerequisite: les to import Keyboard Command: import xref Xref Manager Attaches, overlays, lists, binds, detaches, reloads, unloads, renames, and modies paths to external references (Xrefs) in the current (or host) drawing. Displays the Xrefs in the drawing in a tree view or a list view. You can use the F3 and F4 keys to switch between list view and tree view. Chapter 4. File Menu 173 List View: Displays a at listing of the attached Xrefs and their associated data. You can sort the list of references by name, status, type, le date, le size, or the saved path and le name. Reference Name: Lists the names of the Xrefs as stored in the denition table for the drawing. Status: Shows whether the Xref is loaded, unloaded, unreferenced, not found, unresolved, orphaned, or marked for unloading or reloading. Loaded: Currently attached to the drawing. Unloaded: Marked to be unloaded from the drawing once the Xref Manager is closed. Unreferenced: Attached to the drawing but erased. Not Found: No longer exists in the valid search paths. Unresolved: Cannot be read by AutoCAD. Orphaned: Attached to another Xref that is unreferenced, unresolved, or not found. Size: Shows the le size of the corresponding reference drawing. The size is not displayed if the Xref is unloaded, not found, or unresolved. Type: Indicates whether the Xref is an attachment or an overlay. Date: Displays the last date the associated drawing was modied. This date is not displayed if the Xref is unloaded, not found, or unresolved. Saved Path: Shows the saved path of the associated Xref (this is not necessarily where the Xref is found). Tree View: Displays a hierarchical representation of the Xrefs, displaying the relationships between Xref deni- tions. Tree view shows the level of nesting relationship of the attached Xrefs, whether they are attached or overlaid, and whether they are loaded, unloaded, marked for reload or unload, or not found, unresolved, or unreferenced. Attach: Displays the External Reference dialog box if an external reference is selected or displays the Select Ref- erence File dialog box if no external reference is selected. Detach: Detaches one or more Xrefs from your drawing, erasing all instances of a specied Xref and marking the Xref denition for deletion from the symbol table. Only the Xrefs attached or overlaid directly to the current drawing can be detached; nested Xrefs cannot be detached. Carlson TakeOff cannot detach an Xrefreferenced by another Xref or block. Reload: Marks one or more Xrefs for reloading. This option rereads and displays the most recently saved version of the drawing. Chapter 4. File Menu 174 Unload: Unloads one or more Xrefs. Unloaded Xrefs can be easily reloaded. Unlike detaching, unloading does not remove the Xref permanently. It merely suppresses the display and regeneration of the Xrefdenition to improve performance. Bind:Displays the Bind Xrefs dialog box Xref. The Bind option makes the selected Xrefand its dependent symbols (such as blocks, teXreft styles, dimension styles, layers, and linetypes) a part of the current drawing. Found At: Displays the full path of the currently selected Xref. This is where the Xref is actually found and is not necessarily the same as the saved path. Browse: Displays the Select New Path dialog boXref (a standard le selection dialog boXref), in which you can select a different path or le name. Save Path: Saves the path, as it appears in XrefFound At, to the currently selected Xref. Prompts Command: Xref Overlay Xref ''example1'': ..\..\..\..\Program Files\Carlson TakeOff 2004\WORK\example1.dwg ''example1'' loaded: G:\oem4\src2\work\example1.dwg Specify insertion point or [Scale/X/Y/Z/Rotate/PScale/PX/PY/PZ/PRotate]: Command: Specify opposite corner: Select objects: Enter Prerequisite: multiple les Keyboard Command: Xref Import LandXML File The Import LandXML File routine provides a mechanism where land-based data from other software applications (including Carlson Software) can be brought into a project and used for analysis and/or design purposes. To import a LandXML le, a series of dialog boxes are presented: Select LandXML File: Specify the name of a LandXML le you wish to import. Chapter 4. File Menu 175 LandXML Units: Indicates the Units of Measure associated with the incoming LandXML le (see the Unit Differ- ences item below). Point Protection: When enabled, you are prompted for a course of action if an existing LandXML le you've selected contains COGO points that have the same number(s) as those that already exist in the drawing. When disabled, existing point data in the project is updated with the values from the LandXML le. Destination File Method: This option allows you to indicate how the incoming data le(s) are named as they are imported. Load Surfaces into Surface Manager: When enabled, this option will automatically add surface model (TIN) data into the Surface Manager and graphically represents (draws) the surface model/contours according to the current settings found in the Triangulate & Contour command. Use Old FLT Triangulation File Format to Import Surface Data: When enabled, the older ASCII-based Carlson * .FLT le format will be used in place of the newer and more efcient * .TIN le format. Save All Existing Ground Proles from One Centerline to the Same File: When enabled, collections of existing ground proles associated with a particular centerline are combined into a single * .PRO le. Change Directory: This option allows you to adjust the folder location where the new data les will be written. Import from LandXML: Enable or disable various entries that should used to produce the data les found within the LandXML le. Unit Differences: If the Units of Measure specied in the LandXML le are different than those found in Drawing Setup, you will be prompted for a course of action. Chapter 4. File Menu 176 Manning's ''n'': If you are importing sewer data from a LandXML le and if the LandXML le does not carry Manning's ''n'' values, you will be prompted to specify a default Manning's ''n'' value for all incoming sewer entities that don't already have a Mannings ''n'' value. Import Structures: If you are importing sewer data from a LandXML le and structure values specied in the LandXML le do not exist in the Structure Library, you will be prompted to indicate the structure(s) that should be imported into the Structure Library. Use standard Windows click, shift+click and/or ctrl+click functionality to select multiple structures at the same time. Skip Invisible Triangles: This option applies to importing TIN surfaces from Civil 3D. When this option is active, triangles marked by Civil 3D as invisible or excluded are not imported. Note: The LandXML initiative is being driven by the land development industry as an acceptable means to share and transfer land data rather than the traditional graphical representation of that data. It also provides an effective means for transferring a variety data (points, centerlines, proles, surface models, sewer data, etc). Another advantage of LandXML is that the LandXML data structure is CAD and software vendor neutral (meaning you don't have to own or use the CAD or software product used by your data provider). Visit http://www.landxml.org for additional information on the uses and acceptance of the LandXML initia- tive. Pulldown Menu Location(s): File > LandXML Keyboard Command: landxml import Prerequisite: A LandXML le to import Export LandXML File The Export LandXML File routine provides a mechanism where data can be sent from Carlson Software into a LandXML le for use in other applications that support the LandXML data specication. To generate a LandXML le, a series of dialog boxes are presented: Chapter 4. File Menu 177 Export to LandXML: This option allows you to individually select the desired Carlson Software data le(s) that should be included in the LandXML le. Project Data Files: This option allows you to quickly select the various data les associated with, and dened by a Carlson Project ( * .prj) le. Select LandXML File: Specify the name of a LandXML le you wish to create. Include Files Referenced in Select Files: When enabled, this option will automatically add other les that are referenced by the selected le. As an example, the le produced by the Carlson Road Network command references TINs, Centerlines, Proles, etc, and adding the single Road Network le will also add the referenced le(s) into the Export to LandXML File dialog box. Export to LandXML File: Add, remove (using standard Windows click, shift+click and/or ctrl+click functional- ity) or otherwise organize the data le(s) that is to be incorporated into the LandXML le. Change Directory: This option allows you to adjust the folder location from where selected data les should be referenced (often used for project revision purposes). Report: Create a report (suitable for le transmission or archival purposes) of the le(s) selected to be incorporated into the LandXML le. Chapter 4. File Menu 178 LandXML Units: Specify the desired Units of Measure that reect the outgoing data. Point Protection: When enabled, you are prompted for a course of action if an existing LandXML le you've selected contains COGO points that have the same number(s) as those being selected for the LandXML le. When disabled, point data you've selected for the LandXML le are automatically written to (or updated into) the existing LandXML le. Exported Element Protection: When enabled, you are prompted if existing data (such as a centerline) in a LandXML le should be updated with data of the same name that you have selected for the LandXML le. Precision: Set the desired level of precision for each of the various measurement categories. Proles: There are two major different types of proles in LandXML: ProfSurf and ProfAlign. ProfSurf is typically an existing surface that is usually created using existing surface data. The data for this type of prole it is stored in a series of station-elevation values as a representation of a PntList2D list. ProfAlign is for a design prole. The data for this type of prole is stored in LandXML elements starting from the simplest one: PVI element, CircCurve element, ParaCurve element, etc. Carlson differentiates the two types mentioned above by using the prole type in the Carlson .pro le: Generic = ProSurf, Road = ProAlign. Note: The LandXML initiative is being driven by the land development industry as an acceptable means to share and transfer land data rather than the traditional graphical representation of that data. It also provides an effective means for transferring a variety data (points, centerlines, proles, surface models, sewer data, etc). Another advantage of LandXML is that the LandXML data structure is CAD and software vendor neutral (meaning you don't have to own or use the CAD or software product used by your data provider). Chapter 4. File Menu 179 Visit http://www.landxml.org for additional information on the uses and acceptance of the LandXML initia- tive. Pulldown Menu Location(s): File > LandXML Keyboard Command: landxml export Prerequisite: Carlson project data les to convert Import RoadXML File The Import RoadXML File routine provides a mechanism where road-based data from other software applications (including Carlson Software) can be brought into a project and used for analysis and/or design purposes. The program supports centerline and prole data in Trimble style RoadXML format. To import a RoadXML le, a series of dialog boxes are presented: Select RoadXML File: The standard File Selector dialog box prompts you identify an existing RoadXML ( * .RXL) le you wish to import. The following dialog box is then displayed: RoadXML Units: Indicates the Units of Measure associated with the incoming RoadXML le (see the Unit Differ- ences item below). Destination File Method: This option allows you to indicate how the incoming data le(s) are named as they are imported. Change Directory: This option allows you to adjust the folder location where the new data les will be written. Import from RoadXML: Enable or disable various entries that should used to produce the data les found within the RoadXML le. Chapter 4. File Menu 180 RoadXML Units: RoadXML les are always in metric units. If the current drawing units as set in Drawing Setup are not metric, then you will be prompted whether to apply a scale factor. Note: Visit http://www.road-xml.org for additional information on the RoadXML initiative. Pulldown Menu Location: File > Import Keyboard Command: roadxml import Prerequisite: A RoadXML le to import Export RoadXML File The Export RoadXML File routine creates a RoadXML RXL le using Carlson format centerline and prole les. This RoadXML le can be used for data exchange with other applications that support the RoadXML data speci- cation such as Trimble. To generate a RoadXML le, a series of dialog boxes are presented: Current Drawing Data Files: This option selects the various data les associated with , and dened by the Drawing Explorer command. Project Data Files: This option allows you to quickly select the various data les associated with, and dened by a Carlson Project ( * .prj) le. Selected Data Files: This option allows you to individually select the desired Carlson Software data le(s) that should be included in the RoadXML le. This is followed by: Select RoadXML File: Use the standard File Selector dialog box to specify a new or append to an existing Road- XML le. This is followed by: Chapter 4. File Menu 181 Include Files Referenced in Select Files: When enabled, this option will automatically add other les that are referenced by the selected le. As an example, the le produced by the Carlson Road Network command references TINs, Centerlines, Proles, etc, and adding the single Road Network le will also add the referenced le(s) into the Export to RoadXML File dialog box. Export to RoadXML File: Add, remove (using standard Windows click, shift+click and/or ctrl+click functional- ity) or otherwise organize the data le(s) that is to be incorporated into the RoadXML le. Change Directory: This option allows you to adjust the folder location from where selected data les should be referenced (often used for project revision purposes). Report: Create a report (suitable for le transmission or archival purposes) of the le(s) selected to be incorporated into the RoadXML le. Chapter 4. File Menu 182 RoadXML Units: The Units of Measure are displayed for the RoadXML le about to be created. Exported Element Protection: When enabled, you are prompted if existing data (such as a centerline) in a Road- XML le should be updated with data of the same name that you have selected for the RoadXML le. Precision: Set the desired level of precision for each of the various measurement categories. Pick the Export button to complete the creation of the RoadXML RXL le. RoadXML Units: RoadXML les are always in metric units. If the current drawing units as set in Drawing Setup are not metric, then you will be prompted whether to apply a scale factor. Indicate the desired action of what should occur if the units of the RoadXML do not match those of the current drawing. Note: Visit http://www.road-xml.org for additional information on the RoadXML initiative. Pulldown Menu Location(s): File > LandXML/RoadXML Keyboard Command: roadxml export Prerequisite: Carlson project data les to convert Chapter 4. File Menu 183 Import Google Earth File The Import Google Earth File command allows you to insert a KML (Keyhole Markup Language or alternatively a KMZ) le of points (KML Placemark), polylines (KML Path) and closed polylines (KML Polygon) into your drawing. Throughout this discussion, KML will be used to also describe KMZ les unless explicitly noted. Import Lines and Polygons: When this option is selected, KML Path and Polygon entries will be placed into the drawing as open or closed polylines, respectively. Import Points: When this option is selected, KML Placemark entries will be placed into the drawing and active coordinate le. Point Protect: When enabled, existing points in the active coordinate le will not be over-written. Use Folders as Layers: When enabled, KML Folder entries will be used to create layer names in CAD and the supported KML options described above will be placed onto the layer that conforms the the Folder to which they belong. Default Layer: The supported KML options described above that are not contained in a KML folder will be placed into the specied layer. Note: Placemarks, paths or polygon entries that have an altitude value specied will be imported at the proper ''Z'' elevation in the CAD drawing. KML or KMZ les can be specied for the import process. Prompts Google Earth File to Read: Select a previously saved KML or KMZ le. To import a Google Earth image into your drawing, use the Place Google Earth Image command. To import a Google Earth terrain data into a Carlson TIN (surface model), use the Place Google Earth Image command. To export content from your drawing to a KML le, use the Export Google Earth File command. Pulldown Menu Location: File > LandXML/RoadXML/Google Earth Keyboard Command: kmlread Prerequisite: A KML or KMZ le with Placemark, Path and/or Polygon information, an active coordinate le with an established projection zone through Drawing Setup. Export Google Earth File The Export Google Earth File allows you to produce a KML (Keyhole Markup Language or alternatively a KMZ) le of points, polylines, text, solids, images, lines and arcs for rendering in other mapping and GIS applications such as Google Earth and Google Maps. Throughout this discussion, KML will be used to also describe KMZ les unless explicitly noted. Chapter 4. File Menu 184 Drape on Google Terrain (2D): When this option is selected, entities written to the KML le will have an Altitude setting of ''Clamped to ground.'' Use Elevation from the Drawing (3D): When this option is selected, entities written to the KML le will have an Altitude setting of ''Absolute.'' Include Selected Points: When enabled, this option exports selected Carlson point information to the KML <Place- mark><Point>...</Point></Placemark> tag structure. Include Selected Text: When enabled, this option exports selected Text and MText entities to the KML <Place- mark><Point>...</Point></Placemark> tag structure. Include Layer Information: When enabled, this option organizes exported information based on the layer of each entity, with each CAD layer becoming a KML <Folder>...</Folder> entry with the color of the group taking the general color of the CAD layer. Shade Closed Regions: When enabled, all closed polyline regions (e.g. building pads, ponds, etc) will be ll- shaded. Include Solids and Images: When enabled, Solid entities and Images are included in the KML as <Place- mark><Polygon>...</Polygon></Placemark> and/or <GroundOverlay>...</GroundOverlay> tags, respec- tively. Export to KMZ Format: When enabled, the KML le is written to the more compact (zipped) KMZ version of the standard KML le format. Display Results in Google Earth: When enabled, the results of the KML are passed to and automatically opened with Google Earth. Share Results through Dropbox: When enabled, the results of the KML are passed to a personal DropBox account. Linework Opacity: Use the horizontal slider control to indicate the desired level of opaqueness that should be applied to linework entities. A lower opacity results in increased entity transparency and is helpful for viewing underlying map data found in applications such as Google Earth. Solids and Images Opacity: Use the horizontal slider control to indicate the desired level of opaqueness that should be applied to Solids and Image entities. A lower opacity results in increased entity transparency and is helpful for viewing underlying map data found in applications such as Google Earth. Note: When the Use Elevations from the Drawing (3D) option is selected, be aware that elevation values lower than the Google Earth terrain may be obstructed in the Google Earth display. Attribute information (e.g. Number, Elevation, Description) of selected Carlson points are also written to the KML and will display in the ''balloon'' when a point is picked in the Google Earth display or data hierarchy. The formatting of any selected MText entities is not propagated into the KML/KMZ le. Chapter 4. File Menu 185 When the Shade Closed Regions toggle is enabled, note that all closed polyline regions will become ll shaded and may lead to undesired results for items such as closed contours. When Image entities are included, the size of the image itself is incorporated into the KMZ le and my signicantly swell the size of the KMZ le which may result in lengthy load times into other applications. To have results posted to Dropbox, the Dropbox Application for Windows must be rst installed to your PC using its default folder specication for the location of shared/synchronized folders/les. When prompted for the name of the KML/KMZ le to write, the appropriate KML or KMZ le extension based on the Export to KMZ Format toggle will be added to the le if the le extension is not specied. Arcs and polylines with arcs are converted into chord segments that closely approximate the arc(s). Other entities not supported for direct export to a KML le (e.g. circles, ellipses, splines, multilines, etc), can be rst turned into polylines with the Entities to Polylines command. The graphical symbology of any/all items sent to the KML le can be manually modied via the Google Earth interface. Prompts Select points, polylines, text, solids, images, lines and arcs to write. FILter/<Select entities>: Select the desired entities and press Enter when complete. To import a Google Earth image into your drawing, use the Place Google Earth Image command. To import a Google Earth terrain data into a Carlson TIN (surface model), use the Place Google Earth Image command. To import KML content into your drawing, use the Import Google Earth File command. Pulldown Menu Location(s): File LandXML/RoadXML/Google Earth Keyboard Command: kmlwrite Prerequisite: Points, lines or polylines in the drawing with an established projection zone through Drawing Setup. Write Polyline File This command creates a polyline le that contains the point data of the select polylines. The objects supported by this tool include polylines, arcs and lines. If you want to include text, you must use the Text Explode To Polylines command found in the Edit menu to convert the text to polylines before running this command. Several different output formats are supported. The Carlson format (.PLN) is a text le format that is used by some Carlson commands and by machine control (Carlson Grade, Dozer 2000, GradeStar) for the plan view. Each polyline begins with a line of ''POLYLINE, Color number, etc''. Then the points for the polyline are listed on separate lines in X,Y,Z format. The DTM and Idan formats create linework les for the DTM and Idan programs. The MicroStation format (.txt) can be imported into MicroStation. This format has the coordinates as space delimited for each polyline point. There is an extra column with a 1 or 0 where 1 species the start of a new polyline. The Moss format creates a INP le for the MX/MOSS Genio program. The Peabody format is a company specic format for Peabody Energy. The Topcon format creates a Topcon LN3 le. Note: The former Google (KML) output option has been been moved to the dedicated Export Google Earth File command. Prompts Polyline le format [<Carlson>/DTM/Idan/MicroStation/MOSS/Peabody/Topcon]? Specify the desired output option by specifying the CAPITALIZED option or press Enter for the <default> option. Chapter 4. File Menu 186 Polyline File to Write dialog: Create a new le or Append to Existing. If the Carlson option was selected, the following dialog then appears: Use Polyline File for Grid File Utilities macro: When enabled, the option will write a polyline le that can be used with Grid File Utilities for inclusion/exclusion perimeters. Specify Exclusion/Warning Polylines: When enabled, this option applies to machine control for warning areas. Specify WorkZone Polylines: When enabled, this option applies to machine control for working areas. Reduce Polyline Vertices: When enabled, this option applies the Reduce Polyline Vertices to the polyline vertices before writing the le.. Offset Cutoff: Indicate the allowable offset distance (essentially the middle ordinate distance of a 3-point arc) that would allow the middle vertex between two other vertex locations to be removed. Include Z coordinate in polyline le: When enabled, this option controls whether the elevation(s) (or ''Z'' value) of the selected polyline vertices are written to the polyline le. Decimals: Indicate the desired amount of precision for the coordinate values that should be written to the le. Select polylines, lines and arcs to write. FILter/<Select entities>: Pick the entities to process press Enter when complete. Sample Polyline File: POLYLINE,51,0,0.0,CONT|V-STRM-PIPE 5375168.9320,3932304.7050,0.0000 5375193.3310,3932211.6150,0.0000 POLYLINE,150,0,0.0,CONT|V-BRKL 5375026.8800,3932090.0480,962.8334 5375062.3960,3932105.7540,961.5399 5375075.5640,3932115.7940,961.1595 5375079.0150,3932128.0920,961.1532 5375081.6860,3932159.7840,961.6147 5375086.6920,3932195.6480,962.6206 etc. Pulldown Menu Location: File > Export Keyboard Command: polywrite Prerequisite: Polylines in the drawing Draw Polyline File This command draws polylines from the selected polyline le. This command supports the following formats: Carlson (.PLN), Agtek (.WRL), CAICE (.SRV), Digital Line Graph (.DLG, .OPT), Idan (.DIS), MicroStation (.TXT), MOSS (.INP, .PRN), Peabody (.PLY) and Topcon (.LN3 and .TXT). For formats that contain only geometry without layer names, the polylines are drawn in the current layer. Chapter 4. File Menu 187 Prompts Polyline le format [<Carlson>/Agtek/Caice/DLG/DTM/Idan/MicroStation/MOSS/Peabody/Topcon]? press Enter for Carlson default Polyline File to Read Dialog select existing .PLN le Pulldown Menu Location: File->Import Keyboard Command: polydraw Prerequisite: A polyline le Clipboard This command allows for different cut, copy, and paste options. Cut To cut objects to the Clipboard. Select the objects you want to cut. From the Clipboard command, choose Cut. The objects are available to be pasted into other Windows applications. Copy To copy objects to the Clipboard. Select the objects you want to copy. From the Clipboard command, choose Copy. Copy with Base Point To copy objects to the Clipboard. When the objects are pasted into a drawing, the program places them relative to the specied base point. Select the objects you want to copy. From the Clipboard command, choose Copy with Base Point. Specify the base point. Paste The objects currently on the Clipboard are pasted into the drawing at the specied insertion point. From Clipboard command, choose Paste. Paste as Block The objects currently on the Clipboard are pasted into the drawing as a block at the specied insertion point. From Clipboard command, choose Paste as Block. Chapter 4. File Menu 188 Paste to Original Coordinates The objects currently on the Clipboard are pasted into the drawing using the coordinates from the original drawing. From Clipboard command, choose Paste to Original Coordinates. Drawing Cleanup The Drawing Cleanup dialog box allows you to perform many functions that x common errors, and it removes unnecessary data found in many drawing les. It also converts incompatible data into useful entities. This command offers many lters that audit the drawing le and allows you to select which options and settings you want to use. A report of the cleanup results will be displayed upon completion. Always save your le when the drawing cleanup routine is complete. Set UCS to World Coordinates This sets the UCS (user coordinate system) to the world coordinate system (WCS). Carlson works exclusively in the world coordinate system and there is no way to change this setting. In CAD, it is possible to change the coordinate system from WCS. If you receive a drawing in which the coordinate system is not set to world, click this on to restore the UCS. Convert Architectural Inches Units To Decimal Feet Chapter 4. File Menu 189 Drawings are sometimes in architectural units, i.e. inches, when the unit of measurement was intended to be in feet. This routine will change the units from inches into feet and then scale the drawing by 1/12. Import Xrefs To Current Drawing This routine allows you to import any 'found' external reference les (Xrefs) into the current drawing. If the path is not found, the Xref le will not be brought into the drawing. To set the Path for any unfound Xrefs, run Import Xref to Current Drawing under File. Remove Layers With No Entities Drawings work with a ''BYLAYER'' concept meaning that layer denitions dene the drawing. For example, the layer named EOP might be used to display polylines at the Edge Of Pavement in the drawing. Many times extra layers get dened by a user but not used to display any objects. This function removes any layers dened in the drawing that are not being used. Rename Layers With Wildcards Layers with wildcard characters such as '' * '' can interfere with Carlson layer matching functions. This routine renames layers by replacing any wildcard characters with an underscore '' ''. Remove Unused Blocks, Linetypes and Styles This functions removes this unused information from the drawing. Remove Zero Length Linework This function seeks out and removes any linework denition that have zero length. Point nodes are not removed. Remove Duplicate Linework This function nds any duplicate linework in the drawing and removes all but one set. Remove Duplicate Points This function searches the drawing (but not the .CRD le) for points with the same northing, easting and elevation. The tolerances for considering points to have the same coordinate are set to the right. To be counted the same coordinate, both the northing/easting and elevation must be within the tolerance distance. Remove Overlapping Polyline Loops Polylines that completely overlap themselves are broken into two different polylines. Join Linework With Same Endpoint This function nds common endpoints on linework on common layers with common elevations and joins the linework into a continuous polylines. This is very helpful for future selection sets. Convert Splines, Multilines and Regions Into Polylines Some CAD applications utilize Spline Object Denitions and Regions, Carlson utilizes basic polyline/polygon def- initions. This function nds any Splines and/or Regions dened in the drawing and re-denes them as simple polylines or polygons. Convert Lines, Arcs, Circles, Ellipses, 3DFaces and Solids Into Polylines By converting Lines, Arcs, Circles, Ellipses, 3D Faces, and Solids into Polylines, you can use the variety of Polyline commands available in Carlson. Convert LDD-AEC Contours and Points Into Carlson Format Drawings created in the Land Development Desktop CAD program can contain special objects known as LDD-AEC contours that dene their topographic contour display. This function locates those special objects and re-denes them as simple 2D polylines retaining their elevation values. Convert Entities With Extrusion To World Coordinates Drawings created in the Land Development Desktop CAD program can contain special objects known as LDD-AEC contours that dene their topographic contour display. This function locates those special objects and re-denes Chapter 4. File Menu 190 them as simple 2D polylines retaining their elevation values. Erase Blank Text Entities This function removes any text boxes dened in the drawing that are not being used. Erase Hatch Entities Carlson offers many hatch display options, however hatch entities have no 3D value. This function removes all hatch entities in the original drawing to help reduce the size and clutter of the drawing le. Remove Arcs From Polylines - Offset Cutoff This function replaces arcs in polylines with a series of short chord segments. The purpose is to prepare the polylines for modeling since arcs need to be converted into segments to be part of the triangulation model. The density of chord segments is controlled by the offset cutoff. This cutoff represents how much the polyline can move horizontally. A smaller cutoff will result in more chord segments. The option for 3D Only controls whether only polylines at zero elevation or both zero and elevated polylines get processed. Sometimes you may want to leave the arcs in zero elevation polylines when these polylines represent road alignments and are not part of the surface model. Reduce Polyline Vertices - Offset Cutoff This function utilizes a pre determined offset amount and removes unnecessary polyline vertices that fall within the offset amount. Set Negative Polyline Thickness to Zero This function sets the thickness property of polylines to zero for polylines with negative thickness. Set Elevations Outside Range to Zero and Elevation Range This function comes with a ''Scan DWG'' option that audits the elevation range in the drawing le. Once the min- imum and maximum elevation range has been set, manually or by a scan, all objects that fall outside the set range are moved to elevation zero. All objects at zero elevation do not contribute to the 3D model. Entities To Process... This allows you to run the command for the entire drawing or for a selected set. Default This allows you to return to the Carlson Drawing Cleanup default settings. Final Report This example report displays the results of drawing cleanup. Like all reports in Carlson, this report can be saved to a text le, sent directly to your printer, or pasted onto the screen ad text entities. Chapter 4. File Menu 191 Pulldown Menu Location: File Keyboard Command: dwg cleanup Prerequisite: None Audit This command scans your current drawing and looks for any corruption and has the option to x any errors. Prerequisite: none Keyboard Command: audit Recover This command opens a drawing le and scans it for errors. Use this command if Carlson TakeOff crashes while using the regular Open command. Prerequisite: none Keyboard Command: recover Remove Reactors This command removes the reactor links from the selected points, text, polylines and lines. This disables the links for points to the coordinate (.CRD) le, annotation with linework and linework with points. Note that is General Settings there is a section called Object Linking. This is the specic section that contains the options for creating these reactors to the drawing entities. Reactors can be turned off for entities created later by clicking off the four link options in General Settings. To get to this dialog go to Settings > Congure > General Settings. Chapter 4. File Menu 192 Prompts Select entities to remove reactors from: Select objects: pick the entities Pulldown Menu Location: File > Drawing Utilities Keyboard Command: delreact Prerequisite: Entities with reactors Remove Groups This command is used to ''ungroup'' selected entities that, prior to using this command, were part of a group. For our purposes, we might more specically be referring to Carlson's Point Entity Grouping feature. A group is a named selection set of objects. This routine removes selected entities from groups. It is especially useful when dealing with our Carlson points. More on Point Entity Grouping: As mentioned in the Points chapter, remember that for each point, the point attribute block, node, and symbol can be bound together. This means that if you choose to use the Move command (or other CAD tools) the entire collection moves together. This is done using the grouping functionality in AutoCAD or IntelliCAD. To disable this system altogether, go to Congure, choose General Settings, and turn off the toggle for Group Point Entities. If you need to temporarily disable grouping in a drawing, you can use the AutoCAD toggle for grouping, which is Ctrl-A. Holding down the Ctrl key, and pressing the letter A on the keyboard, activates this two-way toggle, with the current status echoed to the command prompt area. Prompts Select entities to remove from groups. Select objects: select entities Pulldown Menu Location: File > Drawing Utilities Keyboard Command: rmgroup Prerequisite: Entities in group(s) Translate Layers This command renames layers using a lookup table with pairs of original and renamed layer names. This command can be used to convert the layers for a drawing from another source to match your layer standards. The layer names are entered in a spreadsheet. The Add, Insert, Delete and Sort buttons work on the spreadsheet rows. The Report button makes a report for the layer assignments. The SaveAs and Load functions store and recall the layer assignments to a .LTF le for sharing the settings or keeping different sets of layer assignments. Chapter 4. File Menu 193 Pulldown Menu Location: File > Drawing Utilities Keyboard Command: translayers Prerequisite: None Remove XData This command removes the xdata (Extended Entity Data) from the selected entities. Many Carlson routines add xdata to entities in order to add extra program specic information to them. Carlson programs use the xdata to make entities more intelligent. For example, when you draw a centerline (.cl) as a polyline, xdata is attached to the polyline that stores the reference of the .cl le name. Then if you double-click the polyline, then the program can read the xdata to know the polyline is a centerline and launch the centerline editor. By removing the xdata, the entities revert to regular CAD entities which is useful if you want to detach these entities from the program links. Prompts Select entities to remove extended entity data from. Select objects: pick the entities Pulldown Menu Location: File > Drawing Utilities Keyboard Command: xxdata Prerequisite: Entities with xdata Purge Displays a tree view summary of all named objects that can and can't be purged in the current drawing. The View Items You Can Purge and View Items You Cannot Purge options toggle the dialog box display, showing different options and tree view summaries. Chapter 4. File Menu 194 Items Not Used in Drawing: Displays a tree view of all named object categories (blocks, layers, and so on) in the current drawing. A plus sign appears next to the object category names that you can purge. Clicking the plus sign or double-clicking an object category expands the tree view, displaying all unused named objects that exist for the category. To purge all unused named objects, select All Items in the tree view, and choose Purge All. To purge a specic named object category, select the category in the tree view, and choose Purge. Conrm Each Item to Be Purged: Displays the Verify Purge dialog box when you purge an item. Purge Nested Items: Removes all unused named objects from the drawing even if they are contained within or referenced by other unused named objects. The Verify Purge dialog box is displayed, and you can cancel or conrm the items to be purged. Prerequisite: None Keyboard Command: purge Chapter 4. File Menu 195 Edit Menu 5 In addition to powerful CAD engine editing commands, the Carlson Edit menu has the additional commands which are explained in this section. Commands that are pure AutoCAD or IntelliCAD are not detailed here. They can be found in the CAD manual. 196 Undo This command allows you to reverse the effect of previously issued commands. Prerequisite: None Keyboard Command: U Redo This command allows you to reverse the effects of the previous UNDO command. Prerequisite: None Keyboard Command: REDO Erase Select This command allows you to remove objects from a drawing. Prerequisite: None Keyboard Command: ERASE, E Erase by Layer This command will ERASE all the entities on the specied layers but will not delete these layers from the drawing. The command prompts for the layer name to erase and then erases all entities on that layer. In addition to typing in the layer name, you can also specify a layer to delete by picking an entity on that layer. To select layers by picking, rst click the Select Layers from Screen button and then select the entities on the layers to be deleted. The Select Layers by Name button allows you to choose a layer name from a list of layers in the drawing. You can also specify which types of entities to erase. For instance, if you have both linework and points on the same layer and you want to erase only the linework, you can click off All and check Line and Polyline. The Save and Load buttons save and recall the layer names. Chapter 5. Edit Menu 197 Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Erase Keyboard Command: ldel Prerequisite: Something to erase Erase by Closed Polyline This tool is used to clean up drawing geometry at the extents of a polyline boundary. It provides options to erase adjacent geometry as well as trim geometry crossing the fence of the polyline. First, select the boundary polyline. Only one can be selected. Designate the desired options in the following dialog. The top section of the dialog allows you to toggle which object types should be affected by the operation. Note that some of the objects, such as text and inserts, cannot be trimmed. In the middle of the dialog is a toggle that determines whether to prompt for objects to process. If you want to isolate the drawings contents to that of the selected polyline, turn this toggle on. Note that all geometry in the drawing is effected, even geometry that is outside of the current viewport. Many users will prefer to turn this toggle off, so that they can be prompted to manipulate the geometry. The bottom row allows you to choose whether to erase all the entities on the inside or outside of the polyline. Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Erase Keyboard Command: erasepline Prerequisite: Entities and a closed polyline Chapter 5. Edit Menu 198 Erase Outside This command erases all the entities outside of a user specied window. This can be useful if you somehow place entities way outside your drawing limits and want to easily erase them. Prompts Pick 1st corner of window to erase outside of: Pick point location Pick 2nd corner: Pick second point location Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Erase Keyboard Command: eraseout Prerequisite: Entities to erase Temporary Erase This command erases the selected entities while keeping track of their data to allow restoring them. To unerase the entities, simply run the command again. The program keeps track of the erased data only during the current drawing session. If you exit the drawing, the entities cannot be restored when the drawing is opened again. Prompts Select entities for temporary erase. Select objects: pick entities to erase Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Erase Keyboard Command: terase Prerequisite: Entities to erase Move This command allows you to displace objects a specied distance in a specied direction. Prerequisite: None Keyboard Command: MOVE, M Standard Copy This command copies all objects you select to the Clipboard. You can paste the contents of the Clipboard into a document or drawing as an OLE object. You can also use CTRL+C to run this command. If the cursor is in the drawing area, Carlson TakeOff copies the selected objects to the Clipboard. If the cursor is on the command line or in the text window, the program copies the selected text to the Clipboard. Prerequisite: None Keyboard Command: COPY Chapter 5. Edit Menu 199 Copy To Layer This command is used to copy a selected entity or entities and put the copy in a specied layer. Once copied to the chosen layer the entity or entities will take on the characteristics of that layer (color, linetype, etc.). Prompts Select entities to copy. Select objects: select entities Select Layer dialog select a layer from list and click OK Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Copy Keyboard Command: copy2layer Prerequisite: Entities to be copied Copy Polyline Section This command is used to copy a portion of a polyline, at specied points, and put the copied portion onto another layer. The portion of existing polyline that is being copied still remains as part of the original entity (with no break) , while the new portion, with its chosen layer designation, is a new polyline. Prompts Select polyline to copy: Pick a polyline Select rst break point along polyline: Pick location on the polyline Select second break point along polyline: Pick the second location on the same polyline Layer name <CTR>: wall Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Copy Keyboard Command: copy pl Prerequisite: Polyline to be copied Chapter 5. Edit Menu 200 Standard Offset This command creates a new object at a specied distance from an existing object or through a specied point. Offset does not support 3D polylines. Use Offset 3D Polyline to offset these entities. Prompts 1 Specify offset distance or [Through] <Through>: Press Enter The Through option allows you to screen pick the location of the offset. You can also enter a value for the interval of the offset. 2 Select object to offset or <exit>: select entity 3 Specify through point: pick point Menu Location: Edit Prerequisite: None Keyboard Command: OFFSET Variable Offset This is a command to offset a polyline, with different offset amounts for each polyline segment of the same polyline. The offset distances can be variable, and you choose between a Line or a Point method at the command line. Prompts Vary offsets by line segments or at points [<Line>/Point]? press Enter Select a polyline to offset (Enter for none): pick polyline Select side to offset: pick a point on the side to offset to As you go from segment to segment, you can enter in different offset values for each line segment. Enter the segment horizontal offset <0.000>: 56 Enter the segment horizontal offset <56.000>: 33 Enter the segment horizontal offset <33.000>: 12 Select a polyline to offset (Enter for none): press Enter Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Offset Keyboard Command: VOFFSET Prerequisite: A polyline to offset Offset To Layer This is a command to offset a polyline and put the offset polyline into a separate layer from the original polyline. Prompts Offset to layer <0>: ROW Enter the offset amount: 20 Select object to offset: pick a polyline to offset Specify point on side to offset: pick a point Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Offset Keyboard Command: offset layer Chapter 5. Edit Menu 201 Prerequisite: Linework to offset Offset to Area This command offsets a polyline by a distance that results in creating the specied target area. The source polyline should represent the frontage on the area. There is an option to connect the sides between the source and offset polylines to make a closed polyline. Before and after Offset to Area Prompts Pick line or polyline to offset: pick a polyline Select side to offset: pick a point on the offset side Keep existing polyline [Yes/<No>]? press Enter Create closed polyline [<Yes>/No]? press Enter Acres/<Enter target area (s.f.)>: 90000 Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Offset Keyboard Command: offset area Prerequisite: polyline to offset Multiple Offsets This command applies the same offset multiple times in series from the original polyline. Prompts Specify offset distance <20.0000>: 25 Enter Number of Repetitions <1>: 3 Select object to offset or <exit>: pick a polyline to offset Specify point on side to offset: pick a point Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Offset Keyboard Command: offset mult Prerequisite: Linework to offset Buffer Offset This command offsets a polyline, and maintains a xed distance from the original polyline by placing an arc on convex corners. The standard Offset command can actually have a distance greater than the offset at corners. In the example shown, the distance between the corners of the original and offset polylines is 70.01, while the offset distance is 50.0. Buffer Offset makes an offset polyline that doesn't exceed the offset distance. This is useful when you want an offset that goes no further than the offset distance, such as wetland offsets. Later versions of AutoCAD Chapter 5. Edit Menu 202 can achieve the same effect using the standard Offset command by changing the system variable OFFSETGAPTYPE to 1. Prompts Enter the offset amount: 50 Select object to offset: pick the original polyline Specify point on side to offset: pick a point on the side to offset to Regular Offset Buffer Offset Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Offset Keyboard Command: boffset Prerequisite: A polyline to offset Standard Explode This command allows you to break a compound object into its component objects. Results differ depending on the type of compound object you're exploding. The following is a list of objects that can be exploded and the results for each. All Explodable Objects: Produces object geometry that may look the same, but the color, linetype, and lineweight of the object may change. Block: Removes one grouping level at a time. If a block contains a polyline or a nested block, exploding the block exposes the polyline or nested block object, which must then be exploded to expose its individual objects. Blocks with equal X, Y, and Z scales explode into their component objects. Blocks with unequal X, Y, and Z scales (nonuniformly scaled blocks) might explode into unexpected objects. When nonuniformly scaled blocks contain objects that cannot be exploded, they are collected into an anonymous block (named with a '' * E'' prex) and referenced with the nonuniform scaling. If all the objects in such a block cannot be exploded, the selected block reference will not be exploded. Body, 3D Solid, and Region entities in a nonuniformly scaled block cannot be exploded. Exploding a block that contains attributes deletes the attribute values and redisplays the attribute denitions. 2D and Lightweight Polyline: Discards any associated width or tangent information. Wide Polyline: Places the resulting lines and arcs along the center of the polyline. TakeOff discards any associ- ated width or tangent information. 3D Polyline: Explodes into line segments. Any linetype assigned to the 3D polyline is applied to each resulting line segment. Text Explode to Polylines: Explodes polylines depending on the font used for various annotations, this can make the resulting polylines more efcient in terms of vertex count. Chapter 5. Edit Menu 203 Leaders: Explodes into lines, splines, solids (arrow heads), block inserts (arrow heads, annotation blocks), Mtext, or tolerance objects, depending on the leader. Mtext: Explodes into text entities Multiline: Explodes into lines and arcs. 3D Solid: Explodes planar surfaces into regions. Nonplanar surfaces explode into bodies. Region: Explodes into lines, arcs, or splines. Body: Explodes into a single-surface body (nonplanar surfaces), regions, or curves. Polyface Mesh: Explodes one-vertex meshes into a point object. Two-vertex meshes explode into a line. Three- vertex meshes explode into 3D faces. Circle Within a Nonuniformly Scaled Block: Explodes a circle within a nonuniformly scaled block into el- lipses. Arc Within a Nonuniformly Scaled Block: Explodes an arc within a nonuniformly scaled block into elliptical arcs. Prerequisite: None Keyboard Command: EXPLODE, X Block Explode This command retains the values of attributes when a block is exploded. The standard Explode command changes the attribute values back to the attribute type. For example, using Explode, a Carlson point block would become PNTNO, PNTELEV, PNTDESC. Block Explode would keep the point attribute values, such as 10, 1000.0, EP. The layer names of the exploded block attributes can be either the insert layer of the parent block or the original attribute layers from the block denition. Pulldown Menu Location: Edit Keyboard Command: explode2 Prerequisite: A block to be exploded Trim This command allows you to trim objects at a cutting edge dened by other objects. Prompts 1 Select cutting edges ... Select objects: pick entity 2 Select object to trim or shift-select to extend or [Project/Edge/Undo]: select entity to be trimmed Project: You can project the object to be trimmed in order to trim objects that do not intersect. Edge: You can project the trimming edge in order to trim objects that do not intersect. Undo: This option allows you to undo the above projections. Prerequisite: None Keyboard Command: TRIM, TR Chapter 5. Edit Menu 204 Extend To Edge This command allows you to extend an object to meet another object. Prompts 1 Select boundary edges ... Select objects: pick entity 2 Select object to extend or shift-select to trim or [Project/Edge/Undo]: pick entity You have the option of trimming or projecting objects and edges. Prerequisite: None Keyboard Command: EXTEND Extend to Intersection This command extends the end points of two lines and/or polylines, at the same time, to their intersection point. Prompts Select rst line or polyline to extend: pick a line or polyline Select second line or polyline to extend: pick another line or polyline Before Extend to Intersection After Extend to Intersection Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Extend Keyboard Command: extint Prerequisite: Two lines or polylines Extend Arc This command extends an arc entity. Prompts Chapter 5. Edit Menu 205 Pick arc to extend: select an arc entity Break Arc at Extension [Yes/<No>]? N Answering Yes will create a new arc starting at the end of the existing arc. Enter or pick the distance to extend: 5 This extends the arc 5 units Enter or pick the distance to extend ('U' to Undo): press Enter to end Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Extend Keyboard Command: extarc Prerequisite: An arc Extend by Distance This command extends a line or polyline, or creates new lines or polylines off of an existing one. By specifying a distance, a new segment of the line or polyline can be drawn from the current position. The current position and direction along the line or polyline is indicated by an arrowhead. Extend by Distance starts by selecting an existing line or polyline. Initially, the current position will be the closest vertex to where the line or polyline was selected. Extending from the endpoint of a polyline will add a new point to that polyline, while extending from any other point will create a new polyline. There are two modes of operation: draw mode (D) and move mode (M). When in draw mode, extending will draw line or polyline segments. In move mode, the current position arrowhead can be moved without drawing segments. The orientation of the current position arrowhead can be changed with the Right, Left, and Angle commands. The second prompt for this command offers numerous options in the form of key letters. These key letters are listed below along with their full names and actions. The list of the Extend by Distance commands are: # - Number: Distance to draw or extend A# - Angle change: Rotates pointer by specied number of degrees A - Align: Rotates pointer to align with segment B - Bearing: Sets pointer direction by bearing in format: Qdd.mmss with Q- quadrant, d-degrees, m-minutes, s-seconds (e.g. 130.1005 is NE 30 degrees, 10 minutes, and 5 seconds) C - Close: Closes the polyline D - Draw Mode: Actions draw or extend the line or polyline E - Extend to Edge: Extends to intersection with a selected line or polyline I - Input mode: Toggles distance input between decimal feet and feet-inches L - Left rotate: Rotates counterclockwise 90 degrees M - Move Mode: Actions only move the pointer N - Next: Moves pointer forward to next point O - Open: Opens the polyline P - Previous: Moves pointer backward to previous point R - Right rotate: Rotates clockwise 90 degrees S - Switch: Reverses pointer direction Chapter 5. Edit Menu 206 T# - Total distance: Sets current segment to specied distance U - Undo: Undo the last Extend by Distance command Z - Zoom mode: Toggles auto-zoom between on/off ? - Info: Displays lengths of current polyline H - Help: The Help option also displays this Extend by Distance Commands list. Press <Enter>: Ends the routine The result of using the Info (?) feature Prompts Select line or polyline to extend: select line or polyline near the place to extend Enter or pick distance to draw (A,B,C,E,I,L,M,N,O,P,R,S,T,U,Z,?,Help): 50 The line is extended by 50 units. Use the Pick option to pick a distance. Pick/Horizontal Distance to Extend ([Enter] for new line): R Rotate right 90 degrees. Enter or pick distance to draw (A,B,C,E,I,L,M,N,O,P,R,S,T,U,Z,?,Help): 50 The line is extended by 50 units. Use the Pick option to pick a distance. Enter or pick distance to draw (A,B,C,E,I,L,M,N,O,P,R,S,T,U,Z,?,Help): press Enter Extend another (<Yes>/No)? No Note: R50 and L10 can be used to go right 50, left 10, etc. Chapter 5. Edit Menu 207 The result of using the Help (H) option Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Extend Keyboard Command: extender Prerequisite: An existing line or polyline with at least one segment from which to start. Break by Crossing Polyline This tool is used to break drawing geometry at the edge of a polyline boundary. It provides options to change the layers of the interior and exterior geometry after it is broken. First, select the boundary polyline. Only one can be selected. Then select the polylines and lines to be clipped. You will be prompted for options on specifying the layers for the newly broken geometry. Respond with a ''Y'' if you want to specify a new layer, then enter the new layer name. If the layer name does not exist, it will be created. Prompts Select the clip edge polyline: pick a closed polyline Select the polylines and lines to be clipped. Select Objects: pick the entities to break Specify layer names for Inside segments (Yes/<No>)? Yes Enter a layer name for the Inside segments <0>: press Enter Specify layer names for Outside segments (Yes/<No>)? Yes Enter a layer name for the Outside segments <0>: Final Chapter 5. Edit Menu 208 Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Break Keyboard Command: clipline Prerequisite: A closed polyline Break Polyline at Specied Distances This command allows you to pick a polyline and break it at a specied distances along the polyline. Following the prompts below, the beginning of the polyline in the illustration was broken into three 55-foot segments. Prompts Select polyline to break: select polyline Total Distance: 779.429 This is the length of the polyline reported. Distance Along Polyline For Break: 55.0 Distance Along Polyline For Break (Enter to end): 110 Distance Along Polyline For Break (Enter to end): 165 Distance Along Polyline For Break (Enter to end): press Enter 3 polyline breaks created. Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Break Keyboard Command: breakpl Prerequisite: A polyline Break at Intersection This command will break a line, arc or polyline at the intersection of another line, arc or polyline. In many cases this command is used in conjunction with the Area by Lines & Arcs command. In order to get the correct area of a gure, it is often necessary to break it from adjoining lines. Prompts Select Line, Arc, or Polyline to Break Select object: select object to break Chapter 5. Edit Menu 209 [int on] Pick Intersection to break at: pick intersection point Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Break Keyboard Command: breakat Break, Select Object, 2nd Point > This command allows you to break an object by selecting theobject, then the second break point. The rst break point is the point whereyou select the object. Prompts 1 Select object: selectentity to break 2 Specify second break point or[First point]: select second break point Break, Select Object, Two Points This command allows you to break an object by selecting theobject, then two points. First select the object, then the program will promptyou to select two points that dene where the object will be broken. Prompts 1 Select object: selectentity to break 2 Specify second break point or[First point]: First 3 Specify rst break point: pick rst point 4 Specify second break point: pick second point Break, At Selected Point This command allows you to break an object by selecting the object. Only one pick is necessary since TakeOff both selects the object and treats the selection point as the break point. Prompts 1 Select object: select entity to break Select an object to break Prerequisite: None Keyboard Command: BREAK Change Properties This command allows you to change certain properties of existing objects. Chapter 5. Edit Menu 210 1 In the Change Properties dialog box, you must choose the properties to modify. Color: This option allows you to change the color of the object. Layer: This option allows you to change the layer of the object. Linetype: This option allows you to change the linetype of the object. Linetype Scale: This option species the linetype scale factor for the new linetype. Thickness: This option species the distance to extrude the object above or below its elevation. Note: The Properties command allows you to modify entity specic properties such as the radius of a circle or the height of a text entity. Prerequisite: None Keyboard Command: DDCHPROP Change Elevations This command will change the elevation of selected entities. It can move the entity to a specied elevation from its current elevation (absolute) or do a differential change by adding or subtracting a value from its current elevation. If Carlson points are selected, their attribute text and z axis coordinate are changed. Prompts Ignore zero elevations (<Yes>/No)? press Enter If you answer No, then entities with elevation 0 will be changed. [A]bsolute or [D]ifferential Change <A>: A Elevation to change to: 125 By using the Absolute option all entities selected are changed to the elevation 125. Select Entities for elevation change. Select objects: C First corner: pick a point Other corner: pick a point Select objects: press Enter If Carlson points are selected, the command warns: This command DOES NOT change the elevations in the Coordinate le! Use Coordinate File Utilities menu option F to update the le. Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Change Keyboard Command: chgelev Prerequisite: Something to change Chapter 5. Edit Menu 211 Change Attribute Style This command will globally change the text style of attributes on the drawing. This can be very useful if all the label styles (such as the point symbol attribute labels) on a drawing must be changed to accommodate a different plotting specication. The default STYLE used for the point symbol attributes is PTXT. Under Existing Style, select the style that is currently applied to the attributes you want to change. If you are unsure of the existing text style, select the Pick Attr button, then pick an existing attribute on the screen. When the dialog returns, the text style applied to that attribute will be selected in the list. Select the New Style that you want to apply to the attributes. Enter a New Height for the attributes. An entry of zero (0) will not modify the existing height. Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Change Keyboard Command: chgattr Prerequisite: You may want to use the LIST command to check the current Text size. Change Style This command will globally change the style and height of text on the drawing. This can be very useful if all the text sizes on a drawing must be changed to accommodate a different plotting scale. Under Existing Style, select the style that is currently applied to the text you want to change. If you are unsure of the existing text style, select the Pick TEXT button, then pick an existing text entity on the screen. When the dialog returns, the text style applied to that text entity will be selected in the list. Select the New Style that you want to apply to the text. Enter a New Height for the text. An entry of zero (0) will not modify the existing height. Chapter 5. Edit Menu 212 Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Change Keyboard Command: chgstyl Prerequisite: Text entities Change Colors This command is designed to change the original color of existing entities in the drawing to a different color. This is done using the Change Colors dialog. You must match up the original colors of original entities to the preferred colors that they will change to. These ''destination colors'' are directly to the right of the original colors in the dialog (on the same row). You then click OK and select the specic entities on-screen that you want changed. This routine changes all entities in the drawing that you have chosen and that have an original color that has been changed. Do your dialog box color selections and matching up rst, followed by OK. Then select the entities. Prompts Change Colors dialog Create your color change schemes and click OK. Select entities to change colors. Select objects: select entities Chapter 5. Edit Menu 213 Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Change Keyboard Command: chgcolor Prerequisite: Entities whose colors are to be changed Change Block/Inserts Rotate This is a command to set the angle of blocks by various methods. This command optionally can change the rotation of a block by twist screen angle, azimuth, entity segment or by follow polyline. It will work with Carlson point symbol blocks, or any block. For example, you may receive a drawing from another rm, insert it in, and then want to change the rotation. Prompts Twist by [<Twist screen>/Azimuth/Entity segment/Follow polyline]? press Enter Enter angle relative to current twist screen <0.0>: 30 Select Symbols to Rotate. pick symbol Select objects: 1 found Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Change > Block/Inserts Keyboard Command: TWISTSYM Prerequisite: None Change Block/Inserts Substitute This command is used to replace selected block(s) with a different block. The command optionally can change the size and rotation angle. This command will work with Carlson point symbol blocks, or any block. For example, you may receive a drawing from another rm and want to replace certain inserts with inserts of your own specication. In the dialog shown, we are replacing the block named NASTAR with a block named COHNORTH, which will be inserted at 50 scale and zero rotation. Chapter 5. Edit Menu 214 Existing Block: Select the block name to be replaced. If the block name is unknown, choose the Select from Screen button, then select the block from the current drawing. Replace With: Select the block that will replace the existing block. You may choose from the list of dened blocks, select an existing block from the current drawing, choose a point symbol from the standard Carlson point library, or select a drawing le. Retain Size and Rotation: When checked, the new block will retain the size and rotation values from the old block. New Size: Available if Retain Size and Rotation is not checked. Enter the size for the new block. New Rotation Angle: Available if Retain Size and Rotation is not checked. Enter the rotation angle for the new block. Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Change > Block/Inserts Keyboard Command: chgblk Prerequisite: None Change Block/Inserts Resize This command resizes blocks inserts while maintaining their insertion position. When prompted to select objects, choose the inserts to resize. Note that this routine does not rescale attributes that may be associated with the selected inserts. Prompts Scaling Multiplier <0.5>: Enter the size scale factor. Select symbols and blocks to scale. Select objects: select entities Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Change > Block/Inserts Keyboard Command: sizeblk Prerequisite: block/inserts in drawing Pivot Point Rotate by Bearing This command allows you to rotate the selected entities from the drawing. The rotation angle is dened by the difference between a reference line and an entered bearing or azimuth. The reference line is dened by two points that can be picked on the screen or entered by point number. Prompts Select entities to rotate. Select objects: select the entities Base pivot point ? Pick point or point number: 2 The program then reads the coordinate value for pt#2 from the current CRD le. Reference Bearing point ? Pick point or point number: pick a point Reference Bearing N 44d31'1'' E The program then displays the reference bearing dened by the two points selected. Azimuth/<Bearing (Qdd.mmss)>: 245.3030 Enter an A to input an Azimuth or enter the bearing. The above response is a bearing of South 45 degrees, 30 minutes, and 30 seconds East. The program then rotates the database to the new bearing. If Carlson Points are selected the program warns: This command DOES NOT change the coordinates in the CooRDinate le! Use CooRDinate File Utilities menu, Update CRD from Drawing. Chapter 5. Edit Menu 215 This warning applies if the points entities are not linked to the CRD le. This link option is set in the Congure command. Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Rotate Keyboard Command: brot Prerequisite: None Rotate by Pick This command allows you to move objects about a base point using a point as a rotation reference. Prompts 1 Select objects: pick entities 2 Specify base point: pick point on screen as reference 3 Specify rotation angle or [Reference]: rotate to desired location Prerequisite: None Keyboard Command: ROTATE Entity Insertion Point Rotate This command allows you to rotate the selected entities where the rotation pivot point for each entity is the insertion point of the entity. The rotation angle will follow one of the following alignments: Twist screen, Azimuth, Entity Segment, Follow or Pick. This routine processes TEXT, MTEXT and INSERT entities only. Prompts Rotate by [<Twist screen>/Azimuth/Entity segment/Follow/Pick]? F Select polyline to follow: pick a polyline Select Entities to Rotate. Select objects: pick entities to rotate Flip text for twist screen [Yes/<No>]? Y Rotating .... Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Rotate Keyboard Command: ss twist Prerequisite: Entities to rotate 2D Scale This command will scale selected entities using a specied scale factor and base point. This 2D Scale method differs from the 3D Scale method in that it only scales the entities in the x,y coordinates and does not change the elevations of the entities. A case for using 2D Scale is when the x,y coordinates are in architectural units of inches and the elevation is in feet and you want to convert the x,y coordinates to feet. When the entities are at zero elevation, then 2D Scale makes no difference and it is better to use 3D Scale because it is faster. Chapter 5. Edit Menu 216 In the dialog shown here, you have the ability to determine what is scaled: the entire drawing or a selection set. If you choose Select Objects, you will be prompted to select the entities to scale after clicking the OK button. The Base Point acts as the center of the scaling operation and remains stationary. The base point you specify identies the point that remains in the same location as the selected objects change size. There are two methods for scaling entities: by Units Conversion or by a Customized Scale Factor. The dialog above shows one application of this routine, converting a drawing from architectural (Inches) to decimal units (US Feet) when the architectural units have the drawing x,y coordinates in inches and the elevations in feet. In this case, 2D Scale can be used to apply a 1/12 scale factor (0.08333333) to convert the inches to feet for the x,y coordinates and leave the elevations unchanged. If the scale you want to apply is not a standard conversion, a manual scale can be entered by checking on the Use Customized Scale Factor checkbox. A scale factor greater than 1 enlarges the object. A scale factor between 0 and 1 shrinks the object. To scale a drawing by a known distance on the plan (which is often the case when working with PDF imports) select the Screen Pick button. This will prompt you to pick the beginning and ending points along a known distance (like the bar scale above). The program will then report the current distance of the segment (in this example 40.073) and allow you to enter in the desired distance (which is 40 in this case). The program will then calculate the proper Scale Factor to apply to the selection set. Chapter 5. Edit Menu 217 Select entities to scale. FILter/<Select entities>: Select the entities whose size should change and press Enter to complete the selection process. Pulldown Menu Location(s): Edit Scale Keyboard Command: scscale Prerequisite: None Scale This command allows you to enlarge or reduce selected objects equally in the X, Y, and Z directions. Prompts 1 Select objects: pick entities 2 Specify base point: pick point on screen as reference 3 Specify scale factor or [Reference]: scale to desired size Prerequisite: None Keyboard Command: SC Edit Text This command allows you to edit text and attribute labels. 1 Select Text to Edit: select the text You can modify text in provided text eld. Prerequisite: Text Keyboard Command: EDITXT Text Enlarge/Reduce This command will scale text entities up or down in size. The routine prompts for a scale multiplier and a selection set of text objects. If you want to enlarge the text enter a value greater than one. If you want to reduce text enter a decimal fraction such as .5. This would reduce the text size by 50%. This command is very useful if you have set up Chapter 5. Edit Menu 218 your drawing for one plotting scale and decide to change to a new plotting scale. The Change Text Size command can alternatively be used to set the text size to a specic value. Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Text Prerequisite: Text entities to be changed Keyboard Command: txtenl Rotate Text This command sets the rotation of the selected text to the current twist screen, an entered azimuth, or to align with a line or polyline. The text keeps the same insertion point and justication. The Twist Screen option sets the text rotation to align horizontal with the current twist screen. With the Azimuth option you can enter the angle or pick two points to dene the text rotation. The Entity segment aligns the text with a selected line or polyline segment. The Follow option aligns the text with the closest polyline segment. Prompts Rotate by (<Twist Screen>/Azimuth/Entity segment/Follow/Pick)? press Enter Enter angle relative to current twist screen <0.0>: 23 Select Text to rotate. Select objects: select the text Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Text Keyboard Command: twisttxt Prerequisite: Text Move Text with Leader This command moves an existing text entity and creates a leader from a picked point to the new text location. The routine keeps track of the original text location and has an option to restore the text to the original without the leader. To use the Restore function, type R at the Command prompt. Also, to access the options for this command, type O for Options at the Command prompt. Prompts Select Label to Move (O for Options,R for Restore): pick any text entity Pick start point for leader: pick the point where to draw the leader arrowhead Pick end point for move: pick the end of the leader where to move the text Select Label to Move (O for Options,R for Restore): O When Options is chosen the ''Move Text With Leader Options'' dialog allows the user to customizer the leader and label drawing settings: Chapter 5. Edit Menu 219 Minimum Leader Length Scaler: If the distance of the move is less than this value, a leader will not be drawn. Draw Horizontal Leader Tick: When checked, a horizontal leader tick will be drawn from the end of the leader towards the annotation. Leader Offset Scaler: This is used to set the distance from the end of the leader and the annotation. Use Separate Leader Layer: This allows the user to place the leader on a separate layer from the annotation. Keep Label Alignment: This option keeps the original text angle. Otherwise the leadered text is orientated horizontally to the current twist screen. NOTE: The leader scaler units (Minimum Leader Length Scaler and Leader Offset Scaler) are multiplied by the current horizontal scale value which is set under Drawings Setup. Select Label to Move (O for Options,R for Restore): R Select Label to Restore: pick a text that had been moved with the ''Move with Leader'' command previously. The selected label will be restored to its previous state. Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Text Keyboard Command: movetext Prerequisite: Text entity to move. Change Text Font This command can change multiple text entities to a user specied style. The routine prompts for a selection set of TEXT and/or MTEXT objects. Once the selection is made, the Select Style dialog appears. You can then select a text Style Name, such as MONO or ROMANS, that you would like to change to. Click OK. To the right on Style Name, you can enter a style name that does not exist. If you do, it will be created for you using the font with the same name. Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Text Keyboard Command: chgtxtstyle Prerequisite: Text entities to be changed Chapter 5. Edit Menu 220 Change Text Size This command will change the size of the selected text objects to the user specied size. The Text Enlarge/Reduce command also changes text size. The difference is that this routine sets the text to an absolute size whereas Text Enlarge/Reduce scales, or relatively changes, the text size. Prompts Select the text to size. Select objects: select the text Enter new text size: enter value Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Text Keyboard Command: chgtxtsize Prerequisite: Text entities to be changed Change Text Width This command changes the width of the selected text entities, after a new width factor is entered. The insertion point of each text entity is maintained as the routine lengthens or shortens the text. Effect of different width factors on the same text line Prompts Select the text to change. Select objects: select text entities Enter new width factor <1.0>: enter new width factor Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Text Keyboard Command: chgtxtwidth Prerequisite: Text entities to be changed Change Text Oblique Angle This command allows you to change the text oblique angle on existing text in the drawing. The oblique angle for a specic text style is dened during the creation of the style. The default value for the oblique angle for text styles is 0 until dened to another value by the user. When changing the oblique angle, a minus (-) sign in front of the Chapter 5. Edit Menu 221 angle indicates a backward slant and a positive value results in a forward slant. Remember that the reference base point for the oblique change is always 0 degree. This means that if an existing text string has an oblique angle of 20, changing the oblique angle to 25 will not add 25 degrees to the existing 20 degree oblique resulting in a text oblique angle of 45 degrees, but rather a 25 degree oblique will be established by referencing 0 oblique as the base, and then slanting the text to 25 degrees. This works the same for slanting text backward as well as forward. Below is an example showing original text created with the default oblique angle of zero, then changed to a backward slant of 20 and a forward slant of 25 degrees. Prompts Select the text to change. Select objects: Select text to change oblique angle on. Note that one or more text strings can be selected. When all desired text has been selected, press Enter. Enter new oblique angle <0.0>: Enter the desired oblique angle. Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Text Prerequisite: Text entities to be changed Keyboard Command: chgtxtoblique Flip Text This command will change the alignment of text entities by 180 degrees. Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Text Keyboard Command: iptext Prerequisite: Text entities to be changed Split Text into Two Lines This tool allows you to break a single line of TEXT into two separate lines. First, select the text string you would like to break. The Text Break dialog then appears. Initially, the slider is all the way to the right. Begin dragging it toward the left until it reaches the point where the split is at the desired position. Then choose OK to complete the break operation. Chapter 5. Edit Menu 222 Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Text Keyboard Command: txtbrk Prerequisite: Text entity to break Text Explode To Polylines This command converts the selected text into polylines. This function is generally used when preparing a plan view le for machine control, before using the Write Polyline File command. Prompts Select text to be EXPLODED. Select objects: select the text Substitute With Simple Font [<Yes>/No]? Y 1 text object(s) have been exploded to lines. The line objects have been placed on layer 0. Reading the selection set ... Joining ... Converting ... Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Text Keyboard Command: textexp Prerequisite: Text Add Prex/Sufx To Text This command simply adds a prex and/or sufx to the selected text entities. The strings to add are specied in a dialog. Then you select the text entities to update. Prompts Chapter 5. Edit Menu 223 Add Prex/Sufx To Text dialog Select text to process. Select objects: pick the text entities Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Text Prerequisite: Text entities to be changed Keyboard Command: txtwrap Remove Spaces From Text This command removes leading and/or trailing spaces from the selected text entities. Prompts Trim all spaces from text on [Right/Left/<Both>]: press Enter Select text to process. Select objects: pick the text entities to process Trimmed spaces from 1 text entities. Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Text Keyboard Command: txtrmspace Prerequisite: Text entities Line Up Text This command lines up the selected text entities along either a horizontal or vertical line position. Before and after Line Up Text Prompts Line up text on [Horizontal/<Vertical>]: press Enter for Vertical Pick vertical position: pick a point Select text to process. Select objects: select the text to process Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Text Keyboard Command: txtlineup Prerequisite: Text Join Text Entities This command combines two text entities by appending the second text to the rst. The Words join method puts a space between each text. The Letter join method appends without a space. Prompts Chapter 5. Edit Menu 224 Select rst text line: pick a text entity Select text to add to rst text line: pick a text entity Join type as [Words/<Letters>]: press Enter Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Text Keyboard Command: txtjoin Prerequisite: Text entities Replace Text This command will replace one text string with another. For example, if the text LEGEL is on a drawing, you could use this command to replace it with LEGAL. In AutoCAD 2000 and later, the command Find and Replace Text includes more options, including replacing partial strings and searching attributes and MTEXT. Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Text Keyboard Command: chgtext Prerequisite: Text entities to be changed 2D Align This command will align (translate, rotate and scale) the selected objects using two pairs of source and destination control points. The difference between the rst source point and rst destination point determines the translation amount. The difference between the angle and distance from the rst and second source points compared to the angle and distance from the rst and second destination points determines the rotation and scale. The scale part of the alignment is optional. This 2D Align function is the same as the standard Align function except that this 2D Align function does not use elevations so that the alignment is always in 2D. The control points can be screen picked or entered by point numbers. Before and after 2D Align Chapter 5. Edit Menu 225 Prompts Select entities to align. Select objects: pick entities to process First Source Point? Pick point or point number: pick point 84 First Destination Point? Pick point or point number: pick point 18 Second Source Point? Pick point or point number: pick point 85 Second Destination Point? Pick point or point number: pick point 19 Scale factor: 1.00434258 Scale objects based on alignment points [Yes/<No>]? Y This command DOES NOT change the coordinates in the CooRDinate le! Use Coordinate File Utilities menu, Update CRD File from Drawing. Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Align Keyboard Command: scalign Prerequisite: None Standard Align Aligns objects with other objects in 2D and 3D You use ALIGN to move, rotate, or scale objects into alignment with other objects. Add source points to the objects you want to align, and add destination points to the objects to which you want the source objects to align. You can add up to three pairs of source and destination points to align an object. The rst set of source and destination points denes the base point for the alignment. The second set of points denes the angle of rotation. When you select three point pairs, you can move and rotate the selected objects in 3D to align with other objects. If you use two source and destination points to perform a 3D alignment on nonperpendicular working planes, you get unpredictable results. After you enter the points, Takeoff prompts you to scale the object. The program uses the distance between the rst and second destination points as the reference length to which the object is scaled. Scaling is available only when you are aligning objects using two point pairs. Prompts Chapter 5. Edit Menu 226 1 Specify rst source point: pick point 2 Specify rst desitination point: pick point 3 Specify second source point: pick point 4 Specify second desitination point: pick point 5 Specify third source point or <continue>: Press Enter 6 Scale objects based on alignment points? [Yes/No] <N>: Press Enter Prerequisite: None Keyboard Command: ALIGN Fillet This command allows you to round and llet the edges of objects. You can enter a radius for rounding (default radius is 0). You can also trim an object that extends beyond the intersection. FILLET rounds or llets the edges of two arcs, circles, elliptical arcs, lines, polylines, rays, splines, or xlines with an arc of a specied radius. FILLET trims the intersecting lines to the endpoints of the llet arc. If the selected lines do not intersect, Carlson Survey extends or trims them so that they do. FILLET also rounds or llets the edges of 3D solids. If both objects you want to llet are on the same layer, the program creates the llet line on that layer. Otherwise, the program creates the llet line on the current layer. The same is true for the llet color, lineweight, and linetype. You can llet line segments of a polyline that are adjacent, nonadjacent, intersecting, or separated by one segment. If they are nonadjacent, the polyline segments are extended to accommodate the llet. If they are intersecting, the polyline segments are trimmed to accommodate the llet. To create a llet, the polyline segments must converge within the drawing limits when limits checking is on. The result is a single polyline that includes the llet as an arc segment. All the properties of this new polyline, such as its layer, color, and linetype, are inherited from the rst polyline selected. Filleting an associative hatch whose boundary is dened by lines removes hatch associativity. Carlson Survey maintains associativity when the boundary is a polyline. Prompts 1 Select rst object or [Polyline/Radius/Trim]: select entity 2 Select second object: select entity Menu Location: Edit Prerequisite: None Keyboard Command: FILLET Chapter 5. Edit Menu 227 Mirror This command allows you to create a mirror image copy of objects. The two specied points become the endpoints of a line about which the selected objects are reected. In 3D, this line orients a mirroring plane perpendicular to the XY plane of the user coordinate system (UCS) containing the mirror line. Prompts 1 Select Objects: select objects to be mirrored 2 Specify rst point of mirror line: pick point 3 Specify second point of mirror line: pick point 4 Delete source objects? [Yes/No] <No>: Press Enter Menu Location: Edit Prerequisite: None Keyboard Command: MIRROR Properties Manager Carlson Survey displays the Properties window. The Properties window is the main method for viewing and modi- fying properties of AutoCAD objects. There are some general properties common to all objects. These include Color, Layer, Linetype, Linetype Scale, Plot Style, Plot Style Table, Lineweight, and Thickness. All other object properties are specic to the type of entity. In the example below, a line has been selected. In addition to the properties mentioned above, you may modify the X, Y, and Z coordinate for each endpoint. Notice that you may not directly modify the delta, length or angle. These are read-only properties. Obviously, modifying either end point will cause these values to change. The Properties window can be docked in the drawing area. Right-click the Properties window and choose Allow Docking or Hide to undock or hide it. You can enter commands and work in Carlson Survey while the Properties window is open. Chapter 5. Edit Menu 228 When you select an object in the drawing area, the Properties window displays the properties of that object. If you select multiple objects, the Properties window displays all the properties they have in common. Object properties are displayed either alphabetically or by category, depending on the tab you choose. To modify properties using the Properties window select the object whose properties you want to change and use one of the following methods: Enter a new value Select a value from a list Change the property value in a dialog box Use the Pick Point button to change a coordinate value The Select Objects button in the Properties window provides access to the full complement of selection methods, such as Fence and Crossing Polygon, from the Command prompt. You choose Select Objects, select the desired objects using any selection method, and press ENTER. The properties common to the selected objects are displayed in the Properties window. You can then modify the properties of the selected objects in the Properties window or you can make other changes to the selected objects by entering an editing command. In the next example, 3 circles have been selected. Each circle has a different radius, color and linetype. Notice that these three elds do not show a default value. Remember, when multiple objects are selected, only their common properties are shown. This last illustration shows how the properties window can be docked inside the main application window Chapter 5. Edit Menu 229 Menu Location: None Prerequisite: None Keyboard Command: Properties Entities to Polylines This command converts selected lines, arcs, circles, 3DFaces, ellipses, splines, multilines, regions and solids into individual polylines. Use Join Nearest to convert adjoining lines and arcs into continuous polylines. Prompts Select lines, arcs, circles, 3DFaces, ellipses, splines, multilines, regions and solids to convert. Select objects: select entities Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Polyline Utilities Keyboard Command: topline Prerequisite: lines, arcs or other entities to convert Reverse Polyline This command reverses the order of the line and/or arc segments of a POLYLINE. This can be useful in conjunction with the commands Station Polyline, MXS by Polyline, Prole from Surface Model or CL File from Polyline, since the polyline must be plotted in the direction of increasing stations. If it is more convenient to draft a polyline in one direction do so and then use the Reverse Polyline command to change its order. Temporary arrows along the polyline are drawn to graphically show the new polyline direction. Chapter 5. Edit Menu 230 Prompts Select the Polyline to Reverse: pick a point on polyline Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Polyline Utilities Keyboard Command: revpline Prerequisite: A polyline Reduce Polyline Vertices This command removes points from a polyline, without signicantly changing the polyline. The offset cutoff is the maximum amount that the polyline can move horizontally and vertically when removing a point. For example, in a polyline with three points in a straight line, the middle point can be removed without changing the polyline. This command is explained further in the Triangulate & Contour command. Prompts Enter the offset cutoff <0.1>: .5 Select polylines to reduce. Select objects: pick polylines Processed polylines: 1 Total number of vertices: 10 Number of vertices removed: 1 Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Polyline Utilities Keyboard Command: reduce Prerequisite: A polyline Densify Polyline Vertices This command adds vertices to the selected polylines at the specied interval. These points are interpolated between existing points in the polyline. This command is the opposite of Reduce Polyline Vertices. Prompts Select polylines to densify. Select objects: select polylines Point interval <10.0>: press Enter Testing Entity> 1 Added 17 points to 1 polyline. Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Polyline Utilities Keyboard Command: densepl Chapter 5. Edit Menu 231 Prerequisite: A polyline Smooth Polyline This command smooths the selected polylines using a modied Bezier method that makes the smooth polyline pass through all the original points and only smooths between the original points. The looping factor controls smoothing amount. A higher factor gives more looping. This command is explained further in the Surface menu section. Prompts Enter the looping factor (1-10) <5>: 7 Enter the offset cutoff <0.05>: press Enter This is the same reducing lter described above. Select polylines to smooth. Select objects: pick polylines Smoothed 1 PolyLines Total original vertices: 9 Total nal vertices: 50 Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Polyline Utilities Keyboard Command: smoothpl Prerequisite: A polyline Draw Polyline Blips This command will draw temporary markers, ''blips'', at each polyline vertex. This allows you to identify the actual location of each vertex. The Blips are temporary. Any change to the viewport (pan, zoom, regen) will make the blips disappear. In later versions of AutoCAD, you can also click on the polyline to activate the grips which will remain visible during and after viewport changes. Chapter 5. Edit Menu 232 Prompts Select polylines to draw blips. Select objects: select polyline(s) Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Polyline Utilities Keyboard Command: plblip Prerequisite: A polyline Add Intersection Points This command adds points into lines or polylines where there are intersections. This can be useful for other com- mands such as Auto-Annotate. For example in the drawing shown, Add Intersection Points adds points to the bound- ary polyline where the lot lines intersect. Then Auto Annotate for the boundary polyline will label the boundary distance along each lot. This routine does not add intersection points on arcs. Prompts Select lines and polylines to check. Select objects: pick lines or polylines Reading the selection set ... Adding intersection points ... Added 3 intersection points. Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Polyline Utilities > Edit Polyline Keyboard Command: addint Prerequisite: Polylines or lines Chapter 5. Edit Menu 233 Add Polyline Vertex This command adds points into a polyline. First you select the polyline to modify. The existing polyline vertices are marked and then you can pick or enter the coordinates for the new point(s). A new point is inserted into the polyline at the nearest polyline segment. On a 3D polyline, the elevation of the new vertex will be calculated for you. You can continue to pick points to add. Press Enter when you are done. Prompts Select polyline to add to: pick a polyline Pick or enter point to add: pick a point Select polyline to add to: press Enter to end Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Polyline Utilities > Edit Polyline Keyboard Command: addpl Prerequisite: A polyline Add Polyline Arcs This command replaces a series of short chord line segments in a polyline with an arc segment. This applies where you want to have a true arc instead of a series of line segments. In some cases, the CAD drafting has the arcs drawn as a series of short chords. Another application is to create an arc out of a series of connected survey points along the curve. The routine works by searching for a series of polyline vertices that t within the specied tolerance with a best t curve. The options dialog allows you to set the layer for the new polylines. Otherwise the original polyline layer is used. There is an option whether to keep or erase the original polylines. The Snap Tolerance is the maximum offset allowed between the original points and the arc. Prompts Add Arcs to Polylines dialog Select polylines to process. Select entities: pick the polylines Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Polyline Utilities > Edit Polyline Keyboard Command: addplarc Prerequisite: polyline Chapter 5. Edit Menu 234 Add Point by Two Slopes This command inserts a vertex into a 3D Polyline between two points based on the slopes specied for these two points on polyline. Prompts Select polyline to process: select a polyline Select rst point on polyline: select a point on polyline Enter percent slope from rst point: -1.0 Select second point on polyline: select a second point on polyline Enter percent slope from second point: -1.0 Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > 3D Polyline Utilities Keyboard Command: plzslopes Prerequisite: 3D Polylines Edit Polyline Vertex This tool allows you to make changes in the coordinates of vertices on all polyline types. Upon execution, you will be asked to select a polyline to edit. Upon selection, a temporary marker will be placed at all of the vertices of the polyline, making them easy to distinguish. You must then pick near the vertex you wish to edit. The following dialog appears. At the top of the dialog it identies the type of polyline as being 2D or 3D. In the case of 2D polylines, it allows you convert the polyline. You have the ability to type in new northing, easting or elevation values. You can also determine the 3D coordinate position by using distances and slope to/from adjacent points. As you change the values in the dialog, new values for derivatives are being calculated. For example, if you change the horizontal distances, the coordinates will change. Chapter 5. Edit Menu 235 Prompts Select polyline to edit: pick a polyline Pick point on polyline to edit: pick a point to be modied Edit Polyline Vertex dialog click ''Pick Position'' Pick vertex position: pick a new location for the vertex Edit Polyline Vertex dialog click OK Make changes as needed. You will see the polyline vertices relocated based upon the new picked positions and coordinate changes. Use Previous and Next to move along the polyline. Note the dialog values changing. Select polyline to edit (Enter to end): press Enter to end Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Polyline Utilities Keyboard Command: editpl Prerequisite: A polyline Edit Polyline Section This command revises a segment of a polyline. Begin by picking a point on the polyline where you want to start editing. Then pick new points for the polyline. When nished picking new points press Enter, and then pick a point on the polyline to connect with the new points. The polyline segment between the start and end points is then replaced with the new points. Prompts Select polyline to edit: pick the polyline at the place to start editing Pick intermediate point (Enter to End): pick a point Pick intermediate point ('U' to Undo, Enter to End): pick a point Pick intermediate point ('U' to Undo, Enter to End): press Enter Pick reconnection point on polyline: pick the polyline at the place to join Chapter 5. Edit Menu 236 Edit this contour by picking new points Contour with segment replaced with new points Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Polyline Utilities > Edit Polyline Keyboard Command: editpl2 Prerequisite: Polylines Remove Duplicate Polylines This command analyzes the selected polylines and erases any duplicate polylines found. They must be exactly the same for one to be deleted. Prompts Select lines, arcs and polylines to process. Select objects: select linework to process Reading the selection set ... Removed 1 duplicate linework entities. Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Polyline Utilities > Remove Polyline Keyboard Command: rmduplwork Prerequisite: Polylines that have duplicates Remove Polyline Arcs This command replaces arc segments in polylines with chords. Removing arcs is a prerequisite to some Carlson commands that don't handle arcs, such as Break by Closed Polyline and Make 3D Grid File. This process can add many vertices to the polyline. The Offset cutoff is the maximum any point on the arc will be allowed to shift. Prompts Chapter 5. Edit Menu 237 Select polylines to remove arcs from. Select objects: pick polylines Offset cutoff <0.5>: press Enter Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Polyline Utilities > Remove Polyline Keyboard Command: rmarc Prerequisite: polyline with arcs Remove Polyline Segment This command removes the user specied segment from a polyline. A polyline segment is the section between two vertices of the polyline. There are two options for removing the segment. Either the two vertices of the removed segments are averaged together to keep polyline continuous, or the segment is left missing in the polyline, which creates two separate polylines. The keywords Continuous and Break respectively identify these two options. The rst image is of the Original Polyline. The second is with the Continuous Removal option. The third is using the Break Removal option. Prompts Break polyline at removal or keep continuous (Break/<Continuous>)? press Enter Select polyline segment to remove: pick point on polyline Select polyline segment to remove: press Enter to end Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Polyline Utilities > Remove Polyline Keyboard Command: removepl Prerequisite: A polyline Remove Polyline Vertex This command removes vertices from a polyline. First you select the polyline to modify. The existing polyline vertices are marked and then you pick near the vertex you wish to delete. You can continue to pick vertices to delete, Chapter 5. Edit Menu 238 press Enter when you are done. Prompts Select polyline to remove from: pick point on polyline Pick point to remove: pick point Pick point to remove (Enter to end): press Enter to end Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Polyline Utilities > Remove Polyline Keyboard Command: rmvertex Prerequisite: A polyline Create Polyline ID Labels This command labels the selected polylines with either the entity ''Handle'', which can be seen with a list, or with unique text numbers, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, etc.. When using the Text option, the following window appears to choose the text settings. Prompts Chapter 5. Edit Menu 239 Select Polylines to label. Select objects: pick polyline Label polylines by Text or Handles [Handles/<Text>]? press Enter Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Polyline Utilities Keyboard Command: label polys Prerequisite: A polyline Change Polyline Width This command sets the width of the selected polylines. In later versions of AutoCAD, the command PEDIT can also modify the width of multiple polylines. Prompts New width <1.0>: 2 Select Polylines/Contours to change width of: Select objects: pick polylines Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Polyline Utilities > Edit Polyline Keyboard Command: cwidth Prerequisite: A polyline Set Polyline Origin This command sets the starting vertex of a closed polyline. Simply pick the polyline and then pick near the point to set as the starting point. Prompts Select Polyline: pick a polyline Pick Near New Origin Point: pick a point on the polyline to be the starting point Processing ... Select Polyline: press Enter Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Polyline Utilities > Edit Polyline Keyboard Command: plchgorg Prerequisite: A closed polyline Remove Polyline Arcs This command replaces arc segments in polylines with chords. Removing arcs is a prerequisite to some Carlson commands that don't handle arcs, such as Break by Closed Polyline and Make 3D Grid File. This process can add many vertices to the polyline. The Offset cutoff is the maximum any point on the arc will be allowed to shift. Prompts Select polylines to remove arcs from. Select objects: pick polylines Offset cutoff <0.5>: press Enter Chapter 5. Edit Menu 240 Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Polyline Utilities > Remove Polyline Keyboard Command: rmarc Prerequisite: polyline with arcs Change Polyline Elevation This command changes the elevations of polylines and can be used to set the elevations of contour polylines. The routine begins at a specied elevation and prompts for a selection set of polylines to set to the elevation. Then the routine repeats using the last elevation plus the elevation increment. Enter an empty selection set to exit the routine. Prompts Starting elevation <0.0>: 500.0 Contour interval (negative for down) <1.0>: 5.0 Select polylines to set to elevation 500.0. Select objects: pick the polylines Select polylines to set to elevation 505.0. Select objects: pick the polylines Select polylines to set to elevation 510.0. Select objects: Press Enter Keyboard Command: setcelev Prerequisite: polylines Check Elevation Range This command analyzes a selection set of polylines, and highlights the ones that fall outside of a specied elevation range. There is an option to set the polylines that are outside of the range to zero. Every polyline vertex that is outside of the range will be highlighted with an X. Prompts Enter elevation range minimum: 0 Enter elevation range maximum: 4900 Select polylines to check. Select objects: pick polylines to process Found 1 polylines outside of elevation range. Set polylines outside elevation range to zero elevation [Yes/<No>]? N Chapter 5. Edit Menu 241 Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Polyline Utilities Keyboard Command: checkpl Prerequisite: Polylines with elevations Highlight Non-Tangent Polylines This command highlights selected polylines that have non-tangent lineworks. For every non-tangent polyline, an arrow is pointed to the rst non-tangent point, and the non-tangent angle and the coordinates of the point are reported at the command line. Prompts Select polylines to check. Select objects: 1 found Select objects: 1 found, 1 total Select objects: press Enter to end Polyline non-tangent by 3215'26'' at 1540.41,-182.05 Highlighted 1 non-tangent polylines. Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Polyline Utilities > Check Polylines Keyboard Command: highlight nontangent Prerequisite: Polylines Highlight Crossing Plines This command highlights selected polylines that are crossing in the drawing and have different elevations at the crossing. Every intersection point where the polylines cross are marked with a temporary X. A report is provided at the end where the X and Y of the intersection points are displayed with the two Z values and the Z difference. The command has the ability to repair crossing polylines by inserting a vertex in each polyline at the intersection and assigning a common elevation at this intersection. Chapter 5. Edit Menu 242 Prompts Select polylines to check. Select objects: pick polylines to process Ignore zero elevations [<Yes>/No]? press Enter for Yes to lter out polylines at zero elevation Reading points ... 1677 Finding points on breaklines ... 19 crossing polylines are highlighted. Use Report Formatter [Yes/<No>]? press Enter for No. Use the Report Formatter to customize the report layout or export to Excel. Minimum delta Z to report <0.0>: 2 Add polyline vertices at intersections [Yes/<No>]? Y Set 3D polyline to crossing contour elev or average elevs [Set/<Average>]? press Enter for Average. The Set option applies to crossing polylines where one polyline is a 3D polyline with varying elevations and the other polyline is a contour polyline with a xed elevation. For this case, the Set method will hold the elevation of the contour polyline and set the 3D polyline elevation to match the contour. The Average method sets the elevation of Chapter 5. Edit Menu 243 the intersection point as the average of the crossing polyline elevations at that point. Maximum delta Z to average <1.0>: press Enter. This option will only add the intersection point with the averaged elevation if the elevation difference is less than this tolerance. Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Polyline Utilities Keyboard Command: xing plines Prerequisite: Polylines with elevations Highlight Unclosed Polylines This tool will evaluate polylines you select and highlight those that are open. It also provides options to close all or selected polylines from those found. First select all polylines to evaluate. The tool will then display those that are open in a highlighted appearance. You will be offered an option to close all or selected polylines. If you wish to close all the open polylines, choose the All option. If you choose the Selected option you will be prompted to pick which polylines you want to close. As you pick each polyline it will be closed. Prompts Select the polylines to check. Select objects: pick polylines to process Open polylines are highlighted. Close all or selected polylines [All/<Selected>]? S Pick polyline to close: press Enter to end or select polylines Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Polyline Utilities Keyboard Command: unclosed Prerequisite: A polyline Offset 3D Polyline This command allows you to offset a 3D polyline entity in both the horizontal and vertical directions. There are ve offset methods. The Interval method applies one horizontal and one vertical offset to all the vertices of the polyline. The Constant method has a horizontal offset and sets the elevation of the polyline to one constant eleva- tion. The Variable method allows you to specify each horizontal and vertical offset individually either by polyline segment or for each point. The vertical offset can be specied by actual vertical distance, percent slope or slope ratio. The surface method allows to offset/project a 3D polyline entity on to a surface (tin;t;grd) based on cut and ll outslope ratio. The multiple method allows multiple offsets of a 3D polyline with separate layers. User can add, insert and delete offsets rows and set individual layers. The option Progressive Offsets draws offsets progressively, i.e. successive offsets uses last drawn offset as base. Chapter 5. Edit Menu 244 Prompts Enter the offset method [<Interval>/Constant/Variable/Surface/Multiple]: press Enter Vertical/<Horizontal offset amount>: 15 Percent/Ratio/Vertical offset amount <0>: 10 Select a polyline to offset (Enter for none): select a 3D poly Select side to offset: pick a point Select a point on the graphics screen that is in the direction of the side of line to offset. Select a polyline to offset (Enter for none): press Enter Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > 3D Polyline Utilities Keyboard Command: offset3d Prerequisite: Plot the 3DPoly lines to use for selection. Fillet 3D Polyline This command llets two segments of a 3D polyline with the given radius. The standard FILLET command does not support 3D Polyline entities. Since 3D polylines cannot have arcs, this command draws the llet arc as a series of short chords. The elevations along the curve are interpolated from the 3D polyline. Prompts Fillet corner of a polyline or intersection of two polylines [<Corner>/Intersection]? press Enter Enter llet radius <10.00>: press Enter Select a corner point on polyline: pick 3D polyline near meeting point of two segments Select a corner point on polyline: pick 3D polyline near meeting point of two segments Chapter 5. Edit Menu 245 Select a corner point on polyline: press Enter (to end command) Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > 3D Polyline Utilities Keyboard Command: llet3d Prerequisite: 3D polyline Join 3D Polyline This command joins 3DPOLY entities into a single 3D polyline entity. Prompts Select the 3D polyline to join: pick a 3D polyline Select the other 3D polyline to join: pick a 3D polyline that has a common endpoint with the rst 3 segments added to the polyline. Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > 3D Polyline Utilities Keyboard Command: join3d Prerequisite: Plot the 3DPoly lines to use for selection Add Points At Elevation This command inserts vertices into a 3D Polyline at a specic elevation, or elevation interval, by interpolating between existing elevations in the polyline. Prompts Add single elevation or elevation interval [Single/<Interval>]? press Enter Enter Elevation Interval: 50 Select 3D polylines to process. pick 3D polyline(s) Select objects: 1 found Select objects: Processing polylines ... Added 10 points to polylines. Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > 3D Polyline Utilities Keyboard Command: addplz Prerequisite: 3D Polylines 3D Polyline by Slope on Surface This command creates a 3D polyline at a user-specied slope. The user picks the starting point and then the polyline continues along the surface at the slope until it reaches a point where the maximum slope at the point is less than the design slope. The surface is dened by a grid or TIN le which must be created before running this routine. Applications for this command include designing haul roads or ditches. Prompts Chapter 5. Edit Menu 246 Enter the polyline layer <SLOPE ROAD>: press Enter Select the Grid File dialog Reading row> 51 Extrapolate grid to full grid size (Yes/<No>)? Y Limiting length for polyline (Enter for none): Pick origin point of 3D polyline: pick a starting point Direction of 3D Polyline (<Up>/Down)? press EnterThe slope must go either uphill or downhill. Direction of 3D Polyline facing up slope (<Left>/Right)? R Imagine facing uphill. Do you want the polyline to go to the left or right? Enter the design slope: 10 This value is in percent slope. Pulldown Menu Location: 3D Data Keyboard Command: surfpl Prerequisite: Existing surface le Join Nearest This command joins lines, arcs and/or polylines together. While the PEDIT-Join command requires the endpoints to match, Join Nearest will allow you to join entities whose endpoints do not exactly meet. You specify the maximum separation distance to join, along with other options, in the dialog box shown below. Also you can join many entities at once. Chapter 5. Edit Menu 247 Max Separation to Join: Entities whose endpoints are spaced apart greater than this value will not be joined. You may use the pick button to specify this value by picking two points on the screen. Max Deection Angle (degrees): This option will not join any lines if the angle between them is greater than this angle in degrees. Connection Method: Determines how to connect the endpoints. See the illustration below. 1. Average Endpoints Together: New vertex will be located at midpoint between two original endpoints (see illustration below on left). 2. Directly Connect Endpoints: Original endpoints are connected with new segment (see the middle illustration below). 3. Fillet with Radius Zero: Same as the FILLET command using zero radius (see the illustration on right). Convert Lines and Arcs Into Polylines: When checked, automatically converts lines and arcs into polylines. If not checked, lines and arcs are joined but remain separate entities. Join Across Intersections: This option applies to cases where more than two linework endpoints come together such as a Y intersection. In these cases, there are multiple possible connections. When this option is on, the program will automatically choose one of the possible connections. Otherwise, the program will not connect any of them. Join Only Identical Widths: When checked, only polylines with the same width will be joined. Join Only Identical Layers: When checked, only entities on the same layer will be joined. Join Only Common Elevations: When checked, only endpoints located on the same elevation will be joined. Different Layer Prompt: When Join Only Identical Layers is off, then this option will prompt for which layer to use when it nds a connection between two different layer names. Different Elevation Prompt: When Join Only Common Elevations is off, then this option will prompt for which elevation to use when it nds a connection between two different elevations. Elevate Zero Elevations When Joined To Elevated: This option applies when joining a combination of linework at elevation and linework at zero elevation. When checked, zero elevation vertices will get assigned the elevations from connected neighboring vertices. Chapter 5. Edit Menu 248 Pulldown Menu Location: Edit Keyboard Command: nearjoin Prerequisite: Lines or polylines to be joined 3D Entity to 2D This command changes a 3D Line, Arc, Circle, Polyline, Insert or Point to 2D, i.e. an entity with the elevations of the endpoints at the same Z coordinate. When the program detects a 3D polyline with all vertices with the same elevation, there is an option to convert to a 2D polyline with this elevation. Otherwise, the entered elevation here is used. Prompts Select/<Enter Elevation <0.00>: press Enter Select Lines, Arcs, Circles, Polylines, Inserts and Points for elevation change. Select objects: pick a 3D polyline 3DPOLY to 2DPOLYLINE Number of entities changed> 1 Pulldown Menu Location: Edit Keyboard Command: 3dto2d Prerequisite: None Select by Filter This command can be used to build a selection set of objects inside a drawing based on layer and entity type. There is a dialog to dene the lters. Select the layer(s) on the left you wish to select, then turn on the toggle(s) for the entity types to consider. There is an option to lter by entity color. Also, the size and style lters can be used for text entities. The program then builds a selection set of those objects that resides on those layers. Then to use this selection set in other commands, enter ''P'' for previous at the ''Select objects:'' prompt. Chapter 5. Edit Menu 249 Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Selection Sets Keyboard Command: fsel Prerequisite: None Select by Elevation This command builds a selection set of entities that are greater than, less than or in between a specied elevation that you enter in on the command line. Entities selected, based upon this elevation criteria, go into a selection set. With the Window selection method, the entities must be entirely inside of the inclusion area to be included in the selection set. With the Crossing selection method, an entity is added to the selection set if any part of the entity is inside the inclusion area. Prompts Select by greater, less or between elevations [<Greater>/Less/Between]? press Enter Enter elevation for greater than: 19 Ignore zero elevations [<Yes>/No]? press Enter Select objects to build selection set. pick objects Processing selection set ... Built selection of 120 objects for elev more than 19.00. To use type 'P' at Select objects: prompt. Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Selection Sets Keyboard Command: zselect Prerequisite: Entities Chapter 5. Edit Menu 250 Select by Block This command builds a selection set of blocks by using a block name lter. The block name to match is specied in a dialog with a list of all the block names in the drawing. Either pick from the list or use the Select From Screen button to get the block name by picking a block in the drawing. After selecting the block name, pick OK and the program will report how many of those blocks were found in the drawing and put into the selection set. This selection set is then ready to use at the next command with a select objects prompt. To use the selection set, type 'P' at the select objects prompt. Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Selection Sets Keyboard Command: selblk Prerequisite: Blocks Select by Area This command builds a selection set using inclusion and/or exclusion closed polylines. Entities within the inclusion polylines are selected and entities within the exclusion polylines are not selected. With the Window selection method, the entity must be entirely inside the inclusion area and entirely outside the exclusion area to be included in the selection set. With the Crossing selection method, an entity is added to the selection set if any part of the entity is inside the inclusion area. Prompts Select the Inclusion perimeter polylines or ENTER for none: Select objects: pick the closed polyline Select objects: press Enter Select the Exclusion perimeter polylines or ENTER for none. Select objects: press Enter Type of selection (Window/<Crossing>)? press Enter Select objects to build selection set. Select objects: All These selected objects are checked with the inclusion/exclusion polylines. Select objects: press Enter Built selection set with 43 objects. Command: Erase Select objects: P To use previous selection set created by Select by Area. 43 found Select objects: press Enter Chapter 5. Edit Menu 251 Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Selection Sets Keyboard Command: ssgetarea Prerequisite: Closed perimeter polylines Select by Length This command builds a selection set of linework objects in the drawing based on linework length. The length lter can be setup to get linework greater than or less than the specied value, or between two length values. After specifying the length criteria, the program prompts for selecting the linework to check. The program then builds a selection set of those objects that pass the length lter. Then to use this selection set in other commands, enter ''P'' for previous at the ''Select objects:'' prompt. Prompts Select by greater, less or between lengths [<Greater>/Less/Between]? press Enter Enter length for greater than: 1000 Select objects to build selection set. Select objects: pick linework to lter Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Selection Sets Keyboard Command: lenselect Prerequisite: None Select Similar This command creates a selection set of all entities in the drawing with properties that match the selected entity. The properties lter uses the entity type and layer name. To use this selection set in other commands, enter ''P'' for previous at the ''Select objects:'' prompt. Pulldown Menu Location: Edit > Selection Sets Keyboard Command: selectsim Prerequisite: None Image Frame This command controls whether TakeOff displays the image frame or hides it from view. Because you select an image by clicking its frame, setting the image frame to off prevents you from selecting an image. Prompts 1 Enter image frame setting [ON/OFF] <current>: enter an option or Press Enter On: Displays image frames so you can select images. Off: Hides image frames so you cannot select images. Prerequisite: None Keyboard Command: IMAGEFRAME Chapter 5. Edit Menu 252 Image Clip This command allows you to create new clipping boundaries for an image object. Prompts 1 Select image to clip: select the edge of an image 2 Enter image clipping option [ON/OFF/Delete/New boundary] <New>: enter an option or Press Enter The boundary you specify must be in a plane parallel to the image object. On: Turns on clipping and displays the image clipped to the previously dened boundary. Off: Turns off clipping and displays the entire image and frame. If you reclip the image while clipping is turned off, the program automatically turns clipping back on. The program prompts you to delete the old boundary even when clipping is turned off and the clipping boundary is not visible. Delete: Removes a predened clipping boundary and redisplays the full original image. New Boundary: Species a new clipping boundary. The boundary can be rectangular or polygonal, and consists only of straight line segments. When dening a clipping boundary, specify vertices within the image boundary. Self-intersecting vertices are valid. Rectangular is the default option. If you use the pointing device to specify a point at the Enter Clipping Type prompt, the program interprets the point as the rst corner of a rectangle. 3 Enter clipping type [Polygonal/Rectangular] <Rectangular>: enter P or Press Enter Polygonal: Uses specied points to dene a polygonal boundary. Specify rst point: Specify a point Specify next point or [Undo]: specify a point or enter u Specify next point or [Undo]: specify a point or enter u Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: specify a point, or enter c or u You must specify at least three points to dene a polygon. If the image already has a clipping boundary dened, TakeOff displays the following prompt: Delete old boundary? [No/Yes] <Yes>: enter N or Press Enter If you choose Yes, the program redraws the entire image and the command continues; if you choose No, the com- mand ends. Rectangular: Species a rectangular boundary by its opposite corners. TakeOff always draws the rectangle parallel to the edges of the image. Specify rst corner point: specify a point Specify opposite corner point: specify a point Prerequisite: None Keyboard Command: IMAGECLIP Image Adjust This command controls the display of the brightness, contrast, and fade values of images. Chapter 5. Edit Menu 253 The Image Adjust dialog box controls how the image is displayed by adjusting the brightness, contrast, and fade settings of the selected image. Adjusting these values changes the display of the image but does not change the image le itself. Brightness: Controls the brightness, and indirectly the contrast, of the image. Values range from 0 through 100. The greater the value, the brighter the image and the more pixels that become white when you increase contrast. Moving the slider to the left decreases the value; moving the slider to the right increases the value. Contrast: Controls the contrast, and indirectly the fading effect, of the image. Values range from 0 through 100. The greater the value, the more each pixel is forced to its primary or secondary color. Moving the slider to the left decreases the value; moving the slider to the right increases the value. Fade: Controls the fading effect of the image. Values range from 0 through 100. The greater the value, the more the image blends with the current background color. A value of 100 blends the image completely into the background. Changing the screen background color causes the image to fade to the new color. In plotting, the background color for fade is white. Moving the slider to the left decreases the value; moving the slider to the right increases the value. Image Preview: Displays a preview of the selected image. The preview image updates dynamically to reect changes to the brightness, contrast, and fade settings. Reset: Resets values for brightness, contrast, and fade to default settings (50, 50, and 0, respectively). Prerequisite: None Keyboard Command: IMAGEADJUST Chapter 5. Edit Menu 254 View Menu 6 In addition to powerful CAD display and view commands, the Carlson View menu has some additional commands. The commands in the top section effect the screen display size and location, and the bottom section commands change layers. 255 Redraw This command refreshes the display in the current viewport. Prerequisite: None Keyboard Command: R Regen This command regenerates the drawing and refreshes the current viewport. Prerequisite: None Keyboard Command: REGEN Zoom - Window This commands zooms to display an area you specify by two opposite corners of a rectangular window. Prerequisite: None Keyboard Command: ZOOM, W Zoom - Dynamic This command zooms to display the generated portion of the drawing using a view box. The view box represents your viewport, which you can shrink or enlarge and move around the drawing. Positioning and sizing the view box pans or zooms the viewport, lling it with the image inside the view box. Prerequisite: None Keyboard Command: ZOOM, D Zoom - Previous This command zooms to display a previous view. You can restore up to 10 previous views. Prerequisite: None Keyboard Command: ZOOM, P Zoom - Center This command zooms to display a window you dene by picking a center point and a magnication value or height. A smaller value for the height increases the magnication. A larger value decreases the magnication. Prompts 1 Specify center point: pick a point 2 Enter magnication or height <226.66>: enter a value Prerequisite: None Keyboard Command: ZOOM, C Chapter 6. View Menu 256 Zoom - Extents This command zooms to display the drawing extents. You can use Zoom Extents transparently, but it always regen- erates the drawing. Prerequisite: None Keyboard Command: ZOOM, E Zoom IN This command increases the zoom factor of the current viewport by a factor of 2.0. Prerequisite: None Keyboard Command: ZOOM, 2.0x Zoom OUT This command decreases the zoom factor of the current viewport by a factor of 0.5. Prerequisite: None Keyboard Command: ZOOM, 0.5x Zoom Selection This command zooms the display to t the selected entities. For example, if you run Viewpoint 3D and your viewport only shows two small dots of entities that are far apart, then you can use Zoom Selection to select the entities of one of these dots and quickly zoom the display to these entities. Prompts Select objects to zoom onto: Select objects: select entities Pulldown Menu Location: View Keyboard Command: zoom on Prerequisite: Entities Zoom Points This command centers the screen to a user-specied point. The point can be specied by either the point number or description. The command searches the current coordinate (.CRD) le. Besides centering the screen, the magni- cation can also be changed. The default value is the current magnication. To zoom in, enter a smaller value and to zoom out, enter a greater value. Prompts Find by point number or description [<Number>/Desc]? N Point number or range of point numbers to nd <1>: 2079 We want to nd point number 2079 Magnication or Height <179.50>: press Enter Accept the default zoom magnication Chapter 6. View Menu 257 Pulldown Menu Location: View Keyboard Command: zoompnt Prerequisite: A .CRD le Pan This command moves the drawing display in the current viewport. The cursor changes to a hand cursor. By holding down the pick button on the pointing device, you lock the cursor to its current location relative to the viewport coordinate system. The drawing display is moved in the same direction as the cursor. When you reach a logical extent (the edge of the drawing space), a bar is displayed on the hand cursor on the side where the extent has been reached. Depending on whether the logical extent is at the top, bottom, or side of the drawing, the bar is either horizontal (top or bottom) or vertical (left or right side). When you release the pick button, panning stops. You can release the pick button, move the cursor to another location in the drawing, and then press the pick button again to pan the display from that location. To stop panning at any time, press Enter or ESC. Prerequisite: None Keyboard Command: P 3D Viewer Window This command views in 3D, the selected 3D faces, blocks, polylines, lines and points. This routine uses the OpenGL graphics library for rendering, which gives it superior performance. Some of its features include the ability to zoom in and out, pan, rotate around the X,Y,Z axis and shade in user-positioned lighting. Press the right mouse button and drag to zoom the display. Chapter 6. View Menu 258 Ignore Zero Elevations: When checked, the 3D viewer ignore entities at zero elevation. Color By Elevation: This will color the contours or 3D faces by elevation. The elevation scale legend is displayed on the left of the window and can be adjusted via the Color By Elevation Scale controls. Display Sky: Creates a sky dome of 3D faces around the site that is colored blue with some clouds. In order to see the sky, your view point must be below the sky dome. This feature is only available when the software-only graphics mode is turned off under Carlson Congure General Settings. Vert. Scale: Sets the vertical scale factor for the 3D viewer. Relatively at surfaces can be exaggerated by increasing the vertical scale. Control Action This control represents position of the sun in the sky if looked from above. Therefore, the position of the sun in the center means that the sun is in a zenith, and position near the edge of the circle means that the sun is near the horizon. To move the sun, simply drag it to a newlocation, or click on the new location. The slide bars on the sides are the intensity and brightness of the display. Zooms In. Zooms Out. Switch to Pan mode. Click and drag to pan. Switch to Rotation mode. When the cursor is placed near the outer edge of the view, a ''Z'' cursor is presented that permits rotation around the Z-axis. When the cursor is placed further into the interior of the view, an ''X,Y'' cursor is presented that permits the tilt angle of the view to be adjusted. Chapter 6. View Menu 259 Switch to initial view. Zoom Previous. Toggles shading on and off for 3DFACE entities selected for the scene. The shading of a 3DFACE is dependent on its ''normal'' direction and is further controlled by the Shading Mode control. This is an inquire tool. Point the arrow to any entity to display entity data including the layer, type, elevation and length. Double-clicking an entity permits additional ac- tions to be performed on the entity including the ability to change the layer of the entity and/or setting the entity to an elevation of zero (0). Resets the 3D view to plan. Switch to Dynamic Zoom mode. Additional Visualization Controls Rotation Axis: Permits the use of ''slider'' controls to orient the view in the X, Y and/or Z axis direction(s). Fixed Views: Permits the the view to be displayed from one of six different directions: 1. Custom - The view is shown at the current user-specied direction. 2. Plan View - The view is shown from directly over the site, looking straight down. This is the same as the Reset to Plan button. 3. NE - The view is shown from the Northeast looking to the Southwest in a downward direction. 4. SE - The view is shown from the Southeast looking to the Norththwest in a downward direction. 5. SW - The view is shown from the Southwest looking to the Norththeast in a downward direction. 6. NW - The view is shown from the Northwest looking to the Southeast in a downward direction. See the Common Controls discussion for additional information. Chapter 6. View Menu 260 Display Axis Icon: This controls whether to show the X/Y/Z axis icon in the lower left of the graphic window. Display Bounding Box: This controls whether to display a 3D box around the limits of the data. Display Orbit: Shows a graphic guide in the viewer for controlling the view angle and position using the mouse movements similar to the AutoCAD Orbit routine. Apply Surface Smoothing: This option controls the shading of 3D faces either at by the normals of each 3D faces or smoothed by transitioning with neighboring 3D faces. Display Triangle Edges: Shows the edge lines for triangles for visualizing the triangles that make up a surface. When active, there is a setting to control the color for these edges. Display Surface Names: Shows the le names in the viewer for the surfaces currently being viewed. Display Vertical Scale: This controls whether to display the current vertical scale in the graphic window. Display Non-Surface Entities: This controls whether to display entities that have been tagged as ''non-surface'' by the Tag Non-Surface Entities or Points commands. Control Action Sets the drawing view to match the view shown in the 3D viewer window. This button sets the view position and target position by coordinates: Settings Controls The positions can be entered in the edit boxes or use the respective Pick > button to pick a point in the drawing. The program will pick up the height of the surface for picked points and then the height above the position can be entered. For example to check sight distance, the view position could be a point on a road and height could be the driver eye height and the target position and height could be the object to check. Color By Elevation Scale: These three colors are used for the Color By Elevation option. The program will interpolate between these colors for the color scale. Saved Views: This option allows for naming and saving a 3D view for easy recall later. Named views can be selected from the pull-down and the active view can be deleted from the list. Chapter 6. View Menu 261 Block Model Objects: This option has three choices when loading block model entities: 1. Leave as Points 2. Render - It will apply to all face objects such as a TIN or GRD. 3. Prompt Each Time Block Model Layers: This will display the block color scheme. Colors of the blocks can be turned on or off to view blocks in the middle. Shading Mode: When the Shading control is enabled, the rendering of the shaded 3DFACE entities (usually used to represent a surface model) will vary based on: 1. Shade Front - Shades only the ''positive'' normal direction. 2. Shade Back - Shades only the ''negative'' normal direction. 3. Shade Both - Shades both the ''positive'' and ''negative'' normal directions. Use Dynamic Text: This controls whether text objects resize based on the current zoom level or stay the xed size according to their text size in the drawing. Chapter 6. View Menu 262 Control Action Permits a Carlson Surface Model to be added in to the tree-list (also available as a Surfaces right-click action). Permits aadditional visibility and rendering control on the selected item as described below. Model Controls Within the ''model'' tab is a ''tree-view'' of the various entities that comprise the view along with the listing of layers upon which the entities are found. Click on the ''+'' symbol to expand the branches of the tree (or click on the ''-'' symbol to collapse a branch). Use a Right+Click action on a given item for additional display control: Visibility: Permits the layer or entity to be temporarily hidden from the view. Color: Permits the color of the layer or entity to be temporarily changed. The Color By Elevation option must be disabled to show the designated color. Opacity (Surfaces): Use the horizontal slider control to indicate the desired level of opaqueness that should be applied to a surface. A lower opacity results in increased surface transparency and is helpful for viewing sub-surface Chapter 6. View Menu 263 utilities such as Storm Sewer pipes and manholes. Texture (Surfaces): When enabled, a material (e.g. grass) can be applied to the view simulation. Control Action The Clip Plane control permits portions of the view to be hidden from view by adjusting the position of the slider. This is helpful for producing quick ''section'' views of the data being shown in the view. This function exports the graphic display to an image le. Several different image le formats are supported includ- ing bmp, png, jpg, xpm and gif. There is a Export Image Selections dialog to choose the image resolution and color depth. Allows the data in the view to be saved to an external 3DX le for subsequent re-use. Use the Saved View option to re-load a desired view. Allows a previously saved 3DX le to be re-loaded into the current view. This function outputs the image to a report. For AutoCAD-based congurations, the report format (PDF or DWF) is specied via the Carlson Congure Gen- eral Settings. Exit the 3D viewer window. Common Controls To quickly view just a surface le, use the Surface 3D Viewer command. To visualize a site with animated vehicle controls, use the Surface 3D Fly-Over command. Pulldown Menu Location(s): View Keyboard Command: cube Prerequisite: Entities to display Surface 3D Viewer This command is identical to the 3D Viewer Window, except that this one loads a Carlson Grid GRD, TIN or FLT le. After the le is selected, the same viewer documented in 3D Viewer Window appears. Chapter 6. View Menu 264 To entities within the DWG le (and optionally, Carlson surface les), use the 3D Viewer Window command. To visualize a site with animated vehicle controls, use the Surface 3D Fly-Over command. Pulldown Menu Location(s): View , Civil Surface 3D Views Keyboard Command: cube surface Prerequisite: Carlson surface (TIN, FLT, GRD) to display Surface 3D FlyOver This command allows you to view a self guided animation of following a path through a 3D surface model. There are two variations to this command. When the command is started, you must specify whether you want to use a surface model from le or screen entities. Surface model from le: Using this method, you can select either a triangulation (.TIN) le or a grid (.GRD) le, then you have the option of following a polyline or following a ''free'' path. If you choose the polyline method, then the animation is limited to following the polyline. If you choose the ''free'' path method, you rst specify two points to obtain a starting direction, the while inside the viewer you can point the animation in any direction. Screen entities: Using this method, you must select a 3D polyline to follow. The animation is limited to following the polyline. After making the above selections, the 3D graphics window is opened. The main window is for the animation, the smaller upper right window shows you the overall plan view, and the smaller window located at middle right shows you the current elevation, slope and azimuth. While following a ''free'' path, you will have a 3rd small window located at lower right which shows you the amount of roll at your current position. Chapter 6. View Menu 265 This button raises the elevation of your viewing position. This button lowers the elevation of your viewing position. This button turns your viewing position to the left. This button turns your viewing position to the right. This button allows you to zoom in and out. This button allows you to rotate the main animation window in any X, Y or Z direction. This button allows you to pan. This button toggles shading on and off. This button starts the animation in the main window. This button stops the animation. This button exits the 3D Surface FlyOver command Control for position of the light source, viewed from above. Prerequisite: Surface Model and optionally a 3D Polyline Keyboard Command: yby Viewpoint 3D This command allows you to dene 3D view settings. Chapter 6. View Menu 266 1 Under Set Viewing Angles, you must set the direction of the view relative to either the world coordinate system (WCS) or a user coordinate system (UCS). Absolute to WCS: This option sets the view direction relative to the WCS. Relative to UCS: This option sets the view direction relative to the current UCS. 2 You must specify the viewing angles. X Axis: This eld species the angle from the X axis. XY Plane: This eld species the angle from the XY plane. You can also use the sample image to specify viewing angles. The black arm indicates the new angle. The red arm indicates the current angle. Specify an angle by selecting the inner region of the circle or half-circle. Selecting the bounded outer regions rounds off the angle to the value displayed in that region. Set to Plan View: This option sets the viewing angles to display the plan view relative to the selected coordinate system. Prerequisite: None. Keyboard Command: DDVPOINT Twist Screen: Standard This command will twist the screen orientation to where something other than the north direction is toward the top of the screen/drawing. It does not do a coordinate rotation, the drawing coordinates remain unchanged. Use commands on the * Points * menu, such as Rotate Points and Translate Points, if you want to do a coordinate rotation or translation. Prompts This routine prompts for the twist angle then adjusts the screen and cross-hairs to that angle. This is a modication of the DVIEW command. The twist angle is always measured counterclockwise with 0 degrees being to the east/right. Pulldown Menu Location: View > Twist Screen Keyboard Command: twist1 Prerequisite: None Chapter 6. View Menu 267 Twist Screen: Line Pline or Text This is a variation of the previous command that allows you to select a line, polyline, or text in your drawing that you want to be aligned parallel to the east-west direction of the graphics screen. Think of the entity you select as a pointer or arrow that will point in the east direction of the screen after you select it. Select the line, polyline, or text closest to the end point which you want to be the horizontal or east direction of the screen. Prompts Pick a line, polyline or text to make horizontal: pick a line or polyline Pulldown Menu Location: View > Twist Screen Keyboard Command: twist2 Prerequisite: None Twist Screen: Surveyor This command is another variation of twisting the screen that allows you to input an angle/azimuth that you want to be aligned parallel to the east-west direction of the graphics screen. Entering zero would align due north with respect to real world coordinates to the east or horizontal direction of the graphics screen. The Grid Projection Angle button prompts for a base point and sets the angle to the grid mapping angle. To use this option, the grid projection must be assigned in the Drawing Setup command. Pulldown Menu Location: View > Twist Screen Prerequisite: None Keyboard Command: twist3 Restore Due North This command twists the screen to make due north vertical. When the grid projection is specied under the Drawing Setup command, this command will prompt for whether to use grid north or geodetic north. When the grid Chapter 6. View Menu 268 projection is not set, this routine automatically twists to grid north. Prompts Twist to Grid North or True Geodetic North [<Grid>/True]? press Enter Pulldown Menu Location: View > Twist Screen Keyboard Command: twist4 Prerequisite: None Twist To 3D View This command orients selected text, symbols and point attributes to face the current viewpoint. Typically, text and points are drawn to face up to plan view. When viewed in 3D from the side, this text can be hard to read. This command makes this text readable for the current view. Before running this command, the 3D view should be set by commands like Viewpoint 3D or Orbit. The entities are oriented to the current view by setting the extrusion values for the entities. Prompts Select points, symbols and text to twist. Select objects: pick entities Pulldown Menu Location: View > Twist 3D Entities Keyboard Command: twist3d Prerequisite: Entities to view Restore World View This command is the companion to the Twist To 3D View command. This command resets entities so that they face up in plan view. Prompts Select points, symbols and text to restore. Select objects: pick entities Pulldown Menu Location: View Keyboard Command: untwist3d Prerequisite: 3D Entities Display Order This command allows you to change the display order of objects by repositioning an entity from either the back- ground to the forefront of the drawing view or from the forefront to the background of the drawing view. Prerequisite: None Keyboard Command: draworder Chapter 6. View Menu 269 Layer Control This command allows you to manage layers and layer properties. This Layer Properties Manager dialog box makes a layer current, adds new layers to the layer name list, and renames an existing layer. You can assign properties to layers, turn layers on and off, freeze and thaw layers globally or by viewport, lock and unlock layers, set plot styles for layers, and turn plotting on and off for layers. You can lter the layer names displayed in the Layer Properties Manager, and you can save and restore layer states and properties settings. 1 Under Named Layer Filters, you determine which layers to display in the list of layers. You can lter layers based on whether they're xref-dependent, or whether they contain objects. You can also lter layers based on name, visibility, color, linetype, lineweight, plot style name, whether they are plotted, or whether they are frozen in the current viewport or in new viewports. [...]: This button displays the Named Layer Filters dialog box. Invert Filter: This option displays layers based on the opposites of the criteria you select when you are using a named layer lter. Layers that t the inverse criteria are displayed in the layer name list. Apply to Object Properties Toolbar: This option displays in the Object Properties toolbar only layers that match the current lter. The layer list tooltip on the Object Properties toolbar displays the lter status of layers in the drawing. (To display the layer list tooltip, position the pointing device over the layer list on the Object Properties toolbar.) New: This option creates a new layer. After you choose New, the list displays a layer named LAYER1. You can edit this layer immediately. To create multiple layers quickly, you can select a layer name for editing and enter multiple layer names separated by commas. If you create a new layer, the new layer inherits the properties of the currently selected layer in the layer list (such as Color, and On/Off state). To create layers with default settings, make sure that there are no selected layers in the list or that you select a layer with default settings before beginning layer creation. Current: This option sets the selected layer as the current layer. The CLAYER system variable stores the layer name. Chapter 6. View Menu 270 Delete: This option deletes selected layers from the drawing le denition. You can delete only unreferenced layers. Referenced layers include layers 0 and DEFPOINTS, layers containing objects (including objects in block denitions), the current layer, and xref-dependent layers. Layers that don't contain objects (including objects in block denitions), are not current, and are not xref-dependent can be deleted by using the PURGE command. Be careful about deleting layers if you are working on a drawing in a shared project or one based on a set of layering standards. Show/Hide Details: This option controls whether the Details section is displayed in the Layer Properties Man- ager. Save State: This option displays the Save Layer States dialog box, in which you save layer state and layer properties settings of all layers in a drawing. You can choose which layer states and properties you want to preserve. You save a layer state by assigning it a name. Restore State: This option displays the Layer States Manager, in which you can manage named layer states. 2 The Layer Properties Manager dialog box displays all layers and their properties. To modify a property, click its icon. To quickly select all layers, right-click your pointing device and use the shortcut menu. The following are the layer properties you can modify: Name: This eld displays the names of the layers. You can select a name, and then click and enter a new name. On/Off: This eld turns layers on and off. When a layer is on, it is visible and available for plotting. When a layer is off, it is invisible and not plotted, even if Plot is on. Freeze/Thaw in All Viewports: This eld freezes and thaws layers in all oating viewports. A frozen layer is invisible and excluded from regeneration, hiding objects, rendering, and plotting. A thawed layer is visible and available for regeneration, hiding objects, rendering, and plotting. You can freeze layers to speed up ZOOM, PAN, and many other operations, improve object selection performance, and reduce regeneration time for complex drawings. TakeOff does not display, plot, or regenerate objects on frozen layers. Objects on frozen layers do not hide objects and are not rendered. You can freeze layers in all viewports, in the current viewport, or in new viewports. Freeze layers that you want to be invisible for long periods. When you thaw a frozen layer, the program regenerates and displays the objects on that layer. If you switch between visible and invisible states frequently, use the On/Off setting. Lock/Unlock: This eld locks and unlocks the layers. You cannot select or edit objects on a locked layer. Locking a layer is useful if you want to view information on a layer for reference but do not want to edit objects on that layer. Color: This eld changes the color associated with the selected layers. Clicking the color name displays the Select Color dialog box. Linetype: This eld changes the linetype associated with the selected layers. Clicking any linetype name displays the Select Linetype dialog box. Lineweight: This eld changes the lineweight associated with the selected layers. Clicking any lineweight name displays the Lineweight dialog box. Plot Style: This eld changes the plot style associated with the selected layers. If you are working with color- dependent plot styles (the PSTYLEPOLICY system variable is set to 1), you cannot change the plot style associated with a layer. Clicking any plot style displays the Select Plot Style dialog box. Plot/Don't Plot: This eld controls whether the selected layers are plotted. If you turn off plotting for a layer, the objects on that layer are still displayed. Turning off plotting for a layer affects only visible layers in the drawing (layers that are on and thawed). If a layer is set to plot, but is currently frozen or off in the drawing, TakeOff does not plot the layer. Turning off plotting for layers containing reference information such as construction lines can be useful. Prerequisite: None Chapter 6. View Menu 271 Keyboard Command: LAYER Set Layer This command allows the user to change the current layer to a different layer by picking an entity on that layer. Pulldown Menu Location: View Keyboard Command: lset Prerequisite: None Change Layer This command allows you to change the layer of a group of entities by selecting the group of entities. The layer name to assign can be either typed it or read from an existing entity by picking an entity that is on the layer that you want to change the group to. Prompts Select entities to be changed. Select objects: pick entities The Select Layer dialog appears select a layer from the list, or select Screen Pick If Screen Pick is chosen, Pick entity with layer to change to: pick another entity This assigns the selected entities to the layer of this entity. or Enter new layer name or pick entity with layer (Enter/<Pick>)? E Enter new layer name: FINAL This assigns the selected entities to the FINAL layer. Pulldown Menu Location: View Keyboard Command: lchg Prerequisite: None Freeze Layer This command will freeze layers by picking entities on that layer. The entity selection is done by selection set for selecting one or more entities. Chapter 6. View Menu 272 Prompts Select entities on layers to be frozen. Select objects: pick entities Pulldown Menu Location: View Keyboard Command: loff Prerequisite: None Freeze Layer By Pick This command will freeze layers by picking entities on that layer. The entity selection is done one at a time. As entities are selected, the layers are frozen. Prompts Pick entity on layer to be frozen: pick an entity Freezing layer Pick entity on layer to be frozen (U-Undo,Enter to end): press Enter Pulldown Menu Location: View Keyboard Command: pickoff Prerequisite: None Thaw Layer This command thaws the layers frozen by the Freeze Layer command. Pulldown Menu Location: View Keyboard Command: lon Prerequisite: None Isolate Layer This command freezes all the layers except the ones you select an entity on. The program prompts to see if you would like to retain the POINT layers which keeps the Carlson point layers from freezing. By default, these layers include PNTNO, PNTMARK, PNTDESC, and PNTELEV. Prompts Select objects on layers to isolate. Select objects: pick entities Retain POINT layers [Yes/<No>]? Press Enter Chapter 6. View Menu 273 Isolate the wall layer by picking one wall line Pulldown Menu Location: View Keyboard Command: isolate Prerequisite: None Restore Layer This command thaws the layers that were frozen by the Isolate Layer command. Pulldown Menu Location: View Keyboard Command: restore Prerequisite: None Thaw/On All Layers This command turns on and thaws all layers in the drawing. Pulldown Menu Location: View Keyboard Command: loa Prerequisite: None Lock Layers The Lock Layers command will lock the layers for the layers of the selected entities. The Unlock Layers command will unlock the layers for the layers of the selected entities. Pulldown Menu Location: View Keyboard Command: laylock, layunlock Prerequisite: None Save/Restore Layer State The Save Layer State command stores to a le all the layers in the drawing and their current status of color, freeze/thaw, on/off, and linetype. The layer state le has a .LAY extension. Later versions of AutoCAD include the Chapter 6. View Menu 274 ability to save and restore layer states, found in the layer dialog box. The Restore Layer State command sets the drawing layers and their status from the layer information in a layer state le (.LAY le). If a layer from the layer state le does not exist in the drawing, the program will create the layer. Besides the Carlson format, the Land Desktop layer state format, which is also uses a .LAY extension, is supported by this command. Pulldown Menu Location: View Keyboard Command: savelay, restlay Prerequisite: None Chapter 6. View Menu 275 Draw Menu 7 Many of the Draw Menu commands are CAD commands for creating entities in your drawing. Carlson commands that are part of the Draw menu are documented here. Any items not appearing in the Carlson manual are CAD commands that can be referenced in the AutoCAD or IntelliCAD manual. 276 Line This command allows you to draw a line entity by picking points on the screen or by supplying the coordinate values using the point number and associated coordinates stored in the current coordinate le. The Line command links the line with the points when the line is drawn using point numbers if the Link Linework with Points option is turned on. This option is set under General Settings in the Congure command in the Settings menu. With links active, changing a point with a command like Move Points automatically updates the line. This command always draws 2D lines with a zero elevation. Prompts 1 Pick point or point numbers: 1-3 You may enter a single point number or a range of point numbers 2 Undo/Distance/<Pick point or point numbers>: 16 3 Undo/+/-/Close/Distance/<Pick point or point numbers>: 35 4 Undo/+/-/Close/Distance/<Pick point or point numbers>: + The + or - activates an additional prompt option that allows you to plot line segments at a 90 degree deection angle from the last line. 5 Perpendicular Distance Right: 80 6 Undo/+/-/Close/Distance/<Pick point or point numbers>: - The + or - activates an additional prompt option that allows you to plot line segments at a 90 degree deection angle from the last line. 7 Perpendicular Distance Left: 105.12 8 Undo/+/-/Close/Distance/<Pick point or point numbers>: D The distance option allows you to input a distance for the next line segment. The position of the cursor determines the angle. 9 Enter distance: 174.32 10Undo/+/-/Close/Distance/<Pick point or point numbers>: C The close option draws a line segment back to the original starting point Prerequisite: None Keyboard Command: 2DLINE 2D Polyline A Polyline is a complex CAD entity comprised of one or more line and/or arc segments. One way to draw a polyline is to use the Command: line, pulldown menu or toolbar to execute the standard CAD command PLINE. While its elevation isn't necessarily zero, a polyline is 2-dimensional or at. The Carlson version of the PLINE command, 2D Polyline, is available from the Draw pulldown menu, from the Draw toolbar or at the Command: line (2DP) and provides many more options than the standard CAD version of the command. Unless disabled, the Polyline 2D Options dialog box will appear after starting Carlson's 2D Polyline command. Chapter 7. Draw Menu 277 Show Options on Startup: When this option is enabled, the Polyline 2D Options dialog box will display automatically upon starting the 2D Polyline command. If disabled, the command runs strictly from the Command: line. Elevation: Set the elevation of the polyline to be drawn. Offset from Centerline: If this option is enabled, an additional option, Offset, is available from the Com- mand: line. Issuing the ''Offset'' option allows you to draw a new polyline using Station and Offset entry from an existing polyline or existing Centerline (.CL) le. Skip Inline Vertices for Extend: This setting applies to the ''Extend'' option with the Total Distance Sub- Menu option. If enabled, an existing vertex will dissolve when lengthening a 2D Polyline segment. Auto-Zoom Mode: This setting provides 3 options for Auto-Zoom: Never, Proximity or Always. The ''Never'' setting requires you to manually Zoom or Pan to keep the current polyline vertex centered in the drawing screen. The ''Proximity'' setting will activate the ''Proximity Level'' setting and will automatically re-center the view only if the current polyline vertex is within a certain distance of the limits of the drawing area. The ''Always'' option will automatically re-center the view after each new polyline vertex is added. Annotate Closed Pads: Enabling this option will activate the ''Settings'' button. The ''Settings'' button dis- plays the Label Pad Elevations dialog box where you can specify label settings for the pad and other vertical offset elevations. For instance, you can label both the Finished Floor Elevation and the SubGrade elevation of a building pad at the same time using this command. See additional information on the Label Pad Elevation command. Chapter 7. Draw Menu 278 In the ''Polyline Properties'' section of the dialog box you have several alternatives for specifying the layer, color and linetype of the newly created polyline. Use Current Drawing Properties: Select this option if you want the layer, color and linetype of the newly created polyline to match those currently set in the drawing. Layer: Use this setting to manually assign the layer for the newly created polyline. You can type in the new layer name, use the ''Select'' button to choose an existing layer from the drawing's layer list or use the ''Pick'' button to select an entity in the drawing and match its layer. Set Color: Use this button to manually specify a color for the newly created polyline. Width: Specify the width of the newly created polyline. Linetype: Use the ''Select'' button to manually specify a linetype for the newly created polyline. Select Code: This option allows you to set the layer, color and linetype of a new polyline by using the properties assigned to a Field to Finish eld code. The eld code is selected from an existing Field Code table (.FLD) le that has been previously specied in the Point Defaults dialog box. Prompts Command:2dp [Continue/Extend/Follow/Offset/OPtions/<Pick point or point numbers>]: screen pick a point [Arc/Close/Distance/Follow/Offset/Undo/<Pick point or point numbers>]: screen pick a point Segment length: 202.55, Total length: 202.55 [Arc/Close/Distance/Extend/Follow/Line/Offset/Undo/<Pick point or point numbers>]: screen pick a point Segment length: 179.73, Total length: 382.28 [Arc/Close/Distance/Extend/Follow/Line/Offset/Undo/<Pick point or point numbers>]: screen pick a point Segment length: 127.45, Total length: 509.73 [Arc/Close/Distance/Extend/Follow/Line/Offset/Undo/<Pick point or point numbers>]: press Enter Command: Chapter 7. Draw Menu 279 Options and SubMenu Options Once all settings have been specied and the ''OK'' button is picked, the options shown below are available from the Command: line. To issue any of these options, simply type in the capitalized portion of the Option at the Command: line and press Enter. The default option is always shown between angle brackets < Default >. Continue: This option allows you to select an existing polyline to which you'd like to add more line or arc segments. When prompted to ''Select a polyline to continue or extend:'', you may pick anywhere on the existing polyline and the new segment will begin at the ending vertex nearest your cursor. New line or arc segments can be added by screen-picking or using the options at the Command: line. Once nished adding segments, they are automatically joined to the original polyline. Extend: This option gives you many ways to lengthen or shorten an existing polyline using the abbreviated SubMenu options shown below. Some of these options create additional segments at the end of the existing polyline and some allow you to change the length of the ending segment of the polyline. When prompted to ''Select a polyline to continue or extend:'', you may pick anywhere on the existing polyline and the ''Extend'' will occur at the ending vertex nearest your cursor. Once nished Extending, the new segments are automatically joined to the original polyline. [I / R / L / S / T / A / B / E / U / X / Help / <Enter or Pick Distance>] I - Input mode - This option toggles the distance input between feet & inches (will prompt rst for feet, then prompt again for inches) and decimal feet. R - Right rotate - From the ending vertex, turns the pointer 90-degrees to the right and then prompts for a distance. L - Left rotate - From the ending vertex, turns the pointer 90-degrees to the left and then prompts for a distance. S - Switch direction - From the ending vertex, turns the pointer 180-degrees and then prompts for a distance. T - Total distance - Prompts you to ''Enter total distance (100.00)'' and displays the current length of the segment in parentheses. If a number smaller than the current distance is entered, this option will shorten the existing segment. If a number larger than the current distance is entered, this option will lengthen the existing segment. This option is also affected by the Skip Inline Vertices for Extend setting in the Polyline 2D Options dialog box. If ''Skip Inline Vertices for Extend'' is enabled, then the existing vertex will be dissolved when lengthening a segment. If the setting is not enabled, then the existing vertex will be left intact and an additional segment will be created inline. A - Angle change - From the ending vertex, prompts you to ''Enter Angle (ddd.mmss):'' to turn the pointer by a specied angle and then prompts for a distance. B - Bearing/Azimuth/Turned/Deection - From the ending vertex, this option allows you to set the pointer direction by specifying an Angle. The Angle format is Qdd.mmss and there are a variety of ways to use the ''Q'' value to specify the Angle. See here for more. E - Extend to edge - Extends current segment to another line or entity U - Undo - Undo last action X - Quit extend mode - Returns to normal 2D Polyline Draw mode Help - Displays the descriptions of the Extend options Enter or Pick Distance - Distance to extend the current segment Follow: This option allows you to trace all or a portion of an existing polyline. After issuing the ''Follow'' option, you are prompted to ''Select the polyline to Follow:'' and then to ''Specify the rst follow point:''. After snapping to a starting point on the polyline, you are asked whether you want to ''Interpolate follow vertices elevations?''. With this being a 2D Polyline, the answer to this is most likely ''NO''. You will then be prompted to specify the ''Last follow point or follow distance:'' where you can snap to another point on the polyline or type in a distance to trace the existing polyline. Offset: With the ''Offset'' option, you will rst be prompted to select an existing polyline or select an exist- ing Centerline (.CL) le. Next, you will be asked to ''Specify starting station:'' where you will enter the station number of the rst polyline vertex. Then, you will be prompted to ''Enter Station'' and ''Enter Offset'' for each vertex of the new polyline. Note: To have this option available, you must place a check next to Offset From Centerline in Chapter 7. Draw Menu 280 the Polyline 2D Options dialog box. Pick Point or Point Numbers: This is the default prompt for the command. From here you can set a new polyline vertex by screen picking, entering coordinates in X,Y format or entering a point number from the associated Coordinate (.CRD) le. Arc/Line: New polyline segments can be either an Arc or a Line segment. If the last polyline segment drawn was a LINE, then the ''Arc'' option will be shown as an available option; however, if the last polyline segment drawn was an ARC, then the ''Line'' option will be available. When in the ''Arc'' mode, there are many additional SubMenu options available to you for creating an arc segment within the new polyline. The options are generated directly from the standard CAD version of the PLINE command and include Radius Point, Radius Length, Arc Length, Chord and Second Point (Point on Curve). Close: This option will create a new Line or Arc segment back to the starting vertex of the polyline and re- sults in a closed polyline. Distance: This option allows you to rst enter a distance for the new Line segment and then to specify the direction using one of three methods: Cursor, Line or Angle. Cursor - This method will draw the polyline segment in the direction of your cursor position. Line - This method prompts you to select a line or polyline segment to which it will draw a parallel segment. Angle - This method prompts you for an Angle to determine the direction of your new polyline segment. The Angle format is Qdd.mmss and there are a variety of ways to use the ''Q'' value to specify the Angle. See here for more. Undo: Undo the last drawn polyline segment. Angle Entry Methods The Angle format is Qdd.mmss where: Q=quadrant/angle, d=degrees, m=minutes and s=seconds. The Quadrant/Angle can be specied as: 1=NE (NorthEast) 2=SE (SouthEast) 3=SW (SouthWest) 4=NW (NorthWest) 5=AZ (AZimuth) 6=AL (turned Angle-Left) 7=AR (turned Angle-Right) 8=DL (Deection angle-Left) 9=DR (Deection angle-Right) Pulldown Menu Location: Draw Keyboard Command: 2DP Prerequisite: None 3D Polyline A 3D Polyline is a specialized version of a polyline that can have different elevation at every vertex. The 3D Polyline command is available from the Draw pulldown menu, from the Draw toolbar or at the Command: line (3DP). Unless disabled, the Polyline 3D Options dialog box will appear after starting Carlson's 3D Polyline command. Chapter 7. Draw Menu 281 Show Options on Startup: When this option is enabled, the Polyline 3D Options dialog box will display automatically upon starting the 3D Polyline command. If disabled, the command runs strictly from the Command: line. Prompt for Elevation/Slope: When this option is enabled, the elevation for each new vertex will be displayed as a prompt, giving you an opportunity to override that value by typing in a new elevation. When disabled, the elevation to be assigned to each new vertex is displayed but you are not given a chance to assign a different elevation. Prompt for Coordinate Point Elevations: This option only applies if you specify a point number from an associated Coordinate (.CRD) le to establish the X,Y,Z values for a new 3D Polyline vertex. When this option is enabled, the elevation for each new vertex will be displayed as a prompt, giving you an opportunity to override that value by typing in a new elevation. When disabled, the elevation to be assigned to each new vertex is displayed but you are not given a chance to assign a different elevation. Elevation Adder: Use this setting to add a constant elevation value to all default elevation values. Check Elevation Range: Enabling this option allows you to monitor elevations assigned to 3D Polyline vertices and issue a warning (with options to correct) if the elevation falls outside the specied range. If the proposed elevation of a 3D Polyline vertex falls outside the range specied, the Warning: Elevation Range dialog box is displayed. The Warning: Elevation Range dialog box allows you to assign a new elevation to the vertex, adjust the acceptable range of elevations or turn OFF monitoring of elevations. Use Surface Model From File: Selecting this option allows you to use a Surface Model (.TIN, .GRD, .FLT) le to determine the elevation for each new 3D Polyline vertex. Chapter 7. Draw Menu 282 Skip Inline Vertices for Extend: This setting applies to the ''Extend'' option with the Total Distance Sub- Menu option. If enabled, an existing vertex will dissolve when lengthening a 3D Polyline segment. Auto-Zoom Mode: This setting provides 3 options for Auto-Zoom: Never, Proximity or Always. The ''Never'' setting requires you to manually Zoom or Pan to keep the current polyline vertex centered in the drawing screen. The ''Proximity'' setting will activate the ''Proximity Level'' setting and will automatically re-center the view only if the current polyline vertex is within a certain distance of the limits of the drawing area. The ''Always'' option will automatically re-center the view after each new polyline vertex is added. In the ''Polyline Properties'' section of the dialog box you have several alternatives for specifying the layer, color and linetype of the newly created polyline. Use Current Drawing Properties: Select this option if you want the layer, color and linetype of the newly created polyline to match those currently set in the drawing. Layer: Use this setting to manually assign the layer for the newly created polyline. You can type in the new layer name, use the ''Select'' button to choose an existing layer from the drawing's layer list or use the ''Pick'' button to select an entity in the drawing and match its layer. Set Color: Use this button to manually specify a color for the newly created polyline. Width: Specify the width of the newly created polyline. Linetype: Use the ''Select'' button to manually specify a linetype for the newly created polyline. Select Code: This option allows you to set the layer, color and linetype of a new polyline by using the properties assigned to a Field to Finish eld code. The eld code is selected from an existing Field Code table (.FLD) le that has been previously specied in the Point Defaults dialog box. Prompts For A 3D Polyline With A Specied Elevation At Each Vertex: Command: 3dp [Continue/Extend/Follow/Options/<Pick point or point numbers>]: screen pick a point Interpolate/Object/<Elevation> <0.00>: 150.50 Z: 150.50 [Arc/Close/Distance/Follow/Undo/<Pick point or point numbers>]: screen pick a point Percent/Ratio/Elevation/Degree/Object/Osnap[.]/Next point or elevation<Interpolate>: 155.25 Z: 155.25, Hz dist: 324.63, Slope dist: 324.66, Slope: 1.5% Ratio: 68.3:1 [Arc/Close/Distance/Extend/Follow/Line/Undo/<Pick point or point numbers>]: screen pick a point Percent/Ratio/Elevation/Degree/Object/Osnap[.]/Next point or elevation<Interpolate>: 148.12 Z: 148.12, Hz dist: 272.88, Slope dist: 272.98, Slope: -2.6% Ratio: -38.3:1 [Arc/Close/Distance/Extend/Follow/Line/Undo/<Pick point or point numbers>]: press Enter Command: For A 3D Polyline With Interpolated Elevations At One or More Vertices: Command:3dp [Continue/Extend/Follow/Options/<Pick point or point numbers>]: screen pick a point Interpolate/Object/<Elevation> <0.00>: 91.73 Z: 91.73 [Arc/Close/Distance/Follow/Undo/<Pick point or point numbers>]: screen pick a point Percent/Ratio/Elevation/Degree/Object/Osnap[.]/Next point or elevation<Interpolate>: screen pick a point Chapter 7. Draw Menu 283 This point elevation will be interpolated upon completion. Percent/Ratio/Elevation/Degree/Object/Osnap[.]/Next point or elevation<Interpolate>: screen pick a point This point elevation will be interpolated upon completion. Percent/Ratio/Elevation/Degree/Object/Osnap[.]/Next point or elevation<Interpolate>: screen pick a point This point elevation will be interpolated upon completion. Percent/Ratio/Elevation/Degree/Object/Osnap[.]/Next point or elevation<Interpolate>: 94.44 Z: 94.44, Hz dist: 79.39, Slope dist: 122.88, Slope: 0.8% Ratio: 122.4:1 [Arc/Close/Distance/Extend/Follow/Line/Undo/<Pick point or point numbers>]: press Enter Command: Note that the difference between this and the previous example is that, instead of entering an elevation for each vertex, we are screen picking another new vertex. Each time we neglect to enter an elevation we are notied that, ''This point elevation will be interpolated upon completion.'' After we specify ''94.44'' as the elevation of the last vertex, the slope of the interpolated segments is calculated using the total elevation change and the total length of all interpolated segments. Now, the elevations of all vertices can be determined and set based on the resulting slope. Options and SubMenu Options Once all settings have been specied and the ''OK'' button is picked, the options shown below are available from the Command: line. To issue any of these options, simply type in the capitalized portion of the Option at the Command: line and press Enter. The default option is always shown between angle brackets < Default >. When starting a new 3D Polyline, the initial set of options assist you in setting the X,Y location of the rst vertex: Continue: This option allows you to select an existing polyline to which you'd like to add more line or arc segments. When prompted to ''Select a polyline to continue or extend:'', you may pick anywhere on the existing polyline and the new segment will begin at the ending vertex nearest your cursor. New line or arc segments can be added by screen-picking or using the options at the Command: line. Once nished adding segments, they are automatically joined to the original polyline. Extend: This option gives you many ways to lengthen or shorten an existing polyline using the abbreviated SubMenu options shown below. Some of these options create additional segments at the end of the existing polyline and some allow you to change the length of the ending segment of the polyline. When prompted to ''Select a polyline to continue or extend:'', you may pick anywhere on the existing polyline and the ''Extend'' will occur at the ending vertex nearest your cursor. Once nished Extending, the new segments are automatically joined to the original polyline. [I / R / L / S / T / A / B / E / U / X / Help / <Enter or Pick Distance>] I - Input mode - This option toggles the distance input between feet & inches (will prompt rst for feet, then prompt again for inches) and decimal feet. R - Right rotate - From the ending vertex, turns the pointer 90-degrees to the right and then prompts for a distance. L - Left rotate - From the ending vertex, turns the pointer 90-degrees to the left and then prompts for a distance. S - Switch direction - From the ending vertex, turns the pointer 180-degrees and then prompts for a distance. T - Total distance - Prompts you to ''Enter total distance (100.00)'' and displays the current length of the segment in parentheses. If a number smaller than the current distance is entered, this option will shorten the existing segment. If a number larger than the current distance is entered, this option will lengthen the existing segment. This option is also affected by the Skip Inline Vertices for Extend setting in the Polyline 3D Options dialog box. If ''Skip Inline Vertices for Extend'' is enabled, then the existing vertex will be dissolved when lengthening a segment. If the setting is not enabled, then the existing vertex will be left intact and an additional segment will be created inline. A - Angle change - From the ending vertex, prompts you to ''Enter Angle (ddd.mmss):'' to turn the pointer by a Chapter 7. Draw Menu 284 specied angle and then prompts for a distance. B - Bearing/Azimuth/Turned/Deection - From the ending vertex, this option allows you to set the pointer direction by specifying an Angle. The Angle format is Qdd.mmss and there are a variety of ways to use the ''Q'' value to specify the Angle. See here for more. E - Extend to edge - Extends current segment to another line or entity U - Undo - Undo last action X - Quit extend mode - Returns to normal 3D Polyline Draw mode Help - Displays the descriptions of the Extend options Enter or Pick Distance - Distance to extend the current segment Follow: This option allows you to trace all or a portion of an existing polyline. After issuing the ''Follow'' option, you are prompted to ''Select the polyline to Follow:'' and then to ''Specify the rst follow point:''. After snapping to a starting point on the polyline, you are asked whether you want to ''Interpolate follow vertices elevations?''. After answering Yes or No, you will then be prompted to specify the ''Last follow point or fol- low distance:'' where you can snap to another point on the polyline or type in a distance to trace the existing polyline. Options: This will display the Polyline 3D Options dialog box. Pick Point or Point Numbers: This is the default prompt for the command. From here you can set a new polyline vertex by screen picking, entering coordinates in X,Y format or entering a point number from the associated Coordinate (.CRD) le. After setting its location, the next set of options help you calculate the elevation of the initial vertex: Interpolate: This option will set the elevation of the vertex by calculating the slope between other vertices of known elevation. Object: This option allows you to ''Select an elevation label or a point on a polyline:'' to set the elevation of the vertex. Elevation labels such as ''FFE: 124.85'' or ''Z: 124.85'' can be selected. Elevation: This is the default option and prompts you to type in the elevation for the vertex. For subsequent 3D Polyline vertices, several options are added to assist you in setting the X,Y location of each new vertex: Arc/Line: New polyline segments can be either an Arc or a Line segment. If the last polyline segment drawn was a LINE, then the ''Arc'' option will be shown as an available option; however, if the last polyline segment drawn was an ARC, then the ''Line'' option will be available. When in the ''Arc'' mode, there are many additional SubMenu options available to you for creating an arc segment within the new polyline. The options are generated directly from the standard CAD version of the PLINE command and include Radius Point, Radius Length, Arc Length, Chord and Second Point (Point on Curve). Close: This option will create a new Line or Arc segment back to the starting vertex of the polyline and re- sults in a closed polyline. Distance: This option allows you to rst enter a distance for the new Line segment and then to specify the direction using one of three methods: Cursor, Line or Angle. Cursor - This method will draw the polyline segment in the direction of your cursor position. Line - This method prompts you to select a line or polyline segment to which it will draw a parallel segment. Angle - This method prompts you for an Angle to determine the direction of your new polyline segment. The Angle format is Qdd.mmss and there are a variety of ways to use the ''Q'' value to specify the Angle. See here for more. Undo: Undo the last drawn polyline segment. After setting subsequent vertices, several more options are added to help you calculate the elevation of each Chapter 7. Draw Menu 285 new vertex: Percent: This option allows you to specify the slope in Percent format (3%) from the previous vertex. Ratio: This option allows you to specify the slope in Ratio format (for 3:1, enter 3) from the previous vertex. Degree: This option allows you to specify the slope angle in decimal degree format (dd.dddd) from the previous vertex. Osnap[.]: Using the [.] will toggle Running OSNAP settings ON or OFF. Angle Entry Methods The Angle format is Qdd.mmss where: Q=quadrant/angle, d=degrees, m=minutes and s=seconds. The Quadrant/Angle can be specied as: 1=NE (NorthEast) 2=SE (SouthEast) 3=SW (SouthWest) 4=NW (NorthWest) 5=AZ (AZimuth) 6=AL (turned Angle-Left) 7=AR (turned Angle-Right) 8=DL (Deection angle-Left) 9=DR (Deection angle-Right) Pulldown Menu Location: Draw Keyboard Command: 3DP Prerequisite: None Circle This command allows you to draw a circle. Prompts 1 Pick center point or point number or [3P/2P/TTR]: pick point or specify option 3P: This option draws a circle based on three points on the circumference. 2P: This option draws a circle based on two endpoints of the diameter. TTR-Tangent, Tangent, Radius: This option draws a circle with a specied radius tangent to two objects. 2 Specify radius of circle or [Diameter]: enter a value Sometimes more than one circle matches the criteria specied in the command. The circle whose tangent points are closest to the selected points is drawn. Prerequisite: None Keyboard Command: SCIRCLE 3 Point This command draws an arc between three points. The rst point is the PC, the second is a point on the arc and the third is the PT. The points can either by picked on-screen or specied by point number. Prompts Chapter 7. Draw Menu 286 Pick PC point or point numbers: 101 (For point number 101.) Pick Second point or point number: 102 Pick PT point or point number: 103 Pulldown Menu Location: Draw > Arc Keyboard Command: 3PA Prerequisite: None PC, PT, Center This command draws an arc between the PC point, radius point and PT point. The points can either by picked on-screen or specied by point number. Given these points, the arc can be drawn clockwise or counterclockwise. The program shows one direction and asks if it is correct. If you need the arc to go the other direction, enter No. Prompts Pick PC point or point number: 101 Pick Radius point or point number: 102 Pick PT point or point number: 103 Is the direction of this arc correct ? No/<Yes>: N Pulldown Menu Location: Draw > Arc Keyboard Command: pca Prerequisite: None PC, PT, Tangent This command ts a curve between beginning and end points (PC, PT) given a tangent-in. The tangent-in is specied by selecting a line entity. The PC and PT points are screen picked. Prompts Pick tangent-in: pick a line entity Pick point PC: pick a point Pick point PT: pick a point Pulldown Menu Location: Draw > Arc Keyboard Command: tangpcpt Prerequisite: Tangent line Chapter 7. Draw Menu 287 PC, Radius, Chord This command draws an arc, given the PC point, radius length, chord length and chord bearing. The PC point can either by picked on-screen or specied by point number. Given these points, the arc can be drawn clockwise or counter-clockwise. The program shows one direction and asks if it is correct. If you need the arc to go the other direction, enter No. Prompts Radius of Arc <-40.00>: 500 PC Start Point ? Pick point or point number: pick a point Chord bearing or chord endpoint (<Bearing>/Point)? Press Enter Enter Bearing (Qdd.mmss) <90.0000>: 145.1041 (for NE 45d10'41'') Chord Length <200.46>: 200 Is this arc in the correct direction (<Yes>/No)? Press Enter Pulldown Menu Location: Draw > Arc Keyboard Command: srcb Prerequisite: None PC, Radius, Arc Length This command draws an arc given the PC point, radius length, and arc length. The PC point can either by picked on-screen or specied by point number. Given these points, the arc can be drawn clockwise or counterclockwise. The program shows one direction and asks if it is correct. If you need the arc to go the other direction, enter No. Prompts Pick PC Point or point number: pick a point Pick Radius point or point number: pick a point Arc length <5.00): 150 Is this arc in the correct direction (<Yes>/No)? press Enter Pulldown Menu Location: Draw > Arc Keyboard Command: pra Prerequisite: None 2 Tangents, Radius This command ts a curve between two tangent lines by entering a known radius. It prompts for the radius and then prompts to pick points on the two tangent lines. Prompts Radius of Arc <300.000>: press Enter [nea] Pick Point on 1st Tangent Line:pick a point [nea] Pick Point on 2nd Tangent Line: pick a point Pulldown Menu Location: Draw > Arc Keyboard Command: 2tanlin Prerequisite: Tangent lines should be drawn before execution Chapter 7. Draw Menu 288 2 Tangents, Arc Length This command ts a curve between two tangent lines and a known arc length. It prompts for the arc length then pick the P.I. (intersection of tangent lines) and points on the two tangent lines. Prompts Arc Length <100.00>: press Enter or enter distance [int on] Pick P.I. of curve: pick intersection of tangent lines [nea on] Pick pnt on 1st Tangent Line: pick a point [nea on] Pick pnt on 2nd Tangent Line: pick a point Pulldown Menu Location: Draw > Arc Keyboard Command: 2tanlal Prerequisite: Tangent lines should be drawn before execution 2 Tangents, Chord Length This command ts a curve between two tangent lines and a known chord length. It prompts for the chord length, the P.I. and points on the two tangent lines. Prompts Chord Length <100.00>: press Enter [int on] Pick P.I. of curve: pick a point [nea on] Pick Point on 1st Tangent Line: pick a point [nea on] Pick Point on 2nd Tangent Line: pick a point Pulldown Menu Location: Draw > Arc Keyboard Command: 2tanlcl Prerequisite: Tangent lines should be drawn before execution 2 Tangents, Mid-Ordinate This command ts a curve between two tangent lines and a known middle ordinate. It prompts for the middle ordinate length, the Point of Intersection and points on the two tangent lines. Chapter 7. Draw Menu 289 Prompts Middle Ordinate <50.00>:press Enter [int on] Pick P.I. of curve: pick a point [nea on] Pick Point on 1st Tangent Line: pick a point [nea on] Pick Point on 2nd Tangent Line: pick a point Pulldown Menu Location: Draw > Arc Keyboard Command: 2tanlmo Prerequisite: Tangent lines should be drawn before execution 2 Tangents, External This command ts a curve between two tangent lines and a known external secant distance. It prompts for the P.I. and points on the two tangent lines then the external distance. Prompts [int on] Pick P.I. of curve: pick a point [nea on] Pick Point on 1st Tangent Line: pick a point [nea on] Pick Point on 2nd Tangent Line: pick a point External Distance <50.00>: press Enter Pulldown Menu Location: Draw > Arc Keyboard Command: 2tanlex Prerequisite: Tangent lines should be drawn before execution 2 Tangents, Tangent Length This command ts a curve between two tangent lines and a known curve tangent length. It prompts for the tangent length, P.I. and points on the two tangent lines. Prompts Tangent Length <50.00>:press Enter [int on] Pick P.I. of curve: pick a point [nea on] Pick Point on 1st Tangent Line: pick a point [nea on] Pick Point on 2nd Tangent Line: pick a point Pulldown Menu Location: Draw > Arc Keyboard Command: 2tanltl Prerequisite: Tangent lines should be drawn before execution 2 Tangents, Degree of Curve This command ts a curve between two tangent lines by entering a known degree of curve. It prompts for the degree of curve and then prompts to pick points on the two tangent lines. Prompts Chapter 7. Draw Menu 290 Degree of Curve (ddd.mmss) <5.0000>: press Enter Dene by [C]hord or [A]rc length <A>: press Enter [nea on] Pick Point on 1st Tangent Line: pick a point [nea on] Pick Point on 2nd Tangent Line: pick a point Pulldown Menu Location: Draw > Arc Keyboard Command: 2tanldo Prerequisite: Tangent lines should be drawn before execution 2 Tangents, Through Point This command creates an arc by tangents in/out plus a pass through point on the arc. Prompts Pick tangent-in: pick a line entity Pick tangent-out: pick another line entity Pick point on the arc: pick a point Pulldown Menu Location: Draw > Arc Keyboard Command: 2tanpt Prerequisite: 2 tangent lines Tangent, PC, Radius, Arc Length This command draws a curve from a perpendicular tangent line with a known radius and arc length. It prompts for the radius, the arc length and then to pick the P.C. start point of the curve (endpoint of previously drawn tangent line) and a point along the tangent line. Prompts Precede radius with - sign for curve to the left. Radius of Arc <15.00>: 55 Arc Length <25.00>: 30 PC Start Point ? Pick point/<point Number>: 14 PtNo. North(y) East(x) Elev(z) Desc 14 4869.06 4390.3 10.00 [nea on] Pick point along perpendicular tangent line: pick a point on tangent line Radius Point Coordinates: (4355.2 4911.4 0.0) Pulldown Menu Location: Draw > Arc Keyboard Command: sral Chapter 7. Draw Menu 291 Prerequisite: Tangent lines should be drawn before execution Tangent, PC, Radius, Tangent Length This command draws a curve from a perpendicular tangent line with a known radius and tangent length. It prompts for the radius, the tangent length and then to pick the P.C. start point of the curve and a point along the tangent line. Prompts Precede radius with - sign for curve to the left. Radius of Arc <300.0000>: press Enter Tangent Length <236.0000>: press Enter PC Start Point ? Pick point or point number: pick a point [nea on] Pick point along perpendicular tangent line: pick a point (5270.39 4840.36 0.0) Radius Point Coordinates: (5251.37 4534.71 0.0) Pulldown Menu Location: Draw > Arc Keyboard Command: srtl Prerequisite: Tangent lines should be drawn before execution Tang, PC, Radius, Chord Length This command draws a curve from a perpendicular tangent line with a known radius and chord length. It prompts for the radius, the chord length and then to pick the P.C. start point of the curve and a point along the tangent line. Prompts Precede radius with - sign for curve to the left. Radius of Arc <300.0000>: press Enter Chord Length <25.0000>: press Enter PC Start Point ? Pick point or point number: pick a point [nea on] Pick point along perpendicular tangent line: pick a point (5142.38 4911.57 0.0) Chapter 7. Draw Menu 292 Radius Point Coordinates: (5221.51 5209.63 0.0) Pulldown Menu Location: Draw > Arc Keyboard Command: SRCL Prerequisite: Tangent lines should be drawn before execution Tang, PC, Radius, Delta Angle This command draws a curve from a perpendicular tangent line with a known radius and delta angle. It prompts for the radius, the delta angle and then to pick the P.C. start point of the curve and a point along the tangent line. Prompts Precede radius with - sign for curve to the left. Radius of Arc <300.00>: press Enter Enter Delta Angle <90.00>: press Enter PC Start Point ? Number/<Pick point>: pick a point [nea on] Pick point along perpendicular tangent line: pick a point Pulldown Menu Location: Draw > Arc Keyboard Command: srda Prerequisite: Tangent lines should be drawn before execution Compound or Reverse This command draws a compound or reverse off an existing curve. It prompts whether the curve is reverse or compound, for the P.C. start point (endpoint of an existing arc) and the known radius. Then the user selects the other known from the choices of tangent length, arc length, chord length or delta angle and enters that value. This command can be confused and malfunction if there is another entity such as a point symbol at the P.C. (If this happens, freeze the PNTMARK layer or temporarily erase the point symbol.) Reverse curve off an existing curve Prompts [end on] Select ARC at PC Start point of the curve: pick a point Type of curve [<Compound>/Reverse]: press Enter Enter the Radius: 300 Dene arc method [Tangent/Chord/Delta/<Length>]: press Enter Enter the arc length: 236 Chapter 7. Draw Menu 293 Pulldown Menu Location: Draw > Arc Keyboard Command: srcr Prerequisite: Tangent arc should be drawn before execution 3-Radius Curve Series This command is used to best t a series of three curves with different radii between 2 tangents. The ''Offsets from the Tangents'' is the distance perpendicular to the tangent from both ends of the second curve. Offset from the tangents is the x value Prompts Please pick two tangents... Pick rst tangent: pick a point Pick second tangent: pick a point Pulldown Menu Location: Draw > Arc Keyboard Command: 3curves Prerequisite: Two tangents Best Fit Curve This command draws an arc between two endpoints with a radius that is derived from sampling points. Least- squares is used to nd the radius for the closest arc that passes through these points. After specifying the points, the program calculates the best-t arc and shows the results in the dialog show here. You can toggle each point for Chapter 7. Draw Menu 294 whether to include in the calculations. When a point is toggled off for processing, it is not used to calculate the best-t arc but the residual is still reported. Use the Remove button to remove a point both from calculation and reporting. You can also modify the radius. After picking OK, the arc is drawn in the current layer and there is a report. Prompts Starting Point ? Pick point or point number: 46 Ending point ? Pick point or point number: 50 Select points from screen, group or by point number [<Screen>/Group/Number]? press Enter Select Carlson Software Points. Select objects: W Use window to select a group of points. After selecting all the points to sample, end selection by pressing Enter. Best Fit Arc Coordinate File> C:\sample\PLAT.CRD Source Coordinates Point# Northing Easting Residual 46 4573.478 5647.688 -0.059 47 4618.180 5667.428 0.177 49 4669.960 5671.494 -0.211 50 4707.039 5664.138 0.093 Residuals Standard Deviation: 0.148 Average Residual: 0.135 Circle Center: 4657.233,5516.647 Radius: 155.580 Pulldown Menu Location: Draw > Arc Keyboard Command: btcrv Prerequisite: Points for sampling should be drawn before execution. Chapter 7. Draw Menu 295 Curve Calc This Curve Calculator command displays a dialog box with a series of edit boxes that are lled in with the values of a curve. You can input two known values and the program calculates the other values. One of the known values must be the radius or the delta angle. The 3 Points option allows you to simply select three on-screen point locations. All of the elds will immediately be lled in after the picking of the third point. Optionally, you can also input point numbers from a coordinate le. Roadway or Railroad: Allows you to choose which type of curve you would like information on. Toggling between the two, after data is entered, will reveal different values. Select: Allows you to select an arc from the drawing. The information for the selected arc is displayed in the dialog box. 3 Points: Allows you to specify three points on the screen to dene an arc. The information for this dened arc is displayed in the dialog box. Plot: Allows you to plot the currently dened arc in the drawing. Clear: Clears all edit boxes in the dialog. Prompts Curve Calculator dialog Enter at least two values, as described above The dialog box rst pops up without any data in the elds. The above dialog graphic is a result of entering in the radius and the arc length values of a known curve, then the Enter or Tab key. Pulldown Menu Location: Draw > Arc Keyboard Command: curvecalc Prerequisite: None Spiral Curve This command plots a spiral curve. The user must provide the P.I. (point of intersection), the length of spiral and the radius length of the simple curve. The command will plot a symmetrical spiral or a spiral in or spiral out (choose the S option for the rst prompt if you only want to plot a spiral out). If you have an unsymmetrical spiral then plot a spiral in using the T or P option then use the S option to plot the spiral out. The command plots a polyline Chapter 7. Draw Menu 296 to represent the spiral as line segments at the resolution specied by the user. You can use the Calculate Offsets, Station Polyline/Centerline or Offset Point Entry commands, found in the Centerline menu, to calculate points and/or stations and offsets from the spiral. Prompts Spiral method [TS/ST/<PI>] press Enter PI Point ? Pick point or point number: pick intersection of tangent lines TS Direction point (tangent in) ? Pick point or point number: pick point along tangent in line ST Direction point (tangent out) ? Pick point or point number: pick point along tangent out line Tangent in direction= N 56d24'9'' E Azimuth= 56d24'9'' Tangent out direction= S 65d9'1'' E Azimuth= 114d50'59'' Overall Delta= 58d26'50'' Point calculating distance resolution <10.0>: press Enter Length of Spiral <350.0>: press Enter Radius of simple curve (precede with - sign if curve to left) <954.93>: 954.93 Degree of curve: 6d0'0'' Theta of Spiral= 0.18325951 (radians) 10d30'0'' (dd.mmss) Distance along tangent line from TS to SC= 348.82 Distance offset from tangent line to SC= 21.33 (k) Shift along tangent line of PC= 174.80 (p) Shift offset from tangent line of PC= 5.34 Distance from PI to TS= 712.00 North(Y) of TS= 4583.08 East(X) of TS= 4244.46 North(Y) of SC= 4758.34 East(X) of SC= 4546.82 North(Y) of Offset PC= 4675.36 East(X) of Offset PC= 4393.02 [P]lot spiral or [I]ntermediate distances for staking (deection angle calc) <P>: press Enter Point calculating distance resolution <10.0>: 5 Enter the resolution at which you would like the line segments of the representative polyline plotted. North(Y) of Radius Pt= 3879.96 East(X) of Radius Pt= 4921.44 <press [Enter] for symmetrical spiral out>/[D]elta of simple curve: press Enter If you want a spiral in only enter D then input the delta angle of the curve. Simple Curve Delta= 37d26'50'' Length of Arc= 624.12 North(Y) of CS= 4805.10 East(X) of CS= 5158.11 Pulldown Menu Location: Draw > Arc Keyboard Command: spiral Prerequisite: For a symmetrical spiral, draw the tangent in and tangent out lines. For spiral in or out only, draw the tangent line in or out. Draw Box Around Text This command draws a rectangle to enclose the selected text. This rectangle is drawn as a polyline in the current layer. The options dialog has Gap Factor which controls the offset from the text to the polyline. The factor is relative to the text size. The Round Corners option llets the corners of the box. Chapter 7. Draw Menu 297 Prompts [Options/<Select text>]: pick the text to box or type O for the options dialog. Pulldown Menu Location: Draw > Text Keyboard Command: txtbox Prerequisite: Text entity White Solid Behind Text This command draws a white solid rectangle to highlight the selected text. The display order for the solid is set be- hind the text and the solid is drawn on the current layer. This command is only useful when the text itself is not white. Prompts Select text: pick the text to highlights Pulldown Menu Location: Draw > Text Keyboard Command: txtwhite Prerequisite: Text entity Trim Linework Through Text This command trims linework that crosses text. After selecting the text to trim with and entering a buffer offset around the text, the program automatically nds any crossing linework and trims. Prompts Select text: pick the text to trim with Enter gap <0.5>: press Enter Pulldown Menu Location: Draw > Text Keyboard Command: txttrim Prerequisite: Text entity and linework Chapter 7. Draw Menu 298 Insert Symbols This command inserts symbols from the symbol library into the drawing. The symbol library may be edited using the Edit Symbol Library command. In the Insert Symbols options dialog, choose a symbol by entering the Symbol Name or by picking the Select button which brings up the Select Symbol dialog. The default Symbol Category choices are Points, Trees and Map Symbols. You may select a category by choosing the Symbol Category dropdown list. Within each category, use the scroll bar to view all of the symbols. The Prompt For Rotation option will add a prompt for each symbol rotation. The Rotate By Centerline option will prompt to select linework and then rotate the symbols to make them parallel to the nearest linework. The Symbol Rotation Angle is applied relative to horizontal of the current twist screen or to the nearest linework angle when Rotate By Centerline is active. The Erase Existing Symbols options apply if you specify a symbol location that already has a symbol on it. There are also settings for the symbol layer name and size. The Prompt For Attributes option applies to symbols that have attribute denitions. When active, this option will prompt for the attribute values in a dialog. The Select Code option is an alternate way of selecting the symbol by Field-to-Finish code name. The Field-to- Finish code table to use is set with the Points->Point Defaults command. Besides setting the symbol name, the code lookup method also sets the layer. For example, instead of picking a symbol like SPT5 and setting the layer name to ''TRAVERSE'' for an iron pin symbol, the select code method would set the symbol name and layer by picking the code name/description of ''IPS''/''Iron Pin Set'' from the code list. So the code method is a way to handle drawing standards. After the options dialog, the program prompts at the Command line for the symbol locations. The locations can be specied by picking points, specifying point numbers in the current coordinate (.CRD) le or by entering the northing and easting. Using the Select entities option, symbols can also be placed on arcs, faces, points, text, lines and polylines. Selecting the Enter coords option allows you to insert the symbol by entering a easting, northing and elevation in x,y,z order. Chapter 7. Draw Menu 299 Appears at start of command Appears when Select (symbol) is chosen Select entities dialog box Chapter 7. Draw Menu 300 Prompts Insert Symbols dialog Choose parameters and click OK Options/Select entities/Enter coords/<Pick point or point numbers>: pick a point Options/Select entities/Enter coords/<Pick point or point numbers>: 5-10 Inserts symbols at points 5-10 from the current coordinate le. Options/Select entities/Enter coords/<Pick point or point numbers>: S Insert Symbols dialog Select arcs, faces, points, text, lines and polylines. select objects Options/Select entities/Enter coords/<Pick point or point numbers>: press Enter to end Pulldown Menu Location: Draw > Symbols Keyboard Command: ptsym Prerequisite: None Insert Multi-Point Symbols This command allows you to locate symbols using multiple insertion points. Up to three insertion points can be dened for an individual symbol. When dening only two insertion points for a particular symbol, the symbol will be scaled and rotated. With three insertion points dened, the symbol is rotated and scaled in both the X and Y directions. The two point insertion denition will aid in the drawing of tree symbols with a specic drip line width. For instance, a surveyor could locate the tree and then locate the drip line, two shots for each tree, and allow the program to size the tree symbol accordingly so that the map will have various tree symbol sizes that reect the actual eld conditions. The multiple insertion points are dened in the Field to Finish codes. The Insert Multi-Point Symbols command reads the Field to Finish code table and nds all of the codes with multi-point symbol denitions. Then you can select from these codes for the symbol to draw. Both the two and three point insertion denitions can aid with the insertion of concretes and buildings symbols during nal drawing preparations and design phases of a project. Here are the various steps to dene two point and three point insertion point symbols. First, you must decide on the symbol to use for the desired code, as well as the specic placement points for the symbol. Once a symbol has been chosen, open the desired symbol drawing. To do this, identify the symbol name and then locate the symbol by its drawing name under the SUP sub-directory found under the Carlson installation directory. Next, determine the placement points for the symbol. As shown below, the placement points for the BLD code symbol, which will be explored later in this section, were determined by identifying X and Y values of the desired placement points by using the id command and specifying the end points of the lines. Next, the symbol insertion points must be dened in the Field to Finish code table (.FLD) le. To do this, open your FLD le by choosing Draw Field to Finish under the Survey pulldown. Then select a particular code from the list of codes displayed in the Field to Finish dialog box. Edit it by highlighting the code and picking the Edit button, or dene a new code with the Add button. Either choice will display the Edit Field Code Denition dialog. In the Edit Code Denition dialog, choose the desired symbol for the code by pressing the Set Symbol button and selecting the desired symbol. Next, select the Symbol Pts button. This brings up a dialog called Dene Symbol Placement Points. Here is where you dene the symbol by three points. You do this by entering an X and Y coordinate and a description for the symbol. Enter the X and Y values for each placement point into the appropriate elds. The description elds are used as the prompts when placing the symbol in the drawing. A two insertion point symbol is dened in the same way. An example is the Symbol Pnts denition for the code TREE. The placement points for the Tree code symbol were determined by opening the symbol drawing and nding the X and Y values at the insertion points. The center of the large circle was chosen for Point 1 and the East Quadrant was chosen for point 2. In both cases osnaps were used in picking the points. Now that we have the codes dened, let's go through the Insert Multi-Point Symbol command and see the results. The command starts with a dialog that lists all the codes with Multi-Point Symbols dened. At this point you can select the symbol to draw. The symbol size applies only to using one point to place the symbol. When two or more Chapter 7. Draw Menu 301 points are used, the symbol is scaled to t the points. Let's look at the BLD code three point insertion denition. Shown below are three points that represent a building pad. We want the building to be exactly the same dimensions dened by the point locations. The three point PAD and the tree with drip line examples follow. We start by specifying the building pad codes. Prompts Insert Multi-Point Symbol Dialog Choose a symbol to draw. In this example, the Pad symbol is a 3 point multi-symbol. Specify LTFNT PAD point. Pick Point or Point Number (Enter to End): 15 Specify LT REAR PAD point. Pick Point or Point Number (Enter to End): 16 Specify RT REAR PAD point. Pick Point or Point Number (Enter to End): 17 Insert another BLD symbol [<Yes>/No]? N Insert Multi-Point Symbol Dialog Choose a symbol to draw. In this next example, the Tree symbol is a 2 point multi-symbol. Now specify the location of the trunk and the drip line by point number. Specify Trunk Location point. Pick Point or Point Number (Enter to End): 1 Specify Drip Line Point. Pick Point or Point Number (Enter to End): 13 Insert another TREE symbol [<Yes>/No]? N From the Field to Finish routine Chapter 7. Draw Menu 302 Two points symbol placement for TREE Three points for building PAD Chapter 7. Draw Menu 303 Two point tree with drip line Pulldown Menu Location: Draw > Symbols Keyboard Command: multsym Prerequisite: Field to Finish le (.FLD) with codes dened with Multi-Point Symbols Hatch This command allows you to ll an enclosed area or selected objects with a hatch pattern. The Hatch command rst denes the boundaries of the area you want to hatch, either by computing a region or polyline boundary from a specied point within an enclosed area, or by using selected objects as boundaries. It then lls the boundaries with a hatch pattern or a solid color. You can create an associative hatch, which updates when its boundaries are modied, or a nonassociative hatch, which is independent of its boundaries. You can preview any hatch and adjust the denition. Due to the large number of combinations of geometry that you can hatch, editing hatched geometry can produce unexpected results. In this event, delete the hatch object and rehatch. The Boundary Hatch dialog box denes the boundary, pattern type, pattern properties, and attributes for hatch objects. Use the Quick Tab to work with hatch patterns and quickly create a hatch. Use the Advanced Tab to customize how TakeOff creates and hatches boundaries. 1 Under the Quick Tab you dene the appearance of the hatch pattern to be applied. Type: This eld sets the pattern type. Pattern: This eld lists the available predened patterns. The six most recently used predened patterns appear at the top of the list. The Pattern option is available only if you set Type to Predened. Chapter 7. Draw Menu 304 [...]: This button displays the Hatch Pattern Palette dialog box, in which you can view preview images for all predened patterns at once to help you make a selection. Swatch: This eld displays a preview of the selected pattern. You can click the swatch to display the Hatch Pattern Palette dialog box. Custom Pattern: This eld lists the available custom patterns. The six most-recently used custom patterns appear at the top of the list. The Custom Pattern option is available only if you set Type to Custom. Angle: This eld species an angle for the hatch pattern relative to the X axis of the current UCS. Scale: This option expands or contracts a predened or custom pattern. This option is available only if you set Type to Predened or Custom. Relative to Paper Space: This option scales the hatch pattern relative to paper space units. Using this option, you can easily display hatch patterns at a scale that is appropriate for your layout. This option is available only from a layout. Spacing: This option species the spacing of lines in a user-dened pattern. This option is available only if you set Type to User Dened. ISO Pen Width: This option scales an ISO predened pattern based on the pen width you choose. This option is available only if you set Type to Predened and set Pattern to one of the available ISO patterns. 2 Under the Advanced Tab you dene how TakeOff creates and hatches boundaries. Island Detection Style: This option allows you to specify the method for hatching objects within the outermost hatch boundary. If no internal boundaries exist, specifying an Island Detection style has no effect. Because you can dene a precise set of boundaries, it's often best to use the Normal style. The illustrations that accompany each style show how the program hatches a group of three nested boundary objects in each case. Normal Chapter 7. Draw Menu 305 Hatches inward from the outer boundary. If the program encounters an internal intersection, it turns off hatching until it encounters another intersection. Thus, areas separated from the outside of the hatched area by an odd number of intersections are hatched, and areas separated by an even number of intersections are not. Outer Hatches inward from the outer boundary. The program turns hatching off if it encounters an internal intersection. Because this process starts from both ends of each hatch line, the program hatches only the outermost level of the structure and leaves the internal structure blank. Ignore Ignores all internal objects and hatches through them. Hatching concave curves with the Outer and Ignore styles can cause hatching discrepancies. The Normal, Outer, and Ignore options are also available from a shortcut menu by right-clicking in the drawing area while you specify points or select objects to dene your boundaries. Object Type: This option allows you to specify whether to retain boundaries as objects, and species the object type TakeOff applies to those boundary objects. Object Type controls the type of the new boundary object. TakeOff creates the boundary as a region or a polyline. This option is available only if you select Retain Boundaries. Retain Boundaries: This option adds the temporary boundary objects to the drawing. Boundary Set: This eld denes the set of objects TakeOff analyzes when dening a boundary from a specied point. The selected boundary set has no effect when you use Select Objects to dene a boundary. By default, when you use Pick Points to dene a boundary, the program analyzes all objects visible in the current viewport. By redening the boundary set, you can disregard certain objects when dening boundaries without having to hide or remove those objects. For large drawings, redening the boundary set can also produce the boundary faster because the program examines fewer objects. New: This option prompts you to select the objects that dene the boundary set. When you choose this option, the dialog box temporarily closes, prompting you to select objects. TakeOff includes only the hatchable objects you select when it constructs the new boundary set. TakeOff discards any existing boundary set, replacing it with the new boundary set dened by the objects you select. If you don't select any hatchable objects, the program retains any current set. Until you exit the Hatch command or create a new boundary set, TakeOff ignores objects that do not exist in the boundary set when you dene your boundaries using Pick Points. Island Detection Method: This option allows you to specify whether to include objects within the outermost boundary as boundary objects. These internal objects are known as islands. Flood: This option includes islands as boundary objects. Ray Casting: This option runs a line from the point you specify to the nearest object and then traces the boundary in a counterclockwise direction, thus excluding islands as boundary objects. 3 In the Boundary Hatch dialog box, you set the options the dene the selection set. Pick Points: This option determines a boundary from existing objects that form an enclosed area. How TakeOff detects objects using this option depends on the selected Island Detection Method on the Advanced tab. For example, if the Island Detection Method is Flood, the program detects objects within the outermost boundary as islands and includes them in the boundary denition. The Island Detection Style (which you also set on the Advanced tab) then determines how to hatch the detected islands. When you choose Pick Points, the dialog box closes temporarily, and the program prompts for point specication. Chapter 7. Draw Menu 306 Select Objects: This option allows you to select specic objects for hatching. The dialog box closes temporarily, and the program prompts you for object selection. When you dene your boundaries using Select Objects, the program does not detect interior objects automatically. You must select the objects within the selected boundary to hatch those objects according to the current Island Detection Style (which you set on the Advanced tab). Each time you choose Select Objects, the program clears the previous selection set. While selecting objects, you can right-click at any time in the drawing area to display a shortcut menu. You can undo the last or all selections, change the selection method, change the island detection style, or preview the hatch. Remove Islands: This option removes from the boundary denition any of the objects that the program detects as islands when you use Pick Points. You cannot remove the outer boundary. View Selections: This option temporarily dismisses the dialog box and displays the currently dened boundaries with the hatch settings that you last previewed. This option is unavailable when you have not yet specied points or selected objects. Inherit Properties: This option hatches specied boundaries using the hatch properties of one object. After selecting the associative hatch object whose properties you want the hatch to inherit, you can right-click in the drawing area and use the shortcut menu to toggle between the Select Objects and Pick Internal Point options to create boundaries. Double: For user-dened patterns, this option draws a second set of lines positioned at 90 degrees to the original lines, creating a crosshatch. This option is available only if you set Type to User Dened on the Quick tab. Associative: This option creates an associative hatch, meaning that the hatch is updated when you modify its boundaries. Nonassociative: This option creates a nonassociative hatch, meaning that it is independent of its boundaries. Preview: This option temporarily dismisses the dialog box and displays the currently dened boundaries with the current hatch settings. This option is not available when you have not yet specied points or selected objects to dene your boundaries. Prerequisite: None Keyboard Command: BHATCH Raster Image This command allows you to manage raster images. 1 The Image Manager dialog box lists all the image les attached to the current drawing. You can view the parame- ters and details for selected images. You can attach new image les and detach, locate, reload, and unload existing Chapter 7. Draw Menu 307 images. List View: This button lists the image denitions attached to the drawing. Each image name appears only once regardless of how many times you attach (insert) the image. You can sort the list of images by name, status (loaded, unloaded, or not found), size, type (TIFF, for example), date, or the saved path and le name. By default, TakeOff displays the list alphabetically by image name. To select multiple images, hold down SHIFT or CTRL while selecting items. To sort the list alphabetically or numerically by a specic column, click that column's heading. To change the width of the column, drag the line between the column headings to the right or left. The program saves and restores the settings when you reopen the dialog box. To change an image name, select it and then click it again, or select it and then press F2. You cannot edit names of images that reside in external references (xrefs). Image names can include up to 255 characters and can contain letters, digits, spaces, and any special characters not used by Microsoft Windows or TakeOff. The image name can be identical to the le name, but changing the image name does not change the le name. Tree View: This button displays all the image denitions and the levels of nesting of images within xrefs. The top level of the tree view shows images that you attached directly to the drawing, images nested in block references, and the names of externally referenced drawings containing images. The names of the images attached to the externally referenced drawings appear nested within the drawing at the next tree level. To insert a copy of an already attached image, select it, and then choose Attach. Tree view lists the image names only (not le names) and lists the image name just once, regardless of how many times you attach (insert) the image. You can edit an image name by selecting it and then clicking it again, or by selecting it and then pressing F2. However, you cannot select more than one image at a time. Attach: This option displays the Select Image File dialog box. When you unload and then reload an image, the program draws that image on top. Images remain loaded or unloaded from one drawing session to the next. Detach: This option removes the selected image denitions from the drawing database and erases all the associ- ated image objects from the drawing and from the display. Reload: This option loads the most recent version of an image or reloads an image that was previously unloaded. Reloading does not control whether the image is displayed, but it ensures display of the most current image. Unload: This option unloads image data from working memory without erasing the image objects from the drawing. It is recommended that you unload images no longer needed for editing to improve performance. An unloaded image cannot be displayed or plotted. You can selectively load and unload individual images from a working list of images associated with the drawing le. Details: This option opens the Image File Details dialog box, which displays the image name, saved path, active path, le creation date and time, le size and type, color system, color depth, width and height in pixels, resolution, default size in units, and a preview image. Image Found At: This eld shows the path of the selected image. If you select multiple images, this eld remains blank. The path shown is the actual path where the image resides. Browse: This option opens the Select Image File dialog box (a standard le selection dialog box). The path you select appears under Image Found At. Save Path: This option stores the new path information. Press ESC while editing the path to restore the old path. If the program cannot nd the referenced image in the new path, the image's status changes to Not Found. If you do not choose Save Path after editing the path, the program uses the original image path the next time you load the drawing. 2 Under the Image dialog box, you can attach an image. Chapter 7. Draw Menu 308 3 In the Image dialog box, you must rst identify the image and the path. Name: This eld identies the image you have selected to attach, either from the Select Image File dialog box (an unattached image) or from the list of previously attached images. To add another instance of an image le that is already attached, select the image name from the list and choose OK. Browse: This option opens the Select Image File dialog box (a standard le selection dialog box). If Show Preview is selected, the program displays a preview of the selected le. Retain Path: This option saves the path of the image le with the image denition. If Retain Path is not selected, only the image name is saved and TakeOff searches the Support File Search Path. 4 Under Insertion Point, you must specify the insertion point for the selected image. Specify On-Screen is the default. The default insertion point is 0,0. Specify On-Screen: This option directs input to the command line or the pointing device. If Specify On-Screen is cleared, enter the insertion point in X, Y, and Z. X: This eld sets the X coordinate value. Y: This eld sets the Y coordinate value. Z: This eld sets the Z coordinate value. 5 Under Scale, you must specify the scale factor of the selected image. Specify On-Screen directs input to the command line or the pointing device. If Specify On-Screen is cleared, enter a value for the scale factor. The default scale factor is 1. 6 Under Rotation, you must specify the rotation angle of the selected image. If Specify On-Screen is selected, you may wait until you exit the dialog box to rotate the object with your pointing device or enter a rotation angle value on the command line. If Specify On-Screen is cleared, enter the rotation angle value in the dialog box. The default rotation angle is 0. Prerequisite: Raster image Keyboard Command: IMAGE Place Image by World File Function This function allows you to insert Geo-Referenced TIF les into AutoCAD drawings. This process requires the presence of an accompanying TFW le. The TFW le contains information about the location and scaling of the actual raster image TIF le. This eliminates the guesswork in inserting, moving, and rotating raster images to the Chapter 7. Draw Menu 309 project area. You begin by selecting the TFW or JGW le to process. If the related TIF le is present in the same directory, the image will be inserted into the proper coordinates. Prompts Select World File: choose existing .TFW or .JGW le Keyboard Command: geotiff Prerequisite: None Draw Standard Item Overview Draw Standard Items The CAD Standards feature in Carlson Software is a collection of commands allowing you to create, manage and draw standardized Symbols, Linework and Annotation entities that are stored in a Standards Database le (.sdb). All of the commands can be found under the Item sub-menu of the Draw menu or on the Draw Item toolbar. The Draw Item toolbar, shown below, has icons for the Draw Item, Set Data Source and Exit Drawing Standards commands. In addition, these commands are all accessible from the Draw menu. The Item Standards Manager command is only accessible through the Draw menu. The Item Standards Manager command launches the Standards Draw Manager palette. This palette has a right-click shortcut menu allowing you to Insert, Modify, Delete and otherwise manage Items stored in the Standards Database le (.sdb). Other than the shortcut menu, this palette is identical to the Standards Draw palette. The rst time you launch the Item Standards Manager in a drawing session, you will be prompted to ''Select Drawing Standards Data Source''. Carlson includes two Standards Database les (.sdb) with the in- stallation: the Carlson NCS SurveyCivil.sdb which is a fully populated database based on the US National CAD Standard and empty.sdb which is a functional, but empty, database with which to start a new Standard Database. Updates and additions to the .sdb les provided by Carlson Software will be posted to this website: www.carlsonsw.com/cadstandards.html. Using the Draw Standard Item command, the CAD User can access the Standards Draw palette and place standardized Symbols, Linework and Annotation in the drawing. Prior to adding Standard Items to the drawing, the Chapter 7. Draw Menu 310 CAD User will load the appropriate Standards Database le (.sdb) using the Set Data Source command. Pulldown Menu Location(s): Draw > Draw to Standard Keyboard Command: Varies Prerequisite: Varies Draw Standard Item The Draw Standard Item command activates the Standards Draw palette. This palette is essentially the same as the Standards Draw Manager palette except that it does not have the Standards management commands available in the right-click shortcut menu. The rst time you launch the Draw Standard Item command in a drawing session, a dialog box will prompt you to ''Select Drawing Standards Data Source''. The Standards Data Source can be loaded by specifying a Universal Data Link le (.udl) or a Standards Database le (.sdb). Carlson includes two Standards Database les (.sdb) with the installation: the Carlson NCS SurveyCivil.sdb which is a fully populated database based on the US National CAD Standard and empty.sdb which is a functional, but empty, database with which to start a new Standard Database. Updates and additions to the .sdb les provided by Carlson Software will be posted to this website: www.carlsonsw.com/cadstandards.html. After specifying the data source, the Draw Standard Item command is automatically issued. If you wish to Draw a Standard Item in your drawing at this time, you can specify the Standard Item to be drawn either by typing its QuickKey in at the Command: Line or by selecting a similar Standard Item currently existing in the drawing. If you do not know the QuickKey of the Standard Item you wish to draw and do not have a similar Item in the drawing, press the Enter key to nish the command and return to the Command: prompt. You can now access the Standards Draw palette by hovering over the Draw Standard Item icon on the Draw Item toolbar. By default, the Standards Draw palette automatically hides within the Draw Standard Item icon. Hover- ing over this icon will display the palette. Once displayed, the palette may be dragged to a new location and re-sized. Since the palette is fully transparent, it can be ''parked'' in the drawing area and not interfere with other drafting tasks. The palette is also ''transparent'' with regards to command execution in that other commands are able to run while the palette remains open and available for use. Chapter 7. Draw Menu 311 Items in the Standards Draw palette are organized into Folders and given commonly referred-to, descriptive names. Dening these Items and other management tasks are done through the Items Standards Manager. A Standard Item can include any one or a combination of 3 types of entities: Symbols, Linework and An- notation (with or without a Leader). Next to each Item in the palette is an icon graphic that indicates the type of entities dened for that Standard Item. This icon, is shown for a Standard Symbol Item. This icon, is shown for a Standard Linework Item. This icon, is shown for a Standard Annotation Item. You may also see one of these icons representing a combination of entity types: Because many Standard Items will be sized based on the scale of the drawing, it is important to set the ''Horizontal Scale'' in the Carlson Drawing Setup dialog box before drawing Standard Items into your drawing. If Standard Items are drawn and scaled according to the ''Horizontal Scale'', the ''Horizontal Scale'' setting is saved with the entity. In other words, changes to the ''Horizontal Scale'' of the drawing will not affect existing entities. This is true of Symbols, Annotation and Leader components. There are 3 methods you can use to place Standard Items in your drawing: Select Object - This option is enabled when starting the Draw Item command from either the Draw Item toolbar or the Draw menu. When prompted at the Command: Line, you can select any Standard Item that has been previously drawn in the drawing and will then be able to place a new instance of that Item. Quick Key - This option is enabled when starting the Draw Item command from either the Draw Item toolbar or the Draw menu. When prompted at the Command: Line, type in the QuickKey shortcut for the Standard Item you wish to draw. Standard Draw palette - After the Data Source has been loaded, you can access the Standard Draw palette Chapter 7. Draw Menu 312 by hovering over the Draw Item icon. To Draw a Standard Item using the Item menu in the palette, navigate through and left-click the Standard Item to be drawn. Assuming the Standard Item has a Symbol, Linework and Annotation component, you will see, generally, the following series of prompts. Note that, depending on the various options that have been set for each Item, the prompts may vary. Start Point: Using the left-mouse button, select the location for the rst Symbol component. This point will also be the rst endpoint of the Linework for this Item. If you do not wish to have a Symbol inserted at this point and only wish to draw the associated Linework, hold the ALT key when specifying the Start Point to proceed on to the next Endpoint. Rotation Angle: If you have placed a Symbol, specify its Rotation Angle. If you have set the Symbol Rotation option to ''Fixed'', you will not be prompted for this Rotation Angle. If you Insert a Symbol having non-Constant attribute values, you will be prompted through a dialog box to dene the attribute values: Halfwidth/Width/CLose/LEngth/Open/Undo/Arc Endpoint of line: Select the next Endpoint of the line segment or specify one of the other Polyline command options before picking the Endpoint. If you do not want to draw a Linework segment at this time, press Enter to skip this step and continue on to place Annotation. Rotation Angle: Specify the Rotation Angle for the next Symbol. Again, depending on the Symbol Rotation options you have set, you may or may not receive this prompt. The prompts will continue to alternate between ''Rotation Angle'' and ''Endpoint of Line'' until you have reached the end of your Linework. When you have specied your nal Endpoint and the Rotation Angle of your nal Symbol, right-click to continue on to place Annotation. Displacement/Identify or <\P>key in alternative text: This is the prompt for your rst Annotation entity. The Item's Label is used for default Text content. To override the default Text, simply type in the alterna- tive Text at the Command: Line. If you need a 2nd line of Text, use ''\P'' to designate the 2nd line of text. For instance, entering ''TWO STORY\PWOOD FRAME'' would result in the following Text string in the drawing: Also, left-clicking on any other Text entity will update your current Text value to match the Text that was selected. And, holding the ALT key while left-clicking on any other Text entity will add the value of that Text entity as a 2nd line of Text to your current Text value. Chapter 7. Draw Menu 313 Once you have nished entering the Text, press Enter to nish Text entry. Left-click in the drawing to place the Text. Rotation angle/Identify or <\P>key in alternative text <0.0000>: Type in a Rotation Angle for the text or left-click to specify the desired angle. Leader Start Point: Left-click to specify the location of the arrowhead part of the Leader. If you do not want a Leader, you can right-click to skip the Leader and proceed on to place the next Text entity. Next Leader Point: Left-click to specify the next Endpoint of the Leader. You will continue being prompted for ''Next Leader Point:'' until you right-click or Enter to nish drawing the Leader. After you have nished drawing the rst Annotation entity (with or without a Leader), you will continue to be prompted to place additional Annotation and Leaders. Right-click or press Enter to nish the command. Pulldown Menu Location(s): Draw > Draw To Standard Keyboard Command: drawitem Prerequisite: Populated Standards Database le (.sdb) Set Drawing Standards Data Source The Set Drawing Standards Data Source command allows you to browse to and associate a Standards database le with your active drawing. Doing so enables you to use the Draw Item command to place Standard Items into your drawing. This command will accept selection of either a Standards Database le (.sdb) or Universal Data Link le (.udl) that points to the .sdb le. Carlson includes two Standards Database les (.sdb) with the installa- tion: the Carlson NCS SurveyCivil.sdb which is a fully populated database based on the US National CAD Standard and empty.sdb which is a functional, but empty, database with which to start a new Standard Database. Updates and additions to the .sdb les provided by Carlson Software will be posted to this website: www.carlsonsw.com/cadstandards.html. This command is available from the Draw menu and the Draw Item toolbar as shown below. Pulldown Menu Location(s): Draw > Draw to Standard Keyboard Command: setitem Prerequisite: Standards Database File (.sdb) Item Standards Manager The Item Standards Manager command launches the Standards Draw Manager palette. This palette has a right-click shortcut menu allowing you to Insert, Modify, Delete and otherwise manage Items stored in the Standards Database le (.sdb). Other than the shortcut menu, this palette is identical to the Standards Draw palette. The rst time you launch the Item Standards Manager in a drawing session, a dialog box will prompt you to ''Select Drawing Standards Data Source''. The Standards Data Source can be loaded by specifying a Universal Data Link le (.udl) or a Standards Database le (.sdb). The .udl le is a le that ''points'' to an .sdb le. CAD Managers may prefer to allow users access to the database through the Universal Data Link le (.udl). This allows the CAD Manager to limit access to the Standards Database le (.sdb) by storing it in a non-shared location. The CAD Manager can set ''read only'' or ''read/write'' permissions for the .udl le so as to limit editing access to the protected data stored in the .sdb le. Carlson includes two Standards Database les (.sdb) with the installation: the Carlson NCS SurveyCivil.sdb which is a fully populated database based on the US National CAD Standard and empty.sdb which is a functional, Chapter 7. Draw Menu 314 but empty, database with which to start a new Standard Database. Updates and additions to the .sdb les provided by Carlson Software will be posted to this website: www.carlsonsw.com/cadstandards.html. After specifying the data source, the CAD Standards feature is launched in ''CAD Management'' mode and the Draw Standard Item command is automatically issued. If you wish to place a Standard Item in your drawing at this time, you can simply continue the Draw Standard Item command as usual. However, if you need to perform any management tasks to the database, use the Enter key to nish the command and return to the Command: prompt. You can then access the Standards Draw Manager palette by hovering over the Draw Standard Item icon on the Draw Item toolbar. By default, the Standards Draw Manager palette automatically hides within the Draw Standard Item icon. Hovering over this icon will display the palette. Once displayed, the palette may be dragged to a new location and re-sized. Since the palette is fully transparent, it can be ''parked'' in the drawing area and not interfere with other drafting tasks. The palette is also ''transparent'' with regards to command execution in that other commands are able to run while the palette remains open and available for use. Once displayed, right-clicking inside the Standards Draw Manager displays a menu containing the Standards Database management commands. New Item Folder Use this command to create a new folder or sub-folder in which to store Standard Items. Chapter 7. Draw Menu 315 Name: The common name for Items in this Folder. The Folder Name is limited to 32 characters. Description: Additional descriptive information about this Folder. The Folder Description is limited to 32 charac- ters. Characteristic: Distinguishing characteristic of this Folder. The Folder Characteristic is limited to 32 characters. The ''Name'', ''Description'' and ''Characteristic'' of each new Folder can be organized and named using any consistent naming convention that makes sense for your ofce. The dialog also allows you to specify a ''Prex'' and ''Sufx'' for both the ''Description'' and ''Characteristic'' of each new Folder. The ''Prex'' and ''Sufx'' values shown in the example above have been set as parentheses ( ) and brackets [ ]. You can set the Default values for ''Prex'' and ''Sufx'' in Item Database Preferences. Label: This is a read-only value dened by combining the Folder Name, Description and Characteristic. Quick Key: This value is not used or set for Folders. Scale: This read-only value displays the current ''Horizontal Scale'' as specied in Carlson Drawing Setup. Import Symbol Library This command allows you to import a collection of blocks into the database as Standard Symbol Items. Default Scale, Attribute Properties and Rotation can be set for all symbols when importing to the database. For this command, all blocks should be saved out to individual Drawing les (.dwg) in a common blocks folder. And, contrary to accepted CAD practice, the blocks should be drawn on their standard layer instead of layer 0. For instance, according to our standard, symbol SSWR-08 should reside on layer V-SSWR-STRC. If I in- tend to import this symbol into the database using the Import Symbol Library command, the symbol SSWR-08 should reside in its own drawing le named SSWR-08.dwg and should be drawn on layer V-SSWR-STRC in that Drawing le. Except as noted above with regard to layers, all Symbols should be drawn according to the guidelines set forth in the Best Practices section of this document. Chapter 7. Draw Menu 316 Scale: Because the default X, Y and Z scale factors correspond to the current ''Horizontal Scale'' setting in Carlson Drawing Setup, these values should all be set to ''1'' when dening Standard Symbol Items to the database. Select the ''Fixed'' options for X, Y and Z Scales if you wish to manage the Symbol size solely by these values. Do NOT select the ''Fixed'' options if you want the Symbol size to vary depending on the ''Horizontal Scale'' setting of the drawing. Properties: For blocks having dened attributes, use the settings here to Allow Moving, Rotating and Masking of attributes. Rotation: Default Rotation for Symbols can be specied as ''First'', ''Fixed'' and ''Previous''. The ''First'' option will prompt for a Rotation angle for the rst Symbol and then will automatically Rotate all subsequent Symbols to the same angle as the rst. The ''Fixed'' option will use the Rotation angle as specied for the original Symbol. The ''Previous'' option will prompt for the Rotation angle of each Symbol that is placed, but will default to the Rotation angle of the previously placed Symbol. Browse for Folder: Browse to and select the folder containing the Symbols to be imported. After importing Symbols from a folder, the database will automatically add the folder to the list of ''Additional Support Paths'' as specied in the Item Database Preferences. In order to insert the Symbol into other drawings in the future, the source drawing le containing the original Symbol/Block denition must be found in a Support Path. Export Layer Library Use this command to export all layers and associated properties (color, linetype, etc.) to a Layer Library le (.la). Export Field to Finish Use this command to export all Standard Items to corresponding eld codes in a Field to Finish le (.d). Insert Item Use this command to dene a Standard Item to the Standards Database le (.sdb). If you wish to store the new Standard Item in a Folder, you must rst select and highlight the Folder, then right-click and select Insert Item from the shortcut menu. If you do not want the new Standard Item saved in a Folder, simply right-click anywhere in the palette and select Insert Item. Once Items have been created, you can simply ''drag and drop'' Items from one Folder to another as needed. A Standard Item, when dened to the database, can include any one or a combination of 3 types of entities: Symbols, Linework and Annotation (with or without a Leader). If more than one of any type (2 Symbols, for instance) are selected, you will be prompted to select the ONE entity to be used for the Standard Item denition. Chapter 7. Draw Menu 317 Prior to Inserting a new Standard Item, all entities should be drawn according to the guidelines set forth in the Best Practices section of this document. Select Objects: Select the entities that comprise the new Standard Item to be dened. Name: The common name for this Item. The Item Name is limited to 32 characters. Description: Additional descriptive information about this Item. The Item Description is limited to 32 characters. Characteristic: Distinguishing characteristic of this Item. The Item Characteristic is limited to 32 characters. The ''Name'', ''Description'' and ''Characteristic'' of each new Item can be organized and named using any consistent naming convention that makes sense for your ofce. The dialog also allows you to specify a ''Prex'' and ''Sufx'' for both the ''Description'' and ''Characteristic'' of each new Item. The ''Prex'' and ''Sufx'' values shown in the example above have been set as parentheses ( ) and brackets [ ]. You can set the Default values for ''Prex'' and ''Sufx'' in Item Database Preferences. Label: This is a read-only value dened by combining the Item Name, Description and Characteristic. Quick Key: This is a nickname for the Standard Item. The Quick Key is used with the Draw Item command and allows you to specify the Standard Item to be drawn from the Command: line. Scale: This read-only value displays the current ''Horizontal Scale'' as specied in Carlson Drawing Setup. Symbol tab Chapter 7. Draw Menu 318 Scale: Because the default X, Y and Z scale factors correspond to the current ''Horizontal Scale'' setting in Carlson Drawing Setup, these values should be set to ''1'' when dening Standard Symbols to the database. Select the ''Fixed'' options for X, Y and Z Scales if you wish to manage the Symbol Size solely by these values. Do NOT select the ''Fixed'' options if you want the Symbol Size to vary depending on the ''Horizontal Scale'' setting of the drawing. Properties: For blocks having dened attributes, use the settings here to allow Moving, Rotating and Masking of attributes. Rotation: Default Rotation for Symbols can be specied as ''First'', ''Fixed'' and ''Previous''. The ''First'' option will prompt for a Rotation angle for the rst Symbol and then will automatically Rotate all subsequent Symbols to the same angle as the rst. The ''Fixed'' option will use the Rotation angle as specied for the original Symbol. The ''Previous'' option will prompt for the Rotation angle of each Symbol that is placed, but will default to the Rotation angle of the previously placed Symbol. Linework tab Linetype: This read-only value reects the Linetype of the Linework element. Using a ''ByLayer'' value allows for maximum exibility in the future. Scale and Width: The Scale and Width settings shown here reect the Linetype Scale and Width of the entity selected. These values can be modied and can also be specied as ''Fixed''. Select the ''Fixed'' option for ''Scale'' if you wish to manage the Linetype Scale of the entity solely by this value. Do NOT select the ''Fixed'' option if you want the drawing's LTSCALE setting to control the Linetype Scale of each entity. Note: The ''Fixed'' option here applies to the Current Entity Linetype Scale and not the global LTSCALE that we are accustomed to changing based on the scale of the drawing. For the LTSCALE to behave in its traditional Chapter 7. Draw Menu 319 fashion, it requires the Current Entity Linetype Scale value be set ''Fixed'' to ''1''. Select the ''Fixed'' option for ''Width'' if you wish to manage the Width of the entity solely by this value. Do NOT select the ''Fixed'' option if you want the Width of the linework to be scaled by the ''Horizontal Scale'' of the drawing. Closed: Select this option if the Linework is to be forced to be a ''Closed'' polygon. Offset Items - Insert: This button can be used to draw multiple Linework Items parallel to one another. When dening Offsets, you will Insert one Linework Item to the database and then specify the other Linework Items to be drawn parallel to the original Item. The Offset Linework Items do not have to be drawn at the correct Offset. After each Offset Item has been selected, you will be prompted to specify the Offset distance from the original Item. For instance, in addition to dening separate Standard Items for ''Back of Curb'', ''Gutter Line'' and ''Edge of Pavement'', you might also dene a Standard Item named ''Standard 30'' Curb'' that combines all three Standard Items. First, use the Insert Item command and select the ''Back of Curb'' Item as the rst Item. Next, pick the Offset button and select a ''Gutter Line'' Item that has been previously drawn in the drawing. You'll be prompted at the Command: Line to specify the Offset Distance from the original Item. This value can also be added or changed in the dialog box. The Offset Distance for the ''Gutter Line'' would be 0.5, representing a 0.5' wide curb. Next, pick the Offset button again and select an ''Edge of Pavement'' Item that has been previously drawn in the drawing. Again, you'll be prompted at the Command: Line to specify the Offset Distance from the original Item. The Offset Distance for the ''Edge of Pavement'' would be 2.5, representing a 2.5' wide curb with gutter. After being added as Offsets, both of these values should be marked as ''Fixed'' because their Offset values should not change based on the ''Horizontal Scale'' of the drawing. Offset Items - Delete: After selecting an Offset, pick this button to delete the Offset from the Standard Item. Chapter 7. Draw Menu 320 Annotation tab Style: This read-only value reects the Text Style of the Annotation element. Height and Width Factor: The Height and Width Factor settings shown here reect the Text Height and Width Factor of the entity selected. While both the Height and Width Factor can be modied, the Width of the text is a read-only, computed value. You also have the option of specifying the Height as ''Fixed''. Select the ''Fixed'' option for ''Height'' if you wish to manage the Height of the entity solely by this value. Do NOT select the ''Fixed'' option if you want the Height to vary depending on the ''Horizontal Scale'' setting of the drawing. Rotation: Default Rotation for Annotation can be specied as ''First'', ''Fixed'' and ''Previous''. The ''First'' option will prompt for a Rotation angle for the rst Annotation entity and then will automatically Rotate all subsequent entities to the same angle as the rst. The ''Fixed'' option will use the Rotation angle as specied for the original Annotation entity. The ''Previous'' option will prompt for the Rotation angle of each Annotation entity that is placed, but will default to the Rotation angle of the previously placed entity. Leadered: Select this option if you wish to have the ability to place a Leader with each instance of your Annotation. The Leader option is only available if you selected both a Text/MText entity and a Leader entity when Inserting the Item to the database. The read-only value to the right reects the Dimension Style of the Leader entity selected. Mask: Select this option if you wish to have each instance of Annotation ''masked'' using a WIPEOUT entity. If selected, the ''Height Offset'' option becomes active allowing you to control the size of the WIPEOUT. Modify Item Right-click on any Item or Item Folder and select Modify Item to make changes. Delete Item Right-click on any Item or Item Folder and select Delete Item to remove the Item from the database. Item Database Preferences Right-click in the palette and select this command to manage Item Description and Characteristic Prex and Sufx values and also to Add or Delete ''Additional Support Paths''. Chapter 7. Draw Menu 321 Pulldown Menu Location(s): Draw > Draw to Standard Keyboard Command: congItem Prerequisite: Populated Standards Database le (.sdb) Item Standards Manager - Best Practices Once Standard Items have been dened to your Standards Database, many properties of those Items cannot be modied. For instance, if you have dened an Annotation entity having a Left justication to your database and later realize it should have Center justication, it cannot be changed. To correct it, you must rst delete the Standard Item from the database, create a Text entity with the correct justication and then re-Insert the Item to the database. Therefore, it is recommended that you create a ''Source Drawing'' to help you plan, set up and dene the Standard Items to be added to your Standards Database. The Source Drawing should contain small clusters of entities organized according to the Standard Items to be dened. For each Standard Item to be dened, all of the Symbol, Linework and Annotation entities comprising that Item should be drawn or inserted into the Source Drawing. The Symbols, Linework and Annotation entities used to dene Standard Items should be drawn at 1:1 and should have Color and Linetype set to ''ByLayer''. These entities should reside on their standard layers and be drawn with the appropriate text styles, text heights, text justication, linetypes and dimension styles. Only one type of Standard entity can be dened for a Standard Item. For instance, only one Symbol can be dened per Standard Item. Before drawing or inserting the components of the Standard Items into the Source Drawing, set the ''Hori- zontal Scale'' in Carlson Drawing Setup to 1:1. This ensures that new ''Horizontal Scale'' settings will be applied correctly when these Standard Items are drawn into new drawings. A representative sample of a Source Drawing is shown below. A few notes: A new Item named ''Exis Sanitary Sewer'' will be created and will have a Symbol, Linework and Annotation component. The Symbol resides on layer V-SSWR-STRC. The Linework resides on layer V-SSWR-PIPE. The Text and Leader reside on layer V-SSWR-TEXT. Text/MText entities and their associated Leaders are considered ONE Annotation entity when dening to the standards database. Notice that the Symbol does not have to be positioned at the endpoint of the Linework when dening as Standard Items. The Symbol will automatically be placed at each vertex of the Linework when it's drawn into the drawing. All Text except for that on layer V-SSWR-LABL is drawn with a height of 0.08 and is Left justied. The Text on layer V-SSWR-LABL has a height of 0.12 and is Center justied. There are 3 different Symbols to be dened as Items to the database. One may be named, ''Exis Manhole'', another ''Exis Cleanout'' and the other ''Exis SS Manhole''. All 3 Symbols reside on layer V-SSWR-STRC. Note that the same block, the ''MH'' Symbol, will be dened to the database twice as a component of two different Standard Items - ''Exis Sanitary Sewer'' and ''Exis Manhole''. Chapter 7. Draw Menu 322 When being dened, Symbol entities should be drawn at 1:1 (plotted text height). The Layer of the Symbol entities will be dened to the Standards database; however, because the Color and Linetype of the Symbol were dened as ''ByLayer'', when placed into a new drawing on the dened layer, the new Symbol Item will follow the Color and Linetype settings of that layer in the new drawing. Symbols can be dened with or without a Leader. Symbols and their associated Leaders are considered ONE Annotation entity when dening to the standards database. Make sure to use the QLEADER command to ensure Symbol and Leader associativity. The Dim Style of the QLEADER entity will be dened to the Standards database. Standard Symbol components can be dened having a ''Fixed'' size or the size can be scaled according to the ''Horizontal Scale'' of the drawing. If Symbol components are drawn and scaled according to the ''Horizontal Scale'', the ''Horizontal Scale'' set- ting is saved with the entity. In other words, changes to the ''Horizontal Scale'' of the drawing will not affect existing entities. This is true of Symbols and Leader components. When dening Symbols/Blocks, it is helpful to include a WIPEOUT entity behind the Symbol so that un- derlying Linework is hidden without changing its geometry. Symbol/Block denitions can contain Text and/or Attributes. When creating a Standard Symbol Item containing Attributes, you can select the options for ''Allow Move'' and ''Allow Rotate'' to easily move and rotate each Attribute independently of the other block entities. Using Attributes inside of Symbol/Block denitions allows for additional data storage in each block. For in- stance, when Attributes are used, data that is valuable to a GIS can be stored with each Block/Symbol. When dening Attributes inside Symbol/Block denitions, set the ''Constant'' ag to keep the Default Value for the Attribute. If the ''Constant'' ag is not set, you will be prompted for a new Attribute Value each time the Symbol is inserted. When dening Attributes inside Symbol/Block denitions, use the pipe symbol '''' to provide a drop-down Chapter 7. Draw Menu 323 box with optional Attribute Values. For instance, a Sanitary Sewer Structure may have a label dened by an Attribute having Default Value, ''MHCOSS''. Note that this does not work if the ''Constant'' ag is set for the attribute. Upon insertion, you are given a dialog prompting you to Dene Attribute Values by selecting from the available options: The Layer of the Linework entities will be dened to the Standards database; however, because the Color and Linetype of the Linework entities were dened as ''ByLayer'', when placed into a new drawing on the dened layer, the new Linework Item will follow the Color and Linetype settings of that layer in the new drawing. To manage Linetype Scale using the LTSCALE command, the Scale value of ''1'' must be set to ''Fixed'' during the Insert Item or Modify Item commands. Using the Offset option, you have the ability to draw multiple Linework Items parallel to one another. Annotation elements may be dened using DTEXT or MTEXT commands but will always be placed as MTEXT entities in the drawing. When being dened, Text or MText entities should be drawn at 1:1 (plotted text height). The Text Style, Height and Justication of the Text or MText entities will be dened to the Standards database. The Layer of the Text or MText entities will be dened to the Standards database; however, because the Color and Linetype of the Annotation were dened as ''ByLayer'', when placed into a new drawing on the dened layer, the new Annotation Item will follow the Color and Linetype settings of that layer in the new drawing. Annotation elements may be dened with Leaders or without. Text/MText entities and their associated Leaders are considered ONE Annotation entity when dening to the standards database. Chapter 7. Draw Menu 324 Make sure to use the QLEADER command to ensure Annotation and Leader associativity. The Dim Style of the QLEADER entity will be dened to the Standards database. Standard Annotation components can be dened having a ''Fixed'' Height or the Height can be scaled ac- cording to the ''Horizontal Scale'' of the drawing. If Annotation components are drawn and scaled according to the ''Horizontal Scale'', the ''Horizontal Scale'' setting is saved with the entity. In other words, changes to the ''Horizontal Scale'' of the drawing will not affect existing entities. This is true of Text and Leader components Exit Drawing Standards The Exit Drawing Standards command closes the Standards Draw palette and the Standards Database le (.sdb). This command can be accessed from the Draw menu and the Draw Item toolbar as shown below. Pulldown Menu Location(s): Draw > Draw To Standard Keyboard Command: exititem Prerequisite: Active Standards Database le (.sdb) Draw By Example This command prompts you to pick an entity and then starts the appropriate draw command to begin creating another one of the selected type of entity. The properties such as layer and color of the original entity are used for creating the new one. For example, if you pick a polyline, this command will start the Pline command. Likewise if you pick text, this command will begin the Text command using the layer and style of the selected text. Prompts Pick Object for Command: pick an entity The remaining prompts depend on the type of the selected entity. Pulldown Menu Location: Draw Keyboard Command: drawbyex Prerequisite: Entities Sequential Numbers This command draws a text label and then increments to the next value for additional labels. The label can optionally be placed inside a circle, square or other symbol. The size of the symbol adjusts to t the label size. In the dialog, specify the Text label. The text Prex and Sufx are optional. The Text Size Scaler is the text size in paper units that gets multiplied by the horizontal scale from Drawing Setup to set the text drawing size. The Justication setting controls the text justication mode. When Auto Increment Labels is checked, the value entered in the Text eld will be incremented by the value in the Increment eld. The Group Label With Symbol option will make a group of the label text and symbol. When Prompt for Alignment Every Time is checked, you will be Chapter 7. Draw Menu 325 prompted for the alignment angle for each label, otherwise the alignment from the rst label is automatically used for the other labels. The label is drawn by combining the Prex, Text and then Sufx into one text label. When placing multiple labels, the text portion of the label will increment by the value in the Increment eld. For example, this command could be used to quickly label a series of boundaries by setting the Prex to ''Perimeter'' and the Text eld to the starting number. Then pick points inside the boundaries to label as ''Perimeter 1'', ''Perimeter 2'', etc. Chapter 7. Draw Menu 326 Prompts Select Symbol for Numbers dialog select your symbol Sequential Numbering Options dialog make your choices Pick point at beginning of label: pick a point Pick point for label alignment: pick a point to the right of the rst point Pick point at beginning of label: press Enter to end the routine Pulldown Menu Location: Draw Keyboard Command: numbers Prerequisite: None Arrowhead This command draws an arrowhead at the end of the selected line or polyline. Prompts Enter the arrow size <5.00>: press Enter Pick a line or pline to add arrow: pick a line or polyline Pick a line or pline to add arrow (Enter to End): press Enter Pulldown Menu Location: Draw Keyboard Command: arrowhd Prerequisite: None Curve - Arrow Curve - Arrow can be used to draw a section of contour line or create leader pointer lines. Curve - Arrow draws a Bezier curve through user specied points. After choosing endpoints, each time an intermediate points is picked the curve will be redrawn through all the points. There is an option to draw an arrowhead at the starting point. This routine also has a Zorro option which creates a Z leader curve. The Draw Text option will make the program prompt after the leader points for a text label to place at the end of the leader. Prompts Chapter 7. Draw Menu 327 Pick a starting point: pick a point Pick an ending point: pick a point Pick an intermediate point (U to Undo): pick a point Pick an intermediate point (U to Undo): press Enter Examples of Curve - Arrow Pulldown Menu Location: Draw Keyboard Command: carrow Prerequisite: None Leader With Text This command will draw a straight leader between two points, with an arrow at one end and optional text at the other. The options dialog is displayed at the start. To skip this dialog, turn off the Show Options On Startup toggle. Then on the command line, entering O for Options will show the options dialog. To quickly change the label size, enter S for Size at the command line. In the options dialog, Text Position chooses between automatically placing the label next to the leader end point or picking the label position. For Text Justication, you can set a specic justication or use the Automatic option which uses either Left or Right justication depending on whether the leader end is left or right of the leader start. Text Rotation chooses between having the label horizontal to the current view or prompting for the label angle. The Hide Drawing Under Labels option uses a wipeout to hide drawing entities behind the leader labels. There are settings for the layer and style for the label. The Text Input can either be entered with prompts after the leader points at the command line or selected from a prepared list. The prepared list is a way to quickly create leaders for common labels. To prepare the label list, use the Add, Edit and Remove buttons. Use the Save and Load buttons to save the preset labels to a .CALL le. Prompts Chapter 7. Draw Menu 328 Options/Size/Pick Arrow Location: pick a point Text location: pick a point Text: Leader With Text Text: press Enter Pulldown Menu Location: Draw > Leader Keyboard Command: LDR Prerequisite: None Special Leader This command draws a curved leader line like the one shown. With this routine you can also choose to enter in multiple lines of text, not just a single line. The arrow size is determined by the Symbol Plot Size setting, found in the Drawing Setup command. On the command line, selecting Ofor Options will provide you with more customizing choices to make. Prompts Options/Pick Arrow Location: pick a point Pick point where leader arrow will start. Text location: pick a point Chapter 7. Draw Menu 329 Text: Monument Text: press Enter Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate Keyboard Command: sleader Prerequisite: None Callout Leader This command draws a triangle shaped leader and a label inside a box. There is a dialog to enter the label string, style, size and colors. The leader is drawn in the current layer. Chapter 7. Draw Menu 330 Prompts Callout Leader Settings dialog Pick callout point: pick a point for point of leader Pick textbox corner: pick a point for position of label Pulldown Menu Location: Draw > Leader Keyboard Command: callout ldr Prerequisite: None Bold Curve Leader This command draws a thick curved leader with an arrowhead. This leader is created by picking three points. Prompts Starting point: pick a point End of arrowhead: pick a point Pick end point of leader: pick a point Pulldown Menu Location: Draw > Leader Keyboard Command: site leader Prerequisite: None Flow Leader This command draws a wavy leader line with an arrowhead. The size of the arrowhead is set by the symbol size scaler in Drawing Setup. Prompts Starting point: pick a point for arrow end of leader Ending point: pick a point for tail end of leader Pulldown Menu Location: Draw > Leader Keyboard Command: owline Prerequisite: None Chapter 7. Draw Menu 331 Boundary Polyline This is a streamlined analog of the AutoCAD command Boundary. The Carlson version is faster and works in many cases where Boundary fails. Boundary Polyline supports a snap tolerance, which means that you may specify a maximum gap to close when creating a closed polyline. To create closed polylines from any existing linework, simply select all entities you would like to use and specify desired snap tolerance. Then click inside openings you would like to trace and the routine will generate correspond- ing closed polylines. The duplicate polylines are detected and not created, so that clicking more than once in the same area does not change anything. These new polylines are always created in the current layer. Layers of the original linework do not matter. Prompts Select polylines: pick an entities to be used Enter snap tolerance or press Enter for none: Pick an internal point: pick the points to enclose These three polylines are created from original linework by clicking at shown locations Pulldown Menu Location: Draw Keyboard Command: boundpl Prerequisite: Entities Shrink-Wrap Entities This command creates a closed polyline which encloses a given set of entities. The resulting polyline is created in the current layer. The program works on either point entities or polylines. For points, the program creates a closed polyline through the points around the perimeter of the area dened by the points. For polylines, the shrink-wrap polyline follows the outside border of the selected polylines. The polylines that are processed have to be connected to be shrink-wrapped. The snap tolerance is the maximum gap that will be joined to make the closed polyline. For Chapter 7. Draw Menu 332 open polylines, as in the bottom gure, the Gap method works better, as it jumps across the gaps and connects the end points. Prompts Shrink-wrap across gaps or bounded linework only [<Gap>/Bound]? G Shrink-wrap layer <FINAL>: Select points and linework to shrink-wrap. Select objects: select entities to process Reading points... 46 Inserted 46 points. Inserted 23 breakline segments Perimeter reduction level 0-3 (0-None, 3-Most) <2>: 2 Reduce Perimeter Pass: 1 Removed: 5 Reduce Perimeter Pass: 2 Removed: 3 Reduce Perimeter Pass: 3 Removed: 4 Reduce Perimeter Pass: 4 Removed: 2 Reduce Perimeter Pass: 5 Removed: 1 Reduce Perimeter Pass: 6 Removed: 0 Create 2D or 3D Polyline [<2D>/3D]? 2D Pulldown Menu Location: Draw Keyboard Command: swplines Prerequisite: Entities Polyline by Nearest Found This command draws a polyline by connecting points using a nearest found method. The points to connect can be specied either by entering point numbers or picking POINT entities on the screen. The nearest found method draws a polyline by starting at one of the points and then connecting to the closest of the remaining points. Chapter 7. Draw Menu 333 Then a remaining point that is closest to one of the polyline end points is added until all points are part of the polyline. Prompts Polyline By Nearest Found dialog Select point from screen or by point number (<Screen>/Number)? press Enter Select points. Select objects: pick points Pulldown Menu Location: Draw Keyboard Command: plnear Prerequisite: Points Drawing Block This command allows you to create a block denition from objects you select. Chapter 7. Draw Menu 334 1 In the Block Denition dialog box, you must rst name the block. The Name eld, names the block. The name can have up to 255 characters and can include letters, numbers, blank spaces, and any special character not used by Microsoft Windows and Carlson Survey for other purposes. The block name and denition are saved in the current drawing. You cannot use DIRECT, LIGHT, AVE RENDER, RM SDB, SH SPOT, and OVERHEAD as valid block names. 2 Under Base Point, you must specify a base point for the block. The default value is 0,0,0. X: This eld species the X coordinate value. Y: This eld species the Y coordinate value. Z: This eld species the Z coordinate value. Pick Point: This option allows you to temporarily close the dialog box so that you can specify an insertion base point in the current drawing. 3 Under Objects, you specify the objects to include in the new block and whether to retain or delete the selected objects or convert them to a block instance after you create the block. Retain: This option retains the selected objects as distinct objects in the drawing after you create the block. Convert to Block: This option converts the selected objects to a block instance in the drawing after you create the block. Delete: This option deletes the selected objects from the drawing after you create the block. Select Objects: This option dismisses the Block Denition dialog box temporarily while you select the objects for the block. When you nish selecting objects, press Enter to redisplay the Block Denition dialog box. Quick Select: This option displays the Quick Select dialog box, which denes a selection set. Objects Selected: This option displays the number of selected objects. 4 Under Preview Icon, you determine whether to save a preview icon with the block denition and specify the source of the icon. Do Not Include an Icon: This option species that no icon is created. Create Icon from Block Geometry: This option creates a preview icon to be saved with the block denition from the geometry of the objects in the block. Chapter 7. Draw Menu 335 5 In the Block Denition dialog box, you must describe and link the block. Insert Units: This eld species the units to which the block is scaled when it is inserted. Description: This eld species the text description associated with the block denition. Hyperlink: This button opens the Insert Hyperlink dialog box, which you can use to associate a hyperlink with the block denition. Menu Location: Draw Prerequisite: Drawing entities. Keyboard Command: BLOCK Write Block This command allows you to write objects or a block to a new drawing le. The Write Block dialog box displays different default settings depending on whether nothing is selected, a single block is selected, or objects other than blocks are selected. For example, if you have a single block selected when you open the Write Block dialog box, the Source radio button is set to Block. 1 Under Source, you write selected blocks and objects out as a le, and specify insertion points. Block: This option species an existing block to save as a le. Select a name from the list. Entire Drawing: This option selects the current drawing as a block. Objects: This option species objects to be saved as a le. 2 Under Base Point, you must specify a base point for the block. The default value is 0,0,0. X: This eld species the X coordinate value. Y: This eld species the Y coordinate value. Z: This eld species the Z coordinate value. Chapter 7. Draw Menu 336 Pick Point: This option allows you to temporarily close the dialog box so that you can specify an insertion base point in the current drawing. 3 Under Objects, you specify the objects to include in the new block and whether to retain or delete the selected objects or convert them to a block instance after you create the block. Retain: This option retains the selected objects as distinct objects in the drawing after you create the block. Convert to block: This option converts the selected objects to a block instance in the drawing after you create the block. Delete from drawing: This option deletes the selected objects from the drawing after you create the block. Select objects: This option dismisses the Block Denition dialog box temporarily while you select the objects for the block. When you nish selecting objects, press Enter to redisplay the Block Denition dialog box. Quick Select: This option displays the Quick Select dialog box, which denes a selection set. Objects Selected: This option displays the number of selected objects. 4 Under Destination, specify the name, location, and unit value used for the objects in the le. File Name: This eld species a le name that the block or objects will be saved to. Location: This eld species the drive and directory path for the le. Insert Units: This eld species the unit value to be used when the new le is inserted as a block. Enter 0 (zero) if you do not want to scale the drawing to a specic value as you insert it. Prerequisite: Drawing entities Keyboard Command: WBLOCK Insert This command allows you to place a named block or drawing into the current drawing. 1 In the Insert dialog box, you specify the block to insert and dene the position for the inserted block. The last block you insert during the current editing session becomes the default block for subsequent uses of this command. Name: This eld species the name of a block to insert or the name of a le to insert as a block. Browse: This button opens the Select Drawing File dialog box (a standard le selection dialog box) where you can select a block or a le to insert. 2 Under Insertion Point, you specify the insertion point for the block. Specify On-Screen: This option species the insertion point of the block using the pointing device. Chapter 7. Draw Menu 337 X: This eld sets the X coordinate value. Y: This eld sets the Y coordinate value. Z: This eld sets the Z coordinate value. 3 Under Scale, you specify the scale for the inserted block. Specifying negative values for the X, Y, and Z scale factors inserts a mirror image of a block. Specify On-Screen: This option species the insertion point of the block using the pointing device. X: This eld sets the X coordinate value. Y: This eld sets the Y coordinate value. Z: This eld sets the Z coordinate value. Uniform Scale: This option species a single scale value for X, Y, and Z coordinates. A value specied for X is also reected in the Y and Z values. 4 Under Rotation, you specify the rotation angle for the inserted block. Specify On-Screen: This option species the rotation angle of the block using the pointing device. Angle: This eld sets a rotation angle for the inserted block. 5 You can explode the block and inserts to the individual parts of the block. When you select Explode, you specify only an X scale factor. Prerequisite: None Keyboard Command: DDINSERT Chapter 7. Draw Menu 338 Inquiry Menu 8 Shown here is the Carlson Inquiry menu. The top section contains detailed inquiry commands. The lower section of the menu includes report and le editing commands. 339 List This command lists the object type, object layer, andX,Y,Z position relative to the current user coordinate system (UCS) and whether the object is in model space or paper space. The List command reports color, linetype, and lineweight information if these items are not set to BYLAYER. The thickness of an object is displayed if it is nonzero. Z coordinate information denes the elevation. If the extrusion direction of the entry differs from the Z axis (0,0,1) of the current UCS, the List command also reports the extrusion direction in UCS coordinates. The List reports additional information related to the specic object selected. Prompts Command: LIST Select objects: 3 found, 1 group Select objects: BLOCK REFERENCE Layer: ''PNTS'' Space: Model space Handle = 1F3D Group = * A1 ''SPT4'' at point, X=6135023.7190 Y=2190074.2098 Z= 800.0000 X scale factor 5.0000 Y scale factor 5.0000 rotation angle 0d0'0'' Z scale factor 5.0000 BLOCK REFERENCE Layer: ''PNTS'' Space: Model space Handle = 1F4D Group = * A1 ''SRVPNO1'' at point, X=6135023.7190 Y=2190074.2098 Z= 800.0000 X scale factor 5.0000 Y scale factor 5.0000 rotation angle 0d0'0'' Z scale factor 5.0000 ATTRIBUTE Layer: ''PNTNO'' Space: Model space Handle = 1F4E Style = ''PTXT'' Font le = TXT center point, X=6135023.7190 Y=2190077.9598 Z= 800.0000 height 5.0000 value 1 tag PT# rotation angle 0d0'0'' width scale factor 1.0000 obliquing angle 0d0'0'' ags normal Chapter 8. Inquiry Menu 340 generation normal ATTRIBUTE Layer: ''PNTELEV'' Space: Model space Handle = 1F4F Style = ''PTXT'' Font le = TXT start point, X=6135031.2190 Y=2190071.7098 Z= 800.0000 height 5.0000 value 800 Prerequisite: an entity Keyboard Command: LIST Point ID This command reports complete information pertaining to a Carlson point. Although similar in function to the AutoCAD ID command, this routine is much more detailed. With this command, you are given the point number, as well as the northing, easting and elevation coordinates. You also are given the point description, and you are shown the name and the location of the coordinate le for the point. Prompts Pick point or point number: 255 PointNo. Northing(Y) Easting(X) Elev(Z) Description 255 4379.83 4265.48 19.01 GROUND/SHOT N: 4379.83 E: 4265.48 Z: 19.01 PT#: 255 CRD File: c:\Carlson2008\data\mantopo.crd Pulldown Menu Location: Inquiry Keyboard Command: PT ID Prerequisite: None Layer ID This command reports the layer name of the selected entity. Prompts Pick entity to read layer: pick an entity Layer: FINAL Pick entity to read layer: press Enter to end Pulldown Menu Location: Inquiry Keyboard Command: layerid Prerequisite: None Chapter 8. Inquiry Menu 341 Layer Report This command generates a report containing all the layers dened in the drawing. Along with the layer names, the report includes the number of entities on each layer, and the color, linetype and lineweight for each layer. Layer Report Drawing: C:\sample\example1 Layer Name Entity Count Color Linetype Lineweight 0 5 White CONTINUOUS AREA PERIM 0 White CONTINUOUS AREATXT 0 Magenta CONTINUOUS BL 8 White DASHED BL-LAB 76 Red CONTINUOUS Pulldown Menu Location: Inquiry Keyboard Command: reportlayer Prerequisite: None Layer Inspector This command is used to inspect and work with layers in the drawing. This command is ideal when you are working on a very dense and complex drawing which has many layers and you want to review the entities on different layers. In some cases, there will be layers that you would want to erase. Another scenario might be that you'd like to highlight a layer that is hard to nd and see. The Layer Inspector command has a dialog that docks to the bottom of the drawing window which keeps the drawing window visible while running the command. On the left of the dialog is a list of all the layers in the drawing. To inspect a layer, highlight the layer name from this list. You can inspect multiple layers at a time by selecting multiple layers in the list using the Shift and Ctrl keys while picking in the list. When a layer is selected, the Entity Count reports how many entities in the drawing are set to that layer. The Zoom toggle will zoom the drawing window to the extents of the entities on the layer. The Isolate toggle will freeze all other layers. The Highlight toggle will highlight all the entities on the layer. The Restore View On Exit will set the drawing window to the original position when Layer Inspector was started. The magnify and arrow buttons are used to zoom in/out and pan the drawing window. The Rename button allows you to rename the layer. The Erase Entities button will erase all the entities on the layer. The Purge button will purge the layer from the drawing which is only available when there are no entities on the layer. The Current button sets the layer as the current layer for the drawing. Pulldown Menu Location: Inquiry Keyboard Command: layer inspect Prerequisite: None Drawing Inspector This command reports object properties to you as you move the cursor over an entity. You can simply move the pointer over an entity and the selected property will be displayed either in a pop-up window next to the pointer and/or on the status bar, depending on the selected option. Drawing Inspector is a transparent command that can run while other commands are running. Once Drawing Inspector is started, it will stay active even while running other commands until you turn it off. To turn off Drawing Inspector, run the command again to toggle it off by pick Drawing Inspector from the Inquiry pull-down menu or from the toolbar or by typing the command name, or right-click and choose Turn off Drawing Inspector. The options for this command are set in the menu that pops Chapter 8. Inquiry Menu 342 up by clicking the right mouse button. The available properties are: Layer Name, Elevation, Azimuth-Distance, Bearing-Distance, Point Data, Text Data, Curve Data, 3D Face Data, Polyline Data and Polyline Blips. In the Drawing Inspector menu, you can choose one or more properties to display. Display Layer Name: Allows you to display the layer name of the entity. Display Entity Type: Allows you to display the type of the entity (ie. TEXT or POLYLINE). Display Elevation: Allows you to display the elevation of the entity. Display Azimuth-Distance: Allows you to display the azimuth and distance of a line. Display Bearing-Distance: Allows you to display the bearing and distance of a line. Display Point Data: Allows you to display the coordinate data of point. Display Text Data: Allows you to display the attributes of text. Display Curve Data: Allows you to display the radius, arc length, chord length and delta angle of a curve. Display Polyline Data: Allows you to display the end point elevations, horizontal distance, slope distance and slope ratios. Display 3D Face Data: Allows you to display the Z elevations at the face corners. Display Polyline Blips: Allows you to displays temporary blip plus marks at the vertice locations of polylines. Display Polyline Direction: Allows you to displays temporary arrows to show the direction of polylines. In the Drawing Inspector menu, you can also choose how the property information is reported. Enable Highlighting: Allows you to highlight the object that the Drawing Inspector is reporting. Enable Tag Display: Enables you to view the information next to the cursor on the screen. Show Data On Status Bar: Enables you to view the information on the status bar, in the lower corner of the screen. Use Default Cursor: When enabled, only the drawing cursor shows. When disabled, the mouse pointer is also shown. Report In High Precision: When enabled, displays 8 decimals on distance and 4 decimal seconds on angles. Chapter 8. Inquiry Menu 343 Example of Drawing Inspector reporting Bearing-Distance using the Tag Display Pulldown Menu Location: Inquiry Keyboard Command: inspector Prerequisite: None List Elevation This command displays the elevation of a polyline or line. With a 3D polyline, the elevation ofthe 3D polyline at the pick point is reported along with the elevation of each vertex. See also,the Drawing Inspector command on the * Inq-Set * menu. Prerequisite: an entity Keyboard Command: LSTELEV Bearing & 3D Distance This command reports the slope distance, slope ratio, bearing, azimuth and vertical angle between two 3D points. Pick or enter the coordinates of two points or select a line or polyline segment to calculate between the segment endpoints. Prompts Specify bearing-distance from (Line/PLine/<Points>)? press Enter Pick point or enter point number: pick a point Pick second point or enter point number: pick a point Horiz Dist: 233.4 Slope Dist: 233.4 Elev Diff: 0.0 Vert Ang: 0d0'0'' Slope: 0.0% 0.0:1 Bearing: S 71d15'37'' W Azimuth: 198d44'23'' Pulldown Menu Location: Inquiry Keyboard Command: 3DIST Prerequisite: None Chapter 8. Inquiry Menu 344 Find Point This command can be used to nd a point in the current CRD le with a certain point number or description. For example, if you entered RAD * the command would plot a preview arrow at all the points that have the letters RAD as part of the description. i.e. RADPT1, RADPT2, RADPT3, etc. This command is not case sensitive (test is considered the same as TEST). Matching points are highlighted on the graphics screen with the preview arrow and listed on the text screen. Prompts Find by point [N]umber or [D]escription <N>: press Enter Point number or range of point numbers to nd <1>: 8 * 10 8 4856.75 4747.20 0.00 9 4909.25 4648.37 0.00 10 4223.30 4545.46 0.00 RADPT If you respond with D for the rst prompt the program prompts: Conforms to AutoCAD's wild card matching. Point Description(s) text to search for <>: rad * Searching le C:\Carlson/DATA/LOT.CRD for point descriptions matching RAD * ... 7 4817.02 4662.73 0.00 RADPT 10 4223.30 4545.46 0.00 RADPT Point(s) found 2 Pulldown Menu Location: Inquiry Keyboard Command: fpnt Prerequisite: None Calculator The Carlson Calculator command uses a convenient pop-up calculator with three tabs for a standard calculator, scientic calculator and conversion calculator. The standard calculator does basic math calculations using expres- sions such as +, -, / and * . The scientic calculator has angle and other functions. The conversion calculator has feet-metric and angle conversions including radians. The standard and scientic calculators support RPN. Here is how RPN works: 1+2 = 3 - type value 1 + Enter - type value 2 + Enter - type + X = 3. Standard Calculator Most basic calculations can be performed using this tab in the calculator. Memory functions are also available. Chapter 8. Inquiry Menu 345 Scientic Calculator Values can be entered on the X register. The values can be rolled up and down with the up and down arrow keys and the Roll and RollD buttons on the dialog. The Enter key nishes the entry of a number and pushes the stack. The C on the touch screen clears an entry. Additional functions on the screen can be obtained through touching the scroll [<] and [>] area of the screen. Conversion Calculator This mode provides for conversion between many units. Enter a value in any eld and press Enter to nd the conversion value. The following units are available in Feet, Meters and International Feet Degrees, Minutes, Seconds and Gons/Grads and Decimal Degrees. Chapter 8. Inquiry Menu 346 Pulldown Menu Location: Inquiry Keyboard Command: cscalc Prerequisite: None Curve Info This command displays information about a curve/arc. The curve can be dened by an arc entity or polyline arc segment or by selecting three points on the arc. The three points can be dened by point number or picked on the screen. The curve data is displayed in the text window with an option to be displayed in the Standard Report Viewer. Click Exit to return to the graphics window. Prompts Dene arc by, Points/<select arc or polyline>: select the arc entities Endpoint: (4923.81 5193.15 0.0) Other Endpoint: (5168.27 5274.03 0.0) Radius Point Coords: (5126.6 4990.09 0.0) Chord Bearing: N 71d41'33'' E Chord Azimuth: 71d41'33'' Delta angle in radians: 0.9304628295 RoadWay Degree of Curve: 19d57'56'' RailRoad Degree of Curve: 20d4'4'' Chord Crv Length: 265.66 Excess: 1.36 External: 34.13 Mid Ord: 30.50 Tangent: 144.06 Delta: 53d18'42'' Chord: 257.49 Length: 267.02 Radius: 286.97 Display curve data in report viewer [Yes/<No>]? Y Chapter 8. Inquiry Menu 347 Pulldown Menu Location: Inquiry Prerequisite: None Keyboard Command: cinfo Polyline Info This command reports the length and elevation of the selected polyline or line. Prompts Pick Polyline or Line: pick a polyline or line Polyline length: 7702.75 Slope distance: 7702.75 Avg elev: 1700.00 Avg slope: 0.00% Pulldown Menu Location: Inquiry Keyboard Command: polylen Prerequisite: None Angle Info This command reports the interior and exterior angles dened by two joining line segments or by three points. The coordinates, angles and distances of the line segments are also reported. The report is display in the standard report viewer. Angle Information Point# Northing Easting Start Point: 11 4728.73 5660.09 Corner Point: 12 4684.89 5624.99 End Point: 13 4664.02 5690.60 Bearing Distance First Side: S 3840'56'' W 56.16 Chapter 8. Inquiry Menu 348 Second Side: S 7221'16'' E 68.85 Interior: 6857'48'' Exterior: 29102'12'' Prompts Dene angle by, Points/<select line or polyline>: P for points 1st Point? Pick point or point number: 11 2nd (Corner) Point ? Pick point or point number: 12 3rd Point? Pick point or point number: 13 Interior: 6857'18'' Exterior: 29102'42'' Angle Info Report Viewer 1st Point (Enter to end)? Pick point or point number: press Enter Pulldown Menu Location: Inquiry Keyboard Command: ainfo Prerequisite: None Display-Edit File This command allows you to edit or review an ASCII/text le. Files are displayed in the Standard Report Viewer section of this manual. Pulldown Menu Location: Inquiry Keyboard Command: scedit Prerequisite: A le to edit Display Last Report This brings up the last report generated by any Carlson command that uses the standard report viewer. Pulldown Menu Location: Inquiry Keyboard Command: report up Prerequisite: A previously viewed report Chapter 8. Inquiry Menu 349 Load Saved Report This brings up the Report Formatter for the report data le saved previously by the Report Formatter. Pulldown Menu Location: Inquiry Keyboard Command: load report Prerequisite: A saved report Chapter 8. Inquiry Menu 350 Settings Menu 9 Shown here is the Carlson Software Settings menu. The top section contains the commands most important for setting up the drawing. You should run Drawing Setup prior to beginning your drawing. Additional setup and settings features are found in the middle section. The last section of the menu includes AutoCAD settings commands, including the System Variable Editor. 351 Drawing Setup This command allows you to specify drawing parameters, including the plotting scale, size of symbols, label annotation size, and the angle mode. Specify English 1in=?ft or Metric 1m=?m as the unit mode to use. This affects the prompting and reports. When you are working on a drawing in English units, one unit equals one foot. In metric, one unit equals one meter. Specify the Horizontal Scale of the drawing. For example, if the horizontal scale is set to 50, then 1'' = 50' is your drawing scale. The Symbol Plot Size value is a scaler that represents the size on the plot. The Drawing Units are determined by multiplying the scaler by the horizontal scale. In English mode the scaler represents the plotted size in inches. In Metric mode, this value is the plotted size in centimeters. The Drawing Units eld shows the result of the Symbol Plot Size value (the scaler) multiplied by the horizontal scale. The Text Plot Size value is a scaler that represents the size on the plot. The Drawing Units are determined by multiplying the scaler by the horizontal scale. In English mode the scaler represents the plotted size in inches. In Metric mode, this value is the plotted size in centimeters. The Text Plot Size is not entered in Drawing Units. The Drawing Units eld shows the result of the Text Plot Size value (the scaler) multiplied by the horizontal scale. The Line Type Scaler option sets the linetype scale by multiplying this scaler by the horizontal scale. Angle Mode-Bearing sets reporting to bearing mode for any of the inquiry commands. (Modies the settings in the AutoCAD UNITS command.) Angle Mode-Azimuth sets reporting to north based azimuth mode for any of the inquiry commands. (Modi- es the settings in the AutoCAD UNITS command.) Angle Mode-Gon sets reporting to gon mode for any of the inquiry commands. (Modies the settings in the AutoCAD UNITS command.) Angle Mode-Other lets the user determine angle mode by using the AutoCAD UNITS command. Coordinate System is an optional setting to dene the drawing coordinate system. The coordinate system settings are used in commands like List Points and Label Lat/Lon to report geodetic coordinates from the drawing coordinates. The Grid System setting applies to drawing coordinates that are in a grid projection Chapter 9. Settings Menu 352 system such as state plane coordinates. The Projection list selects the grid projection from the list of supported projections. Along with the Projection, there are selections for the zone and datum to use with the projection. When the drawing setup is in English mode, there is a projection setting for whether the feet are in US Feet or International Feet units. The Local System setting applies to all other coordinate system beside grid projections. The Dene Localization button has settings to dene the transformation from local coordinates to grid coordinates. With a localization dened, you can work in a drawing in local coordinates and still report lat/lon. The localization denition contains pairs of local and grid coordinates that dene the transformation. See the section on Localization under the Coordinate File Utilities command for more information. The Project Scale Factor is multiplied by the x,y coordinates when converting between drawing and geodetic coordinates. Projection: There are several built-in projection including State Plane 83, State Plane 27 and UTM. Also on the Projection list is an item for More Pre-Dened as well as User-Dened projections. This expanded Pre-Dened selection includes the projections used in SurvCE which has hundreds of projections including the US County projections for Minnesota and Wisconsin (WCCS and WISCRS) as well as from around the world. When you pick Pre-Dened, a dialog shows a list of recently selected Pre-Dened projections. You can pick from this recently used list, or pick the Add Pre-Dened to select from the built-in list. The Add From File button reads in a projection saved to a le by this routine or by SurvCE CSL or ESRI PRJ. The Edit button allows you to change the name or parameters of a projection. The Remove function removes a projection Chapter 9. Settings Menu 353 from the list of recently used projections. The Add User-Dened routine denes a projection by setting the ellipsoid, choosing the method and entering the parameters. There are over 25 built-in ellipsoids to choose from such as Clarke 1880. You can also manually enter the ellipsoid values. The projection denition includes the 7 parameter Helmert transformation to go from WGS-84 to the user datum. There are over 20 projection types to choose from such as Transverse Mercator. After selecting the projection type, there are edit elds for each of the parameters for the selected projection. The Test button brings up a calculator to enter a lat/lon and report the projection coordinates as a way to test that the projection parameters are entered correctly and are working. Besides Drawing Setup, these projection functions are also used in the Coordinate Transformation function in Coordinate File Utilities. Project Name and Job Number are optional elds that are used in the header for reports. Report Distance Scale Factor is used to show distances in a second system besides the drawing units. For example, this factor can be used to report distances in meters when the drawing is in feet, or it can be used to report grid distances when the drawings is in a ground coordinate system. This factor is applied in commands that have an option to label/report a second scaled distance such as the Inverse command and Annotate De- faults that applies to the angle/distance label routines. The scale factor can be entered directly into the edit box or calculated using the Set button which has feet-meters conversions as well as combined scale factor calculations for grid-ground factors. See the Scale Points command for more information on calculating the combined scale factor. The Set Text Styles button creates text styles in the drawing for the current drawing Horizontal Scale with the specied Font Name and list of Style Names and Text Size Scalers. For example, when the Horizontal Scale is set to 50 and there is a Style Name of L80 with Text Size Scaler of 0.08 in the list, then this function will create a text style in the drawing called L80 with the text height of 4 (50 * 0.08). Chapter 9. Settings Menu 354 The Set Paper button allows you to draw a rectangle on the screen that represents the edge of your paper. After you have set the horizontal scale, press the Set Paper button and the Set Paper dialog appears. The Layout option lets you specify landscape or portrait paper orientation. Landscape layout is where the width of the page is greater than the height of the page. Portrait layout is the opposite. The Paper Size option allows you to specify the paper size. The numbers in parenthesis represent drawing units and will be multiplied by the horizontal scale to determine the rectangle to be drawn. If you select the Other option, you will be prompted on the command line for the horizontal and vertical sizes of the paper. Prompts (for Set Paper) Pick or Type lower left corner point for border <(5000.00 5000.00 0.0)>: pick a point Erase existing Set Paper boundary [<Yes>/No]? Y This prompt only appears if there is an existing paper bound- ary in this drawing. Set Limits [Yes/<No>]? Y If you answer Yes to Set Limits, drawing limits are enabled, and AutoCAD restricts the coordinates you can enter to within the paper boundary. Drawing limits also determines the area of the drawing that can display grid dots, and the minimum area displayed by the Zoom All command on the View menu. To turn Chapter 9. Settings Menu 355 drawing limits off, type in LIMITS on the command line and set to Off. Drawing Setup also sets the AutoCAD dimension scale (DIMSCALE) and linetype scale (LTSCALE) to the Hori- zontal Scale. Pulldown Menu Location: Settings Keyboard Command: setup Prerequisite: None Set Project/Data Folders This command sets the project work folder, the data folder and the settings folder to use as the default folders for your Carlson drawing and data les. The PROJECT folder is the top-level folder for all the data sub-folders with all the les for the project. The DATA folder contains project specic data les such as coordinate (.CRD), prole (.PRO) and centerline (.CL) les. The SETTINGS folder contains program settings les that can apply to multiple projects such as Field-To-Finish Code Tables (.FLD) and Draw Prole Settings (.PFS). These folders are the defaults where the le selection dialogs will start in. When selecting les, you can change to another folder at any time. Data Folder Setup: This grouping of controls provides varying levels of sophistication towards how data les associated with a given project are stored and organized on your computer system. Three options are provided: Project Folder - Data les are organized and stored (by default) into a user-denable sub-folder structure and this option is often used by larger organizations that have teams of employees working on a project. Selecting this option enables the Project Sub-Folders Setup and Data Type Sub-Folders buttons. Drawing Folder - Data les are stored (by default) into the same folder where the current project drawing has been directed and this option is often used by mid-sized or smaller organizations who seek only basic data organization. Fixed Folder - Data les are stored (by default) into a single folder and might be used by smaller organizations who do not require any type of data organization. Chapter 9. Settings Menu 356 Project Sub-Folders Setup: Click this button to create a folder structure (see the sample below) that is created when a new project is created. The list of project folders can be customized at any time but modications to the folder structure will only occur on projects that are created after the modication(s) to the Project Folder list. Data Type Sub-Folders: Clicking this button allows the various types of data les produced by Carlson to be assigned to a folder identied with the Project Sub-Folders Setup command as illustrated below. File types that are not assigned to a sub-folder are stored (by default) in the current project folder. The following controls allow you to organize your data le types: Control Action Creates a new data type sub-category. Removes the selected data type sub-category. Any data types that have been assigned to the sub-category are sub- sequently migrated into the Misc Data-Types category. Allows the selected data type sub-category to be renamed. Category Controls Move To: Associates the selected data type(s) with a data type sub-category. Use standard Windows click, shift+click and/or ctrl+click functionality to select multiple data types at the same time. Chapter 9. Settings Menu 357 Assign Folder: Assigns the selected data type(s) to a project sub-folder. Use standard Windows click, shift+click and/or ctrl+click functionality to select multiple data types at the same time. Load: Loads a previously saved Data Type Sub-Folder (.DSF) le. Save As: Saves the current Data Type Sub-folder conguration to a Data Type Sub-Folder (.DSF) le. Report: Allows the contents of the current Data Type Sub-folder conguration to be sent to a report. Edit Sub-Folders: Initiates the Project Sub-Folders Setup command. Startup Project/Data Folder: Indicate or use Set button to assign the start-up (or default) Project Folder location (when using the Project Folder option) or the start-up Data Folder location when using either the Drawing Folder or Fixed Folder option. Current Project Folder: This setting is the top-level project folder for the current drawing. Current Data Folder: This setting is the default data folder for the current drawing. Reassign Data Folder: This function shows a list of all the folders used for data les associated with the current drawing. You can select a folder from this list and switch to another folder location which re-associates the data les. This function applies to projects that have been moved in the le system. Clear Data Folder History: This function removes the association of all data les with the current drawing. The effect is to go back to defaults for data le selections. Use Data Folder For Settings: When enabled, this option sets the Settings folder to match the Data folder which, in effect, combines the Settings and Data folders into one folder. Startup Settings Folder: This folder is the default Settings folder for new drawings. Current Settings Folder: This folder is the Settings folder for the current drawing. Project File: Indicate or use Set button to specify the Project Settings (.PRJ) le associated with the current drawing. The Project Settings le is a collection of drawing names (e.g. BaseMap.dwg, Roads.dwg, Parcels.dwg, Sewers.dwg, etc) that belong to the same project. This collection of drawings is used by Project Explorer to manage the drawings and data les for the current project and must be specied if the Carlson Data Depot service is to be used. If the current drawing is not associated with a project, then this setting will be blank. Data Depot Type: The Carlson Data Depot is a document management system to allow tracking of the changing states of les and projects over time and merge the contributions from multiple users providing data integrity, pro- ductivity and accountability for the managed products. Carlson Software supports the following version control systems: 1. Subversion - a free, open-source version control system. 2. ProjectWise - software developed and produced by Bentley Systems. Setup: Before proceeding, refer to the Carlson Data Depot section for information on how to install and properly prepare your preferred document management system. Once this has been completed, click this button to complete the Data Depot Settings. Chapter 9. Settings Menu 358 Server Location (Subversion): Indicate the path for the appropriate location (often a shared server drive) where the le edits and updates are tracked (e.g. le:///C:/svnrepo). For Windows users, note the triple-slash convention. For a more extensive write-up on available options, refer to Subversion in Action - Chapter 1. Fundamental Concepts. Server Location (ProjectWise): Indicate the ProjectWise server and datasource where the le edits and updates are tracked (format is server-name followed by a colon '':'', followed by the datasource name, e.g. esri:pwtest). See your ProjectWise Administrator for the name of your ProjectWise servers and datasources. Automatic Check-Out on Startup: This option will check for any updates for the project and associated le on the server while opening the drawing. If there is a new version of a le is found it is automatically updated to match the current version on the server. User will be prompted if an older version or conicting versions of le are found. Use Automatic Project Folder Name: When a project is updated or initially accessed with the get prj from depot command, this option will automatically map the project to a folder with the same name as the repository project name under your Startup Project Folder. For example, if your Startup Project Folder is named ''C:\Carlson Projects\'' and the repository project is named ''My Test Project'' the get prj from depot will use ''''C:\Carlson Projects\My Test Project\'' as the local Current Project Folder. Include User Name in Project Folder Name: When ''User Automatic Project Folder Name'' is enabled this option will also be enabled.When a project is updated or initially accessed with the get prj from depot command, this option will automatically map the project to a folder with the same name as the repository project name, plus your user name under your Startup Project folder. For example, if your Startup Project Folder is named ''C:\Carlson Chapter 9. Settings Menu 359 Projects\'', your user name is ''Betsy'' and the repository project is named ''My Test Project'' the get prj from depot will use ''''C:\Carlson Projects\Betsy\My Test Project\'' as the local Current Project Folder. Set Read-Only File Attribute for Drawings Not Locked by the Current User: This option will prevent the user from being able to save drawings for which he/she is not the lock owner. This prevents the user from getting into situations that may cause potential loss of data at check-in time. Automatic Check-In Changes: If any le under project is updated or edited, it will be automatically checked-in to the repository. Automatic Upgrade Read-Only to Edit: If a le is checked-in by the current user, the le is upgraded to Edit Mode (locked) for that user for further editing opportunity. Revert to Read-Only After Upgrade from Edit: If a le is checked-in by the current user, the le is reverted to Read-only Mode (unlocked) so that other users can further edit the le. Once the Data Depot has been congured, you can assign a project to the Data Depot via the Project Explorer command. Pulldown Menu Location(s): Settings Keyboard Command: settmpdir Prerequisite: None Drawing Explorer The Drawing Explorer command presents a list of all Carlson data les that are made in association with a drawing and are tracked in DrawingName.ini. If a drawing was not made in Carlson or does not have a companion .INI le, then Drawing Explorer will not display any les. The Drawing Explorer will also not show any data les if the drawing is not saved. Once data les are created such as a coordinate (.CRD) le, then Drawing Explorer will track these les. Drawing Explorer helps manage drawing-related data. The Drawing Explorer is shown as a docked dialog on CAD window with les shown as ''tree view under different categories. These le categories are fully customizable and can contain multiple le types. The drawing name is shown as root of the tree view with le categories as its children. The le types associated with a category are listed as children of that category. The data les used with the drawing are listed under respective le type or in subfolders of the project folder specied using the Set Project/Data Folders command. The data les used as current les are shown with bold font. Chapter 9. Settings Menu 360 The Drawing Explorer allows user to view/manage data les associated with the currently opened drawing by al- lowing him to add, remove, report, and change directory of these les. A mouse right-click can also be used to add and remove any data le/le type/le category from the Explorer. The Add button allows adding a le under the category or le type that is currently selected in the tree view. If the drawing le name is selected, the user is allowed to add any type of le to the Explorer and le will be added to the corresponding category. Removes the selected le(s) along with any ''child'' (subordinate) les from the drawing. The underlying le(s) are not physically deleted or removed from the hard-drive, they are merely removed from the Drawing Explorer. Creates a report through the Report Formatter Options dialog box. The Report Formatter can be used to move to the Available entries on the left to the Used area on the right. When coupled with the Up/Down options to control the order, highly customized reports can be generated and saved for subsequent use. Click the Display to obtain the report. The Change Directory option allows you to instruct Carlson Software to re-direct the location for les from an old folder location to a new folder location. This option is helpful if project data les are manually moved to a new folder location. The Settings button allows you to create Categories of le types and assign data les to a particular Category and assign how project data les are presented in the Project Explorer. The Refresh button re-reads the current Project le along with the various Drawing le settings and updates the Project listing appropriately. Exits from the Project Explorer command. Displays the on-line help. The option to show preview allows user to see the preview of currently selected data le in a small preview window at the bottom of the Explorer dialog. Chapter 9. Settings Menu 361 The List Data Files settings are used in Project Explorer to list les according to drawing les in the project of by project. Right-Click Command Execution: The Drawing Explorer also allows execution of functions associated with a le type. Right-clicking on any le type or data le brings up menu for the commands associated with that le. If the command requires the le during execution, the selected data le will be used to run that command. For example, in the gure below, Example1.grd will be used to run the Draw 3D Grid File command and the program will not prompt for the grid le to be drawn. Pulldown Menu Location(s): File > Project Keyboard Command: dwgxplore Prerequisite: None Chapter 9. Settings Menu 362 Project Explorer This tool is used for management of a complete project. A project can contain multiple drawings, and each drawing within that project can contain multiple associated data les. Think of the Project Explorer as the trunk of the hierarchical tree structure that develops into a project as illustrated below: As you work in a drawing, Carlson keeps track of the les that you create (such as TIN and coordinates les). These are related to the drawing and you can use the Drawing Explorer to manage them. The Project Explorer is used to manage multiple drawings. In the following illustration, two views of the same Project are displayed: By Drawing - shown on the left. By Project - shown on the right. Control Action Adds a drawing and its data le(s) into the project. Chapter 9. Settings Menu 363 Removes the selected le(s) along with any ''child'' (sub- ordinate) les from the project. Note that removing a data category or le at the ''project'' level also removes the cat- egory or le at the ''drawing'' level. Creates a report through the Report Formatter Options di- alog box. The Report Formatter can be used to move to the Available entries on the left to the Used area on the right. When coupled with the Up/Down options to control the order, highly customized reports can be generated and saved for subsequent use. Click the Display to obtain the report. The Change Directory option allows you to instruct Carl- son Software to re-direct the location for les from an old folder location to a new folder location. This option is helpful if project data les are manually moved to a new folder location. The Settings button allows you to create Categories of le types and assign data les to a particular Category and assign how project data les are presented in the Project Explorer. The Refresh button re-reads the current Project le along with the various Drawing le settings and updates the Project listing appropriately. Exits from the Project Explorer command. Displays the on-line help. Project Explorer Controls The project history/log report le can be generated using Report button. The Project Explorer tracks all the data les used with the project. The report function also uses the data le information logged with the Carlson Data Depot. The program allows you to report all revisions or only the last commit on all project les from Carlson Data Depot. The information reported include project le, drawing name, le category, le path, le name, le type, date, time, size, revision, author, date committed and commit message along with project properties (i.e. company name, project name etc). Here's a sample report. Company Name : Carlson Project Name : Data Depot Project Description : Date Depot Description Project Due Date : Jun 11, 2010 File Name File Type Size Revision Author Date Committed Message EXAMPLE1 Centerline Files (.cl) 376 16 Carlson.User 05/10/10 16:50:30 EXAMPLE1 Coordinate Files (.crd) 116480 29 Carlson.User 05/10/10 16:51:08 EXAMPLE1 Grid Files (.grd) 99568 12 Carlson.User 05/10/10 16:50:18 NEWTRI Triangulation Mesh Files (.tin) 63822 25 Carlson.User 05/10/10 16:50:59 ROADS Profile Files (.pro) 64 21 Carlson.User 05/10/10 16:50:45 Linking a project to the Carlson Data Depot requires that you properly congure the Data Depot through the Set Project/Data Folders command and then open a drawing and assign it to a Project (.PRJ) le. If a project is not linked to the Data Depot, a question mark is overlaid on all the les and folders under that project as shown: Chapter 9. Settings Menu 364 To link a project to the Data Depot, perform the following steps: 1. Right click on the Project File name (the ''trunk'' of the Project Explorer tree) and select Link to Data Depot command: 2. This will bring up the ''Project to Link to'' window. The window you see depends upon whether you are using SVN or ProjectWise as your Data Depot Repository. (a) SVN: This window shows the existing projects under the repository, if any. A new project folder can be created under Carlson Data Depot Repository by using the Create Folder button. Sub-folders can be Chapter 9. Settings Menu 365 created by using the Create Folder button while top folder selected. Select the folder you want to create the project under and click OK: (b) ProjectWise - Step 1: This window shows the existing projects under the repository, if any. A new project folder can be created by right clicking on the ROOT entry of the repository tree: Chapter 9. Settings Menu 366 (c) ProjectWise - Step 2: Name the new project, select it from the list and click the OK button. 3. This will prompt you to Add to Data Depot window where you can enter a log message to identify what you are doing. This information will be added to the history log. Click OK to start adding les to the project repository: Chapter 9. Settings Menu 367 4. A status window will appear showing the message for les that have been tasked to be added to the repository: 5. Once the les are linked to the Data Depot, the status/icon in the tree view is changed: When new les are created inside the project, they are shown as not linked to the Data Depot (using the question mark icon) and can later be linked to the Data Depot by right clicking and using the Add to Data Depot command. Chapter 9. Settings Menu 368 Data Depot File Status The following shows the icons used in the Project Explorer tree for representing the state of les in the Data Depot: Data Depot Commands Add Existing Files: Allows the user to select an existing data le from local storage which will be added to the project and the Data Depot. The data le will be associated (placed under) the currently selected drawing. Remove: Removes the selected le from the project without removing it from the Data Depot. Properties: Brings up the system le properties dialog. Add to Data Depot: Incorporates the selected le(s) into the Data Depot. Update from Data Depot: Gets the last committed version of the selected le(s) from the Data Depot. Update XREF's: Gets the last committed version of any XREF les associated with the selected drawing. Commit to Data Depot: Incorporates locally modied/locked le(s) that are already part of the Data Depot into the Data Depot. Purge Local Copies: Deletes the selected le from the local storage leaving it in the Data Depot and the project. The local copy can be restored later by using the ''Update from Data Depot'' command. Edit Mode (Lock): Locks the selected le(s) for local editing and prevents others from modifying the le(s). If the drawing or data le is newer in the Data Depot than on local storage this command will be disabled. Read-Only Mode (Unlock): Unlocks the selected le(s) so that they may be edited by others. History: Displays the history log of changes made to the selected le. Clean (project level only): ''Cleans'' the project of items that don't exist in both the Data Depot and local storage. Once the project has been added to the Data Depot, it can be quickly updated or accessed by other users and be ready for use via the Get Project from Data Depot command: Chapter 9. Settings Menu 369 Notes on locking/unlocking project les when using Subversion repository Subversion locking of the le is specic to the specic working folder - the le in a particular checked out set of les. Same user working on another copy of le in different folder or on different computer will not own the lock. External subversion clients have additional lock functionality which not exposed through Carlson Data Depot interface for purposes of simplicity. These clients will have options for stealing lock (placing the lock on le already locked at different location or by different user) and forcing lock (unlocking a lock placed at different location or by different user). In a productive collaborative environment such design allows on one hand to prevent accidental editing of the le which is locked by another user and causing a situation when one of the users has to abandon his changes, but on the other it allows to move forward if le is locked accidentally and le needs to be re-locked elsewhere. In the case when this design is not sufciently strict, it is possible to override this behavior by implementing server-side hooks which change the default behavior. Here is the example of pre-unlock script for VisualSVN which limits lock overrides to original user or to user called Administrator: @echo off setlocal set REPOS=%1 set RPATH=%2 set USER=%3 set SVNLOOK=%PROGRAMFILES%\VisualSVN Server\bin\svnlook.exe set TMPFILE=%temp%/lockinfo rem Creating a temporary file with output of the lock, filtering everything except owner out ''%SVNLOOK%'' lock ''%REPOS%'' ''%RPATH%'' | find ''Owner'' > %TMPFILE% rem Parsing the file looking for owner name only FOR /F ''usebackq tokens=2'' %%A IN (%TMPFILE%) DO set LOCK OWNER=%%A del %tmpfile% if ''%LOCK OWNER%''=='''' goto GOOD if ''%LOCK OWNER%''==''%USER%'' goto GOOD rem Only Administrator can break the lock if ''Administrator''==''%USER%'' goto GOOD echo ''Permission denied! Ask Administrator for assistance'' 1>&2 endlocal exit 1 :GOOD endlocal exit 0 Simply paste this script into the hook window by going into VisualSVN Server Manager, right-clicking over repository, All Tasks, Manage Hooks, double-click pre-unlock hook. Pulldown Menu Location(s): File > Project Keyboard Command: prjxplore Prerequisite: None Chapter 9. Settings Menu 370 Data Depot The Carlson Data Depot is a document management system to allow tracking of the changing states of les and projects over time and merge the contributions from multiple users providing data integrity, productivity and ac- countability for the managed products. Also, having a central project repository helps with data back-up eliminating the fear of losing data due to local drive failures. The Carlson Data Depot protects against productivity loss due to re-implemented work, not only avoiding losses of data, but also making each user's work readily available to other users on the project. The general process for implementing your preferred document management system is: 1. Install and initialize one or more of the version control software products listed below. 2. Instruct Carlson Software to utilize one of these services by establishing the needed settings in the Set Project/Data Folder command. 3. Assign a project to the Data Depot through the use of the Project Explorer command. 4. Subsequently open or update any Data Depot project through the use of the Get Project from Data Depot command. Carlson Software supports the following version control systems: Subversion - a free, open-source version control system. ProjectWise - software developed and produced by Bentley Systems. Subversion is a powerful revision control system which is actively evolving and is part of Apache web-server project The home page of this project is http://subversion.apache.org/, with a book on setup, use and administration available in print and online at http://svnbook.red-bean.com/. Carlson Software supports Subversion release 1.5.6 or newer. While there multiple ways to setup Subversion repository and connect to it, the most typical scenario is set- ting up Subversion server and connecting to it through the web-server. Local directory setup is also available, but not useful in group environments. Running the shared directory on the network should not be attempted since it could lead to the repository corruption and permanent data loss. Setting up a Subversion server on Windows host For users who run Windows on their host there is a nicely integrated front-end to a standard Subversion server (included): VisualSVN server (http://visualsvn.com/server/). There are two licenses available for commercial users: free basic edition and reasonably priced enterprise edition with additional features larger sites will nd attractive. This document will concentrate on install of the basic edition. Download and run the VisualSVN install Chapter 9. Settings Menu 371 Select option to install VisualSVN server Specify repository directory where the data will be stored. This should be secure and backed up location since this is where the data will be stored. The server port and https:// setting are standard and most users will want to leave them untouched. The authentication setting is a matter of the site preference. Enterprise edition of VisualSVN offers additional authentication options like using Microsoft Active Directory server. Upon completion of the install the manager interface will be displayed. Create a new repository by right- clicking on the Repositories: Chapter 9. Settings Menu 372 Give new repository a name. You may choose to have several repositories, each containing data of the similar kind or covering an area of your business. Do not toggle on ''Create default structure'' since these folders will be created under a particular project. Create users and set passwords (if using Subversion's own user authentication) Run ''Manage security'' command by right-clicking over whole repository to set defaults or right-clicking on specic folder to set specic permissions: Chapter 9. Settings Menu 373 Add users or user-groups and set specic permissions for the folder you selected: This completes the server side installation of Subversion. Setting up a Subversion server on Linux host Subversion is a project which was born on Unix platform, so it is fairly straightforward to setup and run on the Linux host. Specic details may vary for different distributions, but below is a quick summary of steps for Redhat or CentOS based hosts, which should at least point you in the right Chapter 9. Settings Menu 374 direction. Install needed packages The following packages should be installed: httpd - Apache web server for access to the subversion subversion - the Subversion command line and administration tools mod ssl - support for secure connections mod dav svn - integration between the Apache and Subversion Create repository folder Run the following command to congure the Subversion le structure: svnadmin create fs-type fsfs /var/lib/subversion/repos where 'fsfs' refers to the type of the le storage being selected and last argument is the future location of the repository data les on the system. Congure Apache to be handle Subversion calls Apache conguration le httpd.conf is typically located in /etc/httpd/conf folder. Please modify it to contain a section like this: <Location /repos> DAV svn SVNParentPath /var/lib/subversion/repos AuthType Digest AuthName ''Subversion'' AuthDigestdomain /repos/ AuthUserFile /var/lib/subversion/svn passwd Require valid-user SSLRequireSSL </Location> Restart Apache server. This should let you reach your Subversion server with URL like this: https://server name/repos. User control The conguration above assumes the authentication for the domain ''Subversion'' handled by Apache itself. Much more powerful options are available, but since these are standard Apache features, plenty of documentation for is readily available. To add new users, please use the following command: htdigest -c /var/lib/subversion/svn passwd ''Subversion'' user name where -c is for ''create'' and only should be used rst time. Supply user name for whom the password is being set. The permissions are controlled by the svnserve.conf typically located in /etc/subversion directory. The equivalent conguration to the Windows example above would look like this: [Projects:/] Carlson.Readonly=r Chapter 9. Settings Menu 375 Carlson.User=rw For further documentation please refer to the book mentioned above or to the numerous Subversion resources online. Creating a local Subversion Repository The Windows MSI installer with the basic win32 client binaries can be downloaded at: http://www.collab.net/downloads/subversion/ Running this installation le installs the required binaries to create the Subversion repository on the server or local machine under ''C:\Program Files\Subversion'' using the default options. To create the Subversion repository: 1. Click the Windows Start > Run and then type cmd into the resulting dialog box as shown below and click OK: 2. At the DOS prompt, navigate to the Subversion install directory by typing: cd ''C:\Program Files\Subversion'' and press the Enter button to complete this step as shown above. 3. To create the Subversion repository under the ''C'' drive, type: svnadmin create c:\svnrepo and press the Enter button to complete this step as shown above. This will create a ''svnrepo'' folder under the ''C'' drive (c:\svnrepo); see the Notes section below for important information. The path and the name of the repository could be path to a network drive as well. For setting up a Subversion Repository on the server, refer to the http://subversion.tigris.org documentation. 4. Type the word exit and press the Enter button to dismiss the DOS window and complete the command as shown above. Note: Once you have created a Subversion Repository, do not add, delete, or modify les in the Repository folder unless you know how to avoid corrupting the repository Setting Subversion URL in Carlson In order to connect Carlson to Subversion repository, please go to Settings, Congure Carlson, Project/Data Folders settings. Set the project type to Subversion and click Setup button. Specify server location like le:///c:/svnrepo for local example above, or https://server name/repos for network server as described above. Other URL types supported by Subversion for the scenarios beyond the scope of this document are permitted as well. Accessing Subversion through a GUI Client Chapter 9. Settings Menu 376 There are various graphical-user interface (GUI) client applications available for accessing the SVN repositories on the Internet for free: RapidSVN SmartSVN TortoiseSVN ViewVC WebSVN Once a supported document management system has been properly installed and congured for each computer work-station, continue with the Data Depot conguration by initiating the Set Project/Data Folder command. Please see your ProjectWise Administrator for instructions on conguring ProjectWise Datasources. Pulldown Menu Location(s): None Keyboard Command: None Prerequisite: None Store Project Archive This command will zip and archive an entire project. The archive contains the current drawing le (.dwg) and all the associated data le such as the surfaces. The data les associated with the current project can be reviewed with the Drawing Explorer command. Besides project data les, images and xref's attached to the dwg are also included. The format of the archive le is a standard .zip le which can be used by WinZip. This le can be sent to someone who can unzip it and use all the same les. The current dwg must have a name before running this command. Pulldown Menu Location: Settings > Project Keyboard Command: zip project Chapter 9. Settings Menu 377 Prerequisite: A named dwg Extract Project Archive This command will unzip an archive le that has been previously created with the command Store Project Archive. It prompts for the directory to unzip to. If any of the les already exist in the folder it is extracting to, there is a window prompting to overwrite the les. Pulldown Menu Location: Settings > Project Keyboard Command: unzip project Prerequisite: A project le that has been zipped (ZIP) Preferences This command opens the Options dialog box where you can customize the settings in CSI related to the CAD engine. Some settings are available in this command that are not applicable to CSI, these settings are not documented below. Chapter 9. Settings Menu 378 Files Tab Under the Files Tab, you specify the directories in which the program searches for support, driver, menu, and other les. Generally, you will never need to modify any of the settings found here. Advanced users may want to view/modify the following: Automatic Save File Location: This is the location that CSI will save drawings when it performs an automatic save. Temporary Drawing File Location: This is the location that CSI writes and stores any temporary drawings during the current drawing session. Chapter 9. Settings Menu 379 Display Tab Under the Display Tab, you specify settings related to the graphics and text display. 1 Window Elements Display scroll bars in drawing window: Specify weather or not to show the scrollbars in the drawing window. Colors: Use this command to change colors for items such as drawing background, and text background. Fonts: Use this command to change the font for text displayed on the command line and in the text window. 2 Display resolution Arc and circle smoothness: Controls the smoothness of circles, arcs, and ellipses. A higher number produces smoother objects, but CSI requires more time to regenerate, pan, and zoom the objects. The default setting is 100, and the maximum setting is 20000 Segments in a polyline curve: Sets the number of line segments to be generated for each polyline curve. The default setting is 8. 3 Display performance Apply solid ll: Specify whether or not to show ll for hatches and wide polylines. Show text boundary frame only: Displays the frames for text objects instead of displaying the text objects 4 Crosshair size: Specify the crosshair size in percentage of screen size. 5 Layout elements: These options are not applicable to CSI Chapter 9. Settings Menu 380 Open and Save Tab 1 File Save Save as: Specify the le formats used when saving a le with SAVE and SAVEAS. Save a thumbnail preview image: Species whether an image of the drawing should be displayed in the Preview area of the Select File dialog box. Incremental save percentage: Sets the percentage of potential wasted space in a drawing le. When the specied percentage is reached, CSI performs a full save instead of an incremental save. Full saves eliminate wasted space. If you set Incremental Save Percentage to 0, every save is a full save. 2 File Open Number of recently used les to list: Controls the number of recently used les that are listed in the File menu for quick access. Valid values are 0 to 9. Display full path in title: Displays the full path of the active drawing in the drawing's title bar, or in the CSI title bar if the drawing is maximized. 3 File Safety Precautions Automatic save: Saves a copy of your drawing automatically at the interval you specify. See Automatic File Save Location above to specify where the drawing should be saved. Minutes between saves: Species how often the drawing is saved when using Automatic Save Create backup copy with each save: Species whether a backup copy of a drawing is created when you save the drawing. The backup copy is created in the same location as the drawing Maintain a log le: Species whether the contents of the text window are written to a log le. To specify the location and name of the log le, use the Files tab in the Options dialog box File extension for temporary les: Species a unique extension for the current user to identify temporary les in a network environment. The default extension is .ac$. Chapter 9. Settings Menu 381 4 External References: (These options apply to external referenced drawings, you cannot create external references with CSI, but you can open drawings that have external references). Demand Load Xrefs: Controls demand loading of xrefs. Retain changes to Xref layers: Saves changes to layer properties and states for xref-dependent layers. Plotting Tab 1 Under Default Plot Settings For New Drawings, you control default plotting settings for new drawings. Use As Default Output Device: Sets the default output device for new drawings. The list displays any plotter conguration les (PC3) found in the plotter conguration search path and any system printers that are congured in the system. Use Last Successful Plot Settings: Sets the plotting settings according to the settings of the last successful plot. Add or Congure Plotters: Displays the Autodesk Plotter Manager (a Windows system window). You can add or congure a plotter with the Autodesk Plotter Manager. 2 Under General Plot Options, you control options that relate to the general plotting environment. Keep the Layout Paper Size If Possible: Uses the paper size specied on the Layout Settings tab in the Page Setup dialog box under the File menu as long as the selected output device can plot to this paper size. If the selected output device cannot plot to this paper size, the programdisplays a warning message and uses the paper size specied either in the plotter conguration le (PC3) or in the default system settings if the output device is a system printer. Use the Plot Device Paper Size: Uses the paper size specied either in the plotter conguration le (PC3) or in the default system settings if the output device is a system printer. OLE Plot Quality: Determines the quality of plotted OLE objects. The values are Line Art, Text, Graphics, Photograph, and High Quality Photograph. Use OLE Application When Plotting OLE Objects: Launches the application used to create the OLE object when plotting a drawing with OLE objects. You can use this option if you want to optimize the quality of plotted OLE objects. This setting is saved in the drawing. You can also control this option by using the OLESTARTUP system variable. Chapter 9. Settings Menu 382 Hide System Printer: Controls whether Windows system printers are displayed in the Plot and Page Setup dialog boxes under the File menu. This option hides standard Windows system printers only. You can control the size of the list of devices in the Plot and Page Setup dialog boxes by moving a device's PC3 le out of the Plotters directory and its subdirectories. 3 Under Default Plot Style Behavior, you control options related to plot style behavior in all drawings. Changing the default plot style behavior using the Options dialog box does not affect the current drawing. Use Color Dependent Plot Styles: Uses color-dependent plot styles in both new drawings and drawings created in earlier versions of Autodesk products. Color-dependent plot styles use the numbers from the color index to create a plot style table with a .ctb le extension. Each color is dened by a name or number ranging from 1 to 255. You can assign each color number to a different pen on a pen plotter to achieve different property settings in the plotted drawing. If this option is selected, a plot style is created for each color setting. If you want to change the default plot style behavior for a drawing, select this option or Use Named Plot Styles before opening or creating a drawing. Changing the default plot style behavior using the Options dialog box affects only new drawings or drawings created in an earlier release of an Autodesk product that have never been saved in CSI 2000 format. This setting is saved with the drawing. Once a drawing is saved with either setting, it cannot be changed Use Named Plot Styles: Uses named plot styles in both new drawings and drawings created in earlier versions of Autodesk products. CSI plots the drawing according to the property settings you specify in the plot style denition. The plot style is dened in the plot style table attached to the layout or viewport. Named plot style tables are les with the le extension .stb. Default Plot Style Table: Species the default plot style table to attach to new drawings. A plot style table is a le with a .ctb or an .stb extension that includes and denes plot styles. If you are using color-dependent plot styles, this option lists all color dependent plot style tables found in the search path as well as the value of None. If you are using named plot styles, this option lists all named plot styles tables. Default Plot Style for Layer 0: Sets the default plot style for Layer 0 for new drawings. The list displays the default value Normal and alphabetically displays any plot styles dened in the currently loaded plot style table. Default Plot Style for Objects: Sets the default plot style that is assigned when you create new objects. The list displays a BYLAYER, BYBLOCK, and Normal style, and it alphabetically displays any plot styles dened in the currently loaded plot style table. Add or Edit Plot Style Tables: Displays the Autodesk Plot Style Table Manager (a Windows Explorer window). You can create or edit plot style tables with the Autodesk Plot Style Table Manager. Chapter 9. Settings Menu 383 System Tab 1 Current Pointing Device can only be set to Current System Pointing Device. Do not change this setting. 2 General Options include the following: Single-drawing compatibility mode: Allows CSI to work with one drawing at a time. Leave this checked. Display OLE properties dialog: Controls the display of the OLE Properties dialog box when inserting OLE objects. Beep on error in user input: Species whether CSI should sound an alarm beep when it detects an invalid entry. Allow long symbol names: If this is checked, symbol names such as layers can be 255 characters long. Chapter 9. Settings Menu 384 User Preferences Tab 1 Windows Standard Behavior Windows standard accelerator keys: Shortcut menus in drawing area: Right-click Customization: 2 Priority for Coordinate Data Entry Running object snap: Species that running object snaps override coordinate entry at all times. Not Recom- mended Keyboard entry: Species that coordinate entry overrides running object snaps at all times. Keyboard entry except scripts: Species that coordinate entry overrides running object snaps, except in scripts. 3 Object Sorting Methods determines the sort order of objects. Generally speaking, objects are displayed in the order they were created. This means that newer objects will display on top of older objects. Use the Display Order commands on the View menu to change the display order. Chapter 9. Settings Menu 385 Drafting 1 AutoSnap Settings Marker: Controls the display of the AutoSnap marker. The marker is a geometric symbol that displays the object snap location when the crosshairs move over a snap point on an object. Magnet: Sets the AutoSnap magnet on or off. The magnet is an automatic movement of the crosshairs that locks the crosshairs onto the nearest snap point. Display AutoSnap tooltip: Controls the display of the AutoSnap tooltip. The tooltip is a text ag that describes which part of the object you are snapping to. Display AutoSnap aperture box: Controls the display of the AutoSnap aperture box. The aperture box is a box that appears inside the crosshairs when you snap to an object. 2 Tracking Settings Display polar tracking vector: Sets polar tracking behavior on or off. With polar tracking, you can draw lines along angles relative to a drawing command From or To point. Display Tracking tooltip: Controls the display of the AutoTrack tooltip. The tooltip is a text ag that displays the tracking coordinates. 3 AutoSnap Marker Size allows you to set the display size for the AutoSnap marker. Values range from 1 to 20 pixels. 4 Aperture Size allows you to set the aperture size. The size of the aperture determines how close to a snap point you can be before the magnet locks the aperture box to the snap point. The smaller the aperture, the closer you must be to the snap point to activate the magnet. Chapter 9. Settings Menu 386 Selection Tab 1 Selection Modes Noun/verb selection: Allows you to select an object before starting a command. Use Shift to add to selection: Adds or removes an object to the selection set when you press SHIFT and select an object. Press and drag: Draws a selection window by selecting a point and dragging the pointing device to a second point. Implied windowing: Initiates the drawing of a selection window when you select a point outside an object. Object grouping: Selects all objects in a group when you select one object in that group. Control-A also toggles this setting. Associative Hatch: Determines which objects are selected when you select an associative hatch. If this option is selected, boundary objects are also selected when you select an associative hatch. 2 Grips Enable Grips: Controls whether grips are displayed on an object after you select it. Enable Grips within blocks: Controls how grips are displayed on a block after you select it Unselected grip color: Determines the color of an unselected grip. Selected grip color: Determines the color of a selected grip. 3 Pickbox Size controls the display size of the pickbox. The pickbox is the object selection tool that appears in editing commands. The default size is set to 3 pixels; values range from 0 to 20. 4 Grip size controls the display size of grips. The default size is set to 3 pixels; values range from 1 to 20. Chapter 9. Settings Menu 387 Congure This command allows you to set up the default settings that are used each time you start a new drawing, or load an existing drawing. NOTE: When using Carlson products with an ''embedded AutoCAD OEM engine'' (e.g. Carlson Survey with Embedded AutoCAD or Carlson Takeoff with Embedded AutoCAD), only a subset of the various conguration commands will be available. Load: This command permits a previously saved conguration (CFG) le to be loaded into the software and is useful for propagating corporate standards to groups or individuals within an organization. SaveAs: This command ''packages'' up all current conguration settings and permits them to be saved to a named conguration (CFG) le that can be shared with users of Carlson Software. General Settings Drawing Setup Project/Data Folders Startup Settings Survey Settings Surface Settings Section-Prole Settings Hydrology Settings Mine Note Settings Mining Settings Takeoff/SiteNet Settings Localization Settings Table of Contents Chapter 9. Settings Menu 388 Use Startup Wizard: When enabled, a dialog-based ''wizard'' interface is used for the creation of a new project Generate Report Log: When enabled, output from several commands will be accumulated in a report buffer. Commands that output to the report log include Inverse, Traverse, Curve Info, etc. Also, any report that is displayed in the standard report viewer is also added to the report log. While activated, the report log resides in the lower left corner of the desktop as a minimized title bar that shows how many lines are in the report buffer. To view the report log, pick on the maximize icon on this title bar. You can also view the report log by running the Display Report Log function in the Inquiry menu. The report log can be edited, saved to a le or printed. To quickly turn the report log on and off, you can type REPORT at the command prompt. Save Drawing INI Files: When enabled, an .INI with the same name as the DWG le will be created to store associations used to populate the content of the Drawing Explorer command. Ignore Zero Elevs: This option will ignore any entities with a zero elevation. It is used for many commands, such as Triangulate and Contour or Make Grid File. Use South Azimuth: Turning on this option will use a South Azimuth instead of a North Azimuth as the basis for 0. Use Dview Twist Angle: This will use the screen Twist Angle dened with the command DVIEW. This is similar to Twist Screen. Set DIMSCALE to Drawing Scale: This will set the dimension scale to match the drawing scale. Set AUNITS to Drawing Angle Mode: This will set the DWG angular units to match the angle mode established under Drawing Setup. Set PDSIZE to Symbol Size: This will set the PDSIZE scale to match the symbol size dened in Drawing Setup. Set INSUNITS to Unitless: This will set the INSUNITS (Insertion Units) CAD system variable to Unitless (IN- SUNITS=0) when the drawing is opened. Set MENUBAR on Startup: When enabled, the Carlson Menu associated with the Carlson icon (usually on the PC Desktop) will be loaded. Otherwise, use the Carlson Menus command to select the desired menu. Set UCS to World on Startup: When enabled, drawings with a User Coordinate System (UCS) other than World will have the UCS set to World. Chapter 9. Settings Menu 389 Set LTSCALE on Startup to Drawing Setup: When enabled, the linetype scale (LTSCALE) variable will be set to the Horizontal Scale dened under Drawing Setup. Force Software-only OpenGL Driver: When enabled, commands that use OpenGL functionality (such as 3D Viewer Window) on computers with older video cards that don't offer extensive hardware acceleration will attempt to render the information with any available random-access memory (RAM). Invoke Item Placement on CAD Standards Load: When enabled, the Draw Standard Item (Draw Draw to Standard) command will be launched immediately following the loading of a CAD Standards Data Source. Use Annotative Text: (AutoCAD-based platforms, only) When enabled, text (usually placed through the Annotate Menu commands) will use scale-able annotative properties. Support All Drawing Scales: (AutoCAD-based platforms, only) When enabled, text placed as annotative entities will make use of all annotation scales currently dened within the drawing. Coordinate Report Order: You can choose the traditional North-East format, or reverse these in reports with an East-North format. Date Format: You can control the display of dates in Carlson reports with this drop-down menu. The default is ''Windows Setting'' which allows you to control it with Windows Control Panel. Several other common formats are available. Formatted Document Type: (AutoCAD-based platforms, only) Use this option (for commands such as 3D Viewer Window to establish the type of document produced by the command. Report Viewer: This option chooses between the Carlson Report Viewer, Windows Notepad and Microsoft Word for the viewer to use for reports that the Carlson commands generate. AutoCAD Menu: (AutoCAD-based platforms, only) This option chooses which AutoCAD menu to load when picking the AutoCAD menu from the Carlson Menus toolbar or from the Settings Carlson Menus pull-down menu. When AutoCAD Map is installed, there are different layouts of the Map menu to choose from. When Autodesk LandDesktop is installed, those menus are available. Object Linking: The Object Linking section contains options for creating additional ''intelligence'' on Carlson- placed entities: Link Points with CRD File - (AutoCAD-based platforms, only) When enabled, points placed into the draw- ing will be given a ''reactor'' so that any change to the entities such as MOVE or ROTATE will update the coordinates in the CRD le. Link Linework with Points - (AutoCAD-based platforms, only) Line and polyline entities that are drawn by point number (including those placed via Draw Field-to-Finish such that a positional change to a linked point will automatically update the linework. Link Labels with Linework - (AutoCAD-based platforms, only) When enabled, direction and/or distance labels assigned to physical linework entities will get updated if the underlying line is changed. Link Linework with Centerlines - (AutoCAD-based platforms, only) For linework that has been used to create a Carlson Centerline, changes to the linework will update the corresponding centerline (CL) le. Group Point Entities - When enabled, the three entities of a Carlson point (attribute block, symbol and node) become linked as a single entity. For each point, selecting any one of these entities selects all three entities for the point. NOTE: This setting is not the same as the ''Point Group'' functionality as found under the Point Group Manager command. Maintain CRD History File - When enabled, changes to a point are tracked into a ''history'' le. These changes can be accessed via the History button found under the Edit Point Attributes command. Database Format: The Database Format chooses between Microsoft Access 97 or 2000 (and higher) format. This database format applies to creating new database (.MDB) les in the GIS module, the drillhole database and the Export to Microsoft Access option in the Report Formatter. Coordinate File Format: Carlson can be congured to utilize a variety of coordinate le formats: Carlson Numeric Only - Point numbers cannot contain letters and must be in the range from 1 to 99999. Chapter 9. Settings Menu 390 Carlson Alphanumeric - This format allows letters in the point numbers and the point ''number'' can be up to 9 characters in length. Any combination of letters and numbers is acceptable. Carlson SQLite - Based on the Structured Query Language (SQL) database format, this CRDB format allows alphanumeric combinations of point number and descriptions up to 255 characters in length. C&G Numeric - This format of the C&G division supports up to 5 digits, with a 65000 point limit. C&G Alphanumeric - This format of the C&G division supports up to 10 characters, with no limit to the number of points. Simplicity ZAK: - This is the Simplicity Systems ''Sight Survey'' coordinate le format. MS Access Database (LDT) - This is a Microsoft Access database used by Autodesk Land Desktop. The le is typically named ''points.mdb'' and is typically found in a Land Desktop project \COGO subdirectory. The point identier limitation is established by the database structure, which has a default of 255 characters. Remove Arcs: Since 3D polylines do not allow true arcs, the program represents arcs in 3D polylines as a series of short chords. The Remove Arcs settings control the spacing of these arcs: Max Offset - Sets the maximum difference between the chords and the original arcs as shown in the image above. This method is similar to the Reduce Polyline Vertices command. Chord Len - Sets the length of the chord segments that replace the original arc. Digitizer Puck Layout & View: There are two main formats for the digitizer puck. They are numbered 1 and 2. Selecting the View button brings up the window showing the two formats. Use Mouse: This option allows you to use the mouse instead of the digitizer puck for the digitize commands. Auto Tablet On for Digitize Commands: This option will activate the tablet when using the digitize commands. Auto Tablet Off for Digitize Commands: This option will de-activate the tablet when using the digitize commands. Several settings under Drawing Setup are used to establish the default values provided in the Startup Wizard and are identical to those discussed in Drawing Setup. There are a few additions, such as Vertical Scale, Point Prompt-Label Settings, Point Number Settings and Vertical Angle Mode. Chapter 9. Settings Menu 391 There is also the ability to maintain two different sets of defaults (English and Metric). The user can maintain a comfortable set of settings for either unit system, especially if they constantly switch back and forth. Also added was support for meters/metres, tons/tonnes and various date representation which can be accessed via the Localization Settings button. Please refer to the Set Project/Data Folder command for complete information. These options are used for starting Carlson. Defaults are set here, and will be used at the beginning of each session. Template Name: This is the drawing template le that will be used when starting a new drawing. The Browse button allows for selecting a new le. Carlson Launch Folder: This is the folder where Carlson projects would be stored by default. The Browse button allows for selecting a new folder location. Prole Name: This is the AutoCAD/IntelliCAD Prole that will be used when working in Carlson. AutoCAD command switches: This turns off the AutoCAD ''splash'' screen upon launching the program. The /nologo takes the splash screen out of the start-up procedure. See AutoCAD documentation for other switches that are available for use. Chapter 9. Settings Menu 392 AutoCAD product to run: (AutoCAD Only) This is the AutoCAD version and avor (Map or LDT, etc.) that Carlson is installed for, and will run with. No menu resetting: (AutoCAD Only) This controls whether to set the Carlson menu as the main customization le on startup or to keep the current main customization unchanged. CG Survey Menu: Indicate whether to add-on the C&G Survey pull-down menus to the standard Carlson Survey menus. The Compact mode has all the C&G commands in a single pull-down menu. The Expanded mode has all eight C&G pull-down menus that C&G ''stand-alone'' used to have. Initial Traverse/Sideshot Angle Mode: This sets the default angle mode for these COGO commands. Show Occupy and Backsight Points on Status Bar: This is an option for the COGO Inverse command. Automatic Raw File On: This is equivalent to toggling on the COGO Raw File On/Off automatically when the drawing is opened. Automatic Line On: This is equivalent to toggling on the COGO Line On/Off automatically when the drawing is opened. Automatic Point Object Snap On: This is equivalent to toggling on the Settings Point Object Snap On/Off automatically when the drawing is opened. Most of the Surface/Triangulate &Contour commands will remember the settings and parameters used fromdrawing to drawing. There are some in this screen that will be used for gridding and modeling. Inverse Distance/LeastSquares Modeling Parameters: The modeling methods of Inverse Distance and Least Squares are similar ways to create a grid from datapoints or drillholes. It is not recommended to use these methods for gridding contour or breaklines. Triangulation is better for that. These methods need a search radius dened. Anything past this distance from one data point to the next will be ignored for inuence. The Max Samples are the number of data points that will be used to inuence each data point. The area is broken into 4 quadrants. The Min and Max Quadrant are the numbers of data points that will be used in each quadrant. Chapter 9. Settings Menu 393 Specify Grid Resolution As: There are two ways to create a grid le. Once the boundary has been selected, the cells need to be determined. Number of Cells in X and Y will divide the boundary up into the specied number of cells. These will then be odd shaped rectangles, with the size calculated by the boundary dimensions and the number of cells. The Dimensions of Cells is the more commonly used method. This will allow for a set cell size for the X and Y directions. Most of the time the grid cells should be square, where you set the size. Grid Precision: This is the number of decimals that are stored in the grid le. Draw Contours Max Number of Rechecks for Crossings: Routines that generate contours check for any crossings that can occur from smoothing or reduction options. When a crossing is found, the smoothing or reduction factors are reduced and then the contours are rechecked in case that adjustment causes a new crossing. This option can be used to decrease the number of rechecks in case your dataset is large and you don't want to take the time for these checks. This conguration box is used mainly for text and drafting settings. Items such as text size scalers and station types are set here and will apply to the current and/or future drawings. These are very self explanatory and are up to the user to set if something other than the defaults is desired. Stage-Storage File Format: Indicate the format of the Stage-Storage File to be used in Carlson Hydrology. These options are settings for prompting when entering the Mine notes. They are simply turned on or off for customized mine note entry. The Spad and Offset symbol sizes are set here for drawing in CAD. The layers for pillars and the Perim for underground mine design are set here. They can be customized so the program will recognize specic layers for commands such as volumes by grid or average, and calculating the extraction ratios. Chapter 9. Settings Menu 394 This is the conguration screen for default settings used with the Mining Modules. Each item is detailed below. Inverse Distance/Least Squares/Triangulation Search Radius, Samples and Quadrants: The modeling methods of Inverse Distance and Least Squares are similar ways to create a grid from datapoints or drillholes in that they use the same settings. It is not recommended to use these methods for gridding contour or breaklines. Triangulation is better for that. These methods need a search radius dened, while triangulation just uses the search distance to nd the next data point to triangulate to. Anything past this distance from one data point to the next will be ignored for inuence. The Max Samples are the number of data points that will be used to inuence each data point. The area is broken into 4 quadrants. The Min and Max Quadrant are the numbers of data points that will be used in each quadrant. Fill in Missing Strata Above/Below Existing Strata (Seam Stacking/Conformance): This important setting is used for gridding and modeling from drillholes. It does two things. The rst item it controls is to ll in missing strata. For example, if a drillhole does not go deep enough to penetrate a deep seam, or a drillhole is drilled down in a valley or low spot, it will either ll in (carry the seam through the hole) or pinch it out at the hole. NONE will Chapter 9. Settings Menu 395 not ll it in, meaning it will pinch the seam out at the shallow or partial hole. ALL will not pinch the seams out at the shallow or partial hole. Seam-Specic will use the Dene Strata settings where the marker and target beds are dened. The second modeling concept this controls is conformance. In these same partial holes where certain seams are not encountered, when it lls them in, it controls how it behaves. NONE will let each seam do want they want, independent of any other seam. ALL has all the seams looking at each other and they all conform to each other. Seam-Specic will use the Dene Strata settings where the marker and target beds are dened there. The marker bed is the ''main'' seam and other seams will conform to it. There can be more than one marker seam. There is also a hierarchy for conformance, so if the main marker seam is not present, then the next marker seam in line will prevail. Calculate Strata Pinchout and slide bar: This setting determines if the thickness of a seam is pinched out when it does not occur in a drillhole. Turn it on to activate pinchout. If a seam is not present, it will pinch it out using that drillhole. If it is off, it will carry the seam through the hole where the seam is not encountered. The slide bar determines the distance between the drillholes for pinchout. Near zero will pinch the seam closer to the hole where it does not appear. Non-zero will pinch the seam closer to the drillhole where it does appear. Most of the time, the best estimate is to leave it in the middle, where it will pinch the seam half way between the holes. It is also recommended to have the pinchout turned on when making thickness grids. This will model the thickness properly. But, when modeling the bottom elevation of a seam, turn OFF pinchout. If it is on, many times it will bring the elevation of the seam up to the next seam to pinch it out. Turning the off for elevation grids will keep them down where they belong. Then just add the thickness and the bottom elevation to obtain the roof elevation grid. Pinchout Zero Thickness: This setting will recognize a zero thickness entry in a drillhole and treat it as a pinchout for modeling. Normally, the zero entry is treated as a zero value, and the seam would go to zero just at the hole, and not before. Treating a zero value in a drillhole as a pinchout, will treat it as if it wasn't in the drillhole, and the seam will be pinched out using the pinchout slide bar settings above, instead of just going to zero right at the hole. Pinchout Key Only: This setting will apply the pinchout settings to just the Key seams in the drillholes. The NonKey seams will model as if the pinchout setting is off. Restrict Pinchout to Drillhole Elevation Range: This setting provides the option to control where the seam will pinchout. If there is a shallow hole, and a seam is running beneath it, this setting will pinchout the seam if it is off. If it is on, then the seams will only pinchout if they pass through the elevation range of the drillhole. This is useful if it is desired to pinch out a seam that passes above or below the elevation range of the drillholes. Include Strata Name in Bed Composite: This will add the strata name to the bed name when running the bed composite commands, such as Split Bed by Parameters. Process Only Strata with Beds: This setting is used mostly when duplicate strata appear in a drillhole. It will only model with strata that have a bed name, ignoring those that don't. This useful in a situation where only the KEY strata have a bed name. It will ignore all the NONKEY strata, and just model the KEY strata. This can be used when modeling geology such as lignite or bentonite, where thin seams have bed names and the overburden, partings and interburdens do not. Prompt for Advancement Pline for Quantities: When running the quantity routines in the standard mining mod- ule, turning this on will prompt for the Advancement pline for quantities. Composite Bed Qualities by Density: When modeling the quality attributes from drillholes, and they are sampled at multiple intervals, by default, they are averaged by thickness and that one value will be used for gridding. This option will weigh the quality attribute by a Density value instead of thickness. the Density attribute needs to be in each drillhole and the name is entered in the box to the right. It is usually DENSITY, and is in pounds per cu. ft or kg/cu m. Use Strata Limit Lines: When using Strata Limit Polylines for modeling, this needs to be turned on for the program to use them, even if they are on screen. If just using Strata Limit Polylines for modeling, this needs to be turned on or the program will not use them, even if they are on screen. If just this one setting is on, then you will be prompted to select them for all commands. Auto Select All Strata Limit Lines: Turning this on will automatically select all the Strata Limit Polylines for all commands that use them. They will not have to be selected each time. Chapter 9. Settings Menu 396 Process Only Strata with Beds: This setting is used mostly when duplicate strata appear in a drillhole. It will only model with strata that have a bed name, ignoring those that don't. This useful in a situation where only the KEY strata have a bed name. It will ignore all the NONKEY strata, and just model the KEY strata. This can be used when modeling geology such as lignite or bentonite, where thin seams have bed names and the overburden, partings and interburdens do not. Process Only Strata with Denition: This option will process and model only the strata and beds that are dened with the Dene Strata command that creates the * .SDF le. If the seam is not on this list, then it will be ignored for processing and modeling. Dip Angle Method: The Direct method simply applies the dip angle of the sample to the depth of the sample. The Minimum Curvature method looks at two adjacent samples at a time and calculates assuming the samples lie on a circular arc. The Min Curvature From Bottom method considers the sample point to be at the bottom of the sample and pairs this point with the dip from the previous sample. The Min Curvature From Top method considers the sample points to be at the top of the sample and pairs this point with the dip from the next sample. StrataCalc Drillhole Selection Method: This setting denes how the program will prompt for modeling the geol- ogy. If it is set to On-Screen Drillholes, then that will be what the program is looking for when modeling. If this setting is set to StrataCalc File, then the program will prompt for the presaved StrataCalc le with the extension of * .STC. This le is created in the Geology Module, under the StrataCalc menu. Underground Room/Pillar Settings: The following settings are used for the series of commands for placing coal sections to calculating end of month volumes. Use 0 Values for Blank Entries in Coal Sections: When using the Coal Sections in the standard mining module, if a value is blank, this option will assign a 0 value instead of a blank or Null value. Draw Coal Sections Z at Thickness: This option will draw the coal sections symbol at the Z value of the actual thickness. So if the coal section has a thickness of 5 feet. When it draws it in the drawing, it will have a Z value of 5. This is useful for contouring or gridding the coal sections with standard Civil commands. Prompt for Advancement Pline for Quantities: When running the quantity routines in the standard mining mod- ule, turning this on will prompt for the Advancement pline for quantities. Report Format for Quantities by Avg/Grid Methods: This setting determines the report format from the quantity commands in the standard mining module. Standard is the regular text editor. Column puts them in columns in the editor and Formatter will use the powerful Report Formatter. Key Material Name: This is the name of the KEY material you are mining. For example, enter in COAL or LIMESTONE or GOLD, or whatever ore you are mining. Bed Name Sufxes: KEY, TOP, PARTING & BOTTOM: These settings allow for custom naming of the Bed Name extensions the program adds to the bed names when it does the processing and modeling. The default settings are KEY, TOP, PARTING & BOTTOM. These can be customized, such as replacing TOP with OB. SDPS Directory: This is the directory that the SDPS program (Subsidence Deformation Prediction System) is installed in, if it is on the computer. Use Map Object Data as Properties: This setting will use the AutoCAD Map data as the information stored for the Property and Owner when using those named polylines in the drawing. If this is not set, then the program will use the standard Owner and Property names assigned as normal. These options are used for the Construction module and SiteNet commands in the Civil module. Chapter 9. Settings Menu 397 Extrapolate Surface To Boundary Perimeter: When this is check ON surfaces are extended and volumes are calculated out to your boundary perimeter. When this is checked OFF surfaces and calculations end at the extents of your design data. Use Existing Surface To Extrapolate Design: When this is checked ON surfaces and volumes are calculated to the extents of your existing data. Use Binary Triangulation File Format: This option sets the format for the surface model les as either binary or ASCII. The binary format has a .tin le name extension and loads about twice as fast and has about 50% less le size than ASCII. The ASCII format has a .t extension and is the legacy format used by other Carlson products and Softdesk. Minimize Flat Triangles: This option reduces the occurrence of ''at'' (or more precisely, horizontal) triangles. Flat triangles often occur when creating surface models from contour data. The Minimize Flat Triangle option will swap triangulation edges when possible to switch at triangles to sloped triangles. Reduce Triangulation Surfaces: This causes edges within the selected surface TIN mesh to be collapsed to reduce the number of triangles, edges, and points within the mesh while having a minimal impact on the overall shape of the mesh. Reduce Offset Distance: This setting is used by the Reduce Triangulation Surfaces command to set the reduction tolerance. Specify the maximum average distance that any point can be moved outside of the plane of any triangle that connects to that point. Values might range from .01 to .1 for most purposes. Surface File Sufxes: These settings allow you to change the le names for the surfaces generated by the program: -og - This is the default name for the original ground surface before adjustments. -ze - This is the default name for the original ground surface after subgrade zone adjustments. -ex - This is the default name for the original ground surface after subgrade zone and topsoil adjustments. -bs - This is the default name for the initial design surface before adjustments. -zn - This is the default name for the design surface after subgrade zone adjustments. -fn - This is the default name for the design surface after subgrade zone and topsoil adjustments. -ox - This is the default name for the over-excavate surface after subgrade zone and topsoil adjustments. Automatic Update Colors: This refreshes colors in your drawing as they change (i.e. elevating entities, setting layers for different Targets, etc). If your drawing is very large and is slow to automatically refresh you may want to Chapter 9. Settings Menu 398 toggle this off and use the Update Colors For Set Elevations command under View when you want/need to see the color changes. Assign Colors By Target: This option allows you to set the Existing, Design, and Other layers to any color you dene. Assign Colors By Elevation: This option allows you to set the color for entities needing elevations. No Elevation Entities Color: Indicate the color entities with no elevation (Z=0) should be assigned to when their layer is classied as ''Original'' or ''Design''. There are literally hundreds of default settings that can be set with this dialog. The categories that can be selected from are: The Settings for each Category will display all of the items that can be setup for default values. The Default value is set in the Conguration Default Value box. The corresponding Metric or English default values are set here, allowing for easy switching between the two systems. Pulldown Menu Location(s): Settings Keyboard Command: cong scad Prerequisite: None. Carlson Settings Explorer The Carlson Settings Explorer dialog box allows you to view, manage and report the values for all settings in all commands in all Carlson Software programs. The left-side of the dialog is a tree-view showing ''Carlson Software'' as the top item in the tree. Then, each Carlson Program or module is included as a sub-item under ''Carlson Software''. The Menus are then displayed as Chapter 9. Settings Menu 399 sub-items under each Carlson Program. And then the Commands in each Menu are listed as sub-items of the Menu. The right-side is a spreadsheet view and is populated depending on the item(s) selected and highlighted in the tree-view. Selecting and placing a checkmark next to an item at one of the upper levels of the tree structure will select that item and all its sub-items. The spreadsheet view shows the following columns for a command: Setting - Prompt for the settings in the dialog or at Command: line Value - Current value Default - Default value for the setting Ini Name - Carlson internal le name for the command Data Type - Description of the value for this setting Select/Unselect: If you pick and highlight an item in the tree-view that is un-checked, this button displays ''Select''. If the selected item is already checked, this button displays ''Un-Select''. After an item is selected and highlighted, picking the ''Select'' or ''Unselect'' button will place or remove the checkmark next to that item and all its sub-items. Select All: Use this button to place a checkmark next to all items and sub-items in the tree-view. Clear All: Use this button to clear checkmarks from all items and sub-items in the tree-view. Show Selected Only: Select this option to display - in spreadsheet view - only those settings that have checkmarks next to them in the tree-view. Filter: Using a Filter will display only those settings containing the text string specied as the Filter. for instance, Filtering with the word ''elevation'', returns the following results: Chapter 9. Settings Menu 400 Find: Use this option to search for a string of text. First, enter the text to be found and then pick the button to the right to execute the search. Show Modied Only: Select this option to display only those settings whose current value, as shown in the ''Value'' column, is different from the default value shown in the ''Default'' column. Show Layers Only: Select this option to display only those settings whose value in the ''Data Type'' column is specied as ''Layer''. Report: Use this button to prepare a report of all selected settings using Carlson's Report Formatter. Load: Use this button to Load settings from a Carlson Conguration File (.cfg). Save: Use this button to Save settings to a Carlson Conguration File (.cfg). Restore: Use this button to Restore selected settings to their Default value. Pulldown Menu Location: Settings Keyboard Command: setxplore Prerequisite: None Settings File Manager The Settings File Manager provides an organized view of all Carlson Software Settings les that have been saved in a specied ''Settings'' folder. By default, the initial folder displayed is the ''Startup Settings Folder'' as specied in the Project Setup dialog box. The various Settings les are displayed in a tree structure based on their corresponding Carlson Software program. If the current Settings for any command match the Settings found in a Settings le, the le name will show up in a Bold font. Because Conguration Files (.cfg) are collections of many Settings les, they cannot be set Current and will not show up in Bold font. Chapter 9. Settings Menu 401 Set Current: After selecting one of the various Settings les, use this button to set that le current. Files that have been set ''Current'' will show up in a Bold font. Only one le of any Setting type can be set Current at one time. And, because Conguration Files (.cfg) are collections of many Settings les, they cannot be set Current and will not show up in Bold. Change Settings Folder: Use this button to browse to and select a folder in which Carlson Software settings have been stored. Pulldown Menu Location(s): Settings Keyboard Command: setmanager Prerequisite: None Mouse Click Settings This command can be used to make custom mouse click preferences. It allows you to set the preferred functionality of your mouse wheel and mouse buttons. The Middle Button Click options apply to a 2-button wheel mouse (with the wheel acting as the middle button) or a 3-button mouse. Choose between using the middle mouse wheel for real-time pan, or to show an Object Snap pop-up menu. The mouse wheel can also be clicked and depressed for panning, and it can be used for zooming in and out by scrolling with the wheel. Chapter 9. Settings Menu 402 In the lower section of the dialog, you can determine how the right mouse button will operate. For the right button, there are different levels of pop-up menus that can be activated. With all these menus off, the right button will be used like Enter on the keyboard. Pulldown Menu Location: Settings Keyboard Command: clickset Prerequisite: None Toolbars This command allows you to display and hide toolbars. Click on a toolbar name and press the Show or Hide button. Show: Turns on the selected toolbar. If the toolbar is already visible, then this does nothing. Hide: Turns off the selected toolbar. If the toolbars is already hidden, then this does nothing. If the toolbar is oating, you can also turn it off by clicking the x in the upper right corner. Exit: Exits this command Pulldown Menu Location: Settings Keyboard Command: TBARCFG Prerequisite: None Edit Symbol Library This command allows you to customize the symbol library. For a printout of the default symbols, get the symbols.pdf in the Carlson Projects folder. The default library has hundreds of 2D and 3D symbols including Chapter 9. Settings Menu 403 National CAD Standard (NCS) symbols and MassDOT standard symbols. Categories are a way for grouping symbols by type for your own convenience in symbol selection. A new category is added by clicking on the ''Add Category'' button. An edit eld then appears in the tree view on the left and waits for you to enter the category name. The input is nished by pressing the Enter key. The category may be populated by creating a new symbol from selected entities in the drawing, by specifying drawing (.DWG) les, or by moving existing symbols from one category to another. To create a new symbol, open a drawing which has the entities to be used in the symbol. The symbol should be drawn at unit size (scale 1:1) because Carlson will scale the symbol by the current drawing scale when the symbol is used. Highlight the category for the symbol and click on the ''Create Symbol'' button. A dialog appears for entering the new symbol name. Next, specify the le name for the symbol. The le name has a .DWG extension and would usually reside in the Carlson SUP directory, but you may use another path. Then the program will prompt you to select the entities from the drawing for the symbol. An insertion point for the symbol must also be picked. The ''Import Symbols'' button brings up a le selection dialog which allows you to select multiple les to be added to the current category (to select multiple les use Shift or Control keys along with the mouse). If the les you select are not in the Carlson SUP directory, the program will offer an option of copying them there. There are also Import Library and Export Library buttons. By default, the symbol description is the same as le name. The description for the symbol or category name may be changed by highlighting that name and clicking on ''Rename'' button, the name being edited is then placed into edit mode. To move a symbol into a different category, select the symbol to be moved on the tree and click an ''Up'' or ''Down'' button as many times a needed to reach the desired category. The symbols are sorted alphabetically within each category, while categories are remaining in the order placed to allow the more frequently accessed categories be on top. Note: The symbol library is stored in an ASCII le named symbols.dta in the Carlson \USER directory. Pulldown Menu Location: Settings Keyboard Command: editptsym Prerequisite: None Chapter 9. Settings Menu 404 Layer Library This feature serves as an expanded version of the Layer Manager and also as a layer standards manager. In addition to allowing the user to sort layers into easily recognizable groups called Layer Categories, this feature can also be used to import layers from a text le and to compare and match layers in the library to the current drawing. Once populated, layers from the Library can be called from commands such as 2D Polyline and 3D Poly- line for layer and property assignment. Also, the Item Standards Manager is able to export layers from the items database to the Layer Library. The Layer Library has two areas of the dialog box: the Layer Category List on the left and the Layer List on the right. Layer Categories: Layer Categories are shown as a list in a tree view in the left-hand pane of the dialog box. Categories can be re-ordered by dragging and dropping to a different position in the list or by using the Move Up, Move Down, Move Left and Move Right arrow buttons. Other buttons above the Layer Category list also enable the user to Add, Remove and Rename Categories. Also, right-clicking on a Category in the list displays a shortcut menu allowing the user to access many of the same commands as the buttons along the top and bottom of the dialog box. Layers: Layers in a selected Category are shown as a list in spreadsheet view in the right-hand pane of the dialog box. The default column-headings for the Layer List are Name, Description, Color, Line Type, Line Weight, Plot Style and Plot/No Plot. Additional column-headings may be added using the Extra Fields button at the bottom of the dialog. Using the Add Layer (plus) and Delete Layer (minus) buttons, layers can be easily added and removed from a particular Category. The Move To button can also be used to change a layer to a different Category. Clear All: This button removes all the Layer Category and Layer denitions. Save As and Load: These buttons can be used to create and restore Layer Library settings using a Layer Library Settings (.LA) le. There are a few default .LA les in the Carlson Projects\Settings folder that you can load for National CAD Standard (NCS) layers and MassDOT standard layers. The current layer library denitions are stored Chapter 9. Settings Menu 405 in the USER folder in a le named layerstd.dta. Extra Fields: This button allows the user to dene up to ten extra text elds (column headings) for a layer. These elds can then be used as import elds or displayed in a report. Report: This button uses the Report Formatter to allow the user to compile and display a report containing all Layer Categories and Layers in the Library. The Report Formatter can also be used to export the data to a Microsoft Excel (.XLS or .XLSX) le. Import: This button gives the user two options for Importing layers into the Layer Library. The Drawing Layers option simply copies all layer denitions from the current drawing into the Library after prompting the user to select the destination Category. The Text File option allows the user to select an existing Text (.TXT, .DAT, or .CSV) le containing stan- dard layer denitions to populate the Library. Note that Microsoft Excel provides an option to save an Excel (.XLS or .XLSX) le as a Text le. Follow the steps below to Import layers from a text le. 1. Pick the Import button. 2. Pick the Text File (txt;dat;csv) button. This opens the Text File Import Options dialog box. 3. At the top of the Import Options box, select the le format type such as ''Comma-Separated'' or ''Tab Separated''. 4. If the top-line of the Text le contains column headings, pick the option to ''Use rst row for column headers''. 5. If the Text le contains one or more lines of text above the layer and property data, use the text box next to ''Skip'' to specify the number of rows at the top of the text le to be ''Skipped'' before importing the list of layers. 6. If headers are not included in the Text le, use the drop-down at the top of each column heading in the spreadsheet view to specify the column's data type such as ''Name'', ''Color'' or ''Linetype''. 7. Pick the Continue button and specify the Category into which the new layers are to be Imported. Chapter 9. Settings Menu 406 Create: After selecting a Layer Category, the user can pick this button to create all the layers for that Category in the Drawing. Compare DWG: This button is used to Compare drawing layers and their associated properties such as color, linetype, lineweight and plot style to the standard Library denition for those layers. This feature will report how many layers matched exactly, how many had a different set of properties and how many non-Standard layers were found. It will also list the non-standard layers which are those dened in the drawing but not in the Library. Match DWG: This button is used to alter the properties of drawing layers to match the properties of layers dened in the library, or vice versa. After picking the Match DWG button, this dialog box displays: Pick the Library to DWG button to alter the drawing layers to conform to the Library denitions. Pick the DWG to Library button to alter the Library denitions of the layers to conform to those set in the drawing. Pulldown Menu Location: Settings Layer Library Keyboard Command: layerlib Prerequisite: None Title Block This command draws a border and title block for the selected sheet size. At the top of the dialog, choose your horizontal scale and sheet size. The * other * choice at the bottom of each list will allow you to add your own scale or size if yours is not listed. Anything added to these lists will be retained for future use. Next, choose either ''landscape'' or ''portrait'' format. A blue rectangle next to this choice shows you the difference. Below this, you can choose what layer to draw the border and title block on. The margins to use are specied next at the bottom of the dialog. On the right hand side of the dialog. you can choose from several title blocks. As you choose each one, a preview will be shown below this list. This routine looks for all drawings named ''tblock'' in the \SUP directory. If you want to add your own title block, simply create a new drawing (or copy an existing one) in the \SUP directory and give it a name that starts with tblock. Example: tblock22.dwg and tblock-Jones.dwg are both valid names for this routine, but ''MyTitleblk.dwg'' is not. After you have made all your decisions in the dialog box, press OK. Depending on your current zoom level, your drawing may be zoomed out to allow you to see the entire area that will be covered by the drawing border. At this point, you have the border attached to your cursor and it is waiting for you to pick a point for insertion. As soon as you do this, a secondary dialog will appear for you to ll out the attributes associated with the particular title block you selected. Chapter 9. Settings Menu 407 Chapter 9. Settings Menu 408 Pulldown Menu Location: Settings Keyboard Command: tblock Prerequisite: Set horizontal scale in Drawing Setup Mortgage Block This command draws a personalized title block for a mortgage survey. You may select an 8 1 2 '' x 11'' sheet, an 8 1 2 '' x 14'' sheet, or dene your own sheet size. The dialog box allows the user to edit all block information and input unique data for every layout. The mortgage block drawing is called from the mortgage.dwg le located in the \sup directory and can be easily opened and edited within AutoCAD, allowing for the user to alter the size, text, or any other aspect of the drawing to t the user's particular needs. However, this is usually unnecessary since the original .dwg le places this block for a standard 8 1 2 x 11 ratio drawing. In addition to the block, the user can include the inputs and prescribed text for a Flood Note, which is placed in the bottom left hand corner of the drawing. You may also select a custom drawing le for your ood note. All inputs are saved and recalled from a mortgage.ini le located in the \User directory. The LIMITS of the drawing can be set to the lower left and upper right corners of the border. After the title block is drawn, the contents can be edited using the Attribute Edit command under the Edit menu. Chapter 9. Settings Menu 409 Pulldown Menu Location: Settings Keyboard Command: mortgage Prerequisite: Set horizontal scale in Drawing Setup Rescale Drawing This command globally resizes selected text, symbol and block entities within the drawing by comparing the existing drawing scale factor to a new scale factor. Entities are scaled from their individual insertion points. Lines and polylines are not scaled. Prompts Old Horizontal Scale: 20 New Horizontal Scale: 30 Select text, symbols, dimensions and blocks to scale. Select objects: select objects by window, crossing or by typing ''all'' at the command prompt, and press Enter 41 found Select objects: press Enter Number of symbols and blocks changed> 7 Testing Entity> 41 Number of text entities changed> 20 Chapter 9. Settings Menu 410 Pulldown Menu Location: Settings Keyboard Command: scaledwg Prerequisite: Drawing entities to be scaled Set/Reset X-Hairs Set X-Hairs sets the crosshairs either to align with the selected line or polyline or to a user-specied slope. Reset X-Hairs restores the crosshairs alignment to horizontal. Pulldown Menu Location: Settings > Crosshairs Keyboard Commands: setxhairs, resetxhairs Prerequisite: Line entity Tablet Calibrate This command executes the routine to perform calibration of the digitizer tablet to the drawing. There are two meth- ods of calibration: Known Reference Points, and Drawing Scale with New Reference Points, which are explained in detail below. The Calibrate routine must be used prior to using the Digitize Contours command. Before proceeding, please refer to the Settings menu, then go to Congure and General Settings. Then look at the Digitizer Puck Layout section for the selection of the correct puck layout. Tablet Calibration Known Reference Points uses two known coordinates for reference points on the drawing. When this option is selected, the elds for coordinate info activate. Enter the known northing and easting values for the reference points from the info on the drawings in the appropriate elds and pick the Pick button. Pick the points from the drawing on the tablet. Furthermore, Carlson saves the coordinates of the two reference points for future calibrations and displays them on the Tablet Calibration Dialog the next time it is accessed, so if you are working in the same drawing, you can use the Known Reference Points method with the saved coordinates to digitize back to your previous coordinates. For greater calibration accuracy, choose two points that are farther apart rather than closer together. Chapter 9. Settings Menu 411 Drawing Scale with New Reference Points is very convenient when you don't know the precise coordinates of the entities on your drawing. The user must specify the drawing scale from the plan. This method establishes a coordinate system relative to the position of the plan on the digitizer board. In addition to the drawing scale, you are required to enter a random coordinate for the rst reference point, the default coordinate is (1000,1000). You then pick the Pick button and pick the point on the drawing to assign the specied coordinate to. The program will compute the coordinate of the second reference point that you pick based on the rst point. The coordinates of these two reference points would be saved and will be display in the Tablet Calibration Dialog as Known Reference Points the next time you calibrate the tablet, so you can digitize back to the previous coordinates if you are working on the same drawing, even though you may have moved or rotated your drawing on the digitize board. Prompts Chapter 9. Settings Menu 412 Tablet Calibration Dialog Specify the Calibration Methods. If you select Drawing Scale method, enter the drawing scale and the coordinate of the rst reference point. Otherwise enter the exact coordinates of the rst and second reference points. Pick rst reference point: pick a point Pick second reference point: pick another point Pulldown Menu Locations: Settings > Tablet Calibration Keyboard Command: digsetup Prerequisite: Afx a drawing to your digitizer tablet. Have a digitizer board and a puck connected to your computer, and have Wintab driver installed. The digitizer has been correctly set up. Select the puck layout in Congure . Save/Load Tablet Calibration A common problem with calibrating maps on a large format digitizer is that if you leave the current drawing session, AutoCAD forgets the tablet calibration. Tablet save can be used to save the calibration when a drawing is taped down properly. This calibration le can be restored at any time later and be accurate so long as the drawing did not move on the tablet. Save Conguration Procedure: 1) Command: TABSAVE 2) Designate lename ( * .TCF) to save conguration into. Restore Conguration Procedure: 1) Command: TABREST 2) Select lename ( * .TCF) to restore conguration from. Pulldown Menu Location: Settings > Tablet Calibration Keyboard Commands: tablet1, tablet2 Prerequisite: None Set UCS to World This command sets the UCS (user coordinate system) to the world coordinate system (WCS). Carlson TakeOff works exclusively in the world coordinate system and there is no way to change this setting. In AutoCAD, it is possible to change the coordinate system from WCS. If you receive a drawing in which the coordinate system is not set to world, use this command to restore the UCS. Prerequisite: None Keyboard Command: UCS WORLD Units Control The Drawing Units dialog box controls coordinate and angle display formats and determines precision. Chapter 9. Settings Menu 413 1 Under Length, you specify the current unit of measurement and the precision for the current units. Type: This eld sets the current format for units of measure. The values include Architectural, Decimal, Engi- neering, Fractional, and Scientic. The Engineering and Architectural formats produce feet-and-inches displays and assume that each drawing unit represents one inch. The other formats can represent any real-world unit. Precision: This eld sets the number of decimal places for the current units display. 2 Under Angle you specify the current angle format and the precision for the current angle display. Type: This eld sets the current angle format. Precision: This eld sets the precision for the current angle display. TakeOff uses the following conventions for the various angle measures: decimal degrees appear as decimal numbers, grads appear with a lowercase g sufx, and radians appear with a lowercase r sufx. The degrees/minutes/seconds format uses d for degrees, ' for minutes, and '' for seconds, for example: 123d45'56.7'' Surveyor's units show angles as bearings, using N or S for north or south, degrees/minutes/seconds for how far east or west the angle is from direct north or south, and E or W for east or west, for example: N 45d0'0'' E The angle is always less than 90 degrees and is displayed in the degrees/minutes/seconds format. If the angle is precisely north, south, east, or west, only the single letter representing the compass point is displayed. Clockwise: This option calculates positive angles in the clockwise direction. The default direction for positive angles is counterclockwise. When the program prompts for an angle, you can point in the desired direction or enter an angle regardless of the setting specied for Clockwise. 3 Under Drawing Units for TakeOff DesignCenter blocks, you can control the unit of measurement used for block insertions. A block created in units that differ from the units specied in this option is scaled and inserted in the specied units. Select Unitless to insert the block as is and not scale the block to match the specied units. Source content units and Target drawing units settings in the User Preferences tab of the Options dialog box under the Settings menu are used when Insert Units are not dened. 4 Sample Output displays an example of the current settings for units and angles. Direction displays the Direction Control dialog box described below. Chapter 9. Settings Menu 414 A The Base Angle determines where 0 degrees is located when the program calculates angles. The base angle sets the direction of the base angle. These options affect the entry of angles, object rotation angles, the display format, and the entry of polar, cylindrical, and spherical coordinates. Choose East, North, West, or South, or choose Other to indicate an alternative direction. The default direction for the zero angle is East. In TakeOff, the base angle is relative to the orientation of the user coordinate system. East: Sets the base angle to east (default is zero degrees). North: Sets the base angle to 90 degrees north. West: Sets the base angle to 180 degrees west. South: Sets the base angle to 270 degrees south. Other: Sets a direction different from the points of the compass. Angle: Sets the angle. Available only when Other is selected. Pick an Angle: Uses the pointing device to dene the angle based on the angle of an imaginary line connecting any two points you specify. Available only when Other is selected. Prerequisite: None Keyboard Command: UNITS Point Object Snap When this toggle is turned on, you can move your cursor near a Carlson point and snap to the actual coordinates of the point without having to use the AutoCAD NODE snap. Point Object Snap can be used alone to display the point information or it can be turned on and used during other commands. In the example illustration, the 2DP command (2D polyline) has been started and the rst point picked was point number 2074. As the cursor nears point number 2067, the point snap marker appears and the point information is displayed, click the mouse and the next polyline vertex will snap to the coordinates of point 2067. Chapter 9. Settings Menu 415 Pulldown Menu Location: Settings Keyboard Command: 'pointsnap Prerequisite: None Aperture Object Snap The Drafting Settings dialog box sets object snap modes. 1 Under Object Snap, you set object snaps. Object Snap On: This option turns running object snaps on and off. The object snaps selected under Object Snap Modes are active while object snap is on. This setting is also controlled by the OSMODE system variable. Object Snap Tracking On: This option turns object snap tracking on and off. With object snap tracking the cursor can track along alignment paths based on other object snap points when specifying points in a command. To use object snap tracking, you must turn on one or more object snaps. 2 Under Object Snap Modes, you turn on running object snaps. Endpoint: Snaps to the closest endpoint of an arc, elliptical arc, line, multiline, polyline segment, spline, region, or ray or to the closest corner of a trace, solid, or 3D face. Midpoint: Snaps to the midpoint of an arc, ellipse, elliptical arc, line, multiline, polyline segment, solid, spline, or xline. Center: Snaps to the center of an arc, circle, ellipse, or elliptical arc. Node: Snaps to a point object. Chapter 9. Settings Menu 416 Quadrant: Snaps to a quadrant point of an arc, circle, ellipse, or elliptical arc. Intersection: Snaps to the intersection of an arc, circle, ellipse, elliptical arc, line, multiline, polyline, ray, spline, or xline. Intersection snaps to the edges of regions and curves, but does not snap to the edges or corners of 3D solids. Extended Intersection snaps to the imaginary intersection of two objects that would intersect if the objects were extended along their natural paths. Carlson Survey automatically turns on Extended Intersection when you select the Intersection object snap mode. You might get varying results if you have both the Intersection and Apparent Intersection running object snaps turned on at the same time. Intersection and Extended Intersection work with edges of regions and curves, but not with edges or corners of 3D solids. Extension: Causes a temporary extension line to display when you pass the cursor over the endpoint of objects, so you can draw objects to and from points on the extension line. Insertion: Snaps to the insertion point of an attribute, a block, a shape, or text. Perpendicular: Snaps to a point perpendicular to an arc, circle, ellipse, elliptical arc, line, multiline, polyline, ray, solid, spline, or xline. Carlson Survey automatically turns on Deferred Perpendicular snap mode when the object you are drawing requires you to complete more than one perpendicular snap. You can use a line, arc, circle, polyline, ray, xline, multiline, or 3D solid edge as an object from which to draw a perpendicular line. You can use Deferred Perpendicular to draw perpendicular lines between such objects. When the aperture box passes over a Deferred Perpendicular snap point, the program displays a Snaptip and marker. Tangent: Snaps to the tangent of an arc, circle, ellipse, or elliptical arc. Carlson Survey automatically turns on Deferred Tangent snap mode when the object you are drawing requires you to complete more than one tangent snap. For example, you can use Deferred Tangent to draw a line that is tangent to two arcs, polyline arcs, or circles. When the aperture box passes over a Deferred Tangent snap point, the program displays a marker and Snaptip. If you use the From option in conjunction with the Tangent snap mode to draw objects other than lines from arcs or circles, the rst point drawn is tangent to the arc or circle in relation to the last point selected in the drawing area. Nearest: Snaps to the nearest point on an arc, circle, ellipse, elliptical arc, line, multiline, point, polyline, spline, or xline. Apparent Intersection: Apparent Intersection includes two separate snap modes: Apparent Intersection and Extended Apparent Intersection. You can also locate Intersection and Extended Intersection snap points while running Apparent Intersection object snap mode is on. Apparent Intersection snaps to the apparent intersection of two objects (arc, circle, ellipse, elliptical arc, line, multiline, polyline, ray, spline, or xline) that do not intersect in 3D space but may appear to intersect in the drawing display. Extended Apparent Intersection snaps to the imaginary intersection of two objects that would appear to intersect if the objects were extended along their natural paths. You might get varying results if you have both the Intersection and Apparent Intersection running object snaps turned on Chapter 9. Settings Menu 417 at the same time. Apparent and Extended Apparent Intersection work with edges of regions and curves but not with edges or corners of 3D solids. Parallel: Draws a vector parallel to another object whenever Carlson Survey prompts you for the second point of a vector. After specifying the rst point of a vector, if you move the cursor over a straight line segment of another object, the program acquires the point. When the path of the object you create is parallel to the line segment, the program displays an alignment path, which you can use to create the parallel object. Clear All: This option turns off all object snap modes. Select All: This option turns on all object snap modes. Menu Location: Settings Keyboard Command: OSNAP Prerequisite: None System Variable Editor The AutoCAD/IntelliCAD engine stores the values for its operating environment and some of its commands in system variables. Each system variable has an associated type: integer, real, point, switch, or text string. This command allows you to list or change the values of system variables. List Box: Contains a list of the variables associated with the currently running version of AutoCAD. There are more items than will display on the list box, use the scroll bar to move up and down through the list. Picking on an item in the list box makes it the current item, causing the information about the item to be displayed, and can be affected by most of the edit commands explained below. Edit Field: When an item on the list box is picked, its current setting is displayed in the edit eld. If you intend to make changes in an item, use standard editing procedures including the use of arrow keys and/or pointer movements to make changes. Once changes have been made, you must use the CHANGE options explained below to effect changes. Pressing enter at the edit eld will have no effect on the item in the list. If the item selected is a read-only variable, the edit eld will be grayed-out and will not allow input. Chapter 9. Settings Menu 418 Description: When an item on the list box is picked, its denition is referenced and displayed in this eld. This can be a benet in learning the uses of the assorted system variables. This is a display only eld, so you can't change the description given. Under Type Group, the type of variable will be displayed indicated by one of the radio buttons. Each of these types are explained below for your benet. For additional information on variable types used by AutoCAD, obtain and consult a source of AutoCAD documentation. Integer: Dened as a whole number in the range from -32767 to +32768, no decimal value accepted. Real: Dened as a real number in the range from -1.797E+308 to +1.797E+308, with extreme decimal accuracy maintained.. Some real variables have a smaller range than previously stated. String: Dened as a sequential array of characters in the range from 0 to 65535 characters, with a range of ASCII (0-255). Numbers can be included in strings, even though they have no mathematical signicance. 2D Point: Dened as a list of two real numbers in the range from -1.797E+308 to +1.797E+308 separated by a comma, having extreme decimal accuracy maintained. Always maintain the X,Y format, one (and only one) comma must be used, separating the X and Y. 3D Point: Dened as a list of three real numbers in the range from -1.797E+308 to +1.797E+308 separated by commas. While editing a 3D point, you must always maintain the X,Y,Z format, two (no less or no more), commas must used, separating the X and Y and Z values. Under Range Group, the variable displayed will usually have a range displayed. The FROM value indicating the minimum, and the TO value being the maximum value accepted. Under the Store Group, depending on the type of variable, AutoCAD may store the value in the drawing or the conguration le, or it may not be stored. Each of these types are explained below for your benet. Not Stored: Some variables, such as PLATFORM and CDATE, are not stored because they are system interde- pendent. In Drawing: Most variables are stored in the drawing, making the drawing format more personal than just a database of objects. This allows you to open a drawing and have it behave just as though you had never left it. In Cong: These are variables that remain the same regardless of the drawing opened. APERTURE and PICK- BOX are just two examples of variables stored in the conguration le. Under Access Group, depending on the type of variable, AutoCAD may not allow you to make changes to it. Each of these types are explained below. Read Only: Some variables, such as PLATFORM and CDATE, are read-only and therefore cannot be changed. Read-Only variables are marked and the edit eld will be grayed indicating that you can't change the variable. Read/Write: Most variables are read/write and can be changed. These variables are marked and the edit eld will be active so you can change the variable. Under Binary Group, depending on the type of variable, the value may be off or on, yes or no. If the variable type is not binary, this group will be grayed out entirely. Off (0): Indicate an off condition. Some variables, such as ATTREQ, are simply on or off toggles. You may change a binary item by clicking in this group to change the variable, or changing the value in the edit eld. On (1): Indicate an on condition. Binary variables are simply on or off toggles. Their range is from 0 to 1. You may change a binary item by clicking to change the variable, or changing the value in the edit eld. Control Buttons - These buttons are the main controls in the use of the Variable Editor. Each buttons purpose is explained below. OK: Used to accept the changes made during the variable editing process, returning you to the command prompt with changes in effect. Cancel: Used to cancel the changes made during the variable editing process, returning you to the command prompt without the changes in effect. Chapter 9. Settings Menu 419 Load: Used to load a saved set of system variables. This allows you to create a drawing, save the system variables, open a second drawing, and load those variables into that drawing. Read-only variables are skipped. Save: Used to save the current system variables to a disk le. All system variables are stored to the le, even those that are marked as read-only. Print: Used to print the current system variables. After choosing this option, you will prompted for an output lename, then the program will proceed to write the system variables to the le. This le can be loaded into any editor or word processor, edited and printed. Variable Buttons - These buttons are used to control the changes in variables, while using the Variable Editor. Each buttons purpose is explained below. Change: Used to execute the changes typed into the edit eld. You must use this button, simply pressing enter will not make the change. Restore: Used to cancel the changes typed into the edit eld. If you make a mistake or change your mind while making changes in the edit eld, press this button to restore the edit eld to the value before editing. Status: Used to determine if the program will echo the status of changes being made to the command area. If this toggle is on, any changes made from the dialog will echo the change. Also if a stream of change commands is being read from a le, and the toggle is on, the changes taking place will be displayed. Note: This command displays many more system variables than are found in the Systems Variable Chapter, which contains a list of supported system variables. Modication of any system variable other than the supported ones found in the Systems Variable Chapter is done at your own risk, and may result in program errors requiring a re-installation of Carlson. Pulldown Menu Location: Settings Keyboard Command: VAREDIT Prerequisite: None Chapter 9. Settings Menu 420 Points Menu 10 All of the routines in this menu operate on points in a Carlson coordinate (.CRD) le. Coordinate les are binary les that contain point numbers, northings, eastings, elevations and descriptions. The Carlson coordinate database (.CRDB) is based on SQLite and supports point numbers and descriptions up to 255 characters. Alternately, C&G CRD and CGC les, LandDesktop MDB les or Simplicity Systems ZAK les can be used in place of the Carlson CRD le. All routines in this menu will read from, and write to, these types of point data les. At any given time, there can only be one active coordinate le. If a command is initiated that requires a coordinate le while one is not one set, Carlson will prompt for a coordinate le name. From that point on, this is the current coordinate le. Another coordinate le can be used by choosing Set Coordinate File or Open CRD File in Coordinate File Utilities. Whenever you asked for point numbers, you can enter any combination with commas and dashes or type ALL to use all points. For example 1-3,7,20-23 would act on points 1,2,3,7,20,21,22,23. Coordinate les have either numeric or alphanumeric point numbers. Alphanumeric point numbers consist of nine or less digits and letters (i.e. point# 7A). The type of point number format is set when the coordinate le is created. This setting is found under General Settings in Carlson Congure. This setting only affects new coordinate les. Each point is drawn by three entities: 1. point block 2. point node 3. symbol The point block is an INSERT entity with PNTNO, PNTELEV and PNTDESC attributes. These attributes represent the point number, elevation and description respectively. The point node is a POINT entity and is used for picking the point with the NODE snap. The point node is also used as the X, Y, Z coordinate in Triangulate & Contour. The 421 symbol can be any symbol dened in the Symbol Library (use SPT0 for no symbol). Since points use Carlson point symbols, the CAD system variables PDMODE and PDSIZE should usually be set to 0. The points in the drawing can be linked to their coordinates in the coordinate le. The link updates the coordinate le when a point is modied in the drawing. For example, when points are moved with the Rotate Points command, their coordinates will be automatically updated in the coordinate le. To update the coordinate le without this automatic link, you can run the command Update CRD File from Drawing in Coordinate File Utilities. The linking option is called Link Points with Coordinate File (currently only available in AutoCAD) and can be set under General Settings in Carlson Congure. This setting does not affect points currently in your drawing, only points drawn after you change this setting. Each point in the coordinate le has room for a 32 character description. To have a longer description, an associated point note le can be used. The note le has the same le name as the coordinate le with a .NOT extension and is stored in the same directory as the coordinate le. For example, survey.not would be the note le for survey.crd. The note le is a text le that stores a point number together with the additional notes for the point. There is no limit to the length of the note. Notes can be added to points using the Edit Points command. The List Points command can be used to print out the notes. For each point, the point attribute block, node, and symbol can be bound together into a ''grouped'' entity. This means that if you choose to use the Move command (or other CAD tools) the entire collection moves together. This is done using the grouping functionality. To disable this system altogether, navigate to Carlson Congure > General Settings and turn off the toggle for Group Point Entities. If you need to temporarily disable grouping in a drawing, you can use the AutoCAD toggle for grouping, which is Ctrl-A (holding down the 'Ctrl' key and then pressing the letter 'A' on the keyboard activates this two way toggle and the current status will be echoed to the Command prompt area). Carlson points include additional information on each element that makes up the point collection (attribute block, node and symbol). This information allows Carlson to know such things as which coordinate (.CRD) the point came from. Commands like Drawing Inspector can then display the point information for the point entities. This also makes it easier for Carlson to identify which drawing objects belong to a point, making commands like Edit Point Attributes a ''double-click'' pick association instead of a selection set. Chapter 10. Points Menu 422 Point Defaults This command sets Carlson point options. Descriptions: Specify whether you are prompted for a point description when creating points and whether the point descriptions are labeled in the point block. Elevations: Specify whether you are prompted for a point elevation when creating points and whether or not the point elevation is labeled with the point. Prex/Sufx: Indicate a desired prex or sufx that should be included with the elevation label. Locate on Real Z Axis: When checked, points are drawn at their actual elevation, otherwise, points will be drawn at Z=0. The following tables illustrate the effects of Elevation vs. Real Z settings: Elevations Yes Real Z Yes Picked Point Labels point, Prompts for elevation Uses elevation for z coordinate Point Number Labels point, No Prompt Uses z coordinate from le Effects of Elevation Settings - Scenario 1 Elevations Yes Real Z No Picked Point Labels point, Prompts for elevation Uses 0 for z coordinate Point Number Labels point, No Prompt Uses 0 for z coordinate Effects of Elevation Settings - Scenario 2 Elevations No Real Z Yes Picked Point Labels point, No Prompt Uses z coordinate of picked point Point Number Labels point, No Prompt Uses z coordinate from le Effects of Elevation Settings - Scenario 3 Elevations No Real Z No Picked Point No Label, No Prompt Uses 0 for z coordinate Point Number No Label, No Prompt Uses 0 for z coordinate Chapter 10. Points Menu 423 Effects of Elevation Settings - Scenario 4 Attribute Layout ID: Controls the location of the point number, elevation and description. Up to 10 attribute layouts (0 through 9) are available. See Carlson Knowledgebase Article 779 (Customized Carlson Point Attribute Layouts) for examples and steps of different attribute layout congurations. Symbol Name: Enter the default symbol name to use. You may also pick the Select Symbol button to select a symbol from the Symbol Library. Prompt for Symbol Names: When checked, you will be prompted for each symbol name instead of using the default symbol. Use Field to Finish: Allows you to use the code denitions from the designated Feature Library Denition (FLD) table specied below. For example, when creating a point with description of ''FH'' (for Fire Hydrant), Carlson would look up ''FH'' in the Field to Finish table and will use the eld code denitions to establish the parameters of the point being created instead of the denitions dened in within Point Defaults. Point Numbers: When this toggle is OFF, no point number will be created and no points will be stored in the active coordinate le. Automatic Point Numbers: When enabled, point numbers are numbered sequentially from the Start Point Number. If the Start Point Number eld is set to 0, no point will be plotted. An exception to this is when you use the Draw- Locate Points command and use the Range option, then a point entity is plotted. When disabled, commands that locate new points will prompt for the point number. Start Point Number: Specify the starting point number to use. Layer for Points: Specify the default layer name for Carlson points. Vertical Angle Mode: Specify how Carlson should prompt you for vertical angles. None means ''Do not prompt.'' This applies to creating points with commands such as Traverse. The vertical angle is used to calculate the point elevation. Separate Layers: Specify settings for point attribute layers: None - The point number, elevation and description use the layer names PNTNO, PNTELEV and PNTDESC, respectively. Points - The point number, elevation and description layers are composed by concatenating the point layer and the string NO, ELEV, and DESC. For example, if the point layer is UTIL then the attribute layers will be UTILNO, UTILELEV and UTILDESC, respectively. Symbols - The point symbol layer is composed by concatenating the point layer and the string MARK. For example, if the point layer is UTIL then the symbol layer will be UTILMARK. Both - The point symbol, point number, elevation and description layers are composed by concatenating the point layer and the string MARK, NO, ELEV, and DESC respectively. For example, if the point layer is UTIL then the symbol/attribute layers will be UTILMARK, UTILNO, UTILELEV and UTILDESC. Auto Zoom Center for New Points: When checked, the drawing will perform a ''Zoom Center'' around new points to keep the display centered around the current working area during the new point creation process. Use Annotative Points: (AutoCAD-based platforms, only) When enabled, points (usually placed through the Draw Field-to-Finish or Draw-Locate Points commands) will use scale-able annotative properties. Support All Drawing Scales: (AutoCAD-based platforms, only) When enabled, points placed as annotative entities will make use of all annotation scales currently dened within the drawing. Table: This option lets you specify the Feature Library Denition le (FLD) used by the Use Field to Finish controls specied above. GIS File: This option lets you specify a GIS le to be used when creating new points. The GIS le contains a list of elds to prompt for. For each point that is created, the program will prompt for these elds and store the results to the note le (.not) associated with the current coordinate le. Chapter 10. Points Menu 424 Pulldown Menu Location(s): Points Keyboard Command: ptsetup Prerequisite: None. Draw-Locate Points The Draw-Locate Points dialog box allows you to insert either new or existing points into the drawing. You can create new points either by picking points on the screen, or by entering northing and easting coordinates. You can also place existing points by entering point numbers which reference the current coordinate le. You are prompted to choose a coordinate le if no coordinate le is current. The Coordinate File at the top of the dialog shows the current le which can be changed with the Set button. The name of the symbol le is displayed in Symbol Name. You can choose a different symbol by clicking Select. The selected point symbol is displayed on the right. Symbol Rotation Azimuth is the rotation angle that is used for the point symbols. This angle is used in a counter- clockwise direction relative to the current twist screen. Layer by Description inserts the points in the layer named by the point description. Using Layer by Description organizes the points by description and allows for layer management. For example, you can use the Isolate Layers command to show only points on a certain layer. If you include an invalid layer character in the description, the layer name stops at the bad character. A point description of ''UP / 105'' would use layer ''UP'', for example. The Layer Prex is added to the beginning of the layer name. For example, a Layer Prex of ''PT '' and a point with the description ''EP'' would use the layer ''PT EP''. Layer Prex is optional. It allows all the point layers to be grouped. Draw Nodes Only inserts only a point entity (the node) and not the point block and symbol. This option is most useful when you have a lot of points to insert, because inserting only the nodes is faster than inserting nodes with the point block and symbol. Commands such as Triangulate & Contour and Make 3D Grid File can use these points, and do not need the point block and symbol. Selecting Elev Text Only draws text of the point elevation without the point block, symbol, or node. The decimal place of elevation text is placed at the northing and easting point location. Chapter 10. Points Menu 425 Locate within Polyline inserts only the points that are inside a closed inclusion polyline. The command prompts you to select a closed inclusion polyline and as well as an optional exclusion polyline. All the points in the current coordinate le are checked. Any points that are located within the inclusion polyline and outside the exclusion polyline are drawn. Locate within Distance inserts only the points that are within a specied distance from a reference point. The command asks you for the reference point and the search distance. All the points in the current coordinate le are checked. Any points that are located within the search distance of the reference point are drawn. Locate within Window/Coord Range inserts only the points that are within the specied window or range of northing, easting, and elevation. The command prompts for the minimum and maximum northing, easting, and elevations. These values default to the actual minimum and maximum in the coordinate le. Then the command prompts for the point number range of points to check. The points that fall in both the point number range and the coordinate range are drawn. Under Point Prompt-Label Settings, you determine attributes for which you will be prompted. Descriptions determines whether you are prompted for descriptions for each point when creating new points. When you are placing both new and existing points, Descriptions determine whether this attribute is labeled with the point inserts. Notes works with the note le (.not) associated with the current coordinate le. The note le contains unlimited point descriptions in addition to the xed 32-character point descriptions in the coordinate le. When you create points with Notes on, the command will prompt for point notes to be stored with the point. When you draw existing points with Notes on, any notes for the points are drawn as text entities below the point description. Elevations determines whether you are prompted for elevations for each point when creating new points. When you are placing both new and existing points, Elevations determine whether this attribute is labeled with the point inserts. Use '+' labels the positive elevations with a leading '+'. For example, ''+159.43''. Use '-' labels the negative elevations with a leading '-'. Locate on Real Z Axis determines if the points are placed at their elevations or at zero elevation. Label Zeros will label points with zero elevation when the Elevations option is on. Otherwise only points with nonzero elevation will be labeled. Elevation Prex/Sufx set the prex and sufx labels to apply for the elevation labels. Elevation Integers controls the number of digits to display to the left of the decimal point for the elevation label. The All setting will show the full elevation digits. The other settings allow you to limit the number of digits to display for the purpose of reducing the amount of space the elevation labels take up in the drawing. For example, if a site is in the 4000 foot elevation range, then this setting could be set to three digits (000) and an elevation of 4321 would be labeled as 321. Elevation Decimals sets the number of decimals to the right of the decimal places for the elevation labels. Under Point Number Settings, you determine how points will be numbered. Point Numbers determines whether the complete point block is drawn or just the symbol and node. When you create new points with Point Numbers off, no points are stored in the current coordinate le, and only the point symbol and node are drawn. When you draw existing points with Point Numbers off, the point attribute block is not drawn and only the point symbol and node are drawn. Automatic Point Numbering applies to creating new points. With this option active, the command will use the Starting Point Number for the rst new point. The next point number is automatically incremented. Before storing the point, the command checks whether the point number is used. If the point number is used and point protect is on (set in the Coordinate File Utilities command), then the command will prompt for another point number or to overwrite the point. With Automatic Point Numbering off, the command will prompt for the point numbers. Chapter 10. Points Menu 426 Determine how the points are to be displayed and in what layer. With Wildcard match of pt description, you can display only points with specic descriptions. This can be thought of as a lter. For example, entering IP would display only points that are labeled with the description IP, or Iron Pin. The default is the asterisk ( * ). This will display all points regardless of description. Layer Name allows you to designate a layer for the points to be displayed. You can enter a new name, CLAYER, or choose an existing layer by clicking Select Layer. Entry of CLAYER selects the current layer. A Carlson Survey point consists of a block insert with attributes, a point symbol, and a point entity. The point entity is used for picking the point by OSNAP Node in other commands. The block insert includes a point number, elevation, and description. These attributes are in the PNTMARK, PNTNO, PNTELEV, and PNTDESC layers. The points are also in an overall layer as specied in this dialog box. This layer setup allows you to freeze a group of points by the main layer name or freeze point attributes for all the points in the drawing. For example, freezing layer ''PNTS'' would freeze all the points in this layer. Freezing layer ''PNTELEV'' would freeze the point elevation attribute for all the points. The Erase Duplicates option will erase existing point entities that match the point numbers currently being drawn. Fix Overlapping Point Attributes will detect point number, elevation and description attributes that overlap with other points. Rules can be applied to rearrange the point attributes to avoid the overlaps. A point overlap manager then steps through each overlap for review or manually moving the attributes. Symbol Size Scaler controls the size of the point symbol and Text Size Scaler controls the size of the point at- tribute labels. The scalers are multiplied by the Horizontal Scale from Drawing Setup to set the size in drawing units. Match Properties prompts to select an existing point entity and then the program sets the settings in the dialog such as layer and symbol to match the selected point. Draw Range will draw existing points from the current coordinate le. The Draw Range button will prompt for the point numbers to draw. Draw All will draw all the points in the coordinate le, and then zoom the extents of the display to show the points. Draw Point Group will draw a point group with settings that are established in the Point Group Manager. Enter and Assign can be used to create new points using the point northing and easting. When a grid projection is dened in Drawing Setup, then there is an option to enter the points using latitude/longitude. Screen Pick allows you to create points by picking the point coordinate on the screen. For example, you could set the Object Snap to EndPoint and pick the end point of a building polyline to create a point at the building corner. Prompts To create a new point: Draw-Locate dialog choose Screen Pick Pick point to create: pick a point Select/<Enter Point Elevation <0.00>: Enter elevation Press S to select text to set elevation. Enter Point Description <>: Enter N: 5106.57 E: 4901.96 Z: 0.00 Enter/<Select text of elevation>: Select text entity that denes elevation of point. To locate a point in the coordinate le (point number 3 in this example): Draw-Locate Point dialog choose Draw Range Point numbers to draw: 3 Points Drawn> 1 Chapter 10. Points Menu 427 Locates point 3. Point numbers to draw: 1-2 Points Drawn> 2 Locates a range of points. From 1 to 2. Point numbers to draw: Enter Keyboard Command: lpoint Prerequisite: A CRD le and you may want to execute Drawing Setup (see the Setting menu) to set the scale and size. List Points This command generates a report of point numbers, northings, eastings, elevations and descriptions. Selection Method-Range allows you to specify the points to list by point number range Selection Method-Area allows you to select a closed polyline to list all of the points inside of that polyline. Selection Method-Selection Set allows you to specify the points to list by selecting them from the drawing. Range of Points: If you are using the Range method, specify the range of points to list here. To quickly specify all points, click the All button. Point Group allows for the selection of a specied group or multiple groups for listing. Standard windows selection tools, ctrl and shift keys, can be utilized for selecting groups. Chapter 10. Points Menu 428 Description Match: Can be used to lter the point list. For example, entering ''EP'' for the Description Match would only list those points with a description of ''EP''. An asterisk ( * ) is the default setting, it matches any character sequence, meaning no ltering occurs. Report Coordinate Range: When checked, the point list will include the minimum and maximum northing, easting and elevation. List Point Notes: When checked, any additional point notes assigned to the points will be included in the point list. Point notes can be entered using the Input-Edit Point command found in Coordinate File Utilities. Use Report Formatter: When checked, you may customize the elds and layout of the point report using the Report Formatter. The Report Formatter can also be used to export the point report to Excel or Access. Double Space Between Points: When checked, the report will be double spaced. The point list report is displayed in the Standard Report Viewer which can print, draw and save the report le. This report viewer cannot be used to edit the coordinate le. Instead use the Edit Points command in the Points menu. Example of List Points Report: List Points Report File> C:\Carlson2008\DATA\POINTS.CRD Job Description> Job Number> 0.000 Job Date> 06/01/2002 PointNo. Northing(Y) Easting(X) Elev(Z) Description 1 5355.240 5000.000 91.8 CP2 2 5000.000 5000.000 90.0 CP2 1000 5355.236 5000.000 91.8 CK 1001 4941.911 4622.029 91.4 FPC 1002 4952.629 4642.818 90.6 FH 1003 4959.931 4634.440 89.8 TOE1 Pulldown Menu Location: Points Keyboard Command: listpt Prerequisite: Points in a coordinate le or on the screen Chapter 10. Points Menu 429 Import Text/ASCII File This command converts point data from an ASCII text le into the current Carlson coordinate (.CRD) le. Each line of the text le can contain any combination of point number, northing, easting, elevation and description. All point information should be on one line with the values separated by a comma, space or other delimiter. Under the Source File Format setting you can choose from some specic formats or User-Dened. For User-Dened, the format of the text le is specied in the Coordinate Order eld where the value identiers are listed with the appropriate delimiters. For example: For a text le with northing, easting, elevation and comma delimiters: 5100.0,5150.5,485.1 5127.1,5190.3,487.3 The Coordinate Order would be: Y,X,Z For a text le with point number, easting, northing, elevation, description and space delimiters: 1 5000.0 5000.0 490.3 TRAV 2 5030.4 4930.5 495.5 TRAV The Coordinate Order would be: P X Y Z D Common formats can be selected from the Common Format List. All the lines in the text le should contain only point data and any header lines should be removed. To read the text le, pick the Select Text/ASCII File button and choose the le to read. Then the selected le is displayed in the Preview Window to help with lling out the Coordinate Order. When the Coordinate Order is set, click OK to read the text le. The Wild Card Descriptions Match allows for only point with matching descriptions to be imported. With Point Protect active, the program will check if a point number already exists in the CRD before importing the point. If a point conict is found, you can either assign a new point number or overwrite the old point. The Value to Add to Point Numbers allows you to renumber the points as they are imported. The Header Lines to Skip value is the number of lines not to be processed at the start of the text le. The Point Group To Assign option will create a point group with the specied name for the coordinate le containing the point numbers imported with Import Text/ASCII File. Multiple les can be imported at once. To do this, toggle on the Enable Process Multiple Files option. After selecting the Text/ASCII Files button, you can select multiple les by using the Shift or Ctrl keys while picking les. You can also run Select Text/ASCII Files multiple times allowing for selection of les located in different locations. The les to import are listed in the top scroll display window. The point data from all the import les can be stored to the current CRD le or to separate les for each import le. The separate le option will name the resulting CRD les with the same name as the import le with a .CRD le extension. For example, the import le job125.txt would create job125.crd. The CRD le will be created in the same location as that of the selected text le to import. Under Process Options, there are choices for selecting the coordinate le to store the imported points. The Current option uses the current coordinate le that is active in the drawing. This coordinate le name is shown at the bottom of the dialog. The Prompt For Another option uses the standard le selection dialog to select the le. The Name Another By Input File uses a coordinate le name with the same name as the input le except for a le extension of .CRD. The special formats of Leica .d45/.gsi/.raw les, TDS .cr5 les, Topobase .ro les, Geodimeter .obs/.raw/.are les, Laser Atlanta .txt les, Trimble .pos les, Zeiss .txt les, Traverse PC .trv les, Maptech, Benchmark .dat les, CAICE/Caltrans .tss les, NLS MMH360 .360 les, EMXS .xng les, and Cadvantage .cog les can be directly imported by choosing that File Format at the top of the dialog. Chapter 10. Points Menu 430 Pulldown Menu Location: Points Keyboard Command: readpt Prerequisite: A text le to read Export Text/ASCII File This command outputs point data from the current Carlson coordinate le to an ASCII text le formatted according to a variety of options presented in the form of a general dialog. Chapter 10. Points Menu 431 Format. Specify the type of le to write from the drop down list. There are several variations on point number, northing, easting, elevation and descriptions as well as specic formats for Leica, Geodimeter, Zeiss, Maptech, D45, Cadvantage, Multiplane and SDMS CTL formats. In addition there is a User-Dened Format option to dene the order of the elds output. When using the User-Dened format, after selecting OK, the User-Dene Export Format dialog will appear. On this dialog, specify the order of the elds by dening a number sequence in each eld. You can skip elds and omit data in the output le by leaving None in the sequence eld for this data: Selection. There are three Selection Methods provided for the data to export. Notes associated with the points may be included in the export by enabling the check box. Specify either Range, Screen Points or Screen Entities in the Selection Field. A Range selection is a user specied range such as 1-10,30-50. A Screen Points selection is made by selecting points from the screen area. The Screen Entities option allows for selection of polylines, lines, arcs, points, faces, inserts and text to export point data from. When the Screen Entities option is selected, the following dialog box will display allowing for the specication of the type of entity to export data from: Chapter 10. Points Menu 432 Delimiter. Select the desired eld delimiter of the export le as either Comma or Space from the drop down list. If a header line is to be included, enable the check box. Number of Decimal Places. Select the desired number of digits to be included in the mantissa of all output ordinates. Location Filter. Choose from lter methods of within inclusion perimeter polyline, by coordinate window or center within radius from a center point. Wild Card Descriptions Match. A description lter is also available for exporting only points from the range or selection set with certain descriptions. Export Multiple Crd Files. Enable this check box to specify multiple CRD les to apply the selection criteria against. If enabled, an additional dialog will be presented from which you can browse, select, and remove as many CRD les as desired. Point Group. Displays the Point Group manager dialog from which you may dene, modify, and select one or more Point Groups to dene the points to be included in the export. After selecting the OK button, a nal dialog appears that allows you to specify a new le or to append data into an existing le. The standard le selection dialog allows you to specify the export le name. Pulldown Menu Location: Points Keyboard Command: writept Prerequisite: A Coordinate File (.CRD) Set Coordinate File This command allows the user to set the name of the active coordinate le. This le is used by different commands that compute, store and recall point coordinates. Carlson coordinate (.CRD) les are binary les that contain point numbers, northings, eastings, elevations and descriptions. Alternately, C&G CRD & CGC les, LandDesktop MDB les or Simplicity Systems ZAK les can be used in place of the Carlson CRD le. These les are stored by default in the congured data subdirectory. When prompted for the name, if you type in a path name the le will be stored in the specied path. If you don't specify a path then the default path that is congured in the Congure command, found under Settings, will be used. When executed, the command defaults to the Existing tab for selection of an existing le. You may select a le from the list of Recent Folders, or choose the Browse button to go to a specic location on your computer. To create a new le, select the New tab and enter the name of the le in the le name eld provided. Use the Browse button to specify the desired location to save the le. Chapter 10. Points Menu 433 Pulldown Menu Location: Points Keyboard Command: setcrd Prerequisite: None CooRDinate File Utilities This command allows you to manipulate the coordinates stored in a coordinate (.CRD) le. One of the most impor- tant commands is the Update CRD File from Drawing which allows you to update the le after editing the drawing with commands such as Erase, Move, Rotate or Change Elevations. Another handy option is the Draw Entities by Point Number which allows the user to input point number ranges and plot Lines, Arcs, Polylines or 3D polylines. Coordinate les have either numeric or alphanumeric point numbers. Alphanumeric point numbers consist of nine or less digits and letters (i.e. point number 7A). The type of point number format is displayed at the top title bar of the main dialog. Another coordinate format is the Carlson coordinate database (.CRDB) which is based on SQLite and supports point numbers and descriptions up to 255 characters. In addition to running the routines through the dialog, many routines have command names that you can enter at the Command: prompt, create a Quick Key, or put into a toolbar. Here are these command names and their corresponding dialog button names: setcrd: Open CRD File listpt: List Points delpt: Delete Points readpt: Import Text/ASCII File writept: Export Text/ASCII File scalept: Scale Points transpt: Translate Points rotatept: Rotate Points alignpt: Align Points cfuelev: Elevation for Points cfureport: Point Number Report cfuduplicate: Duplicate Points cfucompare: Compare Points Chapter 10. Points Menu 434 cfuhistory: Point History cfucopy: Copy/Merge CRD File cfuupdatedwg: Update Drawing from CRD File cfuupdatecrd: Update CRD File from Drawing cfudesc: Description for Points cfutransform: Coordinate Transformation Open CRD File: Allows the user to switch to another le. When you exit Coordinate File Utilities this will be the current le that you work with in Carlson. Copy/Merge CRD File: This command allows for the copying of entire CRD les, or parts of CRD les, to a new or existing les. This can be used to make a backup of your coordinate le, and it can also be very valuable in coordinate le manipulation. For example, if a certain range of points from one CRD le was also required in the active CRD le, this command would be used to simply copy the required range into the active CRD le. There are two options when rst executing the command. These options are whether to import points from another le to the current (active) CRDle, or to export the current (active) coordinate le to another le. Once this option has been decided, a prompt for the le to copy From or TO, will be displayed. Here simply specify the correct le. Chapter 10. Points Menu 435 Next there's a dialog to specify the range of points to transfer and some options. Here specify the points to copy. Point numbers and ranges can be entered together, for example, 1-3,10,15 would result in points 1 through 3 and points 10 and 15 being copied. The Description Match can be used to lter the points to transfer only the points with matching description. The default of * will transfer all the points in the range. The Store Non-Conicting Point Automatically will set the transfer action as Store for all transfer points that don't have a point protect conict. The Skip Merge Dialog If No Conicts will skip the next dialog when there are no point protect conicts. Next there's the Merge Points Manager dialog that shows the Source Coordinate File on the left (where the point data is being copied from) and the Target Coordinate File on the right (where the point data is being written to). Conict cases are when the same point number exists in both les with different coordinates. The action choices for conicts are to Overwrite, Skip or Renumber. For renumber, you can either renumber with the next available point number in the target le or to the highest point number in the target le plus one. Non-conict cases are when the source point number does not exist in the target le. The action choices for non-conicts are to Store or Skip. You can assign actions by picking on the Action eld in the spreadsheet or by entering in a Point Range to apply and picking an action button. The Show Matching Points toggle will show points with matching point data in both les. Otherwise only point with differences are shown. The Next Conict button will highlight the spreadsheet and set the Point Range to the next point that needs an action assigned. Similarly, the Previous Conict sets focus to a lower point number that needs an action. The History button shows the point history for the selected point. The Report button creates a list points report. The Current Merge Status reports the number of unresolved and resolved points. When all the unresolved points are resolved by assigning actions, you can pick OK. Convert CRD File Format: This allows you to convert the current CRD le from numeric format to alphanumeric format or vice versa. This routine will also change crd les to and from different software formats. These formats include Carlson SQLite (.CRDB), C&G, Microsoft Access (.MDB) in same format as AutoDesk Land Desktop, Chapter 10. Points Menu 436 and Simplicity (.ZAK). The current format of the active coordinate le will be displayed as well as the options for the new le format. This command only changes the format of the active coordinate le. Map Points from 2nd File: This routine adds point to the current CRD le from points stored in a second CRD le. The points to copy are specied by numbers one at a time. Prompts for the destination point number (number to create in current crd le) and source point number (point number to be copied from second crd le) will be displayed. Import Text/ASCII File: This routine converts point data from a text le into the current coordinate (.CRD) le. See the Import Text/ASCII File command in this chapter for more information. Export Text/ASCII Text File: This routine outputs point data from the current coordinate (.CRD) le to a ASCII Text le. See the Export Text/ASCII File command in this chapter for more information. Edit Header: Enter or edit the job information associated with the coordinate le. The elds include Job Description, Job Number and Job Date. This information will appear on the List Point report. Non-digit characters are not allowed in the Job Number eld. Compress CRD File: Removes unused point numbers by renumbering high point numbers into the unused spaces. For example, for an original le with points 1,2,105,107,108,109 would be compressed to 1,2,3,4,5,6. Coordinate Transformation: Transforms coordinates between local, state plane 27, state plane 83, lati- tude/longitude, Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) and many other projections including user-dened. Works on individually entered coordinates, by range of point numbers and with on-screen entities. For converting between state plane 27 and 83, Carlson calls upon NADCON from the National Geodetic Survey to apply the latitude/longitude adjustment. Chapter 10. Points Menu 437 The Transformation Type is used to dene the Source Coordinate and Destination Coordinate formats. Settings for Lat/Long Datum, Lat/Long formats (dd.mmss or dd.dddd), Projections, State Plane Zones and coordinate units are dened in the Transformation Type dialog. The format of this dialog will change depending upon the type of transformation requested. For Grid to Grid transformations, the program converts between state plane projections as well as other pre-dened and user-dened. When converting between pre-dened/user-dened projections, the program automatically converts the source grid coordinate to latitude/longitude and then to the destination grid coordinate. This method of using latitude/longitude works for converting between projections that share the same datum. Example Lat/Long to Grid dialog For all Transformation types, there are three options for inputting the data to be transformed. Data can be selected from the screen by using the Screen Entities. If a range of points or a particular point is desired, the Point Numbers option would be used. Manual entry of coordinates to transform one at a time is accomplished with the Enter Coordinates option. The coordinates can be typed in or use the Input Point Number option. Output Point Number is an option to store the results in the coordinate le. Chapter 10. Points Menu 438 For all transformations there are two output options when using point numbers as the input data. Overwrite Existing Coords replaces the original coordinate values with the new coordinate values after transformation. New Point Numbers will retain the original coordinate data and point numbers and create new point numbers with the revised coordinate data after transformation. When transforming a Local Coordinate System, there are two options for dening the transformation as shown in the next dialog. The Align by Two Pairs of Points option uses two pairs of source and destination coordinates. The rst pair denes the translation as the difference between the source and destination northing and easting. This destination point is also the pivot point for rotation. Rotation can be entered directly or dened by a second pair of points where the bearing between the rst and second source points is rotated to align with the bearing from the rst and second destination points. There is an option to also apply scaling. The scaling holds the angle between points and adjusts the distances by the scale factor. The scale factor is calculated for each point as the elevation Chapter 10. Points Menu 439 factor at the rst source point times the grid factor at the rst destination point averaged with the elevation factor at the transform point times the grid factor at the transform point. The Least-Squares Best-Fit option is used when there are more than two pairs for translation points. Since two pairs of points are sufcient to dene the translation and rotation, more than two pairs of points provides more than enough information. Over Determination by Plane Similarity is used to nd the least squares best t transformation for all the given source and destination points. Besides doing a translation and rotation, this option will also scales the points during the transformation. The Rigid Body Transformation also does a best t least squares transfor- mation, but applies only translation and rotation with no scale. The Helmert 7-Parameter method can also be used for local transformations. The 7-Parameter Values can be calculated fromcontrol points or entered by the user. The Add button is used to dene the source and destination coordinates for the points that dene the transformation. Pressing this button brings up the following dialog box. The Edit button is used to edit existing data. Chapter 10. Points Menu 440 The Delete button removes the source and destination pairing from the transformation setup. The Process On/Off button allows source and destination pairings to be turned on and off. This is useful when wanting to inspect different results using different pairings. The Optimize option chooses which point pairings would yield the best transformation results by turning off the processing of pairings with higher residuals. This minimizes the average residual for the control points. The Report option displays a report of the transformation point pairings, their residuals, processing status, transformation scale and avg. residual. The Load and Save options allow for saving and recalling local coordinate transformation pairings and settings. Draw Entities by Point ID: Draw Lines, Arcs, 3DLines, Polylines or 3DPolys by dening a range of point numbers. Prompts Plot Entities by Point Number Type of entity, Arc/Polyline/3dpoly/2dline/Exit/<Line>: P This response causes the program to plot polylines. Example: 1 * 4-7-10 * 12-5-8' would draw lines from point number's 1 through 4 then to 7, to 10 through 12, then to 5 to 8. (limit 132 characters) Undo/<Enter point numbers or ranges>: 1 * 10-20 * 30 The program draws a polyline from point number 1 through 10 to point number 20 through 30. New Last Point Number: This option sets the highest point number in the CRD le. All points above this number are erased. Swap Northing-Easting: This option allows you to swap northing and easting coordinates for any selected range of points. What was the northing of an existing coordinate point, or range of points, becomes the easting. And the easting(s) becomes the northing(s). Point Entry CRD File Links Manager: When points are created in the drawing, the program records the source coordinate le for the points. The coordinate le names assigned to the point entities links the point entities back to the coordinate le. These links are used by routines that process the point entities and then need to reference the coordinate le such as Move Point which selects a point entity and updates the coordinate le. This routine checks all the point entities in the drawing and lists all the linked coordinate les. You can use the Assign button to set the coordinate le assigned to point entities which is useful when the coordinate le has been moved after the points were drawn. Use the Unlink button to remove the link. Chapter 10. Points Menu 441 Update Drawing from CRD File: This function updates the position of Carlson points in the drawing to match the position stored in the coordinate le. This command also has options to erase and draw points. For the erase option, points are erased from the drawing if the point number does not exist in the coordinate le. For the draw option, if a point number in the CRD le does not exist in the drawing, then this point is drawn using the settings from the dialog. The number of points modied, erased and drawn is reported at the end of the command. Update CRD File from Drawing: This function allows you to select all or some of the points in the drawing and add or update them to the .CRD le. The points can be ltered with AutoCAD's Select Objects: selection mechanism and/or wild card matching of the point descriptions. The Update Point Descriptions option determines whether the point descriptions from the drawing will be stored to the CRD le. Use this command to update the le after a global edit such as Move, Rotate, Renumber Points, Change Elevations, Erase, etc. This routine directly reads Leica (Wildsoft), Softdesk, Geodimeter, InRoads, Land Development Desktop, and Eagle Point point blocks. List Points: List the points stored in the .CRDle. See the List Points command in this chapter for more information. Delete Points: Deletes points in the coordinate (crd) le by point number or description. Screen Pick Point: Pick a point on the graphics screen and it's coordinate values are added to the coordinate (crd) le. Prompts for point number, elevation and description will be displayed. This command does not plot a point, point attributes or point symbol. Use the command Draw-Locate Points command to do this. Scale Points: This option multiplies the point northing, easting, and elevation by the scale conversion factor. You can Chapter 10. Points Menu 442 use this routine for metric-English conversion. See the Scale Points command in this chapter for more information. Translate Points: This option translates a range of points based on entered delta x and delta y, entered coordinates or translation point numbers. See the Translate Points command in this chapter for more information. Rotate Points: This option rotates a range of points based on entered degrees or rotation, entered azimuths, entered bearings or rotation point numbers. See the Rotate Points command in this chapter for more information. Align Points: This option does a translate based on a source point and destination point and then rotates to align the rst source point and a second source point with the rst destination point and a second destination point. See the Align Points command in this chapter for more information. Description for Points: This routine modies the point description eld with the user-specied text for a range of point numbers. There is an option to update the description attributes of the points in the drawing in addition to updating the coordinate le. Elevation for Points: This routine modies the elevation of the specied points. The Absolute method sets the elevations to the specied value. The Differential method adds the value to the current elevations. The Scale method multiplies the current elevations by the value. Point Number Report: This routine lists the used and the unused point numbers in the CRD le. Duplicate Points: This function searches the CRD le for points with the same northing, easting and elevation. The tolerances for considering points to have the same coordinate are set in the dialog separately for northing/easting and elevation. To be counted the same coordinate, both the northing/easting and elevation must be within the Chapter 10. Points Menu 443 tolerance distance. The duplicate points can be erased or only reported. For the erase option, the rst point number is kept and any higher point numbers with duplicate coordinates are erased from the CRD le. Compare Points: This function compares the coordinates in the .CRD le with either the coordinates for the matching point numbers in the drawing le, with matching point numbers from another CRD le or with different point numbers from the same CRD le. A report is created for any differences that shows the point numbers and the differences. The difference can be reported as a bearing and distance between the two points, as distance North/South and East/West or as the delta-X and delta-Y. There is an option whether to include the point coordinates in the report. The Create Point Groups option creates point groups of ''Missing From Drawing'' and ''Changed Points'' for any points that have this status. Use the Point Group Manager routine to check on these point groups. Chapter 10. Points Menu 444 Example Bearing-Distance format Compare Points Report Renumber Points: This option renumbers points in the user-specied range starting from a new point number. The old point numbers are erased. The condense points will renumber such that there are no unused point numbers in the renumbered range. Otherwise the spaces between the points is maintained. In the example shown, renumbering 1-25 with points 1,2,24,25 to starting point number 101 will result in points 101,102,103,104 if condense is on or 101,102,124,125 if condense is off. Input-Edit Point: Enter or edit the coordinate values or the description of a point. The Notes section is for adding optional point notes which are additional point descriptions. The standard description eld is limited to 32 characters. Under notes, any number of lines of text can be assigned to the point. A list box shows the lines of notes. To add a note line, pick a blank line in the list box and then type in the note in the edit box belong the list box and press Enter. To edit a note, highlight the line in the list box and edit the text in the edit box. Point History: All changes to the coordinate le will record the commands performed on this coordinate le and the status of the points themselves. This makes up the coordinate le history. The history can then be reported by point number or by command. All of the changes can be rolled back. It is important to note that if maintaining such a history le is your objective, in the Settings > Congure > General Settings dialog you must make sure that Maintain CRD History File is checked. Chapter 10. Points Menu 445 The Disable History Feature button at the top of the dialog shown above is a toggle device. It should be clicked if you prefer not to build the point history le. Clicking it a second time changes it back to saying Enable History Feature. You can also choose Delete History File to delete the le altogether. By clicking any point from the list, as shown in the Points tab example above, and then selecting History, you will be given the history for that specic point. Double-clicking on any command shows the details. Clicking on Details also shows the selected command's details. Undo thru Selected will undo the effect of all of the commands up through and including the selected command. The changes from the undo command are themselves then added to the command list and can be undone in the future. Point Protect Toggle: This option, located at the bottom-left of the main Coordinate File Utilities dialog, toggles point protection on and off. With this option on, when attempting to store a point with a point identier (point number) that already exists in the current coordinate le, the following dialog will be displayed. Chapter 10. Points Menu 446 Overwrite with new coordinates will update the existing point number with the new location of the point. The Use Another Number eld displays the point number that will be used if the Use Another Number option is selected. This number will depend upon the option chosen from the Another Number From settings. If Next Available is chosen, the next available number will be displayed in the Use Another Number Field. If there are number gaps in the coordinate le this number will not be the next highest number in the le. For example if points 1-10 and 20-30 exist in the crd le leaving a gap from 11-19, the Next Available number would be 11. If the desired point number, in this example, is 31, then the option of End of File would be selected. The Overwrite All and Renumber All options apply when more than one point with the same number exists in the coordinate le. These options are helpful when importing points into existing CRD les. Pulldown Menu Location: Points Keyboard Command: cfu Prerequisite: None Point Group Manager This command is used to create point groups based on inclusion and exclusion lters. The manager can perform various functions on these point groups. Also point groups can be referenced by group name in other commands such as Field to Finish and Data Collection. Chapter 10. Points Menu 447 Groups Pulldown Create Point Group: This routine creates point groups. When selected, the New Point Group dialog box is displayed. Group Name is the name of Point Group to create. Description is the description of Point Group to create. Use the Include Tab to dene the lters to be applied when creating the point group. Inclusion rules are applied before the exclusion rules. When Include All is toggled on, all points in the coordinate le will be included in the selection. When Point List is toggled on, an option of dening the point list can be selected or the point numbers can be manually entered in the edit box. The points retain the order entered in the edit box which can be used in other point functions that process points where the order matters such as Legal Description. The Edit button brings up a spreadsheet editor for the point list and there is a ag for each point for whether the point is a radius point. This radius point ag is used in routines that process points for a polyline or perimeter such as Legal Description. DWG: Select allows for manual selection of the points to include from the drawing. The points must be drawn on the screen prior to using this option. All standard AutoCAD selection tools, are available for selection of the points. DWG: Add Within Circle allows for selection of the points to include by a user dened circle. The circle is dened by specifying the center and radius of the circle. The radius can be dened by entering in a numeric value or by picking on the screen. Points must be drawn to the screen prior to using this option. DWG: Add Within Polyline allows for the selection of points to include by referencing a closed polyline. All points located within the closed polyline will be included in the selection. Prompts for the inclusion polyline and the exclusion polyline will display. The inclusion polyline limits of the selection area. The exclusion polyline denes the area to exclude within the inclusion polyline. Points must be drawn to the screen prior to using this option. CRD: Select allows for manual selection of the points to include from a point list. Standard window selection tools are available for selecting the points to include. Chapter 10. Points Menu 448 CRD: Add Within Circle allows for selection of the points to include by a user dened circle. The circle is dened by specifying the center and radius of the circle. The radius can be dened by entering in a numeric value or by picking on the screen. The points do NOT have to be drawn to the screen prior to selection. CRD: Add Within Polyline allows for the selection of points to include by referencing a closed polyline. All points located within the closed polyline will be included in the selection. Prompts for the inclusion polyline and the exclusion polyline will display. The inclusion polyline limits of the selection area. The exclusion polyline denes the area to exclude within the inclusion polyline. The points do NOT have to be drawn to the screen prior to selection. Elevation Range allows for the selection of points within a specied elevation range to be included in the group. The minimum and maximum elevations can be entered manually in their respective data elds. The minimum and maximum values can also be specied by the Set By Selection and Set From List options. Set By Selection allows for selection of points to include in the group from the drawing. The points must be drawn to the screen prior to using this selection method. Standard AutoCAD selection methods are available. Set From List allows for selection of points to include in the group from a point list. Standard Windows selection tools are available with this option. The Description option allows for a selection of points to include based upon the description of the point. The description to lter for can be entered in the data eld or by using the Set By Selection and/or the Set From List options described above. The Exclude Tab allows for dening rules that pertain to the points to be excluded from the Inclusion selection. After dening the inclusion rules for the group, the options on the Exclude tab can be used to lter for points to exclude from the group. For example, if the inclusion rules call for all points within the elevation range of 8 to 12, an exclusion rule can be set to exclude the points on elevation 9 or with the description tree. The options on this tab work exactly like the options on the Include tab. Please refer to the Include tab denitions for further instruction. Save Changes saves the point group to the group name specied based upon the Inclusion and Exclusion rules specied. Cancel Changes discards specied rules and changes and goes back to the Point Group Manager dialog. Edit Point Group: This function allows for editing of existing point groups. From the list of available groups, highlight the group or groups to edit. When complete with the rst group, if more than one is selected, selecting the Save Changes option will save the changes to the active group and switch to the next group in the selection set. From the Groups pulldown, select Edit Groups, the Edit Group dialog box will now appear. Chapter 10. Points Menu 449 See Create Point Groups for further denitions of the available options. Delete Point Group: This deletes specied groups for the existing group list. One or more groups can be deleted at one time. Copy Point Group: This routine creates a new point group by copying the currently highlighted group. This allows you to modify an existing group denition and create a new group. Import Point Groups: This allows for importing lters from point group manager settings of other coordinate les. This is a useful option when coordinate les are going to contain same point group names with the same lters. This option only brings in the lters into the point group manager, it does not import actual points into the coordinate le by group name. Existing points in the active coordinate le that meet the lter denitions of the imported point groups will automatically be added to the corresponding group. Points Pulldown Insert into Drawing: This routine draws the points in the group in the drawing. Individual points or point ranges can be selected from the group to be erased from the drawing. For example points 264-275 and point 298 contained in group Wet Lands are tagged to be erased from the drawing in the following gure. The symbol to be used and the attribute layout are determined by the Point Default Settings. The symbol size and the point attribute size are determined by the settings in the Drawing Setup routine. Erase from Drawing: This erases specied point group/groups or specied points from within the group from the drawing. Erase from Coordinate File and Drawing: This erases the points in the specied group/groups or specied points from within the group from the drawing and will also permanently delete the points from the CRD le. You will be prompted with a warning as follows: Chapter 10. Points Menu 450 Selecting Yes will complete the command and erase the points from the screen and also the coordinate le. Selecting No will cancel the command leaving the drawing and the coordinate le unchanged. Report: The routine will generate a point list of the points contained in the selected group/groups or specied points from within the group. Highlight: This routine highlights the specied objects in the drawing. This makes them distinguishable from the other points on the screen. Freeze: This routine freezes the points like the Points->Freeze Points command. Thaw All: This routine thaw the points like the Points->Thaw Points command. Draw 2D Line: This routine draws a 2d polyline between the points contained in the group/groups or between specied points in a group. Export: This command exports the selected group/groups or the specied point(s) or range of points from within the group to various formats. The available formats are ASCII/Text, Carlson Software CRD and C&G CRD les. When ASCII/Text is selected, the Export Text/ASCII File dialog box will be displayed. Please refer to the Export Text/ASCII File section of the manual for more information. Chapter 10. Points Menu 451 The CRD-Carlson software command writes the selected group/groups or the specied point(s) or range of points within the group to a new Carlson formatted CRD le. Specify the le name of the CRD le to create and press save. CRD-C&G writes the selected group/groups or the specied point(s) or range of points within the group to a new C&G formatted CRD le. Specify the le name of the CRD le to create and press save. Button Functions The series of buttons at the bottom of the main dialog do the same functions as the routines in the Groups pull-down menu except the Move Up and Move Down which are only available as these buttons. The Move Up/Down simply change the display order of the groups in the list. The Import function brings in group denitions from either another coordinate le or from a C&G Points List File. Pulldown Menu Location: Points Keyboard Command: pgm Prerequisite: A coordinate le Edit Points This command edits point data in the current coordinate le or within a point range. The current coordinate le can be set with the Set Coordinate File command. Edit Points shows all the points in the coordinate le. New points can be added and points can be deleted by using the Insert and Delete keys. The Group option allows you to edit subset collection of points as dened by Point Group Manager. This Group method is a way to lter the points by point range, elevation range or description. This tool also lets you edit notes associated with each point. While the standard point description is limited to 32 characters, the drawing notes are not. When you click on a given point, you can add numerous lines of notes about that point in the bottom of the dialog. Keep in mind that these notes are stored in a separate le with the extension ''.not'' having the same name as the CRD and residing in the same folder. Chapter 10. Points Menu 452 Pulldown Menu Location: Points Keyboard Command: editpt Prerequisite: None Erase Points This command erases Carlson points inserts from the drawing. The points to erase can either be selected from the screen or specied by point number, point number range or by point group. Erasing a Carlson point will erase the three entities that make up a Carlson point: the point symbol, point attributes, and point node. There is an option to skip erasing the point symbol in case you want to leave the symbols in the drawing. The points may optionally be erased from the coordinate le. As long as the points are not deleted from the coordinate le, they can be redrawn with Draw-Locate Points or Field-to-Finish. Prompts Select points from screen, group or by point number [Screen/Group/<Number>]? press Enter Point numbers to erase: 1-5 Delete points from coordinate le [Yes/<No>]? press Enter Delete point symbols [<Yes>/No]?press Enter Erasing Carlson Points .... Number of points erased> 5 Pulldown Menu Location: Points Keyboard Command: DELPT Prerequisite: Carlson points to be erased Freeze Points This command freezes Carlson points to hide them from view without erasing them. Use the Thaw Points command to show the points again. This command works similar on points as Freeze Layers works on layers. The points to freeze can be selected by point number range, point group, inclusion/exclusion perimeter polyline areas, or screen selection. There is a dialog to choose the method and specify a description match lter. Chapter 10. Points Menu 453 Pulldown Menu Location: Points Keyboard Command: freezept Prerequisite: Carlson points to freeze Thaw Points This command thaws Carlson points that were frozen with the Freeze Points command to show the points in the drawing again. This command works similar on points as Thaw Layers works on layers. Pulldown Menu Location: Points Keyboard Command: thawpt Prerequisite: Frozen Carlson points Translate Points This command translates points in a coordinate le from one coordinate position to another. The delta X, Y, and Z can be entered directly or calculated from original and destination coordinates. The original and destination coordinates can be entered directly, specied by point number, selecting the point number from a point list by selecting the list icon, or selected from the screen by selecting the pick icon. Once these points have been specied, the Delta X,Y,Z, if Process Elevations is checked ON, elds will be lled in with their calculated values. Any points in the drawing will be updated automatically in addition to updating the coordinate le. Chapter 10. Points Menu 454 Dene Translation By Angle/Distance requires a specied direction, Northeast (NE), Southeast (SE), Southwest (SW), Northwest (NW) or Azimuth (AZ) along with a specied distance in order to perform a translation. Once the direction and distance are entered, the Delta X,Y,Z will be calculated. This is a useful command when you know that the job needs to shift, for example, to the Northeast 25 degrees for a distance of 100 feet. Here you would simply type in 25 in the Angle (dd.mmss) eld, choose NE in the Type eld and then enter the distance of 100 in the Distance eld. With Process Elevations checked, all elevations will be translated by the specied or calculated Delta Z value. This option is very useful in correcting point elevations after performing a survey with assumed elevations and then later surveying into a benchmark with known true elevation. In this case only the Delta Z value, use (-) to indicate a lower correction, and the range of points to translate would be required for a translation. For example if the entire job needed to be lowered by 5', the Delta Z would be dened as -5 and the Range of Points dened as ALL. Ignore Zero Elevations is only available when Process Elevations has been chosen. With this option checked ON, all points with an elevation of 0 will be ignored resulting in no translation taking place on these points. With Translate Screen Entities checked ON, after specifying the point range or group to translate and selecting OK on the dialog box the following command line prompt is displayed: Select objects to rotate (points excluded): At this prompt select the objects on the screen, polylines, lines, arc, etc., to also translate and press enter. The translation of the points and screen entities will be completed. Various Output Options for the translated points are available. Overwrite Existing Coordinates will overwrite the existing coordinate points with the new translation coordinates thus changing the coordinate values in the existing crd le. Chapter 10. Points Menu 455 New Point Numbers will assign new point numbers to the translated coordinate points and leave the original co- ordinate points unchanged and present in the coordinate le. When using this option, on the Range of Points to Translate dialog, there is a Value to add to point numbers eld. In this eld, enter the value to add to the point numbers. For example if the existing point numbers are 1-20, and the value to add is 100, the resulting new point numbers will begin at 101 and end at 120. New CRD File will place the translated coordinates in a new crd le. After selecting OK to the range of points to translate dialog, the Coordinate File to Create dialog will appear. On this dialog enter the name of the new crd le and select save. The original crd le will remain unchanged and the new le will contain the points with the translated coordinates. Specifying the points to be translated is accomplished either by specifying a Range of Points (1-20,33,36-40....) or by Point Groups. If using the Point Group option, the Select Point Group(s) dialog box will be displayed allowing for the selection of the Group(s) to rotate. The Description Match option only translates points with the description(s) specied in this eld. Undo Last Translation restores the points to their previous location before translation. It is important to note that if Translate Screen Entities has been checked to restore the translated objects to their previous location will require the use of the undo command located in the Edit pulldown. The AutoCAD command MOVE can be used to translate points on the screen but this does not update the coordinate le unless you have the option Link Points with CRD File turned ON in Congure . (Note: This toggle must have been turned ON prior to locating the points). If you do use the MOVE command and the CRD le needs updating, run the command Update CRD le From Drawing found in Coordinate File Utilities. Pulldown Menu Location: Points Keyboard Command: transpt Prerequisite: points in a coordinate le Rotate Points This command rotates points in a coordinate le. The degrees of rotation can be entered directly or calculated from original and destination bearings or azimuths. Chapter 10. Points Menu 456 The Rotation Pointwill remain unchanged while the points specied for rotation rotate around it. This point can be specied by using the List button to pick from a list of points contained in the coordinate le, or from the screen by using the Pick button. The rotation point can also be dened by a coordinate value by manually entering in the X and Y values of the point. This point must be dened before the rotation will take place. The Original Bearings/Azimuths and Destination Bearings/Azimuths can be entered directly or specied by point numbers. If using a pair of points to dene the original bearing and then specifying the destination bearing by entering in the desired Bearing/Azimuth, the From and To Pt# elds should be left blank in the destination bearing/azimuth settings. Use the From and To Pt# elds in the Destination Bearing/Azimuth when you want to make a direction or Bearing/Azimuth between two existing points match the Bearing/Azimuth between two other existing points within the le. For example, to make the bearing between points 10-12 match the bearing between points 25-26, the Original Bearing/Azimuth could be dened as From Pt#10 To Pt#12 with the Destination Bearing/Azimuth dened as From Pt#25 To Pt#26. With Rotate Screen Entities checked ON, after specifying the point range or group to rotate and selecting OK on the dialog box the following command line prompt is displayed: Select objects to rotate (points excluded).: At this prompt select the objects on the screen, polylines, lines, arc, etc., to also rotate and press enter. The rotation of the points and screen entities will be completed. Various Output options for the rotated points are available. Overwrite Existing Coordinates will overwrite the existing coordinate points with the new translation coordinates thus changing the coordinate values in the existing crd le. New Point Numbers will assign new point numbers to the translated coordinate points and leave the original coordinate points unchanged and present in the coordinate le. When using this option, on the Range of Points to Translate dialog, there is a Value to add to point numbers eld. In this eld, enter the value to add to the point numbers. For example if the existing point numbers are 1-20, and the value to add is 100, the resulting new point numbers will begin at 101 and end at 120. Specifying the points to be rotated is accomplished either by specifying a Range of Points (1-20,33,36-40....) or by Point Groups. If using the Point Group option, the Select Point Group(s) dialog box will be displayed allowing for the selection of the Group(s) to rotate. The Description Match option only rotates points with the description(s) specied in this eld. Chapter 10. Points Menu 457 The points that have been specied for rotation that are present in the drawing will be graphically updated to their new location in addition to an automatic update of the coordinate le. Undo Last Rotate restores the points to their previous location before rotation. It is important to note that if Rotate Screen Entities has been checked to restore the rotated objects to their previous location will require the use of the undo command located in the Edit pulldown. Pulldown Menu Location: Points Keyboard Command: rotatept Prerequisite: points in a coordinate le Align Points This command translates a specied Range of Points or Points Group(s) based on a source point and destination point and then rotates to align the rst source point and a second source point with the rst destination point and a second destination point. The command basically combines the Translate and Rotate Point commands. To specify a Range of Points to align, enter the range to align or select a point group(s) by selecting the Point Group button. Each of the Translation and Rotation points, both Source and Destination points, can be entered manually or picked from the point list by selecting the List button. When Align Screen Entities is checked, after specifying the point range or group to align and selecting OK on the dialog box the following command line prompt is displayed: Select objects to rotate (points excluded): At this prompt select the objects on the screen, polylines, lines, arc etc., to also align and press Enter. The alignment of the points and screen entities will be completed. When Ignore Zero Elevations is checked, all points with an elevation of 0 will be ignored in the alignment. Undo Last Align restores the points to their previous location before alignment. It is important to note that if Align Screen Entities has been checked to restore the aligned objects to their previous location will require the use of the Chapter 10. Points Menu 458 undo command located in the Edit pulldown. Pulldown Menu Location: Points Keyboard Command: alignpt Prerequisite: Points in a coordinate le Scale Points This command scales points in a coordinate le. The northing, easting and optionally the elevation are multiplied by the specied scale factor. You can use this routine for Metric-English conversion or a specic conversion by choosing the Use Customized Scale Factor option and specifying the desired Scale Factor in the edit box. Specify the Range of Points to scale by entering in a range or group to scale. You can access the group dialog box by typing ''group'' in the range of points eld. The Description Match option only scales points with the description(s) specied in this eld. The Scale Factor is to be entered in manually when using a customized scale factor. If converting from standard measurement units, feet to meters, meters to feet, US Feet to International Feet, etc., the scale factor will be calculated and entered automatically. If a combined scale factor is required for converting from ground to grid and grid to ground coordinates, this value can be calculated by using the Calculate Combined Factor option. This calculation process begins with the Calculate Scale Factor dialog shown below. Chapter 10. Points Menu 459 The Projection Type must be specied as either State Plane 83 or State Plane 27 as well as what state plane Zone is required. The available Coordinate Units are Metric, US Feet and International (Intl) Feet. The correct unit must be specied before calculating the combined scale factor. The Range of Numbers to Process should be used to select the points to be used in order to calculate the combined scale factor. This does not specify what points are going to be scaled by the resulting scale factor. These points can be selected from a list by selecting the List button. Scale Direction determines which way the scale factor will be calculated. A scale for Ground to Grid or Grid to Ground can be calculated and applied. Pressing the Calculate button will calculate and then display the combined scale factor on the dialog box. To accept this value as the customized scale factor to use to scale the points in the coordinate le, press the OK button. The Report option displays a report showing specied information. This information is specied by using the report formatter found throughout the program. Simply choose the information you wish to display and the order to be displayed. For further instruction and information on the Report Formatter please refer to the Report Formatter section of this manual. Chapter 10. Points Menu 460 With Align Scale Entities checked ON, after specifying the point range or group to scale and selecting OK on the dialog box the following command line prompt is displayed: Select objects to scale (points excluded): At this prompt select the objects on the screen, polylines, lines, arc, etc., to also scale and press enter. The points and screen entities will be now be scaled and updated graphically and in the active coordinate le. With Use Customized Scale Factor Off, various conversions can be performed by specifying the Source Coordi- nate units and the Destination Coordinate units. This is a quick and easy way to perform Metric/English conversions. Pulldown Menu Location: Points Keyboard Command: scalept Prerequisite: points in a coordinate le Move Points This command allows you to move Carlson points, one at a time by selecting any part of the point. Each Carlson point is made of three entities: a POINT entity, a symbol, and a point attribute block with the point number, elevation and description. This routine updates the X,Y of the point and not the Z. To update the elevation, use commands such as Edit Point Attributes or Translate Points. All these parts of the point are moved together with this routine. Any point moved using this command will result with the original source coordinate le (which is not necessarily the current coordinate le) updated with the new position of the point. Setting the Link Points with CRD File from Carlson Congure->General Settings is not necessary because the coordinate le is always updated since the Move Points command has built-in smarts to lookup the coordinate le for the selected point entity. The Link Points settings applies to generic CAD commands like the regular Move command. Pulldown Menu Location: Points Keyboard Command: mpnt Prerequisite: Carlson points Chapter 10. Points Menu 461 Edit Point Attributes This command will edit the attributes of a Carlson point, such as the symbol type, point number, elevation and description. When this command is invoked, the command line will prompt the user: Select point to edit (Enter to end). At this point, you can select any part of the point including the symbol, elevation, point number or the description. Next, a dialog will appear as shown. To change the symbol, either type in a new symbol name in the edit box, or choose the ''Select Symbol'' button where you can choose from a list of symbols. To change any of the other properties of the point, simply change or replace the contents of the edit box with the new information. Both Drawing Description and CRD File Descriptions are displayed. When a change to the Drawing description is made, this change will not be reected in the coordinate le. This allows the change of a description that is dened in the Field to Finish (d) table for a particular code. If a change is made in the CRD File description, it will be reected in the coordinate le. Take note that if the CRD le description is changed, running Field to Finish will change the denitions for the point(s) changed. If you change the point number to a number that already exists in the current CRD le, and point protect is ON, you will be prompted [O]verwrite w/new coordinates, overwrite [A]ll, or use number <1000>:. You can choose to use the next available point number in the CRD le (this is the default), or overwrite the point number. The properties that you modify, with the exception of Drawing Description, will update the current CRD le. All modications will update screen entities. Selecting the History button will bring up another dialog box that displays the point history of the point chosen. A history of the point will be listed, but only if, under General Setting, the Maintain CRD History File had been set to ON (selected) for the coordinate le that you are working with. With the CRD History feature of Carlson, all point changes can be rolled back. You may also choose to use the AutoCAD DDATTE command to change the attributes of a point. If you do this, then the CRD le will not be updated and if you change the elevation attribute, the point will not change its current Z location. Pulldown Menu Location: Points Keyboard Command: editpnt Prerequisite: Carlson points Chapter 10. Points Menu 462 Edit Multiple Pt Attributes This function allows you to modify the properties of multiple point attributes at the same time. This command gives you complete control over the Carlson point attributes that are present in the drawing. Changes can be made to each attribute the point number, elevation, description or symbol all in one motion. For example, you could rotate the elevation text of some points to 45 degrees, change the height of the description text for all the points in the drawing, or change the layer for a particular attribute. Once this command is chosen, the entry Edit Multiple Points dialog, a smaller box, appears. Here you can determine your point selection method. There is also an option for description matching. After the selection of the points to change, click OK, and the subsequent, larger Edit Multiple Points dialog boxes will appear. The number of points selected will be shown at the top of the dialog boxes. Edit Multiple Points dialog For each attribute, you can change any number of the properties, including the layer, height and rotation. These dialogs will reect the current status of each attributes properties. If, for example, you select 10 points, and 5 of them have the elevation rotation set at 45 degrees, and the other 5 are set at 0 (zero) degrees, then the rotation edit eld will say * varies * to let you know that the properties of the points you selected are not the same. Here is an example of the dialog box. Chapter 10. Points Menu 463 The X location refers to the distance in the X direction from the center (or insertion point) of the point symbol. The Y location refers to the distance in the Y direction from the center (or insertion point) of the point symbol. The Layer refers to the layer of the individual attribute, not the entire attribute block. To change the layer of the entire attribute block, use the Attribute Block Layer option. The Height is expressed in real units (generally feet or meters), not plotted size. The Rotation angle is expressed in absolute decimal degrees. The Color can be set ByLayer or to a specic color. The Point Entity Layer refers to the layer that the node of the point resides. The required layers can either be typed in manually, or the Select button can be used to pick from the existing layers in the drawing. If a new layer is desired, simply type in the name of the new layer and it will be created automatically. Use the layer property manager to edit the properties of this new layer, if required. The Visibility setting allows for attributes to be shown or hidden in the drawing. To change a point symbol, check on the Symbol tab and use the select button to choose the desired symbol. On the Point Entity tab, the Attribute Layout ID refers to the attribute layout style dened in Point Defaults or Field to Finish code denitions. This option allows you to change the particular layout with one of the other available styles or to a customized style if dened. The Pick buttons allow you to pick two points to dene a distance (or angle in the case of Rotation). If you want to select a line to dene a distance or angle, select two points on the line with the appropriate OSNAP. Select the attribute to edit, make the necessary changes to this attribute and then move on to the next attribute if required. Changes made to the attributes are remember individually, which allows for switching back and forth though the attributes until the command is completed. After completion the new settings for the point attributes will be retained until changed or redrawn on the screen. The Sync Layer/Height function sets the layer or height for some or all the attributes. The layer and height can be entered manually or pick an existing attribute to get the value. The Save and Load functions are a way to store and recall all the point display settings to a .PT le for having different point styles to reuse or share. Example sequential use of Edit Multiple Points dialog Again, the number of points selected will be shown in the dialog title. Let's now dene the changes for each attribute individually. In the following example, suppose we want to rotate the elevation text to a 45 degree angle, move the description to the right and change the symbol. First, click on the Elevation for the Attribute to Edit. Now, select the Rotation option and type in 45. The dialog box should be as below. Chapter 10. Points Menu 464 Now, select the Description option for the Attribute to Edit. Select the X location from the Items to Change. Enter 1.50 in the box. This value makes the description line up better with the rotated elevation. The dialog should be as below: Now, for the nal change, select the Symbol for the Attribute to Edit. We want to actually change the point symbol. To do this, toggle on the option to change the symbol by clicking in the box beside the word Symbol. Next, press the Select button and select symbol SPT5. The dialog should be as below: Chapter 10. Points Menu 465 At this point we are ready to select the OK button to perform the changes. The following image shows the points before and after the changes. Before and After Changes Pulldown Menu Location: Points Keyboard Command: modpnts Prerequisite: Points drawn on the screen Move Point Attributes Single This command allows the user to move Carlson point attributes (including the point number, elevation or description) one at a time. Prompts Select Point Number, Elevation, or Description to Move: select point attribute Pick new location: pick point Pick new angle: pick new angle or press Enter Chapter 10. Points Menu 466 Pulldown Menu Location: Points Keyboard Command: movepnt Prerequisite: Carlson points Move Point Attributes with Leader This command allows the user to move Carlson point attributes (including the point number, elevation or descrip- tion), and to draw a dynamic leader to the point node. Leaders and arrowheads may be customized by selecting Options at the command line. The attributes are always justied left or right depending on which side the leader starts. Prompts Select Point Label to Move (O for Options, R for Restore): select point attribute Pick label position: pick point Select another Point Label to Move (O for Options, R for Restore, Enter to End): O Minimum Leader Length Scaler: Species the minimum length, in terms of multiples of the attribute block's height, that the leader must be. Draw Horizontal Leader Tick: Species whether or not to draw a terminating tick (a short horizontal line segment sometimes referred to as a ''hook line''). Draw Arrowhead: Species whether or not to draw an arrowhead at the end of the leader that points to the point entity. Minimum Leader for Arrow Scaler: Species the minimum length of the leader, in terms of multiples of the attribute block's height, that the leader must be before an arrowhead is placed on it. Arrow Size Scaler: A scale factor to apply to resize the arrowhead symbol. Leader Offset Scaler: A distance indicating the desired offset from the point node to the tip of the leader. Use Separate Leader Layer: Species whether or not to use a layer other than that of the identied point for the leader. Use the Select button to choose an alternative layer for the leader. Select another Point Label to Move (O for Options, R for Restore, Enter to End): R Select Point Label to Restore: pick label Pulldown Menu Location: Points Keyboard Command: movepntleader Prerequisite: Carlson points Chapter 10. Points Menu 467 Scale Point Attributes This command will scale point attribute text (number, elevation and descriptions) and point symbols up or down in size. The routine prompts for a scale multiplier and a selection set of objects. If you want to enlarge, enter a value greater than one. If you want to reduce, enter a decimal fraction such as .5. This would reduce the text size by 50%. This command is very useful if you have set up your drawing for one plotting scale and decide to change to a new plotting scale. This command has the added benet that it will adjust the point attributes and symbols to a new screen twist angle. Prompts Scaling Multiplier <0.500>: 2.5 This response would enlarge the point attributes and symbols by 250 percent. Scale symbols only, point labels only or both [Symbols/Labels/<Both>]? press Enter Select points from screen, group or by point number [<Screen>/Group/Number]? press Enter Select Carlson Software points. pick a point Select objects: Specify opposite corner: pick a point Scaling Carlson Software Point Attributes .... Number of entities changed> 174 Pulldown Menu Location: Points Keyboard Command: pntenl Prerequisite: Carlson points Erase Point Attributes This command allows you to erase point attributes like the number, elevation or description individually by picking on the attribute to erase. Prompts Select Point No., Elev, or Desc to Erase: select point attribute Pulldown Menu Location: Points Keyboard Command: erasepnt Prerequisite: Carlson points Twist Point Attributes This command will rotate the orientation of the text of Carlson point attributes (point #, elevation, description) and/or point symbols. The Twist Screen option aligns the point attributes to appear horizontal in the current twist screen. The Azimuth option allows you to enter an azimuth or pick two points to align the point attributes. The Entity Segment option aligns the point attributes by the selected line or polyline segment in the direction the entity is drawn. The Follow Polyline option aligns the point attributes by the polyline segment that is closest to the point. Prompts Twist by [<Twist screen>/Azimuth/Entity segment/Follow polyline]? F for follow Attributes to twist [<All>/Symbol/Name/Elevation/Description]? press Enter Select reference polylines to follow. Select objects: pick a polyline Select points from screen, group or by point number [<Screen>/Group/Number]? select Enter Chapter 10. Points Menu 468 Select Carlson Software points. Select objects: pick the Carlson point inserts Point attributes aligned by Follow Polyline option of Twist Point Pulldown Menu Location: Points Keyboard Command: twistpts Prerequisite: None Resize Point Attributes This command sets the size of the selected point attributes (point number, elevation, description) and point symbols. This command is similar to Scale Point Attributes, but instead of scaling the size by a factor, all the select points are set to the same specied size. Points can also be chosen based upon Point Groups. Prompts Enter point attribute and symbol size <4.0>: press Enter Scale symbols only, point labels only or both [Symbols/Labels/<Both>]? press Enter Select points from screen, group or by point number [<Screen>/Group/Number]? press Enter Select Carlson Software points. Select objects: pick the point entities Finding Carlson Software Point Attributes .... Number of entities changed> 10 Pulldown Menu Location: Points Keyboard Command: sizepnt Prerequisite: Carlson points Fix Point Attribute Overlaps This command is to be used to adjust point attribute labels to avoid overlapping labels. It applies adjustment methods based upon user-specied ordering and tolerances. The command steps you through any remaining overlaps in an Overlap Manager, which includes the capability to manually move labels. This point overlap feature is also available within the Draw-Locate Point and Field To Finish commands. Chapter 10. Points Menu 469 Methods: There are different methods of automatically solving a point attribute overlap. The methods will be applied in order from top to bottom on the Used Methods list. Unused methods appear on the Available Methods list. The methods are: Alternate Layout ID 0-9 These methods will simply apply the specied attribute layout ID and then check to see if the attributes of the point in question still overlap. The different attribute layout IDs can be seen in the Point Defaults command on the Points menu. Flip Individual Attributes This method tests each attribute (point #, description, and elevation) by ipping it or mirroring it the other side of the point. The mirror is the vertical axis of the text that goes through the point entity. This method is not applied to points that have a leader. Slide Individual Attributes This method tests each attribute (point #, description, and elevation) by sliding it back and forth. The maximum distance the attribute will be moved is the horizontal length of the text. This method is not applied to points that have a leader. Rotate (If Only One Attribute) This method is applied if there is only one point attribute, either point #, description, or elevation. The one attribute is rotated around the point entity to see if the point overlap can be xed. Offset Attribute Block This method is arguably the most powerful method and can solve any overlap by moving the attribute block far enough. See Offset Options below for a description of the options that can be used with this method. Offset Options: These are the options that apply to the Offset Attribute Block method of automatically solving point attribute overlaps. Maximum Offset Scaler: This species the maximum distance, in terms of multiples of the whole attribute block's height, that the attribute block may be offset from the point entity. Chapter 10. Points Menu 470 Use Leader: Species whether or not a leader should be drawn when offsetting the attribute block. Minimum Leader Length Scaler: Species the minimum length, in terms of multiples of the height of an attribute's text, that the leader must be. Draw Arrowhead: Species whether or not to draw an arrowhead at the end of the leader that points to the point entity. Minimum Leader for Arrow Scaler: Species the minimum length of the leader, in terms of multiples of the height of an attribute's text, that the leader must be before an arrowhead is placed on it. Arrow Size Scaler: Species a scale factor to be applied to control the size of the arrowhead if drawn. Leader Offset Scaler: Species the length, in terms of multiples of the height of an attribute's text, that the leader arrowhead should be offset from the point. Use Separate Leader Layer: If enabled, allows the user to dene a different layer on which to place the resultant leader. Use Selection Set for Points: Check this checkbox to be given the option of selecting which points in drawing to x overlaps with. If not checked, then all the points in the drawing are used. Avoid Linework Conicts: Check this checkbox to prevent point attributes from overlapping linework in addition to other point attributes. Review Remaining Overlaps: Check this checkbox to have the Overlap Reviewer dockable dialog come up after the automated process nishes. The Overlap Reviewer allows for reviewing the automated xes as well as tools for manually xing any remaining overlaps. See Overlap Reviewer below for more information. Skip Resolved Overlaps: Check this checkbox to skip overlaps that were automatically resolved and to only review unresolved overlaps. If not checked, then both resolved overlaps and unresolved overlaps will be available for review. This option only applies if Review Remaining Overlaps is on. Overlap Reviewer The Overlap Reviewer will come up after automatic overlap xing if the Review Remaining Overlaps checkbox was checked. This tool displays how many points were found, how many overlaps were xed, which overlap is currently being viewed, how many overlaps there were total, and the point # of the current overlap. Use the First, Last, Back, and Next buttons to navigate forwards and backwards through the list of overlaps. Use the Move Block and Move Attrs buttons to manually move either the entire attribute block or individual attributes. Chapter 10. Points Menu 471 Pan and Zoom Controls: Use the buttons on the top to help zoom in and out and pan the drawing around. You can also use the standard mouse controls for panning and zooming. First, Last, Back, and Next: These buttons allow you to step through each overlap or to jump to the rst or the last. Status: This drop-down list indicates the status of the current overlap. open means that the overlap has not been xed yet. resolved means that the overlap has been xed. ignore can be chosen by you to remove the overlap from the list. Restore: Restores the attributes of the current point to their original location and rotation from before the Fix Point Attribute Overlaps command was run. Move Block: Allows you to move one or more attribute blocks in the drawing. See the documentation for Move Point Attributes with Leader command in the Points menu. Erase Attrs: Allows you to erase selected point attributes. Move Attrs: Allows you to move and rotate one or more individual attributes in the drawing. See the documentation for Move Point Attributes command in the Points menu. Auto-Zoom: Check this checkbox to automatically zoom and pan the view as each overlap is viewed. Prompts The following prompt will be displayed if the Use Selection Set for Points checkbox is on and OK is pressed. Select the points to x overlaps with: pick the Carlson point inserts Pulldown Menu Location: Points Keyboard Command: overlappts Prerequisite: Points in the drawing Trim by Point Symbol This command will trim lines and polylines that pass through the selected point symbols such that the lines do not appear within the symbol. This should be a last step because this routine explodes the points and modies the lines and polylines by trimming which makes these entities unusable by some of the other COGO routines. Prompts Select Carlson Software point symbols to trim against. Select objects: select the point symbols Chapter 10. Points Menu 472 Before Trim by Point Symbol After Trim by Point Symbol Pulldown Menu Location: Points Keyboard Command: trimpts Prerequisite: Carlson point symbols Change Point LayerColor This command changes the layer and optionally the color of Carlson points. The points are initially put in the layer set in Point Defaults. The symbol, point number, elevation and description are in the layers PNTMARK, PNTNO, PNTELEV, and PNTDESC. To change the point attribute colors, this routine creates new attribute layers based on the new layer name. For example if the new layer name was TRAV, then the resulting layers would be TRAVMARK, TRAVNO, TRAVELEV and TRAVDESC. These new layers can be given different colors. To select an attribute color, pick on the color button. To permanently change attribute colors, edit the drawing SRVPNO1.DWG in the Carlson SUP directory. To permanently change a symbol color, edit the symbol drawing itself. Chapter 10. Points Menu 473 The selection of the points to change can be accomplished in three ways. A number range selection would require the input of the range of points to change. An example would be 1-20,25,30, 32-36. Points groups can also be used as a selection method. Simply specify the point group name to change, when prompted, and all the points included in that group will be changed. The nal selection method is that of Pick Points. Using this method a prompt to select objects is displayed. When prompted select the points to change from the screen. Pulldown Menu Location: Points Keyboard Command: pntchg Prerequisite: Carlson points displayed in the graphic drawing window Renumber Points This command will edit the point number attributes of a group of Carlson points. The command prompts for the user to enter the point number difference. Enter the positive or negative amount you would like to have added/subtracted from the current value. After selecting the point to change, a prompt to delete the old point number is displayed. If yes is chosen the old point number is deleted from the CRD le, if no is selected the old and new point numbers are retained in the le. This results in one coordinate position represented by two point numbers. The following illustrates number changes from point 4, 5 and 6 to 104, 105 and 106. This prompt sequence retains both numbers in the CRD le. If the intent is to renumber and delete the original points 4, 5 and 6, then Yes would be selected when prompted to Delete old point numbers. Prompts Positive number increases, negative number decreases Point number. Point Number difference <1>: 100 This response would add 100 to the current point number value. Select Carlson Software Points for Point Number change. Select objects: select a point number or a group of points by window or crossing Delete old point numbers from le [<Yes>/No]? Choose correct response. In this example the response was N, leading to the following. PT#: 6 changed to PT#: 106.. PT#: 5 changed to PT#: 105.. PT#: 4 changed to PT#: 104.. Number of entities changed: 3 Pulldown Menu Location: Points Keyboard Command: renumpt Prerequisite: Carlson points Explode Carlson Points This command can be useful if you need to send your drawing to another rm who does not have AutoCAD/Carlson. Drawing transfer problems occur when the recipient does not have the same block/inserts dened or available. This command explodes all blocks and replaces the Carlson point attributes with TEXT entities of the same value. After the points have been selected, a prompt for the layer name for each point attribute will be displayed. Point Numbers, Point Elevations and Point Descriptions can be put on user specied layers, or the default for each prompt can be selected. Caution: After using this command, the link between the points and the coordinate le are destroyed and you can no longer extract the attributes from the drawing. If you want to use this command but retain your point information, follow these steps: Chapter 10. Points Menu 474 1. Save your drawing 2. Run this command to explode the points 3. Execute the SAVEAS command and save the drawing as a different name (you can also choose DXF format if you wish). 4. Exit the drawing without saving. Prompts This command will explode selected Carlson Software point blocks and replot the attributes as Text entities! The resulting points will NOT be useable by most Carlson Software commands!!!! Select Carlson Software Points to Explode. select points Layer Name for Point Numbers <PNTNO>: press Enter Layer Name for Point Elevations <PNTELEV>: press Enter Layer Name for Point Descriptions <PNTDESC>: press Enter Number of entities changed> 345 Pulldown Menu Location: Points Keyboard Command: explode scad Prerequisite: Carlson points Convert Surveyor1 to CRD This command will convert a Surveyor1 coordinate le to the current Carlson format. Pulldown Menu Location: Points > Convert Point Format Keyboard Command: SURVEYOR2CRD Prerequisite: A Surveyor1 coordinate le Convert CRD to TDS CR5/Convert TDS CR5 to CRD These commands convert coordinate le formats between a Carlson CRD le and a TDS CR5 le. Both of these le formats are binary which require these special routines. These commands will prompt for the le names to process. Pulldown Menu Location: Points Keyboard Commands: crd cr5, cr5 crd Prerequisite: A CRD or CR5 le Convert CRD to Land Desktop MDB This command converts a Carlson CRD le into an Autodesk Land Development Desktop (LDD) point database le in Access MDB format. The LDD point database always has the le name of POINTS.MDB. So, to specify the LDD le to create, you only need to specify the directory/path and not the le name. This path corresponds to the LDD project directory. The conversion program has point protect, so that if a point number from the CRD le already exists in the LDD le, you then will be prompted to skip or replace the point. Once the command is executed, the following dialog is displayed. On this dialog, specify the Carlson CRD le to convert as well as the LDD (MDB) le to append, if existing, or create if creating a new LDD (MDB) le. Chapter 10. Points Menu 475 Pulldown Menu Location: Points > Convert Point Format Keyboard Command: crd ldd Prerequisite: A .CRD le Convert Land Desktop MDB to Carlson Points This command converts an Autodesk Land Development Desktop (LDD, also referred to as LDT) point database le into a Carlson CRD le. The LDD point database always has the le name of POINTS.MDB and is stored in the LDD project directory. Once the command is executed, the following dialog is displayed. On this dialog, spec- ify the LDD le to convert as well as the Carlson CRD le to append, if existing, or create if creating a new CRD le. Pulldown Menu Location: Points > Convert Point Format Keyboard Command: LDD crd Prerequisite: An LDD point database le Convert Civil 3D to Carlson Points This command converts Civil 3D point entities into Carlson format point entities. When running in AutoCAD, the Civil 3D Object Enabler from Autodesk is used to read the Civil 3D point entities. This object enabler must be installed before running this routine. The installation for the object enabler is located under Support at www.autodesk.com. When running in IntelliCAD, this routine uses a conversion program from the Open Design Alliance to read the Civil 3D point entities. Pulldown Menu Location: Points > Convert Point Format Keyboard Command: c3d crd Prerequisite: Civil 3D points in the drawing Chapter 10. Points Menu 476 Convert Carlson Points to Land Desktop This command converts a Carlson CRD le into a Land Desktop point le. To do this, you must specify the existing Carlson CRD points to convert. You have the option of selecting all points, or selecting on-screen the specic points you'd like to convert. Prompts Convert all or selected points [All/<Selected>]? press Enter Select Carlson Software Points to convert: Select objects: pick rst point for window selection method Select objects: pick second point Processing Carlson Software point... Pulldown Menu Location: Points > Convert Point Format Keyboard Command: pt aec Prerequisite: A Carlson CRD le Convert Land Desktop to Carlson Points This command converts Land Desktop point entities into Carlson format point entities. The Land Desktop Object Enabler from Autodesk is used to read the Land Desktop point entities. This object enabler must be installed before running this routine. The installation for the object enabler is located under Support at www.autodesk.com. Be sure to match the version of the object enabler with the Land Desktop version used to create the drawing. Prompts Convert all or selected points [All/<Selected>]? all. Choose which points to convert. Point position method [Insertion/<Database>]? press Enter. Choose between the drawing insertion points or the point database for the point locations. Locate points on Real-Z Axis [Yes/<No>]? press Enter. Choose between creating the points at their elevation or at zero. Convert point markers to symbols [<Yes>/No]? press Enter. Choose between using a point symbol or the PDMODE. Pulldown Menu Location: Points Keyboard Command: ldd crd Prerequisite: LDT points in the drawing and the LDT Object Enabler Convert Softdesk to Carlson Points This command converts Softdesk point blocks in the drawing to Carlson point blocks. These point block formats are similar and converting only requires reordering and renaming the attributes. Softdesk points can also be read into the current CRD le by using the command Update CRD File from Drawing in Coordinate File Utilities, this updates the CRD le without modifying the screen entities. Pulldown Menu Location: Points > Convert Point Format Keyboard Command: 2surv Prerequisite: Softdesk points Chapter 10. Points Menu 477 Convert Carlson Points to C&G This command converts a Carlson CRD le into a C&G Point le. Specify the existing Carlson CRD to convert by selecting the Open Carlson CRD File button. Specify the existing C&G CRD le to write to, or the new C&G CRD le to create, by selecting either Open C&G CRD le or Create C&G CRD le. Press OK and the conversion is completed. Pulldown Menu Location: Points > Convert Point Format Keyboard Command: crd2cg Prerequisite: A Carlson CRD le Convert C&G to Carlson Points This command converts C&G Points into a Carlson CRD le. Specify the existing C&G File to convert by selecting the Open C&G CRD File button. Specify the existing Carlson CRD le to write to, or the new Carlson CRD le to create, by selecting either Open Carlson CRD le or Create Carlson CRD le. Press OK and the conversion is completed. Pulldown Menu Location: Points > Convert Point Format Keyboard Command: cg2crd Prerequisite: A C&G point le Convert Carlson Points to Simplicity This command will convert Carlson points to Simplicity. Chapter 10. Points Menu 478 Select Carlson CRD le to convert by selecting the Open CRD le button. Specify the existing Simplicity le to write to, or the new Simplicity le to create, by selecting either Open Simplicity File or Create Simplicity File. Press Export and the conversion is completed. Pulldown Menu Location: Points > Convert Point Format Keyboard Command: crd zak Prerequisite: A Simplicity point le Convert Simplicity to Carlson Points This command converts Simplicity Points into a Carlson CRD le. Specify the existing Simplicity File to convert by selecting the Open Simplicity File button. Specify the existing Carlson CRD le to write to, or the new Carlson CRD le to create, by selecting either Open CRD File or Create CRD File. Press OK and the conversion is completed. Pulldown Menu Location: Points > Convert Point Format Keyboard Command: zak crd Prerequisite: A Simplicity point le Convert Leica to Carlson Points This command converts LisCad or Leica point blocks in the drawing to Carlson point blocks. These point block formats are similar and converting only requires reordering and renaming the attributes. Leica points can also be read into the current CRD le by using the command Update CRD File from Drawing in Coordinate File Utilities. This updates the CRD le without modifying the screen entities. Chapter 10. Points Menu 479 Pulldown Menu Location: Points > Convert Point Format Keyboard Command: 2surv3 Prerequisite: Leica points Convert Geodimeter to Carlson Points This command converts Geodimeter point blocks in the drawing to Carlson point blocks. These point block formats are similar, and converting only requires reordering and renaming the attributes. Geodimeter points can also be read into the current CRD le by using the command Update CRD File from Drawing in Coordinate File Utilities. This updates the CRD le without modifying the screen entities. Pulldown Menu Location: Points > Convert Point Format Keyboard Command: 2surv4 Prerequisite: Geodimeter points Convert Carlson Points to Ashtech GIS This command converts Carlson point blocks in the drawing to Ashtech GIS point blocks. After executing the command, you will be prompted to select the points to convert. When using this command, the setting ''Group Point Entities'', found under General Settings of the Congure command (Settings menu) should be unchecked (turned off). Pulldown Menu Location: Points > Convert Point Format Keyboard Command: 2ashtech Prerequisite: Carlson Points Convert Carlson Points to Softdesk This command converts Carlson point blocks in the drawing to Softdesk point blocks. These point block formats are similar, and converting only requires reordering and renaming the attributes. Pulldown Menu Location: Points > Convert Point Format Keyboard Command: 2soft Prerequisite: Carlson points Convert CAICE KCM to Carlson CRD This command converts a CAICE .KCM point database le to a Carlson CRD le. Pulldown Menu Location: Points > Convert Point Format Keyboard Command: kcm2crd Prerequisite: CAICE KCM le Convert PacSoft CRD to Carlson CRD This command converts a PacSoft CRD le to a Carlson CRD le. PacSoft stores the point descriptions to a separate coordinate descriptor le having an extension of PTD. This le should be present in the same directory as the CRD le to convert. Prompts for the PacSoft CRD le to convert, and the Carlson CRD le to create, will be displayed. Once both les have been specied, the following dialog box will be displayed. Chapter 10. Points Menu 480 The No Coordinate Conversion option converts the le format while leaving the coordinate values unchanged. Convert From Meters to Feet will assume the coordinates in the selected PacSoft crd le are metric, and will convert the coordinate values to US Feet. Pulldown Menu Location: Points > Convert Point Format Keyboard Command: pacsoft2crd Prerequisite: PacSoft crd le Convert Carlson Points to Eagle Point This command converts Carlson point blocks in the drawing to Eagle Point point blocks. A prompt for the Eagle Point version to convert to will be displayed. Specify the appropriate version and then select the OK button. You will then be prompted to select the Carlson points to convert. These point block formats are similar, and converting only requires reordering and renaming the attributes. Pulldown Menu Location: Points > Convert Point Format Keyboard Command: 2eds Prerequisite: Carlson points Convert Eagle Point to Carlson Points This command converts Eagle Point point blocks in the drawing to Carlson point blocks. These point block formats are similar, and converting only requires reordering and renaming the attributes. Eagle Point points can also be read into the current CRD le by using the command Update CRD File from Drawing, found in Coordinate File Utilities. This updates the CRD le without modifying the screen entities. Pulldown Menu Location: Points > Convert Point Format Keyboard Command: 2surv2 Prerequisite: Eagle Point points Chapter 10. Points Menu 481 Search Published Control The Search Published Control command allows you to search published control mark data freely available on the National Geodetic Survey (NGS) web-site (http://www.ngs.noaa.gov) and optionally store the retrieved information to the active coordinate le. Map Tab: Use the Map tab to navigate to a location bounded by a viewing window no greater than 2 degree of latitude by 2 degree of longitude. The limits of the current view are shown at the lower right of the Map tab (see below). To navigate to the area of interest: ''zoom'' using the slider control on the left side of the Map tab, or, ''zoom'' using the mouse wheel, or, ''zoom window'' by holding the Shift key and while left-clicking two points to dene a rectangular area, or, ''pan'' by left-clicking and dragging the image to the desired position in the Map tab. Type: Select the type of the NGS markers that are to be returned. Order: Select the positional order of accuracy of the NGS markers that are to be returned. Stability: Select the elevational stability of the NGS markers that are to be returned. Symbol Size: Use the horizontal slider to adjust the symbol size of the NGS markers. Triangle = horizontal control, elevation unknown Circle = vertical control (benchmark), hz position usually scaled Triangle with circle = 3D position, all dimensions measured. Search for Control: Click on this button to initiate the search for NGS control markers that satisfy the search criteria. Chapter 10. Points Menu 482 Note: The Search Survey Control dialog box is re-sizeable and contains re-sizeable controls. Order - For additional information on Order accuracy, reference http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/faq.shtml#WhatHARN: Horizontal A-order stations have a relative accuracy of 5 mm +/- 1:10,000,000 relative to other A-order stations. Horizontal B-order stations have a relative accuracy of 8 mm +/- 1:1,000,000 relative to other A-order and B-order stations. Additional information can also be viewed at http://gpsinformation.net/main/ngs-accuracy.html. Stability - For additional information on marker Stability, reference http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/AERO/Genspecs A/Volume%20A Attachment%201-6.pdf: Stability code A = expected to hold an elevation. Examples: rock outcrops; rock ledges; bedrock; massive structures with deep foundations; large structures with foundations on bedrock; or sleeved deep settings (10 feet or more) with galvanized steel pipe, galvanized steel, stainless steel, or aluminum rods. Stability code B = probably hold an elevation. Examples: unsleeved deep settings; massive retaining walls; abutments and piers of large bridges or tunnels; unspecied rods or pipe in a sleeve less than 10 feet; or sleeved copper-clad steel rods. Stability code C = may hold an elevation but subject to ground movement. Examples: Metal rods with base plates less than 10 feet deep; concrete posts (3 feet or more deep); large boulders; retaining walls for culverts or small bridges; footings or foundation walls of small to medium-size structures; or foundations such as landings, platforms, or steps. As NGS markers are retrieved, left-click on the marker itself to see summary information about the marker. To retrieve the NGS datasheet with additional information about the marker, left-click on the Identier hy- perlink. To close a ''balloon'' marker on the Map tab or an NGS datasheet, left-click on the ''X'' icon of the balloon or datasheet tab, respectively. If any NGS datasheet tabs are open and the OK button is clicked on the dialog box, you will be prompted if the open NGS markers should be saved to the current coordinate le. Prompts Save selected stations to coordinate le? Indicate your preference if the opened NGS control marks should be saved to the current coordinate le. Chapter 10. Points Menu 483 Pulldown Menu Location: Points > Point Utilities Keyboard Command: searchcontrol Prerequisite: Internet connection Chapter 10. Points Menu 484 Survey Menu 11 This chapter provides information on using the commands from the Survey pulldown menu, in order to download data from data collectors, process raw data and prepare plats. The rst sections of the pulldown provide information on working with data collectors, editing and processing raw data and drawing Field to Finish. Carlson SurvNET is Carlson's Network Least Squares Reduction (NLSA) program. Below that there are complex deed creation and linework commands. The bottom portion of this menu provides features for creating cut sheets, polyline data and other survey important requirements. 485 Data Collectors This command does two main functions for a variety of popular data collectors. First, this command transfers (uploads and downloads) data between the data collector and Carlson. Second, this command converts data formats between the data collector format and the Carlson format. So, if you already have the data le on the computer, you can skip the transfer function and just perform the conversion function. The transfer function does the conversion at the same time. In most cases, the download from the data collector produces a raw (.RW5) le (eld notes) and/or a coordinate (.CRD) le (coordinate points). Several of the download programs have an option to automatically run the Edit-Process Raw Data File command after downloading raw data. You can also send, or upload, a coordinate (.CRD) le. The dialog shown here appears when the menu command is selected. Carlson SurvCE: For Carlson Software data collection programs SurvCE and SurvStar. This button produces the SurvCOM dialog and program. Prepare Geoid for SurvCE: Creates a subset of a geoid as a .GSF le to load into SurvCE. CG Field: For CG Field programs. Magellan/Thales FastSurvey: For Magellan and Thales FastSurvey data collectors. Surveyors Assistant: For data collectors running Surveyors Assistant software (Corvallis MC2, MC5 and Pentax SC5). Sokkia SDR: For SDR2 through SDR 33 and other collectors that have a SDR format like the Trimble. Sokkia G2: Specically for the SDR2. TDS: For data collectors that use TDS software (Ranger, HP48, HP95, Husky FS-2 & FS-3, Corvallis MC-V and TOPCON FS2, FC95 and FC48). SMI: For SMI data collectors on the HP48. Leica: For Leica GIF-10 module, GeoCOM for older Leica and DBX for newer Leica instruments. Nikon: For Nikon DTM and DR-48 total stations. Geodimeter: For the Geodimeter Geodat collector. Topcon 210/310/220/GPT2000: Supports these Topcon models. MDL Laser: For MDL Laser instruments. General Kermit Transfer: For general transferring using Kermit. Carlson SurvCE Note: In the following text, the term SurvCE will apply to SurvCE, SurvStar, and Sokkia G2 Connect the serial cable. Select Data Transfer from the on the handheld. Choose Carlson/Carlson Survey Download. This leads to a File Transfer screen on SurvCE, which says ''Awaiting Connection''. All the action is on the PC side. There is no time delay in this handshake. It will wait for the PC program to catch up. When you connect the cable Chapter 11. Survey Menu 486 from SurvCE to the PC, Microsoft ActiveSync may interfere and say ''Connect to PC?'' If you get this question, say No or otherwise terminate the Microsoft ActiveSync linkage. Start the Carlson portion of this link by choosing Survey, Data Collectors, then the SurvCE option. If connection is automatically established, SurvCE will display, ''Connected to PC''. If only the left side of the screen displays data, then you do not yet have a connection. Press the Connect button located at the bottom left of the le transfer dialog. The transfer program will respond with Retrieving File List. Once the le list has been retrieved, the left side of the dialog box will show les located in the specied path on the PC and the right side of the dialog displays the les located in the designated path on the remote. You can change directories by scrolling to the top of the le list and choosing Up One Level (just like in Windows). To transfer one or more les, simply select or highlight the desired les and select the transfer button. More than one le can be transferred from the remote to the PC or from the PC to the remote during the transfer process. Standard Windows selection options apply. For example, selecting one le and then while pressing the shift key on the PC, selecting another le deeper on the list will select all the les in between the rst and last selected. You can also select the rst le to transfer and press and hold down the shift key and use the down arrow to specify the range of les to transfer. Pressing and holding the control key on the keyboard allows for the selection of multiple les in any selection order, by picking the les with the left mouse button. After the les have been selected, press the transfer button. When the transfer is complete, the program will return a ''Transfer Complete'' message, and will then proceed to update the le lists on the PC and the Remote. The following information describes the buttons on the bottom row of the SurvCOM dialog box. The button name is on the left in bold: Connect: After selecting Data Transfer in SurvCE, press this button to start the connection. Once connection is made, the status line on the le transfer utility dialog box will show Connected to the remote machine. Transfer: Pressing this button transfers selected les from either the Remote to the PC, or the PC to the Remote. Set Path: This option allows for the specication of the desired source and destination drives and folders for both the PC and the Remote device. For example, if you were downloading, or copying les from the Remote device to the PC, to specify a source path on the remote device, select the Remote Machine toggle and then type in the Chapter 11. Survey Menu 487 desired path in the path eld. To specify a destination path on the PC, select the Local PC toggle and type in the desired path the path eld. When a change to either path is made, the transfer utility will retrieve a new le list from the specied paths. Make dir: This option allows for creation of directories on both the PC and the Remote device. Specify the hardware on which to create the directory and then enter the directory name. Delete: This option allows you to delete the tagged les. To delete a le, select the le to delete by clicking on the le, press the delete button at the bottom of the dialog. Conrm deletion by selecting the appropriate response on the Delete File dialog. Rename: To rename a le, click on the le to rename and select the rename button at the button of the dialog. On the dialog that displays type in the new name and press the OK button. Options: This command allows you to set various options for data transfer. The dialog shown below will appear. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 488 Transfer Type: Choose USB for transferring over a USB cable. Choose 9-Pin for transferring over a 9-pin serial cable. Choose Ext Drive for transferring to another folder on your computer or a drive connected to your computer such as a USB storage drive or memory card. Com Port: You must select which com port on the PC to use when using the 9-Pin transfer type. If you are transferring data via a USB port, set the com port to ActiveSync, see the Options section below for procedures to change com ports. To transfer data using an USB port a connection between the Remote and PC using ActiveSync is required. In ActiveSync verify that the ''Connect Settings'' have been set to ''Allow serial cable or infrared connection to this Com port'' and Allow USB connection with this desktop computer. This will allow for connection using an USB port or a COM port connection. Both will use ActiveSync to transfer data between devices. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 489 File Mask: You must select a le ltering syntax. This lter allows for the setting of specic le types to display. For example if you only wanted to see CRD les the lter would be * .CRD. Directory Sort: You must select how to sort the list of les. Display Special Files: Toggle whether or not you should see special les. Conrm Overwrite: Check this to conrm before overwriting les. Baud Rate: You must choose the baud rate for transferring data. Protect Remote Files: Check this to protect les on the mobile device. Archive RW5 Files: With this option set to YES, when downloading rw5 les, a second copy of the le will be made with a .SC5 extension to serve as an archive of the original rw5 le. Geoid: This command will carve out a portion of the Geoid 99, EGM96, Canadian CGC2000, Canadian HT2.0, Canadian HT 1.01, Australian GDA94, Great Britain OSG-MO2 and Geoid 2003 grid les, and send it to SurvCE. Since these geoid grids are very large, this carves out a precise portion of it and avoids overloading the memory on the remote device running SurvCE. You will be prompted for the directory on the PC of the source Geoid grid le, the approximate latitude and longitude of the job, and the size of the area desired in miles, kilometers or degrees of latitude and longitude. To dene a Geoid area, make sure that this criteria is met: 1. Specify the location of the geoid grid les. 2. Specify the geoid type. 3. Enter the latitude and longitude near the center of the job area. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 490 4. Specify the Grid size either in miles, km (kilometers), or deg (degrees). 5. Name the grid le. The le will be transferred to the data collector and place in the appropriate place for use. F2F conv: This converts the more thorough and detailed Carlson eld code le (for eld-to-nish work, * .FLD) to the more simplied Feature Code List that runs in SurvCE ( * .FCL). The Feature Code List in SurvCE (not SurvStar or Field) handles Linework (on or off), Line Type (2D or 3D), Layer (= Code) and Full Text (Description). Select the Carlson eld code ( * .FLD) to convert, the conversion takes place and the le is transferred and located in the correct location for use in the data collector. Send Pnts: This option allows for the uploading of a user specied point number range out of the selected crd le to unload. Use the Select button to specify the crd le to upload. The Remote File Name will default to the name of the crd le selected to upload. You can change this name if needed. Specify the Point Range to Send and select the OK button. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 491 Exit: This command will exit the File Transfer Utility The following information describes the buttons on the Data Collection Programs dialog box that come after the Carlson SurvCE button, moving from left to right and then from top to bottom. The command/button name is on the far left margin, in bold: Prepare Geoid for SurvCE This function creates a .GSF (Geoid Separation File) for SurvCE from a built-in geoid. Most geoids are very large and this routine carves out a subset of the geoid by specifying a center position and area size. The geoid data les are not included in the regular install since they are so large. Instead, the program automatically downloads them as needed from the Carlson server. You can also install them separately by running the CarlsonGeoidGrids.exe from the Support->Other Downloads on www.carlsonsw.com. CG Field To transfer data to and from data collectors using CGField software, rst make sure that the Baud Rate is set to 9600 and the Parity is set to NONE then follow the steps outlined below. Receiving a Coordinate File from CGField CGField: 1) Go to the UTILS menu and select Option 1, C&G Transfer. 2) Select Option 4, ''Send Coords'' 3) Select the Coordinate le to send. Stop here in CGField and go to Carlson. Carlson: Leave the FILE elds blank. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 492 Press the ''Download Coordinates'' button to ready Carlson to receive the le. Stop here in Carlson and go back to CGField to complete the transfer process. CGField: Select the points to send 1) For All points 2) To select Blocks of points. 3) From .PTS le (the set of points in a Batch Point File). The coordinates will be transferred. After the transfer is complete, you will be asked for the CRD le name. The C&G CRD le will automatically be converted to a Carlson CRD le. With Point Protect on, the routine will check the coordinate le for existing point data before downloading the point from the data collector. Receiving a Raw Data File from CGField CGField: 1) Go to the UTILS menu and select Option 1, C&G Transfer. 2) Select Option 2, ''Send Raw Data''. Stop here in CGField and go to Carlson. Carlson: Leave the FILE elds blank. Press the ''Download Raw'' button to ready Carlson to receive the le. Stop here in Carlson and go back to CGField. CGField: Select the raw data le to be sent. The transfer will begin. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 493 The C&G .RAW le will be transferred and saved in the data folder. After the transfer is complete, you will be asked for the RW5 le name. The RAW le will be automatically converted to a Carlson RW5 le. Receiving an ASCII le from CGField This will allow you to transfer a C&G report le (RPT) or an ASCII NEZ le to Carlson. CGField: 1) Go to the UTILS menu and select Option 1, C&G Transfer. 2) Select Option 6, ''Send ASCII''. Stop here in CGField and go to Carlson. Carlson: Leave the FILE elds blank. Press the ''Download ASCII'' button to ready Carlson to receive the le. Stop here in Carlson and go back to CGField. CGField: Select the ASCII le to send. After the transfer is complete, you will see the le in the Carlson editor. You can then select FILE and SAVE (or SAVEAS) to save the ASCII le. Sending a Coordinate File to CGField CGField: 1) Go to the UTILS menu and select Option 1, C&G Transfer. 2) Select Option 3, ''Receive Coords'' to ready the data collector. Stop here in CGField and go to Carlson. Carlson: Leave the FILE elds blank. 1) Press the ''Upload (Send Carlson File)'' button. 2) Select the Coordinate le. 3) Select the points to send. 4) Press the ''Start Transfer'' button. CGField: Carlson will send the le name to CGField and a coordinate le with the same name will be automatically created or opened in CGField. If the le exists you will be asked how you want to handle duplicate points: 1) Overwrite 2) Don't Overwrite 3) Ask for each Point The point transfer will begin. Convert CG .RAW to Carlson .RW5 This utility allows you to convert a C&G raw data le to a Carlson raw data le. Select the C&G .RAW le to convert. Then enter the le name of the destination Carlson RW5 le. Thales/FastSurvey You will be taken directly to the SurvCOM dialog, similar to the Carlson SurvCE process. Surveyor's Assistant Chapter 11. Survey Menu 494 Download From the Surveyor's Assistant data collector, go to the Transfer routine from the main menu. Fill out the transfer screen as follows: Direction: OUTPUT Format: LIETZ Data: Coordinate or All Data Port: COM1 or COM2 Ckh Hold: NO Protocol: NONE You should also check the settings under the PORT menu. Typical port settings are baud=9600, parity=none, data=8, stop=1 and handshake=XON/XOFF. Now in Carlson, run Data Collection in the Survey menu and choose Surveyor's Assistant. Check that the COM port and baud rate are set correctly. Then click the Download button and within 10 seconds go back to Surveyor's Assistant and press GO. The le transfer should now go. If the All Data option is used, then the Leitz format will contain both coordinate and raw data. The coordinate data is converted to a Carlson coordinate (.CRD) le and the raw data is converted to a Carlson raw data (.RW5) le. When the transfer is complete, the program will ask you for the Carlson coordinate (.CRD) le to create if you haven't already specied a le name in the dialog. With Point Protect on, the routine will check the coordinate le for existing point data before downloading the point from the data collector. Upload Point data from the Carlson coordinate (.CRD) le can be uploaded into the Surveyor's Assistant. First go to the Transfer routine on the main menu. Fill out the screen as follows: Direction: INPUT Format: LEITZ Port: COM1 or COM2 Protocol: NONE Go back to Carlson and choose Surveyor's Assistant from the Data Collection command in the Survey menu. Check that the COM port and baud rate are set correctly. In the Carlson dialog, pick the Select File button next to the Carlson coordinate (.CRD) File edit box and choose the coordinate (.CRD) le to send. Then click the Upload button. A dialog now allows you to specify the range of point numbers to upload. Before clicking the OK button for range of points, go to the Surveyor's Assistant and hit the GO function key. The Surveyor's Assistant is now waiting to receive so return to Carlson and click OK on the range of point dialog. The le transfer should now go. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 495 Sokkia SDR This routine applies to the Sokkia SDR-20, SDR-22, SDR-31 and SDR-33 as well as other collectors that have SDR format transfer such as the Trimble and C & G. Download From the SDR data collector, go to the Communications routine from the main menu. Choose Data Format SDR. Next hit the Send function key. Then choose Select Jobs. From the list of jobs, highlight the job to transfer and set it to Yes with the arrow keys. Now in Carlson, run Data Collection in the Survey menu and choose Sokkia/SDR. Check that the COM port and baud rate are set correctly. Then click the Download button and within 10 seconds go back to SDR and press OK. The le transfer should now go. The SDR format contains both coordinate and raw data. The coordinate data is converted to a Carlson coordinate (.CRD) le and the raw data is converted to a Carlson raw data (.RW5) le. The original SDR transfer le is stored on the computer as a RAW le. When the transfer is complete, the program will ask you for the Carlson coordinate (.CRD) le to create if you haven't already specied a le name in the dialog. With Point Protect on, the routine will check the coordinate le for existing point data before downloading the point from the data collector. The SDR-33 has different modes for storing and transferring data. In coordinate mode, the download will create points in the coordinate (.CRD) le and the raw data (.RW5) le will only contain some basic header lines. In the raw data mode, the download will create all the measurement data in the raw le and no points will be created in the coordinate (.CRD) le. For this raw data mode, you will need to run Edit-Process Raw Data File in the Survey menu to calculate the points from the raw data. The third mode in the SDR-33 creates both raw data in the raw data (.RW5) le and points in the coordinate (.CRD) le. The Include Time Stamps in Notes option sets whether all the date-time records for each point are put in the raw data (.RW5) le as description records. The Include Point Attributes in Notes option will store SDR code 13(AT) codes to the point note (.NOT) for the coordinate (.CRD) le. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 496 Upload Point data from the Carlson coordinate (.CRD) le can be uploaded into the SDR. First go to the Communications routine on the SDR main menu. Choose Data Format SDR. Go back to Carlson and choose Sokkia/SDR from the Data Collection command in the Survey menu. Check that the COM port and baud rate are set correctly. In the Carlson dialog, pick the Select File button next to the Carlson CRD File edit box and choose the coordinate (.CRD) le to send. Then click the Upload button. Then a Sokkia Options dialog appears for setting the job parameters for the le to be created on the collector. Be sure to choose the Distance Unit that matches your coordinate (.CRD) le (meters, US feet or international feet). Click OK and the next dialog now allows you to specify the range of point numbers to upload. Before clicking the Start Transfer button for range of points, go to the SDR and hit the Receive function key. The SDR is now waiting to receive so return to Carlson and click Start Transfer on the range of point dialog. The le transfer should now go. Communication Settings Besides matching the baud rate between Carlson and the collector, make sure that the collector is set to word length of 8 and 1 stop bit under the communication settings. Print File The Receive Sokkia Print File downloads a print report from the SDR33 data collector. This le is only used for printing report purposes in Carlson. This le is not used by Carlson to generate coordinate (.CRD) les or raw les. The rst step is to choose Data format=Printed in the Communications menu of the SDR33. Next pick the Receive Print File button in Carlson. Then on the SDR33 choose the Send function and select a job to send. At this point the le is transferred. After downloading, the job report is displayed in the Carlson standard report viewer. Example of Sokkia Printed Format: SDR33 V04-04.25 (C) Copyright 1998 Sokkia May-29-80 23:39 01/29/1999 Angle Degrees Dist Feet Temp Farenht Coord N-E-Elev JOB TRAV Point Id Alpha (14) Atmos crn No C and R crn No Record elev Yes Sea level crn No POS TP 1 North 10050.000 East 10000.000 Elev 0.000 Chapter 11. Survey Menu 497 POS TP 2 North 10000.000 East 10000.000 Elev 0.000 POS TP 3 North 9515.636 East 9551.975 Elev 37.611 Code T3 POS TP 403 North 4967.527 East 5074.632 Elev 0.000 NOTE TS Jan-01-80 00:14 ** End of report ** Sokkia G2 This routine takes you directly to the SurvCOM dialog, similar to the Carlson SurvCE process. TDS Download [HP-48 and Husky] In the TDS program, go to the File Transfer routine. Choose the type of data to transfer (CRD or RAW). Next pick the Send function key. Stop here on the TDS and go to Carlson to run Data Collection in the Survey menu and pick TDS. Make sure that the COM port and baud rate are set correctly. Then pick the Download button. The Carlson program will now wait to receive the TDS le. Within 10 seconds select the le to send on the TDS. The le should be transferred now. When the transfer is complete, the program will ask you for the Carlson le to create if you haven't already specied a le name in the dialog. With Point Protect on, the routine will check the coordinate le for existing point data before downloading the point from the data collector. Download [Ranger and Windows CE] In the TDS program, go to the Transfer routine and pick the Send File function. Set the ''Connecting To'' eld to HP-48. Make sure that the COM port, baud rate and parity are set correctly and then pick OK. In the Type eld of the le selection dialog, choose Coordinate Files or Raw Files. Stop here on the TDS and go to Carlson to run Data Collection in the Survey menu and pick TDS. Make sure that the COM port and baud rate are set correctly. Then pick the Download button. The Carlson program will now wait to receive the TDS le. Within 10 seconds select the le to send on the TDS and pick OK in the TDS dialog. The le should be transferred now. When the transfer is complete, the program will ask you for the Carlson le to create if you haven't already specied a le name in the dialog. With Point Protect on, the routine will check the coordinate le for existing point data before downloading the point from the data collector. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 498 Upload [HP-48 and Husky] A Carlson coordinate (.CRD) le can be converted to a CR5 le and uploaded into TDS. Start in the TDS program, by going to the File Transfer routine. Then move back to Carlson and run Data Collection in the Survey menu and pick TDS. In the Carlson dialog, enter a TDS File name. This name should not include the drive and directory path or le extension. For example, if the coordinate (.CRD) le is c:\scadxml\data\simo2.crd then the TDS File name could be just SIMO2. Next pick the Select File button next to the Carlson coordinate (.CRD) File edit box and choose the coordinate (.CRD) le to send. Check that the COM port and baud rate are set correctly. Now pick the Carlson Upload button. A dialog now allows you to specify the range of point numbers to upload. Enter the range of points but before clicking the Start Transfer button go to TDS and hit the Receive function key. Within 10 seconds go back and click the OK button on the range of points. The le should then transfer. Upload [Ranger and Windows CE] A Carlson coordinate (.CRD) le can be converted to a CR5 le and uploaded into TDS. Start in the TDS program, by going to the Transfer routine and pick the Receive File function. Set the ''Connecting To'' eld to HP-48. Make sure that the COM port, baud rate and parity are set correctly and then pick OK. Then move back to Carlson and run Data Collection in the Survey menu and pick TDS. In the Carlson dialog, enter a TDS File name. This name should not include the drive and directory path or le extension. For example, if the coordinate (.CRD) le is c:\scadxml\data\simo2.crd then the TDS File name could be just SIMO2. Next pick the Select File button next to the Carlson coordinate (.CRD) le edit box and choose the coordinate (.CRD) le to send. Check that the COM port and baud rate are set correctly. Now pick the Carlson Upload button. A dialog now allows you to specify the range of point numbers to upload. Enter the range of points and click the Start Transfer button. SMI Download To send point data from the SMI data collector, go to the le transfer routine by typing [More] [NXT] [TOPC] [COMM]. In SMI version 6 or later, type [Job][KERM][SEND]. Also in version 6, make sure that the rst function key reads [NE] and not [XY] in the [Job][KERM] screen. Otherwise the coordinate northing and easting will be reversed. The [NE] stands for North-East coordinate order which is the format that Carlson expects. Also in the [Job][KERM] screen, make sure that the second function key reads [COMM] and not [SPACE]. The [COMM] stands for comma separators. Then enter the rst point to send followed by the last point to send but before pressing Enter for the last point go to Carlson. Run Data Collection in the Survey menu and choose SMI. Check that the COM port and baud rate are set correctly. Then click the Download button and within 10 seconds go back to SMI and press Enter for the last point to send. The le transfer should now go. When the transfer is complete, the program will ask you for the Carlson coordinate (.CRD) le to create if you haven't already specied a le name in the dialog. With Point Protect on, the routine will check the coordinate le for existing point data before downloading the point from the data collector. To send raw data, use the [Print][Raw] routine in SMI along with the same Carlson procedure used for point data. Upload From the SMI data collector, go to the le transfer routine by typing [More] [NXT] [TO48] [COMM]. In SMI version 6 or later, type [Job][KERM][RECV]. Also in version 6, make sure that rst function key reads [NE] and not [XY] in the [Job][KERM] screen. Otherwise the coordinate northing and easting will be reversed. Then enter the rst point to send followed by the last point to send. Next enter the job name but before pressing Enter go to Carlson and run SMI under Data Collection in the Survey menu. In the Carlson dialog, specify the same job name as entered in SMI. Next pick the Select File button next to the Carlson CRD File edit box and choose the coordinate (.CRD) le to send. Check that the COM port and baud rate are set correctly. Then click the Upload button. A dialog now allows you to specify the range of point numbers to upload. Enter the same range of points as entered on the SMI. Go back to SMI and hit Enter for job name followed by clicking the OK button for range of points in Carlson. The le transfer should now go. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 499 Leica There are three types of Leica transfers: GIF-10, GeoCom and DBX. Choose newer Leica instruments, choose Leica DBX on rst dialog. Then there is a choice between Import and Export. For Import, select the folder that contains the Leica DBX data. Typically the Leica DBX data is on a memory card that is inserted into the computer and gets assigned a drive name by Windows. Use the Set button to browse to this Leica DBX drive or folder. Then the program shows a list of the Leica projects in that folder. The Import Measurements With Points function reads the Leica data into Carlson CRD and RW5 les. The Import Points Only reads the Leica data into a Carlson CRD le and brings in attribute data to the Carlson NOT le. The Import GPS Points function imports the Leica data into a Carlson RW5 le for GPS measurements. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 500 For Export, select the folder to store the Leica DBX data to using the Set button. Enter in a job name for the new job in the Leica Job Name edit box. There are three types of project data that can be exported. The Points export converts a Carlson coordinate le to Leica format. The Road export converts Carlson proles and centerlines to Leica format. The Surface export converts a Carlson TIN le to Leica format. For GIF-10 and GeoCom, choose All Others on the rst dialog Then the choice for GIF-10 or GeoCom is set in the Equipment Type eld on the main dialog. For transferring with the Leica instruments, the GeoCom program shows a dialog of the available COM ports on your computer. On the rst time that you transfer to an instrument, you will need to pick the Instruments button and register the instrument from the list. Pick the Port Settings button to make sure that the communication settings match the instrument. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 501 To download a le with GeoCom, make sure that the instrument is ON and connected to the computer by serial cable. The instrument also needs to be in GeoCom mode. Then pick the Download in the Carlson dialog. In the GeoCom program, open the computer COM port that the instrument is connected to by picking the '+'. Then open the Memory Card and GSI folders. Next select the le to transfer and click the OK button. With Point Protect on, the routine will check the coordinate le for existing point data before downloading the point from the data collector. To upload a le with GeoCom, specify the le name to be created on the instrument in the Leica File eld and pick the Upload button in the Carlson dialog. Then the program will prompt for the range of points to transfer. Fill out the range and pick the Start Transfer button. Then the GeoCom program will start. Open the computer COM port by picking the '+'. Then open the Memory Card folder and highlight the GSI folder and click OK. The upload and download le transfer works with the GIF-10 data collector. The GIF-10 communication settings should be the following: Baud: 9600 Parity: NONE Protocol: NONE Stop Bit: 1 End Mark: CR/LF Connected As: Some computers use DCE and others use DTE Download From the GIF-10, go to the le transfer routine. Then go to Carlson and run Data Collection in the Survey menu and choose Leica. Check that the COM port and baud rate are set correctly. Then click the Download button and within 10 seconds go back to GIF-10 and select the le to send. The le transfer should now go. When the transfer is complete, the program will ask you for the Carlson coordinate (.CRD) le to create if you haven't already specied a le name in the dialog. With Point Protect on, the routine will check the coordinate le for existing point data before downloading the point from the data collector. Upload From the GIF-10 data collector, go to the le transfer routine. Then go to Carlson and run Leica under Data Collection in the Survey menu. In the Carlson dialog, specify the job name in the Leica File eld. Next pick the Select File button next to the Carlson coordinate (.CRD) File edit box and choose the coordinate (.CRD) le to send. Check that the COM port and baud rate are set correctly. Then click the Upload button. A dialog now allows you Chapter 11. Survey Menu 502 to specify the range of point numbers to upload. Before clicking the OK button for range of points, go to GIF-10 and start the receive by highlighting Receive and pressing the Run button. The GIF-10 now shows the available job numbers. Choose a job to receive the transfer using the arrow buttons and then press the Run button. Converting Carlson supports raw and coordinate data collected using three different Leica Operation Codes: Wildsoft and 10- 20-30-40 as well as the newer LISCAD. Moreover, data could be in the GSI8 format or the newer GSI16 format. Some example les are shown here. GSI8 format data le using LISCAD Operation codes: WILD GIF-12 410149+00000001 42....+00005003 43....+00005.42 44....+00005.25 45....+00005000 110150+00005000 21.324+35959480 22.324+09238590 31..01+00228271 410151+00000005 42....+00010100 110152+00005001 21.324+35156390 22.324+09303500 31..01+00133532 410153+00000005 42....+00070100 410154+00000014 42....+00000ELM 110155+00007082 21.324+34739450 22.324+09322050 31..01+00137685 410156+00000005 42....+00070102 GSI16 format data le using LISCAD Operation codes: * 110001+0000000000000001 84..11+0000010000000000 85..11+0000003000000000 86..11+0000000001000000 87..11+0000000000005170 * 410002+0000000000000009 42....+0000000000000001 43....+000010000000.000 44....+000003000000.000 45....+000000001000.000 * 410003+0000000000000001 42....+0000000000000001 43....+000000000005.330 44....+000000000000.000 * 410004+0000000000000004 42....+00000000178.1530 * 410005+0000000000000003 42....+0000000000000002 43....+0000000000000001 * 110006+00000000000000RO 21.324+0000000017815300 22.324+0000000008424260 31..01+0000000000000000 * 410007+0000000000000100 * 410008+0000000000000012 42....+000000000005.090 * 110009+0000000000000002 21.324+0000000000831230 22.324+0000000008130270 31..01+0000000000089996 * 110010+0000000000000002 21.324+0000000018831230 22.324+0000000027829250 31..01+0000000000089996 * 110011+00000000000000RO 21.324+0000000035815170 22.324+0000000027539300 31..01+0000000000000000 GSI8 format data le using Wildsoft Operation codes: 410001+00000001 42....+00000013 43....+00000000 44....+00000012 45....+00981101 410002+00000002 42....+00000013 43....+00005.42 44....+00000012 45....+00000000 410003+00000032 42....+00000500 43....+00004.26 44....+00000012 45....+00000000 410004+000000TP 42....+00000000 43....+00000000 44....+00000000 45....+00000000 110005+00000501 21.124+00000000 22.104+09136260 31...1+00000000 51..0.+0012+000 110006+00000502 21.124+03741320 22.104+08915570 31...1+00246818 51..0.+0012+000 110007+00000503 21.124+03915180 22.104+08919040 31...1+00251956 51..0.+0012+000 110008+00000504 21.124+06530420 22.104+08839360 31...1+00113998 51..0.+0012+000 Leica raw les usually have a .RAW or .GSI extension. The primary difference in the GSI8 and GSI16 formats is that information is contained in data blocks of 16 characters in the GSI16 format, while it is contained in blocks of 8 characters in the GSI8 format. Leica instruments make it possible to have both the GSI8 as well as GSI16 data formats in the same raw le. However, lines with the GSI16 format data will always start with an asterisk ( * ) character, to distinguish them from the GSI8 format. There is no distinction between Leica raw les collected in the Wildsoft and LISCAD operation codes. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 503 Supported Wildsoft codes: 1: Start Job 11: Assign Coords 12: Coord Offset 13: Target Height 14: Add to Tgt Ht 15: Add to Meas Dist 2: Occupy Point 21: Occupy Saved Point 3: FS to Trav Pt 31: FS to Single Pt 32: Radial Sideshots 33: Sets of Angles 4: Closing Pt 41: Closing Angle 50: BS to Benchmark 51: FS to Turn Pt 52: BS to Turn Pt 53: FS to Benchmark 60: Save Point 61: Recall Point 62: Compare Point 63: Remark Supported LISCAD codes: 1: New instrument setup 2: New target height 3: Sets of directions 4: Fixed azimuth 5: Feature code 6: Measured offset 8: Line creation for sub-codes 1 (straight string), 2 (curved string) and 6 (arc by 3 points) 9: Fixed coordinates 11: Close string 14: Additional description 20: Start of job 27: Feature code 90: Split feature code 100+: Descriptions The Convert button can be used to convert any Leica format le into a Carlson format le. For example, if you have a Leica PCMCIA card then there is no serial cable transfer to do. Instead use the Convert routine to make the Carlson raw data (.RW5) and coordinate (.CRD) les. Since there is no distinction between Wildsoft and LISCAD les, the user must know in advance which format has been used in the le. Then, select that particular option (Wildsoft, 10-20-30-40 or LISCAD) under the ''Coding System'' option at the bottom of the dialog box, as shown in the previous page. Another option that the user needs to choose is the order in which foresight-backsight readings have been recorded in the raw le, BFFB or BFBF, as explained in the dialog box. Then, the user can simply pick the ''Convert'' button and the program prompts for the input'' Wild/Leica File'' (raw le), and the output'' Carlson RW5 le'' and ''Carlson CRD le'', if they are not already lled. Nikon Download Chapter 11. Survey Menu 504 First choose the equipment and data type under the Transfer Type list. Also check that the communication and data format settings match your collector. Then click the Download button and follow the on-screen directions. When the transfer is complete, the program will ask you for the Carlson coordinate le (.CRD) and raw le (.RW5) to create if you haven't already specied a le name in the dialog. With Point Protect on, the routine will check the coordinate le for existing point data before downloading the point from the data collector. The original data from the collector is stored in a le name with the same name as the coordinate le except with a .TRN extension. For example, job5.crd would have job5.trn. Upload Pick the Select File button next to the Carlson CRD File edit box and choose the CRD le to send. Check that the COM port and baud rate are set correctly and then click the Upload button. A dialog now allows you to specify the range of point numbers to upload. Set the points and then click the Start Transfer button. The le transfer should now go. Convert Nikon to Carlson The Convert button will translate the Nikon raw le format (.TRN or .RAW) into Carlson coordinate (.CRD) and raw (.RW5) les. Portion of typical Nikon le format: MP,1,,5000.0000,5000.0000,0.0000,T/1 CO,31-Oct-1999 11:42:38 ST,1,,2,,0.0000,0.00000,0.00000 SS,3,0.0000,152.1510,359.59590,90.44100,11:43:38,T/2 SS,4,0.0000,127.5560,0.06040,90.40110,11:44:45,CON SS,5,0.0000,97.1820,2.19580,90.52460,11:45:43,CON Geodimeter Download From the Geodimeter data collector, go to the le transfer routine by pressing the PRG (Program) key and entering Chapter 11. Survey Menu 505 program 54. Then choose Imem (option 1) as the source. Next choose the le type to send as either Job (measure- ment data) or Area (point data). The Geodimeter will then prompt for the job name. Next enter Serial (option 3) as the destination. A conrmation screen appears showing the serial port settings. Here are some typical settings: COM=1,8,0,9600 Before pressing enter (ENT key), go to Carlson and run Data Collection in the Survey menu and choose Geodimeter. Then click the Download button and within 15 seconds, go back to the Geodimeter and press Enter. The le transfer should now go. When the transfer is complete, the program will ask you for the Carlson coordinate le and raw le to create if you haven't already specied a le name in the dialog. With Point Protect on, the routine will check the coordinate le for existing point data before downloading the point fromthe data collector. Upload In Carlson, run Geodimeter under Data Collection in the Survey menu. Pick the Select File button next to the Carlson CRD File edit box and choose the CRD le to send. Check that the COM port and baud rate are set correctly and then click the Upload button. A dialog now allows you to specify the range of point numbers to upload. Enter the points to send but before clicking OK, go to the Geodimeter data collector. Start the le transfer routine by pressing the PRG key and entering program 54. Then choose Serial (option 3) as the source. The Geodimeter will display the serial port settings. Check these values and press enter. Next choose Area (option 2) as the destination. Then enter the job name. The Geodimeter is now listening for data. Quickly go back to Carlson and click OK on the points to send dialog. The le transfer should now go Convert The Convert button will translate the Geodimeter raw le format (.OBS) into Carlson coordinate (.CRD) and raw (.RW5) les. Communication Settings If the Geodimeter is not communicating with Carlson, run function 79 on the Geodimeter and make sure that it is set to 4. This setting is for the transfer message end of sequence format. Supported Geodimeter Codes The following Geodimeter codes are processed when converting the Geodimeter raw le. All other codes are Chapter 11. Survey Menu 506 recorded as descriptions in the Carlson rw5 le. 0=Info 1=Data 2=Station No 3=Instrument Height 4=Point Code 5=Point Number 6=Signal Height 7=Horizontal Angle 8=Vertical Angle 9=Slope Distance 11=Horizontal Distance 17=Horizontal Angle 18=Vertical Angle 21=Horizontal Reference Angle 30=Atmospheric Correction 37=Northing 38=Easting 39=Elevation 40=Delta North 41=Delta East 42=Delta Elevation 45=Correction To Bearing 46=Standard Deviation 50=Job Number 51=Date 52=Time 53=Operator 54=Project Id 55=Instrument Id 56=Temperature 60=Shot Id 61=Activity Code 62=Reference Object 70=Entered Radial Offset 71=Entered Angle Offset 72=Calculated Radial Offset 73=Calculated Angle Offset 74=Air Pressure Portion of typical Geodimeter le format 5=108 4=13POC 6=5.000 7=238.0708 8=89.2236 9=440.39 37=767.42 38=4626.07 39=699.795 Topcon 210/310/220/GPT2000 This command supports these above Topcon models. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 507 MDL Laser The MDL Laser outputs a raw le of angles, distances and codes as one long string of data which can be converted into a Carlson raw data (.RW5) le. There is no coordinate data in the MDL raw le. So you need to run Edit-Process Raw File to calculate coordinates from the raw data. The Download button will transfer the MDL raw data from a BDI logger. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 508 Kermit Kermit can be also used for transferring les with accuracy. The dialog looks like this: Pulldown Menu Location: Survey Keyboard Command: datacolt Prerequisite: None Edit-Process Raw Data File This program reads or creates a raw data (.RW5) le that contains various lines of data (records) that could be likened to a surveyor's eld book. You can specify point coordinates, job information, notes, and the angles and distances that make up traverse or sideshots records. Once the raw data is created or read it can be processed/reduced to coordinates that are stored in the current coordinate (.crd; .cgc; .mdb; .zak) le. The raw le can also be created or appended using the Locate Point, Traverse, Sideshot, and Inverse commands on the COGO menu. To store the data inputs from these commands into a raw le, rst toggle on the Raw File ON/OFF command on the COGO menu. It is possible to always have the raw data le open to store data inputs. To enable this option, choose Congure from the Settings menu, then choose Survey Module, then choose General Settings. Turn on the Automatic Raw File toggle in this dialog. The raw les created by TDS data collector programs are also compatible without conversion. The command Data Collectors on the Tools menu has options for reading other data collectors native le formats and converting them to raw data (.RW5) format. Within the raw data editor, the File menu includes an import menu for converting raw data from other formats. When you select the Edit-Process Raw Data File command you are prompted to specify the name of the raw data (.RW5) le. The current coordinate le is used automatically. To change the current coordinate le, use the Set Coordinate File command in the Points menu before starting this command. If no coordinate le is current, the program will prompt you to set the current coordinate (.CRD) le. Edit-Process Raw Data File uses a spreadsheet for editing the raw data as shown. Each row of the spreadsheet is represented by a number located at the far left side of the editor. Various messages and reports often reference possible problems with the data by this row number. Each row of the spreadsheet represents one record of data. There are 14 types of data records. The type of data record is shown in the rst column. Different record types use Chapter 11. Survey Menu 509 different numbers of columns. Whenever the data record type changes between rows, a record header is added to the spreadsheet that describes each column of data in the following row. To edit the raw data, simply highlight the cell and type in the new value. To change the type of record, pick on the down arrow in the rst column and choose a new data type from the list. To delete a row, highlight any cell in the row and hit the Delete key or choose Delete Row from the Edit menu. Records can be added pressing the Insert key, pressing the down arrow key from the last line in the spreadsheet, or by choosing one of the add records from the Add menu. The different record types are described below. TR (Traverse) The traverse record contains the occupied point number, foresight point number, angle mode, horizontal angle, distance, vertical angle and description. When processed, this record will calculate and store the coordinates for the foresight point. Traversing also moves the setup by making the traverse foresight point the next occupied point and the traverse occupied point becomes the next backsight point. The different angle codes are NE for northeast bearing, SE for southeast, SW for southwest, NW for northwest, AZ for azimuth, AL for angle left, AR for angle right, DL for deection angle left and DR for deection angle right. To set the angle code, pick on the Code down arrow and choose from the list. The horizontal and vertical angles should be entered as dd.mmss. For example, 45.2305 is 45 degrees, 23 minutes and 5 seconds. The vertical angle can be shown as vertical angle (0 degrees level), zenith angle (90 degrees level) or elevation difference. The vertical angle mode is set in the Display menu. The distance mode is also set in the Display menu as either slope or horizontal distance. The description eld is used as the foresight point description. SS (SideShot) The sideshot record is the same as the traverse record except that sideshot does not move the setup. HI (Instrument and Rod Height) This record sets the instrument and rod heights used in elevation calculations. This record should precede any traverse and sideshot records that you want the heights applied to. BK (BackSight) The backsight record contains the occupied point number, backsight point number, backsight azimuth and the set azimuth. This record should precede any traverse and sideshot records that use this setup. If no backsight point is Chapter 11. Survey Menu 510 entered, the program uses the backsight azimuth to turn angles from. The Set Azimuth is the circle reading of the instrument when sighting the backsight. A Set Azimuth of zero is the default. PT (Store Point) The store point record consists of a point number, northing, easting, elevation and description. When processing, this data will be stored as a point in the coordinate le. If the rst Occupied point and/or the initial Backsight point are not dened in the coordinate le set for processing to, both points will need to be added to the rw5 le as PT (Store Point) records. DS (Description) The description record is an additional note that appears in the spreadsheet editor and printouts. This record can contain various information that is recorded in data collectors during eld operations. This data can vary from user, temperature and general data to each line of data associated with ''Set Collection''. When ''Sets'' of data collected using various brands of data collection software is converted/imported into the raw editor, the actual measurements made during the spinning of the angles and distances are recorded as DS records and the mean value of the angle and distance is recorded as a SS record. DS records are not used in processing. CL (Closing Shot) The closing shot record is the traverse record where the foresight point is the closing point for the traverse. This record is used by the adjustment commands in the Process menu. There should be only one CL record in each Traverse loop (Name Record) in the raw le. If there is no CL record, the process adjustment routines will prompt for which shot is the closing shot. The closing shot can also be dene in the eld by using special codes dened in the Open Settings found under the File pulldown within the editor. Please refer to the ''Open Settings'' documentation below for more information on these codes. AB (Angle Balance) The Angle Balance record is the measurement data observed that closes the angles of the traverse. Typically this record is the measurement data recorded from the closing shot to the initial backsight point. The backsight could be either external or internal to the traverse. Angle Balance routine in the Process menu uses this record and compares the angle between the occupied point and foresight point of this record with a user-specied reference angle. There should be only one AB record in the raw le. If there is no AB record, then the Angle Balance routine will prompt for which shot to use as the angle balance. CL + AB (Closing Shot and Angle Balance) This record is used as both the closing shot and angle balance records. FD (Foresight Direct) The foresight direct is a traverse record used in a direct and reverse set. When the program nds one the of direct- reverse measurement records, it will look for the other three records to complete the set. FR (Foresight Reverse) The foresight reverse is a traverse record used in a direct and reverse set. BD (Backsight Direct) The backsight direct is a traverse record used in a direct and reverse set. BR (Backsight Reverse) The backsight reverse is a traverse record used in a direct and reverse set. EL (Elevation Only) This record sets the elevation in the CRD le for the specied point number. Often used when an existing point with good vertical control is being traversed through. Using this record type for the point would keep the elevation from changing on the existing point regardless of the measurement data. AZ (Azimuth Only) Applies to SurvNET, the optional Network Least Squares analysis and adjustment routine. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 511 CSE (Control Standard Error) Applies to SurvNET, the optional Network Least Squares analysis and adjustment routine. SSE (Set-up Standard Error) Applies to SurvNET, the optional Network Least Squares analysis and adjustment routine. MSE (Measurement Standard Error) Applies to SurvNET, the optional Network Least Squares analysis and adjustment routine. NAME (Traverse Name) This record acts as an identier for the group of records that make up a traverse. All the records after the NAME record belong to that traverse up to the next NAME record or the end of the le. This record allows you to have multiple traverses in one raw le. When running one of the Process commands, the program will bring up a list of all the traverse names. Simply choose which traverse to process. If you have only one traverse in the raw le, then you don't need the NAME record. GPS This record contains the Latitude and Longitude of a point as measured by GPS surveying equipment using Carlson SurvCE data collection software. This record has additional information tied to it such as localization les, geoid les, coordinate projection systems etc. This record has its own processing routine in the Process pulldown within the editor. Processing procedures are discussed in the Process (Compute Pts) pulldown documentation. Raw Data Editor Pulldown Menus File Menu Open RW5 File This command prompts for a rw5 le to load into the editor. New RW5 File This command clears the editor spreadsheet. Save RW5 File This saves the rw5 le. If the le hasn't been named you will be prompted for the le name and the location to save the le. After you perform the rst save, this command acts as a quick save and saves the le to the name and location specied during the initial saving of the le. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 512 Save RW5 As This command saves the raw editor data in the spreadsheet to a rw5 le and always prompts for le name and location to save. Open CRD File This command prompts for an existing coordinate le to set as the active coordinate le for the raw editor. New CRD File This command prompts for a new coordinate le to set as the active coordinate le for the raw editor. The coordinate data will be initialized as empty. Save CRD File This command saves the current coordinate data in the raw editor to the current coordinate le. Save CRD As This command saves the current coordinate data to a specied coordinate le name. Report/Print There are three types of reports: Raw Data, Coordinates and Summary. A sample of the raw data report is shown below. This report shows the data from the raw editor spreadsheet. The Coordinates report lists the point data (point number, northing, easting, elevation, description) from the current coordinate le. The summary report groups the traverse, sideshot and store point numbers along with a list of the setups and the shots from each setup. Raw File> c:\data\survey.rw5 CRD File> c:\data\survey.crd Note Survey Example PntNo Northing Easting Elevation Desc 1 5000 5000 100 START OcPt BsPt SetAzi 1 InstHgt RodHgt 5.32 6.0 OcPt FsPt HorzAngle SlopeDist ZenithAng Desc TR 1 2 AR 268.5330 711.420 89.4050 P2 InstHgt RodHgt 5.43 6.0 OcPt FsPt HorzAngle SlopeDist ZenithAng Desc TR 2 3 AR 262.5448 457.760 89.3236 P3 InstHgt RodHgt 5.4 6.0 OcPt FsPt HorzAngle SlopeDist ZenithAng Desc TR 3 4 AR 208.5710 201.310 89.1803 P4 TR 4 5 AR 247.1657 497.120 88.5235 P5 TR 5 6 AR 277.4835 223.980 90.2926 P6 TR 6 7 AR 92.4113 233.880 90.2746 P7 InstHgt RodHgt 5.42 6.0 OcPt FsPt HorzAngle SlopeDist ZenithAng Desc TR 7 8 AR 261.2756 387.250 91.4405 CLOSE SS 7 19 AR 289.3456 112.450 91.3423 SS1 Report/Print Settings This dialog has settings for the report functions. The Use Report Formatter option allows for customized reports and exporting to Excel. The Use Distance Scaler allows for reporting distances in different units. For example, the survey distances could be in US Feet and then use a scale factor to report the distances in chains. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 513 Import These routines convert raw data from other formats into the current Carlson RW5 format. The converted raw data will be added to the end of any existing data in the editor. In many cases, the raw data le to import can be downloaded directly from the data collector or instrument using the Data Collectors command. The following supported formats (along with their standard le extension) are listed here. Some Sample File Formats are listed at the end of this section. C&G (.CGR;.RAW;.TXT; * ) CalTrans (.DMP) Carlson (.RW5) EFB (.RAW;.OBS) Electronic Field Book Fieldbook (.FBK): From Softdesk, Land Development Desktop or Civil 3D. The import handles the following record types: AD AZ / AZM / AZIMUTH B / BRG / BEARING BEG / BEGIN BS / BACKSITE / BACKSIGHT C3 END F1 FC1 NE / NEZ PRISM STN / STA / STATION ZD Geodimeter (.OBS; .RAW; job; * ) Horizon (.RAW) LandXML (.XML): LandXML is the industry standard data format for exchanging project data. It can contain any number of different data types including surfaces besides raw measurements. Leica (.GSI; .RAW; GRE): This reads the Leica raw le in Wildsoft, Liscad, 10-20-30-40, C&G, or GeoComp format. There are options to specify direct-reverse shot order if any and to convert from International Feet to Leica US Feet. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 514 Maptech (.FLD) MDL Laser (.CDS) Nikon (.TRN; .RAW) PC Cogo (.BAT) SDMS (.prj; * ) SMI (.RAW) Sokkia SDR (.SDR; .RAW; * ) StarNET (.DAT) The import handles the following StarNET record types: E - Elevation record C - Coordinate record B - Bearing / Azimuth record M - Measurement record SS - SideShot record TB - Begin Traverse record T - Traverse record TE - End Traverse record DV - 3D Distance Record (creates a slope distance/zenith angle record) D - 2D Distance Record (creates a horizontal distance) A - Horizontal Angle Record (creates an angle-only record) V - Zenith Angle record (creates a zenith angle-only record) When parsing these records, if a measurement, coordinate or azimuth has standard errors assigned to it, then standard error records are created in the RW5 le so none of that information is lost. The import also handles the following DOT commands: .ORDER - Species point order (AtFromTo or FromAtTo) in the measurement record, and/or the order of NORTH/EAST or EAST/NORTH in control records. .DELTA - Species whether the data is SlopeDist/Zenith or HDist/VDist. The default is SD/ZE. .2D / .3D - Species the data format. Without this information the elds can be confused while parsing. SurvCOGO (.RAW or .TXT) SurvCE Archive (.SC5) When downloading a rw5 le from SurvCE using SurvCOM, there's an option to copy the rw5 le to a sc5 le as a read-only backup. Survis (.RAW) TDS (.RW5; RAW) Topcon (raw; * ) Trimble (.dc) 3TA5 (.TXT) Zeiss (.DAT) Export Chapter 11. Survey Menu 515 These routines convert the Carlson raw data (.RW5) le to other formats. The following le formats are supported. CalTrans (DMP) dgDialog (.DGD) Fieldbook (.FBK): This export routine provides an option to ''Setup Fieldbook Codes''. This allows the user to substitute the raw description contained in the rw5 le with the eldbook code used in AutoDesk Land Desktop or Civil 3D. FL DOT (.OBS) GPS Data (.TXT; * ) LandXML (.XML) Leica (.GSI) MOSS (.MOS) RMGeo (.txt) SDMS (.PRJ) This export routine provides an option to ''Setup SDMS Codes''. This allows the user to substitute the raw description contained in the rw5 le with the SDMS codes used in SDMS program. SFN: This format is used in the Netherlands. Sokkia (.SDR) Chapter 11. Survey Menu 516 TDS (RW5;RAW) Topobase (PO) VA Dot (TOP) WinCMM (.LSA) Open/Save Settings This option allows for dening codes that represent the closing shot and angle balance shot of a traverse. These codes can be entered in the description of a point while in the eld. When the rw5 is opened in the raw le editor, the measurement data containing the closing shot code will be set to a CL record and the measurement data containing the angle balance code will be set to an AB record. This allows for quick processing of the survey data and saves the time spent setting up the le for processing. Exit Exits the raw le editor. Edit Menu Undo:This command undoes the last data entry or the last copy, cut or delete command performed on keyboard entered data only. This will not undo a change to the Type or Code columns, nor a cut or copy command to a row. Cut:Standard windows cut command. Removes data from editor and places it in the windows clipboard. Copy:Standard windows copy command. Copies selected data to windows clipboard. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 517 Delete: Deletes selected data or row of data. Will not delete headers if data is present below the header. Find: Tool to search and nd a particular word, letter, numeric value or a combination of all. Provides options to Match whole word only and/or case. Allows for a up or down directional search from the active cell in the editor. The Point Number Search allows you to search for occupy or foresight point numbers. Replace: Tool to search and replace a particular word, letter, numeric value of a combination of all. Options to Match whole word only and /or case is provided for the search criteria. Provides further options to Replace individual items one at a time or to Replace All. Go To: Tool to advance the focus of the active cell to a specied line number. Delete Row: This command deletes the row containing the active cursor or cell. You can delete a row by placing the cursor in any of the cells in the row that you wish to delete, or by picking on the row number at the far left of the editor. Modify Measurements: This option allows for a change in distance, horizontal angle, vertical angle or lat/lon by a specied amount for the entire le or for a specied point number or line number range.. To modify a measurement, choose which eld to modify, enter the change in either distance or angle in dd.mmss format. The Distance Factor method multiplies the distances by the specied value which can be used to convert distance units between feet and meters or to apply a scale factor. The Lat/Lon/Z Delta can be used to adjust GPS records in case of a shift due to adjusting the base position. Next choose how to apply the modication. If all is selected, the change will be applied Chapter 11. Survey Menu 518 to all records in the specied eld. If By Point Number is chosen, enter the point number or range of numbers in the Range of Points eld. If by Line Number is chosen, then dene the area for the change by specifying the Starting and Ending line. Convert Points To Notes Records: This function converts point (PT) records to note (DS) records. This leaves the information of the point coordinates in the rw5 le as display only and without having the point coordinates stored to the coordinate le when the le is processed. The point data in the DS records can be converted back to PT records by picking the Code eld in the spreadsheet and switching DS to PT. Edit Coordinate File: This option allows for editing and/or listing of the coordinate data in the active coordinate le. The active coordinate le is displayed in the Header of the raw data editor. This routine brings up the edit point dialog and allows editing of the points one at a time. Display Menu Chapter 11. Survey Menu 519 Angles:This option chooses the angle format between degrees/minutes/seconds (dd.mmss) and Gons-400 decimal degree circle (dd.dddd). This setting applies to the angles in the spreadsheet editor as well as the angle format for reports. There is also a separate setting to Show Decimal Seconds which use edit and process angles to the nearest tenth of a second (dd.mmsss). Vertical:The options contained in this menu allow for specifying the type of vertical measurement information you will input or is contained in the rw5 le. The Vertical Angle selection assumes the barrel or scope of the instrument is level when reading 0 (zero). With this setting, the vertical component of a measurement record will have a header of VertAng. The Zenith Angle selection, most commonly used, assumes the barrel/scope to be level when reading 90. Using this setting results in a header of ZenithAng. Elevation difference displays the elevation difference between the occupied and foresight points. If the Distance option is specied as Slope, this elevation difference will be used to calculate the horizontal distance of the measurement. The header for this record is ElevDiff. The None selection assumes all distances are horizontal distances and removes the vertical component for a measurement from the editor. Switching modes can be performed at any time. Distance: This option controls the display of either Slope or Horizontal Distances. Changing the display results in the distance data adjusting to reect the correct value for the selection made. The Vertical data, VertAng, ZenithAng or VertDiff, is used to convert the distance value when changing this display option. Graphics: The Raw Data Editor uses an optional graphics win- dow to display the points and traverse lines in real time. As data is entered or edited, the graphics window will be updated to show the conguration or new conguration of the traverse. The option of whether to show sideshots is also available. When a cell is selected, the traverse or sideshot line in the display window will change to the color yellow for a graphical reference. The graphics window is toggled on or off from the Display Graphics Window menu inside the raw le editor. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 520 Graphics>On: Turns the graphics window on. Graphics>Off: Turns the graphics window off. Graphics>Show Sideshots: Controls the display of the sideshot data in the graphics window. Figure 1 shows the graphics window with sideshots on. Figure 1A shows the graphics window with sideshots off. Figure 1 Sideshots On Chapter 11. Survey Menu 521 Figure 1A Sideshots Off Graphics>Zoom Mode: Within the graphics window, real time zoom is available. To zoom in press and hold the left mouse button and drag in the direction of the + symbol. To zoom out, press and hold the left button and drag in the direction of the - symbol. Graphics>Pan Mode: Real time pan is available within the graphics window. To pan, set the graphics window to pan mode, then press and hold the left mouse button and then drag to desired position. Graphics>Resize Text: With the this option on the text becomes smaller/larger in the view when you zoom in/out. Graphics>Fixed Text Size: With this option on, the text stays a xed size while zooming in and out. Spreadsheet Colors: This option allows for the assignment of colors to record types. To change/dene the color for a particular record, select Spreadsheet Colors from the Display pulldown within the raw editor. From the Color Settings dialog select the record to edit by clicking on the select button next to the desired record. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 522 The color slide beside the select button shows the current setting for the record. After selecting the record, the Select Color dialog box will be display. Select the Set button next to the desired color for the record. Display>Hide Row: This option allows for hiding single or multiple rows. This could be used to prevent crucial information from being accidentally altered during editing of data or data entry. Hiding a record does not exclude it from processing. To hide a record click on the row number at the far left of the editor. The entire row of data will highlight, now select the Hide Row option. Multiple rows or data can be selected by selecting the rst row of data to hide then while holding down the shift key on the keyboard, select the last row to hide. All rows in between these two selections will be highlighted, now select Hide Row. When a row or rows of data are hidden, the row numbers will reect the hidden rows. For example, Figure 2 below shows a multiple selection of rows 10-17 to hide. Figure 2A shows the editor with the rows hidden. Notice that the row numbers indicate hidden rows by showing a gap from rows 9-18. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 523 Figure 2 Figure 2A Show Row:This option shows rows that have been hidden. To show hidden rows, the row above the rst hidden row and the row below the last hidden row must be selected by using the shift key selection method described in Hide Row above. After selecting the appropriate rows, select the Show Row option. Figure 2B shows the selection of rows 9 & 18 in order to show the hidden rows 10-17. Figure 2C shows the editor after the Show Row option has been selected. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 524 Figure 2B Figure 2C Hide By Point Numbers: This function prompts for a range of point numbers and then isolates records containing those point numbers by hiding all other records. This feature is useful to focus on certain point numbers in a large le. Hide Selected Rows: This function hides the rows that are currently highlighted. To highlight multiple rows, pick in a cell with the mouse and then hold the Shift key while picking a cell on another row. Show Selected Rows: This function unhides rows previously hidden by the Hide Selected Rows function. ShowAll Rows: This function unhides rows previously hidden by the Hide Selected Rows or Hide By Point Numbers functions. Hide Description Records:This option controls the visibility of the Description records contained in a rw5 le. The description record is an additional note used to store useful information in addition to typical point data. Sometimes these records clutter the raw le and make it hard to review actual survey data. The ability to control the description record visibility is a useful tool when reviewing survey data. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 525 Show Description Records: This option shows (unhides) description records contained in the rw5 le. Hide Record Headers: This option hides the in-line headers such as the PntNo, OcPt, FsPt, etc. The editor contains ''Smart Headers'' that changes with the type of data that is in the active row. These headers are not in-line and are always displayed at the top of the editor. Figure 2D shows the editor with the record headers hidden and the Smart Header active. Row #21 contains the active cell, the automatic header at the top of the editor shows traverse (TR) record headers. Figure 2D Add Menu Traverse: Adds a traverse record (TR) to the spreadsheet editor. The new record will be insert above the row that contains the active cell unless this row is the last row in the le. If so, you will be prompted to insert above or below the current row. SideShot: Adds a sideshot record (SS) to the spreadsheet editor. The new record will be insert above the row that contains the active cell unless this row is the last row in the le. If so, you will be prompted to insert above or below the current row. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 526 Backsight: Adds a backsight (BK) to the spreadsheet editor. The new record will be insert above the row that contains the active cell unless this row is the last row in the le. If so, you will be prompted to insert above or below the current row. Instrument Height: Adds an instrument height (HI) record to the editor. This record contains both the instrument and rod height setting. Point: Adds a point (PT) record to the editor. Provides options to either add a Blank Point Record or Import From Coordinate File. Inserting a blank record allows for manual input to dene the coordinates for the point. Import From Coordi- nate File imports the coordinate values from an existing point or range of points contained in the coordinate le. Enter the point number or range of points and select OK. The points will be read into the rw5 le at the top of the le. COGO Command: Adds COGO Command (CC) record with a eld to specify the command (Translate, Rotate, Scale or Align) and a eld for entering the parameters. The COGO commands are executed in sequence as the rw5 le is processed from top to bottom by any of the process methods in the Process menu. The COGO commands are all transformation commands that are applied to the points in the current coordinate le. The following list is the syntax of the COGO commands: Translate: Range Dx Dy Dz Process Zero Z Rotate: Range Angle Base Y Base X Scale: Range Scale Base Y Base X Use Z Align: Range From1 To1 From2 To2 All the parameters are entered into one spreadsheet cell next to the COGO function. The parameters use space separators. The following list is the parameter denitions: Range: point numbers Dx: delta easting (X) Dy: delta northing (Y) Dz: delta elevation (Z) Process Zero Z: toggle for whether to process points with elevation of zero (0=No, 1=Yes) Angle: rotation angle in dd.mmss format Base Y: base point northing Base X: base point easting Scale: scale factor Use Z: toggle for whether to scale the elevations (0=No, 1=Yes) From1: point number of rst source point To1: point number of rst destination point From2: point number of second source point Chapter 11. Survey Menu 527 To2: point number of second destination point For example, to translate points 1-10 by a delta Z of 6.0 while ltering out zero elevation points, set the parameters for the COGO Translate record as ''1-10 0 0 6.0 0''. Elevation: Adds an elevation (EL) record to the editor. The new record will be insert above the row that contains the active cell unless this row is the last row in the le. If so, you will be prompted to insert above or below the current row. Note: Adds a note (DS) record to the editor. Note records are for information display and do not effect processing except for two special notes which are: Elevation: 2D Elevation: 3D These special notes set the elevation mode for processing for the records that follow the note. The raw editor starts in 3D mode. The ''Elevation: 2D'' note will switch processing to 2D mode and the ''Elevation: 3D'' note will switch the mode back to 3D. In 2D mode, the processing will not set the elevations in the coordinate le. Data On/Off: Adds a data on/off (DO) record to the editor. This record toggles the raw data between processing on and off modes. The raw data starts in processing on mode. Working from top to down, when a DO record is reached, the processing mode is turned off. Then next DO record will turn processing back on, and so on. Data records that are in processing off mode and skipped when running the routines in the Process menu. Traverse Name: Adds a traverse name (Name) to the editor. The new record will be insert above the row that contains the active cell unless this row is the last row in the le. If so, you will be prompted to insert above or below the current row. GPS: Adds a GPS record to the editor. The new record will be insert above the row that contains the active cell unless this row is the last row in the le. If so, you will be prompted to insert above or below the current row. Reference Azimuth: Applies to SurvNET, the optional Network Least Squares analysis and adjustment routine. Control Standard Error: Applies to SurvNET, the optional Network Least Squares analysis and adjustment routine. Setup Standard Error: Applies to SurvNET, the optional Network Least Squares analysis and adjustment routine. Measurement Standard Error: Applies to SurvNET, the optional Network Least Squares analysis and adjustment routine. Process (Compute Pts) Menu This menu contains tools to process raw data by various methods. The calculated coordinates, and notes if specied, are stored to the active specied coordinate le. The coordinate le can be specied using Set Coordinate File, under the Points pulldown within the drawing screen, or from the Tools menu of the editor, discussed later in this section. The options for processing are specied within either the Process Options dialog box or the Closure Options dialog box, depending upon . This dialog box is displayed before processing data, using any of the available methods, with the exception being the Least Squares method. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 528 Multiple Measurements To Same Point: This option sets the method of how to handle multiple measurements to the same point. There are three available options, Use Last, Average or Use First. Use last uses the last measurement to calculate the position of the point. Average uses the average of all the measurements for the position calculation and Use Last takes the last measurement to the point as the data to use. Use Backsight Reciprocals: The Backsight Reciprocal options treat reciprocal measurements ''special''. A foresight to point 15 from a setup on 14, followed by a backsight from 15 to 14, makes a pair of ''reciprocal'' measurements. The backsight ''reciprocal'' measurement can be ignored for its impact on recalculating the occupied point (None Option), or the elevation of component of the reciprocal measurements can be averaged (Average Elevation option), or both the elevation and distance can be averaged (Average Elev & Dist) to recalculate the setup (occupied point) coordinates. Calculate Elevations: This option determines whether the elevations of the points will be calculated and written to the coordinate le. Options of whether to calculate All elevations or just the Sideshots Only are provided. Direct-Reverse Vertical Angles: Specify whether to balance all or process the direct-reverse shots and use only the foresight direct shot. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 529 Report Angle Format: Species the angle format for the report. The By File option makes the report use the angle format in the raw data (.RW5) le. Calculate Elevations: This option controls which point elevations will be calculated. For example, if the tra- verse point elevations have already been adjusted and you need to recalculate the sideshot elevations, then use the SideShots Only option. Report SideShots: Specify whether to include the sideshot data in the process results report. Point Protect: This option will check the coordinate (.CRD) le for existing point data before processing. If the foresight point number for any traverse or sideshot record already is a stored coordinate in the coordinate (.CRD) le, then the program shows a list of conicting point numbers. You can either continue processing and overwrite the coordinate (.CRD) le coordinates with the calculated raw le coordinates or cancel the processing to go back to the editor to change foresight numbers. A report of the conicting point numbers can be generated to the standard report viewer in Carlson by selecting the Report option on the Point Protect dialog box. From the report viewer, the report can then be printed, sent to the screen or saved to a le. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 530 Create Point Notes: This option will generate a note (.NOT) le named after the coordinate le. The note le contains additional descriptions for points. With this option active, the text from all note records (DS records) will be stored to the note le for the foresight point number preceding the note records. Calculate Grid Scale Factor at Each Setup: This option will calculate a scale factor for each TR and SS record. This scale factor is calculated as the average of the scale factors at the occupied and foresights points. At these points the scale factor is calculated as the projection grid factor multiplied by the elevation factor which is the earth radius divided by the elevation plus the earth radius [SF = Grid Factor * (Earth Radius / (Elevation + Earth Radius))]. In order to calculate these projection grid factors, the traverse coordinates must be in grid coordinates. When this option is selected, the program will prompt for the projection and zone to use. The elevation for the scale factor can be adjusted by the geoid height using the geoid specied in the Geoid To Apply list. The geoid height is added to the point elevation to adjust the elevation value used in the scale factor equation. The geoid surface les are not installed by default due to the large size of these les. To install the geoids to use with this op- tion, go to the Carlson Software webpage and download the Geoid Grid Files fromthe Support->Downloads section. Report Each State Plane Scale: This option becomes available if the Calculate State Plane Factor at Each Setup has been selected. With this option on, the scale factor at each point will be shown in the process results report. Scale Factor: This value is multiplied by the horizontal distance for the traverse and sideshot records. This factor can be use to transform from ground to grid coordinates. This factor does not effect elevations. Correct for Earth Curvature: This option adjusts the calculated points for the effect of the Earth's curvature. Typically this adjustment is small and adjusts the elevation more than the horizontal. Report Angle Format: This option controls the angle format displayed on the process result report. The option of By Raw File will display the angles in the format that is contained in the raw le. The Bearing option will display the angle in a bearing format. The Azimuth option will display the azimuth of the measurement and the Angle Right option will display the angle right measurement of the observation. Decimal Places for Report: This option controls the number of decimal places for the reported data. Report Closure: This option determines whether the closure report will be displayed after processing. If processing a topo survey where the traverse has not been closed, then turn this toggle off for quick processing.. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 531 Report Sideshots: Controls whether the sideshot data is shown on the process report. Reference Closing Point: This is an optional eld for entering the coordinates to compare the ending traverse point with. This reference closing point is used to calculate the closure. Without using this option the program will by default use the starting coordinate as the reference closing point. Report Output: There are three report output options contained in the raw editor, the Standard Report Viewer, the Custom Report Formatter and the Tabular Report Viewer. Each is documented below. The Standard Report Viewer is the default report viewer throughout the program. Any routine that generates a report has this option and the data contained in the report depends upon the routine executed. The report viewer is also a text editor. It allows for addition and deletion of text in order to customize the report for printing or for saving to a particular format for a le. Options to print, send to the screen in the drawing window as text or save to a le are available. The Custom Report Formatter allows for customization of the process results by selecting the elds and the layout of the elds to display. The settings can be saved to a format name and recalled when needed. Options to Delete, Export and Import saved Formats are also available. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 532 To create a report, select data from the Available list and then select the Add button. This will populate the Used eld with the selected data. Standard window selection methods can be used when selecting the data to report. Holding the ctrl key while selecting data allows for making random selections. Holding the shift key while selecting data will select the rst item picked, last item picked and all items between. The Tabular Report Viewer displays a report viewer consisting of tabs. Each tab organizes and displays different data depending upon the process option chosen. The process results using the No Adjust method results in three tabs the Report Header, Unadjusted Data and the Store Points tabs. Each of these tabs display different information which corresponds to the tab title. Using an adjustment method results in ve tabs. In addition to the three listed above, an Angle Balance and Compass Closure tab is added. From the Tabular Report Viewer, the Standard Report Viewer can be switched to by pressing the Report option at the bottom of the dialog. This is useful when wanting to combine all tabs into one report for printing or saving to a le. An example of a Tabular Report for a compass rule adjustment is shown below. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 533 Processing Methods No Adjust: No Adjust means that no angle balance or traverse adjustment will be applied. Options are specied in the Process Options dialog. After picking OK for the process options dialog, a Traverse Points dialog appears for entering the starting and ending point numbers. The program reads the raw le to set the defaults for these point numbers which are used to calculate the closure. The difference between the ending point and the reference closing point is the closure error and the sum of the traverse distances from the starting to the ending point is used as the total distance traversed. After picking OK for the second dialog, the program starts processing the raw le from the top record down. The result is displayed in the Standard Report Viewer which can save, print or draw the report. Angle Balance: This process method applies an angle balance to the traverse lines when calculating the coordinates. The angle balance takes the angular error divided by the number of traverse lines and adjusts the angle of each traverse line by this amount. The angular error is the difference between the angle balance shot and a reference angle. The angle balance shot is specied as a type AB or CL+AB record in the raw le. If no AB record is found in the raw le, then the program will prompt for which traverse shot to use as the angle balance shot. The angle from the angle balance shot is calculated as the angle from the occupied point to the foresight point. The reference angle can be specied as a bearing, azimuth or by two point numbers in the dialog shown. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 534 The angle balance report shows the unadjusted points, the unadjusted closure, the angular error, the adjusted points and then the adjusted closure. Typically but not always, applying the angle balance correction will improve the traverse closure. Compass, Crandall, Transit: These process methods apply the selected rule to the traverse lines when calculating the coordinates. After adjusting the traverse, the sideshots are also recalculated. The closure error is calculated as the difference between the closing shot and a reference point. The closing shot is specied as a type CL or CL+AB record in the raw le. If no CL record is found in the raw le, then the program will prompt for which traverse shot to use as the closing shot. The foresight point is used as the closing coordinate. The reference point can be specied by point number or by entering the northing, easting and elevation. The process results report shows the unadjusted points, closure error, adjustments to each traverse point and adjusted point. Prepare Least Squares Data: From the raw le data, this routine makes initial calculations for the coordinate points in the traverse. This data, along with the control point coordinates and the angle and distance measurements, is stored to a data le with the same name as the current RW5 le except with a .LSQ extension (ie: survey.lsq goes with survey.rw5). The constraints of the routine are: All angle readings must be in angle right mode. The coordinates of the starting and the ending points must be known. The routine begins with a dialog for specifying the reference closing coordinates and any scale factors to apply to the distance measurements. The Reference Closing Point is the last point in the traverse, whose coordinates must be Chapter 11. Survey Menu 535 known. If an angle balance shot is used in the traverse, the Reference Angle Balance Angle must also be specied, either as a value or as the angle between known points. Since angles and distances have errors of different magnitudes, they are normalized using weights, based on the accuracy and condence with which these quantities have been measured. There is a dialog for specifying the estimated measurement errors. The Reading Error is the horizontal angular error in the instrument. For example, for a ''5-second'' instrument this error would be 5. The Pointing Error accounts for several factors in the horizontal angle reading including accuracy lining up the crosshairs on the target, the target size and the optical quality of the instrument. The Target and Instrument Centering Errors are the distance off the point due to faulty centering. The EDM Constant Error is the accuracy of the instrument distance measurements. The EDM Scaler Error is entered in parts per million for the increased error in longer measurements. These settings can be saved and loaded as a way to store settings for different equipment. The program will calculate the weights for each distance and angle measurement using these measurement errors. The control points, points to adjust, distance and angle measurements with weights are reported. You can edit these measurements and weights using the Edit Least-Squares Data routine or go directly to the Process Least-Squares Data routine. Edit Least Squares Data: This routine edits the points, measurements and weights stored in the .LSQ le associated with the current RW5 le. The editor works through the dialog shown. You can edit, add or remove the control points, adjust points, angle measurements or distance measurements. The program does not check that the editing is valid. So you need to make sure that your changes keep a good set of least-squares data (i.e. don't delete a needed control point). The Distance Error button allows you to set the distance standard error weights for all the distance measurements to the same value. Likewise the Angle Error button sets the standard error weights for all the angle measurements. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 536 Least-Squares Input Data: Control Points Point# Northing Easting 1 5000.000 5000.000 8 5000.000 5000.000 Distance Observations Occupy FSight Distance StdErr 1 2 711.409 0.018 2 3 457.745 0.017 3 4 201.295 0.017 4 5 497.024 0.018 5 6 223.972 0.017 6 7 233.872 0.017 7 8 387.073 0.017 Angle Observations BSight Occupy FSight Angle StdErr 7 1 2 268d53'30'' 7.617'' 1 2 3 262d54'48'' 6.869'' 2 3 4 208d57'10'' 15.194'' 3 4 5 247d16'57'' 14.222'' 4 5 6 277d48'35'' 12.262'' 5 6 7 92d41'13'' 15.818'' 6 7 8 261d27'56'' 12.991'' 7 1 S 01d59'18'' E 0.001'' Process Least Squares Data This routine applies a least-squares adjustment to the data stored in the .LSQ associated with the current raw data (.RW5) le. The closing errors are distributed among the other points, using the ''Method of Least Squares'' (Ref : Wolf, P.R. and Ghilani, C.D., 1996, ''Adjustment Computations'', John Wiley and Sons, NY,Third Edition). After the adjustment, the rest of the raw le is processed to recalculate the sideshots. There is an option to draw standard error ellipses around the adjusted points. The ellipse axes are multiplied by Ellipse Scale Factor to make the ellipse larger for easier viewing. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 537 The least-squares process report shows the input data and the results. For each point, the amount adjusted and the standard error in X and Y are reported. The Reference Standard Deviation is based on the sum of the residuals and the initial estimated standard errors. The Chi-Squares test is a goodness-of-t test that checks the reference standard deviation with the least-squares model. If this test fails, there may be a blunder in the measurement data or the initial estimated standard errors were too low or too high. Stadia Processing Method: Provides functionality to process Stadia surveying notes. Stadia sighting depends on two horizontal cross-hairs, known as stadia hairs, within the telescope. These hairs are parallel to the horizontal cross-hair and are equally spaced above and below it. The distance between the two stadia hairs is known as the intercept. The distance from the instrument to the rod is 100 times the intercept. For example, an intercept of 3.10 would represent a distance of 310 (3.10 X 100). For entering in stadia notes, you would enter the horizontal angle, the distance (entered as the intercept X 100) and the vertical angle. GPS: The process GPS routine allows for reduction of GPS records that reside in a raw ( * .RW5) le from latitude, longitude and WGS84 Ellipsoid Height to State Plane or local coordinates. When selected, the GPS Settings dialog will appear as shown below. GPS>Projection Type: Denes the datum coordinate system to be used for converting the latitude, Longitude and WGS84 Ellipsoid height Chapter 11. Survey Menu 538 collected from the GPS receiver into Cartesian coordinates. The supported projection types are State Plane 83, State Plane 27, UTM, Lat/Long, Great Britain-OSGB36, Australia, New Zealand-NZGD2000, New Zealand-NZGD49, and France NTF-GR3DF97A. A User-Dened option is also available for dening a user projection. The supported geoids include: Geoid99 (USA), Geoid03 (USA), EGM96 (World), GDA94 (Australia), CGG2000, HT 2.0, HT HT 1.01 (Canada) and )SGM02 (Britain). GeoUser-Dened projections are supported. To dene a new projection select the Dene Projection option. This will bring up the following dialog. Enter a name for your system (e.g. PRVI for Puerto Rico/Virgin Islands), then select a Projection type and enter the appropriate parameters. Note that all latitude and longitude values are in Degrees Minutes and Seconds (dd.mmss) and False Northing and False Eastings are always presented in meters. Dene a Datum shift by selecting the Select Datum radial button. You may select a predened Ellipsoid or set your own parameters by typing in a new ellipsoid name in the Ellipsoid eld and entering values for a and 1/f. When you enter in a new Ellipsoid name, the Datum name eld will be blank. The values for Dx, Dy, Dz, Rx, Ry, and Rz and scale are ''to WGS84''. If the values you have are ''fromWGS84'', simply reverse the sign of each value (positive becomes negative and vice versa). You may save your system to a ''udp'' le. To Load a user dened coordinate system from a le, select the Load radial button. A list of user dened systems will be displayed. Select the desired system and press OK. GPS>Zone: for State Plane projections, you must select the correct state zone that you are working in. For UTM, the Automatic Zone option will have the program automatically user the program automatically use the correct UTM zone for your location. Otherwise for UTM, you can manually set a specic UTM zone. This manual option applies to working on the border between zones and you want to force the program to always use one of those zones. GPS>Use Alignment File For Localization: With this option toggle on, a prompt for the Alignment File to Process will be displayed. This le is typically created by SurvCE (Carlson's Data Collection System) using the Localization routine or by Carlson Field Using the Align to Local Coordinates routine. This le ( * .DAT) contains the parameters to transform the derived State Plane coordinates to the dened local coordinates. At the end of the process, the coordinates will be written to the current coordinate ( * .crd) le and a report will be presented in the Carlson editor for saving or printing purposes. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 539 GPS>Transformation: The transformation in the align Local Coordinates command can either be by plane similarity or rigid body methods. The difference is that the rigid body method does a transformation with a translation and rotation and without a scale The plane similarity does a rotation, translation and scale. This option only applies when two or more points are used in Align Local Coordinates or the Localization routine in SurvCE. GPS>One Point Alignment Azimuth: This option applies to the rotation when using one point in Align Local Coordinates or the Localization routine in SurvCE. For this alignment method, the state plane coordinate is translated to the local coordinate. Then the rotation can use either the state plane grid or the geodetic as north. No scale is applied in this transformation. The state plane and geodetic true north diverge slightly in the east and west edges of the state plane zone. This option allows you to choose which north to use. GPS>Two Point Alignment Method: There are two option when using this method, Fit & Rotate and Rotate Only. Fit & Rotate will use the second point in the localization le for direction and scaling. The Rotate Only option allows you to use the second point in the localization le for direction but not for scaling. When using the Rotate Only option, any scale factor entered in the Project Scale Factor will be used. GPS>Project Scale Factor: For most applications, the Scale Factor should be set to 1.0. The scale factor represents the ''combined'' grid/elevation factor that reduces ground distances to grid. After converting the LAT/LONG from the GPS records to state plane coordinates and applying the coordinate alignment (Localization) le, the Project Scale Factor is applied as the nal adjustment to the coordinates. This adjustment is used on the X, Y, and not the Z. The Project Scale Factor is applied by dividing the distance between the coordinate and a base point by the Project Scale Factor. The coordinate is then set by starting from the base point and moving in the direction to the coordinate for the adjusted distance. The base point is the rst point in the alignment (Localization) le. If there are no points specied in the alignment le, then 0,0 is used as the base point. If using an alignment le (Localization File) this value will be automatically calculated and displayed. Manual entry of a scale factor is also permitted and is often used with the Two Point Alignment Method when a scale factor is known. GPS>Geoid to Apply: The supported geoids include: Geoid99 (USA), Geoid03 (USA), EGM96 (World), GDA94 (Australia), CGG2000, HT 2.0, HT HT 1.01 (Canada) and SGM02 (Britain). This option will account for the geoid undulation in determining the orthometric elevation of the measurement. The denition of the geoid model as currently adopted by the national Geodetic survey is the equipotential surface of the Earth's gravity eld which best ts, in a least squares sense, global mean sea level. Orthometric elevation measurements are used in survey calculations. In order to convert ellipsoid heights (He) as measured by GPS into orthometric elevations (E0), you must provide for a correction between the GPS-measured ellipsoid (reference ellipsoid) and a constant level gravitational surface, the geoid. This corrections is the geoid undulation (Ug). The formula is He=Eo + Ug. Carlson applies the Geoid model by subtracting the Geoid undulation from the GPS elevation. The resulting elevation is then used and displayed. In practice, the Geoid model is most applicable to two types of alignment scenarios. One of these types is when setting up the base over a know point and having no alignment control points. The other is when there is one alignment control point. When using multiple alignment control points, the Geoid model is not as important because Carlson can model the elevation difference which can generally pick up the local Geoid undulation. GPS>Units: Coordinates can be reduced into one of three available units, Metric, US Feet or International Feet. Process>Process Settings: This option allows for the setting of user preferences and tolerances to be used during processing and generation of reports. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 540 Multiple Measurement Settings: These options provide control for managing how multiple measurements to the same point are handled and reported. Distance Tolerance Horizontal and Vertical: Allows for user input of desired tolerance values for multiple measurements. Exceeded tolerances will be displayed on the process results report. With the Report Residuals option ON, the residual values of the measurements will be shown on the process results report. The data to be averaged can be either the Distance Measurements or the Coordinates. Backsight Orientation Settings: This option will take multiple backsight measurements for an occupation and computes a least squares orientation for the instrument. There is also an option to compute and correct for the instrumental collimation error from the available measurements if both direct and reverse readings to one or more stations in the same set have been recorded. The program uses the BD (backsight direct) and BR (backsight reverse) records to identify the measurements to process. You can backsight different targets. The targets do need to have known coordinates either as points in the current coordinate le or as SP records in the raw le. The measurements can be complete with angles and distance, and they can be partial with only angles or only distance. When this option is active, the calculated backsight orientation will override the SetAzi eld in the BK (backsight) record for the setup. The process report will include all the measurements used, the residuals and the resulting backsight orientation. The least-squares routine will also calculate the occupied station coordinate by resection if possible from the measurements and the report includes this calculated position along with the reference position and residuals. This calculation of the occupy point is used only for a check for the report and does not effect the occupy coordinate for processing. Note that if the occupied station position is unknown, there must be sufcient measurements to at least three known reference stations to support the resection and orientation solution. Here is an example of the raw data and the report. Raw Data PntNo Northing Easting Elevation Desc 71 4998.1900 5199.8200 125.0000 PK 22 4770.1200 5192.5000 90.0000 PK 2 4900.2700 5007.3100 75.0000 PK 53 5345.8600 4799.0400 150.0000 PK 1 5000.0000 5000.0000 100.0000 PK InstHt RodHt 5.000 1.000 OcPt BsPt Azi SetAzi 1 000'00'' 000'00'' OcPt FsPt HorzAngle SlopeDist ZenithAng Desc Chapter 11. Survey Menu 541 BD 1 71 AR 031'09'' 200.930 8400'06'' PK InstHt RodHt 5.000 2.000 OcPt FsPt HorzAngle SlopeDist ZenithAng Desc BD 1 22 AR 5003'22'' 300.120 9229'02'' PK InstHt RodHt 5.000 3.000 OcPt FsPt HorzAngle SlopeDist ZenithAng Desc BD 1 2 AR 8548'25'' 103.580 10506'37'' PK InstHt RodHt 5.000 4.000 OcPt FsPt HorzAngle SlopeDist ZenithAng Desc BD 1 53 AR 23950'24'' 403.000 8301'04'' PK BR 1 53 AR 5950'31'' 403.001 27658'56'' PK InstHt RodHt 5.000 3.000 OcPt FsPt HorzAngle SlopeDist ZenithAng Desc BR 1 2 AR 26548'38'' 103.581 25453'23'' PK InstHt RodHt 5.000 2.000 OcPt FsPt HorzAngle SlopeDist ZenithAng Desc BR 1 22 AR 23003'39'' 300.121 26730'58'' PK InstHt RodHt 5.000 1.000 OcPt FsPt HorzAngle SlopeDist ZenithAng Desc BR 1 71 AR 18031'16'' 200.931 27559'54'' PK Multiple Backsight Orientation OcPt BsPt Azimuth SetAzi 1 0000'00'' 26959'57'' Orientation Standard Deviation: 0.000 Instrument Height: 5.000 Occupy Point Northing Easting Elevation Reference 5000.000 5000.000 100.000 Calculated 5000.000 4999.999 100.000 Delta 0.000 0.001 -0.000 Standard Dev 0.003 0.003 0.000 Target Points Northing Easting Elevation Rod Height 71 4998.190 5199.820 125.000 1.000 22 4770.120 5192.500 90.000 2.000 2 4900.270 5007.310 75.000 3.000 53 5345.860 4799.040 150.000 4.000 Measurement Hz Angle Residual Zenith Hz Dist Residual 71 031'09'' -000'04'' 8400'06'' 199.830 -0.001 22 5003'22'' 000'01'' 9229'02'' 299.838 -0.003 2 8548'25'' -000'02'' 10506'37'' 99.999 -0.002 53 23950'24'' 000'03'' 8301'04'' 400.011 -0.006 53 5950'31'' -000'04'' 27658'56'' 400.012 -0.007 2 26548'38'' -000'15'' 25453'23'' 100.000 -0.003 22 23003'39'' -000'16'' 26730'58'' 299.839 -0.004 71 18031'16'' -000'11'' 27559'54'' 199.831 -0.002 Check Point Settings: These options provide user controls for survey check points. With Report Check Points ON, any point coded as a check point in the raw data le, will be reported. When selected the Check Point Code and Distance Tolerance elds become active and allow for editing. The Check Point Code is a user specied code entered in during the survey that tells the program to check the coordinates of a particular point with the coordinates of another point. This code is congurable by the user. An example of a point description coded as a Check Point would be as such, ''trav =8''. This description tells the program that the description of the point is ''trav'' and to check the coordinates of the this point with that of point #8. The Distance Tolerance Horizontal and Vertical are user Chapter 11. Survey Menu 542 specied tolerances for the check point. If either of these tolerances is exceeded it will be reported on the process results report. Instrument/Rod Height Ranges: These settings are used to check the instrument and rod heights when the raw le is processed. The program will report warnings if there are any heights that exceed the specied min/max ranges. Angle Only Measurements: The Combine Elevations Method applies to points calculated from Angle Only measurements. Angle Only points are calculated as part of the processing for the No Adjust, Compass, Crandall, Transit and Angle Balance process methods. To calculate points from Angle Only measurements, there needs to be multiple SS records with horizontal and vertical angles and no distance with the same target foresight point number from setups at different occupy points. The elevations can be set as the average from the multiple measurements, using the highest measured elevation, or using the lowest measured elevation. For example, to survey the top of a tree, you could have a SS to foresight point 99 from occupy point 1 with a horizontal and vertical angle and another SS to foresight point 99 from occupy point 2 with a horizontal and vertical angle. Then point 99 can be calculated by angle-angle intersect which determines the horizontal distances from 99 back to occupy points 1 and 2. These distances are then used with the vertical angles and occupy point elevation to calculate the elevation at point 99. Store Point Records: These options control how any store point (PT) record is handled during processing of the raw data le. There are three options for storing Store Point (PT) records, Never, Always, and When CRD Empty. Never prevents any Store Point (PT) Record Report in the raw le from being written to the crd le. With this option on no existing point in the crd le would be overwritten. Always will write to the coordinate le and will overwrite any existing point with the same number of the Store Point (PT) records. The When CRD Empty option will only write Store Point (PT) records to the coordinate le when it is empty. Report Store Points displays all store points in the process results report. The Hold Store Points option will hold the coordinate values for the store point record when measurements are taken to the store points. This will prevent the coordinates of the point from changing if measurements to the point dictate a change in coordinate position. Direct-Reverse Settings: Direct-Reverse Vertical Angles: This option determines how to handle direct-reverse vertical angle mea- surements when processing. Balance Direct-Reverse will take the mean of the direct-reverse measurements and use this value when processing the le. Direct Only will only use the direct measurement to the point for processing. Foresight-Backsight Measurements: Balance Foresight-Backsight allows for averaging in the Foresight and backsight measurements when using direct-reverse sets. The Foresight Only option will average the foresight measurements only of a direct-reverse set. Horizontal Angle Tolerance (Seconds): This is the tolerance that the angle measured by the direct measurements and the angle measured by the reverse measurements in a direct-reverse set must fall within. Flip Angle Tolerance (Seconds): User specied value for the acceptable difference in measured horizontal angles determined from the direct (BD-FD) and reverse (BR-FR) observations. Distance Tolerance: User specied tolerance for the difference in distance measurements to the same points. When this value is exceeded on a measurement, it will be displayed on the process results report. Measurements To Control Points: The Store To Current Coordinate File option applies when a control coordinate le is used in addition to the active coordinate le. When processing the raw le, measurements to point numbers that are in the control coordinate le will not be stored into the active coordinate le when this option is on. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 543 Drawing Points and Linework: This option controls the drawing of points and linework using Field to Finish. It differs from the draw traverse and sideshot lines under the Tools Menu of the Raw Editor by using a eld to nish code table ( * .d) to dene how the points and linework are to be drawn and layerized. There are three settings for this option, Manual, Auto and Prompt. Manual means that the le will not be processed using the eld to nish codes and no points or linework with be drawn upon existing the raw editor. The Auto option will use the current or last used eld to nish le ( * .d) to draw the points and lines on the drawing screen when the raw editor is existed. The option of Prompt will give the option to draw the points and lines to the screen. With this setting specied, the following prompt will be displayed when existing the editor. Tools Menu Direct-Reverse Report: This routine creates a report of direct and reverse shots along with the resulting averaged shots. Any tolerance specied in the Process Settings>Direct-Reverse Settings section, that is exceeded will be displayed in this report. The residuals are the difference between the measurement and the nal average. If the current spreadsheet display mode for distances is set to horizontal, then the report will show horizontal distances. Otherwise, the report uses slope distances. Reduce Direct-Reverse: This routine processes the direct and reverse shots and simplies the raw le by replacing the sets of direct and reverse shots with the resulting average traverse record. Update Raw from Points: This routine is used to update the raw data based upon the coordinates of the points contained in the coordinate ( * .crd) le. For example if the raw data has been processed using the compass rule adjustment method, the points in the crd le are now adjusted. However the raw data remains unchanged. If a record of the rw5 le reecting the angles and distances between the points after an adjustment has been ran is desired, this routine can be run thus updating the raw data to reect the adjusted angles and distances. Another application for this routine is that of building a rw5 le for future processing and adjustment. For example if a point le or text le has been received from another engineering rm or fellow surveyor and you would like to build a rw5 le for future reference and processing this option can also be used to accomplish this. The rw5 le would be set up with the occupied points, foresight points and the desired angle type to use specied for the traverse. This would be all the manual entry of the data necessary. After creating the ''shell'' of the traverse then run the update raw from points routine and the raw data, as contained in the coordinate le, will be imported into the rw5 le thus lling out the horizontal angle, distance and vertical components specied. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 544 Find Bad Angle: This routine applies the angular error to each traverse record one at a time. The adjusted traverse record that improves the closure the most is reported as the Bad Angle. The angular error is the difference between the angle balance shot and a reference angle. Append Another Raw File: This routine prompts for another raw data (.RW5) le which is read and the data added to the end of the existing raw data (.RW5) le. For example, if you are editing the raw le from the rst days work and have a separate raw le with a second days work, you can use this routine to add the second raw data to the rst raw le. Draw Traverse-Sideshot Lines: This routine draws lines for all the traverse and sideshot records. Sideshot Traverses are traverses that do not lead to the closing or ending point. There are different layers so that the lines can be drawn with different colors. This command does not process the raw le. Instead it reads the raw le and for each traverse and sideshot record, the program looks up the coordinates for the occupied and foresight points in the CRD le. So it may be necessary to run Process>No Adjust before running this routine. With the Erase Previous Traverse-Sideshot Lines toggled on, any previous linework drawn using this method will be erased from the drawing screen before drawing the lines again. Renumber Points: This routine renumbers points in the raw le. This applies to all point numbers including: TR, SS, and PT records. Range of Points to Renumber: Enter in the range of points to change, ie 1-4. Line Number to Begin Renumbering: This corresponds to the line number located at the far left or the raw data editor. Enter the line number to begin the renumbering. Line Number To End Renumbering: This also corresponds to the line number located at the far left on the raw data editor. Enter the line number to end the renumbering. If the range of numbers specied does not occur between the beginning line number and the ending line number, no changes will be made. Numbers to Add to Point Numbers: Enter in the value to add. This number will be added to the existing point number to create the new point number. For example, if the number to add is 10 and the existing point numbers 1 and 6, the new renumber points will be 11 and 16. Point Groups: This option can be used to organize the survey data into point groups. There are three op- tions for the creation of point groups, Create All Point Group, Create Traverse Point Group and Create Chapter 11. Survey Menu 545 Sideshot Point Group. The Create All Point Group option, creates a user specied group containing all of the points dened in the rw5 le. Create Traverse Point Group creates a user specied group containing only the points dened in the traverse records (TR) of the rw5 le. The Create Sideshot Point Group creates a user specied group that contains only the points dened in the sideshot records (SS) of the rw5 le. Format of the raw data (.RW5) le The Carlson raw data format is a comma delimited ASCII le containing record types, headers, recorded data and comments. The format is based on the RW5 raw data specication, with the exception of angle sets. Angle sets are recorded as BD, BR, FD and FR records to allow reduction of all possible combinations. Essentially, these records are identical to a sideshot record. Backsight Record Record type: BK Field headers: OP Occupy Point BP Back Point BS Backsight BC Back Circle Sample(s): BK,OP1,BP2,BS315.0000,BC0.0044 Line of Sight Record Record type: LS Field headers: HI Height of Instrument HR Height of Rod * * GPS heights may be recorded to phase center or ARP depending on GPS make. Sample(s): LS,HI5.000000,HR6.000000 LS,HR4.000000 Occupy Record Record type: OC Field headers: OP Point Name N Northing (the header is N space) E Easting (the header is E space) EL Elevation Note Sample(s): OC,OP1,N 5000.00000,E 5000.00000,EL100.000,CP Store Point Record Record type: SP Field headers: PN Point Name N Northing E Easting EL Elevation Note Sample(s): SP,PN100,N 5002.0000,E 5000.0000,EL100.0000,PP Traverse / Sideshot Record / Backsight Direct / Backsight Reverse / Foresight Direct / Foresight Re- Chapter 11. Survey Menu 546 verse Record type: TR / SS / BD / BR / FD / FR Field headers: OP Occupy Point FP Foresight Point (one of the following) AZ Azimuth BR Bearing AR Angle-Right AL Angle-Left DR Deection-Right DL Deection-Left (one of the following) ZE Zenith VA Vertical angle CE Change Elevation (one of the following) SD Slope Distance HD Horizontal Distance Note Sample(s): TR,OP1,FP4,AR90.3333,ZE90.3333,SD25.550000,CP SS,OP1,FP2,AR0.0044,ZE86.0133,SD10.313750,CP BD,OP1,FP2,AR0.0055,ZE86.0126,SD10.320000,CP BR,OP1,FP2,AR180.0037,ZE273.5826,SD10.315000,CP FD,OP1,FP3,AR57.1630,ZE89.4305,SD7.393000,CP FR,OP1,FP3,AR237.1612,ZE270.1548,SD7.395000,CP GPS Record type: GPS Field headers: PN Point Name LA Latitude (WGS84) LN Longitude (WGS84, negative for West) EL Ellipsoid elevation in meters * Note * GPS heights may be recorded to phase center or ARP depending on GPS make. Sample(s): GPS,PN701,LA42.214630920,LN-71.081409184,EL-21.8459,C P /Brass Disk Alphabetical listing of Record Types BD Backsight Direct BK Backsight BR Backsight Reverse FD Foresight Direct FR Foresight Reverse GPS GPS Position in Lat (dd.mmss) Lon (dd.mmss - Negative for West) and WGS84 Ellipsoid Elevation in meters Alphabetical listing of Field Headers AD Azimuth Direction ( 0 for North, 1 for South) AL Angle-Left AR Angle-Right AZ Azimuth BC Back Circle Chapter 11. Survey Menu 547 BP Back Point BR Bearing (this eld will be recorded as N123.4500W) BS Backsight (when back point is not dened) CE Change Elevation DL Deection-Left DR Deection-Right DT Local Date (MM-DD-YYYY) E Easting (the header is E space) EC Earth Curvature (0 for off, 1 for on) EL Elevation (GPS value is ellipsoid elevation in meters) EO EDM Offset FE Foresight Elevation FP Foresight Point HD Horizontal Distance HI Height of Instrument HR Height of Rod LA Latitude LN Longitude N Northing (the header is N space) OC Occupy Point Coordinates OP Occupy Point PN Point Name SD Slope Distance SF Scale Factor TM Local Time (HH:MM:SS) UN Distance Unit (0 for feet, 1 for meter, 2 for US feet) VA Vertical Angle ZE Zenith Note Traverse Examples Chapter 11. Survey Menu 548 This rst example is a closed traverse with an internal backsight of azimuth 178d0'42'' Use the functions under the Add menu to create and ll out the raw le as shown here. Notice that the record from point 7 to 8 is set as a CL+AB record. This tells the program that point 8 is the closing point and that the angle from 7 to 8 is the closing angle. For traverse adjustment, the closing reference point is 1 and the closure error is the difference between point 1 and point 8. For angle balance, the reference closing angle is 358d0'42'' (178d0'42'' + 180). The angle balance error is the difference between this reference angle and the angle from points 7 to 8. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 549 Now let's process using Compass adjustment with Angle Balance. Choose Compass under the Process menu and ll out the dialogs as shown. First half of process report: Process Results 05/23/2002 10:06 Raw file> c:/scadxml/data/example.rw5 CRD file> C:/scadxml/DATA/example.crd Scale Factor: 1.00000000 Correct for Earth Curvature: OFF Starting Point 1: N 5000.00 E 5000.00 Z 100.00 BackSight Azimuth: 17800'42'' Point Horizontal Zenith Slope Inst Rod Northing Easting Elev No. Angle Angle Dist HT HT Description 2 AR268.5330 89.4050 711.32 5.32 6.00 5038.43 5710.27 103.29 P2 3 AR262.5448 89.3236 457.76 5.43 6.00 4587.89 5791.20 106.36 P3 4 AR208.5710 89.1803 201.31 5.40 6.00 4397.30 5726.43 108.22 P4 5 AR247.1657 88.5235 497.12 5.40 6.00 4363.08 5230.59 117.37 P5 19 AR289.3456 91.4405 112.45 5.40 6.00 4471.32 5260.88 113.36 SS1 6 AR277.4835 90.2926 223.98 5.40 6.00 4586.54 5245.67 114.85 Chapter 11. Survey Menu 550 P6 7 AR92.4143 90.2746 233.88 5.40 6.00 4613.25 5013.33 112.36 P7 8 AR261.2756 91.4405 387.25 5.42 6.00 5000.09 4999.97 100.06 CLOSE Closure Results (Before Angle Balance) Starting Point 1: N 5000.00 E 5000.00 Z 100.00 Closing Reference Point 1: N 5000.00 E 5000.00 Z 100.00 Ending Point 8: N 5000.09 E 4999.97 Z 100.06 Azimuth Error : 34138'22'' North Error : 0.09061 East Error : -0.03007 Vertical Error: 0.05953 Hz Dist Error : 0.09547 Sl Dist Error : 0.11251 Traverse Lines> 7 SideShots> 1 Horiz Dist Traversed: 2712.29 Slope Dist Traversed: 2712.62 Closure Precision: 1 in 28409 Remainder of process report: Compass Closure Adjusted Point Comparison Original Adjusted Point# Northing Easting Northing Easting Dist Bearing 2 5038.445 5710.269 5038.440 5710.294 0.025 S 7946'08'' E 3 4587.914 5791.222 4587.907 5791.263 0.042 S 7946'08'' E 4 4397.319 5726.469 4397.310 5726.517 0.049 S 7946'08'' E 5 4363.044 5230.628 4363.032 5230.693 0.067 S 7946'08'' E 6 4586.509 5245.681 4586.496 5245.755 0.075 S 7946'08'' E 7 4613.178 5013.335 4613.163 5013.416 0.083 S 7946'08'' E 8 5000.017 4999.905 5000.000 5000.000 0.097 S 7946'08'' E Max adjustment: 0.097 Starting Point 1: N 5000.00 E 5000.00 Z 100.00 BackSight Azimuth: 17800'42'' Point Horizontal Zenith Slope Inst Rod Northing Easting Elev No. Angle Angle Dist HT HT Description 2 AR268.5326 89.4050 711.34 5.32 6.00 5038.44 5710.29 103.29 P2 3 AR262.5434 89.3236 457.76 5.43 6.00 4587.91 5791.26 106.36 P3 4 AR208.5704 89.1803 201.30 5.40 6.00 4397.31 5726.52 108.22 P4 5 AR247.1657 88.5235 497.09 5.40 6.00 4363.03 5230.69 117.37 P5 19 AR289.3456 91.4405 112.47 5.40 6.00 4471.28 5260.97 113.36 SS1 6 AR277.4839 90.2926 223.99 5.40 6.00 4586.50 5245.75 114.85 P6 7 AR92.4130 90.2746 233.88 5.40 6.00 4613.16 5013.42 112.36 P7 Chapter 11. Survey Menu 551 8 AR261.2758 91.4405 387.27 5.42 6.00 5000.00 5000.00 100.06 CLOSE Shown above is the resulting process report. The angle balance had an error of 39 seconds which was divided among the 7 traverse sides. The Compass Closure shows how each traverse point was adjusted and then the resulting adjusted angles and distances. Here is another layout of the last example that shows an external backsight setup. In this case there are two known points. Point 1 is the starting point and point 21 is the initial backsight. The setup could also use a backsight azimuth (ie north azimuth for example) instead of a backsight point number. The closing record setup has changed from the last example. In this example, the shot from 7 to 8 is the closing shot with point 8 as the closing point. The closing reference point is still point 1. The angle balance shot is from 8 to 9 and the reference angle is from 1 to 21. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 552 Example of an open traverse The traverse starts from the known point 1 and ends at the known point 14. In this case there is no angle bal- ance shot. The closing shot is from3 to 4 with point 4 being the closing point. Point 14 is the closing reference point. The closing record setup has changed from the last example. In this example, the shot from 7 to 8 is the closing shot with point 8 as the closing point. The closing reference point is still point 1. The angle balance shot is from 8 to 9 and the reference angle is from 1 to 21. Here is an example of an open traverse. Compass Report from Open Traverse example: Process Results Raw file> d:/scdev/data/tsurvey.rw5 CRD file> d:/scdev/data/tsurvey.crd Compass Closure Adjusted Point Comparison Original Adjusted Point# Northing Easting Northing Easting Distance Bearing 2 5013.76 5711.18 5013.78 5711.13 0.047 N 63d21'19'' W 3 4560.69 5776.42 4560.72 5776.35 0.078 N 63d21'19'' W 4 4372.46 5705.08 4372.50 5705.00 0.091 N 63d21'19'' W Point Horizontal Vertical Slope Inst Rod Northing Easting Elev No. Angle Angle Dist HT HT Description 2 AR133.5324 89.4050 711.27 5.32 6.00 5013.78 5711.13 103.29 3 AR262.5506 89.3236 457.74 5.43 6.00 4560.72 5776.35 106.36 4 AR208.5712 89.1803 201.30 5.40 6.00 4372.50 5705.00 108.22 Chapter 11. Survey Menu 553 The traverse starts from the known point 1 and ends at the known point 14. In this case there is no angle balance shot. The closing shot is from 3 to 4 with point 4 being the closing point. Point 14 is the closing reference point. Portion of typical Sokkia/SDR raw data le: 00NMSDR20 V03-05 Jan-22-98 19:14 122211 10NMW970709A 13CPSea level crn: N 02TP00015000.000005000.0000085.63500005.22000000PK-FD 08KI00035000.000005192.9200081.7450000MN-SET 07TP0001000390.00000000.00000000 09F100010003193.10000092.40416660.00000000MN-SET 09F100010100193.00000091.31388880.00000000SN-REC Portion of typical Wild/Leica raw data le: 410001+000000SB 42....+00000000 43....+00000000 44....+00000000 45....+00000000 110002+00000002 21.124+35959590 22.104+08748240 31...1+00000000 51..0.+0012+000 110003+00000003 21.124+00000000 22.104+08748240 31...1+00267075 51..0.+0012+000 110004+00000004 21.124+00420390 22.104+08702570 31...1+00168234 51..0.+0012+000 110005+00000005 21.124+26029130 22.104+09311370 31...1+00206133 51..0.+0012+000 410006+000000IP 42....+00000000 43....+00000000 44....+00000000 45....+00000000 110007+00000006 21.124+25827090 22.104+09504550 31...1+00106228 51..0.+0012+000 110008+00000007 21.124+27151500 22.104+09312240 31...1+00106066 51..0.+0012+000 Portion of typical SMI raw data le: CM Denitions: SS: Side Shot; TR: Traverse; OC: Occupied Coordinates; PC: Point Coordinates; CM: Comment; OS: Occupied Station; TS = time stamp; e = electronic; m = manual; CM TS TUE 04/09/91 09:41:25P PC 1 5000.00000 5000.00000 0.00000 SS e HI:4.000 HR:5.000 PIPE/F 0 1 2 BAZ:0.00000 AR:0.00040 ZA:91.24330 SD:92.020 SS e HI:0.000 HR:0.000 BC/BR FRAME 1ST 0 1 3 BAZ:0.00000 AR:28.47220 ZA:91.20250 SD:65.240 Portion of typical PC COGO raw data le: Chapter 11. Survey Menu 554 * NEW SET UP INST. AT 1 359 59 59 ON 4 L ANG 1000 4 1 77 18 52 4.44 * 1000 WALL# 283.22 L ANG 1001 4 1 55 44 28 9.8 * 1001 WALL# 283.28 L ANG 1002 4 1 38 37 8 15.89 * 1002 WALL# 283.48 L ANG 1008 4 1 27 18 34 123.82 * 1008 WALL# 287.75 Portion of typical Nikon raw data le: MP,NOR,,5000.0000,5000.0000,100.0000,1 CO,Temp:111F Press:29.9inHg Prism:666 23-May-2000 10:30:36 ST,NOR,,1,,5.0000,0.0000,0.0000 SS,1,5.0000,131.0605,91.3744,88.4935,10:36:15,CL1 SS,2,5.0000,137.6770,90.2923,88.5236,10:36:50,CL1 Portion of typical MDL/Laser raw data le: D052097F04P52I494P01P02 H32473V-0639R016202P03 H06687V-0706R014936P91 H03840V-0483R017380 Portion of typical Geodimeter raw data le: 50=HAWTHORN 54=19398 23=3222 2=1 37=1000.00 38=5000.00 39=700.000 Portion of typical Survis raw data le: OCCUPY PNT 621 616 5.140 148.36076 10255015.7245 3790987.2398 87.6695 ir 10255535.8009 3790669.8100 100.3900 ir COMMENT Thu Apr 08 08:14:14 1999 BACKSIGHT 0.00000 90.33400 609.4200 11.900 ir SIDESHOT 1 0 0 18.47550 90.55000 17.4200 5.300 TP:gps1 Portion of typical Fieldbook raw data le: NE 32 10696.4141 10043.5613 ''SN-SET'' AZ 32 27 0 STN 32 BS 27 AD 27 0.00000 NULL ''SN-SET'' AD 33 183.23250 183.660 ''SN-SET'' Portion of typical SurvCOGO raw data le: 19100 , 0 , 19101 , 5 , 5.25 , 4.7 , 35.15 , 550 , 91.23 ,START 19101 , 19100 , 19102 , 5 , 5.15 , 4.7 , 35.15 , 120.23 , 88.34 , 19102 , 19101 , 19103 , 5 , 5.2 , 4.7 , 125.1444 , 180.41 , 90 , 19103 , 19102 , 19104 , 5 , 5.2 , 4.7 , 125.15 , 240.03 , 90 , 19104 , 19103 , 19105 , 5 , 5.3 , 4.7 , 315.15 , 305.5 , 90 ,IRON PIN 19105 , 19104 , 19106 , 5 , 5.4 , 4.7 , 215.15 , 140.35 , 90 ,IRON PIN Chapter 11. Survey Menu 555 19106 , 19105 , 19107 , 5 , 5.05 , 4.7 , 215.15 , 200 , 90 ,TACK IN FENCE 19107 , 19106 , 19108 , 5 , 5.2 , 4.7 , 300.23 , 400 , 90 , Pulldown Menu Location: Survey Keyboard Command: rawedit Prerequisite: None Edit-Process Level Data This command is for entering and calculating level data. It has a spreadsheet editor for entering the level measure- ments, and the level calculations are updated as the data is entered. There is also a processing and reporting feature. Carlson Software supports two level le formats: LEV Files: The .LEV le is the old format. You can still edit and process les in this format. The LEV format only supports differential levels, single and three-wire. The LEV le has 5 record types: 1) SR - Start Record. Contains the starting benchmark measurement. 2) TP - Turning point record, contains the backsight and foresight to the turning point. 3) LV - Side Shot (or level) record. Contains the foresight measurement to the point. 4) ER - End Record, contains the measurement to the ending benchmark. 5) Note/Comment - starts with two dashes TLV Files: The TLV le format can contain Differential and/or Trig-Level data. This is Carlson's new for- mat and is supported by SurvCE (Carlson data collection program). The TLV le has the following record types: 1) H1 - First header record contains project information 2) H2 - Second header record contains date, time, temperature and pressure information 3) BM - Benchmark record, contains the point number, elevation and description of the benchmark. 4) LS - Rod height, only used with TRIG-LEVEL data. 5) BS- Backsight measurement. This record contains the backsight point number and measurement: a) Differential data: VD and HD - Vertical Difference (rod reading) and Horizontal Distance b) Trig data: SD/ZE - Slope Distance and Zenith Angle 6) FS - Foresight measurement. This record contains the foresight point number and measurement. a) Differential data: VD and HD - Vertical Difference (rod reading) and Horizontal Distance b) Trig data: SD/ZE - Slope Distance and Zenith Angle 7) Note/Comment - starts with two dashes This routine runs the * .TLV / * .LEV le editor and le report functions. LEV File Editor: If you are creating a new .LEV le, you must choose either single-wire or three-wire for your level format data entry preference. Three Wire leveling, or precise leveling, is a process of direct leveling wherein three cross hairs, or threads, are read and recorded rather than the single horizontal cross hair. Note below, in the sample three-wire editor graphic, the additional columns representing top and bottom readings. The commands starts by asking you, with a dialog box, to select an existing level le (.LEV) to process or to select a name for a new level le. The below examples are using existing les. Once this choice is made the small, Level Chapter 11. Survey Menu 556 Format dialog appears. Format choice box Regardless of whether you choose Single or Three Wire, the Level Editor appears in its own window. Below we see the editor displaying the contents of two existing les of level information. One is single wire and the other is three wire. The pulldown menus are the same for both, as described below in detail. In the spreadsheet, the background color of the cells indicate the data type. White cells are for user-specied values. Blue cells are program calculated values. Black cells are data elds that aren't used by the level record for that row. Level File Editor - sample Single Wire data Chapter 11. Survey Menu 557 Level File Editor - sample Three Wire data File->Settings File: Standard File routines - Open, Save, Save As, Settings, Print and Exit. Settings brings up a dialog where you can adjust the 3-wire tolerance and distance values. Open will allow you to open up another existing .LEV le. File->Import: This routine imports Carlson .LEV format, Leica level data in .GSI or .XML format, TDS .RAW format, Topcon or Trimble .DAT format into the level editor. File->Settings: This function has a setting for whether to use the Report Formatter for the Print function. The Report Formatter allows for customized reports and output to Excel. Without the Report Formatter, the Print function creates an automatic report. Edit: Cut, Copy, Paste and Go To. Go To will take you to the row of your choosing. Add: These options provide the standard level run routines. Details on each and a graphic of the pulldown follow. Tools: This pulldown is for adjusting and storing elevations. The Add and Tools pulldowns at the top of the editor provide the following features: Level Editor - Add pulldown menu Level Start (SR): Starts the level run, usually with a know starting elevation or benchmark. Level Turning Point (TP): Turning point procedure for leveling. Level Side Shot (LV): For entering leveling side shots. Level End (ER): Enter your value. Note: You can add a note, or comments, into the editor as you move through the level run. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 558 Level Editor - Tools pulldown menu Adjust Elevations: This function will do a simple adjustment of your level data and place the adjusted elevations in the Adjusted Elevation column. If you are running 3 wire level loop the corrections will be inversely proportionate to the distance between the measurements. If you are running a single wire level loop, the corrections will be averaged by the number of turns. Store Elevations to Coordinate File: It is important that the point numbers in the level le match the point numbers in the coordinate le. If you have an active coordinate le passed to the level editor, this option will be available to you. The elevations calculated in the level le will be stored in the active coordinate le by matching point numbers. The point must exist in the coordinate le before an elevation will be stored. After the elevations have been stored, a report will show which points were stored and which ones were not. If adjusted elevations have been calculated, they will be stored. If not, the unadjusted elevations will be stored. Selecting Print (editor File menu) provided this Level File Report sample Editor Columns: Type: These are small pulldown menus with two-letter level procedure choices. The two letters are abbreviations as indicated in the next dialog. These steps may be made with the Add pulldown or with this method. The options are SR, TP, ER, LV and DS. DS stands for description shot. Point # - Point number of measurement. BS - Backsight rod reading HI - Calculated height of instrument FS - Foresight rod reading Elevation - Elevation of point Code: The code is used by SurvNet for network least-squares processing of networked level loops. The code can be either EL or FE where EL is for calculated elevations and FE is for xed elevations. FE should only be assigned to a START or END record (where you can enter the value for the adjusted elevation). If FE is assigned to an intermediate record it is ignored. Here is how the FE records are used. Say you run from one benchmark to another (point 1 to point 10). Point 1 and point 10 are the START and END records of the rst loop and both are FE records. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 559 Then you start another loop at point 5 (halfway between 1 and 10). This is not a benchmark and can be adjusted so it should be assigned an EL code. Point 5 is the START record for the second loop. You run from point 5 to point 20 which is a benchmark. Point 20 is the END record and is assigned an FE code. When SurvNET processes the le, it will hold points 1, 10 and 20, allowing all others to be adjusted, including point 5 (even though it is a START record). Adjusted Elevation - Adjusted elevation of point Description - description of point TLV File Editor: TLV les can contain trig-level and/or differential level data. The editor will allow both type records in the same le. Below is a sample Trig-Level TLV le: Below is a sample Differential-Level TLV le: Menu Options: File Menu: Open - Open an existing .TLV le. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 560 New - Creates a new TLV level le. Save - Save changes Save As - Save as different le name Settings - Not used with TLV les. Import - You can import the following level le formats: Leica GSI format, Leica XML format, and Trimble DAT format. Print - get hard copy printout of data. Exit - Exit Level Editor Program Edit Menu: Clipboard: Cut, Copy, Paste Go To - ''Go To'' will take you to the row of your choosing. Enter the row number. Add Menu: Add: These options allow you to add or insert a new record into the level editor. Benchmark Record (BM): Point with known elevation. Backsight Record (BS): Differential-level measurement to the backsight point. Foresight Record (FS): Differential-level measurement to foresight point. Backsight Record (BT): Trig-level measurement to the backsight point. Foresight Record (FT): Trig-level measurement to foresight point. Note: You can add a note, or comments, into the editor as you move through the level run. Tools Menu: Adjust Elevations: This function will do a simple adjustment of your level data and place the adjusted ele- vations in the Adjusted Elevation column. If you have distances, either HD or SD for all your measurements, the corrections will be inversely proportionate to the distance between the measurements. If you are running a single wire level loop (VD but no HD), the corrections will be averaged by the number of turns. Store Elevations to Coordinate File: It is important that the point numbers in the level le match the point numbers in the coordinate le. If you have an active coordinate le passed to the level editor, this option will be available to you. The elevations calculated in the level le will be stored in the active coordinate le by matching point numbers. The point must exist in the coordinate le before an elevation will be stored. After the elevations have been stored, a report will show which points were stored and which ones were not. If adjusted elevations have been calculated, they will be stored. If not, the unadjusted elevations will be stored. Editor columns Measurement records will have the following columns: Trig Level Record: Type - Two character abbreviation that shows the record type: BM - Benchmark BS - Differential-level backsight record BT - Trig-Level backsight record FS - Differential-level foresight record FT - Trig-Level foresight record DS - Note or Comment Point # - Point number of measurement. RodHt - Rod reading Zenith - Zenith angle S.Dist - Slope Distance HI/Elev - Elevation of HI if a backsight record, or the foresight point if a foresight record Chapter 11. Survey Menu 561 Adjusted Elevation - Adjusted elevation of foresight point Description - description of point Differential Level Record: Type - Two character abbreviation that shows the record type, same as above. Point # - Point number of measurement. V.Diff- Rod Reading H.Dist - Horizontal Distance HI/Elev - Elevation of HI if a backsight record, or the foresight point if a foresight record Adjusted Elevation - Adjusted elevation of foresight point Description - description of point Pulldown Menu Location: Survey Keyboard Command: diglevel Prerequisite: .LEV (level) le to process Edit Process SDMS File This command processes SDMS format raw data from PRJ les. There is a spreadsheet editor with the data tag, value and description for each of the records. The processing functions are the same as the Edit Process Raw Data command. See that section of the manual for a description of the processing functions. The Edit Process SDMS command allows you to work with the SDMS raw data in its native format. Alternatively, you can run Edit Process Raw Data and convert the SDMS PRJ le into a Carlson RW5 le. Pulldown Menu Location: Survey Keyboard Command: sdmsedit Prerequisite: None SurvNET SurvNet is Carlson's network least squares adjustment program. This program performs a least squares adjustment and statistical analysis on a network of raw survey eld data, including both total station measurements and GPS vectors. SurvNet simultaneously adjusts a network of interconnected traverses with any amount of redundancy. The raw data can contain any combination of traverse (angle and distance), triangulation (angle only) and trilateration (distance only) measurements, as well as GPS vectors. The raw data does not need to be in any specied order, and individual traverses do not have to be dened using any special codes. All measurements are used in the adjustment. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 562 Entry Point: Entry into the SurvNet program is easy. It can be accessed in two different ways. The easiest way to start the program is to select SurvNet from the Survey menu. The other method is to start SurvNet from within the Raw Data File editor. You get to this editor by selecting Edit-Process Raw Data File from the Survey menu. When in the editor, selecting the Process (Compute Pts) menu and click SurvNet. Survey menu shows the two ways to access SurvNet Process menu inside of Raw Data File Editor The Opening SurvNet Window Following is the SurvNet start-up dialog box. This dialog box is displayed when SurvNet is rst started. SurvNet is a project based program. Before performing a least squares adjustment an existing project must be opened or a Chapter 11. Survey Menu 563 new project needs to be created. This opening dialog box allows the user to open or create a project on start-up. You also can create or open a project from the 'Files' menu. Since all project management functions can be performed from the 'Files' menu this start-up dialog box is a convenience. So, the 'Show this dialog box on start-up' can be unchecked and the start-up dialog box will not be displayed when SurvNet is started. Following is a view of the SurvNet main window with an existing project opened. SurvNet reduces survey eld measurements to grid coordinates in Assumed, UTM, SPC83 SPC27, and a variety of other coordinate systems. In the 2D/1D model, a grid factor is computed for each individual line during the reduction. The elevation factor is computed for each individual line if there is sufcient elevation data. If the raw data has only 2D data, the user has the option of dening a project elevation to be used to compute the elevation factor. SurvNet supports a variety of map projections and coordinate systems including the New Brunswick Survey Control coordinate system, UTM, and user dened systems consisting of either a predened ellipsoid or a user dened ellipsoid and one of the following projections, Transverse Mercator, 1 Standard Parallel Lam- Chapter 11. Survey Menu 564 bert Conformal, 2 Standard Parallel Lambert Conformal, Oblique Mercator, and the Double Stereographic projection. A full statistical report containing the results of the least squares adjustment is produced and written to the report (.RPT) le. An error report (.ERR) le is created and contains any error messages that are generated during the adjustment. Coordinates can be stored in a Carlson (.CRD) le, C&G (.CRD) le, Simplicity le or an LDD le. An ASCII coordinate (.NEZ) le is always created that can be imported into most any mapping/surveying/GIS program. The user has the option to compute unadjusted preliminary coordinates. There is an option to compute traverse closures during the preprocessing of the raw data. Closures can be computed for both GPS and total station traverses. Closure for multiple traverse loops in the same raw le can be computed. SurvNet can combine GPS vectors and total station data in a single adjustment. GPS Vector les from Leica, Thales/Ashtech, Topcon and Trimble can be input, as can GPS les in the Carlson format. SurvNet includes a variety of blunder detection routines. One blunder detection method is effective in de- tecting if the same point number has been used for two different points. Additionally this blunder detection method is effective in detecting if two different point numbers have been used for the same physical position. This method also ags other raw data problems. Another blunder detection method included in SurvNet is ef- fective in isolating a single blunder, distance or angle in a network. This method does not require that there be a lot of redundancy, but is effective if there is only one blunder in the data set. Additionally, SurvNet includes a blunder detection method that can isolate multiple blunders, distances or angles in a network. This method does require that there be a lot of redundancy in the network to effectively isolate the multiple blunders. Other key features include: Differential and Trig level networks and loops can be adjusted using the network least squares program. Geoid modeling is used in SurvNet, allowing the users to choose between many different Geoid models. The user can alternately enter the project geoid separation. There are description codes to identify duplicate points with different point numbers. The user can specify the condence interval from 50 to 99 percent. SurvNet performs a least squares adjustment and statistical analysis of a network of raw survey eld data, including total station measurements, differential level data and GPS vectors. SurvNet simultaneously adjusts a network of interconnected traverses with any amount of redundancy. The raw data can contain any combination of angle and distance measurements, and GPS vectors. SurvNet can adjust any combination of trilaterations, traverses, triangluations, networks and resections. The raw data does not need to be in a linear format, and individual traverses do not have to be dened using any special codes. All measurements are used in the adjustment. General Rules for Collecting Data for Use in Least Squares Adjustments Least squares is very exible in terms of how the survey data needs to be collected. Generally speaking, any combination of angles, and distances combined with a minimal amount of control points and/or azimuths are needed. This data can be collected in any order. There needs to be at least some redundancy in the measurements. Redundant measurements are measurements that are in excess of the minimum number of measurements required to determine the unknown coordinates. Redundancy can be created by including multiple GPS and other control points within a network or traverse. Measuring angles and distances to points in the network that have been located from another point in the survey creates redundancy. Running additional cut-off traverses or additional traverses to existing control points creates redundancy. Following are some general rules and tips in collecting data for least squares reduction. Backsights should be to point numbers. Some data collectors allow the user to backsight an azimuth not associated with a point number. SurvNet requires that all backsights be associated with a point number. There has to be at least a minimum amount of control. There has to be at least one control point. Additionally there needs to be either one additional control point or a reference azimuth. Control points can be entered in either the raw data le or there can be a supplemental control point le containing the control point. Reference Chapter 11. Survey Menu 565 azimuths are entered in the raw data le. The control points and reference azimuths do not need to be for the rst points in the raw data le. The control points and azimuths can be associated with any point in the network or traverse. The control points do not need to be adjacent to each other. It is permissible, though unusual, to have one control point on one side of the project and a reference azimuth on the other side of the project. Some data collectors do not allow the surveyor to shoot the same point twice using the same point number. SurvNet requires that all measurements to the same point use a single point number. The raw data may need to be edited after it has been downloaded to the ofce computer to insure that points are numbered correctly. An alternative to renumbering the points in the raw data le is to use the 'Pt Number substitution string' feature in the project 'Settings' screen. See the 'Redundant Measurement' section for more details on this feature. The majority of all problems in processing raw data are related to point numbering issues. Using the same point number twice for different points, not using the same point number when measuring the same point, misnumbering backsights or foresights, and misnumbering control points are all common problems. It is always best to explicitly dene the control for the project. A good method is to put all the control for a project into a separate raw le. A big source of problems with new users is a misunderstanding in dening their control for a project. Some data collectors may have preliminary unadjusted coordinates included with the raw data. These coordi- nate records should be removed from the raw le. The only coordinate values that should be in the raw le are the control points. Since there is no concept of 'starting coordinates' in least squares there is no way for SurvNet to determine which points are considered control and which points are preliminary unadjusted points. So all coordinates found in a raw data le will be considered control points. When a large project is not processing correctly, it is often useful to divide the project into several raw data les and debug and process each le separately as it is easier to debug small projects. Once the smaller projects are processing separately they can be combined for a nal combined adjustment. SurvNet gives the user the option to choose one of two mathematical model options when adjusting raw data, the 3D model and the 2D/1D model. In the process of developing SurvNet numerous projects have been adjusted using both the 2D/1D model and the 3D model. There are slight differences in nal adjusted coordinates when comparing the results from the same network using the two models. But in all cases the differences in the results are typically less than the accuracy of measurements used in the project. The main difference in terms of collecting raw data for the two different models is that the 3D model requires that rod heights and instrument heights need to be measured, and there needs to be sufcient elevation control to compute elevations for all points in the survey. When collecting data for the 2D/1D model the eld crews do not need to collect rod heights and instrument heights. In the 2D/1D model raw distance measurements are rst reduced to horizontal distances and then optionally to grid distances. Then a two dimensional horizontal least squares adjustment is performed on these reduced hor- izontal distance measurements and horizontal angles. After the horizontal adjustment is performed an optional one-dimensional vertical least squares adjustment is performed in order to adjust the elevations if there is sufcient data to compute elevations. The 2D/1D model is the model that has been traditionally been used in the past by non- geodetic surveyors in the reduction of eld data. There are several advantages to SurvNet's implementation of the 2D/lD model. One advantage is that an assumed coordinate system can be used. It is not necessary to know geodetic positions for control points. Another advantage is that 3D raw data is not required. It is not necessary to record rod heights and heights of instruments. Elevations are not required for the control points. The primary disadvantage of SurvNet's implementation of the 2D/1D model is that GPS vector data cannot be used in 2D/1D projects. In the 3Dmodel rawdata is not reduced to a horizontal plane prior to the least squares adjustment. The 3 dimensional data is adjusted in a single least squares process. In SurvNet's implementation of the 3D model XYZ geodetic positions are required for control. The raw data must contain full 3D data including rod heights and measured heights of instrument. The user must designate a supported geodetic coordinate system. The main advantage of using the 3D model is that GPS vectors can be incorporated into the adjustment. In the 2D/1D model it is allowed to mix 2D and 3D measurements. Elevations will be calculated only if there is enough information in the raw data le to do so. Least squares adjustment is used for elevation adjustment as well as the horizontal adjustment. To compute an elevation for the point the instrument record must have an HI, Chapter 11. Survey Menu 566 and the foresight record must have a rod height, slope distance and vertical angle. If working with .CGR raw data a 0.0 (zero) HI or rod height is valid. It is only when the eld is blank that the record will be considered a 2D measurement. Carlson SurvCE 2.0 or higher allows you to mix 2D and 3D data by inserting a 2D or 3D comment record into the .RW5 le. A 3D traverse must also have adequate elevation control in order to process the elevations. Elevation control can be obtained from the supplemental control le, coordinate records in the raw data le, or elevation records in the raw data le. The ''Adjust Elevations'' box in the project settings must be checked to adjust the calculated elevations. If it is unchecked, elevations will still be calculated if the 3D data is available, but they will not be adjusted. SurvNet can also automatically reduce eld measurements to state plane coordinates in either the NAD 83 or NAD 27 coordinate systems. If a grid coordinate system is selected, the grid scale factor is computed for each individual line during the reduction. The elevation factor is also computed for each individual line if there is sufcient elevation data. If the raw data has only 2D data, the user has the option of dening a project elevation to be used to compute the elevation factor. A full statistical report containing the results of the least squares adjustment is produced and written to the report (.RPT) le. An error report (.ERR) le is created and contains any error messages that are generated during the adjustment. Coordinates can be stored in the following formats: C&G numeric ( * .crd) C&G alphanumeric ( * .cgc) Carlson numeric ( * .crd) Carlson alphanumeric ( * .crd) Autodesk Land Desktop ( * .mdb) Simplicity ( * .zak) ASCII P,N,E,Z,D,C ( * .nez) A le with the extension .OUT is always created and contains an ASCII formatted coordinate list of the nal adjusted coordinates formatted suitable for printing. Additionally an ASCII le with an extension of .NEZ containing the nal adjusted coordinates in a format suitable for input into 3rd party software that is capable of inputting an ASCII coordinate le.. SurvNet produces a wealth of statistical information that allows an effective way to evaluate the quality of survey measurements. In addition to the least squares statistical information there is an option to compute traverse closures during the preprocessing of the raw data. Traverse closures can be computed for both GPS and total station traverses. This option has no effect on the computation of nal least squares adjusted coordinates. This option is useful for surveyors who due to statutory requirements are still required to compute traverse closures and for those surveyors who still like to view traverse closures prior to the least squares adjustment. SurvNet works equally well for both Carlson users and C&G users. The primary difference between the two users is that a Carlson user will typically be using an .RW5 le for his raw data and a C&G user will typically be using a .CGR le. SurvNet is capable of processing either C&G (.CGR) raw data les or Carlson (.RW5) raw data les. Measurement, coordinate, elevation and direction (Brg/Az) records are all recognized. Scale factor records in the .CGR le are not processed since SurvNet calculates the state plane scale factors automatically. The menu option 'Settings->Global Settings' displays the following dialog box. If the 'Use Carlson Utilites' is chosen then the .RW5 editor will be the default raw editor and Carlson SurvCom will be the default data collection transfer program. If the 'Use C&G Utilities' is chosen then the C&G .CGR editor will be the default raw editor and C&G's data collection transfer program will be the default data collection transfer program. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 567 Standard errors are estimated errors that are assigned to measurements or coordinates. Astandard error is an estimate of the standard deviation of a sample. A higher standard error indicates a less accurate measurement. The higher the standard error of a measurement, the less weight it will have in the adjustment process. Although you can set default standard errors for the various types of measurements in the project settings of SurvNet, standard errors can also be placed directly into the raw data le. A standard error record inserted into a raw data le applies to all the measurements following the SE record.The standard error does not change until another SE record is inserted that either changes the specic standard error, or sets the standard errors back to the project defaults. The advantage of entering standard errors into the raw le is that you can have different standard errors for the same type measurement in the same job. For example, if you used a one second total station with xed backsights and foresights for a portion of a traverse and a 10 second total station with backsights and foresights to hand held prisms on the other portion of the traverse, you would want to assign different standard errors to reect the different methods used to collect the data. Make sure the SE record is placed before the measurements for which it applies. If you do not have standard errors dened in the raw data le, the default standard errors in the project settings will be applied to the entire le. Carlson Raw Data Editor: The raw data editor can be accessed from the tool bar icon. Following is an image of the .RW5 editor. Refer to the Carlson raw editor documentation for guidance in the basic operation of the editor. The following documentation only deals with topics that are specic to the .RW5 editor and SurvNet. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 568 You can insert or add Standard Error records into the raw data le. Use the 'Add' menu option to insert standard error records into the raw les. SEc - Control Standard Errors You can set standard errors for Northing, Easting, Elevation, and Azimuth using the 'Control Standard Error' menu option. Azimuth standard errors are entered in seconds. The North, East and Elevation standard errors affect the PT (coordinate) and EL (elevation) records. You can hold the North, East and Elevation xed by entering a ''!'' symbol. You can allow the North, East and Elevation to FLOAT by entering a ''#'' symbol. You can also assign the North, East and Elevation actual values. If you use an '' * '' symbol, the current standard error value will return to the project default values. North East Elevation Azim ! ! ! (Fix all values) # # # 30.0 (Allow the N., E. & Elevation to Float) 0.01 0.01 0.03 5.0 (assign values) Chapter 11. Survey Menu 569 * * * * (return the standard errors back to project defaults) When you x a coordinate point, the original value does not change during the adjustment and all measurements will be adjusted to t the xed point. If you allow a value to oat, it will not be used in the actual adjustment, it will just be used to help calculate the initial coordinate values required for the adjustment process. Placing a very high or low standard error on a coordinate point accomplishes almost the same thing as setting the standard error as oat or xed. The primary purpose of using a oat point is if SurvNet cannot compute preliminary values, a preliminary oat value can be computed and entered for the point. Direction records cannot be FIXED or FLOAT. You can assign a low standard error (or zero to x) if you want to weight it heavily, or a high standard error to allow it to oat. In the example below, the rst SEc record containing the '!' character and sets points 103, 204, and 306 to be xed. The last SEc record contains the ' * ' character. It sets the standard errors for point 478 and any other points that follow to the project settings. The Azimuth standard error was left blank. Example: North East Elev Azim CSE ! ! ! PT 103 1123233.23491 238477.28654 923.456 PT 204 1124789.84638 239234.56946 859.275 PT 306 1122934.25974 237258.65248 904.957 North East Elev Azim CSE * * * PT 478 1122784.26874 237300.75248 945.840 MSE - Measurement Standard Errors You can set the standard errors for distances, horizontal angle pointing, horizontal angle reading, vertical angle pointing, vertical angle reading, and distance constant and PPM. ''Distance'' - distance constant and measurement error, can be obtained from EDM specs, or from performing an EDM calibration on an EDM baseline, or from other testing done by the user. ''PPM'' - Parts per Million, obtain from EDM specs, or from performing an EDM calibration on an EDM baseline, or from other testing done by the user. ''Pointing'' - total station horizontal angular pointing error in seconds. This value is an indication of how accurately the instrument man can point to the target. For example, you may set it higher in the summer because of the heat waves. Or you may set it higher for total stations running in Robotic Mode because they cannot point as well as a manual sighted total station. ''Reading'' - total station horizontal angular reading error in seconds. If you have a 10 second theodolite, enter a reading error of 10 seconds. ''V.Pointing'' - total station vertical angular pointing error in seconds. This value is an indication of how accurately the instrument man can point to the target. For example, you may set it higher in the summer because of the heat waves. ''V.Reading'' - total station vertical angular reading error in seconds. If you have a 10 second theodolite, enter a reading error of 10 seconds. Example: Distance Point Read V.Point V.Read PPM MSE 0.01 3 3 3 3 5 Chapter 11. Survey Menu 570 You can enter any combination of the above values. If you do not want to change the standard error for a particular measurement type, leave it blank. If you use an '' * '' symbol, the standard error for that measurement type will return to the project default values. SSE - Setup Standard Errors These standard errors are a measure of how accurately the instrument and target can be setup over the points. ''Rod Ctr'' is the Target Centering error. This value reects how accurately the target prism can be set up over the point. ''Inst Ctr'' is the Instrument Centering error. This value reects how accurately the instrument can be set up over the point. ''Ints Hgt'' is the Instrument Height error. This value reects how accurately the height of the instrument above the mark can be measured. ''Rod Hgt'' is the Target Height error. This value reects how accurately the height of the prism above the mark can be measured. Example: Rod Ctr Inst Ctr Inst Ht Rod Hgt SSE 0.005 0.005 0.01 0.01 You can enter any combination of the above values. If you do not want to change the standard error for a particular measurement type, leave it blank. If you use an '' * '' symbol, it will return the standard error to the project default values. C&G Raw Data Editor: You can set standard errors for control, measurements and instrument setup using the Insert->Standard Error menu option: Chapter 11. Survey Menu 571 This will open a Standard Error dialog box: This dialog allows you to create three types of standard error records: Control, Measurement, and Setup. You need only enter the values for the standard errors you wish to set. If a eld is left blank no standard error for that value will be inserted into the raw data le. You can hold the North, East and Elevation xed by entering a ''!'' symbol (as shown above). You can allow the Chapter 11. Survey Menu 572 North, East and Elevation to FLOAT by entering a ''#'' symbol. You can also assign the North, East and Elevation actual values. If you use an '' * '' symbol (or press the ''Set Project Defaults'' button), the current standard error value will return to the project default values. In the above example, a Control Standard Error record (SEc) will be created: Below are some sample values for control standard errors: North East Elevation Azim ! ! ! (Fix all values) # # # 30.0 (Allow the N., E. & Elevation to Float) 0.01 0.01 0.03 5.0 (assign values) * * * * (return the standard errors back to project defaults) When you x a coordinate point, the original value does not change during the adjustment and all other measure- ments will be adjusted to t the xed point. If you allow a value to oat, it will not be used in the actual adjustment, it will just be used to help calculate the initial coordinate values required for the adjustment process. Placing a very high or low standard error on a measurement accomplishes almost the same thing as setting a standard error as oat or xed. The primary purpose of using a oat point is if SurvNet cannot compute preliminary values, a preliminary oat value can be computed and entered for the point. Direction records cannot be FIXED or FLOAT. You can assign a low standard error (or zero to x) if you want to weight it heavily, or a high standard error to allow it to oat. MSE - Measurement Standard Errors You can set the standard errors for distances, horizontal angle pointing, horizontal angle reading, vertical angle pointing, vertical angle reading, and distance constant and PPM. ''Distance'' - distance constant and measurement error, can be obtained from EDM specs, or from performing an EDM calibration on an EDM baseline, or from other testing done by the user. ''PPM'' - Parts per Million, obtain from EDM specs, or from performing an EDM calibration on an EDM baseline, or from other testing done by the user. ''Pointing'' - total station horizontal angular pointing error in seconds. This value is an indication of how accurately the instrument man can point to the target. For example, you may set it higher in the summer because of the heat waves. Or you may set it higher for total stations running in Robotic Mode because they cannot point as well as a manual sighted total station. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 573 ''Reading'' - total station horizontal angular reading error in seconds. If you have a 10 second theodolite, enter a reading error of 10 seconds. ''V.Pointing'' - total station vertical angular pointing error in seconds. This value is an indication of how accurately the instrument man can point to the target. For example, you may set it higher in the summer because of the heat waves. ''V.Reading'' - total station vertical angular reading error in seconds. If you have a 10 second theodolite, enter a reading error of 10 seconds. Example: You can enter any combination of the above values. If you do not want to change the standard error for a particular measurement type, leave it blank. If you use an '' * '' symbol, the standard error for that measurement type will return to the project default values. The following SEm record will be created: Chapter 11. Survey Menu 574 SSE - Setup Standard Errors These standard errors are a measure of how accurately the instrument and target can be setup over the points. ''Target Center'' is the Target Centering error. This value reects how accurately the target prism can be set up over the point. ''Instrument Center'' is the Instrument Centering error. This value reects how accurately the instrument can be set up over the point. ''Height of Instrument'' is the Instrument Height error. This value reects how accurately the height of the instrument above the mark can be measured. ''Target Height'' is the Target Height error. This value reects how accurately the height of the prism above the mark can be measured. Example: You can enter any combination of the above values. If you do not want to change the standard error for a particular measurement type, leave it blank. If you use an '' * '' symbol, it will return the standard error to the project default values. The following SEs record will be created: Chapter 11. Survey Menu 575 There are several other features available in both the Carlson and C&G editors that are useful to SurvNet. Insert Coordinate records from le - when inputting control into a raw data le, it is more convenient to read the control point directly from a coordinate le than it is to manually key them in. The ''Insert Coordinates'' function allows you to select points in a variety of manner making it easy to select just control points. For example, you can select points by description, code, point blocks, point number, etc. C&G editor: Chapter 11. Survey Menu 576 Carlson Editor: Data ON/OFF records - when trying track down problems, sometimes it is convenient to remove certain sections of raw data prior to processing. Both the Carlson and C&G raw data editors have a special record (DO record) that will turn OFF or ON certain areas of data. For example, when you insert a DO record all data following that record will be turned OFF (it will be shown in a different color). When you insert another DO record further down, the data following it will be turn back ON. It is simply a toggle. In the C&G editor select Insert->Data On/Off. In the Carlson Editor select Add->Data On/Off Chapter 11. Survey Menu 577 In the example below, the instrument setup at point 106 backsighting 105 was turned OFF. One of the benets of SurvNet is the ability to process redundant measurements. In terms of total station data redundant measurement is dened as measuring angles and/or distances to the same point from two or more different setups. It is required that the same point number be used when locating a point that was previously recorded. However, since some data collectors will not allow you to use the same point number if the point already exists, we use the following convention for collecting redundant points while collecting the data in the eld. If the point description contains a user dened string, for example a ''='' (equal sign) followed by the original point number, we will treat that measurement as a redundant measurement to the point dened in the description eld. The user dened character or string is set in the project settings dialog. For example, if point number 56 has the description ''=12'', we will treat it as a measurement to point 12 and point 56 will not exist. Make sure the Preprocessing Settings dialog box has the Pt. Number Substitution String set to the appropriate value. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 578 Alternately, the point numbers can be edited after the raw data has been downloaded from the data collector. Supplemental Control Files In order to process a raw data le, you must have as a minimum a control point and a control azimuth, or two control points. Control points can be inserted into the raw data le or alternately control points can be read from coordinate les. Control points can be read from a variety of coordinate le types: C&G or Carlson numeric (.CRD) les C&G Alphanumeric coordinate les ( * .cgc) Carlson Alphanumeric coordinate les ( * .crd) Autodesk Land Desktop ( * .mdb) Simplicity coordinate les ( * .zak) ASCII (.NEZ) le ASCII latitude and longitude (3D model only) CSV ASCII NEZ with std. errors (only external control le that allows you to assign standard errors to specic points). SDMS (.ctl) control le Chapter 11. Survey Menu 579 ASCII Geocentric Coordinates (.xyz) (Earth Centered Earth Fixed XYZ coordinate values) The standard errors for the control points from a supplemental control le will be assigned the NORTH and EAST standard errors from the project settings dialog box. In the ASCII .NEZ le, the coordinate records need to be in the following format: Pt. No., Northing, Easting, Elevation, Description<cr><lf> 103, 123233.23491, 238477.28654, 923.456, Mon 56-7B<CR><LF> Each line is terminated with carriage-return <CR> and line-feed <LF> characters. In the ASCII latitude and longitude le, the records need to be in the following format: Pt. No., Latitude (NDDD.mmssssss), Longitude (WDDD.mmssssss), Elevation (Orthometric), Descrip- tion<cr><lf> FRKN,N35.113068642,W083.234174724,649.27<CR><LF> Each line is terminated with carriage-return <CR> and line-feed <LF> characters. The major advantage of putting coordinate control points in the actual raw data le is that specic standard errors can be assigned to each control point (as described in the RAW DATA section above). If you do not include an SE record the standard error will be assigned from the NORTH, EAST, and ELEVATION standard errors from the project settings dialog box. It is not allowed for the supplemental control le and the nal output le to be the same le. Since least squares considers all points to be control points only control points should be in a supplemental control le. The following graphic shows the main network least squares window. Most least squares operations are initiated from this window. Selecting the FILE menu option opens the following menu: Chapter 11. Survey Menu 580 A Project (.PRJ) le is created in order to store all the settings and les necessary to reprocess the data making up the project. You can create a NEW project, or OPEN an existing project. It is necessary to have a project open in order to process the data. The ''Save Project As Default'' can be used to create default project settings to be used when creating a new project. The current project settings are saved and will be used as the default settings when any new project is created. The project settings are set by selecting Settings > Project from the menu, or pressing the SE icon on the tool bar. The project settings dialog box has six tabbed windows, Coordinate System, Input Files, Preprocessing, Adjustment, Standard Errors, and Output Options. Following is an explanation of the different project settings tabbed windows. The Coordinate System tab contains settings that relate to the project coordinate system, the adjustment model and other geodetic settings. You can select either the 3D model or the 2D/1D mathematical model. If you choose 2D/1D mathematical model Chapter 11. Survey Menu 581 you can choose to only perform a horizontal adjustment, a vertical adjustment or both. In the 3D model both horizontal and vertical are adjusted simultaneously. The 3D model requires that you choose a geodetic coordinate system. Local, assumed coordinate systems cannot be used with the 3D model. GPS vectors can only be used when using the 3D model. If using the 2D/1D mathematical model you can select Local (assumed coordinate system), or a geodetic coordinate system such State Plane NAD83, State Plane NAD27, UTM, or a user-dened coordinate system as the coordinate system. When using the 3D model you cannot use a local system. Select the 'Horizontal Units for' output of coordinate values (Meters, US Feet, or International Feet). In the 3D model both horizontal and vertical units are assumed to be the same. In the 2D/1D model horizontal and vertical units can differ. The 'Horizontal unit' setting in this screen refers to the output units. It is permissible to have input units in feet and output units in meters. Input units are set in the 'Input Files' tabbed screen. If you choose SPC 1983, SPC 1927, or UTM, the appropriate zone will need to be chosen. The grid scale factor is computed for each measured line using the method described in section 4.2 of NPAA Manual NOS NGS 5, ''State Plane Coordinate System of 1983'', by James E. Stem. If using the 2D/1D model and you select a geodetic coordinate system, you have a choice as to how the elevation factor is computed. You can choose to either enter a project elevation or you can choose to have elevations factors computed for each distance based on computed elevations. In order to use the 'Compute Elevation from Raw Data' all HI's and foresight rod heights must be collected for all points. If you choose a geodetic coordinate systemand are using the 2D/1Dmodel you will want to select ''Project Elevation'' if any of your raw data measurements are missing any rod heights or instrument heights. There must be enough information to compute elevations for all points in order to compute elevation factors. For most survey projects it is sufcient to use an approximate elevation, such as can be obtained from a Quad Sheet for the project elevation. Geoid Modeling If you are using either the 3D or the 2D/1D adjustment model using non-local coordinate system you must choose a geoid modeling method. A project geoid separation can be entered or the grid model can be selected from a list of models. The project must fall within the geographic range of the geoid grid les. Geoid modeling is used as follows. Entering a 0.0 value for the separation is the method to use if you wish to ignore the geoid separation. In the 2D, 1D model it is assumed that elevations entered as control are entered as orthometric heights. Since grid reduction requires the data be reduced to the ellipsoid, the geoid separation is used to compute ellipsoid elevations. The difference between using geoid modeling and not using geoid modeling or using a project geoid separation is insignicant for most surveys of limited extents. In the 3D model it is also assumed that elevations entered as control are orthometric heights. Since the adjustment is performed on the ellipsoid, the geoid separation is used to compute ellipsoid elevations prior to adjustment. After the adjustment is completed the adjusted orthometric elevations will be computed from the adjusted ellipsoid elevations and the computed geoid separation for each point. If you choose one of the geoid models from the list, the geoid separations are computed by interpolation with data points retrieved from geoid separation les. The geoid separation les should be found in the primary the installation directory. Grid les have an extension of .grd. These les can be downloaded from the Carlson website (www.carlsonsw.com). If you pick a geoid model that is not on your computer, SurvNET will automatically connect to the Carlson website and download the specic geoid model. If you choose to enter a project geoid separation the best way to determine a project geoid separation is by using the NGS on-line Geodetic Toolkit. Enter a latitude and longitude of the project midpoint and the program will output a project separation. Working With User-dened Coordinate Systems Chapter 11. Survey Menu 582 SurvNet allows the creation of user-dened geodetic coordinate systems (UDP). The ability to create user-dened coordinate system allows the user to create geodetic coordinate systems based on the supported projections that are not explicitly supported by SurvNet. A SurvNet user-dened coordinate system consists of an ellipsoid, and a map projection,. The ellipsoid can be one of the explicitly supported ellipsoids or a user-dened ellipsoid. The supported map projections are Transverse Mercator, Lambert Conformal Conic with 1 standard parallel, Lambert Conformal Conic with 2 standard parallels, Oblique Mercator, and Double Stereographic projection. User-dened coordinate systems are created, edited, and attached to a project from the Project Settings 'Coordinate System' dialog box. To attach an existing UDP le, * .udp, to a project use the 'Select' button. To edit an existing UDP le or create a new UDP le use the 'Edit' button. The following dialog box is used to create the user-dened coordinate system. The ellipsoid needs to be dened and the appropriate map projection and projection parameters need to be entered. The appropriate parameter elds will be displayed depending on the projection type chosen. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 583 Test - Use the 'Test' button to enter a known latitude and longitude position to check that the UDP is computing correct grid coordinates. Following is the test UDP dialog box. Enter the known lat/long in the top portion of the dialog box then press 'Calculate' and the computed grid coordinates will be displayed in the 'Results' list box. Load -Use the 'Load' to load the coordinate system parameters from an existing UDP. Save - Use the 'Save' button to save the displayed UDP. The 'Save' button prompts the user to enter the UDP le name. OK - Use the 'OK' button to save the UDP using the existing le name and return to the 'Coordinate System' dialog box. Cancel - Use the 'Cancel' button to return to the 'Coordinate System' dialog box without saving any changes to the UDP le. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 584 If you need to dene an ellipsoid chose the 'User-Dened' ellipsoid option. With the user-dened ellipsoid you will then have the option to enter two of the ellipsoid parameter. Raw Data Files: Use the 'Add' button to insert raw total station les into the list. Use the 'Delete' button to remove raw les from the list. All the les in this list are included in the least squares adjustments. Having the ability to choose multiple les allows one to keep control in one le and measurements in another le. Or different les Chapter 11. Survey Menu 585 collected at different times can be processed all at one time. If you have multiple crews working on the same project using different equipment, you can have ''crew-specic'' raw data les with standard error settings for their particular equipment. Having separate data les is also a convenient method of working with large projects. It is often easier to debug and process individual raw les. Once the individual les are processing correctly all the les can be included for a nal adjustment. You can either enter C&G (.CGR) raw les or Carlson (.RW5) les into the list for processing. You cannot have both .CGR and .RW5 les in the same project to be processed at the same time. Notice that you have the ability to highlight multiple les when deleting le. Note that if you are processing Carlson RW5 total station les, you have the option of including GPS vectors that can be collected by SurvCE and stored in the RW5 le. Alternatively you can select the RW5 le in the GPS vector section. If the ''Include any GPS vectors'' option in the Total Station Data Files section is checked, the Base Point records in the RW5 le will be brought in as control automatically. If you are processing the RW5 le in the GPS vector section you must dene the control separately. Level Raw Files: Differential and Trig level les can be entered and processed. Differential or Trig Level raw les have an .TLV extension and are created using the Carlson level editor. GPS Vector Files: GPS vector les can be entered and processed. Both GPS vector les and total station raw les can be combined and processed together. You must have chosen the 3D mathematical model in the Coordinate System tab in order to include GPS vectors in the adjustment. Currently, the following GPS vector le formats are supported. ASCII (StarNet): See below for more information on StarNet format. These les typically have .GPS extensions. Ashtech/Thales 'O' les: Typically have .obn extensions and are binary les. Carlson .RW5 (containing GPS vectors) GeoLab IOB LandXML, ( * .xml) Leica: Leica les are ASCII les. NGS G-File NGS G-File from OPUS report Topcon (.tvf): Topcon .tvf les are ASCII les. Topcon (.xml): Topcon also can output their GPS vectors in XML format which is in ASCII format. Trimble Data Exchange Format (.asc): These les are in ASCII format Trimble data collection (.dc): These les are ASCII. Trimble LandXML, ( * .jxl) The following is a typical vector record in the StarNet ASCII format. GPS vectors typically consist of the 'from' and 'to' point number, the delta X, delta Y, delta Z values from the 'from' and 'to' point, with the XYZ deltas being in the geocentric coordinate system. Additionally the variance/covariance values of the delta XYZ's are included in the vector le. .GPS WEIGHT COVARIANCE C PRS34452 1305780.345005 -4667085.299019 4132689.544939 0.005000 0.005000 0.005000 MON C UCNJ 1305780.345005 -4667085.299019 4132689.544939 0.00000100 0.00000100 0.00000100 MON G1 UCNJ-1000 8399.71318061 -4742.15645068 -8036.07224424 MNS G2 3.939428e-006 2.474560e-005 1.160301e-005 G3 3.924536e-006 -3.360765e-006 -1.028503e-006 G1 UCNJ-1001 8328.15569476 -4796.59445569 -8072.25948922 MNS G2 9.596618e-007 1.687749e-005 1.936038e-006 G3 1.176891e-007 -8.668020e-009 -4.798408e-006 The rst line denes what values are in the G2 and G3 records. It can be either GPS WEIGHT COVARIANCE (G2 is Variance, G3 is Covariance), or GPS WEIGHT STDERRCORRELATION (G2 is standard error, G3 is standard Chapter 11. Survey Menu 586 error correlation). This line is optional; the default is COVARIANCE. The next two lines are coordinate control records. These records are also optional. If used, they must be Geocentric Coordinates (XYZ) in metric units. The format is as follows: C PointName X Y Z StdErrX StdErrY StdErrZ PointDescription The standard errors and point description are optional. The GO record is a comment. The G1 record includes the 'from' and 'to' point and the delta X, delta Y, and delta Z in the geocentric coordinate system and an optional description of the rover point. The G2 record is the variance (or standard error) of X,Y, and Z. The G3 record contains the covariance (or stan- dard error correlation) of XY, ZX, and ZY. Most all GPS vector les contain the same data elds in different formats. Use the 'Add' button to insert GPS vector les into the list. Use the 'Remove' button to remove GPS vector les from the list. All the les in this list will be used in the least squares adjustments. All the GPS les in the list must be in the same format. If the GPS le format is ASCII you have the option to edit the GPS vector les. The Edit option allows the editing of any of the ASCII GPS les using Notepad. Typically, only point numbers or point descriptions would be edited. The variance/covariance values are used to determine the weights that the GPS vectors will receive during the adjustment and are not typically edited. Supplemental Control File: The supplemental control le option allows the user to designate an additional coordinate le to be used as control. The supplemental control les can be from a variety of different le types. C&G or Carlson numeric (.CRD) les C&G Alphanumeric coordinate les ( * .cgc) Carlson Alphanumeric coordinate les ( * .crd) Autodesk Land Desktop ( * .mdb) Simplicity coordinate les ( * .zak) ASCII (.NEZ) le ASCII latitude and longitude (3D model only) CSV ASCII NEZ with std. errors (only external control le that allows you to assign standard errors to specic points). SDMS (.ctl) control le ASCII Geocentric (.xyz) (Geocentric coordinates XYZ in metric units) Note: You will not be allowed to use the same le for supplemental control points and for nal output. Least squares considers all points to be measurements. If the output le is also used as a supplemental control le then after the project has been processed all the points in the project would now be in the control le and all the points in the le would now be considered control points if the project was processed again. The simplest and most straight-forward method to dene control for a project is to include the control coordinates in a raw data le. The Preprocessing tab contains settings that are used in the preprocessing of the raw data. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 587 Apply Curvature and Refraction Corrections: Check this box if you wish to have the curvature refraction correction applied in the 2D/1D model when reducing the slope distance/vertical angle to horizontal distance and vertical distance. Curvature/refraction primarily impacts vertical distances. Tolerances: When sets of angles and/or distances are measured to a point, a single averaged value is calcu- lated for use in the least squares adjustment. You may set the tolerances so that a warning is generated if any differences between the angle sets or distances exceed these tolerances. Tolerance warnings will be shown in the report (.RPT) and the (.ERR) le after processing the data. If you check the Extended Angle Sets & Distance Report option, all the sets will be shown with the dif- ference between the high angle and low angle, and the difference between the high distance and low distance. If this option is not checked ONLY the sets that exceed the tolerances will be shown in the report. Horz./Slope Dist Tolerance: This value sets the tolerance threshold for the display of warnings if the dif- ference between highest and lowest horizontal distance exceeds this value. In the 2D model it is the horizontal distances that are being compared. In the 3D model it is the slope distances that are being compared. Vert. Dist Tolerance: This value sets the tolerance threshold for the display of a warning if the difference between highest and lowest vertical difference component exceeds this value (used in 2D model only). Horz. Angle Tolerance: This value sets the tolerance threshold for the display of a warning if the difference between the highest and lowest horizontal angle exceeds this value. Vert. Angle Tolerance: This value sets the tolerance threshold for the display a warning if the difference between the highest and lowest vertical angle exceeds this value (used in 3D model only). Angle Set Spred Display: You can choose to see the splits of individual angles in each set (2 per set), or just the splits of all the sets combined (high / low angle of all the sets combined). Chapter 11. Survey Menu 588 Compute Traverse Closures: Traditional traverse closures can be computed for both GPS and total station tra- verses. This option has no effect on the computation of nal least squares adjusted coordinates. This option is useful for surveyors who due to statutory requirements are still required to compute traditional traverse closures and for those surveyors who still like to view traverse closures prior to the least squares adjustment. This option is used to specify a previously created closure le. To use this option the user has to rst create a traverse closure le. The le contains a .cls extension. The traverse closure le is a le containing an ordered list of the point numbers comprising the traverse. Since the raw data for SurvNet is not expected to be in any particular order it is required that the user must specify the points and the correct order of the points in the traverse loop. Both GPS and angle/distance traverses can be dened in a single traverse closure le. More details on creating the traverse closure les follow in a later section of this manual. Pt. Number Substitution String: This option is used to automatically renumber point names. Some data collectors do not allow the user to use the same point number twice during data collection. In least squares it is common to collect measurements to the same point from different locations. If the data collector does not allow the collection of data from different points using the same point number this option can be used to automatically renumber these points during processing. For example you could enter the string '=' in the Pt. Number Substitution String. Then if you shot point 1 but had to call it something else such as 101 you could enter '=1' in the description eld and during preprocessing point 101 would be renumbered as point '1'. Standard errors are the expected measurement errors based on the type equipment and eld procedures being used. For example, if you are using a 5 second total station, you would expect the angles to be measured within +/- 5 seconds (Reading error). The Distance Constant, PPM settings, and Angle Reading should be based on the equipment and eld pro- cedures being used. These values can be obtained from the published specications for the total station. Or the distance PPM and constant can be computed for a specic EDM by performing an EDM calibration using an EDM calibration baseline. Survey methods should also be taken into account when setting standard errors. For example, you might set the target centering standard error higher when you are sighting a held prism pole than you would if you were sighting a prism set on a tripod. The settings from this dialog box will be used for the project default settings. These default standard errors can be overridden for specic measurements by placing SE records directly into the Raw Data File (see the above section on raw data les). If the report generated when you process the data shows that generally you have consistently high standard residuals for a particular measurement value (angles, distances, etc.), then there is the chance that you have selected standard errors that are better than your instrument and methods can obtain. (See explanation of report le). Failing the chi-square test consistently is also an indication that the selected standard errors are not consistent with the eld measurements. You can set the standard errors for the following: Distance and Angle Standard Errors Distance Constant: Constant portion of the distance error. This value can be obtained from published EDM specications, or from an EDM calibration. Distance PPM: Parts per million component of the distance error. This value can be obtained from published EDM specication, or from an EDM calibration. Horizontal Angle Pointing: The horizontal angle pointing error is inuenced by atmospheric conditions, optics, experience and care taken by instrument operator. Horizontal Angle Reading: Precision of horizontal angle measurements, obtain from theodolite specs. Vertical Angle Pointing: The vertical angle pointing error is inuenced by atmospheric conditions, optics, experi- ence and care taken by instrument operator. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 589 Vertical Angle Reading: Precision of vertical angle measurements, obtain from theodolite specs. Instrument and Target Standard Errors Target Centering: This value is the expected amount of error in setting the target or prism over the point. Instrument Centering: The expected amount of error in setting the total station over the point. Target Height: The expected amount of error in measuring the height of the target. Instrument Height: The expected amount of error in measuring the height of the total station. Control Standard Errors Direction (Bearing / Azimuth): The estimated amount of error in the bearing / azimuth (direction) found in the azimuth records of the raw data. North, East, Elev: The estimated amount of error in the control north, east and elevation values. You may want to have different coordinate standard errors for different methods of obtaining control. For example, standard errors of control derived from RTK GPS would be higher than control derived from GPS static measurements. GPS Standard Errors Instrument Centering: This option is used to specify the error associated with centering a GPS receiver over a point. Vector Standard Error Factor: This option is used as a factor to increase GPS vector standard errors as found in the input GPS vector le. Some people think that the GPS vector variances/covariances as found in GPS vector les tend do be overly optimistic. This factor allows the user to globally increase the GPS vector standard errors without having to edit the GPS vector le. A factor of 0 is the default value and results in no change to the GPS vec- tor standard errors as found in the GPS vector le. Acceptable values are 0 through 9. It is not a linear progression. Differential Leveling Standard Errors These setting only effect level data and are not used when processing total station or GPS vector les. Avg, Dist. To BS/FS: This option is used to dene the average distance to the backsight and foresight during leveling. Rod Reading Error per 100 ft./m: This option is used to dene the expected level reading error. Collimation Error: This is the expected differential leveling collimation error in seconds. Standard Error Denition Files The Standard error settings can be saved and then later reloaded into an existing or new project. Creating libraries of standard errors for different types of survey equipment or survey procedures is convenient method of creating standards within a survey department that uses a variety of equipment and performs different types of surveys. Standard error library les (.sef) can be created two ways. From the 'Settings/Standard Errors' dialog box the 'Load' button can be used to import an existing .sef le into the current project. A .sef le can also be created from the existing project standard errors by using the 'Save As..' button. Standard error les (.sef) can also be managed from the main 'Files' menu. Use the 'Edit Standard Error File' menu option to edit an existing standard error le. Use the 'New Standard Error File' option to create a new standard error le. After choosing one of the menu options and choosing the le to edit or create, the following dialog box will be shown. Set the desired standard errors and press the 'OK' button to save the standard error le. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 590 Maximum Iterations: Non-linear least squares is an iterative process. The user must dene the maximum number of iterations to make before the program quits trying to nd a converging solution. Typically if there are no blunders in the data the solution will converge in less than 5 iterations. Convergence Threshold: During each iteration corrections are computed. When the corrections are less than the threshold value the solution has converged. This value should be somewhat less than the accuracy of the measure- ments. For example, if you can only measure distances to the nearest .01' then a reasonable convergence threshold value would be .005'. Condence Interval: This setting is used when calculating the size of error ellipses, and in the chi-square testing. For example, a 95% condence interval means that there is a 95% chance that the error is within the tolerances shown. Enable sideshots for relative error ellipses: Check this box if you want to see the error ellipses and relative error ellipses of sideshots. This checkbox must be set if you want to use the ''relative error ellipse inverse'' function with sideshots. When turned off this toggle lters out sideshots during the least squares processing. Since the sideshots are excluded form the least squares processing error ellipses cannot be computed for these points. When this toggle is off, the sideshots are computed after the network has been adjusted. The nal coordinate values of the sideshots will be the same regardless of this setting. Large numbers of sideshots slow down least squares processing. It is best to uncheck this box while debugging your project to avoid having to wait for the computer to nish processing. After the project processes correctly you may turn on the option for the nal processing. Note: Any sideshots that are selected for the ALTA report will automatically be included in the adjustment process in order to calculate the error ellipses - even if this option is turned OFF. Even if you do not need ALTA report, this is an easy way to get statistics on only selected sideshots which can greatly speed up the adjustment process. Relative Err. Points File: The ALTA standards require that surveyors certify to the relative positional error between points. Relative error ellipses are an accepted method of determining the relative positional error required by the Chapter 11. Survey Menu 591 ALTA standards. The points that are to be included in the relative error checking are specied by the user. These points are dened in an ASCII le with an extension of .alt. To select an .alt le for relative error checking use the 'Select' button and then browse to the le's location. There is a section later in the manual that describes how to create and edit the .alt le. Include ALTAtolerance report: Turn this toggle on if you wish to include the ALTAtolerance section of the report. Allowable Tolerance, PPM: These elds allow the user to set the allowable error for computations. Typi- cally the user would enter the current ALTA error standards, i.e. 0.07' & 50 PPM. Many states are adopting similar certications to the ALTA standards. These certications may have different tolerances depending on the type of survey (for example rural vs. urban). See the later section in this manual for more detailed information on creating and interpreting the ALTA section of the report. These settings apply to the output of data to the report and coordinate les. Display Precision These settings determine the number of decimal places to display in the reports for the following types of data. The display precision has no effect on any computations, only the display of the reports. Coordinates (North, East, Elevation) - Chose 0-4 decimal places. Distances - Chose 0-4 decimal places Directions (Azimuths or Bearings) - nearest second, tenth of second, or hundredth of second. Format These settings determine the format for the following types of data. Direction - Choose either bearings or azimuth for direction display. If the angle units are degrees, bearings are Chapter 11. Survey Menu 592 entered as QDD.MMSSss and azimuths are entered as DDD.MMSSss. If the angle units are grads, bearings are input as QGGG.ggggg and azimuths are input as GGG.ggggg. Coordinate Display - Choose the order of coordinate display, either north-east or east-north. Null Elevation - Choose the value for null elevations in the output ASCII coordinate NEZ le. The Null Elevation eld defaults to SurvNet's value for NO ELEVATION. This is used to differentiate between NO ELEVATION (a true 2D point) and ZERO ELEVATION (which is a vaild elevation) Angle Display - Choose the units you are working in: degrees or gradians. Coordinate File Output These settings determine the type and format of the output NEZ le. An ASCII .NEZ and .OUT les are always created after processing the raw data. The .OUT le will be a nicely formatted version of the .NEZ le. The .NEZ le will be an ASCII le suitable to be input into other programs. There are a variety of options for the format of the .NEZ le. Following are the different ASCII le output options. P,N,E,Z,CD,DESC (xed columns); - Point,north,east,elev.,code,desc in xed columns separated by commas. P,N,E,Z,CD,DESC; Point,north,east,elev.,code,desc separated by commas. P N E Z CD DESC (xed columns); Point,north,east,elev.,code,desc in xed columns with no commas. P N E Z CD DESC; Point,north,east,elev.,code,desc in xed columns with no commas. P,N,E,Z,DESC (xed columns); Point,north,east,elev., desc in xed columns separated by commas. P,N,E,Z,DESC; Point,north,east,elev., desc separated by commas. P N E Z DESC (xed columns); Point,north,east,elev., desc in xed columns with no commas. P N E Z DESC; Point,north,east,elev.,code,desc separated by spaces. P,E,N,Z,CD,DESC (xed columns); - Point,east,north,elev.,code,desc in xed columns separated by commas. P,E,N,Z,CD,DESC; Point,east,north,elev.,code,desc separated by commas. P E N Z CD DESC (xed columns); Point,east,north,elev.,code,desc in xed columns with no commas. P E N Z CD DESC; Point,east,north,elev.,code,desc in xed columns with no commas. P,E,N,Z,DESC (xed columns); Point,east,north,elev., desc in xed columns separated by commas. P,E,N,Z,DESC; Point,east,north,elev., desc separated by commas. P E N Z DESC (xed columns); Point,east,,northelev., desc in xed columns with no commas. P E N Z DESC; Point,east,north,elev.,code,desc separated by spaces. CSV ASCII with Standard Errors You can also set the output precision of the coordinates for the ASCII output le. This setting only applies to ASCII les, not to the C&G or Carlson binary coordinate les which are stored to full double precision. * N/E Precision: number of places after the decimal to use for North and East values (0 -> 8) in the output NEZ ASCII le. * Elevation Precision: number of places after the decimal to use for Elevation values (0 -> 8) in the output NEZ ASCII le. Output to Carlson/C&G coordinate les: If you want to write the calculated coordinates directly to a C&G or Carlson coordinate le, check the ''Write to Coordinate File'' box and select the le. You can choose the type of Carlson/C&G le to be created when you 'select' the le to be created. You may wish to leave this box unchecked until you are satised with the adjustment. Following are the different available coordinate output le options. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 593 Output to Carlson/C&G Scaled Coordinate File: You are also allowed to output coordinates to a second, scaled or ground, coordinate le. Check the ''Create Scaled/Ground NEZ le'' box (see below): If you are working with a LOCAL coordinate system, You will see the above options. You will only be al- lowed to manually enter a scale factor. You can select the output le format and the output le. If you are working in a non-local coordinate system (ie. 1983 State Plane), you will have the following scaling options: Chapter 11. Survey Menu 594 You can either enter a scale factor or use the computed grid to ground scale factor. If you select to use the computed scale factor, SurvNET will use the ''average combined scale factor'' as shown in the project report le. You will also be required to enter the point number of the point you will be scaling around. This function can also be used as a translation tool. You can either ''Use the Current NE values'' (no translation), ''Enter the new NE values'' (desired N and E values for the scaling point), or ''Enter Translation Values'' (enter the actual delta-north and delta-east values). Overwriting exiting points: * NOTE: If coordinate points already exist in the CRD le, before a point is written, you will be shown the NEW value, the OLD value, and given the following option: Chapter 11. Survey Menu 595 Cancel: Cancel the present operation. No more points will be written to the Carson/C&G le. Overwrite: Overwrite the existing point. Notice that if you check the 'Do Not Ask Again' box all further duplicate points will be overwritten without prompting. Do not Overwrite: The existing point will not be overwritten. Notice that if you check the 'Do Not Ask Again' box all further duplicate points will automatically not be overwritten - only new points will be written. When you select Process >Network Adjustment from the menu, or select the NETWORK ICON on the tool bar, the raw data will be processed and adjusted using least squares based on the project settings. If there is a problem with the reduction, you will be shown error messages that will help you track down the problem. Additionally a .err le is created that will log and display error and warning messages. The data is rst preprocessed to calculate averaged angles and distances for sets of angles and multiple distances. For a given setup, all multiple angles and distances to a point will be averaged prior to the adjustment. The standard error as set in the Project Settings dialog box is the standard error for a single measurement. Since the average of multiple measurements is more precise than a single measurement the standard error for the averaged measurement is computed using the standard deviation of the mean formula. Non-linear network least squares solutions require that initial approximations of all the coordinates be known before the least squares processing can be performed. So, during the preprocessing approximate coordinate values for each point are calculated using basic coordinate geometry functions. If there is inadequate control or an odd geometric situations SurvNet may generate a message indicating that the initial coordinate approximations could not be com- puted. The most common cause of this problem is that control has not been adequately dened or there are point numbering problems. Side Shots are separated from the raw data and computed after the adjustment (unless the ''Enable sideshots for relative error ellipses'' toggle is checked in the adjustment dialog box). If side shots are ltered out of the least squares process and processed after the network is adjusted, processing is greatly speeded up, especially for a large project with a lot of side shots. If the raw data processes completely, a report le, .RPT, a .NEZ le, an .OUT le, and an .ERR le will be created in the project directory. The le names will consist of the project name plus the above le extensions. These different les are shown in separate windows after processing. Additionally a graphic window of the network is displayed. .RPT le: This is an ASCII le that contains the statistical and computational results of the least squares processing. .NEZ le: This le is an ASCII le containing the nal adjusted coordinates. This le can be imported into any program that can read ASCII coordinate les. The format of the le is determined by the setting in the project settings dialog box. .OUT le: The .OUT le is a formatted ASCII le of the nal adjusted coordinates suitable for display or printing .ERR le: The .ERR le contains any warning or error messages that were generated during processing. Though some warning messages may be innocuous it is always prudent to review and understand the meaning of the mes- sages. The following is a graphic of the different windows displayed after processing. Notice that with the report le you can navigate to different sections of the report using the Tabs at the top of the window. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 596 If you have ''Write to Coordinate File'' checked in the output options dialog, the coordinates will also be written to a .CRD le. Inverse Button - The 'Inverse' button is found on the main window (the button with the icon that shows a line with points at each end). You can also select the Tools->Inverse menu option. This feature is only active after a network has been processed successfully. This option can be used to obtain the bearing and distance between any two points in the network. Additionally the standard deviation of the bearing and distance between the two points is displayed. The Relative Error Ellipse Inverse button is found on the main window (the button with the icon that shows a line with an ellipse in the middle). You can also select the Tools > Relative Error Ellipse menu option. This feature is only active after a network has been processed successfully. This option can be used to obtain the relative error ellipse between any two points. It shows the semi-major and semi-minor axis and the azimuth of the error ellipse, computed to a user-dene condence interval. This information can also be used to determine the relative precision between any two points in the network. It is the relative error ellipse calculation that is the basis for the ALTA tolerance reporting. If the 'Enable sideshots for relative error ellipses' toggle is checked then all points in the project can be used to compute relative error ellipses. The trade-off is that with large projects processing time will be increased. The inverse functions are only allowed after the project has been processed. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 597 If you need to certify as to the ''Positional Tolerances'' of your monuments, as per the ALTA Standards, use the Relative Error Ellipse inverse routine to determine these values, or use the specic ALTAtolerance reporting function as explained later in the manual. For example, if you must certify that all monuments have a positional tolerance of no more than 0.07 feet with 50 PPM at a 95 percent condence interval, rst set the condence interval to 95 percent in the Settings/Adjustment screen. Then process the raw data. Then you may inverse between points in as many combinations as you deem necessary and make note of the semi-major axis error values. If none of them are larger than 0.07 feet + (50PPM * distance), you have met the standards. It is however more convienent to create a Reletive Error Points File containing the points you wish to check and include the ALTA tolerance report. This report takes into account the PPM and directly tells you if the positional tolerance between the selected points meets the ALTA standards. Convert GPS File to ASCII The purpose of this option is to convert GPS vector les that are typically in the manufacturers' binary or ASCII format into the Carlson ASCII le format. The advantage of creating an ASCII le is that the ASCII le can be edited using a standard text editor. Being able to edit the vector le may be necessary in order to edit point numbers so that the point numbers in the GPS le match the point numbers in the total station le. The following dialog box is displayed after choosing this option. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 598 First choose the le format of the GPS vector le to be converted. Next use the 'Select' button to navigate to the vector le to be converted. If you are converting a Thales le you have the option to remove the leading 0's from Thales point numbers. Next, use the second 'Select' button to select the name of the new ASCII GPS vector le to be created. Choose the 'Convert' button to initiate the le conversion. Press the 'Cancel' button when you have completed the conversions. The le created will have an extension of .GPS. Following are the different GPS formats that can be converted to ASCII. Ashtech/Thales 'O' les: Typically have .obn extensions and are binary les. Notice that you have the option to remove the leading 0's from Thales point numbers, by checking the ''Remove leading 0's from Thales point numbers'' check box. Carlson .RW5 (containing GPS vectors) GeoLab IOB LandXML (.XML): The landXML format is an industry standard format. Currently SurvNet will only import LandXML survey point records. The conversion will not import LandXML vectors. Leica: The Leica vector le is an ASCII format typically created with the Leica SKI software. This format is created by Leica when baseline vectors are required for input into 3rd party adjustment software such as SurvNet. The SKI ASCII Baseline Vector format is an extension of the SKI ASCII Point Coordinate format. NGS G-File: National Geodetic Survey format. NGS G-File from OPUS report: National Geodetic Survey format as used in the OPUS report Topcon (.TVF): The Topcon Vector File is in ASCII format and typically has an extension of .TVF Topcon (.XML): The Topcon XML le is an ASCII le. It contains the GPS vectors in an XML format. This format is not equivalent to LandXML format. Trimble Data Exchange Format (.ASC): The Trimble TDEF format is an ASCII le. It is typically output by Chapter 11. Survey Menu 599 Trimble's ofce software as a means to output GPS vectors for use by 3rd party software. Trimble Data Collection (.dc): The Trimble .dc format is an ASCII le. It is typically output by Trimble's data collector. It contains a variety of measurements including GPS vectors. This option only converts GPS vectors found in the .DC le. Trimble LandXML, ( * .jxl): This is Trimble's Land XML format. The Trimble Data Collection (.dc) and Trimble LandXML (.jxl) formats allow you to bring in both GPS vectors (creating a .GPS le) and Total Station data (creating a .RW5 le) at the same time. Convert Level Files The purpose of this option is to convert differential level les into C&G/Carlson differential level le format (TLV les). At present the only level le formats that can be converted are the level les downloaded from the Topcon and Leica digital levels. However, the Level Editor has several IMPORT options which expands the types of les you can convert: Chapter 11. Survey Menu 600 Toolbars Many of the most commonly used functions can be accessed using the toolbar. Following is an explanation of the buttons found in the toolbar. Create New Project - New project Icon. Open an Existing Project - Open le Icon. Save the Current Project - Disk Icon. Print the Reports - Printer Icon. Settings - Icon looks like a wrench. This takes you to the SETTINGS->STANDARD ERRORS tab. Data Collector Transfer Program - This icon will run either the C&G Data Collector Transfer/Conversion program or the Carlson SurvCom program. The C&G program allows you to transfer data from the data collector, or convert the data collector le to a .CGR le format. It supports all major data collectors. The Carlson program connects specically to the Carlson SurvCE data collector. Edit Raw Data - This icon can be used to start either the .RW5 raw data editor or the .CGR raw data editor. If your project has multiple raw data les, you will be shown a list and asked to select the le you wish to edit. The appropriate editor will be called depending on what type raw les are dened in the project settings. If no raw le or project has been specied the default raw editor as dened in the Settings->Global Settings menu option will be executed. Any changes you make in the editor need to be saved before returning to SurvNet for processing. Process Network - Icon looks like a spider web. Pressing this Icon will process and adjust the data and show the reports. Inverse - Icon has a line with points on each end.. Relative Error Ellipses - Icon has a line with points on each end and an ellipse in the middle. Graphics - Icon that looks like an eye. This icon is active once a project has been opened. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 601 Report File: A report le consisting of the project name with an .RPT extension is generated after successfully processing the raw data. The report le will be shown in a text window so you can analyze the data. You can pick the ''Printer'' icon if you want a hard-copy. Following is an example of the results from a relatively simple network adjustment using a local coordinate system. Sample 2D/1D, Local Coordinate System Report File =============================== LEAST SQUARES ADJUSTMENT REPORT =============================== Mon May 08 10:16:16 2006 2D Geodetic Model. Input Raw Files: C:\data\lsdata\cgstar\CGSTAR.CGR Output File: C:\data\lsdata\cgstar\cgstar.RPT Curvature, refraction correction: ON Maximum iterations: 10 , Convergence Limit: 0.002000 Local Coordinate System, Scale Factor: 1.000000 Horizontal Units: US Feet Confidence Interval: 95.00 Default Standard Errors: Distance: Constant 0.010 ,PPM: 5.000 Horiz. Angle: Pointing 3.0'' ,Reading: 3.0'' Vert. Angle: Pointing 3.0'' ,Reading: 3.0'' Total Station: Centering 0.005 ,Height: 0.010 Target: Centering 0.005 ,Height: 0.010 Azimuth: 5'' Coordinate Control: N:0.010, E:0.010, Z:0.030, Horizontal Angle spread exceeds tolerance: IP: 1, BS: 5, FS: 2 Low: 109-19'10.0'' , High: 109-19'17.0'' , Diff: 000-00'07.0'' Horizontal Angle spread exceeds tolerance: IP: 2, BS: 1, FS: 6 Low: 190-32'02.0'' , High: 190-32'10.0'' , Diff: 000-00'08.0'' Horizontal Angle spread exceeds tolerance: IP: 2, BS: 1, FS: 3 Low: 096-03'48.0'' , High: 096-03'56.0'' , Diff: 000-00'08.0'' Horizontal Angle spread exceeds tolerance: IP: 3, BS: 2, FS: 4 Low: 124-03'50.0'' , High: 124-03'56.0'' , Diff: 000-00'06.0'' Horizontal Angle spread exceeds tolerance: IP: 5, BS: 4, FS: 10 Low: 039-26'35.0'' , High: 039-26'45.0'' , Diff: 000-00'10.0'' Horizontal Angle spread exceeds tolerance: IP: 10, BS: 5, FS: 11 Low: 241-56'23.0'' , High: 241-56'35.0'' , Diff: 000-00'12.0'' Horizontal Angle spread exceeds tolerance: IP: 11, BS: 10, FS: 12 Low: 114-56'20.0'' , High: 114-56'34.0'' , Diff: 000-00'14.0'' Horizontal Angle spread exceeds tolerance: IP: 12, BS: 11, FS: 3 Chapter 11. Survey Menu 602 Low: 140-39'18.0'' , High: 140-39'31.0'' , Diff: 000-00'13.0'' Horizontal Angle spread exceeds tolerance: IP: 5, BS: 4, FS: 1 Low: 117-30'35.0'' , High: 117-30'50.0'' , Diff: 000-00'15.0'' Horizontal Distance from 2 to 3 exceeds tolerance: Low: 324.15, High: 324.20, Diff: 0.04 Vertical Distance from 2 to 3 exceeds tolerance: Low: 6.62, High: 8.36, Diff: 1.74 Vertical Distance from 3 to 4 exceeds tolerance: Low: 11.46, High: 11.51, Diff: 0.05 Horizontal Distance from 12 to 3 exceeds tolerance: Low: 144.64, High: 144.66, Diff: 0.02 HORIZONTAL ADJUSTMENT REPORT ============================ Unadjusted Observations ======================= Control Coordinates: 1 Observed Points, 0 Fixed Points, 0 Approx. Points Sta. N: E: StErr N: StErr E: 1 658428.26 2150182.70 0.01 0.01 Distances: 14 Observations From Sta. To Sta. Dist. StErr 1 5 290.45 0.01 1 2 292.21 0.01 2 6 52.39 0.01 2 3 324.19 0.01 3 4 275.60 0.01 3 20 134.66 0.01 20 21 116.07 0.01 21 22 50.12 0.01 4 5 309.65 0.01 5 10 129.99 0.01 10 11 126.01 0.01 10 15 10.00 0.01 11 12 129.43 0.01 12 3 144.65 0.01 Angles: 15 Observations BS Sta. Occ. Sta. FS Sta. Angle StErr (Sec.) 5 1 2 109-19'13.5'' 7.7 1 2 6 190-32'06.0'' 26.2 1 2 3 096-03'52.0'' 7.3 2 3 4 124-03'53.0'' 7 .8 2 3 20 185-23'56.0'' 12.8 3 20 21 180-15'26.0'' 17.6 20 21 22 183-26'45.0'' 31.2 3 4 5 093-02'11.5'' 7.5 4 5 10 039-26'40.0'' 10.4 5 10 11 241-56'29.0'' 15.6 5 10 15 056-23'10.0'' 125.0 10 11 12 114-56'27.0'' 15.5 11 12 3 140-39'24.5'' 15.3 12 3 2 325-54'30.0'' 9.5 4 5 1 117-30'42.5'' 7.7 Chapter 11. Survey Menu 603 Azimuths: 1 Observations Occ. Sta. FS Sta. Bearing StErr (Sec.) 1 2 N 45-00'00.0''E 5.0 Adjusted Coordinates ==================== Adjusted Local Coordinates Sta. N: E: StErr N: StErr E: 1 658428.26 2150182.70 0.02 0.02 2 658634.88 2150389.32 0.02 0.02 5 658554.12 2149920.92 0.03 0.02 3 658887.03 2150185.59 0.02 0.03 4 658863.61 2149910.99 0.03 0.03 20 658999.28 2150111.19 0.03 0.04 21 659096.31 2150047.49 0.04 0.05 10 658657.11 2150000.25 0.03 0.03 11 658636.21 2150124.52 0.03 0.03 12 658742.89 2150197.81 0.03 0.03 Adjusted Coordinates Error Ellipses, 95% CI Sta. Semi Major Semi Minor Max. Error Az. Axis Axis 1 0.05 0.05 S 29-26'39.4''E 2 0.07 0.07 N 45-00'00.0''E 5 0.08 0 .07 N 10-58'28.2''E 3 0.10 0.07 N 84-37'31.0''E 4 0.11 0.07 N 51-23'12.0''E 20 0.13 0.10 N 84-24'17.5''E 21 0.17 0.12 N 72-01'17.5''E 10 0.09 0.07 N 43-35'54.5''E 11 0.09 0.08 N 54-43'51.1''E 12 0.08 0.08 N 79-48'07.2''E Adjusted Observations ===================== Adjusted Distances From Sta. To Sta. Distance Residual StdRes. StdDev 1 5 290.46 0.01 1.42 0.01 1 2 292.21 -0.00 0.40 0.01 2 3 324.17 -0.01 1.62 0.01 3 4 275.59 -0.01 1.11 0.01 3 20 134.66 -0.00 0.00 0.02 20 21 116.07 -0.00 0.00 0.02 4 5 309.65 0.01 0.64 0.01 5 10 130.00 0.01 0.97 0.01 10 11 126.01 0.00 0.16 0.01 11 12 129.44 0.01 0.98 0.02 12 3 144.66 0.01 0.94 0.02 Root Mean Square (RMS) 0.01 Adjusted Angles BS Sta. Occ. Sta. FS Sta. Angle Residual StdRes StdDev(Sec.) 5 1 2 109-19'19.2'' 5.7 0.7 9.9 1 2 3 096-03'43.4'' -8.6 1.2 9.2 2 3 4 124-03'48.1'' -4.9 0.6 10.1 2 3 20 185-23'56.0'' -0.0 0.0 21.5 3 20 21 180-15'26.0'' 0.0 0.0 29.7 3 4 5 093-02'12.8'' 1.3 0.2 9.3 Chapter 11. Survey Menu 604 4 5 10 039-26'37.1'' -2.9 0.3 14.4 5 10 11 241-56'27.5'' -1.5 0.1 21.2 10 11 12 114-56'39.8'' 12.8 0.8 21.8 11 12 3 140-39'40.8'' 16.3 1.1 20.3 12 3 2 325-54'33.8'' 3.8 0.4 13.2 4 5 1 117-30'56.6'' 14.1 1.8 9.9 Root Mean Square (RMS) 8.1 Adjusted Azimuths Occ. Sta. FS Sta. Bearing Residual StdRes StdDev(Sec.) 1 2 N 45-00'00.0'' E 0.0 0.0 8.4 Root Mean Square (RMS) 0.0 Statistics ========== Solution converged in 2 iterations Degrees of freedom:6 Reference variance:2.84 Standard error unit Weight: +/-1.68 Failed the Chi-Square test at the 95.00 significance level 1.237 <= 17.023 <= 14.449 Sideshots ========= From To Bearing Dist. N E StDev. N StDev. E 2 6 N 55-32'06.0''E 52.39 658664.53 2150432.52 0.02 0.02 21 22 N 29-50'09.6''W 50.12 659139.78 2150022.56 0.04 0.05 10 15 N 86-00'28.6''W 10.00 658657.80 2149990.27 0.03 0.03 LEAST SQUARES VERTICAL ADJUSTMENT REPORT Mon May 08 10:16:16 2006 2D Geodetic Model. Input Raw Files: C:\data\lsdata\cgstar\CGSTAR.CGR Output File: C:\data\lsdata\cgstar\cgstar.RPT Curvature, refraction correction: ON FIXED VERTICAL BENCHMARKS Station Elevation 1 569.8500 POINTS TO BE ADJUSTED Station 2,5,3,4,10,11,12 MEASUREMENT SUMMARY Chapter 11. Survey Menu 605 From To Elev. Diff. (unadjusted) StdErr 1 5 7.5040 0.0145 1 2 7.5659 0.0145 2 3 6.9843 0.0145 3 4 -11.4907 0.0146 4 5 4.3557 0.0145 5 10 2.2639 0.0143 10 11 1.0931 0.0143 11 12 0.3828 0.0143 12 3 3.3590 0.0144 STATISTICAL SUMMARY Total Unknown Elevations:10 Tota l Elev. Routes:12 Total Fixed BM's:1 Total non-fixed BM's:0 Degrees of freedom:2 ADJUSTED ELEVATIONS Station Adjusted Elev Standard Dev. 1 569.8500 0.00000 2 577.4336 0.02465 5 577.3363 0.02465 3 584.4355 0.02915 4 572.9628 0.03070 10 579.6003 0.03341 11 580.6935 0.03641 12 581.0764 0.03519 ADJUSTED MEASUREMENT SUMMARY From To Elev. Diff. Residuals (adjusted) 1 5 7.4863 -0.0177 1 2 7.5836 0.0177 2 3 7.0019 0.0177 3 4 -11.4728 0.0179 4 5 4.3735 0.0178 5 10 2.2641 0.0001 10 11 1.0932 0.0001 11 12 0.3829 0.0001 12 3 3.3591 0.0001 Vertical Sideshots Station Elevation 20 571.77 21 581.25 22 580.14 15 579.60 Pre-Process TAB: Project Settings Chapter 11. Survey Menu 606 The rst section of the report displays the project settings at the time the project was processed. Tolerances The second section of the report displays warning and error messages generated during the preprocessing of the raw data. The primary messages displayed will be warnings when multiple angles, horizontal distances, and vertical differences exceed the tolerance settings as set in the project settings. The low and high measurement and the difference are displayed. It is prudent to pay attention to any messages generated in this section of the report. Unadjusted Observations TAB: The next four sections list the reduced and averaged, but unadjusted measurements that make up the network. Multi- ple measurements of the same angle or distance are averaged to a single measurement. The standard error of multiple averaged measurements is less than the standard error of a single measurement. When multiple measurements are used, the standard error for the averaged measurement will be computed using the average of the mean formula. The rst of the four sections is a list of the control coordinates used in the network adjustment. These coordinates could have been read from the .RW5 or .CGR raw data le, or from the supplemental coordinate le. Notice that the standard errors for the control points are displayed. The second of the four measurement sections shows the distances and distance standard errors used in the adjustment. These distances are horizontal distances computed from all slope distance and vertical angles for that distance, including all foresight and backsight distances. The standard error settings used to calculate the nal distance standard error include the distance standard error, the PPM standard error, the target centering standard error and the instrument centering standard errors. The techniques and formulas used to calculate the nal distance standard error are found in section 6.12 of the textbook ''Adjustment Computations, Statistics and Least Squares in Surveying and GIS'', by Paul Wolf and Charles Ghilani. The third of the four measurement sections shows the angles and angle standard errors used in the adjustment. These angles are the averaged angle value for all the multiple angles collected. The standard error settings used to calculate the nal angle standard error include the pointing standard error, the reading standard error, the target centering standard error and the instrument centering standard errors. The techniques and formulas used to calculate the nal angle standard error are found in section 6.2 of the textbook ''Adjustment Computations, Statistics and Least Squares in Surveying and GIS'', by Paul Wolf and Charles Ghilani. The fourth of the four measurement sections shows the azimuths and azimuth standard errors used in the adjustment. Azimuths can only be dened as a direction record in the .RW5 or .CGR raw data le. Adjusted Observations TAB: The next three sections list the adjusted horizontal distance, horizontal angle, and azimuth measurements. In ad- dition to the adjusted measurement the, residual, the standard residual and the standard deviation of the adjusted measurement is displayed. The residual is dened as the difference between the unadjusted measurement and the adjusted measurement. The residual is one of the most useful and intuitive measures displayed in the report. Large residuals in relation to the standards of the survey are indications of problems with the data. The standard residual is the a priori standard error divided by the residual of a measurement. The a priori standard errors are the standard errors of the measurements as displayed in the unadjusted measurement section. A standard residual of 1 indicates that the adjusted measurement is consistent with the adjustment being made to the measure- ment. One or a few measurements having high standard residuals, in relation to the rest of the standard residuals, may be an indication of a blunder in the survey. When all standard residuals are consistently large there is likely an inconsistency in the a priori standard errors and the adjustments being made to the measurements. In other words the standard errors dened for the project are too small, in relation to the survey methods used. The standard deviation of the measurement means that there is a 68% probability that the adjusted measurement is within plus or minus the standard deviation of the measurement's true value. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 607 Additionally, the root mean square of each measurement type is displayed. The root mean square is dened as the square root of the average of the squares of a set of numbers. Loosely dened, it can be described as an average residual for that measurement type. Statistics The next section displays some statistical measures of the adjustment including the number of iterations needed for the solution to converge, the degrees of freedom of the network, the reference variance, the standard error of unit weight, and the results of a Chi-square test. The degree of freedom is an indication of how many redundant measurements are in the survey. Degree of freedom is dened as the number of measurements in excess of the number of measurements necessary to solve the network. The standard error of unit weight relates to the overall adjustment and not an individual measurement. A value of one indicates that the results of the adjustment are consistent with a priori standard errors. The reference variance is the standard error of unit weight squared. The chi-square test is a test of the ''goodness'' of t of the adjustment. It is not an absolute test of the accuracy of the survey. The a priori standard errors which are dened in the project settings dialog box or with the SE record in the raw data (.RW5 or .CGR) le are used to determine the weights of the measurements. These standard errors can also be looked at as an estimate of how accurately the measurements were made. The chi-square test merely tests whether the results of the adjusted measurements are consistent with the a priori standard errors. Notice that if you change the project standard errors and then reprocess the survey the results of the chi-square test change, even though the nal adjusted coordinates may change very little. Adjusted Coordinates TAB: If the adjustment of the network converges the next section displays a list of the nal adjusted coordinates and the computed standard X, Y standard error. An interpretation of the meaning of the X, Y standard error, is that there is a 68% probability that the adjusted X, Y is within plus or minus the standard error of the X, Y of its true value. The next section displays the error ellipses for the adjusted coordinates. The error ellipse is a truer representation of the error of the point than the X, Y standard error. The error ellipses are calculated to the condence interval as dened in the settings screen. In this report the error ellipse axis is larger than the X, Y standard errors since the error ellipses in this report are calculated at a 95% probability level as set in the Settings screens. The maximum error axis direction is along the axis of the semi-major axis. The direction of the minimum error axis direction is along the semi-minor axis and is perpendicular to the semi-major axis. If a point is located from a variety of stations, you will most likely see that the error ellipse will approach a circle, which is the strongest geometric shape. Sideshots TAB: The next section displays the computed sideshots of the network. Sideshots are ltered out of the network adjust- ment as part of the preprocessing process if the 'Enable Sideshots for Error Ellipses' toggle is OFF. Least squares adjustment requires a lot of computer resources. Sideshots are ltered out to minimize the computer resources needed in a large network adjustment. The sideshots are computed from the nal adjusted network points. The results of the side shot computations are the same whether they are reduced as part of the least squares adjustment or from the nal adjusted coordinates. Elevation Report TAB: The next part of the report displays the results of the vertical adjustment. In the 2D/1D model the horizontal and the vertical adjustments are separate least squares adjustment processes. As long as there are redundant vertical measurements the vertical component of the network will also be reduced and adjusted using least squares. The rst section displays the xed vertical benchmarks used in the vertical adjustment. These points are xed and will not be adjusted vertically. Next, is listed the points that will be adjusted as part of the vertical adjustment. The following section displays the measurements used in the adjustment. The measurements consist of the vertical elevation difference between points in vertical adjustment. The lengths between these points are used to determine Chapter 11. Survey Menu 608 the weights in the vertical adjustment. Longer length lines are weighted less in the vertical adjustment than shorter length lines. The next section shows Statistical Information about the vertical adjustement. It lists the total number of unknown elevations, the number of routes involved, the number of xed and non-xed benchmarks and the degrees of freedom.. The next section displays the adjusted elevations and the computed standard deviations of the computed elevations. Following the adjusted elevation section is a section displaying the nal adjusted elevation difference measurements and their residuals. Finally, the computed side shot elevations are displayed. State Plane Reduction Report le: When reducing to a state plane coordinate system, there is additional information displayed in the report le. First, notice the heading of the report. The heading indicates that the project is being reduced into the North Carolina zone of the 1983 State Plane Coordinate System. The heading shows that the elevation factor is computed based on a project elevation of 250 feet: Sample 2D/1D, State Plane Coordinate System Report File =============================== LEAST SQUARES ADJUSTMENT REPORT =============================== Tue Mar 21 17:37:27 2006 2D Geodetic Model. Input Raw Files: C:\data\lsdata\cgstar\CGSTAR.CGR Output File: C:\data\lsdata\cgstar\cgstar.RPT Curvature, refraction correction: ON Maximum iterations: 10 , Convergence Limit: 0.002000 1983 State Plane Coordinates, zone:3200 North Carolina Elevation factor computed from project elevation,250.000000. Elevation Units: US Feet Horizontal Units: US Feet Confidence Interval: 95.00 Project Geoid Height: 0.00 Default Standard Errors: Distance: Constant 0.010 ,PPM: 5.000 Horiz. Angle: Pointing 3.0'' ,Reading: 3.0'' Vert. Angle: Pointing 3.0'' ,Reading: 3.0'' Total Station: Centering 0.005 ,Height: 0.010 Target: Centering 0.005 ,Height: 0.010 Azimuth: 5'' Coordinate Control: N:0.010, E:0.010, Z:0.030, Horizontal Angle spread exceeds tolerance: IP: 1, BS: 5, FS: 2 Low: 109-19'10.0'' , High: 109-19'17.0'' , Diff: 000-00'07.0'' Horizontal Angle spread exceeds tolerance: IP: 2, BS: 1, FS: 6 Low: 190-32'02.0'' , High: 190-32'10.0'' , Diff: 000-00'08.0'' Horizontal Angle spread exceeds tolerance: IP: 2, BS: 1, FS: 3 Low: 096-03'48.0'' , High: 096-03'56.0'' , Diff: 000-00'08.0'' Chapter 11. Survey Menu 609 Horizontal Angle spread exceeds tolerance: IP: 3, BS: 2, FS: 4 Low: 124-03'50.0'' , High: 124-03'56.0'' , Diff: 000-00'06.0'' Horizontal Angle spread exceeds tolerance: IP: 5, BS: 4, FS: 10 Low: 039-26'35.0'' , High: 039-26'45.0'' , Diff: 000-00'10.0'' Horizontal Angle spread exceeds tolerance: IP: 10, BS: 5, FS: 11 Low: 241-56'23.0'' , High: 241-56'35.0'' , Diff: 000-00'12.0'' Horizontal Angle spread exceeds tolerance: IP: 11, BS: 10, FS: 12 Low: 114-56'20.0'' , High: 114-56'34.0'' , Diff: 000-00'14.0'' Horizontal Angle spread exceeds tolerance: IP: 12, BS: 11, FS: 3 Low: 140-39'18.0'' , High: 1 40-39'31.0'' , Diff: 000-00'13.0'' Horizontal Angle spread exceeds tolerance: IP: 5, BS: 4, FS: 1 Low: 117-30'35.0'' , High: 117-30'50.0'' , Diff: 000-00'15.0'' Horizontal Distance from 2 to 3 exceeds tolerance: Low: 324.15, High: 324.20, Diff: 0.04 Vertical Distance from 2 to 3 exceeds tolerance: Low: 6.62, High: 8.36, Diff: 1.74 Vertical Distance from 3 to 4 exceeds tolerance: Low: 11.46, High: 11.51, Diff: 0.05 Horizontal Distance from 12 to 3 exceeds tolerance: Low: 144.64, High: 144.66, Diff: 0.02 HORIZONTAL ADJUSTMENT REPORT ============================ Unadjusted Observations ======================= Control Coordinates: 1 Observed Points, 0 Fixed Points, 0 Approx. Points Sta. N: E: StErr N: StErr E: 1 658428.26 2150182.70 0.01 0.01 The first distance listing in the Unadjusted Observation section of the report shows the unadjusted ground distances Distances: 14 Observations From Sta. To Sta. Ground Dist. StErr 1 5 290.45 0.01 1 2 292.21 0.01 2 6 52.39 0.01 2 3 324.19 0.01 3 4 275.60 0.01 3 20 134.66 0.01 20 21 116.07 0.01 21 22 50.12 0.01 4 5 309.65 0.01 5 10 129.99 0.01 10 11 126.01 0.01 10 15 10.00 0.01 Chapter 11. Survey Menu 610 11 12 129.43 0.01 12 3 144.65 0.01 Angles: 15 Observations BS Sta. Occ. Sta. FS Sta. Angle StEr r (Sec.) 5 1 2 109-19'13.5'' 7.7 1 2 6 190-32'06.0'' 26.2 1 2 3 096-03'52.0'' 7.3 2 3 4 124-03'53.0'' 7.8 2 3 20 185-23'56.0'' 12.8 3 20 21 180-15'26.0'' 17.6 20 21 22 183-26'45.0'' 31.2 3 4 5 093-02'11.5'' 7.5 4 5 10 039-26'40.0'' 10.4 5 10 11 241-56'29.0'' 15.6 5 10 15 056-23'10.0'' 125.0 10 11 12 114-56'27.0'' 15.5 11 12 3 140-39'24.5'' 15.3 12 3 2 325-54'30.0'' 9.5 4 5 1 117-30'42.5'' 7.7 Grid Azimuths: 1 Observations Occ. Sta. FS Sta. Bearing StErr (Sec.) 1 2 N 45-00'00.0''E 5.0 There is a new section displaying the reduced unadjusted grid distances. The grid factor, the elevation factor, and the combined factor used to reduce the ground distance to a grid distance are included in the listing: Grid Distances: 14 Observations From Sta. To Sta. Grid Dist. Grid Factor Z Factor Combined Factor 1 5 290.41 0.99988685 0.99998804 0.99987490 1 2 292.18 0.99988686 0.99998804 0.99987491 2 6 52.38 0.99988689 0.99998804 0.99987494 2 3 324.15 0.99988692 0.99998804 0.99987497 3 4 275.57 0.99988695 0.99998804 0.99987500 3 20 134.65 0.99988697 0.99998804 0.99987501 20 21 116.06 0.99988700 0.99998804 0.99987504 21 22 50.11 0.99988701 0.99998804 0.99987506 4 5 309.61 0.99988691 0.99998804 0.99987495 5 10 129.97 0.99988688 0.99998804 0.99987493 10 11 125.99 0.99988689 0.99998804 0.99987494 10 15 10.00 0.99988690 0.99998804 0.99987494 11 12 129.41 0.99988690 0.99998804 0.99987495 12 3 144.63 0.99988694 0.99998804 0.99987498 The next section displays the reduced unadjusted horizontal angles with the t-T correction applied. The t-T correction is generally a small correction. For most surveys of limited size the correction is negligible. The t-T correction is displayed in seconds. Grid Horizontal Angles: 15 Observations BS Sta. Occ. Sta. FS Sta. Angle StErr (Sec.) t-T 5 1 2 109-19'13.5'' 7.7 0.0 1 2 6 190-32'06.0'' 26.2 0.0 1 2 3 096-03'52.0'' 7.3 0.0 2 3 4 124-03'53.0'' 7.8 -0.0 2 3 20 185-23'56.0'' 12.8 -0.0 3 20 21 180-15'26.0'' 17.6 -0.0 20 21 22 183-26'45.0'' 31.2 -0.0 3 4 5 093-02'11.5'' 7.5 -0.0 4 5 10 039-26'40.0'' 10.4 0.0 5 10 11 241-56'29.0'' 15.6 0.0 5 10 15 056-23'10.0'' 125.0 0.0 10 11 12 114-56'27.0'' 15.5 0.0 Chapter 11. Survey Menu 611 11 12 3 140-39'24.5'' 15.3 0.0 12 3 2 325-54'30.0'' 9.5 0.0 4 5 1 117-30'42.5'' 7.7 0.0 Adjusted Coordinates ==================== Adjusted Grid Coordinates Sta. N: E: StErr N: StErr E: 1 658428.26 2150182.70 0.02 0.02 2 658634.86 2150389.30 0.02 0.02 5 658554.11 2149920.95 0.03 0.02 3 658886.98 2150185.59 0.02 0.03 4 658863.56 2149911.03 0.03 0.03 20 658999.20 2150111.20 0.03 0.04 21 659096.23 2150047.51 0.04 0.05 10 658657.08 2150000.27 0.03 0.03 11 658636.18 2150124.52 0.03 0.03 12 658742.85 2150197.81 0.03 0.03 In the Adjusted Coordinates section of the report there is a new section displaying the latitude and longitude of the final adjusted points. Additionally the convergence angle, the grid factor, the elevation factor, and the combined factor are displayed for each point: Adjusted Geographic Coordinates Sta. Latitude Longitude Conv. Ang. Grid Factor Z Factor Combined Fact. 1 35-33'29.13143''N 78-29'42.16576''E 000-17'29.2'' 0.99988684 0.99998804 0.99987488 2 35-33'31.16445''N 78-29'39.65237''E 000-17'30.7'' 0.99988689 0.99998804 0.99987493 5 35-33'30.38930''N 78-29'45.32617''E 000-17'27.4'' 0.99988687 0.99998804 0.99987491 3 35-33'33.66835''N 78-29'42.10255''E 000-17'29.2'' 0.99988695 0.99998804 0.99987500 4 35-33'33.45055''N 78-29'45.42733''E 000-17'27.3'' 0.99988695 0.99998804 0.99987499 20 35-33'34.78212''N 78-29'42.99610''E 000-17'28.7'' 0.99988698 0.99998804 0.99987503 21 35-33'35.74495''N 78-29'43.76102''E 000-17'28.3'' 0.99988701 0.99998804 0.99987505 10 35-33'31.40380''N 78-29'44.35979''E 000-17'27.9'' 0.99988690 0.99998804 0.99987494 11 35-33'31.19087''N 78-29'42.85714''E 000-17'28.8'' 0.99988689 0.99998804 0.99987493 12 35-33'32.24222''N 78-29'41.96349''E 000-17'29.3'' 0.99988692 0.99998804 0.99987496 Adjusted Coordinates Error Ellipses, 95% CI Sta. Semi Major Semi Minor Max. Error Az. Axis Axis 1 0.05 0.05 N 17-17'30.9''E 2 0.07 0.07 N 45-00'00.0''E 5 0.08 0.07 N 10-58'14.5''E 3 0.10 0.07 N 84-37'33.3''E 4 0.11 0.07 N 51-23'11.9''E 20 0.13 0.10 N 84-24'34.6''E 21 0.17 0.12 N 72-01'28.4''E 10 0.09 0.07 N 43-35'55.4''E 11 0.09 0.08 N 54-43'48.7''E 12 0.08 0.08 N 79-47'56.6''E Adjusted Observations ===================== Adjusted Distances From Sta. To Sta. Distance Residual StdRes. StdDev 1 5 290.43 0.01 1.42 0.01 1 2 292.17 -0.00 0.40 0.01 2 3 324.13 -0.01 1.62 0.01 Chapter 11. Survey Menu 612 3 4 275.56 -0.01 1.11 0.01 3 20 134.65 0.00 0.00 0.02 20 21 116.06 0.00 0.00 0.02 4 5 309.61 0.01 0.64 0.01 5 10 129.98 0.01 0.97 0.01 10 11 126.00 0.00 0.16 0.01 11 12 129.42 0.01 0.98 0.02 12 3 144.64 0.01 0.94 0.02 Root Mean Square (RMS) 0.01 Adjusted Angles BS Sta. Occ. Sta. FS Sta. Angle Residual StdRes StdDev(Sec.) 5 1 2 109-19'19.2'' 5.7 0.7 9.9 1 2 3 096-03'43.4'' -8.6 1.2 9.2 2 3 4 124-03'48.1'' -4.9 0.6 10.1 2 3 20 185-23'56.0'' -0.0 0.0 21.5 3 20 21 180-15'26.0'' -0.0 0.0 29.7 3 4 5 093-02'12.8'' 1.2 0.2 9.3 4 5 10 039-26'37.2'' -2.8 0.3 14.4 5 10 11 241-56'27.5'' -1.5 0.1 21.2 10 11 12 114-56'39.8'' 12.9 0.8 21.8 11 12 3 140-39'40.8'' 16.3 1.1 20.3 12 3 2 325-54'33.8'' 3.8 0.4 13.2 4 5 1 117-30'56.6'' 14.1 1.8 9.9 Root Mean Square (RMS) 8.1 Adjusted Azimuths Occ. Sta. FS Sta. Bearing Residual StdRes StdDev(Sec.) 1 2 N 45-00'00.0''E - 0.0 0.0 8.4 Root Mean Square (RMS) 0.0 Statistics ========== Solution converged in 2 iterations Degrees of freedom:6 Reference variance:2.84 Standard error unit Weight: +/-1.69 Failed the Chi-Square test at the 95.00 significance level 1.237 <= 17.037 <= 14.449 Sideshots ========= From To Bearing Dist. N E StDev. N StDev. E 2 6 N 55-32'06.0''E 52.38 658664.50 2150432.48 0.02 0.02 21 22 N 29-50'09.6''W 50.11 659139.69 2150022.58 0.04 0.05 10 15 N 86-00'28.6''W 10.00 658657.77 2149990.30 0.03 0.03 LEAST SQUARES VERTICAL ADJUSTMENT REPORT Tue Mar 21 17:37:27 2006 2D Geodetic Model. Input Raw Files: C:\data\lsdata\cgstar\CGSTAR.CGR Chapter 11. Survey Menu 613 Output File: C:\data\lsdata\cgstar\cgstar.RPT Curvature, refraction correction: ON FIXED VERTICAL BENCHMARKS Station Elevation 1 569.8500 POINTS TO BE ADJUSTED Station 2,5,3,4,10,11,12 MEASUREMENT SUMMARY From To Elev. Diff. (unadjusted) StdErr 1 5 7.5040 0.0145 1 2 7.5659 0.0145 2 3 6.9843 0.0145 3 4 -11.4907 0.0146 4 5 4.3557 0.0145 5 10 2.2639 0.0143 10 11 1.0931 0.0143 11 12 0.3828 0.0143 12 3 3.3590 0.0144 STATISTICAL SUMMARY Total Unknown Elevations:10 Total Elev. Routes:12 Total Fixed BM's:1 Total non-fixed BM's:0 Degrees of freedom: 2 ADJUSTED ELEVATIONS Station Adjusted Elev Standard Dev. 1 569.8500 0.00000 2 577.4336 0.02465 5 577.3363 0.02465 3 584.4355 0.02915 4 572.9628 0.03070 10 579.6003 0.03341 11 580.6935 0.03641 12 581.0764 0.03519 ADJUSTED MEASUREMENT SUMMARY From To Elev. Diff. Residuals (adjusted) 1 5 7.4863 -0.0177 1 2 7.5836 0.0177 2 3 7.0019 0.0177 3 4 -11.4728 0.0179 4 5 4.3735 0.0178 5 10 2.2641 0.0001 10 11 1.0932 0.0001 Chapter 11. Survey Menu 614 11 12 0.3829 0.0001 12 3 3.3591 0.0001 Vertical Sideshots Station Elevation 20 571.77 21 581.25 22 580.14 15 579.60 The 'Preprocess, compute unadjusted coordinates' option allows the computation of unadjusted coordinates. If there are redundant measurements in the raw data, the rst angle and distance found in the raw data is used to compute the coordinates. If a state plane grid system has been designated the measurements are reduced to grid prior to the computation of the unadjusted coordinates. If the point is located from two different points the initial computation of the point will be the value stored. A variety of blunder detection tools are available that gives the user additional tools in analyzing his survey data and detecting blunders. The standard least squares adjustment processing and its resulting report can often be used to determine blunders. No blunder detection method can be guaranteed to nd all blunders. So much depends on the nature of the network geometry, the nature of the measurements, and the intuition of the analyst. Generally, the more redundancy there is in a network the easier it is to detect blunders. There are three different methods that can be used to track down blunders in a network or traverse. Option 1) Preprocess the raw data: Chapter 11. Survey Menu 615 The 'Preprocess the raw data' option validates the raw data. It displays angle and distance spreads as well as checks the validity of the raw data. Traverse closures are computed if specied. It also performs a ''K-Matrix'' analysis. The ''K-Matrix'' analysis compares the unadjusted, averaged measurements with the computed preliminary measurements (measurements calculated from the preliminary computed coordinates). This method will catch blunders such as using the same point number twice for two different points. The report will be sent to the ERR le. The ERR le will contain the tolerance checks, closures and the K-Matrix analysis. Following is an example of the report created using the 'Preprocess the raw data' option. Notice that the rst section of the report shows the angle and distance spreads from the multiple angle and distance measurements. The second part of the report shows the 'K-matrix analyses. Additionally there is a 'Point Proximity Report' section that reports pairs of different points that are in close proximity to each other which may indicate where the same point was collected multiple times using different point numbers. The 'Preprocess the raw data' option is one of the simplest and effective tools in nding blunders. Time spent learning how this function works will be well spent. If the project is not converging due to an unknown blunder in the raw data this tool is one of the most effective tools in nding the blunder. Many blunders are due to point numbering errors during data collections, and the 'K-matrix' analysis and 'Point Proximity' search are great tools for nding this type blunders. ===================================== LEAST SQUARES ADJUSTMENT ERROR REPORT ===================================== Tue Mar 21 16:04:32 2006 Input Raw Files: C:\data\lsdata\cgstar\CGSTAR.CGR Output File: C:\data\lsdata\cgstar\cgstar.RPT Checking raw data syntax and angle & distance spreads. Warning: Missing Vert. Angle. Assumption made as to whether it is direct or reverse. 1 5.00 180.00050 4 Warning: Missing Vert. Angle. Assumption made as to whether it is direct or reverse. 1 5.00 180.00070 5 Warning: Missing Vert. Angle. Assumption made as to whether it is direct or reverse. 1 5.00 180.00100 10 Warning: Missing Vert. Angle. Assumption made as to whether it is direct or reverse. 1 5.00 180.00020 11 Warning: Missing Vert. Angle. Assumption made as to whether it is direct or reverse. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 616 1 5.00 325.54320 2 H&T Warning: Missing Vert. Angle. Assumption made as to whether it is direct or reverse. 1 5.01 145.54300 2 H&T Warning: Missing Vert. Angle. Assumption made as to whether it is direct or reverse. 1 5.01 180.00020 12 Horizontal Angle spread exceeds tolerance: IP: 1, BS: 5, FS: 2 Low: 109-19'10.0'' , High: 109-19'17.0'' , Diff: 000-00'07.0'' Horizontal Angle spread exceeds tolerance: IP: 2, BS: 1, FS: 6 Low: 190-32'02.0'' , High: 190-32'10.0'' , Diff: 000-00'08.0'' Horizontal Angle spread exceeds tolerance: IP: 2, BS: 1, FS: 3 Low: 096-03'48.0'' , High: 096-03'56.0'' , Diff: 000-00'08.0'' Horizontal Angle spread exceeds tolerance: IP: 3, BS: 2, FS: 4 Low: 124-03'50.0'' , High: 124-03'56.0'' , Diff: 000-00'06.0'' Horizontal Angle spread exceeds tolerance: IP: 5, BS: 4, FS: 10 Low: 039-26'35.0'' , High: 039-26'45.0'' , Diff: 000-00'10.0'' Horizontal Angle spread exceeds tolerance: IP: 10, BS: 5, FS: 11 Low: 241-56'23.0'' , High: 241-56'35.0'' , Diff: 000-00'12.0'' Horizontal Angle spread exceeds tolerance: IP: 11, BS: 10, FS: 12 Low: 114-56'20.0'' , High: 114-56'34.0'' , Diff: 000-00'14.0'' Horizontal Angle spread exceeds tolerance: IP: 12, BS: 11, FS: 3 Low: 140-39'18.0'' , High: 140-39'31.0'' , Diff: 000-00'13.0'' Horizontal Angle spread exceeds tolerance: IP: 5, BS: 4, FS: 1 Low: 117-30'35.0'' , High: 117-30'50.0'' , Diff: 000-00'15.0'' Horizontal Distance from 2 to 3 exceeds tolerance: Low: 324.15, High: 324.20, Diff: 0.04 Vertical Distance from 2 to 3 exceeds tolerance: Low: 6.62, High: 8.36, Diff: 1.74 Vertical Distance from 3 to 4 exceeds tolerance: Low: 11.46, High: 11.51, Diff: 0.05 Horizontal Distance from 12 to 3 exceeds tolerance: Low: 144.64, High: 144.66, Diff: 0.02 K-Matrix Analysis. Distance: From pt.: 4 To pt.: 5 Measured distance: 309.61 Initial computed distance: 309.65 Difference: -0.04 Distance: From pt.: 12 To pt.: 3 Measured distance: 144.63 Initial computed distance: 144.66 Difference: -0.03 Distance: From pt.: 5 To pt.: 6 Chapter 11. Survey Menu 617 Measured distance: 348.51 Initial computed distance: 523.29 Difference: -174.79 Angle: IP: 4 BS: 3 FS: 5 Measured angle: 093-02'11.5'' Initial computed angle: 093-01'45.1'' Difference: 000-00'26.4'' Angle: IP: 12 BS: 11 FS: 3 Measured angle: 140-39'24.5'' Initial computed angle: 140-40'32.6 '' Difference: -000-01'08.1'' Angle: IP: 5 BS: 4 FS: 1 Measured angle: 117-30'42.5'' Initial computed angle: 117-31'16.4'' Difference: -000-00'33.9'' Angle: IP: 5 BS: 4 FS: 6 Measured angle: 145-30'34.0'' Initial computed angle: 079-39'46.4'' Difference: 065-50'47.6'' Point Proximity Report: Points 3 and 30 are within 0.05 of each other. The problem with the above project was that point 6 was accidentally used twice for two separate side shots. Because of the point numbering problem the project would not converge, using the regular least squares processing. The 'Preprocess the raw data.' option was then used. Notice in the K-matrix section the distance from 5 to 6 shows a difference of 174.79' and the angle 4-5-6 shows a difference of 065-50'47.6''. Then notice that the other listed differences are in the range of .02' for the distances and less than a minute for the angles. This report is clearly pointing out a problem to point 6. Note the point proximity report section. During data collection point number 30 was used as the point number when the point was previously collected as point 3. In the rst section of the report notice that there are several warnings concerning whether a horizontal angle reading was collected in direct or reverse reading. The preprocessing software uses the vertical angle reading to determine the angle face of the horizontal angle reading. If the vertical angle is missing the program makes its best guess as to whether the angle was collected in direct or reverse face. Since all horizontal angle spreads in the report are reasonable, the preprocessing software must have made the correct determination. Option 2) Float one observation: Chapter 11. Survey Menu 618 This option is useful in nding a single blunder, either an angle or distance, within a network or traverse. If there is more than a single blunder in the network then it is less likely that this method will be able to isolate the blunders. If the standard least squares processing results in a network that will not converge then this blunder detection method will not work. Use the 'Preprocess the raw data' blunder detection method if the solution is not converging. Also this method will only work on small and moderately sized networks. This method performs a least squares adjustment once for every non-trivial measurement in the network. So for large networks this method may take so long to process that it is not feasible to use this method. With this method an adjustment is computed for each non-trivial individual angle and distance measurement. Consecutively, a single angle or distance is allowed to oat during each adjustment. The selected angle or distance does not ''constrain'' the adjustment in any way. If there is a single bad angle or distance, one of the adjustment possibilities will place most of the error in the ''oat'' measurement, and the other measurements should have small residuals. The potentially bad angle or distance is agged with a double asterisk ( ** ). Since an adjustment is computed for each measurement this method my take a long time when analyzing large data les. The adjustments with the lowest reference variances are selected as the most likely adjustments that have isolated the blunder. You have the choice to view the best adjustment, or the top adjustments with a maximum of ten. In the above example we asked to see the top 5 choices for potential blunders. The results are shown in the ERR le. Following is a section of the report generated where an angular blunder was introduced into a small traverse. Notice the ' ** ' characters beside the angle measurements. In this report the two most likely adjustments were displayed. The blunder was introduced to angle 101-2-3. Angle 101-2-3 was chosen as the 2nd most likely source of the blunder, showing that these blunder detection methods though not perfect, can be a useful tool in the analysis of survey measurements. Notice how much higher the standard residuals are on the suspected blunders than the standard residuals of the other measurements. Adjusted Observations ===================== Adjusted Distances From Sta. To Sta. Distance Residual StdRes. StdDev 101 2 68.780 -0.006 0.608 0.008 2 3 22.592 -0.006 0.573 0.008 3 4 47.694 -0.002 0.213 0.008 4 5 44.954 -0.001 0.069 0.008 5 6 62.604 0.005 0.472 0.009 6 7 35.512 0.006 0.539 0.008 7 101 61.704 0.003 0.314 0.009 Root Mean Square (RMS) 0.005 Adjusted Angles Chapter 11. Survey Menu 619 BS Sta. Occ. Sta. FS Sta. Angle Residual StdRes StdDev(Sec.) 7 101 2 048-05'06'' -5 0 21 101 2 3 172-14'33'' -2 0 27 2 3 4 129-27'44'' -222 * 7 56 ** 3 4 5 166-09'59'' 11 0 25 4 5 6 043-12'26'' 22 1 21 5 6 7 192-11'52'' 12 0 25 6 7 101 148-38'19'' 8 0 25 Root Mean Square (RMS) 85 Adjusted Azimuths Occ. Sta. FS Sta. Bearing Residual StdRes StdDev(Sec.) 101 7 N 00-00'00'' E 0 0 4 Root Mean Square (RMS) 0 Statistics ========== Solution converged in 2 iterations Degrees of freedom:3 Reference variance:0.78 Standard error unit Weight: +/-0.88 Passed the Chi-Square test at the 95.00 significance level 0.216 <= 2.347 <= 9.348 Adjusted Observations ===================== Adjusted Distances From Sta. To Sta. Distance Residual StdRes. StdDev 101 2 68.781 -0.005 0.473 0.009 2 3 22.592 -0.005 0.512 0.009 3 4 47.690 -0.006 0.586 0.009 4 5 44.950 -0.005 0.523 0.009 5 6 62.605 0.006 0.607 0.009 6 7 35.512 0.006 0.560 0.009 7 101 61.708 0.006 0.614 0.009 Root Mean Square (RMS) 0.006 Adjusted Angles BS Sta. Occ. Sta. FS Sta. Angle Residual StdRes StdDev(Sec.) 7 101 2 048-05'22'' 11 0 24 101 2 3 172-11'03'' -213 * 7 58 ** 2 3 4 129-31'23'' -3 0 29 3 4 5 166-09'48'' 1 0 26 4 5 6 043-12'11'' 6 0 21 5 6 7 192-11'50'' 10 0 27 6 7 101 148-38'24'' 13 0 27 Root Mean Square (RMS) 81 Adjusted Azimuths Occ. Sta. FS Sta. Bearing Residual StdRes StdDev(Sec.) 101 7 N-00-00'00''E -0 0 5 Root Mean Square (RMS) 0 Statistics ========== Chapter 11. Survey Menu 620 Solution con verged in 2 iterations Degrees of freedom:3 Reference variance:0.89 Standard error unit Weight: +/-0.94 Passed the Chi-Square test at the 95.00 significance level 0.216 <= 2.675 <= 9.348 The blunder is most likely in the measurement containing the largest residual and standard residual. The observation marked with ** is the observation that oated. It is also most likely the measurement containing the blunder. Option 3) Re-weight by residuals & std err: This method is capable of detecting multiple blunders but one is more likely to nd the blunders if there is a high degree of redundancy (network of interconnected traverses). The higher the degree of freedom the more likely this method will nd the blunders. This method will not work if the standard least squares processing will not converge. Use the 'Preprocess the raw data' blunder detection method if the network is not converging. First, select the number of adjustments or passes you wish to make. Each time an adjustment is completed, the measurements will be re-weighted based on the residuals and standard errors. Hopefully, after three or four passes, the blunders will become obvious. The results are shown in the ERR le, look for the measurements with the highest standard residuals. These measurements are more likely to contain blunders. The theory behind this method is that after processing, the measurements with blunders are more likely to have higher residuals and computed standard errors. So, in the next pass the measurements are reweighted based on the computed residuals, with less weight being assigned to the measurements with high residuals. After several passes it is likely that the measurements with the blunders have been reweighed such that they have little effect on the network. As a rule of thumb three or four passes are usually sufcient. Following is a section of the report showing the results of the 'Reweight by residuals & std. err.'. This report was generated using the same data used in the earlier example. Notice that it has agged the same two angle measurements. The 'Reweight by residuals & std. err.' method performs a new adjustment for each pass. So, this method will take longer than the standard least squares adjustment, but does not take near as long to complete processing as the 'Float one Observation' method for larger networks. Adjusted Observations Chapter 11. Survey Menu 621 ===================== Adjusted Distances From Sta. To Sta. Distance Residual StdRes. StdDev 101 2 68.778 -0.009 0.827 0.014 2 3 22.588 -0.010 0.942 0.015 3 4 47.694 -0.002 0.208 0.009 4 5 44.954 -0.001 0.077 0.006 5 6 62.608 0.010 0.919 0.016 6 7 35.517 0.011 1.040 0.016 7 101 61.705 0.004 0.398 0.011 Root Mean Square (RMS) 0.008 Adjusted Angles BS Sta. Occ. Sta. FS Sta. Angle Residual StdRes StdDev(Sec.) 7 101 2 048-05'07'' -4 0 21 101 2 3 172-13'19'' -77 * 2 65 2 3 4 129-29'56'' -91 * 3 64 3 4 5 166-09'44'' -3 0 24 4 5 6 043-12'05'' 0 0 9 5 6 7 192-11'40'' -0 0 19 6 7 101 148-38'10'' -1 0 20 Root Mean Square (RMS) 45 Adjusted Azimuths Occ. Sta. FS Sta. Bearing Residual StdRes StdDev(Sec.) 101 7 N 00-00'00''E 0 0 2 Root Mean Square (RMS) 0 Statistics ========== Solution converged in 1 iterations Degrees of freedom:3 Reference variance:1.77 Standard error unit Weight: +/-1.33 Passed the Chi-Square test at the 95.00 significance level 0.216 <= 5.322 <= 9.348 The blunder is most likely in the measurement containing the largest residual and standard residual. Graphics SurvNet provides a window that graphically displays the survey network. Additionally the user is able to display error ellipses, and GPS vectors. The user has much control over how the network is displayed. The graphic tool is a useful tool in debugging networks since the raw data can be displayed prior to adjustment. If there are problems with the raw data the graphics often reect the problem. The actual graphics cannot be output or saved. The graphics can be shown independent of whether the project has been processed. The following snapshot shows a view of the graphic window. The graphic window can be accessed using the eye icon on the main tool bar. A project must be opened before the graphic window can be displayed. The graphics window will only display error ellipses after the project has been processed. The tool bar in the graphics window contains buttons that allow the user to pan, zoom in, zoom out, zoom extents, and zoom to a window. Additionally there is a button that allows the user to navigate to points in the .CGR raw data editor. Also, there are buttons that will refresh the graphic, and change the graphic settings. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 622 Pan: Use this button to pan the graphics. Zoom in: Use this button to zoom in on the graphics. Zoom out: Use this button to zoom out on the graphics. Zoom extent: Use this button to zoom to the extents of the graphics Zoom to window: Use this button to zoom to the extents of a user picked window. Pick Point. This button allows the user to navigate within the .CGR raw editor from the graphics window. Currently this button serves no purpose when working with .RW5 data.. Settings: This buttons is used to change the graphic display settings. Refresh: This button will refresh the graphic view. Graphics are generated from the saved raw data le. If you make changes to the raw le in the raw editor you must save the le before the changes will be reected in the refreshed graphic screen. Following is a description of the options in the graphics setting dialog box, which is accessed using the tool bar button. Points Options Chapter 11. Survey Menu 623 These settings determine how the different type control points are displayed in the graphics window. Different graphic settings can be applied to standard control points, xed control points and oating control points. The symbol node display can be controlled as to symbol type, symbol color, symbol size. The control point name can be displayed and its size set from this setting dialog box. The graphic pick radius denes a search radius. This radius is used when navigating the .CGR editor using the graphic window. You can pick a point graphically and the cursor in the editor will go to the next eld containing that point number. The radius is dened in terms of the distance units of the raw data le. Trav/SS's Options These settings determine how the network line work will be displayed for total station raw data. There are settings for traverse data, side shot data, and azimuth control. The program considers any point that has only a single angle and distance to it a side shot. The user can control the color of the traverse lines. The symbol node display can be controlled as to symbol type, symbol color, symbol size. The point name can be displayed and its size set from this setting dialog box. Error Ellipses Options These settings determine how the error ellipses will be displayed in the graphic window. Error ellipses will only be Chapter 11. Survey Menu 624 displayed if there is a successful least squares adjustment. The display of the error ellipses is relative. The program automatically determines a default relative error ellipse size. The user can modify the visual size of the error ellipses using the track bar in the following dialog box. The user can also control the color of the error ellipse from the following dialog box. GPS Options The settings in the following dialog box determine how GPS vectors will be displayed in the graphic window. The user can control the color of the GPS vector lines. The symbol node display can be controlled as to symbol type, symbol color, symbol size. The GPS point names can be displayed and their size set from this setting dialog box. Some statutes and jurisdictions still require the computation of traditional traverse closures. SurvNet gives the surveyor the ability to compute the closures of multiple traverses within a project as part of the preprocessing of the project raw data. Closures for single or multiple traverses can be computed for a single project. Additionally, GPS closures can be computed for GPS loops. To compute closures you must rst create a ''Closure'' le (.CLS). Closure les dene the type of traverse loops that are to be computed and the point numbers that make up the traverse. There are two options in the FILE menu that are used to create and edit the closure, .cls, les: Open Traverse Closure File New Traverse Closure File Chapter 11. Survey Menu 625 After choosing the 'New Traverse Closure File' you will be prompted for a new le name. After choosing a le name the following dialog box is displayed. First enter the point sequence which denes the traverse in the bottom left edit box. Check the bottom check boxes to set whether vertical closure and angle closures need to be computed. Then choose what type traverse is being entered. When the bottom elds are correct press the 'Add' button and the traverse will be entered into the upper list box. If you need to edit one of the traverses in the top list box mouse click the traverse to be edited. The elds will be entered in the lower edit elds. Make the appropriate edits, then click the 'Change' button to save the changes to the upper list box. Enter the points that dene the traverse. Points can be entered in the form: 1,23,30-35,45,23,1 A comma separates the point numbers. You can select a range (30-35) when the points are sequential. You must start with the rst backsight point number and end with the last foresight point number. For example, if you have a simple loop traverse with angle closure using points 1, 2, 3 and 4, it will be entered as ''4,1,2,3,4,1'' where 1 is the rst occupied point and 4 is the initial backsight. You can turn the ''Angle Closure'' ON or OFF. If the angle closure is ON, you will be shown the total angu- lar error and error per angle point. If the nal closing angle was not collected you can turn ''Angle Closure'' OFF and only the linear closure will be computed. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 626 You can turn the ''Vertical Closure'' ON or OFF. If the vertical closure is ON, you will be shown the total vertical distance closure. In order to calculate the traverse closure, you must select the TRAVERSE TYPE. It can be: Pt. to Pt. Trav. - A point to point traverse is a traverse that starts at a set of known coordinates and ends at another known coordinate. This option assumes you start from two control points and tie into two control points if an angle closure is desired and one control point if only a linear closure is desired. The rst backsight distance and last foresight distance are not used in computing the linear closure. Following is an example. 100,101,2-5 In the above pt. to pt. list Pt 100 is the starting backsight point, Pt. 101 is the starting instrument point. Pt. 4 is the ending instrument point and the foresight to the angle closure point is point 5. If a closing angle was not collected the list would look as follows '100,101,2-4'. Loop Trav., Int. Az. Ref. - A closed loop traverse that begins by backsighting the last interior point on the traverse. Following is an example. 7,101,2-7,101 In the above example closed loop with angle balance list, point 7 is the backsight point and point 101 is the rst occupied point. If the closing angle 6-7-101 was not collected the list would be entered as follows ' 7,101,2-7' Loop Trav., Ext. Az. Ref. - A closed loop traverse that begins by backsighting an exterior point (point not on the traverse). Chapter 11. Survey Menu 627 100,101,2-7,101,100 In the above example loop with exterior reference and angle balance list, point 100 is the backsight point and point 101 is the rst occupied point. If the closing angle 7-101-101 was not collected the list would be entered as follows ' 100,101,2-7,101' GPS Loop Closure: - GPS loop closures can be computed using this option. A,E,F,A In the above example GPS loop, closure will be computed from the GPS loop going from A-E-F-A. GPS Point to Point Closure: - GPS Point to Point closures can be computed using this option. A,E,D,B In the above example the closure will be computed from the GPS traverse going from A-E-D-B. The starting and ending points MUST be control points. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 628 After the closure, .CLS, le has been created the preprocessing project settings need to be updated to include the closure le in the project. Following is a view of the settings screen that denes a closure le to be used in preprocessing. Notice that the check box 'Compute Traverse Closure' is checked and a closure le has been entered in the edit box eld. Notice that the 'Edit/Create' button can be used to edit an existing closure le or create a new closure le. When the data is processed, the closure reports will appear in the RPT and ERR les. You will notice that two closures are shown, one with no angle balance and one with angle balance. Following is an example of a closed loop traverse report: Traverse Closures ================= Traverse points: 103-118,43-44 Traverse starting and ending on different points; Compute angle closure. Compute vertical closure. BS IP FS Angle FS H. Dist. FS V. Dist. 103 104 105 173-07'48.5'' 310.4921 -7.7483 104 105 106 167-48'21.5'' 253.4875 5.6291 105 106 107 200-52'46.0'' 381.4923 8.4877 106 107 108 149-09'05.5'' 410.5476 -16.6830 107 108 109 080-42'36.5'' 245.5731 9.4221 108 109 110 174-21'17.5'' 175.3848 -5.6971 109 110 111 201-42'21.5'' 367.0019 -11.8161 110 111 112 171-52'54.5'' 237.7809 7.5346 Chapter 11. Survey Menu 629 111 112 113 192-32'53.5'' 368.8402 -7.0329 112 113 114 171-30'59.0'' 338.0028 -19.1945 113 114 115 184-54'03.5'' 344.5010 16.3157 114 115 116 149-20'19.5'' 353.8460 7.5562 115 116 117 202-19'01.5'' 390.1123 -9.9180 116 117 118 112-36'32.0'' 293.9935 2.0060 117 118 43 146-06'36.5'' 411.3680 -7.7112 118 43 44 270-04'01.5'' Closing Az: S 47-39'47.8''W Computed Closing Az: S 47-39'51.3''W Total angular error: 000-00'03.5'' Angular error per point: 000-00'00.2'' Correct Ending Coordinates, North: 1400952.0140 East: 2241884.7010 Ending Coordinates, North: 1400951.7936 East: 2241884.8160 Error, N: -0.2204 E: 0.1150 Total: 0.2486 Brg: N 27-33'06.7''W Distance Traversed: 4882.4241 Closure: 1: 19643 Correct Ending Elevation: 948.1710 Ending Elevation: 948.1203 Elevation Error: -0.0507 Closure After Angle Adjustment 103 104 105 173-07'48.3'' 310.4921 -7.7483 104 105 106 167-48'21.3'' 253.4875 5.6291 105 106 107 200-52'45.8'' 381.4923 8.4877 106 107 108 149-09'05.3'' 410.5476 -16.6830 107 108 109 080-42'36.3'' 245.5731 9.4221 108 109 110 174-21'17.3'' 175.3848 -5.6971 109 110 111 201-42'21.3'' 367.0019 -11.8161 110 111 112 171-52'54.3'' 237.7809 7.5346 111 112 113 192-32'53.3'' 368.8402 -7.0329 112 113 114 171-30'58.8'' 338.0028 -19.1945 113 114 115 184-54'03.3'' 344.5010 16.3157 114 115 116 149-20'19.3'' 353.8460 7.5562 115 116 117 202-19'01.3'' 390.1123 -9.9180 116 117 118 112-36'31.8'' 293.9935 2.0060 117 118 43 146-06'36.3'' 411.3680 -7.7112 118 43 44 270-04'01.3'' Closing Az: S 47-39'47.8''W Computed Closing Az: S 47-39'47.8''W Total angular error: 000-00'00.0'' Angular error per point: 000-00'00.0'' Correct Ending Coordinates, North: 1400952.0140 East: 2241884.7010 Ending Coordinates, North: 1400951.7739 East: 2241884.8363 Chapter 11. Survey Menu 630 Error, N: -0.2401 E: 0.1353 Total: 0.2756 Brg: N 29-24'26.1''W Distance Traversed: 4882.4241 Closure: 1: 17715 Following is an example of a GPS loop closure report: Traverse Closures ================= GPS Loop Points: A,E,F,A GPS Loop Closure; Misclosure, X: -0.0323 Y: -0.0162 Z: -0.0105 Closure error: 0.0376 Perimeter: 20229.3858 Precision: 1:537594 GPS Loop Points: C,F,D,B,C GPS Loop Closure; Misclosure, X: -0.0121 Y: -0.0101 Z: 0.0002 Closure error: 0.0158 Perimeter: 41332.9807 Precision: 1:2622216 GPS Loop Points: F,D,B,F GPS Loop Closure; Misclosure, X: -0.0022 Y: -0.0044 Z: 0.0097 Closure error: 0.0109 Perimeter: 30814.5047 Precision: 1:2833226 SurvNet provides the ability to generate reports that give the surveyor the information needed to determine if his survey is within ALTA positional tolerances. It is required that the user dene which points are to be included in the ALTA testing. The points to be included for ALTA testing are dened in an .Alt le. There are two options in the FILE menu that are used to create and edit the ALTA, .alt, les: Open ALTA, Rel. Err. Ellipse File New ALTA, Rel. Err. Ellipse File Chapter 11. Survey Menu 631 After choosing the ALTA le to be created or edited the following dialog box is displayed. The above dialog box allows the user to dene the points to be included in the ALTA report processing. There are two sections in the .RPT le created through the ALTA reporting. The following report shows the sections of the ALTA report generated by the data in the dialog box. The rst section of the report displays only the relative error ellipses between points. The point sequences used in this section come from the list on the right hand side of the above dialog box. The second section of the report performs an ALTA tolerance test and displays only those connections that fall outside of the ALTA tolerances (as set in the ADJUSTMENT tab of the SETTINGS dialog box). The program rst checks the specic point sequences dened by the list on the right side of the dialog box. The program then checks all the connections between all the points listed on the left hand side of the dialog box. There can be many connections to check if the point list on the left hand side of the dialog box has a lot of points. The user can limit the number of sequences to be displayed that fail the ALTA test by entering a number in the ''Max. Connections to display'' eld. Notice that you can enter points based on descriptions in the left hand list box. If you wished to check con- nections between all points with TP, EIP, MON descriptions, enter the descriptions in the edit eld and press the Chapter 11. Survey Menu 632 'Add' button. If TP, EIP, and MON represented traverse points, existing iron pipes and monuments then ALTA testing would be performed on those point types. After you have created the .ALT point le you need to set a few project settings. These settings dene the ALTA tolerances, specify the .ALT le to be used, and dene the type of reporting to be generated. The 'Adjustment' tab sheet within the project 'Settings', has a relative error ellipse section where the ALTA report settings are located. All the ALTA reporting settings reside within the Relative Error Ellipse box. The 'Rel. Err. Points File:' check box must be checked, and an .ALT le must be chosen to get an ALTA report. The .ALT le denes which points will be included in the ALTA reporting. See the previous discussion on the creation of the .ALT le if you are unsure of how to create an .ALT le. Check the 'Include ALTA tolerance report' check box to create the ALTA tolerance checking report section. If an .ALT le has been chosen then the relative error section of the report will always be generated. Next make sure the appropriate tolerance and PPM has been dened. The ALTA standards dene their positional standard as .07 plus 50 PPM. Additionally, the ALTA standards require that the computations be performed to a 95% condence. The condence interval is set in the 'Condence Interval:' edit eld. The following is a sample ALTA report: Relative Error and ALTA Tolerances ================================== SPECIFIC CONNECTIONS: Tolerance of 0.070 + 50 PPM. at the 95% CI. Actual Allowable Ratio Sta. Sta. Dist. Semi Major Semi Major Actual/Allowable Semi Minor Max. Err. Az. 27 500 204.5030 0.0793 0.0802 0.9890 0.0588 S 85-06'32.2''E 500 502 66.8572 0.1132 0.0733 1.5432 0.0842 S 86-05'06.7''E * 34 36 237.9748 0.0731 0.0819 0.8920 0.0731 N 00-00'00.0''E Chapter 11. Survey Menu 633 ALL CONNECTIONS: Tolerance of 0.070 + 50 PPM. at the 95% CI. All possible connections between the following points were checked: 505,506,507,508,509,510,511,512,513,514,515,516,517,518,519,520,521,522,523,524,525,550,551,552,553,554,555,556, 557,558,559,560 Actual Allowable Ratio Sta. Sta. Dist. Semi Major Semi Major Actual/Allowable Semi Minor Max. Err. Az. 506 556 806.5402 1.0818 0.1103 9.8054 0.2586 S 86-37'40.4''E 507 556 827.2364 1.0832 0.1114 9.7268 0.2446 S 86-37'05.9''E 505 556 818.7994 1.0779 0.1109 9.7158 0.2386 S 86-48'24.5''E 508 556 854.9436 1.0836 0.1127 9.6108 0.2477 S 86-38'39.4''E 509 556 880.6338 1.0848 0.1140 9.5129 0.2489 S 86-45'39.4''E 521 556 798.2729 1.0387 0.1099 9.4500 0.2318 S 87-22'50.2''E 512 556 793.0518 1.0334 0.1097 9.4245 0.2127 S 87-21'38.9''E 517 556 907.2084 1.0856 0.1154 9.4106 0.2379 S 87-07'38.4''E 510 556 918.6572 1.0861 0.1159 9.3682 0.2525 S 86-52'46.5''E 516 556 935.1194 1.0885 0.1168 9.3228 0.2426 S 87-22'21.7''E 511 556 941.3134 1.0830 0.1171 9.2516 0.2283 S 87-33'40.2''E 518 556 962.0899 1.0893 0.1181 9.2231 0.2345 S 87-36'45.6''E 550 556 656.1441 0.9453 0.1028 9.1946 0.1952 S 87-09'41.3''E 515 556 978.6797 1.0882 0.1189 9.1495 0.2484 S 87-34'16.6''E 513 556 981.5606 1.0893 0.1191 9.1477 0.2452 S 87-42'02.1''E 514 556 985.2691 1.0895 0.1193 9.1349 0.2454 S 87-41'57.3''E 519 556 993.3973 1.0904 0.1197 9.1116 0.2388 S 87-32'58.7''E 504 556 1004.0126 1.0838 0.1202 9.0163 0.2643 S 86-11'23.8''E 520 556 1132.1493 1.0918 0.1266 8.6234 0.2423 S 87-17'23.7''E 524 556 1152.1979 1.0948 0.1276 8.5796 0.2993 S 86-39'15.0''E 551 556 530.9691 0.8252 0.0965 8.5471 0.1766 S 87-17'08.2''E 506 555 695.5978 0.8953 0.1048 8.5450 0.2389 S 86-24'27.4''E 556 800 1161.6986 1.0945 0.1281 8.5449 0.2766 S 86-03'20.2''E 503 556 1172.1735 1.0945 0.1286 8.5101 0.2767 S 86-03'36.5''E 522 556 1164.2729 1.0911 0.1282 8.5100 0.2546 S 86-47'21.4''E If the ''Ratio Actual/Allowable'' is 1.0 or less, the positional tolerance of the two points have passed the ALTA standards. The rst part of the report labeled ''Specic Connections'' will show all selected connections whether they passed or failed. If a connection failed an asterisk will be placed at the end of the line. The second part of the report, labeled ''All Connections'' will only show the connections that ''failed'' (we chose to see the worst 25). If all the connections pass in the SPECIFIC CONNECTION section, you will also see this message in the report: *** All Specic Connections passed *** If all the connections pass in the ALL CONNECTIONS section, you will not see any error ellipses. You will see the following message: *** All connection combinations passed *** GPS vector networks can be adjusted with the current version of SurvNet. This chapter will describe the processing of a simple GPS network. Following is a graphic view of the GPS network that is to be adjusted. Points A and B are control points. The red lines represent measured GPS vectors. Most GPS vendor's software can output GPS vectors Chapter 11. Survey Menu 634 to a le as part of the post processing of GPS data. When processing GPS vectors certain project settings are important. In the following settings dialog box notice that the 3D-model has been chosen, and SPC 1983 with the appropriate zone has been chosen. The 3-D model and a geodetic coordinate are required when processing GPS vectors. Though it is not require for GPS processing it is in most cases appropriate to chose to do geoid modeling. The following settings dialog box shows the raw les used in processing GPS les. A GPS vector le must be Chapter 11. Survey Menu 635 chosen. GPS vector les from various GPS vendors are currently supported. Following are the formats currently supported. Coordinate control for the network can be in one of several les. The control can be located in the GPS vector le itself. More typically, the control points can be regular coordinate records in the .RW5 or the .CGR le. The also can be entered as 'Supplemental Control' in one of the available formats. When the control coordinates are in the raw data le they are expected to be grid coordinates with orthometric heights. The supplimental control le formats support grid coordinates with orthometric heights, geographic coordinates with orthometric heights, or geocentric coordinates with ellipsoid heights. If the control coordinates are found in the GPS vector le, they are assumed to be Earth centered XYZ. As shown in the dialog above, it is not unusual to have different distance units for GPS, total station data, and control data. GPS vector data is usually in metric units but the total station raw le can be in US Feet. So, the distance units must be specied for the different raw data types. In the Preprocessing Settings dialog box the only important setting is the 'Compute Traverse Closures:' options. If GPS loop closures need to be computed, the loop point numbers need to be entered into a closure le. See the chapter on traverse closures to see how to create closure les. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 636 There are two GPS standard errors elds in the Standard Errors Settings dialog box. The GPS vector XYZ standard errors and covariances do not need to be dened as project settings since they are found in the GPS vector data les. Instrument Centering: This option is used to specify the error associated with centering a GPS receiver over a point. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 637 Vector Standard Error Factor: This option is used as a factor to increase GPS vector standard errors as found in the input GPS vector le. Some people think that the GPS vector variances/covariances as found in GPS vector les tend do be overly optimistic. This factor allows the user to globally increase the GPS vector standard errors without having to edit the GPS vector le. A factor of 0 is the default value and results in no change to the GPS vec- tor standard errors as found in the GPS vector le. Acceptable values are 0 through 9. It is not a linear progression. The following section shows the report generated by the least squares adjustment of the GPS network. Explanations of the report are included in the report section and are in bold text. =============================== LEAST SQUARES ADJUSTMENT REPORT =============================== Mon May 08 13:03:02 2006 3D Geodetic Model. Input Raw Files: C:\data\lsdata\3dModel\gpsOnly\control.cgr GPS File: C:\data\lsdata\3dModel\gpsOnly\chapt16.gps Output File: C:\data\lsdata\3dModel\gpsOnly\gpsOnlyl.RPT Traverse File: C:\data\lsdata\3dModel\gpsOnly\gpsLoops.cls Curvature, refraction correction: OFF Maximum iterations: 10 , Convergence Limit: 0.002000 1983 State Plane Coordinates, zone:4803 Wisconsin South Horizontal Units: Meters Confidence Interval: 95.00 Project Geoid Height: 0.0000 Default Standard Errors: Distance: Constant 0.010 ,PPM: 5.000 Horiz. Angle: Pointing 10.0'' ,Reading: 3.0'' Vert. Angle: Pointing 3.0'' ,Reading: 3.0'' Total Station: Centering 0.005 ,Height: 0.010 Target: Centering 0.010 ,Height: 0.010 Azimuth: 5'' Coordinate Control: N:0.001, E:0.001, Z:0.030, GPS: Centering:0.000, Vector Err. Factor:1.0 3-DIMENSIONAL ADJUSTMENT REPORT =============================== The following section shows the unadjusted measurements that make up the network. The control coordinates are displayed rst followed by the GPS vectors. The control coordinates are displayed as latitude/longitude, SPC Grid XYZ, and geocentric XYZ. If geoid modeling is set both ellipsoid and orthometric elevations are displayed, ellipsoid elevation in the latitude/longitude section and orthometric elevation in the SPC section. The GPS vector section shows the unadjusted delta XYZ, variances and covariances of the vectors. Unadjusted Observations ======================= Control Coordinates: 0 Observed Points, 2 Fixed Points, 0 Approx. Points Sta. Latitude Longitude Z (Ellip.) StErr N: StErr E: StErr Z: A 43-15'46.28901''N 89-59'42.16399''W 1382.62 FIXED FIXED FIXED B 43-23'46.36261''N 89-54'00.75701''W 1235.46 FIXED FIXED FIXED Grid XYZ Sta. N: E: Z (Geoid): StErr N: StErr E: StErr Z: A 140291.2060 600402.2380 1382.62 FIXED FIXED FIXED B 155110.5390 608083.9250 1235.46 FIXED FIXED FIXED Geocentric XYZ Sta. X: Y: Z: StErr X: StErr Y: StErr Z: A 402.3510 -4652995.3008 4349760.78 FIXED FIXED FIXED B 8086.0316 -4642712.8473 4360439.08 FIXED FIXED FIXED Chapter 11. Survey Menu 638 GPS Vectors: 13 Observations From Sta. Delta X Variance Delta X Covariance XY To Sta. Delta Y Variance Delta Y Covariance XZ Delta Z Variance Delta Z Covariance YZ A 11644.223 0.001969 -1.916E-005 C 3601.217 0.001875 1.904E-005 3399.255 0.001965 -1.904E-005 A -5321.716 0.0004316 -4.2E-006 E 3634.075 0.0003838 4.32E-006 3173.665 0.000401 -4.2E-006 B 3960.544 0.000461 -4.46E-006 C -6681.247 0.0005092 4.14E-006 -7279.015 0.0004504 -4.46E-006 B -11167.608 0.00054 -5.5E-006 D -394.520 0.0005442 5.7E-006 -907.959 0.000534 -5.44E-006 D 15128.165 0.0002922 -2.86E-006 C -6286.705 0.0003228 2.68E-006 -6371.058 0.0002616 -2.88E-006 D -1837.746 0.0002462 -2.38E-006 E -6253.853 0.0002554 2.44E-006 -6596.670 0.0002566 -2.42E-006 F -1116.452 0.0001495 -1.58E-006 A -4596.161 0.0001319 1.76E-006 -4355.906 0.0001523 -1.62E-006 F 10527.785 0.0005134 -4.5E-006 C -994.938 0.0004326 4.8E-006 -956.625 0.0004794 -4.54E-006 F -6438.136 0.0001889 -1.84E-006 E -962.069 0.0001992 2.08E-006 -1182.230 0.0001765 -1.78E-006 F -4600.379 0.0001866 -1.98E-006 D 5291.779 0.0001975 1.8E-006 5414.431 0.0002408 -1.98E-006 F 6567.231 0.0001329 -1.3E-006 B 5686.293 0.0001493 1.38E-006 6322.392 0.000121 -1.28E-006 B -6567.231 0.0001103 -1.26E-006 F -5686.303 0.0001495 1.22E-006 -6322.381 0.0001326 -1.26E-006 A 1116.458 0.0001324 -1.6E-006 F 4596.155 0.0001622 1.8E-006 4355.914 0.0001875 -1.64E-006 The optional Traverse Closure section shows the GPS loop closures for the GPS loops dened in the closure, .CLS le. Traverse Closures ================= Chapter 11. Survey Menu 639 GPS Loop Points: A,E,F,A GPS Loop Closure; Misclosure, X: -0.0323 Y: -0.0162 Z: -0.0105 Closure error: 0.0376 Perimeter: 20229.3858 Precision: 1:537594 GPS Loop Points: C,F,D,B,C GPS Loop Closure; Misclosure, X: -0.0121 Y: -0.0101 Z: 0.0002 Closure error: 0.0158 Perimeter: 41332.9807 Precision: 1:2622216 GPS Loop Points: F,D,B,F GPS Loop Closure; Misclosure, X: -0.0022 Y: -0.0044 Z: 0.0097 Closure error: 0.0109 Perimeter: 30814.5047 Precision: 1:2833226 Following are the nal adjusted coordinates. Included in the report are point grid factor, elev. factor and the combined factor. Following the adjusted coordinates are the error ellipses, followed by the adjusted measurements section. Adjusted Geographic Coordinates Adjusted Grid Coordinates, (Meters) Sta. N: E: Z (Geoid): StErr N: StErr E: StErr Z: C 145233.5553 612043.7117 1103.10 0.0062 0.0062 0.0060 E 145091.9380 595081.6888 914.98 0.0053 0.0053 0.0052 D 154179.9383 596919.0552 894.01 0.0051 0.0050 0.0052 F 146611.7860 601518.4564 1024.24 0.0029 0.0027 0.0028 Adjusted Geocentric Coordinates, (Metric) Sta. X: Y: Z: StErr X: StErr Y: StErr Z: C 12046.5807 -4649394.0824 4353160.06 0.0062 0.0062 0.0060 E -4919.3403 -4649361.2195 4352934.45 0.0053 0.0053 0.0052 D -3081.5836 -4643107.3693 4359531.12 0.0050 0.0051 0.0052 F 1518.8008 -4648399.1451 4354116.69 0.0027 0.0029 0.0028 Adjusted XYZ Coordinates Error Ellipses, 95% CI Sta. Semi Major Semi Minor Max. ErrorAz. Elev. Axis Axis C 0.0161 0.0159 S 25-49'31.6''E 0.0157 E 0.0138 0.0137 S 29-24'51.2''E 0.0136 D 0.0133 0.0130 S 11-30'48.4''E 0.0135 F 0.0074 0.0070 S 05-18'52.7''E 0.0073 Adjusted Observations ===================== Chapter 11. Survey Menu 640 GPS Vectors: 13 Observations From Sta. Delta X Residual StdRes StdDev To Sta. Delta Y Residual StdRes StdDev Delta Z Residual StdRes StdDev A 11644.2435 0.0203 0.4581 0.0062 C 3601.2230 0.0065 0.1502 0.0062 3399.2795 0.0245 0.5521 0.0060 A -5321.7125 0.0039 0.1894 0.0053 E 3634.1005 0.0251 1.2810 0.0053 3173.6781 0.0129 0.6429 0.0052 B 3960.5330 -0.0112 0.5219 0.0062 C -6681.2418 0.0049 0.2181 0.0062 -7279.0098 0.0050 0.2378 0.0060 B -11167.6067 0.0009 0.0406 0.0050 D -394.5281 -0.0077 0.3288 0.0051 -907.9606 -0.0013 0.0568 0.0052 D 15128.1644 -0.0003 0.0194 0.0063 C -6286.7131 -0.0077 0.4275 0.0064 -6371.0592 -0.0009 0.0573 0.0061 D -1837.7566 -0.0107 0.6844 0.0056 E -6253.8502 0.0032 0.2006 0.0057 -6596.6687 0.0010 0.0619 0.0057 F -1116.4498 0.0025 0.2079 0.0027 A -4596.1557 0.0053 0.4606 0.0029 -4355.9139 -0.0077 0.6259 0.0028 F 10527.7799 -0.0053 0.2318 0.0061 C -994.9372 0.0005 0.0223 0.0061 -956.6272 -0.0026 0.1175 0.0060 F -6438.1411 -0.0047 0.3391 0.0050 E -962.0744 -0.0050 0.3507 0.0051 -1182.2367 -0.0062 0.4631 0.0050 F -4600.3844 -0.0057 0.4188 0.0047 D 5291.7758 -0.0027 0.1889 0.0048 5414.4321 0.0010 0.0615 0.0050 F 6567.2308 -0.0003 0.0220 0.0027 B 5686.2978 0.0052 0.4292 0.0029 6322.3917 -0.0000 0.0037 0.0028 B -6567.2308 0.0003 0.0248 0.0027 F -5686.2 978 0.0055 0.4474 0.0029 -6322.3917 -0.0110 0.9511 0.0028 A 1116.4498 -0.0079 0.6903 0.0027 F 4596.1557 0.0004 0.0321 0.0029 4355.9139 -0.0002 0.0128 0.0028 The nal section displays the statistic, followed by sideshots if there are any. Side shots would be a point that has only a single GPS vector going to or from the point. Statistics ========== Chapter 11. Survey Menu 641 Solution converged in 2 iterations Degrees of freedom:27 Reference variance:0.26 Standard error unit Weight: +/-0.51 Failed the Chi-Square test at the 95.00 significance level 14.573 <= 6.927 <= 43.195 Sideshots ========= Processing a Total Station and a GPS Vector Network Processing a GPS vector network together with conventional total station data is similar to processing a GPS network by itself. The only difference in regards to project settings is that a raw data le containing the total station data needs to be chosen as well as a GPS vector le. The project must be set up for the 3D model and a geodetic coordinate system needs to be chosen. The total station must contain full 3D data, including all rod heights and instrument heights measured. Following is a view of the Input Files Settings dialog box showing both a GPS vector le and a total station raw data le chosen in a single project. It is not uncommon to have different distance units for GPS data and total station data, so make sure the correct units are set for data types. Following is a report generated from a project that combined GPS vectors and total station data. Notice that the report is very similar to the GPS vector only project report. Explanations of the report are included in the report and are in bold, normal text. =============================== LEAST SQUARES ADJUSTMENT REPORT =============================== Mon May 08 15:08:39 2006 3D Geodetic Model. Input Raw Files: C:\data\lsdata\3dModel\GPSCombined\rawCombined.cgr GPS File: C:\data\lsdata\3dModel\GPSCombined\VectorJob.gps Output File: C:\data\lsdata\3dModel\GPSCombined\gpsCombined2D.RPT Curvature, refraction correction: OFF Maximum iterations: 10 , Convergence Limit: 0.000200 1983 State Plane Coordinates, zone:0202 Arizona Central Horizontal Units: Meters Confidence Interval: 95.00 Project Geoid Height: -30.000 Default Standard Errors: Distance: Constant 0.002 ,PPM: 5.000 Horiz. Angle: Pointing 0.6'' ,Reading: 0.0'' Vert. Angle: Pointing 2.0'' ,Reading: 3.0'' Total Station: Centering 0.001 ,Height: 0.002 Target: Centering 0.001 ,Height: 0.002 Azimuth: 5'' Coordinate Control: N:0.010, E:0.010, Z:0.030, GPS: Centering:0.001, Vector Err. Factor:10.0 3-DIMENSIONAL ADJUSTMENT REPORT =============================== Notice that in this example geoid modeling was used. Notice that the ellipsoid elevation is displayed with the latitudes and longitudes. Orthometric elevations are displayed with the SPC83 grid coordinates. Unadjusted Observations ======================= Chapter 11. Survey Menu 642 Control Coordinates: 0 Observed Points, 2 Fixed Points, 0 Approx. Points Sta. Latitude Longitude Z (Ellip.) StErr N: StErr E: StErr Z: 17 32-58'09.73116''N 112-47'13.55718''W 179.384 FIXED FIXED FIXED 12 33-04'44.24403''N 112-54'36.04569''W 194.299 FIXED FIXED FIXED Grid XYZ Sta. N: E: Z (Geoid): StErr N: StErr E: StErr Z: 17 218691.215 131994.035 209.384 FIXED FIXED FIXED 12 230946.179 120618.775 224.299 FIXED FIXED FIXED Geocentric XYZ Sta. X: Y: Z: StErr X: StErr Y: StErr Z: 17 -2074605.540 -4938403.868 3451206.784 FIXED FIXED FIXED 12 -2082621.133 -4927852.115 3461405.389 FIXED FIXED FIXED Notice that in the 3-D model distances are not reduced to horizontal or grid. Slope distances are reduced to mark to mark distances. A Mark to mark distance is the computed slope distance from the monument to monument. Mark to Mark Slope Distances: 8 Observations From Sta. To Sta. Dist. StErr 13 51 4013.947 0.022 51 52 2208.268 0.013 52 53 2202.068 0.013 53 18 2714.298 0.016 51 15 1601.219 0.010 52 15 2499.608 0.015 52 16 2639.678 0.015 53 16 2859.648 0.016 Notice that in the 3-D model distances vertical angles are considered as separate measurements. Vertical angles have also been converted to mark to mark vertical angles. Mark to Mark Vertical Angles: 8 Observations From Sta. To Sta. Vertical Ang. StErr (Sec.) 13 51 090-04'46.6'' 3.6 51 52 090-14'33.0'' 3.6 52 53 089-43'23.7'' 3.6 53 18 089-58'21.3'' 3.6 51 15 090-27'52.0'' 3.6 52 15 090-05'53.1'' 3.6 52 16 090-07'37.0'' 3.6 53 16 090-20'24.0'' 3.6 Horizontal Angles: 8 Observations BS Sta. Occ. Sta. FS Sta. Angle StErr (Sec.) 12 13 51 067-58'23.5'' 0.8 13 51 52 160-18'01.7'' 0.9 51 52 53 213-47'22.1'' 0.9 52 53 18 198-52'17.3'' 0.9 13 51 15 240-35'47.0'' 0.9 51 52 15 320-50'46.2'' 0.9 51 52 16 142-02'01.5'' 0.9 52 53 16 061-14'43.7'' 0.9 GPS Vectors: 8 Observations From Sta. Delta X Variance Delta X Covariance XY To Sta. Delta Y Variance Delta Y Covariance XZ Delta Z Variance Delta Z Covariance YZ 12 -507.728 6.64E-005 7.231E-005 13 -5749.936 0.0002136 -1.914E-005 -8484.249 7.969E-005 -6.468E-005 12 5291.644 4.281E-005 4.478E-005 16 -4337.804 0.0001497 -1.252E-005 -3048.755 5.397E-005 -4.592E-005 Chapter 11. Survey Menu 643 13 4725.685 0.0001066 6.211E-005 15 -1175.977 0.0002265 -5.722E-005 1127.564 0.0001289 -9.329E-005 13 5799.369 5.779E-005 5.987E-005 16 1412.130 0.0001984 -1.63E-005 5435.492 7.569E-005 -6.123E-005 15 3797.625 0.0001611 0.0001685 17 -3625.824 0.001025 -8.94E-005 -2841.898 0.0003411 -0.000365 16 2723.952 6.601E-005 6.098E-005 17 -6213.925 0.0001595 -3.951E-005 -7149.837 0.0001187 -8.61E-005 16 3983.996 4.166E-005 3.668E-005 18 -2884.461 9.022E-005 -2.464E-005 -1679.646 6.868E-005 -4.835E-005 17 1260.043 3.331E-005 2.912E-005 18 3329.461 7.695E-005 -1.931E-005 5470.192 6.021E-005 -4.279E-005 Adjusted Geographic Coordinates Adjusted Grid Coordinates, (Meters) Sta. N: E: Z (Geoid): StErr N: StErr E: StErr Z: 13 220822.407 122293.821 205.469 0.011 0.006 0.007 51 222914.991 125719.002 200.982 0.013 0.008 0.028 52 224634.004 127105.001 191.980 0.011 0.009 0.028 53 225289.986 129206.984 202.983 0.011 0.008 0.032 18 225217.062 131920.203 204.850 0.008 0.005 0.007 15 222134.510 127117.007 188.195 0.013 0.008 0.011 16 227273.259 127147.034 186.643 0.007 0.004 0.006 Adjusted Geocentric Coordinates, (Metric) Sta. X: Y: Z: StErr X: StErr Y: StErr Z: 13 -2083128.851 -4933602.055 3452921.136 0.006 0.011 0.007 51 -2079539.552 -4933856.880 3454699.821 0.008 0.013 0.028 52 -2077907.135 -4933512.881 3456146.639 0.009 0.011 0.028 53 -2075836.064 -4933996.021 3456717.919 0.008 0.011 0.032 18 -2073345.496 -4935074.401 3456676.978 0.005 0.008 0.007 15 -2078403.158 -4934778.040 3454048.691 0.008 0.013 0.011 16 -2077329.484 -4932189.930 3458356.627 0.004 0.007 0.006 Adjusted XYZ Coordinates Error Ellipses, 95% CI Sta. Semi Major Semi Minor Max. ErrorAz. Elev. Axis Axis 13 0.030 0.013 N 20-10'14.1''E 0.019 51 0.036 0.019 N 21-18'08.4''E 0.071 52 0.029 0.020 N 29-51'55.4''E 0.072 53 0.030 0.021 N 19-08'38.0''E 0.083 18 0.022 0.010 N 26-26'36.4''E 0.018 15 0.034 0.020 N 17-51'28.5''E 0.028 16 0.021 0.009 N 22-55'33.0''E 0.014 Adjusted Observations ===================== Chapter 11. Survey Menu 644 Adjusted Mark to Mark Distances From Sta. To Sta. Distance Residual StdRes. StdDev 13 51 4013.941 -0.005 0.244 0.013 51 52 2208.258 -0.011 0.803 0.010 52 53 2202.072 0.004 0.281 0.011 53 18 2714.316 0.018 1.146 0.011 51 15 1601.218 -0.001 0.072 0.008 52 15 2499.610 0.002 0.145 0.008 52 16 2639.683 0.005 0.357 0.008 53 16 2859.656 0.008 0.469 0.008 Root Mean Square (RMS) 0.008 Adjusted Angles BS Sta. Occ. Sta. FS Sta. Angle Residual StdRes StdDev(Sec.) 12 13 51 067-58'22.4'' -1.1 1.3 0.4 13 51 52 160-18'02.3'' 0.6 0.7 0.7 51 52 53 213-47'22.2'' 0.1 0.1 0.7 52 53 18 198-52'17.5'' 0.2 0.2 0.9 13 51 15 240-35'46.5'' -0.5 0.5 0.9 51 52 15 320-50'47.2'' 1.0 1.2 0.7 51 52 16 142-02'01.5'' -0.0 0.0 0.8 52 53 16 061-14'43.4'' -0.3 0.4 0.7 Root Mean Square (RMS) 0.6 Adjusted vertical angles From Sta. To Sta. Vertical Ang. Residual StdRes StdDev(Sec.) 13 51 090-04'55.5'' -9.0 * 2.5 1.4 51 52 090-14'36.5'' -3.5 1.0 2.9 52 53 089-43'25.0'' -1.2 0.3 3.1 53 18 089-58'22.0'' -0.7 0.2 2.4 51 15 090-27'53.0'' -1.0 0.3 3.4 52 15 090-05'52.9'' 0.2 0.1 2.3 52 16 090-07'39.9'' -2.9 0.8 2.1 53 16 090-20'24.9'' -0.9 0.2 2.3 Root Mean Square (RMS) 3.6 GPS Vectors: 8 Observations From Sta. Delta X Residual StdRes StdDev To Sta. Delta Y Residual StdRes StdDev Delta Z Residual StdRes StdDev 12 -507.7297 -0.0022 0.267 0.0061 13 -5749.9259 0.0102 0.699 0.0109 -8484.2524 -0.0037 0.409 0.0072 12 5291.6464 0.0028 0.430 0.0045 16 -4337.7947 0.0096 0.785 0.0074 -3048.7649 -0.0095 1.298 0.0055 13 4725.6931 0.0085 0.818 0.0080 15 -1175.9849 -0.0083 0.549 0.0115 1127.5557 -0.0086 0.754 0.0100 13 5799.3676 -0.0014 0.185 0.0060 16 1412.1252 -0.0048 0.339 0.0107 5435.4912 -0.0010 0.116 0.0073 15 3797.6184 -0.0067 0.524 0.0083 17 -3625.8277 -0.0034 0.107 0.0128 -2841.9072 -0.0093 0.505 0.0109 16 2723.9438 -0.0081 0.999 0.0045 17 -6213.9378 -0.0129 1.022 0.0074 -7149.8428 -0.0061 0.562 0.0055 Chapter 11. Survey Menu 645 16 3983.9875 -0.0082 1.268 0.0054 18 -2884.4705 -0.0092 0.965 0.0079 -1679.6485 -0.0024 0.290 0.0069 17 1260.0437 0.0003 0.049 0.0052 18 3329.4673 0.0063 0.719 0.0079 5470.1943 0.0021 0.276 0.0069 Statistics ========== Solution converged in 3 iterations Degrees of freedom:27 Reference variance:1.32 Standard error unit Weight: +/-1.15 Passed the Chi-Square test at the 95.00 significance level 14.573 <= 35.620 <= 43.195 Sideshots ========= On the installation disk there are a variety of different least squares projects one can use to become familiar with least squares and SurvNet. These projects are located in the C&G/Carlson application folder under the \Data\SurvNet\ subdirectory. When you open a project for review, you will need to check the project settings, input data les to see if the data les show up. If they do not, you will have to re-select them. Simple Traverse with Traverse Closure This project is located in \Data\SurvNet\2DTraverse. The name of the project is Traverse. This project illustrated a basic loop traverse with two control points and a known azimuth for control. This project also illustrates how to obtain traditional closure information as part of the least squares report. The program uses the 2D/1D model and uses a local coordinate system. Traverse using State Plane Coordinates This project is located in \Data\SurvNet\SPCTraverse. The name of the project is TravSPCUSFt. This project illustrated a basic network with three GPS control points for control. This project is computed using the SPC83 NC Grid coordinate system. The project is set up to generate traditional loop closure data. The program uses the 2D/1D model. No elevations are computed or adjusted as there were no HI's or rod readings collected. Notice, that the project uses two raw data les. One le contains the raw angle & distance data. The other raw data le contains the control for the project. Network with ALTA Reporting The ALTA reporting project is located in \Data\SurvNet\ALTARpt. The name of the project is ALTARpt. This project illustrates how to perform ALTA tolerance testing on points within a network. GPS Network with GPS Loop Closures The GPS network project is located in \Data\SurvNet\GPSNetwork. The name of the project is GPSOnly. This project is a simple GPS network. In addition to the least squares computation and report, GPS loop closures were generated for various GPS loops for this project. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 646 Level Network The differential leveling project is located in \Data\SurvNet\LevelNetwork. The name of the project is network1. This project is a simple differential leveling network. Basic 3D Project The basic 3D adjustment project is located in \Data\SurvNet\3DNetwork. The name of the project is pg08. This project is a simple four point example network. Notice in the raw data that all set up records have an HI and all FS readings have valid rod heights. Also note that there are valid vertical angles for every slope distance. Since the 3D model is a true one process 3 dimensional adjustment, you must enter all valid slope distances and vertical angles. Be aware that you cannot just enter a horizontal distance and a vertical angle of 90 from reduced eld notes when adjusting using the 3D model. 3D Project Combining Total Station and GPS Vectors The total station raw data combined with GPS vectors example is located in \Data\SurvNet\GPSandTtlSta. The name of the project is GPSandTtlSta. This project illustrates a 3D model adjustment that combines both GPS vectors and data from a total station. Since there is GPS data the 3D model must be used. Notice that the GPS vectors are in meters but the total station data is in US feet and the output coordinates are in US feet. Always make sure your units are correct for each data type especially when using the 3D model. Resection The total station raw data combined with GPS vectors example is located in \Data\SurvNet\Resection. The name of the project is Resect. This project illustrates an angle and distance resection. There is no real difference in a resection project than any other angle and distance network in terms of how the data is collected or how the project is set up. Draw Field to Finish This command turns data collector eld notes into a nal drawing by matching the descriptions of the eld points with user-dened codes. The points are brought into the drawing with attributes dened by the code, including the layer, symbol, size and linetype. Draw Field to Finish also uses an improved coding method. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 647 Example drawing results using the example points and example code denitions Two les are used in Draw Field to Finish - a coordinate le and a eld code denition le. The coordinate le consists of point#, x,y,z points with text description elds. The description elds contain codes for the Draw Field to Finish processing. An ASCII data le can be converted into a coordinate le using the Import Text/ASCII File command. The eld code denition le denes the layer, symbol, size and other actions to apply with each code. These le names are displayed at the top line of the Draw Field to Finish dialog box. Draw Field to Finish can translate the eld points into Carlson points (also called coordinate geometry points or cogo points) with a symbol, layer, and size dened by the code. The point settings of whether to label the description, point number, and elevation and whether to locate the point at zero or at the real Z can be found in the Additional Draw Options of the Draw Field to Finish dialog box. The Draw-Locate Points command has these point settings stored separately in the Point Defaults menu. Draw-Locate Points provides a simpler method for drawing points compared with Draw Field to Finish. Field-to-Finish will layerize the points and linework according to the code denitions. If the layers to use are not already dened, Field-to-Finish will create the necessary layers and assign different colors. To have the same colors for these layers in all your drawings, dene the layers in the prototype drawing. The prototype drawing is the default drawing that is loaded whenever a new drawing is created. To dene layers in the prototype drawing, save your current drawing and then start a new drawing with the New command. Don't give the new drawing a name, just click OK. Then dene the layers as desired with the Layer command. When you are done creating layers, use the Save As command and change to Drawing Template (.DWT) under Save as Type. The default drawing template that is used is named Carlson12.DWT. This template name will correspond to the version of AutoCAD that is being used. You can overwrite this default template or make a new drawing template. If you make a new one, you may want to edit the Carlson icon to use the new one. To edit the icon, highlight the icon with one click and then click the right mouse button. Choose Properties and then Shortcut and change the drawing template name. There are two different methods for connecting linework. One method creates line work by connecting points with the same code. The linetype is dened by the code as either points only (no line work), lines, 2D polylines, both 2D and 3D polylines, or 3D polylines (breaklines). Distinct lines with the same code are dened by adding a group number to the end of the code name in the data le. With this method, all points with the description CODE1 will Chapter 11. Survey Menu 648 be one line while points with CODE2 will be another line. Both CODE1 and CODE2 use the denition for CODE. For example, the code EP could be a code for edge of pavement that is to be connected as 3D polylines. If there are two separate edge of pavement lines on the left and right sides of a road, all the points for the left side could have the description EP1 and the points on the right side could be EP2. The second method is the PointCAD format. This method also connects points with the same code. The difference is that instead of using a number after the code for distinct lines, you use the same code with an additional code for starting and ending the line. For example, +0 is used to start a line and -0 to end. So the coding for a segment of edge of pavement could be EP+0, EP, EP, EP-0. Another special code that has been added to Field to Finish is +7, -7. This 7 code will use the linetype denition of line, 2D polyline or 3D polyline dened by the Draw Field to Finish code. For example, if EP is dened as a 3D polyline, then the coding EP+7, EP, EP, EP-7 will create a 3D polyline. Otherwise codes like +0, -0, which is dened as start and end line, will draw EP as a line. Other PointCAD special codes are: +4 starts a curved 2D polyline, * 4 starts a closed curved 2D polyline, +1 begins a 3-point arc, +5 starts a 3D polyline, * 5 starts a closed 3D polyline, +6 starts a 2D polyline, * 6 starts a closed 2D polyline, +7 starts a line whose type is specied by the eld code denition, -05 starts a curved 3D polyline section, -50 ends that section, +8 starts a 2D and 3D polyline combination, * 8 starts a closed 2D and 3D polyline combination, -08 starts a 2D and 3D polyline combination curved section, -80 ends that section. //, followed by a eld code, concatenates that eld code's description on to the point's description. For example, OAK//04 might become LIVE OAK TREE 4'' if the eld code OAK translates to LIVE OAK TREE and the eld code 04 translates to 4''. The advantage to the PointCAD method is that you don't have to keep track of line numbers. For example, if you are surveying 50 curb lines, the rst method would require you to use 50 distinct curb numbers. The advantage to the rst method is that you don't have to use the start and end codes. Also the Nearest Found connection option applies to the rst method. Draw Chapter 11. Survey Menu 649 Range of Points: Specify the range of points to draw. Point Group: Specify the point group(s) to process. Entities To Draw: The Points option draws only the points and point attributes. The Lines option draws only the linework and the Symbols draws only the symbols. Any combination of these options can be processed as well as individual processing of each entity. Draw Within: These options are methods to lter the points to draw. The Polyline method prompts for a closed polyline and only draws points inside this polyline. The Distance method uses a specied center point and distance to only draw points within this circle. The Window/Coordinate Range prompts for lower left and upper right points to dene the rectangular area to draw points. Point Label Settings: Specify whether you want Draw Field to Finish to label the Point Numbers, Descriptions, and/or Points Notes which are contained in the note (.NOT) le that is associated with the coordinate (.CRD) le. Elevation Label Settings: Specify the elevation labeling options. The Label Zeros option will label the elevations of points with z=0. Use Parentheses will place parenthesis around the elevation text. Use '+' and Use '-' will place the appropriate symbol in front of the elevation. Locate Points on Real Z Axis: Choose between locating all the points at real Z elevation, all at zero elevation or to use the real Z setting as dened in the individual codes. PC-PT Curve Type: Sets the method for drawing curves with more than 3 points. The Bezier option draws a smooth polyline through all the curve points. The Sequential Arcs method draws multiple arcs with arc end points at each of the curve points. These arcs are tangent to the preceding line segment. The Best Fit method creates a single best-t curve for all the curve points between the PC and PT. Adjust PC/PT for Arcs to be Tangential: This option will adjust the PC and PT polyline vertices to make the curve tangential. The program will only adjust these points is the adjustment distance is less than the specied tolerance. This option applies to cases where the tangents are well dened and the PC/PT are harder to survey Chapter 11. Survey Menu 650 exactly. Layer Prex: Optional layer prex added to all entities drawn with Draw Field to Finish. Erase Existing Draw Field to Finish Entities: When checked, this option will erase from the drawing any old entities created by previous Field-To-Finish runs before drawing the new entities. In Range: This option only erases and redraws those Draw Field to Finish entities that are within the specied range of points to process. Creating Point Groups: Point Groups can be created in one or two different ways. Each eld code denition can specify Point Group(s) that all point numbers that use that code will be added to. Multiple eld codes can use the same Point Group name. Check the By Code Denition checkbox for that option. The second method is to automatically create Point Groups for each code that is processed. Check the Automatically By Code checkbox for that option. Ignore Code Sufx, if checked, will cause the codes to be considered after removing the numeric sufx. For example, points with the EP10 and EP11 codes will both be automatically added to the Point Group named EP. No matter how the Point Group is created, the Group Name Prex can be used to add a prex to the group name. Note: if the Point Group already exists, it will be erased rst before being created again by either of these two methods. Creating Point Notes: These options append point notes to the coordinate le data for some of the data elds processed by Field-to-Finish. These notes can then be used by other commands like List Points to report these elds. For example, this enables List Points to report both the point coordinate le description as well as the point drawing description as generated by Field-to-Finish. Flip Text for Twist Screen: This option will rotate the point labels and symbol by 180 degrees when needed to make them right-side up readable relative to the current twist screen drawing view. This option applies to the Rotate To Line and Rotate special code (ROT). Pause on Undened Codes: When checked, Draw Field to Finish will pause if it encounters a description that is not dened in the code table. Abort without drawing anything: This stops the command. Run Draw Field to Finish again to correct the code table. Use the default settings for this point: This option draws a point in the ''MISC'' layer with no linework. To set your own default, dene a code called ''SC DFLT''. Use default settings for all undened codes: This option will draw all undened codes in the ''MISC'' layer by default or a user specied layer as dened in the ''SC DFLT'' code. A good way to check the data le for unmatched descriptions is to use the Print Table command and choose the Data Points and Distinct Code options. This command will print the different codes in the data le and identify any undened codes. Preview Only: When checked, this option will temporarily draw the points and linework and allow you to review it with zoom and pan. Auto Zoom Extents: When checked, this will force a zoom extents after Draw Field to Finish is done. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 651 Report Codes/Points: This routine prints the code table or the data le to the screen, le, or printer. A useful option here is to print the data le (CRD Points) and choose Sort by Codes which will group the data points by distinct codes. Edit Codes / Points: The Field to Finish dialog box allows you to load the coordinate and eld code denition les, view and edit the code denitions, view and edit the coordinate le, view reports, and then return to the Draw Field to Finish dialog box to process the les. The top section displays the code denitions. The bottom section has three columns of functions each pertaining to controls for different elements of the command. The Code Table section provides controls for settings, sorting and reporting of codes. The Code Denitions section provides tools for the creation and editing of codes. The Feature Settings section provides controls for the special tree and pipe feature types. The code table editor has a list of categories and a spreadsheet of codes. The spreadsheet shows the codes for the currently highlighted category. The category toolbar buttons allow you to add, remove, edit the names and change the order of the categories. There are two xed categories. The Unassigned category shows any codes with blank Chapter 11. Survey Menu 652 categories. The All category shows all the codes. You can control which elds are visible in the spreadsheet by using the Column Options button. You can make edits to the elds in the spreadsheet or highlight a row and pick the Edit button to bring up a dialog to edit the code. Code Table Code Table Settings: These options provide tools for dening the coding method to be used for processing of the point data. Various import tools allow for the importing of codes from different software packages. Controls for handling multiple codes are located on this dialog. All special codes can be replaced to other characters dened by the user. The special codes are listed and edited on this dialog. Set: Choose this button to specify a new code table. The name of the current table is shown in the eld to the right of this button. Process Carlson Coding: When checked, this option interprets and processes coordinate les based upon the Carlson Coding method and data collection method. Process Eagle Point Coding: When checked, coordinate les are processed based on the Eagle Point Data Collec- tion method. When selected the Eagle Point Codes button becomes available for selection and displays the following dialog. This dialog allows for customization of the eagle point special designators. Currently the supported designators include, ''Field Code'', ''Point-On-Curve'', ''Close Line'', ''Line End'', ''Insert Description'' and ''Bearing Close''. Also supported is the ability to recognize overwriting of descriptions just as Eagle Point does by using the space separator instead of the ''Insert Description'' designator. Examples of supported coding are as follows: .TC Places a node and or line per the eld code library. TC Places a node and or line per the eld code library. -TC Species a point on a curve. TC- Species a point on a curve. ..TC Stops the line. TC! Stops the line. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 653 .TC+ Closes the line back to the starting point. TC+ Closes the line back to the starting point. .TC# Typically coded on the third corner of a rectangle to close the gure with having to locate the fourth corner. TC# Typically coded on the third corner of a rectangle to close the gure with having to locate the fourth corner. WV.W1 Places a node as specied by the code ''WV'' in the eld code library and then begins a line as specied by code ''W'' in the eld code library. .TC.EP.FL Results in three lines coming together. TC1.TC2.TC3 Results in three lines coming together. All three lines are specied by the denition of the single code ''TC'' in the eld code library. TC.TC1 When used in conjunction with the ''Draw Field Codes Without a Sufx as Points Only'' toggle, ''TC'' will be recognized as the node and ''TC1'' will be recognized as the line so that if the code ''TC'' in the eld code library is dened as a polyline, line or 3D polyline, duplicate lines will not be unintentionally placed when this shot only pertains to a single element. Keep in mind that all line work must have a numeric sufx when using this toggle. TREE * OAK Result on screen would be: TREE OAK TREE OAK * Result on screen would be: OAK TREE TREE OAK Result on screen would be: OAK TC1!.TC2-.VLT6# Stops ''TC1'', continues ''TC2'' as a point on a curve and closes VLT6 as a rectangle using the ''Bearing Close'' code. Note: The use of the ''Use Multiple Codes for Linework Only'' toggle is recommended when using Eagle Point Coding. Process CAiCE Coding: When checked, coordinate les are processed based on the CAiCE Data Collection method. Examples of supported coding are as follows: 169 is just the code 169. 145C10 is the code 145 and line #10. 169C25C is the code 169, line #25, and the point is on a curve. 172C12B is the code 172, line #12, and this point closes the line. Process SDMS Coding: This option processes coordinate les based upon SDMS coding method. When active, the program will prompt for an SDMS .PRJ le to process. Split Multiple Codes: Multiple codes are dened by including each code in the point description eld separated by a space. A single data point can be used in different lines by assigning it multiple codes. For instance, a point might be part of both a curb line and a driveway line with a description of ''CURB DRW''. Field-to-Finish uses spaces as the delimiter for multiple codes. You should avoid spaces in the descriptions except for where multiple codes are intended or after the ''/'' character. For example, a code for light post should not be ''LGT POST'' but instead should be ''LGTPOST''. There are three options for the handling of multiple codes when encountered. The All option will split all multiple codes and process each code based upon their code denition. When None is select both codes will be processed based upon their code denition. If the Prompt option is checked on, when Field-to-Finish detects multiple codes on a point the following dialog will be displayed with options for handling the codes. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 654 Import Land Desktop Desc Key: This option imports and converts a Land Desktop Description Key into a Carlson Draw Field to Finish (d) code denition le. The Land Desktop Description Key le is a mdb le and is found in the Land Desktop Project le path. It is located in the under the COGO/DescKey directory. Import TDS Codes: This option imports TDS codes into the Carlson Field to Finish (d) code denition le. Import Trimble Codes: This option imports Trimble .FXL le codes into the Carlson Field to Finish (d) code denition le. Import Eagle Point Codes: This option imports Eagle Point codes into the Carlson Field to Finish (d) code denition le. Import C&G Description Table: This option imports C&G code tables (tbl) into the Carlson Field to Finish (d) code denition le. Import Text/ASCII Codes: This option imports code denitions from a user-dened format. Each row in the text le should represent one code. The program will prompt for the delimiter (ie. comma separated) that is used in the text le and then for the eld type for each of the columns (ie. ''Layer'' or ''Description''). Import GIS Feature Codes: This option imports features in a .GIS le from Dene GIS Features into F2F codes. Import SurvCE Codes: This option imports a SurvCE Feature Code List (fcl) into a Carlson Field to Finish (d) code denition le. Export SurvCE Codes: This option creates a SurvCE Feature Code List (fcl) from the current a Carlson Field to Finish (d) code denition le. Draw Field Codes Without a Sufx as Points Only: This option is useful for when wanting to use a eld code sometimes for linework and sometimes for just points but it is preferred to number the lines rather than using start and stop codes. For example, if the eld code EP is dened to use the Line Entity type, then EP25 will be drawn as a Line, however if just EP is used, no linework will connect to that COGO point. Use Multiple Codes for Linework Only: When checked, and multiple codes are detected, only linework will be drawn for the secondary codes. Points are only created based on the primary code. If you want symbols for all multiple codes, then this setting should not be checked. Max Delta-Height for Linework: Use this option to specify the maximum elevation difference that Draw Field to Finish should draw any section of linework. This option is for use with 3d polylines and lines. Max Length for Linework: Specify the maximum length that Draw Field to Finish should draw any section of linework. Stop Linework At Gap In Point Numbers: This option is a method for controlling the start and stop of drawing linework. This method will automatically stop linework where there is a gap in the point numbers for the linework code. For example, if there are points with code EP then points with code CL then more points with code EP, the EP linework for the rst set of EP points will stop at the last EP before the CL points and then new EP linework will Chapter 11. Survey Menu 655 start after the CL points. GIS Special Codes: This option allows you to use GIS attribute for Field-to-Finish special coding. For a select group of special codes, a GIS attribute can be assigned. When processing the points, if a point has GIS data for the specied attribute, then that attribute value is used for the special coding. For example, you can have a GIS attribute of COMMENT set to the Append Description special code. Then if a point has a GIS attribute for COMMENT, the value of that COMMENT will be added to the description label for that point. Substitution Codes: This option denes a lookup table for translations of the raw point descriptions. This translation is done as a pre-processing step before the regular Field-to-Finish processing. For example, if you had a substitution setup for ''25'' = ''EOP'', then a point description of ''25'' would get translated to ''EOP'' and then this ''EOP'' would be processed with Field-to-Finish. Use the Import and Export functions to load and save substition codes to a comma separated text le. Special Codes: This section allows you to substitute the existing predened special codes and characters with your own. Draw Field to Finish recognizes several special codes. A special code is placed before or after the regular code with a space separating the code and special code. Here is a listing of the default special codes and characters. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 656 Special Characters The characters ( * , -, +, /, and ) can be used and substituted in Draw Field to Finish. The way these characters are used is that when the le is processed the description eld is searched for these characters. If the ''+'' symbol was changed to ''-'' then the program would look for ''-'' and change it to ''+''. This is useful when a particular data collector may not have all the symbols available. With these substitutions you can make a character that is provided on the data collector generate the symbol needed. Multiple characters can also be used. For example '''' can be used to in order to produce a ''/'' character or any of the characters listed above. Special Codes ''/'' Carlson points in the drawing have point attributes including a description. When Field-to-Finish draws the points, the point description from the coordinate le is processed to match a code. The code then denes the description that is drawn with the point. For example, consider a code of ''UP'' with a description of ''POLE'' and a data point with the description ''UP''. The data point description ''UP'' would be matched with the code ''UP'' and the point would end up being drawn with the description ''POLE''. A special character ''/'' (the forward slash or divide key) can be used for an unprocessed description to append. Everything after the ''/'' is added directly to the point description and is not considered a code and no further substitution is done on it. For example, a data point with the description ''UP / 150'' with the same code ''UP'' denition above would be drawn with the description ''POLE 150''. ''\'' This special code takes the part of the description after the ''\'' and puts it as the prex before the point description. For example, a data point with the description ''TR \ 24ft'' and a ''TR'' code denition with a description of ''Tree'' would be drawn with a description of ''24ft Tree''. ''//'' This special code causes text after the ''//'' to be interpreted as a eld code. That eld code's description is then appended to the rst eld code's description. For example, if the eld code 02 has the description 2'' and the eld code OAK has the description oak tree, then 02//OAK will result in the point having the description of 2'' oak tree. If the ''/'' character has been replaced with a different character, for example with a & character, then the ''//'' code Chapter 11. Survey Menu 657 would become ''&&''. ''\\'' This special code is the same as ''//'' except that eld code's description is then prexed instead of appended to the rst eld code's description. MULT This code applies when the Split Multiple Codes under Code Table Settings is set to None and you want to override this setting and explicitly spilt selected codes. Multiple codes apply to points with dual code denitions for drawing two different style points or for connecting different linework to the same point. For example, if a point is both a sidewalk and driveway corner, then the point description could be ''SW MULTDR''. PC This code begins a three point arc or a curved line when used with the ''PT'' code (see below). The point with this special code is the rst point on the arc. The next point with the code is considered a point on the arc, and third point with the code is the arc endpoint. For example (in point number, X, Y, Z, description format), 10, 500, 500, 0, EP PC - start curve 11, 525, 527, 0, EP - second point on curve 12, 531, 533, 0, EP - end point of curve PT This is a special code that can be used with ''PC'' to dene a curve with more than three points or a tangent two-point curve. Starting at the point with the ''PC'', the program will look for a ''PT''. If the ''PT'' is found, all the points between the ''PC'' and ''PT'' are used for the curve which is drawn as a smoothed polyline that passes through all points and only curves the polyline between points. If no ''PT'' is found, then the regular three point arc is applied as explained above. If no points are found between the ''PC'' and ''PT'', then the point prior to the ''PC'' and the point after the ''PT'' are used to create tangents for the resulting curve. CTOG This special code toggles curve mode on and off. Instead of using PC to start a curve, you can use CTOG. Likewise, instead of using PT to end a curve, you can use CTOG. CLO This code forces the lines drawn between a series of points with the same code to close back to the rst point with the same code. For example, shots 1-4 all have the BLD description with the exception of point 4. Its description is BLD CLO. This will force the linework drawn for the BLD code to close back to point 1 which is the rst point with the description of BLD. GAP This special code makes a single segment break in the current linework. For example, if you have a curb polyline that you want to break to skip over a driveway, then you could add the GAP code at the start of the driveway and continue the curb as normal on the other side. NE This code represents no elevation. A point with this special code is located at zero elevation. NOS This code indicates that the point should be ''non-surface''; that is, that it should be ignored when contouring or creating surfaces. This can also be controlled per-eld code by turning on the Non-Surface toggle in the Edit Field Code Denition dialog box. ZO Chapter 11. Survey Menu 658 This code represents elevation only (Z-Only). A point with this special code is used at part of a 3D polyline for elevating the 3D polyline without effecting the horizontal position of the polyline. For example, this code could be used on a grade break point along a cube where only the elevation should change and not the horizontal alignment. PHOTO This code attaches a photo le to the point. The name of the photo le should be right after the PHOTO code. Use the Image Inspector command to view photos attached to points. Offsets: OH, OV, OFL, OFB The codes ''OH'' and ''OV'' stand for offset horizontal and offset vertical. These offset codes apply to 2D and 3D polylines. A single set of offset codes can be used to offset the polyline a set amount. For example, 10, 500, 500, 100, EP OH2.5 OV-.5 11, 525, 527, 101, EP 12, 531, 533, 103, EP This would create a polyline connecting points 10,11 and 12 and an offset polyline with a 2.5 horizontal and -0.5 vertical offset. The direction of the horizontal offset is determined by the direction of the polyline. A positive horizontal offset goes right from the polyline direction and a negative goes left. The horizontal and vertical offset amounts apply starting at the point with the offset codes until a new offset code or the end of the polyline. Only one horizontal and vertical offset can be applied to 2D polylines. For 3D polylines, multiple offset codes can be used to make a variable offset. For example, 10, 500, 500, 100, EP OH2.5 OV-.5 11, 525, 527, 101, EP OH5.5 OV-.75 12, 531, 533, 103, EP OH7.5 This would offset the rst point horizontal 2.5 and vertical -0.5, the second point horizontal 5.5 and vertical -0.75 and the third point horizontal 7.5 and vertical -0.75. When there are multiple ''OH'' codes for the same point, the polyline is offset multiple times. The ''OFL'' code stands for offset left horizontal. The only difference with the ''OH'' code is that you don't have to enter the ''-'' to go left. The ''OFB'' code stands for offset both left and right horizontal. For example, if the points follow the center of a ROW, the OFB code can be use to create the left and right edges of the ROW. SZ This code is used to set a different symbol size. There are several ways to use this code. It can take multiple scale factors for different dimensions by putting an ID character after the factor. SZ: If nothing follows the SZ code, then the next point with the same eld code as the current point will be used to determine the size. SZ#: The value of the new symbol size is specied after the SZ. This value is the actual size in drawing units. For example, SZ2. SZ#X: The value after the SZ is used to scale the symbol in the X dimension. For example, SZ2X. SZ#Y: The value after the SZ is used to scale the symbol in the Y dimension. For example, SZ2Y. SZ#Z or SZ#V: The value after the SZ is used to scale the symbol in the Z (Vertical) dimension. For example, SZ2Z. SZ#H: The value after the SZ is used to scale the symbol in the X,Y (Horizontal) dimensions. For example, SZ2H. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 659 SZ#S: The value after the SZ is a symbol size scaler that get multiplied by the drawing horizontal scale to determine the actual drawing units. For example, SZ0.2S. The X, Y, Z, V and H can be combined. For example, to scale a symbol by 10 horizontally and 25 vertically, use SZ10H25Z. Or to scale a symbol by 2 in the X direction and 4 in the Y direction, use SZ2X4Y. When multiple SZ codes are used in the same point description, the symbol is drawn multiple times at the different sizes. For example, a point description of ''TREE SZ5 SZ10'' will draw the tree symbol twice. One symbol will be size 5 and the other size 10. ROT This code is used to set the rotation of the point symbol. If a point number follows the ROT code, then angle from the current point to this point number is used for the rotation. For example, ''ROT45'' would rotate the symbol towards point number 45. If there is no point number after the ROT code, then the rotation point is the next point number with the same code as the current point or a companion code for the current code. ROT can also be used to rotate towards an angle clockwise from north by using +' or -' in front of the number. For example ROT+45 rotates the point symbol to the northeast and ROT-90 rotates the point symbol to the west. SMO This code is used to smooth the polyline. AZI & DIST The AZI and DIST codes are used together to locate an offset point. The AZI sets the offset azimuth and DIST sets the distance. The values should directly follow the code. For example, AZI25 DIST4.2 would draw the point offset 4.2 at an azimuth of 25 degrees. JOG The ''JOG'' special code allows for additional points to be inserted into the line work at perpendicular or straight offsets. Only offsets should follow the JOG code. Positive numbers indicate a jog to the right and negative numbers indicate a jog to the left. Alternatively, ''R#'' and ''L#'' can be used where # is the distance to either the right or the left. Finally, ''S#'' can be used to make an offset straight ahead by using a positive # or behind by using a negative #. For example, ''BLDG JOG S10.1 R5 L12.2 L5 L12.2'' or equivalently ''BLDG JOG S10.1 5 -12.2 -5 -12.2'' advances 10.1 units and then draws a closed rectangle on the right hand side of an existing line. The offsets are always done in the X-Y plane. If the current line is vertical, an offset to the right is along the positive X-axis. JPN The ''JPN'' (Join to Point Name) special code joins to the point named immediately after the code. For example, ''JPN205'' causes a line to be drawn from the current point to the point ''205''. JPN is designed to work for adding a segment at the start of linework. So the point with the JPN code should be at rst segment of the linework. NEAR This special code sets the current polyline to Nearest Found connection order. This applies to codes that have the Connection Order set to Sequential and you want to override this setting to Nearest Found for the current polyline. RECT The ''RECT'' special code causes a rectangle to be formed on a 2D or 3D polyline using one of two different methods. If a number follows ''RECT'' (e.g., ''RECT10''), a rectangle will be drawn 10 units to the right of the last two points ending on the point with the ''RECT'' code. Use a negative offset to place the rectangle on the left side (e.g., ''RECT- 2.5''). For example if locating the left side of a 10' rectangular concrete pad using the code conc for concrete, the description of the two left points would be (conc) for the rst point and (conc rect10) for the second. If no number follows ''RECT'', then the polyline will be closed by shooting right angles from the rst point of the polyline and the current point and creating a new point where those two lines cross. This method requires three points be established on the pad. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 660 LTF The ''LTF'' (LineType Flip) special code switches the side for the linetype. This option applies to non-symmetrical linetypes like the treeline or guard rail for when you want the linetype to face the other way. CIR The ''CIR'' special code causes the point to create a circle in one of three different ways. The rst way uses just the current point as the center with the CIR special code followed immediately by the radius. For example ''CIR7.5'' will create a circle centered on this point with radius 7.5 and at the elevation of the current point. The second method uses two points, the rst point specifying the center and the elevation, and the second point specifying the radius. Only the rst point has the ''CIR'' special code and the second point is the next point with a matching eld code. The third method uses 3 or more points that specify the perimeter of the circle in 2D with the rst point specifying the elevation. For this method, the ''CIR'' special code is only on the rst point and the rest of the points are the next points with matching eld codes. The ''CIR'' code can be used with all of the linetypes including ''points only''. The circles are always parallel to the X-Y plane. Any active linework for the code is ended before processing the ''CIR'' special code. PointNo. Description Method 1 (Single point at center with radius value) 82 PP CIR7.5 Method 2 (Point at center plus point at perimeter) 83 PP CIR 84 PP Method 3 (Points on perimeter) 85 PP CIR 86 PP 87 PP 88 PP 89 PP For Multi-Point 2ND Code When used on the rst point of a multi-point symbol, the ''2ND'' code indicates that the second point of the sequence (i.e., the next point after the current one) should be used as the second symbol insertion point for a multi-point symbol. Please refer to Symbol Pts in the Edit Field Code Denition section below. For Multi-Point 3RD Code When used on the rst point of a multi-point symbol, the ''3RD'' code indicates that the third point of the sequence should be used as the third symbol insertion point. The ''3RD'' code should be used with the ''2ND'' code. Please refer to Symbol Pts in the Edit Field Code Denition section below. 3D Special Codes Below are the special codes that can be used for the easy creation of 3D surfaces. The resulting 3D face entities can be viewed in the Carlson 3D viewer by entering ''cube'' on the command line. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 661 FACE3D Makes a triangle mesh of 3D face entities by triangulating points starting with the current point and continuing until the line ends or another 3D special code is found. The points must be ordered along the perimeter. Although the mesh will be built if the points are clockwise or counterclockwise along the perimeter, the visible side in the Carlson 3D viewer, ''cube'', is the clockwise side by default. On the Advanced tab, the shading mode may be set to Shade both or Shade back if you would prefer to see both sides or just the counter-clockwise side. HOLE3D Makes an exclusion area within the triangle mesh identied by the point number following this code (e.g., ''HOLE3D101'' will start a hole in point # 101). If no point number is given (''HOLE3D''), the exclusion area is applied to the last mesh or if there is a mesh in the process of being constructed by the current sequence of points, it is ended and the hole is applied to it. Note that a hole can only be applied to a mesh that was created by FACE3D (not BLOCK3D or WALL3D). Note also that it can be difcult to predict what the ''last mesh'' was if it used a different eld code since the points of the coordinate le are processed by order of eld code rst and then point number. There is no limit to how many holes can be applied to a FACE3D mesh. The points of the hole itself are not added to the FACE3D mesh; they are projected on to the best plane that contains the FACE3D mesh and then the hole is cut-out. Example 1: 2500 HOUSE1 FACE3D /front of house 2501 HOUSE1 2502 HOUSE1 2503 HOUSE1 2504 HOUSE1 2505 VENT1 HOLE3D2500 /applies 2505-2508 as a hole to last mesh that uses point #2500. So any point in the range 2500-2504 would have the same effect. 2506 VENT1 2507 VENT1 2508 VENT1 Example 2: 2500 HOUSE1 FACE3D /front of house Chapter 11. Survey Menu 662 2501 HOUSE1 2502 HOUSE1 2503 HOUSE1 2504 HOUSE1 2505 HOUSE1 HOLE3D /stops the above mesh and applies 2505-2508 as a hole 2506 HOUSE1 2507 HOUSE1 2508 HOUSE1 Example 3: 2500 HOUSE1 FACE3D /front of house 2501 HOUSE1 2502 HOUSE1 2503 HOUSE1 2504 HOUSE1 2505 WINDOW1 FACE3D HOLE3D2503 /applies 2505-2508 as a hole to above mesh 2500-2504 and starts a new mesh using the WINDOW eld code. 2506 WINDOW1 2507 WINDOW1 2508 WINDOW1 Example 4 (same result as Example 3): 2500 HOUSE1 FACE3D /front of house 2501 HOUSE1 2502 HOUSE1 2503 HOUSE1 2504 HOUSE1 2505 WINDOW1 FACE3D /starts a new mesh using the WINDOW eld code. 2506 WINDOW1 2507 WINDOW1 2508 WINDOW1 HOLE3D2504 /makes the mesh 2505-2508 also be a hole in the mesh 2500-2504. BLOCK3D Makes a set of 3D faces to make a 3d block using the height value entered after the code (e.g., ''BLOCK3D2.3'' with height 2.3). Heights can be positive or negative. With 3 points, makes a parallelogram base that is extruded up (or down if height is negative) to form a 6-sided block, including top and bottom. With 4 or more points, makes a closed polygon for the base that is then extruded by the height. The points can be laid out in clockwise or counterclockwise order around the perimeter. The perimeter or base does not have to be a convex polygon. WALL3D Makes a set of 3D faces above the polyline using a height value entered after the code (e.g., ''WALL3D2.3'' with height 2.3). The height can be negative if the points on the top of the wall have been shot. If no parameter exists, then the height is determined by the distance from the current point to the next point. This is a signed distance so the surveyor can shoot either the top of the wall or the bottom of the wall. Both sides of the wall will have triangles and so both sides will always be visible in the Carlson 3D viewer ''cube''. Example 5 6' high wall shot along the bottom: 2000 1000.000 1060.000 100.000 WALL1 WALL3D6.0 /wall 6' 2001 1100.000 1060.000 100.000 WALL1 2002 1100.000 1160.000 100.000 WALL1 Example 6 6' high wall, height specied by 1st to 2nd point, shot along the top: 2020 1100.000 1160.000 100.000 WALL2 WALL3D /height by 2nd pt 2021 1100.000 1160.000 106.000 WALL2 Chapter 11. Survey Menu 663 2022 1000.000 1160.000 106.000 WALL2 Load Default This button sets the special codes to Carlson, Eagle Point, Geopak, InRoads or TMOSS defaults. Code Table (continued) Sort Table - This sorts the code table by either code name or layer. Report Codes/Points - This routine prints the code table or the data le to the screen, le, or printer. A useful option here is to print the data le (CRD Points) and choose Sort by Codes which will group the data points by distinct codes. Code Table by CRD - This command will create code table denitions based on the coordinate le eld descrip- tions. This is useful when creating a code table from scratch. Save: Saves the Draw Field to Finish eld code denition (.FLD) le. Save As: Reacts the same as Save but allows for specication of le name and location to save to. Code Denitions Edit: If only one eld code is selected, then this command opens the Edit Field Code Denition dialog box. If multiple eld codes are selected (by holding down the control key or shift key and clicking on the rows), then the Multiple Set dialog box will open. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 664 The code denition dialog has three tabs: General, Symbol and Linetype. Here are the settings under General: Processing ON: This toggle controls whether this code will be processed. Code: This is the key name that identities the code and is matched with the eld data descriptions. It is important to note that the * character, used in this eld, is regarded as a wildcard or ''match anything'' code. For example, a eld code denition with the code dened as TREE * will be used for any raw description of TREE. Raw descriptions of TREEA, TREE12, TREE, etc. will match the TREE code denition. This will always be the case unless there is a more specic code is found. For example is there was a code TREEA in the code denition le, then that code would be used instead of the TREE code. Use Code Sequence: This species a sequence type code. Sequences are a way to simplify eld entry of a sequence of codes. For example, a road cross-section could be SHD1 EP1 CL EP2 SHD2. Instead of entering these different descriptions, one sequence denition can store these descriptions in order. Then just the sequence code (such as RD) is used in the eld. The cross-section can be shot in left to right then left right order, right to left then Chapter 11. Survey Menu 665 right to left order, or alternating left to right then right to left order. The alternating method is known as the Zorro style. The one restriction is that the shots always start from a right or left edge. To set up a sequence, choose the Sequence toggle in the Edit Code dialog. Then pick the Dene Code Sequence button. This brings up a dialog for entering the sequence codes in order. These sequence codes should be dened as normal codes somewhere else in the Draw Field to Finish code table (ie SHD as a 3D polyline). In the eld, the one template code is used for all the cross-sections shots (ie RD for all the points). Then Draw Field to Finish will substitute this template code with the sequence codes (ie substitute RD with SHD). Resulting points and linework showing Zorro style template Dene Code Sequence: This sets the code names that make up the sequence. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 666 Full Name: This is an optional eld that describes the code for viewing. Description: This value is assigned to the point description attribute when the point is drawn. This descrip- tion can be different than the eld description. An additional description can be added to a point by entering it after a forward slash in the data description eld. Use Raw Description: This option turns off the Description eld described above. Instead the points will be drawn with their original unprocessed descriptions. The Attribute Block option applies to the point block with point #, elevation and description elds. The Text Attribute applies to drawing the description as text. The format of the description is controlled by the Attribute Format setting. Main Layer: The point and line work for the code will be created in this layer. Distinct Point Layer: When this toggle is selected, the line work is created in the layer dened in the Layer eld and the points are created in the specied distinct point layer. For example, you could have DRIVEWAY for linework and DRIVEWAY PNT for the points. Dual 3D Polyline Layer: Displays the layer that the 3d polyline will drawn on when using an Entity Type of 3D and 2D. The layer name can be typed in this eld. Set 3D Layer: Sets the layer that the 3d polyline will drawn on when using an Entity Type of 3D and 2D. The layer can be selected from the list or typed in at the bottom of the dialog box. Attribute Format: This chooses the type of point entities to create. The Attribute Block format creates the Carlson point entity which is block with attributes for point#, elevation and description. The Text Attribute format creates text entities for each of the point attributes. When the Text Attribute format is selected, the Set button is available where you can control which attributes to draw as text and the position, rotation, decimals, style, prex, sufx and layer for each attribute. The Offset Scalers control the distance for the text from the point for the different positions. These offset distances are calculated by multiplying the scaler by the horizontal scale for the drawing. The Avoid Overlap With Block Attributes option expands the offset distance starting point from the point to the bounding box that encloses the point block attributes. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 667 Also, for points notes and SurvCE GIS attributes, you can choose to all or selected elds. For selected, use the Add, Edit and Remove buttons to build the list of elds to label. To specify the eld to label, the Sequence# method sets the eld by its order position. For example, a sequence of 3 would use the third attribute for the point. The Name method sets the eld to label by eld name such as HRMS. For each eld, there are settings for the rotation, prex, sufx, position, decimals, layer and style. The deci- mals setting applies to GIS elds that are real numbers. Besides labeling attributes as text with this method, the Custom Attributes feature is a way to label attributes as block attributes. Separate Attribute Layers: This controls the layers of the point and symbol attributes. With ''None'' the point layers are the standard layers, ''PNTNO'', ''PNTELEV'' and ''PNTDESC'', and the symbol layer is ''PNT- MARK''. With ''Points'' or ''Both'' the point attribute layers begin with the layer for the code followed by the attribute type. For example, the ''DWL'' code shown in this dialog has a layer name ''DRIVEWAY''. The point attributes would then be ''DRIVEWAYNO'', ''DRIVEWAYELEV'' and ''DRIVEWAYDESC''. With ''Symbols'' or ''Both'' the symbol attribute layer begins with the layer for the code followed by ''MARK''. Attribute Layout ID: Controls the location of the point number, elevation and description. These attribute layouts are dened in the drawings that are stored in the Carlson SUP directory with the le name of SRVPNO plus the ID number (i.e. SRVPNO1.DWG, SRVPNO2.DWG, etc.). If you want to change the attribute positions for a layout ID, then open and edit the associated SRVPNO drawing. Point Groups: This eld is for the name of the point group that all points with this code will be added to. If the points for this code belong to multiple point groups, you can specify multiple point group names in this eld separated by commas. Under Draw in Additional Draw Options, there is an option whether to automatically use the code name as the point group name or to use the name dened in the code denition. Text Size Scaler: This is a scaler value that is multiplied by the horizontal scale to obtain the actual size. Set Color: The line work will be drawn in this color. The default is BYLAYER. Entity Type: This denes the line entity to be created. Points only does not create any line work. 3D Polyline can be used for breaklines. 3D and 2D entity type selection creates a 3d polyline in the layer spec- ied in the Dual 3d polyline layer setting and a 2d polyline in the layer identied in the Layer setting. Since 3d polylines do not display linetypes, this is useful when needing linework in 3d for design work while also needing to display linetypes for nal plotting of the drawing. This provides an easy and quick way to turn off all 2d polylines or all 3d polylines by using the layer control dialog or the appropriate toggles in the Draw Points dialog. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 668 Elevation Integers: This controls the number of digits to display to the left of the decimal point for the el- evation label. The All setting will show the full elevation digits. The other settings allow you to limit the number of digits to display for the purpose of reducing the amount of space the elevation labels take up in the drawing. For example, if a site is in the 4000 foot elevation range, then this setting could be set to three digits (000) and an elevation of 4321 would be labeled as 321. Elevation Decimals: This controls the display precision for the elevation label. Elevation Prex/Sufx: These set the prex and sufx for the elevation label per code. In the Draw func- tion under Additional Draw Settings, there is an override to set the elevation prex/sufx for all the codes. Locate Pts on Real Z Axis: This option will draw the points at the actual point elevation. Otherwise the points are drawn at zero elevation. For example, you could turn this option off for the FH for re hydrant code to drawn them at zero. Then the GND code could have this option on to draw the ground shots at their elevations. Non-Surface: Entities created with this ag are ignored when contouring or creating surfaces regardless of their elevation. Companion Codes: This option allows different codes to connect when dened as line, polyline or 3d polyline. For example, a main line power pole code may be dened as PP while a service utility pole may be dened as UP. When processing Draw Field to Finish, it may be desired to connect all PP and UP codes together. This could be accomplished by dening a companion for UP as PP and a companion code for PP as UP. Each code needs to reference the other as a companion code. Fixed Parameters: This option is a coding method where you specify a sequence of parameters that follow the main code. There can be up to three parameters and these parameters can be an additional description or special codes Size, Rotate, Azimuth, Distance or Offsets. The purpose for Fixed Parameters is to save keystrokes by not having to enter the special code prex. For example, for a code TR for Tree along with a size 12 feet and description of Oak, the special code description would be ''TR SZ12 // OAK''. With Fixed Parameters of Size and Description, the description would be ''TR 12 OAK''. Data Collection Codes: These settings apply to Carlson Field for turning on the Offset mode and Rotate mode automatically by F2F code. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 669 Here are the settings on the Symbol tab: Set Symbol: This is the point symbol for the code. The dialog allows you to select from the symbols de- ned in the Symbol Library which is setup with the Settings->Symbol Library command. Besides the symbols from the symbol library, you can also use any symbols that are dened as blocks in the current drawing by entering the block name in the symbol edit box. To have a point without a symbol, use the Carlson symbol named SPT0 which represents ''no symbol''. Unit Symbol: This option will draw the point symbol at unit (1:1) scale. For example, this option could be used for a symbol that is already drawn to actual dimensions such as a car symbol. Random Rotate: This option will randomly rotate the symbol. For example, this option could be used for tree symbols to have the trees drawn in various orientations. Rotate To Line: This option applies to points that are part of Field-to-Finish linework. This option will align the point attributes and symbol to the associated linework. Symbol Size Scaler: This is a scaler value that is multiplied by the horizontal scale to obtain the actual size in the drawing. The horizontal scale can be set in Drawing Setup. Custom Attributes: This feature allows you to use customized blocks that have customized attributes (the tag/value pairs). This feature works for both point attribute blocks and symbols. For attribute blocks, Field-to- Finish looks for attributes with the tags ''PT#'', ''ELEV2'', and ''DESC2''. The custom attributes feature allows you to dene additional attributes in their custom blocks on a per-eld code basis. The dialog shows ve attributes at a time. The number of attributes is unlimited. Use the Next and Back buttons to show more attributes. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 670 For an example, the custom block could have an attribute with the tag ''TREE SPECIES'' and there is a sep- arate eld code for each species of tree. Each of those eld codes can specify the value that should be assigned to the attribute that has the TREE SPECIES tag. Then when the points are drawn, the tree species is shown. Note that the custom attributes must have their Constant and Preset properties set to ''no''. The custom attributes settings in F2F should not use those tags that the software already handles (PT#, ELEV2, and DESC2), or the setting will be ignored. The Values for the attributes can be xed strings that you enter in the dialog shown here. Or they can be dynamic parameters including point#, northing, easting, elevation or description for the current point as well as a point note or GIS attribute. To setup a parameter value, pick the Set button and then select the attribute. The Decimals setting applies to elds that are real values. Besides labeling as block attributes, the Attribute Format method of Text mode is a way to label the at- tributes as text entities. Symbol Points: For each code denition, the symbol insertion points can be dened with up to three points. To dene the symbol insertion points, choose the Symbol Pts button in the Edit Code Denition dialog box. By default, the symbol insertion is dened by one point at the symbol center (0,0). A one point insertion denition can be used to insert a symbol offset from the center. With a two insertion point denitions, the program will rotate and scale the symbol. For example, two insertion points can be used to insert a tree symbol to size the tree, where the rst point is for the tree center and the second is for the drip line. With three insertion point denitions, the program will rotate and scale the symbol in both X and Y. For example, three points can be used to insert a car symbol with the rst point being the front drivers side, the second point as the back driver side (to rotate and scale the length) and the third as the back passenger side (to scale the width). Besides the insertion point coordinates, you can dene a description for each point which is used for the drawn point description and is used for prompting in the Insert Multi-Point Symbol command and in Carlson Field data collection. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 671 Three Point Symbol Drawing The coordinates for the insertion point denitions are for the symbol at unit size. To gure these coordinates, you will need to open the symbol drawing (.DWG) le. By default, the symbols are located in the Carlson SUP directory. For example to make an insertion point for the tree drip line, open the tree symbol drawing and nd the coordinate at the edge of the tree symbol (in this case 0.5,0.0). Chapter 11. Survey Menu 672 Two Point Symbol Drawing Not all of the symbol insertion points need to be used when drawing the points. If a code denition has a three insertion points, it is possible to use just the rst two or rst one. There are special codes to associate multiple points to the same symbol. The rst code point is used as the rst symbol insertion point. The ''2ND'' code is used to specify the second symbol insertion point. A point number can follow the ''2ND'' to identify a specic point. Otherwise without the point number, the program will use the next point with the current code. The ''3RD'' code is used to specify the third symbol insertion point and similar to the ''2ND'' code, a point number after the ''3RD'' is optional. The ''2ND'' and ''3RD'' codes should be assigned to the rst point. For example, consider a code of ''CAR'' with a three point symbol insertion denition. If point #1 has a description of ''CAR 2ND 3RD'', then point #1 will be used as the rst symbol insertion point and the next two points with the ''CAR'' description will be used as the second and third symbol insertion points. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 673 Multi Point Symbol Drawing Draw 2nd Symbol: This option creates a second symbol on each point. This additional symbol can be used to add a 3D symbol to a 2D symbol used as the rst symbol. Besides selecting the symbol name, there are settings for the symbol size and layer. Here are the settings on the Linetype tab: Set Linetype: Line work can be drawn in any of the special linetypes or with the linetype for the layer (''BYLAYER''). There are three types of pre-dened linetypes: CAD, Entity and Continuous. The type is shown as part of the linetype names in the list. The CAD linetypes are the default linetypes available in AutoCAD and IntelliCAD. The Entity linetypes insert text or symbol entities at the linetype interval. These linetypes are the same as used with the Annotate->Polyline To Special Line command. The Continuous linetypes dene a special linetype in CAD and create continuous polylines with that special linetype. These linetypes are the same as with the Annotate->Change Polyline Linetype command. Besides these pre-dened linetypes within Field-to-Finish, you can also use any linetype that is dened in the drawing by entering that linetype name in the linetype edit box or by picking the Select From Drawing button within the Set Linetype dialog. The spacing and size of the special linetypes is determined by the CAD LTSCALE system variable and by the eld code settings Line Type Spacing Scaler and Line Type Text Scaler. The special linetype ''hedge'' is drawn with a user specied width. You will be prompted for this information when you select that linetype. The special linetype ''userdash'' is drawn with user specied distances for the length of the dash and the length of the gap between dashes. Line Width: This controls the width for the linework. Only applies to 2D polylines. Linetype Text: This is the text that is used for the user-dened linetype. First use Set Linetype to either Other E or UserDef C. Then this text will be used for the linetype. For example, if you have a code for a 8'' PVC pipeline, then you could set this text to 8'' PVC. Linetype Spacing Scaler: This is a scaler value that is multiplied by the CAD LTSCALE system variable to give the distance between symbols in the line. Linetype Text Scaler: This is a scaler value that is multiplied by the CAD LTSCALE system variable to Chapter 11. Survey Menu 674 give the size of the text in a line. Flip Linetype: This option switches the side for the linetype which applies to non-symmetrical linetypes like the treeline or guard rail. Smooth Polyline: This applies a modied Bezier smoothing to the polyline. The smoothed polyline will pass through all the original points. Hard Breakline: This will tag the 3D polylines created with this code as hard breaklines. In Triangulate & Contour, contours are not smoothed as they cross hard barriers. Connection Order: The points of a distinct code can be connected in their point number order or by near- est found which makes the line by adding the next closest point. Tie: When checked the linework drawn with this code will always close. For example if you have points 1, 2, 3, and 4 with the code BLDG and Tie is checked on for the code BLDG, then the linework will be drawn from point 1 to 2 to 3 to 4 and then back to point 1, closing the gure. Linework Description: This description is labeled along linework created by this code. The Set button displays a dialog to control the layer, style and size for these labels. You can also set the label interval. Set Template: For 3D polyline codes, this option allows you to assign a template (.TPL) le to the code. The code points act as the centerline for the template and the program will drawn parallel 3D polylines for each break point (grade ID) in the template. The template le is dened in the Civil Design module. Select All: This option selects all the codes. This can be used when only wanting to process a couple of codes. For example, use the select all option to select all the codes and then turn them off. Now select the codes for processing and turn them on. Also it can be used to make a global change to all the codes. Add: The new code denition is inserted in the list in the position after the currently selected one. If none are selected for positioning, the new code is placed at the top. Only one code denition may be highlighted before running this routine. Copy: This option copies the denition of a selected code. It opens the Edit Field Code Denition dialog and copies the denition of the selected code to the appropriate settings. It does not copy the name of the code. It is a time saving tool to use when creating codes that are similar with only a couple of differences. Cut: This command will remove the highlighted code denitions from the list and puts them in a buffer for retrieval with Paste. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 675 Paste: This command will insert the code denitions put in the buffer by the Cut command. These codes will be inserted after the row of the currently highlighted code or at the top. Search: Allows you to search for a specic code in the list. Coordinate File Set CRD File: This command allows you to specify a coordinate (.CRD,.CGC,.MDB,.ZAK) le to process. Edit Points: This command opens the Edit Points spreadsheet editor. See Edit Points for more details. Draw: This command returns to the Draw Field to Finish dialog box. Coding Examples Under the Carlson Projects folder, there is an example that shows the different ways for linework coding along with examples for many of the special codes. The examples are in f2f example.crd and f2f example.d. Here is a breakdown of the features that the points illustrate. Point 1: Point Entity by itself Points 2-3: Using Begin code to start a line; end line using Begin code for next line Points 4-5: Using Begin and End to start and stop linework Point 6: Point Entity by itself after End code Points 7-11: Linework by code dened as Polyline entity type; using End as break between linework Points 12-15: Linework by code dened as Polyline entity type; using Begin as break between linework Points 16-19: Linework by code dened as Polyline entity type; using # after code instead of Begin/End to separate linework Points 20-22: Linework by code dened as Polyline entity type without using Begin/End to start/stop linework Points 24-26: 3 point curve using on PC code Points 27-30: 3+ point curve using PC/Point codes Points 32-33: 2 point tangent curve using PC/Point codes Points 35-39: reverse curve using PC/Point codes Point 40: Regular point without extra descriPointion Point 41: Using // to use a code descriPointion as a sufx Point 42: Using \\ to use a code descriPointion as a prex Point 43: Using / to append a descriPointion Point 44: Using \ to add a descriPointion as a prex Point 45: Using ROT and a Point# to rotate to that Point# Point 46: Using ROT and a value to set the rotation Point 47: Using ROT by itself to rotate to the next Point# Point 48: Regular point without rotation Point 49: Using AZI and DIST codes to offset the point Point 50: Using SZ with value to set size of symbol Points 51-52: Using SZ by itself to size symbol by the distance to the next point Point 53: Using SZ with 2 values to draw multiple symbols at those sizes Points 54-55: Using 2ND code to size the symbol Points 56-58: Using 2ND and 3RD codes to size the symbol in 2 dimensions Points 59-62: Using CLO to close the linework Points 63-64: Using RECT with two points and a value to create a rectangle Points 65-67: Using RECT with three points to create a rectangle Points 68-69: Using OH to offset right a xed amount Points 70-73: Using OH on multiple points to offset various amounts Points 74-75: Using multiple OH on the same point to offset polyline multiple times Points 76-77: Using OH with negative value for offset to left Points 78-79: Using OFL with value for offset left a xed amount Points 80-81: Using OFB with value to offset both left and right a xed amount Chapter 11. Survey Menu 676 Point 82: Using CIR to draw circle at specied radius Points 83-84: Using CIR to draw circle using two points for center and perimeter Points 85-89: Using CIR to draw best-t circle through points on perimeter Points 90-91: Using JPN to join linework to another Point# Points 92-95: Using SMO to create smoothed linework Points 96-97: Using JOG to create additional linework segment extensions Points 98-102: Using GAP to create a break in the linework Points 103-106: Using LFT to switch linetype to left side Points 107-109: Using WALL3D with specied height value Points 110-112: Using WALL3D with height from 2nd point Points 113-115: Using BLOCK3D with height and three points to dene parallelogram Points 116-123: Using BLOCK3D with height and multiple points to dene perimeter Points 124-128: Using FACE3D with multiple points to make a surface Points 129-132: Using HOLE3D with multiple points to dene the perimeter of a hole in the FACE3D surface Point 133: Using code denition with Attribute Format set to Text and only Elevation turned on with Label Decimal On Point PointCAD Coding Field-to-Finish supports an early Carlson style of linework coding called PointCAD. The PointCAD codes use numbers with +,-, * symbols as follows: +0 Starts a regular 2D line (not a polyline) that is open. * 0 Starts a regular 2D line that is closed. +4 Starts a curved 2D polyline that is open. * 4 Starts a curved 2D polyline that is closed. +1 Begins a 3-point arc. -0 or -1 or -3 or -4 or -5 or -6 or -7 Ends a line. +5 Starts a 3D polyline that is open. * 5 Starts a 3D polyline that is closed. +6 Starts a 2D polyline that is open. * 6 Starts a 2D polyline that is closed. +7 starts line whose type (2D line, 2D polyline, 3D polyline) is specied by the point's eld code denition. If the eld code denition is to use points, then a 2D line is started. +2 Middle point of 3 point arc -05 starts a curved 3D polyline section. -50 ends a curved 3D polyline section. +8 starts a 2D and 3D polyline combination that is open. * 8 starts a 2D and 3D polyline combination that is closed. -8 ends a 2D and 3D polyline combination. -08 starts a 2D and 3D polyline combination curve that is open. -80 reverts back to a straight 2D and 3D polyline combination. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 677 PointCAD linework coding examples GIS Processing With GIS processing activated, the entities created by Field-to-Finish are linked to a GIS feature name and attributes. These GIS links can be used by the routines in the GIS module such as Input-Edit GIS Data. GIS processing in Field-to-Finish starts with the GIS Table setting in the initial Draw Field To Finish dia- log. The GIS Table is the .GIS le created by the Dene GIS Features command which denes the GIS feature names and attributes. Setting the GIS Table is optional but useful. The GIS Table is used as the reference in the Set functions for selecting a GIS feature name to assign to Field-to-Finish codes. Additionally, when processing the Field-to-Finish codes, any associated attributes from the GIS Table will be attached to the entities. Also, attributes generated from Field-to-Finish are added to the GIS Table. So using the GIS Table links the GIS module commands with Field-to-Finish. Each Field-to-Finish code has settings to assign GIS feature names. In the Edit Field Code Denition dia- log, the GIS Setup button brings up a dialog for setting the GIS feature names and attribute options for the current code. Since Field-to-Finish codes are capable of drawing both points and linework and GIS can have different features for points and linework, there are separate settings for the GIS feature names for points and linework. For example, a Field-to-Finish code UP for utility pole could be setup to draw both points with symbols at the poles and polylines between these points. Then you could have different GIS feature names for the pole points and linework with separate GIS attributes for each. For Attributes to Create, these options create GIS attribute data which is stored in the database setup by the GIS Settings command and linked to the entities created by Field-to-Finish. SurvCE GIS Fields: This option uses the attribute data generated by SurvCE which is stored in a .vtt le with the same le name as the current coordinate le except with the .vtt extension. Field-to-Finish Code: This option creates an attribute named CODE with a value of the Field-to-Finish code name (ie. UP). Field-to-Finish Full Name: This option creates an attribute named FULL NAME with a value of the Field-to-Finish Chapter 11. Survey Menu 678 Full Name (ie. Utility Pole). Special Codes: This option creates attributes for Field-to-Finish special codes including OH (Offset Horizontal), OV (Offset Vertical), SZ (Size), ROT (Rotation), AZI (Azimuth) and DIST (Distance). Point Number: This option creates an attribute named POINT NAME with a value of the point number from the coordinate le. Drawing Description: This option creates an attribute named POINT DWG DESC with a value of the point description for the point block created in the drawing. Coordinate File Description: This option creates an attribute named POINT RAW DESC with a value of the point description from the coordinate le. Default Code Tables Default code tables are installed under Carlson Projects\Settings including Carlson.d and the following DOT's: CA, CO, FL, IA, IL, IN, LA, MA, MD, MN, MO, MS, NC, ND, NE, NY, OH, SD, SK, TX, WA and WI. Pipe Surveys The Pipe Feature adds additional properties to the pipe of size, material and name. Also the Pipe Feature allows for more labeling of the pipe parameters and ability to draw the pipe in 3D. Important: The Pipe Settings apply to codes that are set to a Feature Type of Pipe. To set the Feature Type, go to Edit Codes and then the General tab of the Edit Field Code Denition dialog. When a code is tagged as a Pipe Feature, the prorgram looks for additional parameters after the code. The parameters are separated by spaces in the point description and in the order of size, material and name. For example, if code 'P' is dened as a Pipe Feature, then a description of 'P 8 PVC 31' would dene a pipe point for an 8 inch pipe of material PVC and name of 31. These pipe parameters are optional. The program will use the provided parameters and leave the rest blank. To setup the label and draw options, pick the Pipe Setup on the main edit codes dialog. There are options to label the pipe length, size, material, name and slope. Under Draw Pipe Type, there are different styles for drawing the pipe line. The 3D Faces option draws the pipe in 3D at the pipe size. The Field-To-Finish option uses the polyline type (2D or 3D) as dened by the Field-to-Finish code. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 679 Tree Surveys Tree surveys can be coded simply by using general Field-to-Finish coding methods such as dening a code for a tree (''OAK'') with a tree symbol and using the SZ special code for sizing the symbol. For tree survey specic features, go to the Tree Survey button on the main edit codes dialog. This function brings up a dialog with tree survey settings. The tree survey works with three attributes for each tree: trunk, drip and tag. Trunk is the diameter of the tree trunk. Drip is the radius of the tree canopy. Tag is an id for the tree for reporting. Important: The Tree Survey Settings apply to codes that are set to a Feature Type of Tree. To set the Fea- ture Type, go to Edit Codes and then the General tab of the Edit Field Code Denition dialog. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 680 On the Tree Entry Options dialog tab: Default Tree ID to Point ID: This option uses the point number for the tree tag unless the point description contains a tree tag. Begin Tree ID From: This is the number to start incrementing tree tags from in case the tree coding is missing tags and you want to assign tags for reporting. Draw Point Attribute Block: controls whether to draw the point block with the point #, elevation and description attributes. Draw Tree Table: This option makes the program prompt for whether to draw a tree table when the program nds a couple points with tree codes. Otherwise, there must be many tree codes to have the program prompt for creating a tree table. Draw Circle for Trunk Diameter: creates a circle with the trunk diameter. Draw Treeline by Drip Radius in Scale: shrinkwraps the tree driplines to get the overall treeline perimeter. Draw Tree Symbol for Drip Radius in Scale: draws individual symbols for each tree using the symbols dened in the code table and scaled by the drip size attribute. Draw Tree Symbol by Factor of Trunk Size: draws individual symbols for each tree using the symbols dened in the code table and scaled by the trunk size attribute multiplied by 12. For example, a 10'' trunk size is drawn as a 10ft symbol. Draw Same Size Tree Symbol: draws individual symbols for each tree using the symbols dened in the code table and at size of 6. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 681 On the Layer dialog tab, there are optional layer names for different types of tree entities to append either as a prex or sufx to the layer from the code table. On the Description Codes tab, there are setting to help identify the tree attributes in the point description. The program looks for the trunk size, drip size, tag ID and height in the point description after the tree code. By default, the program expects the attributes to be in the order of trunk size, drip size, tag ID and height. Here's an example default order: OAK 16 12 100 28 where OAK is the tree code from the code table, 16 is the trunk diameter, 12 is the drip radius, 100 is the tag ID and height is 28. If the attributes are in a different order, then the sufx/prex settings can be used to identify the attributes. When the program nds a specied prex or sufx, that tells the program which attribute to use. For example, if the Trunk Sufx is ''in'' and the Drip Sufx is ''ft'' and the Tag Prex is ''T'', then Chapter 11. Survey Menu 682 OAK T100 16in 12ft means tag ID of 100, trunk diameter 16 and drip radius 12 feet. In addition to looking for the tree attributes in the point description, the program can also read these attributes from GIS elds. On the GIS Attributes dialog tab, you can set the GIS eld names for the tree attributes. On the Label tab, there are settings for the tree text labels for the size, offset from trunk center, style and location. When creating a tree table, only the tag text is labeled. Otherwise, the label is drawn. The Label Description Setup dialog sets which elds to include the the label, the eld order, prex and sufx. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 683 When Field-to-Finish draws entities, the program checks for codes set as tree features and applies the settings from the Tree Survey dialog. When tree features are found, the number of trees are reported along with a prompt for whether to draw a tree table. The tree table has the tag ID, code description and trunk diameter. Here is an example with the following three points: Point# Northing Easting Description 1 4994.73 4923.15 OAK 24 38 301 2 5034.59 4881.40 PINE 18 24 302 3 4987.32 4975.79 PINE 12 20 303 Dripline drawn as Treeline method along with a tree table. Another feature of Tree Survey is the Tree Report under the Report Codes/Points function. The Report Formatter option can be used to make a custom report and output to Excel or create a custom table in the drawing. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 684 Tree ID Botanic Name Trunk T301 Oak 24'' T302 Pine 18'' T303 Pine 12'' Pulldown Menu Location: Survey Keyboard Command: d2n Prerequisite: A data le of points with descriptions Field to Finish Inspector This command reviews entities in the drawing created by Field To Finish. Point descriptions can be edited and the drawing is updated for both the point symbols and linework, using the Field To Finish coding. Field to Finish Inspector docks a control panel dialog at the bottom of the screen which leaves the drawing view at the top. Code: Lists the eld codes that were found in the drawing. Clicking on a code causes the Instance list to show all of the linework and points that use the selected code. Instance: Lists the linework and points of the currently selected code. Point: Lists the points that make up the currently selected linework or point in the Instance list. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 685 Go to Point#: Type in the point # to see in the drawing and then press this button to bring the point # into view. If the point # is not in the drawing, then a message will be printed at the top of the dialog box. If the Zoom toggle is on, then the point # will be brought to the center of the screen even if it was already visible on the screen. Likewise, if Isolate or Highlight are on, then those options will be applied, too. Zoom: Check this checkbox to make the Field to Finish Inspector automatically zoom and pan the drawing so that the selected items in the above lists are viewable. Zoom is used on the Code and Instance lists. Pan is used for all three lists. Isolate: Check this checkbox to make the Field to Finish Inspector only display the selected items in the above lists. Highlight: Check this checkbox to make the Field to Finish Inspector highlight the selected items in the above lists. Restore View On Exit: Check this checkbox to make the Field to Finish Inspector restore the zoom and pan values when you exit. Desc: This edit box will display the description eld from the coordinate le used on the given point(s). If the points do not all have the same description in the coordinate le, * varies * is displayed instead. If you type in a new description and then click on Apply, the new description will be applied to the coordinate le and Field-to-Finish will be used to process the coordinate le and update the drawing, including linework. Press the Code button to place an existing eld code into this Desc edit box. Code: Press this button to select a eld code from the current eld code denition (FLD) le. The following dialog box is an example of what you will see. The Categories on the left are the categories that are dened in the current eld code denition le. The list on the right is all of the eld codes in the selected category. Select (all categories) to see all of the codes in all of the categories. The selected eld code will be placed in the Desc edit box. Apply: Press this button to apply the modied description that is in the Desc edit box to the currently selected points. The below dialog box will come up that lists exactly what will be changed. Optionally, the raw le that was used to create the coordinate le will be updated as well. Press OK to continue. The description will be updated in the coordinate le and then Field-to-Finish will be used to process that coordinate le and nally the drawing will Chapter 11. Survey Menu 686 be updated to reect the changes. Code: This button generates a user-dened report with elds for the point number, coordinate, feature name and code. This report uses the Report Formatter to select which elds to include. SAMPLE REPORT Point# Code Full Name Feature Northing Easting Elevation Description 1 CM CONCRETE MONUMENT POINT 4922.730 5570.695 502.510 CM/(4'' DIAM) Chapter 11. Survey Menu 687 2 CM CONCRETE MONUMENT POINT 4739.612 5499.121 506.050 CM 5 SHED SHED POLYLINE 4794.880 5495.289 505.110 SHED 6 SHED SHED POLYLINE 4771.855 5486.661 505.530 SHED 7 SHED SHED POLYLINE 4782.648 5457.861 505.820 SHED 11 18D 18'' TREE POINT 4889.990 5551.491 503.010 18D/OAK Pulldown Menu Location: Survey Keyboard Command: f2f inspect Prerequisite: Entities created by Field-to-Finish Enter Deed Description This command lets you enter line and curve data which is drawn and annotated as entered. When entering in data, the bearing quadrant and bearing value is input on the same line. For example, a bearing of N45-10-30E would be entered as 145.1030, where (1) represents the NE quadrant. The numeric codes for the quadrants are 1-4 beginning with NE as (1) and continuing sequentially in a clockwise direction to the NW quadrant (4). Distance data can be entered in Varas, Meters, Poles, Chains or US Feet. Curve data can be entered for Non-Tangent, Reverse-Tangent and Tangent curves. Data used to dene curves includes but is not limited to Tangent Out Bearing, Radius data, Chord Bearing, DeltaAng and Tangent Length. Prompting for curve data it determined by what curve denition data is used. When you are nished, the closure and area of the gure is reported. The program has the option to Undo the previous data entry in case you need to re-enter values. Also, the program auto-saves the data entered during the command so that if the command is canceled and restarted, there's an option to resume entering data. The command starts with the dialog shown here. Line and Curve Layer: Specify the layer name for lines and arcs. Points Layer: Specify the layer name for the points. Traverse by: Select between entering bearings, azimuth, gons or point numbers. The points option recalls points from the current coordinate (.CRD) le. The prompt option adds a prompt for each angle to specify the angle format. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 688 Point Format: Choose between creating Carlson points in the coordinate (.CRD) le at each point in the gure, drawing descriptions only or having no point labels. Apply Rotation: This option adjusts the entered bearings by the specied rotation. Label Lines and Arcs: Specify whether the annotation should be drawn on the lines and arcs or should be added to line and curve tables. The settings for the label styles are dened by the Annotate Defaults and Auto Annotate commands. Please see those commands in the manual for a description of those settings. You can either specify specic settings les from those commands or use the current settings which is the default. Deed Name: Specify the beginning deed name. Only available when Store to Deed File is checked on. Draw Linework: Specify whether or not to draw linework, if this is disabled then all annotation options are disabled also. Create Polyline: This option creates a polyline of the deed perimeter instead of individual line and curve entities. Prompt for Descriptions: Specify whether or not the program should prompt you for point descriptions. If this is not checked, then point descriptions are blank. Prompt for Elevations: Specify whether or not the program should prompt you for point elevations. If this is not checked, then point elevations are set to zero. Plot Point Symbols: If the Point Format is set to Descriptions Only or None, this option is available. It will place point symbols without creating points in the coordinate (.CRD) le. Create Radius Points: When checked, radius points will be created for arcs. Radius points are given the description RADPT. Store to Raw Data (.RW5) File: When checked, data entered will also be written to a raw data (.RW5) le that can be opened using the Edit-Process Raw Data File command. This le can be used to perform coordinate adjustments. The Compass rule, Crandall rule, Transit rule, Angle balance adjustment and Least-square adjustment routines are all available. See Edit-Process Raw Data File for more information. Store to Deed File: When checked, data entered will be written to a deed (.PDD) le. This le can be processed later to correct errors, create deed reports or to redraw the deed. To use this option, set the deed le name by picking the Specify File Name button. Also set the Deed Name eld. Prompts Pick point or point number: 1 PtNo. North(y) East(x) Elev(z) Description 1 8000.00 12000.00 0.00 In this example the coordinate for point number one has already been stored in the current coordinate (.CRD) le with the Draw-Locate Points command. Undo/Exit/Curve/<Bearing (Qdd.mmss)>: 145.3035 Varas/Meters/Poles/Chains/<Distance(ft)>: 210.5 Enter P to input a distance in Pole format or C for Chains for- mat. Undo/Exit/Curve/<Bearing (Qdd.mmss)>: C Enter C to traverse through a curve. Tangent-out/Radius: R Radius: 1103.5 Curve direction (Left/<Right>)? press Enter for right Chapter 11. Survey Menu 689 Non-tangent/Reverse-tangent/Chord/Delta angle/Tangent/<Arc length>: N If the curve is tangent to the pre- vious leg then enter the arc length, enter C for a chord length, D to enter the delta angle or T to enter the tangent distance. In this example we have a non tangent curve so we entered N. Curve direction input [<Chord>/Radial]?: C Chord Bearing (Qdd.mmss): 245.2341 Length of Chord: 201.22 Undo/Exit/Curve/<Bearing (Qdd.mmss)>: 345.3218 Varas/Meters/Poles/Chains/<Distance(ft)>: 209.28 Undo/Exit/Curve/<Bearing (Qdd.mmss)>: 445.2348 Varas/Meters/Poles/Chains/<Distance(ft)>: 200.54 Undo/Exit/Curve/<Bearing (Qdd.mmss)>: E Enter E to end the prompting and calculate the closure error. Closure error distance> 1.35251089 Error Bearing> N 70d41'35'' E Closure Precision> 1 in 607.63 Total Distance Traversed> 821.82 Pulldown Menu Location: Survey Keyboard Command: PDD Prerequisite: None Deed Reader This command is used to extract deed line and curve data from the text of a deed. It shows the deed data in a spreadsheet and also graphically. The deed data can be saved to a deed le, drawn and reported. A blank Deed Reader dialog box appears as soon as the command is chosen. The Text section if for entering in ASCII/TXT data for the deed. This can be accomplished by using the Paste button at the bottom of the dialog, or loading a ling using the Load button. You can also type information directly into this screen. Reader Warnings indicates irregularities in the deed text. The Result section is below that. This section will give you a detailed, editable spreadsheet of the deed, which can be saved. At the very bottom of the dialog is a section called Summary. Here is where you will see the mathematical and closure data for this deed Chapter 11. Survey Menu 690 displayed. Paste: This is for pasting in copied information. Load: This option will load an existing deed text (.TXT) le. Here is an example. Quick Settings: This option allows you to set up, in a speedy fashion, the detailed criteria for this Deed Reader command. Settings: A more formal settings feature, which is more methodical and dialog box driven. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 691 Draw: This option will provides you choices as to how the date will be translated to the drawing screen. It is in the Draw Options dialog that you can make decisions as to how detailed and involved your drawing will be. The Points section is key if you desire to have points created to a new coordinate le, or if you want to append an existing one. In the Annotations section, if Label Lines and Arcs is clicked on, the next dialog that you see, after choosing a point of origin, will be Auto-Annotate. Finally, click OK. Prompts Deed Reader dialog: enter in or load the deed text Pulldown Menu Location: Survey Keyboard Command: read legal Prerequisite: Deed text Deed Linework ID This command is used to report the deed name associated with selected linework. Since the Carlson deed commands that draw deeds attach the deed name to the linework, this command will extract that information and list it out. You can choose to select more than one deed linework entity before ending out of the command. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 692 Prompts Select deed linework to identify: select deed linework Deed Name: Out Lot3 - Carlson Property Select deed linework to identify (Enter to end): select Enter Pulldown Menu Location: Survey Keyboard Command: deed id Prerequisite: A deed name assigned to the entity Deed Correlation This command takes a set of eld and design/deed points and creates an inverse report, such as radial stakeout, for each pair of points. The Align functions combine a translation and rotation to go from the survey points to the deed points. The command includes a routine to nd the best point to hold and the best point to rotate to. This command provides tools for the correlation of surveyed points with that of deed input points. Different points can be specied as hold points, or rotation points, and provide a report showing the bearing and distance of all sides of the traverse/deed, based upon the hold and rotation points. This allows for the review of different scenarios based upon hold and rotation points. Perhaps two points in the eld are in good shape, and seem to meet all the descriptions thereof. You decide to hold these two points as good, but you would like to see what holding these points will do to each side/call of the tract/description. This is what this routine is designed to do. In addition to allowing user specied trials of different hold and rotation points, the routine also provides a Find Minimum Rotation option that will report which points specied as the hold and rotation points will result in the minimum rotation of all sides of the tract/description. All points must be contained in the same coordinate le, and the points to be used in the correlation must be specied as either Survey points or Deed points. Edit: This button allows for editing of the highlighted/selected Survey and Deed point. Once selected the dialog above is displayed allowing for changes to be made. Add: Click this button to specify the points as either Survey or Deed points. Then ll out the Edit Points dialog as desired. Remove: This button will remove the highlighted/selected Survey and Deed points from the correlation setup. This does not delete the points from the coordinate le. Inverse Report: This generates a report showing the inverse data from each point, both survey and deed, to every other point specied in the correlation set up. For example if there were four points in the survey points (1-4) then the report would show inverse data from 1 to 2, 3,4; from 2 to 1,3,4; from 3 to 1,2,4 and from 4 to 1,2,3. This would Chapter 11. Survey Menu 693 be the same for the corresponding deed points. Compare Before Align: This option compares the survey information to the deed information. Check Align: This option that allows for user specied hold and rotation points, and then reports the inverse data of each side of the tract/description. The hold point and rotation point must be points from the specied survey point group. Find Min Align: Determines the hold and rotation points that would result in the minimum rotation to each side of the tract/description. When selected the Minimum Deed Rotation Report is displayed. Apply Alignment: This option can be issued after the Min Align criteria is set. Save: Performs a quick save if the le has previously been saved. Save As: This option prompts for a user specied le name and allows for a user specied location to save the le. The le extension for the deed correlation le is dcf. When executing the program you have the option of using an existing le or creating a new le for the deed correlation. Exit: This button end the routine. Help: This button displays the help topics relating to the Deed Correlation routine. After specifying the hold and rotation points, the deed correlation report will display again, showing the bearing and distance of each side of the tract/description. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 694 Chapter 11. Survey Menu 695 Pulldown Menu Location: Survey Keyboard Command: deed align Prerequisite: A coordinate le (.CRD) Process Deed File This command contains several functions for deed (.PDD) les. A deed le consists of one or more deed descrip- tions. Each deed description includes a deed name, starting coordinate and line/curve data. This deed data can be created with the Enter Deed Description command. This command begins with the Process Deed File dialog. Edit opens the Edit Deed dialog where you can view or modify the deed name, starting coordinates, or line/curve data. Within this dialog the following commands are available. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 696 Add opens the Edit Deed dialog where you can add a new deed. Remove removes the currently highlighted deed. Draw draws the currently highlighted deed in the drawing and returns to the main dialog. The actual geometry will not appear in the drawing until you exit Process Deed File. There is an option to label the deed using the settings from the Annotate Defaults and Auto-Annotate commands. Report generates a report for the currently highlighted deed. The report is displayed in the Standard Report Viewer unless Use Report Formatter is active which allows for customized reports and Excel output using the Report For- matter. For the Report Closure, the Start-End Coordinates option uses the difference between the starting and ending coordinates to calculate the closure error. The Angle-Distance Precision option starts with the starting coordinate and calculates each point in the deed using the angle and distance values from the report until the nal coordinate which is compared to the starting coordinate to calculate the closure error. Copy creates a new deed by copying the geometry of the highlighted deed. Export saves the selected deed data (pdd) in raw le format (rw5) that can be used with Edit-Process Raw File. Save saves the currently loaded deed (.PDD) le. Save As allows you to save the currently loaded deed (.PDD) le to another le name. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 697 List selects the starting coordinate from a point selection list from the current coordinate le. Pick allows you to screen pick the starting coordinate. Order allows you to set the sequence of the columns in the spreadsheet editor. Add allows you to add a new deed call (line or curve). Remove removes the highlighted deed call. Move Up/Down change the list order of the data records for the currently highlighted row. Angle Format chooses between using one spreadsheet cell for the angle in dd.mmss format or using three cells with dd, mm and ss in separate cells. Pulldown Menu Location: Survey Keyboard Command: deed Prerequisite: None Legal Description Writer The Legal Description Writer gives you the ability to create a detailed legal description from a polyline. This description consists of calculated calls, point descriptions from Carlson points, and numerous user dened terms. The programs values for these terms are easily replaced, and are stored as defaults with each use. When a scale factor is specied under Drawing Setup, the Legal Description distances will apply the scale factor which is a way to report grid distances from ground drawing coordinates or vice versa. In addition to this command, you can also generate legal descriptions by point numbers with the Report function within the Lot File Manager command. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 698 Legal Description Writer Dialog This initial and primary dialog box is shown above, and described below. Pick Boundary Polyline: This button is used to designate the polyline boundary used. The boundary should be a closed polyline. Tools are provided in the Edit menu if you need to reverse the polyline or change its origin point. You can also select multiple polylines to process at the same time by entering M for Multiple at the Select Boundary Polyline prompt in this routine. Pick Inside Boundary: This button is another way to designate the polyline boundary. With this method, the boundary can be dened by multiple linework entities. You pick inside the boundary area and the program will gure the boundary perimeter from the surrounding linework. This method uses the same technique as the Draw->Boundary Polyline command. The boundary perimeter that the program nds is highlighted for visual conrmation. Pick Reference Lines: Used to select lines that tie into the polyline boundary used for the legal description. These should be LINE objects that have one endpoint exactly the same as the beginning point of the boundary polyline. If a Carlson point exists at the end of the line away from the boundary, the routine will pick up its description, otherwise you will be prompted for the description. You can choose any number of reference lines, simply press enter to conclude the selection of reference lines. Point Group: This method denes the perimeter by a series of points from a group dened by the Point Group Manager command. In Point Group Manager, a group can be dened as a point list including the ability to have radius points. Header File: This button and edit eld are used to designate the optional header text le. If a valid le is selected it will be written into the top of the output. Footer File: This button and edit eld are used to designate the optional footer text le. If a le is selected it will be written at the end of the output. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 699 Output Options allows you to select where Legal Description Writer should send the output. Report Viewer: The output is sent to the report viewer specied under Congure Carlson->General settings: Carlson Standard Report Viewer, Windows Notepad or Microsoft Word. Text File: The output is sent to an external text le as designated in the output le section described below. Mtext Object: This creates a mtext object in the current drawing. Upon choosing OK you will be prompted for a starting point (which is the upper left corner) and well as a second point that determines the width and angle. By default ortho is turned on for this second point. Press the F8 key to toggle its status. Output File: This button and edit eld are used to designate the necessary output text le. This le can then be brought into your word processor and nalized. Note that the appearance of the output le can be affected by the status of the 'Use Paragraph Format' toggle in the Legal Description's General settings. Angle Specications This section is used to establish the appearance of the bearings that are output with the description, and allows detailed control over each aspect. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 700 Bearing Format: Designate the character or word used in each bearing direction. Standard values are the letters N, S, E, or W. One possible option is the entire words NORTH, SOUTH, EAST, and WEST. It is important to keep in mind that spaces are literal, meaning that if you don't have a literal space after N/S, and before E/W, a space will not be formatted into the bearing. To use Azimuth, place a check in the Use Azimuth box and the General Prex will be set to AZ. 1-Words Quads: For example bearings that are due NORTH, the default is to generate N 00 00' 00 E. If the 1-Word Quads toggle is turned on, the program will substitute the single word (which you can change) for the direction, these usually being NORTH, or DUE NORTH. Symbols: This section allows you to designate the precision for bearings, as well as the symbols used. Turn on/off the toggles for degrees, minutes, and seconds to control the precision. For example, if you wish to round to the nearest minute, simply clear the toggle from the second eld. For each eld (degrees, minutes, seconds), you can supply the character or word to be used. You can quickly ll in these elds with the two buttons to the right. Line Segment Specications This section is used to establish the terms used when the course of a call is a line segment, as is often the case. Simply supply the beginning and ending terms for these line calls. Curve Segment Specications This large dialog is used to establish the terms and options used when creating the course of a curve. Basic options include beginning and ending terms, as well as the words for left and right if chosen. In the large table of curve options, you can choose the items you wish to report, in the order you want them to appear. Simply place a number in the sequence eld indicating the items you wish to report, making sure that there are no duplicate numbers. In the example below, the program would output the curve direction, arc length, radius length, chord bearing, and Chapter 11. Survey Menu 701 chord length, radius length, chord bearing, and chord length, and in that order. Each eld can also have a unique prex/sufx. There are four different possible phrases for the start of the curve description for whether the curve is tangential, non-tangential, compound or reverse. The Radial In/Out for Non-tangent Only option applies to the Radial In/Out elds and tell the program to only use these elds when the curve is non-tangent. Otherwise, these elds are always used when the Radial In/Out elds are in the sequence. Spiral Specications This subdialog has the setting for reporting spiral portions of the boundary. In order to pick up the spiral, a centerline (.CL) containing the spiral must be drawn using the Draw Centerline File command. Then the program will pick up the spiral denition for any portion of the legal description boundary that follows the spiral on the centerline. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 702 Distance Specications This subdialog is used to establish the terms and precision used when creating a distance for the course of a call. The precision and sufx apply to curves as well. Simply choose the desired distance precision from the popdown, and supply the beginning and ending terms for the line calls. Note the availability of dual distance reporting. If you would like to report dual distances such as feet/metric, turn on the toggle in the lower left corner of the dialog. Note that the primary units are the units set in the Settings menu, Drawing Setup. If you have English set as your units in Drawing Setup, then the alternate units will be met- ric. The opposite also applies. If your units in Drawing Setup is set to metric, then the alternate units will be English. Description Specications In the process of following the polyline denition for a boundary, the legal description writer can look for descriptions of the points at the endpoints of the polyline. These can be extracted by setting the data source to the corresponding point from the coordinate (.CRD) le, meaning the points do not have to be plotted on the screen. A second option is point block, in which the program will read the information from the drawing, and not require the presence of a coordinate (.CRD) le. Prex: General term applied before the actual description. Sufx: General term applied after the actual description. Unknown: The text designated here will be placed in the description if the program does not nd a valid description at that coordinate location. The words Unknown Point' may be used. Tolerance: The point must be within this distance of the polyline vertex to use the description. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 703 General Specications This dialog controls general specications which can affect the entire description. Each group of items are explained in detail below. Body of Description: Enter the beginning and ending terms for the description. String Case: Choose the button corresponding to the string case conversion desired. If you want no changes made, choose none. Choosing upper, lower, or proper case conversion will affect the case of all text throughout the description, except bearing letters. Report Sequence: This option controls the sequence to report the boundary segments either in the direction of the polyline, clockwise or counter-clockwise. Spell Out Numbers: This option writes numbers as words instead of digits. For example, a distance of 123 would be written as one hundred twenty three. Append Lines Output Format: If this toggle is on, the program will output the description without carriage returns after each line. This approach makes a nice paragraph style when brought into a word processor with word wrap. If the toggle is cleared, the program will place carriage returns at the end of each call. Area The legal description writer can output several types of areas. Basic options include beginning and ending terms. In the large table of area options, you can choose the items you wish to report, in the order you want them to appear. Simply place a number in the sequence eld indicating the items you wish to report, making sure that there are no duplicate numbers. You can edit the prex/sufx for each and control decimal precision of each eld output. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 704 Reset: This option will reset all settings to their original default values. Save: This option saves the legal description settings to a le. The le will be saved with an extension of (LGL). Load: This option loads previously saved legal description ( * .LGL) les. Pulldown Menu Location: Survey Keyboard Command: legal Prerequisite: Polyline boundary Closure by Point Numbers This command allows for traverse entry by point numbers, reports the closure and supports traverse adjustments. Using an existing coordinate le, the traverse is dened by a series of point numbers. The angle and distance for each traverse segment is calculated using the coordinates of the points. The traverse can be processed using all adjustment routines. Refer to the Edit-Process Raw Data File command for more detail on adjustment procedures. After selecting Closure By Point Numbers from the Survey menu, the Closure By Point Numbers dialog will appear. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 705 In this dialog shown above, add the point numbers that make up the traverse. This can be done by entering the point number, a range of points, or a point group into the Point Number(s) eld. You can also choose points from a list by clicking the List button. Once each point, or group of points, is entered, click the Add button. Continue in this fashion until all of the point numbers are entered in. Clicking the Process button will display the Choose Process Method dialog. Choose the desired process method. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 706 After selecting the process method for any of the adjustment methods, the dialogs and prompts will follow. They all start out with an ''options'' dialog box. These dialogs are titled either Process Options or Closure Options, depending on which process method you chose. The prompts that follow for any of the methods are subset of, and are very similar to, the prompting found in the Edit-Process Raw Data File command. After you have made your selections within these dialog boxes, click OK. When you choose No Adjust of Angle Balance When you choose Transit, Compass or Crandall Each of the process methods will display a report that details the closure before the adjustment, and after the adjustment. Options to save and print this report are available. After a review of the report, pressing Exit will remove the report from the screen. At this point a Process Results dialog, prompting whether to Update points in CRD le with adjusted coordinates, will appear. If you choose Yes, the active coordinate (.CRD) le will be updated with the adjusted coordinates. Choosing No will leave the active coordinate (.CRD) le in its existing state, with the coordinates unchanged. It is important to remember that the starting and ending point in this routine must be a different point number. For example, if the traverse starts at point 1 and ends at point 1, then another point number should be used for the tie in shot to point 1. This logic is different in Edit-Process Raw Data File, where the starting and ending point can be the same point number. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 707 Pulldown Menu Location: Survey Keyboard Command: ptrawedit Prerequisite: Coordinate (.CRD) le Map Check by Pnts This command allows you to check the closure of a gure and produce a report. The points used for the map check should already be stored in a coordinate (.CRD) le, by using commands such as Traverse, Locate by Bearing, Curves menu, Locate by Angle or perhaps a le from an electronic data collector. Prompts Table Description: Description Beginning Point Number: 903 PointNo. Northing(Y) Easting(X) Elev(Z) Description 903 4940.73 2490.40 0.00 eXit/Curve/<point number>: 904 PointNo. Northing(Y) Easting(X) Elev(Z) Description 904 4850.89 2388.01 0.00 BEARING> S 48d43'58'' W Hz DIST> 136.21 eXit/Curve/<point number>: 905 PointNo. Northing(Y) Easting(X) Elev(Z) Description 905 4699.39 2423.32 0.00 BEARING> S 13d07'04'' E Hz DIST> 155.56 eXit/Curve/<point number>: 906 PointNo. Northing(Y) Easting(X) Elev(Z) Description 906 4653.59 2582.19 0.00 BEARING> S 73d55'04'' E Hz DIST> 165.34 eXit/Curve/<point number>: 910 PointNo. Northing(Y) Easting(X) Elev(Z) Description 910 4941.88 2492.50 0.00 BEARING> N 17d16'54'' W Hz DIST> 301.93 eXit/Curve/<point number>: X Closure error distance> 2.39476609 Error Bearing> N 6110'45'' E Closure Precision> 1 in 316.96 Total Distance Traversed> 759.04 SQ. METERS: 30403.0 SQ. KILOMETERS: 0.03 HECTARES: 3.04 CUERDAS: 7.74 PERIMETER: 759.04 Pick area label centering point: pick point on screen for label text Erase Polyline Yes/No <Yes>: N Typical Map Check Report: Map Check 04/19/2006 13:14 Description Chapter 11. Survey Menu 708 COURSE BEARING DISTANCE PT# NORTHING EASTING DESCRIPTION 903 4940.73 2490.40 903-904 S 4843'58'' W 136.21 904 4850.89 2388.01 904-905 S 1307'04'' E 155.56 905 4699.39 2423.32 905-906 S 7355'04'' E 165.34 906 4653.59 2582.19 906-910 N 1716'54'' W 301.93 910 4941.88 2492.50 Closure error distance> 2.39476609 Error Bearing> N 6110'45'' E Closure Precision> 1 in 316.96 Total Distance Traversed> 759.04 327253.1 SQ. FT. 7.51 ACRES Pulldown Menu Location: Survey Keyboard Command: mc Prerequisite: Current coordinate (.CRD) le Mapcheck by Screen Entities This command allows you to check the closure of a gure, and produce a report from the Distance and Bearing labels in the drawing. The command works by prompting for a polyline and a sample of the text labels. Then the program looks for text on the sample layer and matches the text labels to the polyline segments. The text to process can be selected manually or automatically using an offset factor from the polyline. The Deed Reader command is used here also, for extracting the deed line and curve data from the text of the deed. The deed data can then optionally be saved to deed le. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 709 Chapter 11. Survey Menu 710 Prompts Select linework to process: select polyline for the gure Select sample text: select a label Pulldown Menu Location: Survey Keyboard Command: textdeed Prerequisite: Distance and Bearing labels Cut Sheet This command creates a report of the horizontal distance and elevation difference between points and a design. The design elevation can be dened by a grid le, triangulation le, 3D polyline, section le, note le, road template le, runway airway clearance or design points. The station and offset of the points can also be reported when a centerline is applied. The data for the cut sheet is shown in a spreadsheet. You can edit or enter data in all the elds except for the Cut/Fill and Hz Error elds which are calculated. The cut sheet data can be saved and loaded with a .CUT le. The functions for processing the data are in the pull-down menus. Here's an outline of a typical workow: 1. Import the survey data using Import > Points, or Import >SurvCE. 2. Assign the target design elevation using a method from the Grade menu. 3. If station-offset are needed, use a method from the Centerline menu. 4. Run Report > Create Report. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 711 5. Run File > SaveAs to save the cut sheet data. File > Open: Loads data from a .CUT le. File > New: Clears the spreadsheet. File > Save: Saves the spreadsheet data to the current .CUT le. File > SaveAs: Prompts for a .CUT le and saves the data. File > Exit: Quits the program. Edit > Delete Row: Deletes the currently highlighted spreadsheet row. You can also use the Delete key to delete the current row. Edit > Insert Row: Inserts a new row above the current row. You can also use the down arrow key from the last row to add rows to the bottom of the spreadsheet, and use the Insert key to add a row above the current row. Edit > Cut: Blanks out the data for the currently highlighted cells and puts this data into the Windows clipboard. Edit > Copy: Copies the data for the currently highlighted cells into the Windows clipboard. Edit > Paste: Puts data from the Windows clipboard into the spreadsheet starting at the currently highlighted cell. Import > Points: Imports survey data from a coordinate le for the Point#, Northing, Easting, Survey Z and Description elds of the spreadsheet. This function rst prompts for the coordinate le to import. Then there is a dialog to choose whether to select the points by point number range, by selecting point entities from the drawing, or by screen picking points. The Description Match and Ignore Zero Elevations are options for ltering out points. Import > Note File: This method reads the survey data along with the grade elevation from the note (.NOT) le that is associated with a coordinate le. For example, if the coordinate (.CRD) le is job3.crd then the note le name is job3.not. In Carlson Software's data collection programs (SurvCE and Field), there is an option to store stakeout data to the note le under the Stakeout options. When storing a point in the stakeout routines (using Chapter 11. Survey Menu 712 SurvCE or Field), the target point number, coordinates and elevation can be stored to the note le. This results with the as-staked coordinate stored in the coordinate (.CRD) le and the target coordinate stored in the associated note le. The Cut Sheet report can display this stakeout data using the Stakeout Point Comparison report option. The horizontal difference between the staked point and the target point can be reported in Bearing-Distance, Delta X-Y or North-South-East-West format. Also, in SurvCE and Field, the elevation difference routines can record the design grade elevation and station-offset to the note le when a point is stored to the coordinate (.CRD) le. This grade data can be reported using the Grade Elevation Report option. The note le records that the Cut Sheet report uses are TARGET X, TARGET Y, TARGET Z, TARGET DESC, TARGET PT, STATION, OFFSET, VOFF1 and VOFF2. Import > RW5 File: This method imports cut sheet data from a RW5 le of measurement data created by SurvCE. The stakeout functions in SurvCE store all the data needed to ll out the whole cut sheet including the survey data, design data and station-offset. Import > SurvCE Cut Sheet: Imports data from a SurvCE Cut Sheet le (.CSV or .TXT). The setup for these cut sheet les in SurvCE is under File > Job Settings > Stake > Cut Sheets. Grade > Points: The reference points to compare can be in the same coordinate le or a separate le. The reference/design points need to be matched with the survey points. The Match By Distance Tolerance method matches the design point that is closest to the survey point and within the specied Match Tolerance. The Point# Within Description method looks for the specied Point# Description Code in the descriptions of the design points and gets the survey point number from the sufx of the description code. When the Point# Description Code is found, the number after this code is used as the point# to match from the other le. For example, if description code is ''PT'' and the description for point# 101 in the rst coordinate le is ''CURB PT303'', then point# 303 from the second coordinate le is used for the match. For the separate le option, there is a third method to match points between the les which is to use point numbers to match points between the les. The Match By Manually method has a dialog for picking pairs of point numbers for the survey and design to add. The list of available survey points to match with comes from points in the spreadsheet that have Point#, Survey Northing and Survey Easting but not the design data. Grade > Triangulation File: the design elevation is determined by the elevation of the triangulation surface at each point. Grade > Grid File: the design elevation is determined by the elevation of the grid surface at each point. Grade > 3D Polyline: When using a 3D Polyline for the grade elevation, the program calculates the elevation along the 3D polyline at the position perpendicular from the point selected. This calculated elevation is then compared to the point(s) selected to determine the cut/ll values. Grade > Cross Sections: With Section Files, the grade elevation is interpolated from the offset-elevation data in the section le based on the station-offset of the point along the centerline. When using this method, a centerline Chapter 11. Survey Menu 713 le ( * .cl) must be specied for station-offset data. Grade > Runway Clearance: This option denes the target surface as the airway clearance around a runway. This method is for clearance reports for tree and building tops by comparing points to this runway clearance surface. The runway surface is built from a 3D perimeter polyline of the runway along with slopes for the approach lanes and runway sides. The runway sides are offset level from the runway perimeter for the specied distances before starting the slopes. The parameters for the runway are dened in the dialog and illustrated in the graphic shown here. The Write Runway Clearance Surface File creates a triangulation surface le that you can draw or inspect for verication of a correct target surface. Grade >Road Design: This option denes the grade elevation using road design les. For each point, the program nds the station-offset for the point along the centerline and then applies the road design at that station to determine the grade elevation. Grade to Process is used to dene the surface to use for the cut sheet comparison. These grades are dened as Top Surface, usually nal grade, or subgrades and correspond to the dened grades and subgrades within a template le. The required design les include a centerline (.CL) le, a template (.TPL) le, and a prole (.PRO) le. There are also several optional design les such as Superelevation, Template Point Prole and Template Point Centerline. The design les are created in the Civil Design module. Using the design les in Cut Sheet is similar to the Process Road Design command. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 714 Centerline > Centerline File: This function assigns the Station and Offset elds in the spreadsheet by prompting for a centerline le (.CL) and locating each point along the alignment. Centerline > Polyline: This function assigns the Station and Offset elds in the spreadsheet by picking a polyline, entering the starting station, and locating each point along the alignment. Centerline > Points: This method denes the alignment by entering two points to dene a line. Report > Create Report: This function display a report of the cut sheet data using the current report settings. When Use Report Formatter is off, the report is shown directly in the standard viewer. Otherwise, the Report Formatter dialog is shown for customizing the report and outputting to different formats such as Excel. Report > Report Settings: There are several settings for the report including decimal precision, prex for cut and ll and distance units. For the Horizontal and Vertical Tolerance, the report highlights any points that exceed these tolerances. The Distance Format chooses between Angle-Distance, Delta X/Y, and North-South-East-West deltas. The Cut/Fill Direction chooses whether to report cut/ll as Survey relative to Design or vice versa. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 715 The Report Statistics option reports the min, max, average and standard deviations of the deltas at the bottom of the report. The Design/Survey Data on Separate Rows option creates two rows in the report for each record with the Design coordinate on one row and the deltas on the second row as shown here. Point# Northing Easting Elevation Description Comment 229 499.997 1000.001 3.027 201 -0.005 -0.002 0.004 A 230 507.120 1000.158 2.929 202 -0.006 -0.003 0.001 B 231 515.694 1000.304 2.875 203 -0.005 -0.006 0.002 Draw > Draw Labels: This function uses the cut sheet data and draw settings to create labels in the drawing. Draw>Label Settings: There are three types of labels to draw. The Mark Points Outside Tolerance draws a symbol at each point that exceeds the tolerances setup in Report Settings. The Draw Delta Symbol draws a symbol to show the direction of the delta X and delta Y along with the values. The Rotate Deltas By Centerline option prompts for a centerline to align the deltas. Otherwise, the deltas are due north-south and due east-west. The Draw Label creates text labels for cut/ll, delta-x, delta-y, horizontal distance error or description. There are settings for the sequence order, prex, sufx, layer, style, size and position. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 716 View > Zoom Plan View: This function zoom centers the drawing on the currently highlighted point. View > Prole: Creates proles connecting the survey and design points. The proles are shown in a graphic preview dialog which has functions to save the proles to .PRO les. View > Hide By Point Numbers: This function is a way to lter the spreadsheet by point numbers. The function prompts for a range of point numbers and then only displays those points in the spreadsheet. View > Hide By Description: This function is a way to lter the spreadsheet by description. Wildcard matching applies to the user-dened description lter. View > Show All Rows: This function shows all the spreadsheet rows including those hidden by the above functions. Examples of Cut Sheet reports comparing points are shown next. Example 1: Cut Sheet comparing points to surface and using Report Viewer for report 1) Run Import > Points and select sample cusheet.crd from Carlson Projects. Select the points to import by range as shown. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 717 2) Run Grade > Triangulation File and choose sample cutsheet.tin from Carlson Projects. 3) Run Centerline > Centerline File and choose sample cutsheet.cl from Carlson Projects. Now all the data is ready for reporting. 4) Run Report > Report Settings and make sure the settings match the dialog shown here. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 718 5) The next steps will format the report. Run Report > Create Report which brings up the Report Formatter. Move the Available elds over to the Used elds list as shown. Also, be sure that Widths by Field is toggled on. 6) On the Report Formatter dialog, pick the Settings tab and then the Attrib Options button which controls how the values are formatted in the report. Then on the Attribute Options dialog, highlight Description and pick the Edit button. On the Attribute Display Options dialog for Description, turn off Auto Width and set the Fixed Width to 18. Then pick OK. Next highlight Comment in the list and pick Edit. Set the Fixed Width to 21 for Comment. Then pick OK on the Attribute Options to nish the attribute edits. 7) On the Settings tab for Report Formatter, pick the Field Options button which setups up the report header and Chapter 11. Survey Menu 719 footer. On the Field Options dialog, pick Import and select sample cutsheet.fds from the Carlson Projects\Settings folder. Then pick OK. 8) On the Report tab for Report Formatter, pick the Report Viewer button. There is a dialog for setting the report page size. Pick OK. Next is a dialog for entering report elds for the report header as setup in the previous step with the Field Options. Fill in the report elds and then pick OK. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 720 Now the report is displayed in the Report Viewer which can be printed or saved to PDF, MS Word or Excel. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 721 Example 2: Cut Sheet Report comparing points from the Current Coordinate File and with the Use Feet-Inches For Cut/Fill options on. Example 3: Cut Sheet Report comparing points from Another Coordinate le, reporting coordinates for the points. Example 4: Steps for Comparing Points in Current Coordinate le and using Report Formatter Option to customize report output to user preference. 1) Check on Use Report Formatter on the Cut Sheet Report dialog. 2) Specify points to compare by one of the four methods described above for comparing points within the current coordinate le. 3) Select report content by highlighting the desired data from the Available list on the left side of the dialog box and then pressing the Add button to place the selected data in the Used list. Standard window selection methods using the Ctrl and Shift keys can be used to select more than one item at a time. After moving the selected data to the Used window it may be necessary to move data up or down to obtain the desired order of your report. To do this use the up and down arrows located on the left of the Used window. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 722 4) When the desired data has been specied in the Used window press the Display button at the bottom left of the dialog. For more detailed information on using the report formatter see the Report Formatter section of this manual. Pulldown Menu Location: Survey Keyboard Command: cutrprt Prerequisite: A coordinate (.CRD) le Chapter 11. Survey Menu 723 Set Point Elevations by 3D Polylines This command assigns elevations to points by referencing 3D polylines. The station-offset is calculated for each point to the nearest reference 3D polyline. The point must be within the specied Max Offset Tolerence in order to be elevated. The elevation is calculated from the elevation of the reference 3D polyline at the station combined with the specied percent slope times the offset plus the vertical offset. The Decimals setting is for the elevation label of the point. The elevation for the coordinate le always uses full precision. The option to Link Elevations To Polylines will update the point elevations when the reference polyline is changed. Prompts Options Dialog Select points from screen, group or by point number [<Screen>/Group/Number]? press Enter Select points to elevate. Select objects: pick the points to elevate Select reference 3D polylines. Select objects: pick the reference 3D polylines Elevating points... Elevated 10 points. Pulldown Menu Location: Survey and 3D Data in Civil Keyboard Command: 3dpts 3dp Prerequisite: 3D polylines Set Point Elevations by Surface Model This command assign elevations to points by a triangulation or grid surface model. For each of the points, the routine looks up the elevation from the surface model at the point x,y location. The option to Link Elevations To Surface Model will update the point elevations when the reference surface model is changed. Prompts Choose Grid or Tmesh le to process dialog choose existing GRD, TIN or FLT le Select points from screen, group or by point number [<Screen>/Group/Number]? press Enter Select points to elevate. Select objects: pick the points to elevate Elevating points... Elevated 10 points. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 724 Pulldown Menu Location: Survey and 3D Data for Civil Keyboard Command: 3dpts tin Prerequisite: A surface model Polyline Report This command generates a report of angle-distance and curve data for all the points along the selected polyline. The closure can be reported between the starting and ending points of the polyline. The polyline area can also be reported. After starting the command, by pressing O for options various report options can be selected. Polyline Report Northing Easting Bearing Distance 4657.495 5452.844 N 4045'51'' E 84.323 4721.362 5507.902 Radius: 175.795 Chord: 249.282 Degree: 3235'33'' Dir: Right Length: 277.088 Delta: 9018'35'' Tangent: 176.747 Chord BRG: N 8555'08'' E Rad-In: S 4914'09'' E Rad-Out: S 4104'26'' W Radius Point: 4606.577,5641.050 4739.102 5756.552 S 2429'28'' E 122.817 4627.336 5807.466 S 7429'33'' W 199.062 4574.114 5615.650 N 6253'05'' W 182.885 4657.470 5452.866 Closure Error Distance> 0.03419 Error Bearing> N 4122'21'' W Closure Precision> 1 in 25333.8 Total Distance> 866.174 Polyline Area: 47735.6 sq ft, 1.1 acres Prompts Chapter 11. Survey Menu 725 Options/Select polyline to report: pick a polyline Standard Report Viewer Displays the report for the selected polyline. Options/Select polyline to report (Enter to End): press Enter Pulldown Menu Location: Survey > Polyline Tools Keyboard Command: plreport Prerequisite: A polyline Polyline to Deed File This command generates a deed (.PDD) le from the geometry of a selected polyline. This le can be opened using Process Deed File which allows you to edit the deed data and generate reports. Prompts Deed File To Write: choose le location and name Select Polyline To Process: select polyline Done. Pulldown Menu Location: Survey > Polyline Tools Keyboard Command: pl2pdd Prerequisite: a polyline Polyline to RW5 File This command generates a raw data (.RW5) le for the selected polyline. This le can be opened using Edit Process Raw Data File, which allows you to process the raw data (.RW5) le to generate coordinate points, calculate closure and perform coordinate adjustments by the compass, crandall, transit and least squares adjustment routines. Prompts RW5 File to Write (Standard Windows File Selection Dialog): choose le location and name Select Polyline To Process: select polyline Done. Pulldown Menu Location: Survey > Polyline Tools Keyboard Command: pl2rw5 Prerequisite: a polyline Compass Polyline Adjustment This command applies a compass adjustment to a perimeter dened by a polyline. The command draws a new polyline of the adjusted perimeter and creates a report. The closure error is the difference between the end point of the polyline and the specied closing point that the program prompts for. For a closed loop adjustment, the closing point is the starting point of the polyline. Here is an example report for a closed loop. Compass Polyline Adjustment Closure Results Starting Point : N 4854.766 E 5357.221 Ending Point : N 4854.636 E 5357.533 Chapter 11. Survey Menu 726 New Point : N 4854.766 E 5357.221 Azimuth Of Error : N 6722'29'' W North Error : 0.130 East Error : -0.312 Distance Error : 0.338 Distance Traverse: 1029.503 Closure Precision: 1 in 3050 Original Data From To Angle Distance 4 5 S 1301'45'' E 392.218 5 11 N 4423'59'' E 296.297 11 N 6002'20'' W 340.987 Adjusted Point Comparison Original Adjusted Point# Northing Easting Northing Easting Dist Angle 4 4854.766 5357.221 4854.766 5357.221 0.000 N 9000'00'' E 5 4472.645 5445.645 4472.695 5445.526 0.129 N 6722'29'' W 11 4684.343 5652.952 4684.430 5652.744 0.226 N 6722'29'' W 4854.636 5357.533 4854.766 5357.221 0.338 N 6722'29'' W Adjusted Data From To Angle Distance 4 5 S 1300'50'' E 392.143 5 11 N 4422'56'' E 296.261 11 N 6002'29'' W 341.098 Prompts Pick polyline for Compass Adjustment: pick polyline Layer name for adjusted polyline <COMPASS>: press Enter Reverse polyline [Yes/<No>]? press Enter Pick new closing point: pick point Pulldown Menu Location: Survey > Polyline Tools Keyboard Command: compassadj Prerequisite: A polyline Grant Boundary Adjustment This command applies a Grant Boundary Adjustment by rotating and scaling a polyline. Before running this command, the grid projection must be set in Drawing Setup and a polyline must be drawn. The Grant Boundary method is used to set lost corners on perimeters within public lands. Distances between the record and measured are compared to dene a ratio for adjustments. A rotation is dened by the difference between the record and measured bearings to preserve the angular relationship at the lost corners and to adjust the distance at the same ratio through each lost corner. Chapter 11. Survey Menu 727 Rotation: 8'42'' Scale: 1.004612115 Prompts Pick polyline for Grant Boundary Adjustment: pick polyline Layer name for adjusted polyline <GRANT>: press Enter Reverse polyline [Yes/<No>]? press Enter Pick new closing point: pick point Pulldown Menu Location: Survey > Polyline Tools Keyboard Command: grantadj Prerequisite: A polyline 4 Sided Building Often only one or two sides of a building are surveyed in the eld. This routine completes the building by drawing the other sides. 4 Sided Building creates a parallelogram given two connecting lines, or given a polyline with two segments. With two lines, there is an option to make the parallelogram as a polyline or as four lines. When only one side is dened, the program will prompt for the building width. Besides using linework to dene the sides, you can use points by entering P at the prompt to switch to points mode. Prompts Options/Points/<Pick a line or polyline>: pick a line Pick another side (Enter for none): pick a line Convert the lines into a polyline [<Yes>/No]? press Enter Options/Points/<Pick a line or polyline>: press Enter Entering O for options lets you choose whether or not to be prompted to set the new polyline width, and for whether to default the width to make a square building with one sided input. Pulldown Menu Location: Survey Keyboard Command: 4sided Prerequisite: A polyline with two segments or two adjoining lines Chapter 11. Survey Menu 728 Cadastral Automated Plat Drafting (CAPD) The CAPD program was developed by the BLM for geodetic mapping. Many of the CAPD features are available in Carlson Survey as shown in the chart below. The workow in Carlson Survey starts with using Settings > Drawing Setup to set the projection for the drawing. With the projection set, several commands are geodetically enabled. There are specic geodetic commands such as Geodetic Traverse and there are general survey routines with geodetic options such as Inverse, Area Defaults and Annotation Defaults. CAPD Command Carlson Command Menu Location Description ALIGNT TXTLINEUP Edit > Text > Line Up Text Used to align text BAREA DEFAREA, PLAREA Area/Layout > Area De- faults, Area By Closed Poly- line Computes area of a closed gure BBI BBINT COGO > Locate At Inter- sect > Bearing-Bearing In- tersect Bearing-bearing intersection BDI BDINT COGO > Locate At Inter- sect > Bearing-Distance In- tersect Bearing-distance intersec- tion BDA, BDT AUTOANN Annotate > Auto-Annotate Bearing distance labels BTRV IA Area/Layout > Inverse With Area Boundary traverse CADINIT LDEF Annotate >Annotate De- faults Set up default layers, fonts, line type. CHELEV CHGELEV Edit > Change > Elevations Change elevations of entities CMP COMPASSADJ Survey > Polyline Tools > Compass Polyline Adjust- ment Compass adjustment DBK BREAKAT Edit > Break > At Intersec- tion Break lines that cross using grid coordinates DBK2 GEODBK COGO > Geodetic > Dou- ble Break Geodetic double break lines that cross DDI DDINT COGO > Locate At Inter- sect > Distance-Distance In- tersect Distance-distance intersec- tion DDSETANN, DS LDEF Annotate >Annotate De- faults Set up default layers, fonts, line type DL LDEL Edit > Erase > Erase By Layer Delete layer DPROP GEODPROP COGO > Geodetic > Dou- ble Proportion Line Division Double proportion computa- tion EV RMVERTEX Edit > Polyline Utilities > Remove Polyline Vertex Delete vertex in polyline FLIP FLIPTEXT Edit > Text > Flip Selected Text Flips text 180 FTCRV 2TANLIN Draw > Arc > 2 Tangents, Radius Fit curve GETPRO SETUP Settings > Drawings Setup Set up projection GID INVERSE COGO > Inverse Display geodetic coordinates of points GLBL LABLAT Annotate > Label Lat/Long Label geodetic coordinates GMID GEOMID COGO > Geodetic > Mid- dle Break Breaks line at geodetic mid- point GPOINT LPOINT Points > Draw/Locate Points Input point by lat/lon/elv Chapter 11. Survey Menu 729 GRIDRT TWIST4 View > Twist Screen > Re- store Due North Switch between true north and grid north INIDGEO READPT, POINTTBL Points > Import Text/ASCII File, Annotate > Create Point Table Import points and create ta- ble of points IPG LABLAT Annotate > Label Lat/Long Create block of coordinates IRRB GEOIRRB COGO > Geodetic > Irreg- ular Boundary Adjustment Irregular boundary adjust- ment ITRAV INVERSE COGO > Inverse Inverse between points MEDLIN MEDOFF Edit >Offset >Median Off- set Create midline between 2 polylines PRCRV CINFO Inquiry > Curve Info List curve info REV BRGQUAD Annotate > Flip Labels > Switch Bearing Quadrant Reverse bearing SETSL PICKTXTSTYLE Draw > Text > Pick Text Style Sets style for text SPROP GEOSPROP COGO > Geodetic > Single Proportion Line Division Single proportion breaks line geodetically TRAV GEOTRAV COGO > Geodetic > Geodetic Traverse Geodetic traverse for input of bearings and distances Chapter 11. Survey Menu 730 COGO Menu 12 This chapter provides information on using the commands from the COGO menu to perform coordinate geometry operations in your drawing. The top section provide basic COGO routines, with optional quick keys. The bottom section provides numerous survey functions, including the easy-to-use Visual COGO and also Numeric Pad COGO. 731 Inverse This command reports the bearing/azimuth and horizontal distance between two points. The command prompts for a series of points. Use the appropriate object snap mode to select the points from the screen, or use the point numbers to reference coordinates stored in the current coordinate (.CRD) le. The results are then displayed. This command is also used in conjunction with the Traverse and Sideshot commands to occupy and backsight two points. The last two points you Inverse to are the Backsight and the Occupied point for the Traverse and Sideshot commands. An attractive feature of Inverse is that you can enter T or SS within the command and go directly to Traverse or Sideshot. Even a single S will transmit to Sideshot. Hotkeys are not case sensitive. Press [Enter] at the point prompt to end the command. You can also inverse around an arc by inversing to the Point of Curvature (PC), and then entering an A for Arc option. The program will ask for the radius point, the curve direction left or right and the PT point. The curve data is then reported. There is an unequal PC-Radius and PT-Radius distance check. The tolerance for this is set in the Area Label Defaults command. After picking the rst point, there is a keyboard option for Multiple which will prompt for a range of point numbers to report as a sideshot inverse. There are several input options for Inverse that are set by entering O for Options on the command line. Sideshot inverse holds the current occupied point and calculates the bearing/distance to each entered point. The Pairs option reports the bearing/distance between pairs of points and not for every entered point. For example, if points 1,2,11,12 were entered, the bearing/distance would be reported for 1,2 and 11,12 but not 2,11. The Auto Increment option uses the next point number by just pressing Enter. To exit the routine with Auto Increment active, End must be entered. The Auto Zoom settings under Inverse Options will zoom the display as needed to have the occupied point or both the occupied and backsight points visible. The Report Total Distance option displays a running total of all inversed distances during the current run of the routine. The Report Geodetic Mean Bearing option reports the geodetic bearing at the to point (forward), at the from point (back) and the mean bearing. The geodetic distance is also report for the geodetic distance at zero elevation and at ground elevation. The coordinates are converted to lat/lon using the projection setup under the Drawing Setup command. The program reports that lat/lon, convergence angle and grid scale factor at the from and to points. Here's an example for SP83 VT, Northing(Y) Easting(X) Elev(Z) 218623.2996 485210.2502 0.0000 Northing(Y) Easting(X) Elev(Z) 218439.0529 487144.1875 0.0000 Bearing: S 8433'28'' E Horizontal Distance: 1942.6941325 Lat: 4301'05.81806'' Long: -7649'09.53807'' Convergence: N 0256'59'' E Scale: 1.0014892493 Lat: 4301'04.98404'' Long: -7648'43.45145'' Convergence: N 0256'41'' E Scale: 1.0014841465 Geodetic Forward Bearing: S 8730'28'' E Geodetic Back Bearing: S 8730'09'' E Geodetic Mean Bearing: S 8730'18'' E Geodetic Distance: 1942.984 Zero Elev, 1942.984 Ground Elev There are also several angle output options that are set at the second prompt in Options. The angle can be reported as either Bearing, Azimuth, Gon or Angle Right. You can also specify to report angles with decimal seconds. The distance settings include the number of decimals for distances, whether to report slope or horizontal distance and Chapter 12. COGO Menu 732 whether to report distances in feet and inches format. The Report Total Distance option will report the cumulative distance for all the inverses. The Report Delta X/Y will distances as delta north-south-east-west instead of angle and distance. For Report Latitude/Longitude, the grid projection must be set in Drawing Setup. The Report Coordinates option choose whether to report the northing, easting and elevation of the points. The Report Elevation Difference option will report the delta Z between the pairs of points. The Report Second Scaled Distance option will report a second distance value that is scaled from the rst distance value using the scale factor dened in Drawing Setup. When the Second Scaled Distance option is on, there are settings for the sufx to use for both the rst and second distance to help identify them separately in the report. For instruction on how to insert either new or existing points into the drawing, see Draw-Locate Points in the Points Commands section of the General Commands chapter. Prompts Calculate Bearing & Distance from starting point? Traverse/SideShot/Options/Arc/Multiple/Pick point or point number: pick a point Traverse/SideShot/Options/Arc/Multiple/Pick point or point number: 9 PtNo. Northing(Y) Easting(X) Elev(Z) Description 9 4909.25 4648.37 0.00 Bearing: N 81d8'54'' E Azimuth: 81d8'54'' Horizontal Distance: 261.17407461 Pulldown Menu Location: COGO Keyboard Commands: inverse, i Prerequisite: None Chapter 12. COGO Menu 733 Occupy Point This command sets the occupied point and backsight angle for other COGO commands such as Traverse. For setting the occupied point, you have the option of picking a point on the screen, entering coordinates at the command line or typing in a point number that will be read from the current coordinate (.CRD) le. Four options are available for determining the backsight direction: Azimuth, Bearing, None and Point. For the default Point option, you may pick a point on the screen, input coordinates, or type a point number that will be read from the current coordinate le. For the Azimuth and Bearing option, you enter the backsight angle in the selected format. The None option sets the backsight to an azimuth of 0 (zero) or North. You can also set the occupied point by using the Inverse command. If you inverse from point 3 to point 1, you have set point 1 as the occupied point and point 3 as the backsight. For more information, see the Inverse command. The current occupied point and backsight are shown in the lower right hand corner of the AutoCAD status bar just below the command line. Prompts Set Occupied Point Pick point or point number: pick a point (5000 5000 0.0) Set backsight method [Azimuth/Bearing/None/<Point>]? press Enter Set Backsight Point Pick point or point number: pick a point (5184.76 5381.3 0.0) For instruction on how to insert either new or existing points into the drawing, see Draw-Locate Points in the Points Commands section of the General Commands chapter. This feature can be found in the Points pulldown of all menus. Pulldown Menu Location: COGO Keyboard Commands: occpoint, op Prerequisite: None Traverse This command allows the user to input any combination of turned angles, azimuths or bearings to dene a traverse or gure. The command prompts for an Angle-Bearing Code which denes the angle or bearing type. This command always occupies the last point it calculated and backsights the point before that. Codes 1 through 4 dene the bearing quadrants: 1 = Northeast 2 = Southeast 3 = Southwest 4 = Northwest The remaining codes dene as follows: 5 = a north based azimuth 6 = an angle turned to the left 7 = an angle turned to the right 8 = a deection angle left 9 = a deection angle right For both the Angle-Bearing Code and the Distance prompt, the user can enter point-dened responses: two points separated by an asterisk, as in 2 * 3 for the bearing (or distance) dened by 2 to 3. You can also add math expressions. Chapter 12. COGO Menu 734 For angles, 2 * 3+90 would deect 90 degrees right from 2 to 3. For distance, 2 * 3/2 would mean half the distance of 2 to 3. You do not need to enter N before entering a number-dened distance. Just bring up the number inverse prompt. The command draws lines between located points (if the Line On/Off in the COGO menu is set to on) and plots the points calculated and stores them in the current coordinate (.CRD) le if point numbering is On. The point settings are dened in the Point Defaults command. If Point Protect is turned on, Traverse checks if the point numbers are already stored in the le. Point Protect is set in the Coordinate File Utilities command. There are Angle-Bearing code input options for Traverse that are set by entering O for Options. The Angle Right option prompts for the angle right and skips the angle-bearing code prompt. The Azimuth option prompts for the azimuth and skips the angle-bearing code prompt. Prompts Occupied Point ? Pick point or point number: pick a point You will only be prompted for the occupied point the rst time you use the command. Use the Inverse command to set the occupied and backsight points. Exit/Options/SideShot/Inverse/Enter Azimuth (ddd.mmss) <>: o Angle prompt angle right or azimuth only [Right/Azimuth/Prompt]? p Exit/Options/Arc/Points/Line/SideShot/Inverse/Angle-Bearing Code <5>: press Enter Pressing Enter uses the default angle right code. Enter Angle (dd.mmss) <90.0000>: 88.1324 You can also enter L or R to dene an angle 90 degrees Left or Right. Backsight Point ? Pick point or point number: pick a point Number inverse/<Distance>: 100 Select Coordinate (.CRD) File This dialog only appears if there is not a current coordinate (.CRD) le. Exit/Options/Line/Side Shot/Inverse/<Angle-Bearing Code <7>>: 14 * 9-45.2045 Uses the bearing dened by point numbers 14 & 9 and subtracts the angle 45 degrees, 20 minutes, and 45 seconds. You can use a + or - in this type of entry. Number inverse/<Distance>: N (note: you can enter 14 * 9/2 here, as well) Point number inverse (i.e. 10 * 20): 14 * 9/2 This causes the command to recall the distance from point number 14 to 9 and divide it by 2. Exit/Options/Line/Side Shot/Inverse/<Angle-Bearing Code <7>>: L Select Line or Polyline that denes Bearing: select line that denes bearing Number inverse/<Distance>: 100 Exit/Options/Line/Side Shot/Inverse/<Angle-Bearing Code <7>>: E Enter E to end the command. Enter S or SS to execute the Side Shots command or I to execute the Inverse command. For instruction on how to insert either new or existing points into the drawing, see Draw-Locate Points in the Points Commands section of the General Commands chapter. This feature can be found in the Points pulldown of all menus. Chapter 12. COGO Menu 735 Pulldown Menu Location: COGO Keyboard Commands: T, Traverse Prerequisite: None Side Shots This command allows the user to input any combination of turned angles, azimuths or bearings while remaining on an occupied point. The command prompts for an Angle-Bearing Code which denes the angle or bearing type. Codes 1 through 4 dene the bearing quadrants; 1 being North-East, 2 South-East, 3 South-West, and 4 North-West. Code 5 is a north-based azimuth, 6 an angle turned to the left, 7 an angled turned to the right, 8 a deection angle left and 9 a deection angle right. The command plots the points calculated and stores them in the current coordinate (.CRD) le if point numbering is On. If Point Protect is turned On, Side Shots checks if the point numbers are already stored in the le. All points calculated radiate from the occupied point. Use the Traverse, Inverse,or Occupied Point commands explained previously to dene the occupied and backsight points. Options allows you to select your angle entry method. Prompts Occupied Point ? Pick point or point number: screen pick a point or enter a point number Exit/Options/Traverse/Inverse/Enter Azimuth (ddd.mmss) <A>: O for options Angle prompt angle right or azimuth only [Right/Azimuth/Prompt]? P for prompt Exit/Options/Points/Line/Traverse/Inverse/<Angle-Bearing Code <7>: 6 Code 6 for angle turned to left. Pick point or point number: pick a point Enter Angle (dd.mmss) <6>: 22.3524 Angle of 22 degrees, 35 minutes, 24 seconds. Points/<Distance>: 120.91 Enter Vertical Angle (dd.mmss) <0.0000>: 88.2548 These prompts only come up if you have Instrument and Rod height prompting turned on. Instrument Height <5.000>: 5.12 Rod-Target Height <5.120>: press Enter Enter Point Description <>: Topo Shot Exit/Options/Points/Line/Traverse/Inverse/<Angle-Bearing Code <6> E For instruction on how to insert either new or existing points into the drawing, see Draw-Locate Points in the Points Commands section of the General Commands chapter. This feature can be found in the Points pulldown of all menus. Pulldown Menu Location: COGO Keyboard Commands: sideshot, ss Prerequisite: None Enter-Assign Point This command creates a point at the user-entered coordinates. The point is both stored to the current coordinate (.CRD) le and drawn on the screen. The program will prompt for the northing and easting. This routine will prompt for point number, elevation and description, depending on the settings in the Point Defaults command. Point Defaults also allows you to set the point symbol and layer. Point Defaults is found under the Points pulldown. Prompts Chapter 12. COGO Menu 736 Enter North(y): 5000 Enter East(x): 5000 Select/<Enter Point Elevation <0.00>: Enter 100 for elevation, or press S and enter to select text to set elevation. Enter Point Description <>: START N: 5000.00 E: 5000.00 Z: 0.00 Enter North(y): press Enter to end For instruction on how to insert either new or existing points into the drawing, see Draw-Locate Points in the Points Commands section of the General Commands chapter. This feature can be found in the Points pulldown of all menus. Pulldown Menu Location: COGO Keyboard Commands: eapoint, ea Prerequisite: None Raw File On/Off This menu selection toggles raw le (.RW5) creation. When this option is active, commands such as Traverse create entries in the current raw data (.RW5) le. If Raw File is turned on, the pulldown menu option will have a check mark character in the menu. A dialog will appear, allowing you to create a New, Append an existing, or Close the .RW5 le. To begin this routine, select the COGO pulldown and observe the Raw File (On or Off) toggle for check. Click the command and the dialog appears. New: Allows you to create a new raw traverse le (.RW5). Append: Allows you to append an existing raw traverse le. Pulldown Menu Location: COGO Keyboard Command: openraw Prerequisite: None Line On/Off This menu selection toggles line plotting on and off for the commands such as Traverse, Locate by Line Bearing, etc.. If line drawing is turned on, the pulldown menu option will have a check mark character to the left of the command. Command: set lonoff Line ON Command: set lonoff Chapter 12. COGO Menu 737 Line OFF Checked (on) Pulldown Menu Location: COGO Keyboard Command: set lonoff Prerequisite: None Visual COGO This command contains COGO routines for Inverse, Occupy Point, Traverse, Side Shots and Enter-Assign Point. Choosing Visual COGO from the COGO menu provides you with quick access to any one of ve main features of the Visual COGO interface. A dialog for command input docks on the side of the graphic window when any of the ve options from the pulldown menu are selected. Points are drawn to the screen as they are created. Linework can also be drawn. CAD and Carlson commands can be activated with the Visual COGO dialog active. This allows for quick switching between Visual COGO commands and any other command. You can also switch between Visual COGO commands within the dialog by entering the 2 character function name in any edit box. For example, from Visual COGO Inverse, you can enter SS in the point number eld to switch to Side Shots. The function names OC, EA, IN, TR and SS are also available as function buttons across the top of the dialog. The second row of buttons are functions for zooming in/out and panning. The nal button brings up Visual Cogo options. The Use Sound option is for whether to have sounds cues. The Prompt for Bearing/Azimuth Rotation adds an additional angle input in the Sideshot and Traverse functions. This angle is added to the bearing or azimuth angle input and is a way to handle North rotation where the orientation of the angles that your entering is different than the target coordinate system. Prompts When in Visual COGO, you will have a very different user interface from other areas of Carlson. This user-friendly screen will guide you through various COGO data entry procedures such as Inverse, Occupy Point, Traverse, Side Shots and Enter-Assign Point. You will still be able to follow the command on the command line at the bottom of your Carlson screen. Using Visual COGO is an alternative and easy method to entering in such information. The top half of the COGO pulldown menu offers you the more traditional Carlson data entry method. Your results will Chapter 12. COGO Menu 738 be the same. IN (Inverse): This command reports the bearing/azimuth and horizontal distance between two points. The points can be entered manually or by picking from a point list by picking on the list button. The resulting report of bearing/azimuth is dependent upon the Angle Mode setting in the drawing setup options. OC (Occupy Point): Used to specify the point number of the instrument setup point. The point can be specied by manually entering in the point number in the Occupied Point data eld, or by selecting the List button and choosing from the list of points contained in the coordinate le. Backsight Method can be either by Point Number or by Azimuth. If angle right/left or deection right/left is being used for traverse or sideshot entry, a backsight method must be specied. If using Bearing or Azimuth entry, no backsight method is required. The Backsight Point can be specied by manually entering in the point number in the Backsight Point data eld, or by selecting the List button and choosing from the list of points contained in the coordinate le. Instrument Height: Use this eld to set the height of the instrument. Accept (F2): Selecting this button or pressing the F2 function key accepts the data entered in the elds above. After accepting the data, until changed, the points specied will remain the occupied and backsight points. If the dialog is exited without Accepting the settings the Occupied and Backsight points will have to be specied when the OC dialog is revisited. Exit: Cancels the command TR (Traverse): This command allows data entry using any combination of turned angles, deections, azimuths or bearings to dene a traverse or gure. This command always occupies, moves up to, the last point it calculated and backsights the point before, or the previous occupied point. Point Number: This is the number of the point to be created. Rod Height: Height of target to be located. The horizontal angle component can be input in various formats. The format label will change with the option chosen. Choose the format by selecting the down arrow and picking from the list. NE=Northeast SE=Southeast SW=Southwest NW=Northwest AZ=Azimuth AL=Angle Left AR=Angle Right DL=Deection Left DR=Deection Right The vertical angle component can be input in various ways (the format label will change with the option chosen). Choose the format by selecting the down arrow and picking from the list. VA=Vertical Angle. Zero (0) degrees is level. ZE=Zenith Angle. Ninety (90) degrees is level. DZ=Elevation Difference. The difference in elevation either plus or minus from the instrument setup to the target. The distance component can be entered as either Slope or Horizontal Distance. Choose the format by selecting the down arrow and picking from the list. SD=Slope Distance HD=Horizontal Distance Chapter 12. COGO Menu 739 Distance can be dened by Point Numbers by selecting the calculator button to the far right of Angle Right and Slope Distance. Additional mathematical calculations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division can be performed on the input distance by selecting the appropriate button and lling out the function dialog. For example to add 25 to the Slope distance value on the traverse dialog, select the + button, enter 25 and then select Done. The same steps apply to any of the other mathematical functions. Side Shots: This command works in the same way as the traverse command. All the available options contained in the traverse command are available in this command. The only difference in the commands is that the side shot command does not move the setup point to last shot input. Refer to the traverse command for further details. Chapter 12. COGO Menu 740 Desc: Denes the description for the point to be created. Create Point: Option whether to store the point to the CRD le and draw a point. Draw Line: Option to draw line to the traverse point. Preview (F2): Previews the traverse point location, without storing the point to the coordinate le. Store (F3): Stores the traverse point based upon the entered data to the coordinate le. Undo: After storing the point, the point can be deleted from the screen and coordinate le by selecting the undo button. Exit: Exits the Visual COGO command and closes the dialog box. EA (Enter Assign): Use this function to enter and assign coordinate values for new and existing points. Zooming and panning functions are also available from the Visual COGO dialog box: Plus (+) magnier: Zooms the display window in. Use to view a area up close. Minus (-) magnier: Zooms the display window out. This shows more of the drawing. Left arrow: Pans the display window to the left. Right arrow: Pans the display window to the right. Chapter 12. COGO Menu 741 Up arrow: Pans the display window up. Down arrow: Pans the display window down. Pulldown Menu Location: COGO Keyboard Commands: vcogo inverse, vcogo setup, vcogo traverse, vcogo sideshot, vcogo store Prerequisite: Coordinate le to process Locate by Line Bearing This command calculates and plots a line (if the Line On/Off is set to Line On) and point from an occupied point. The bearing can be dened by picking two points, selecting a line, inputting two point numbers, or typing in a bearing or azimuth. The command always occupies the last point calculated. Prompts Press [Enter] to use preview point/or select occupied point. Pick point or point number: 14 PointNo. North(Y) East(X) Elev(Z) Description 14 4869.06 4390.31 0.00 Pick points that dene bearing. Dene Bearing by, Line/Bearing/Numbers/<pick 1st point>: B At this prompt the default is to pick the rst point that denes the bearing. If you pick a point, you are then prompted for a second point. You can input B to type in a bearing or azimuth or L to select a line or polyline that denes the bearing, or N to input two point numbers that dene the bearing. [A]zimuth/<Bearing (Qdd.mmss)>: A Azimuth (ddd.mmss): 45.2349 Number inverse/<Distance>: 188.27 Enter Vertical Angle (dd.mmss) <0.0000>: press Enter The horizontal distance is given. Enter Point Description <stk>: press Enter The coordinates are given. Pulldown Menu Location: COGO > Locate by Bearing-Ang Keyboard Command: locbrg, lb Prerequisite: None Locate by Turned Angle This command locates a point by turned angle and distance. Prompts Dene occupied & backsight points by [L]ine or [P]oints <P>: L Select Line or Polyline near end point that denes occupied point: select line Occupied point: (4078.44 4610.89 0.0) Backsight point: (4390.31 4869.06 0.0) Enter Angle (ddd.mmss) <45.2349>: 22.5632 Pick or Type Distance <188.27>: 40.32 Enter Vertical Angle (dd.mmss) <0.0000>: hit Enter Chapter 12. COGO Menu 742 Pulldown Menu Location: COGO > Locate by Bearing-Ang Keyboard Commands: turnang2, ta Prerequisite: None Locate by Azimuth This command locates points by azimuth and distance. The AutoCAD text screen provides the horizontal distance and coordinates. Prompts [Enter] to use preview point/ or Select occupied point ? Pick point/<point Number>: endp of (pick a point) Enter Azimuth (ddd.mmss) <22.5632>: 277.1259 Enter or pick Distance <40.32>: 104.39 Enter Vertical Angle (dd.mmss) <0.0000>: Enter Pulldown Menu Location: COGO > Locate by Bearing-Ang Keyboard Commands: locazi2, az Prerequisite: None Locate by Bearing This command locates points by bearing and distance. Additionally, the AutoCAD text screen provides the horizontal distance and coordinates. Prompts [Enter] to use preview point or Select occupied point ? Pick point/<point Number>: 24 PointNo. Northing(Y) Easting(X) Elev(Z) Description 24 4922.37 4544.81 0.00 Enter Bearing (Qdd.mmss) <277.1259>: 435.2317 Enter or pick Distance <104.39>: 200 Enter Vertical Angle (dd.mmss) <0.0000>: Enter Pulldown Menu Location: COGO > Locate by Bearing-Ang Keyboard Command: locbrg2, lg Prerequisite: None Locate by Delta This command locates points by specied delta x, y, z from a reference point. The point style and whether to prompt for a description is set in Point Defaults. Chapter 12. COGO Menu 743 Prompts [Enter] to use preview point/ or Select occupied point ? Pick point/<point Number>: pick a point Delta Northing (dy): 23.45 Delta Easting (dx): 12.34 Delta Elevation (dz) <0.0>: press Enter Enter Point Description <>: press Enter N: 11687.04 E: 10095.31 Z: 0.00 Delta Northing (Enter to end): press Enter Pulldown Menu Location: COGO > Locate by Angle-Distance Keyboard Commands: locdelta Prerequisite: None Pick Intersection Points This command locates points at screen picked intersections. The object snap mode is set to intersection. This routine is similar to the Locate Point command, with an additional check that makes sure there is an intersection at the picked point. If there is not an intersection at the picked point, then no point is created. Prompts Pick Intersections Points dialog APParent intersection on [<Yes>/No]: Y This rst prompt is very important. Apparent Intersection snaps to the apparent intersection of two objects (arc, circle, ellipse, elliptical arc, line, multiline, polyline, ray, spline, or xline) that do not intersect in 3D space, but may appear to intersect in the current view. This allows you to locate a point at the theoretical intersection of two 3D entities. You should answer No to this prompt if you want to ignore theoretical 3D intersections. [app on] Pick intersection Point: pick a point [app on] Pick intersection Point: press Enter to end Chapter 12. COGO Menu 744 Pulldown Menu Location: COGO > Locate at Intersect Keyboard Command: pickint Prerequisite: Intersection of two entities Linework Intersection Points This command is used to create points at all of the intersections between selected linework entities. Prompts Select lines and polylines to process. Select objects: Specify opposite corner: pick objects Pulldown Menu Location: COGO > Locate at Intersect Keyboard Command: ADDINTPTS Prerequisite: None Bearing-Bearing Intersect This command locates a point at the intersection of two lines. The lines can be dened by picking two points, selecting a line or typing in a bearing. After the lines are dened a point symbol is located at the point of intersection. When a grid projection is dened in Drawing Setup, there is a prompt for whether to use the mean, forward or back geodetic bearing. Prompts Chapter 12. COGO Menu 745 [Enter] to use preview point or select 1st Base point ? Options/<Pick point or point number>: press Enter Dene 1st angle by (Line/Points?Right/Azimuth/Bearing) <Bearing>: L Select Line or Polyline that Denes 1st Bearing: select Enter 1st Offset Distance <0.0>: press Enter 2nd Base point? Pick point or point number: pick a point Dene 2nd angle by (Line/Points/Right/Azimuth/Bearing) <Line>: P [Enter] to use preview point/or pick 1st point that denes 2nd bearing. Pick point or Point number: pick point 2nd point that denes 2nd bearing ? Pick point or Point number: pick a point Enter 2nd Offset Distance <0.0>: press Enter Enter/<Select text of elevation>: select The point is then located at the computed point of intersection. Bearing-Bearing Intersect example Pulldown Menu Location: COGO > Locate at Intersect Keyboard Command: bb Prerequisite: None Create Points from Entities This command will create Carlson points on selected entities. The points are stored in the current coordinate (.CRD) le and drawn on the screen. For arcs and polylines with arc segments, points are created at the radius points of the arcs as well as the PC and PT. In the rst options dialog, there are settings for the point attributes. To have points obtain their elevation from the selected entities, unselect the Prompt for Elevations toggle and select the Locate on Real Z Axis toggle. After you have specied the point options, a secondary dialog appears which allows you to specify the entity types to process. Under the Description Settings, Prompt for Description At Each Point will prompt you at the command line for a description for each individual point. Prompt Per Entity will ask you for a description per each highlighted entity. Use Entity Layer for Description will assign the layer name to the description. When Entity Layer for Description Chapter 12. COGO Menu 746 is checked, the layer name of the entity will be used as the description for the created point. Same Description For All Points will prompt you for a single description for all points. The second options dialog has processing settings. When Avoid Duplicates with Existing Pts is checked, this routine will not create a point if a point with the same coordinates already exists in the current coordinate (.CRD) le. The Draw New Points option creates point entities in the drawing. Otherwise, the new points are only stored to the coordinate le. The Draw Existing Matched Points option applies to the Avoid Dupli- cates option for the case when a duplicate is found in the coordinate le and not yet drawn. The Point Order setting controls the sequence of the newpoint numbers to be in the order of selection or in a direction like left to right. Chapter 12. COGO Menu 747 Prompts Create Points From Entities Dialogs Choose settings Select arcs, circles, faces, points, text, lines and polylines. Select objects: pick entities Before and after using Create Points from Entities. Points are created at each endpoint and radius point. Pulldown Menu Location: COGO Keyboard Command: autopnts Prerequisite: drawing entities Distance-Distance Intersect This command creates a point at the distance-distance intersection from two base points. The program prompts for two distances and two base points. The two possible intersections (A,B) are shown on the screen. You can either pick near the desired intersection or type in the letter A or B. The A intersection is clockwise from the rst point. The Options choice brings up a small dialog that allows you to be prompted for angle method or for offsets, or both. When a grid projection for the drawing is dened under Drawing Setup, the program will prompt for whether to use the grid or geodetic distances. Prompts Select 1st base point Options/<Pick point or point number>: 1 Points/<1st distance>: 46.72 Enter 1st Offset Distance <0.0> Select 2nd base point Pick point or point number: 2 Points/<2nd distance>: 38.96 Enter 2nd Offset Distance <0.0>: press Enter Pick near solution or Enter [A] or [B]: pick a point Chapter 12. COGO Menu 748 Pulldown Menu Location: COGO > Locate at Intersect Keyboard Command: DD Prerequisite: None Bearing-Distance Intersect The Bearing-Distance Intersect command prompts the user for a base point from which the known bearing intersects. It then denes the bearing by one of three methods. The bearing can be dened by picking two points, selecting a line with the same bearing or by typing in the bearing in the form of Qdd.mmss (similar to the Locate by Bearing command). Next the user is prompted for a base point from which the known distance radiates. After entering the known distance a circle is drawn radiating from the selected base point, and a line dened by the bearing is extended to intersect the circle. The user then picks the correct point for the solution desired and a point symbol is located at the selected intersection. The command then erases the temporary circle and line. The Options choice allows you to be prompted for angle method or for offsets, or both. When a grid projection for the drawing is dened under Drawing Setup, this command will prompt for whether to use the grid bearing or geodetic mean, forward or back bearing. Also, the program will prompt for whether to use the grid or geodetic distance. Prompts [Enter] to use preview point or select known Bearing base point Options/Pick point or point number: pick point Dene 1st bearing by (Line/Points/Azimuth/Bearing)<Bearing>: l Select Line or Polyline that Denes Bearing: pick entity Enter 1st Offset Distance <0.0>: press Enter Known distance base point. Chapter 12. COGO Menu 749 Pick point or point number: pick point Points/<Enter Distance>: 40.41 Enter 2nd Offset Distance <0.0>: press Enter [int on] Pick Intersection point ([Enter] to cancel): pick point Enter Point Number <55>: press Enter This prompt appears only if Automatic Point Numbering is turned off. See Point Defaults Enter Point Symbol Number <4>: press Enter This prompt appears only if point symbol prompting is turned on. Symbol number 4 is located at the computed coordinate and labeled point number 55. When Options (O) is selected Pulldown Menu Location: COGO > Locate at Intersect Keyboard Command: bdint Prerequisite: None Perpendicular Intersect This command creates a point at the perpendicular intersection from an offset point to a line. This command prompts for a base point from which the known bearing intersects. Then the bearing is dened by typing in the bearing in the form of Qdd.mmss (similar to the Locate by Bearing command). Next the user is prompted for an offset point. Prompts [Enter] to use preview point or select known Bearing base point Pick point or point number: 1 Bearing (Qdd.mmss): 145.0000 Offset point. Chapter 12. COGO Menu 750 Pick point or point number: 51 Pulldown Menu Location: COGO > Locate at Intersect Keyboard Command: perpint Prerequisite: None Tangent Intersect This command creates a point at the tangential intersection from a point to another point and distance. This command prompts for a base point and then the distance. Next there is a prompt for the second point. Since there are two possible tangential solutions on the circle from the base point, the program displays the two possible solutions and prompts for which one to use. To choose the solution, pick close to the solution point. Prompts [Enter] to use preview point or select known base point Pick point or point number: 1 Points/<Enter Distance>: 25 Second point. Pick point or point number: 51 Pick tangent point solution: pick a point Chapter 12. COGO Menu 751 Pulldown Menu Location: COGO > Locate at Intersect Keyboard Command: tangint Prerequisite: None 2 Point - 2 Point Intersect This command is similar to Bearing-Bearing Intersect except that in this command bearings are dened by specifying two point numbers. In the example shown below, the rst two points specied are 3838 and 3839, the second pair are 3841 and 3840. Point 3842 is located at the intersection. Prompts Specify 1st base point. Pick point or point number: 3838 Specify 2nd point that denes 1st direction. Pick point or point number: 3839 Specify 2nd base point. Pick point or point number:3841 Specify 2nd point that denes 2nd direction. Pick point or point number: 3840 Select/<Enter Point Elevation>: Enter value Pulldown Menu Location: COGO > Locate at Intersect Keyboard Command: bbint2 Prerequisite: None Resection This command calculates point coordinates given the angle and distance from two or three reference points. The Z coordinate can also be calculated in addition to the X,Y. If you only need the 2D solution, then enter the instrument and rod heights as 0.0, the zenith angle as 90 and the distance as the horizontal distance. The reference points are specied by point number. These reference points need to be stored in the current coordinate (.CRD) le before running this command. After entering the reference point, there is a dialog to enter the horizontal angle, zenith angle and slope distance. The horizontal angle is the horizontal azimuth or angle right from the unknown point to the reference point. In Chapter 12. COGO Menu 752 the example, the backsight azimuth is 0 (due north), but this is not a requirement since the backsight can be any angle. The program calculates the coordinate by averaging the distance-distance and angle-angle solutions. Since there is redundant data, the nal calculated coordinate will differ slightly from the individual measurements. For example, in a 3-point resection, there are two different distance-distance solutions (between the rst-second point and between the second-third points). The program reports the difference between the nal coordinate and the individual solutions as the residuals which act as an indicator whether the data is good. High residuals suggest a problem with the input data. In the dialog that displays the nal coordinates and residuals, there is a button to store the coordinates to the current coordinate (.CRD) le with a specied point number. In the rst Resection dialog box, you can choose to use two or three reference points. In the second Resection dialog box, you assign the reference point. Point: You must enter the point number of your reference point. These reference points need to be stored in the current coordinate le before you run this command. Inst. Height: You must enter the instrument height. Target Height: You must enter the target height. If you need only the 2D solution, then enter the instrument and target heights as 0.0. In the Manual Read dialog box, you must specify parameters for the calculation. Chapter 12. COGO Menu 753 Horizontal Angle: You must enter a horizontal angle from the resection to the reference points. The horizontal angle is the horizontal azimuth, or angle right, from the unknown point to the reference point. Zenith Angle: You must enter a zenith angle. For a 2D solution, set the zenith angle to 90 degrees. Slope Distance: You must enter a slope distance from the reference points to the resection. You are prompted for additional reference points and parameters. The Resection Calculation dialog box that displays the nal coordinates and residuals. You can select the option to store the coordinates in the current coordinate le with a specied point number. Pulldown Menu Location: COGO > Locate at Intersect Keyboard Command: cresection Prerequisite: Two or three reference points Benchmark This command is similar to the data collector routine, where a measurement with a total station is taken from an unknown elevation to a known elevation foresight. The unknown elevation of the occupied point is then calculated based on the measurement. Either the Occupied Elevation or the Instrument Height can be calculated. Note that a check box is located at the bottom of the dialog box to ''Store Elev To Occupied Pt''. This will automatically change the elevation of the occupied point. Chapter 12. COGO Menu 754 Prompts Coordinate File to Process dialog If required, this dialog will appear and you must select a le. Benchmark dialog Fill in variables, click Calculate Pulldown Menu Location: COGO Keyboard Command: benchmark Prerequisite: None Numeric Pad COGO Using only the keys on the numeric pad, this command does several COGO commands. The program cycles through six prompts. Only respond to the prompts that apply and the program will perform the correct action. The prompts are: First point? First angle? First distance? Second point? Second angle? Second distance? To inverse, give a rst point and second point. To traverse, give a rst point, rst angle and rst distance. To do bearing-bearing intersect, give a rst point, rst angle, second point and second angle. To do bearing-distance intersect, give a rst point, rst angle, second point, and second distance. Or give a rst point, rst distance, second point, and second angle. The point is calculated at the closer intersection. To do distance-distance intersect, give a rst point, rst distance, second point, and second distance. The point is calculated at the rst intersection going clockwise from the rst point's distance circle. Points can be screen picked or entered as point numbers that reference the current coordinate le. The last point is used as a default when you press Enter at the prompt for the rst point. Which point is being used is indicated by a ghost arrow pointer. Chapter 12. COGO Menu 755 Angles can be specied by picking two points or entering an angle code which begins with a single digit code followed by the degrees and the minutes and seconds after a decimal point. The digits codes are (1 - Northeast, 2 - Southeast, 3 - Southwest, 4 - Northwest, 5 - Azimuth). For example, Northwest 50d10'2'' would be 450.102. Distances can be specied by picking two points or entering the distance value. Prompts Enter coords/Quit/<Pick 1st point or point number>: 5 Pick or Type 1st Direction by 2 Points: 145.0135 (Northeast 45d1'35'') Pick or Type 1st Distance by 2 Points: 50.0 A point is created from the values for this traverse. The prompts for the second point don't appear because all the information for this action is entered. Enter coords/Quit/<Pick 1st point or point number>: press Enter to use the point created by the traverse. Pick or Type 1st Direction by 2 Points: 50.0 Enter coords/Quit/<Pick 1st point or point number>: 4 Enter/Pick 2nd Direction by 2 Points: press Enter Enter/Pick 2nd Distance by 2 Points: 75.0 This creates a point by distance-distance intersect. Enter coords/Quit/<Pick 1st point or point number>: Q Pulldown Menu Location: COGO Keyboard Command: ccogo Prerequisite: None Point on Arc This command locates a point on an arc. You can select an arc entity, an arc polyline segment or enter three points to dene an arc. After the arc is dened, the screen preview arrow shows the occupied point and the distance to solve for is entered. The command then displays the curve information and locates/inserts a point symbol at the computed point. When prompted for the distance, use a positive value if the distance is from the 1st endpoint (PC the one highlighted by the screen preview arrow) and a negative value if from the 2nd endpoint (PT). Prompts Dene arc by, Points/<select arc or polyline>: pick arc or polyline arc segment Pick a point on the arc somewhere near it's midpoint. The preview arrow points to the 1st endpoint. Precede distance with minus sign if distance from 2nd endpoint. Distance along arc from 1st point: 100 The command then plots a point at the computed distance. Chapter 12. COGO Menu 756 Pulldown Menu Location: COGO > Interpolate Points Keyboard Command: ptarc Prerequisite: None Divide Between Points This command divides the distance between two points and inserts one of the point symbols at the specied dis- tances. It can also interpolate elevations (to interpolate the elevations, the points picked must be at their real Z axis elevation). Prompts Interpolate elevations [Yes/<No>]? hit Enter Point to divide-interpolate from? Pick point or point number: 1 PointNo. Northing(Y) Easting(X) Elev(Z) Description 1 4252.76 4158.32 0.00 Point to divide-interpolate to? Pick point or point number: pick a point Number of Segments-Divisions: 3 Enter Point Description <>:hit Enter The command then locates two points. Pulldown Menu Location: COGO > Interpolate Points Keyboard Command: divlin Prerequisite: 2 points Divide Along Entity This command locates points along an entity such as a line, polyline, spline or arc. You must specify the number of divisions. Prompts Chapter 12. COGO Menu 757 Interpolate Elevations [Yes/<No>]: press Enter Select Entity to Divide: pick point on entity Number of Divisions/Segments: 15 The command then locates 14 points. Pulldown Menu Location: COGO > Interpolate Points Keyboard Command: divent Prerequisite: 2 points if you want to interpolate elevations Interval Between Points This command creates points by interpolating at a horizontal distance interval between two control points. There is an option for whether to interpolate the elevation or use zero for elevation. The point style and whether to prompt for a description is set in Point Defaults. Prompts Interpolate elevations [Yes/<No>]? press Enter Point to interpolate from? Pick point or point number: pick a point Point to interpolate to? Pick point or point number: pick a point Interval Distance: 50 Pulldown Menu Location: COGO > Interpolate Points Keyboard Commands: ptintpt Prerequisite: None Interval Along Entity This command creates points at a specied distance along an entity such as a line, arc, spline or polyline. The points are listed out on the text screen, stored in the current coordinate (.CRD) le and drawn on the screen. For example, you might use this command to locate lot corner points along a frontage line. When Break Entity at Points is checked, the selected entity will be broken at every located point. When Create Point at Endpoint is checked, points will also be located at the endpoints of the selected entity. Horizontal Distance Between Points allow you to specify the distance between located points. There is also an option to create points on curved portions of the centerline at a different interval than on tangent portions (to reduce chord lengths, a shorter interval may be suitable for curves). Chapter 12. COGO Menu 758 For improved descriptions on the points, there is an option, in this main dialog, allowing you to determine whether or not to label elevations on the new points. And for the purposes of describing the points, there is an option that allows you to set the same description to all of the points. For more options related to points, see Point Defaults under the Points pulldown. Create Points at Endpoints turned on Prompts Select entity near endpoint which denes rst station. [nea on] Select Entity to Interpolate Points: select entity [nea on] Select Entity to Interpolate Points: Locating 13 Points The command locates points along the selected entity. Pulldown Menu Location: COGO > Interpolate Points Keyboard Command: ptint Prerequisite: An entity Chapter 12. COGO Menu 759 Line by Angle-Distance This command draws a line from an occupied point at a given angle and distance, where the angle format supports the standard 1-9 angle-bearing codes. It holds the current occupied point and calculates a line by angle-distance to each entered point. As for the angle formats, the Options choice allows for angle right, azimuth only or prompt entry (Right/Azimuth/Prompt) methods. The Prompt method allows you to enter the 1-9 angle-bearing codes. Prompts Occupied Point ? Pick point or point number: pick point Exit/Options/SideShot/Inverse/Enter Azimuth (ddd.mmss) <90.0000>: 112.3024 Points/<Distance>: 290 Exit/Options/SideShot/Inverse/Enter Azimuth (ddd.mmss) <112.3024>: O Angle prompt angle right or azimuth only [Right/Azimuth/Prompt]? R Exit/Options/SideShot/Inverse/Enter Angle (dd.mmss) <112.3024>: 88 Points/<Distance>: 300 Exit/Options/SideShot/Inverse/Enter Angle (dd.mmss) <88>: O Angle prompt angle right or azimuth only [Right/Azimuth/Prompt]? P Exit/Options/Points/Angle-Bearing Code <7>: Enter Enter Angle (dd.mmss) <88>: 31.4340 Points/<Distance>: 419 Exit/Options/Points/Angle-Bearing Code <7>: E Pulldown Menu Location: COGO Keyboard Command: travline Prerequisite: None Tangent Line from Circles This command draws a line that is tangent to two circles or arcs. The circles can be dened either by picking the radius point and entering the radius, or by selecting circle or arc entities. The tangent line can be drawn to either outside on the left or right side, or across the middle between the circles from left to right or from right to left. The line and the circles are drawn in the current layer. There is also an option to create two points at the ends of the tangent line. Tangent line Between two circles Prompts Chapter 12. COGO Menu 760 Tangent Line From Circles dialog Pick center point of rst circle: pick a point Pick rst radius: 25 Pick center point of second circle: pick a point Pick second radius: 35 Pulldown Menu Location: COGO Keyboard Command: linecircle Prerequisite: None Building Offset Extensions This command is used to calculate building corner offset points that are extensions of the building faces. This command uses building perimeters that are drawn as closed polylines. The point are stored to the current coordinate le and draw on the screen. There is a dialog for setting the parameters. The Offset Amount is the distance that the offsets are extended past the end of the building line. The Starting Point Number is the point number to begin storing from. The Point Description and Elevation are assigned to all the new points and the Point Layer is used for all the drawn points. Offset points are always created as extensions of the building lines at the corners. Offset points can optionally be created at the diagonals of corners and across to the other side of the building for inside corners. In the rst example show here, Create Perpendicular Points is on. Points 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 109, 110, 112, 115, 117, 118 and 120 are corner extension offset points. Points 102, 105, 108, 111, 116 and 119 are diagonal points. Points 113 and 114 are across building points. Chapter 12. COGO Menu 761 In the second example, Create Perpendicular Points is off and the program only creates points on one side. Also on this example, the Create 2nd Offsets option is on. Prompts Building Offset Extensions dialog Select building perimeter linework. Select objects: make selection Pulldown Menu Location: COGO Keyboard Command: bldg pnts Prerequisite: A polyline perimeter that represents a building Radial Stakeout This command creates a radial stakeout report using the current coordinate (.CRD) le. The program calculates the azimuth, angle right, horizontal distance and/or slope distance for a range of points relative to an occupied point and a backsight point. Chapter 12. COGO Menu 762 Occupied Point Number: Specify the occupied point number X and Y values will ll in automatically. Backsight Point Number: Specify the backsight point number X and Y values will ll in automatically. Maximum Hz Distance: This is the maximum horizontal distance from the occupied point that the program will include in the report. Range of points to Compute: Enter the range of points to be included in the stakeout report If you check Select Points from Screen, this option is unavailable. Select Points from Screen: This option allows you to select from the screen the points to be included in the stakeout report. Number of Decimal Places: Specify the display precision for the report. Report Options: Specify the direction format that the report should use. Report Slope Distance: When checked, the slope distance is included in the report in addition to the horizontal distance. Use Cut Sheet Format: When checked, adds columns to the report for Description, Hub Elev, and Elevation. Results from clicking the List (point) button Chapter 12. COGO Menu 763 Sample radial stakeout report: Radial Stakeout Occupied Point 2 7137.7248 9016.1417 500.000 Backsight Point 1 7075.7408 8875.7884 500.000 Backsight Azimuth= 246.1021 PtNo. Azimuth AngRight HzDist North(y) East(x) Elev(z) 3 261.0258 14.5237 74.061 7126.2022 8942.9830 500.000 4 262.4347 16.3327 113.032 7123.4208 8904.0181 500.000 5 281.1809 35.0748 137.858 7164.7435 8880.9572 500.000 6 301.4512 55.3452 82.296 7181.0342 8946.1639 500.000 Pulldown Menu Location: COGO Keyboard Commands: radstake, rs Prerequisite: A coordinate le (.CRD le) with points Section Subdivision This command calculates and stores unknown corners that can be calculated given the data specied. The Section number, Township and Range must be entered rst. Next, specify the point IDs of corners that have been located in the eld. Note: The choices in the Specify Field Located Corners section of the dialog merely make it more convenient to enter the Section & Quarter corners and the 1/16th corners. This choice allows you to enter the corners in order by just typing the point ID of a corner then just press enter to move to the next corner. You may enter any type of corner located in the eld by changing the types of corners selection in the Specify Field Located Corners section. Next, enter the government chainages as required. The calculated points will be plotted on the screen and saved to the coordinate le. For each calculated corner, the Saving Point dialog box will be displayed. Depending on the point default settings, this dialog may allow you to accept or change the default point ID. Also, Depending on the point default settings, the description and elevation may also be changed or accepted. Chapter 12. COGO Menu 764 Pulldown Menu Location: COGO > Section Corners Keyboard Command: cg section subd Prerequisite: Coordinate File GLO Corner Proportioning The GLO Corner Proportioning commands calculate section and 1/4 section corners by one, two, three or four way control. GLO plats are the ofcial plats of the U.S. Government Land Ofce (GLO) executed after July 1946. The Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management (BLM) is the successor agency to the GLO. Geodetic Traverse This command creates points by traversing by bearing and distance. The program starts by prompting for a starting point. Then the bearing is entered as either grid bearing or geodetic bearing for mean, forward or backward. Then the distance is entered either as grid distance or geodetic distance at mean elevation or zero elevation, and the distance units can be either feet, meters or chains. The resulting point is then drawn using the point settings from the Point Defaults command. Before running this command, the grid projection for the drawing must be dened in the Drawing Setup command. Prompts Select 1st line to split: pick a line Select 2nd line to split: pick a line Chapter 12. COGO Menu 765 Pulldown Menu Location: COGO > Geodetic Prerequisite: None Keyboard Command: geotrav Geodetic Single Proportion Line Division This command breaks a line into two lines that have the same mean geodetic angle. The length of the rst new line is proportional to the specied part distance relative to the total distance. Before running this command, the grid projection must be set under Drawing Setup. Prompts Select a line near beginning point: pick a line Enter Record Part Distance [Meters/<Feet>/Chains]: 500 Enter Record Total Distance [Meters/<Feet>/Chains]: 2000 Pulldown Menu Location: COGO > Geodetic Prerequisite: A line Keyboard Command: geosprop Geodetic Double Proportion Line Division This command is used to restore a lost corner from new measurements between four known corners with two measurements each on intersecting meridianal and latitudinal lines. The program prompts for the four known corner points to establish the retracement. Plus the program prompts for the four sets of record bearings and dis- tances from the known points to the lost corner. The report then shows the calculated point along with the input data. Double Proportion Retrace Point Northing Easting 1st North-South 243758.936 471259.132 2nd North-South 252622.467 471144.220 1st East-West 248221.216 477033.581 2nd East-West 248208.591 464242.295 Record Bearing Distance 1st North-South N 0005'03'' W 4529.100 2nd North-South N 0109'48'' W 4335.400 1st East-West N 8934'32'' W 5821.300 2nd East-West S 8903'47'' W 6971.200 Northing Easting New Point 248287.938 471213.134 Chapter 12. COGO Menu 766 Prompts Pick First point for North-South line: pick a point Pick Second point for North-South line: pick a point Mean Bearing from Record (Qdd.mmss): 40.5027 Enter Record Distance [<Meters>/Feet/Chains]: 4529.1 Mean Bearing from Record (Qdd.mmss): 41.0948 Enter Record Distance [<Meters>/Feet/Chains]: 4335.4 Pick First point for East-West line: pick a point Pick Second point for East-West line: pick a point Mean Bearing from Record (Qdd.mmss): 489.3432 Enter Record Distance [<Meters>/Feet/Chains]: 5821.3 Mean Bearing from Record (Qdd.mmss): 389.0347 Enter Record Distance [<Meters>/Feet/Chains]: 6971.2 Pulldown Menu Location: COGO > Geodetic Prerequisite: Grid projection under Drawing Setup Keyboard Command: geodprop Geodetic Double Break This command breaks two crossing lines at their intersection such that the two segments of the rst line have the same geodetic mean bearing and the two segments of the second line have the same geodetic mean bearing. Before running this command, the grid projection must be set under Drawing Setup. Prompts Select 1st line to split: pick a line Select 2nd line to split: pick a line Pulldown Menu Location: COGO > Geodetic Prerequisite: Two crossing lines Chapter 12. COGO Menu 767 Keyboard Command: geodbk Geodetic Middle Break This command breaks a line into two lines that have the same mean geodetic angle and same geodetic length. Before running this command, the grid projection must be set under Drawing Setup. Prompts Select line to split at geodetic midpoint: pick a line Pulldown Menu Location: COGO > Geodetic Prerequisite: A line Keyboard Command: geomid Irregular Boundary Adjustment This command adjusts angle/distance courses between two control points. This adjustment applies to boundaries that are not established as straight lines and are termed ''irregular''. A modied form of single proportionate measurement is used by this method to restore the lost corners. To apply the geodetic lengths and angles with this adjustment, the grid projection must be set under Drawing Setup before running this command. For input, this command takes reference coordinates for the starting and ending points either by screen pick or by point number. Then the record angles and distances between these two reference points are entered. The program reports the input data, the recalculated points and the adjusted angles and distances. Chapter 12. COGO Menu 768 Prompts Pick Starting point or point number: pick point Pick Ending point or point number: pick point Mean Bearing from Record (Qdd.mmss): 40.2200 Enter Record Distance [<Meters>/Feet/Chains]: 5314.46 Mean Bearing from Record (Qdd.mmss): 41.0220 Enter Record Distance [<Meters>/Feet/Chains]: 2846.75 Enter another record [Yes/<No>]? press Enter Draw adjusted lines [<Yes>/No]? press Enter Irregular Boundary Report Retrace Point Northing Easting 222637.518 477292.438 230796.636 477202.638 Record Bearing Distance N 0022'00'' W 5314.460 N 0102'20'' W 2846.750 New Point Northing Easting 227950.882 477255.709 Adjusted Bearing Distance N 0023'46'' W 5313.490 N 0104'06'' W 2846.248 Pulldown Menu Location: COGO > Geodetic Prerequisite: Two control points and record courses Keyboard Command: geoirrb One Way Control This routine calculates section and 1/4 section corners by one way control. First, enter the point number for Point A. This number can be entered in manually or picked from the screen by selecting the Pick radial button at bottom right. In a like manner, the Bearing from A to B can be entered manually or by using the Pick radial button to pick from the screen. The distance from A to X can be specied in the same manner as above. After selecting OK, a dialog box will display where the Point number, description and elevation can be edited. The point default settings determine the available data for editing. For example, if the option for Automatic Point Numbering is turned off in the Point Defaults, then the eld for the point number will be grayed out. If elevations are turned off in the point defaults, then the elevation eld with be grayed out. This also applies to the description of the point as well. Prompts GLO Proportioning One Way Control dialog Chapter 12. COGO Menu 769 Saving Point dialog Pulldown Menu Location: COGO > Section Corners > GLO Corner Proportioning Keyboard Command: cg glo one way Prerequisite: A coordinate le Two Way Control This routine calculates section and 1/4 section corners by two way control. Enter the point numbers for Point A and B. These numbers can be entered in manually or picked from the screen by selecting the Pick radial button at bottom right. In a like manner, the Record Chainages from A to X and from A to B can be entered manually or by using the Pick radial button to pick from the screen. After selecting OK, a dialog box will display where the Point number, description and elevation can be edited. The point default settings determine the available data for editing. Chapter 12. COGO Menu 770 For example, if the option for Automatic Point Numbering is turned off in the Point Defaults, then the eld for the point number will be grayed out. If elevations are turned off in the point defaults, then the elevation eld with be grayed out. This also applies to the description of the point as well. GLO is an acronym for Government Land Ofce. Prompts GLO Proportioning Two Way Control dialog Saving Point dialog Pulldown Menu Location: COGO > Section Corners > GLO Corner Proportioning Keyboard Command: cg glo two way Prerequisite: A coordinate le Chapter 12. COGO Menu 771 Three Way Control This routine works as the previous GLO Proportioning methods described. Fill out the required data elds on the dialog box and select OK. After selecting OK, a dialog box will display where the Point number, description and elevation can be edited. The point default settings determine the available data for editing. For example, if the option for Automatic Point Numbering is turned off in the Point Defaults, then the eld for the point number will be grayed out. If elevations are turned off in the point defaults, then the elevation eld with be grayed out. This also applies to the description of the point as well. GLO is an acronym for Government Land Ofce. Prompts GLO Proportioning Three Way Control dialog Saving Point dialog Chapter 12. COGO Menu 772 Pulldown Menu Location: COGO > Section Corners > GLO Corner Proportioning Keyboard Command: cg glo three way Prerequisite: A coordinate le Four Way Control This routine works as the previous GLO Proportioning methods described. Fill out the required data elds on the dialog box and select OK. After selecting OK, a dialog box will display where the Point number, de- scription and elevation can be edited. The point default settings determine the available data for editing. For example, if the option for Automatic Point Numbering is turned off in the Point Defaults, then the eld for the point number will be grayed out. If elevations are turned off in the point defaults, then the elevation eld with be grayed out. This also applies to the description of the point as well. GLO is an acronym for Government Land Ofce. Prompts GLO Proportioning Four Way Control dialog Chapter 12. COGO Menu 773 Saving Point dialog: Pulldown Menu Location: COGO > Section Corners > GLO Corner Proportioning Prerequisite: A coordinate (CRD) le Keyboard Command: cg glo four way Solar Observations This feature calculates true north and/or grid north bearings by solar observation. It uses the Local Hour Angle (LHA) method. The routine calculates Ephemeris data, thus alleviating the necessity of obtaining a Solar Ephemeris. Chapter 12. COGO Menu 774 The True North option calculates the true north bearing to mark. This option requires no zone/ellipsoid information. The True North & Grid North option calculates both true north and grid north bearings to north. The convergence angle is also shown. Note: There is a description of solar observation eld procedures at the end of this section. True North Prompts Calculate true north, or true north and grid bearing (<True north>/Grid Bearing: type T, press Enter Choose eld method (Leading edge/Trailing edge/<Center>): choose method, press Enter If a Roelofs prism is being used, the Center Method should be selected. If not, select one of the other options. The Trailing Edge Method is the more popular of the two remaining methods. Date of observation as MM/DD/YY or MM-DD-YYYY: For example 04/08/03. Enter latitude of instrument point as DD.MMSS: For example 36.0545 Enter longitude of instrument point as DD.MMSS: The following input loop will begin: Obs. #1 - Time of observation as HH.MMSS: For example 15.3030 Enter angle to mark as DD.MMSS: Angle in the instrument when backsighting the mark. Enter angle to sun as DD.MMSS: Clockwise angle from mark to sun. The angle to the mark always has a default value of the last entered Angle to Mark. Each observation is numbered and the true bearing to the mark will be calculated. There is not limit as to the number of observations that can be made from a setup. After data entry is complete, press Enter. The following options appear: [Edit/Ok/Quit] <O>: If you choose Edit, you will have the following options: ADD/Change/Delete/eXit: Add: Allows for addition observation data entry. Change: Allows editing of existing data. When selected a prompt for Enter observation to change will be displayed. Choose which observation number to edit. You will then be prompted with the initial input prompts for the observation again. The original input values will be the default values for each prompt. To change the value, simply enter new data. Once Delete: This will delete the specied observation data. Choose the observation number to delete. eXit: This exits the change routine. If you type 0 and Enter or just enter for OK, the bearings from all the observations will be averaged and shown as well as the True Bearing. For example: No. Time Angle-@-Mark Angle-to-Sun True-Brg-to-Mark 1 12.3030 000'00'' 2000'00'' N 7305'43''E 2 12.4456 000'00'' 2100'00'' N 7417'15''E Average True Bearing: N 7341'29''E True North & Grid Bearing Prompts Type of calculation [True-north/true-north-and-Grid-bearing] <T>: G Chapter 12. COGO Menu 775 The following dialog will be displayed. Select the state in which the observations were made. All fty states are available, as well as PR for Puerto Rico and UTM for Universal Transverse Mercator. If the state is divided into zones, you will be prompted for the zone you are working in. Enter zone (N,S): Enter the zone. If you are using a UTM , you will see the following prompt: Enter ellipsoid to use [GRS-1980/Other] <G>: Type ''R'' and Enter or just Enter for Reciprocal attening, ''S'' and Enter for Semi-minor axis, or ''E'' and Enter for ellipsoid ECC squared. if you typed O and Enter for Other, you will see the following prompt: Ellipsoid constant [Reciprocal attening/Semi-minor axis/ellipsoid ECC squared] <R>: Depending on what was entered at the last prompt you will see one of the following prompts: Enter reciprocal attening constant: Type the constant. Enter semi-minor axis: Enter the axis. Enter ellipsoid ECC squared constant: Enter the constant. After entering the zone and ellipsoid information (if applicable) the date, latitude, longitude and time input loop will begin (as described above for the True North calculation). After data entry is completed the [Edit/Ok/Quit] <O>: prompt will be displayed (see the True North section for more details on this prompt). If you type 0 and Enter of just Enter for Ok, the information for all the observations is displayed along with the Average True Bearing, Average Grid Bearing and the Convergence Angle as follows: No. Time Angle-@-Mark Angle-to-Sun True-Brg-to-Mark 1 12.2222 000'00'' 2000'00'' N 7257'31''E 2 12.4444 000'00'' 2200'00'' N 7420'51''E Average True Bearing: N 7339'11''E Average Grid Bearing: N 7215'12''E Convergency Angle: 123'59'' Field Procedures for the Local Hour Angle (LHA) method This section explains Universal Time and then explains two ways of pointing, Trailing Edge Tangency and Roelofs Prism. Universal Time The Universal Time can be obtained on certain radio bands. On the radio channel there will be a signal beep every minute. Set a watch to the Universal Time or, when in the eld, start a stopwatch at the beep (for a known Universal Chapter 12. COGO Menu 776 Time). In order for the solar observation method to produce accurate results, it is essential that you record the precise Universal Time for an observation. Thus, when making the eld observations, record the stopwatch elapsed time in order to calculate the Universal Time or, if you set your watch to Universal Time, record the time directly. Trailing Edge Tangency While pointing at the ground mark, set the horizontal circle to read about 00-00-30, perfect pointing. With the scope direct, record the horizontal circle reading to the mark. Attach the eyepiece lter and sight the sun. After locating the sun, do the following: Set the horizontal reticle line near the center of the sun's image with the vertical reticle line leading the trailing edge of the sun (slightly right for a direct image). Clamp the horizontal motion and watch the image of the sun as the trailing edge approaches tangency with the vertical reticle line. Stop the timer at the time of tangency. Record the time and the horizontal circle reading. Repeat the pointing for a total of four pointings in the direct position. Unclamp the horizontal motion, rotate the instrument 180 degrees, plunge the scope, and then obtain data for four reverse readings. Unclamp the horizontal motion, point at the ground mark with the instrument reverse and record the horizontal circle. The timer must be checked-in on a radio signal. Some quartz regulated electronic watches are accurate for extended periods of time, allowing several hours of check-in to check-out on the radio. Otherwise, most timers should be started and stopped on a radio signal at the beginning and ending of the observation set. Roelofs Prism Attach Roelofs prism and sight the sun (you can center the shadow of the telescope between the standards as an aid in locating the sun). Be sure that the hinged tube is closed when pointing at the sun. After locating the sun through the scope, do the following: Rotate the prism until the four overlapping images of the sun are symmetrical with the instrument's reticle lines. Point on the ground mark with the instrument direct and the Roelofs prism tube swung open, perfect pointing on the ground mark. Record the horizontal circle reading to the mark. Point at the sun with the prism closed. After locating the sun, do the following: Set the horizontal reticle line near the center of the sun's pattern with the vertical reticle line leading the center of the moving pattern (slightly to right of the sun for direct optics). Clamp the horizontal motion and watch the pattern move to the point of coincidence. This is the intersec- tion of the vertical reticle line with the apex of the small dark square formed in the center of the pattern by the overlapping parts of the four images formed of the sun. Stop the timer at the moment of coincidence. Record the time and the horizontal circle reading. Repeat the pointing for a total of four readings in the direct position. Unclamp the horizontal motion, rotate the instrument 180 degrees, plunge the scope, and then obtain data for four reverse readings. Unclamp the horizontal motion, point on the ground mark with the instrument reversed and record the angle on the horizontal circle. The timer must be checked-in on a radio signal. Some quartz regulated electronic watches are accurate for extended periods of time, allowing several hours of check-in to check-out on the radio. Otherwise, most timers should be started and stopped on a radio signal at the beginning and ending of the observation set. Pulldown Menu Location: COGO Keyboard Command: cg solar obs Prerequisite: None Chapter 12. COGO Menu 777 Triangle Solutions Triangle Solutions solves for the remaining sides and angles of a triangle given the known side and angles. The upper case letters A, B and C represent the distances. The lower case letters a, b and c represent the angles. Distance A is the leg of the triangle opposite the angle 'a'. Likewise, distance B and C are the legs opposite the angles of 'b' and 'c', respectively. Enter any three known values of the six possible parameters and the three unknowns will be calculated and displayed. If you enter three angles, you will be shown proportional distances since there is an innite number of distances that would solve a three angle triangle. In this example, The sides A & B are known as is angle 'a'. After entering the three parameters, press the Solve button and the remaining three will be calculated and shown. The area in acres or hectares and feet or meters will also be calculated and shown. Press clear to enter data on a new triangle after the triangle has been solved. The solution for each triangle area is then displayed at the command line. You may press F2 to display the command line window and view the results Side A Side B Side C Angle a Angle b Angle c 45.00 85.00 88.40 3000'00'' 7048'43'' 7911'17'' Area = 1878.550 sq. ft. (0.043 acres) Pulldown Menu Location: COGO Keyboard Command: trianglesolutions Prerequisite: None Best Fit Point This command calculates the average point from a selection of input points and reports the residual statistics. The input points can be specied by point number, by point group or by screen selection. The program displays the input points with residuals in a dialog where you can toggle on/off whether to include points in the average using the Process On/Off button. The Remove button removes a point from the average and the residual report. There is an option whether to output the average point to the current coordinate le. The option to delete all the input points Chapter 12. COGO Menu 778 applies when there are several points that are meant to be the same point and you want to replace them with a single averaged point. The command shows a report of the input points, residuals and average point. Prompts Select points from screen, group or by point number [<Screen>/Group/Number]? press Enter Select Carlson Software Points. Select objects: pick points Best Fit Dialog Sample Report: Source Coordinates Point# Northing Easting Elevation Residual 1 4024.912 5205.108 542.200 131.567 2 4062.104 5173.570 543.100 147.733 3 4126.711 5180.822 543.700 142.100 ... Residuals Standard Deviation: 37.128 Average Residual: 107.188 Average Point: 4091.142,5317.562,558.855 Pulldown Menu Location: COGO Keyboard Command: btpt Prerequisite: Two or more points Best Fit Circle This command draws a least-squares best-t circle based on points on the perimeter. The program handles four or more perimeter points. A design point for the circle center can optionally be specied as a reference to compare with the best-t center in the report. The report shows the residuals for each point, the residuals standard deviation, Chapter 12. COGO Menu 779 the difference between the design point and the circle center, and the circle parameters. The residuals are calculated as the perpendicular distance from the point to the circle. The best-t circle can be calculated in 2D or 3D. In 2D mode, the elevation of the points is not used. In 3D mode, a best-t plane is calculated for the points. Then the points are projected onto the plane and the best-t circle is calculated on this plane. Then the resulting circle is projected back into world coordinates and drawn as a 3D polyline with short chords to represent the 3D circle since CAD doesn't support a 3D circle entity. Applications for 3D circles are tunnel sections and architectural arches. After specifying the points, the program calculates the best-t circle and shows the results in the dialog show here. You can toggle each point for whether to include in the calculations. You can also modify the radius. Prompts Create 2D or 3D circle [<2D>/3D]? press Enter Select points from screen or by point number [<Screen>/Number]? N Point numbers: 2-6 Point numbers (Enter to continue): press Enter Enter design center point# (Enter for None): Sample Report: Source Coordinates Point# Northing Easting Residual 2 5253.198 5070.233 0.126 3 5246.623 5084.077 0.045 4 5232.963 5078.608 -0.131 5 5235.610 5065.105 0.217 6 5247.392 5064.165 -0.264 Residuals Standard Deviation: 0.174 Circle Center: 5242.678,5073.785 Radius: 10.977 Design Center Point#: 1 Design Center: 5242.718,5073.688 Center Distance Difference: 0.105 Chapter 12. COGO Menu 780 Best Fit Circle Pulldown Menu Location: COGO Keyboard Command: btcir Prerequisite: Four or more points Best Fit Centerline This command processes a group of points to compute the best tting centerline by least squares. The points can be input from Carlson points or from vertices of a polyline. For points input, the points can be selected by screen selection or point number range. Each line segment in the centerline is calculated by the best-t line method and each arc segment is calculated by the best-t arc method. The line and arc segments are then made to be tangential. In the process options dialog, the Snap Tolerance is the max offset from the point to the line or arc segment in order to be counted as part of that segment. The Max Radius controls the maximum radius for arc segments that the program will t to the data. The Create Tangents Only option skips the step of calculating the best-t arcs and outputs only the lines. Arcs can be added later using routines like Fit Curve in the Input-Edit Centerline command. The residual for each point is the perpendicular distance from the point to the best-t centerline. The results are shown in a dialog and you can toggle each point for whether to include in the calculations. Points that are toggled Chapter 12. COGO Menu 781 off are not used for calculating the centerline but are still used in the residual report. The Remove function removes the point from both calculation and residual reporting. Prompts Input existing data from points or polyline [<Points>/Line]? press Enter Select points from screen or by point number [<Screen>/Number]? S Select Carlson Software Points. Select objects: pick the centerline points Pulldown Menu Location: COGO Keyboard Command: bestcl Prerequisite: Group of points or a polyline to sample Best Fit Line by Average This command will t a line from a starting point by sampling a group of points. The routine averages the coordi- nates of the sampling group then draws the best-t line. The program generates a report of the residuals, standard deviation, line bearing and line distance. The perpendicular distance from each point to the line is reported as the residual. Chapter 12. COGO Menu 782 Screen selection of lines almost in line with one another Sample report of Best Fit Line by Average with a different group of points Prompts Starting point ? Pick point or point number: pick starting point Select points from screen, group or by point number [<Screen>/Group/Number]? press Enter Select points. Select objects: select group of points Select points using Window or Crossing. The line is then drawn to the computed point. Pulldown Menu Location: COGO Keyboard Command: btlin Prerequisite: points to sample Best Fit Line by Least Squares This command will sample a group of points by screen selection or point number range, and then compute the best tting line by least squares. There are options to best t with nothing held (None), to best t by holding a point, and to best t by holding a bearing. All three options are shown below in the graphic. When holding a point, you are prompted to enter the weight for the point. In this example, a weight of 1000 caused the line to pass to within 0.025 of point 111. With a weight of 5000, the line passed to within 0.005 of point 111. Increase the weight accordingly to obtain the desired precision. When holding a bearing such as N45E, you are prompted to enter the bearing in the form QDD.MMSS (e.g. 145.0000 or just 145). The program generates a standard report. The residual for each point is the perpendicular distance from the point to the best-t line. Chapter 12. COGO Menu 783 After specifying the points, the program calculates the best-t line and shows the results in the dialog show here. You can toggle each point for whether to include in the calculations. Points with Process set to No and not used for calculating the line but are still included in the report of residuals. Use the Remove button to remove a point both from calculation and reporting. The Create Two Parallel Lines option applies when the points are for two line that are meant to be parallel such as a right-of-way. The program takes input for the distance between these two lines and then automatically sorts the points between the two lines, reports the residuals for the two lines and draws the two lines. Prompts Select points from screen, group or by point number [<Screen>/Group/Number]? S Select Carlson Software Points. Select objects: pick the ve points Point numbers (Enter to continue): press Enter Parameter to hold [<None>/Point/Bearing]: P Enter point number to hold:111 Enter weight for point: 5000 Sample Report: Best Fit Line By Least Squares Holding point 111: (5227.721,5149.482) Coordinate File> c:\data\interval.crd Source Coordinates Point# Northing Easting Residual 109 5103.542 5182.098 10.050 110 5114.634 5191.928 6.921 111 5149.482 5227.721 0.005 112 5178.703 5268.237 0.400 113 5201.666 5312.602 8.129 Residuals Standard Deviation: 6.559 Bearing: N 53Â44'07'' E Distance: 163.266 Pulldown Menu Location: COGO Keyboard Command: btlinelq Prerequisite: Group of points to sample Chapter 12. COGO Menu 784 Centerline Menu 13 The Centerline menu provides commands for designing and editing centerlines and centerline les. Tools for stationing, labeling and offsetting centerlines, along with Right of Way features, are also provided in this menu. Additionally, there are many import and export conversion options to select from when you pick Centerline Conversion. 785 Design Centerline This command draws a centerline polyline and writes the centerline data in a centerline le. The rst step is to specify a centerline (.CL) le name. Next in the Design Centerline dialog you can specify several options. Centerline Layer is the layer name for the polyline. Tangents Layer is the layer name for the tangent lines drawn from the centerline to the curve center. Max superelevation is used for determining the minimum recommended radius. Setting the Prompting mode to Existing skips design questions such as design speed. After the Design Centerline dialog, the program cycles through curve prompting until End is selected. There are PC and PI modes for curve entry. In PC mode the arc's PC points are entered followed by the curve data. The PC points can be specied by either picking the point, entering a distance or entering a station. In PI mode, the arc's PI points are entered. Once the PI points determine two tangents, the program prompts for curve data for the previous PI. Spirals can only be entered in PI mode. You can switch between arc and PI mode between curves on the polyline. The arc curvature can be specied by degree of curve or radius. The minimum recommend radius is based on AASHTO. The arc length can be specied by PT station, tangent length or arc length. The Store Points in CRD File will create points in the current coordinate le for each design point on the centerline. This option is also used for creating the SMI chain le within Centerline Utilities, since the SMI chain le requires point numbers. To specify the coordinate le, choose Set Coordinate File in the Points menu. Prompts Centerline le to design Enter the .CL le name to create. Design Centerline Dialog Choose your options and click OK. Pick Point or Point number: pick a starting point or enter the starting point coordinates For PC mode design: Bearing/PI/End/Undo/<Pick Point or Point number>: pick the PC point Bearing/PC/PI/End/Undo/<Pick Point or Point number>: PC Enter Design Speed for curve <55.00>: 40 Minimum Recommended Radius = 426.67 View/Point/Degree of Curve/<Radius>: 500 Curve direction (Left/<Right>)? press Enter for right Length to use (Station/Tangent/<Arc>)? press Enter for arc Point/Station/Tangent/<Arc Length>: 200 Reverse/Compound Curve (Yes/<No>)? press Enter PI/Distance/Station/<Pick PC or Point number>: D for distance Point/Enter Distance: 180 Bearing/Line/Undo/End/<Continue PC>: press Enter Enter Design Speed for curve <40.00>: press Enter Chapter 13. Centerline Menu 786 Minimum Recommended Radius = 426.67 Example of PC mode centerline design View/Point/Degree of Curve/<Radius>: 500 Curve direction (Left/<Right>)? press Enter Point/Station/Tangent/<Arc length>? 300 Reverse/Compound Curve (Yes/<No>)? press Enter PI/Distance/Station/<Pick point or Point number>: D for distance Point/Enter Distance: 140 Bearing/Line/Undo/End/<Continue PC>: E to end For PI mode design: Bearing/PI/End/Undo/<Pick Point or Point number>: pi Pick Point or Point number (PI)<5098.50,3509.11>: pick the rst PI point Type of curve [Spiral/<Circular>]? S for spiral Enter Design Speed for curve <55.00>: 40 Minimum Recommended Radius = 426.67 View/Point/Degree of Curve/<Radius>: 500 Enter Number of Lanes <2>: View/Enter Spiral Length In <204.8000>: 210 View/Enter Spiral Length Out <210.0000>: press Enter Bearing/Pick next Point or Point number (PI): pick the next PI point TS: 1+33.280 SC: 3+43.280 CS: 6+39.364 ST: 8+49.364 Bearing/Line/PC/Undo/End/<Continue PI>: press Enter Type of curve [Spiral/<Circular>]? press Enter for circular Enter Design Speed for curve <40.00>: press Enter Chapter 13. Centerline Menu 787 Example of PI mode centerline design Minimum Recommended Radius = 426.67 View/Point/Degree of Curve/<Radius>: 500 Bearing/Pick next Point or Point number (PI): pick the last PI PC : 9+35.900 PT : 16+34.283 Reverse/Compound Curve [Yes/<No>]? press Enter Bearing/Line/PC/Undo/End/<Continue PI>: E to end EndPoint : 18+37.121 Stations are printed for every PC, PT and end point in the design process. Pulldown Menu Location: Centerline Keyboard Command: centerln Prerequisite: None Input-Edit Centerline File This command can be used to input a new centerline or edit an existing centerline (.CL) le. It is a dialog-based alternative to Design Centerline and has the advantage of accepting whatever information you have on your center- lines (coordinates, stationing, length of tangents and arcs, etc). For creating a new centerline, it is ideal for entering data straight from highway design plans. For editing, this command allows you to change any of the geometric properties of any of the elements of the centerline (lines, curves, spiral-only and symmetrical spiral-curve-spiral elements), including the starting coordinates and station. Starting this command launches the Centerline Input-Edit main dialog box. To edit an existing Centerline, you can either pick the Load button and pick the .CL le, or pick the Screen Pick button and pick the polyline in the drawing that represents the Centerline. The Centerline is then displayed in the graphics window of the dialog box. The highlighted segment in the text window is also highlighted in the graphics window. Chapter 13. Centerline Menu 788 Drag Action (Zoom and Pan): In the graphics window, hold the left mouse button down and move mouse to Pan, roll the wheel to Zoom. Zoom Drawing To Current Segment: This option zooms the drawing graphics to center on the centerline segment currently highlighted in the dialog. Hold Other PI Points When Change Starting Point: With this option active, all the existing PI's are held when the starting coordinate is moved. Otherwise, all the PI's are moved by the same amount that the starting point is moved. Show Right of Way: This option shows any ROW's dened in the centerline in the graphic preview window. Type of Curves: This setting chooses between roadway and railroad denitions for curve lengths. Add: Adds a new element after the highlighted element. Prompts you for the type of the element to be added, Line, Curve, Spiral-Only or Spiral-Curve-Spiral. Edit: Allows you to edit the highlighted segment. Remove: Removes the highlighted element from the centerline. Up/Down: Moves elements in the table Up and Down in the list. For example, if this centerline ended with a tangential line from the last curve, then was followed by a non-tangential line at 45d NE, moving the last element up would create a line at 45d after the curve (non-tangential), and the formerly tangential line will remain tangential and therefore continue at NE 45d. Load: Loads an existing centerline (.CL) le for review or editing. After loading a centerline, the listbox in the dialog shows a list of all the elements in the centerline, identifying them as either a line, curve, spiral only or full spiral-curve-spiral element and reporting the ending station, northing and easting of the element. Screen Pick: Allows user to pick a CL off the screen in the drawing to load into the editor. Tools > Reverse: Reverses direction of Centerline. Tools > Rotate: Rotates the centerline by the specied rotation angle and around the specied pivot point. Draw: This button draws the centerline in the drawing on the specied layer. Save: Saves the currently loaded centerline to a le, or will prompt you for a name if no name has been set. Chapter 13. Centerline Menu 789 SaveAs: Prompts you for a le name for the saved le. Fit Curve: Fits a circular curve element into the centerline after the line element that is currently selected. Fit Spiral: Fits a spiral curve element into the centerline after the line element that is currently selected. Point Numbers: This will create Carlson points along the elements of the centerline and store them to the current CRD le. The new points will be numbered in sequence beginning with the rst available point number in the CRD le. Station Equations: At any number of locations on a centerline, you can set the back station and forward station for the re-stationing of the centerline. The station equation dialog appears below: Chapter 13. Centerline Menu 790 If the Station Back is lower than the Station Ahead, then a ''gap'' is inserted in the centerline, where the stations jump forward. If the Station Ahead is less than the Station Back, then an overlap occurs, where the common station range is repeated. ROW: This function edits the right-of-way denitions associated with the centerline. There can be multiple ROW's assigned to the centerline for left and right sides as well as multiple on the same side. The function rst shows a list of ROW's for the centerline where you can add, edit or delete. When you add or edit a ROW, there is a second dialog for entering the stations and offsets that dene the ROW relative to the centerline. Use negative offsets for left and positive for right. Alternatively, the Enter Right of Way and Polyline to Right of Way commands are other ways to dene the ROW's for a centerline. Exit: Exits this routine, prompting to save changes if necessary. The dialog for every type of element shows the point ID, the northing, easting and station of the start point of the Chapter 13. Centerline Menu 791 element. It then allows the user to modify or dene the parameters specic to the type of element. The following are some of the things to remember about data entry in the centerline editor. These are valid for lines, curves and spirals. Wherever length of the element is to be entered, entering an expression of the type 123.5 - 93.7 would evaluate the difference of the values. This is particularly convenient where only the stations of the start and end points of the element are known. When the station is specied, the program takes the length of the element as the difference between the station of the start point of the element and the station specied. All bearings should be specied by entering the angle between 0 and 90 degrees (in dd.mmss format) and selecting the quadrant. When entering the delta angle of a curve, only the absolute value (between 0 and 360 degrees) is to be entered. The direction of the curve is to be explicitly set as right or left, the default being left. All angles are entered in (dd.mmss) format. Point numbers, when used, access their coordinates in the current .CRD le. If the point number specied has no coordinates stored in the coordinate le, the point number is remembered for that particular location (say the radius point of a curve or the SC point of a spiral). Then, when the .CL le is saved, the program creates points for that location and stores them to the .CRD le with the specied point number. The dialog for a Line allows the user to specify the line primarily by its length or station and its bearing. The line can also be dened by its end point number or its coordinates. The bearing of a line can be changed if the Tangential to the Previous Element toggle is not checked. By default, any line which follows a curve element is defaulted to be tangential to it. To use a bearing different than that of the previous element, uncheck this toggle and enter the bearing. The dialog for the Curve allows the user to dene the curve primarily by its radius and delta angle or arc length. The other parameters of the curve that can be edited are the bearing of tangent-out and the ''Station to'', which also denes the arc length. The curve can also be specied by entering the coordinates or point numbers of its end point (PT) and the radius point. Another way to specify the curve would be to enter the chord length or PT point station and chord bearing. If the central PI point and a point on the forward tangent are known, then the curve can be dened by entering both of these points and at least one other property of the curve (like radius, arc length, delta angle). The point on the forward tangent can be any point that denes the tangent out direction including the next PI point. If only the central PI point is known, then the tangent-out can be entered by bearing instead of by forward tangent point. Central PI and forward tangent points are not displayed from the .CL le. They have to be entered by the user and are valid only for that particular edit session; that is, they are not remembered the next time the le is loaded. Curves are assumed to be tangent to the last element unless the Tangential to the Previous Element checkbox is cleared. The Curve Edit Mode option denes how the curve is accepted in the centerline. If the Hold PC point is checked on, the radius is taken as xed and the delta angle of the curve is calculated based on some additional parameter. Hence, the extent of the curve is unlimited. However, if the Hold PI points option is checked on, the bearing of tangent-out of the curve is taken as xed and the radius is calculated based on some other parameter. In this case, the curve is completely restricted within the central PI point and the bearing of tangent out. Hence, when the Hold PI points option is checked on, the above parameters should also be dened to carry out the calculations. The dialog for the Spiral-Curve-Spiral element allows the user to dene the spiral by entering either the various parameters of the spiral (like the angles and lengths) or the coordinates or point numbers of its dening points: the TS (Tangent-to-Spiral), SC (Spiral-to-Curve), Radius point, CS (Curve-to-Spiral), ST (Spiral-to-Tangent) and end point (optional). While dening the spiral by its geometric properties, the program will accept the data even if the information for the simple curve is given with zero spiral lengths. In this method, however, the central PI point of the spiral MUST be specied (that is, it is always in Hold PI Points mode). The tangent out can be dened by entering bearing or by specifying a point on the forward tangent. This forward tangent point can be the next PI coordinates. The direction of the spiral-in and spiral-out elements would be the same as the direction of the simple curve (left or right). The Spiral Denition setting chooses between Arc denition for clothoid spirals and Chord for 10-chord spirals. The spiral can be dened by several different parameters and the order that you enter data into the spiral dialog can Chapter 13. Centerline Menu 792 be important. There are two main sequences for entering data. The method to use depends on the spiral data that you have. The rst method is to enter the radius of the simple curve, the spiral in and out lengths, the tangent bearing out and the PI station. The second method is to make a Line segment coming up to the TS (tangent to spiral) point. This Line segment should be added before creating the Spiral element. Then with the Spiral In point set to the TS point, enter the radius of the simple curve, the spiral in and out lengths, the curve direction (left or right) and the arc length of the simple curve. Then the rest of the spiral points will be calculated. The Spiral Only element allows for exible transitions from curve to spiral to curve or line to spiral to curve or between any combination of curve and line elements. The Spiral-Curve-Spiral element, for example, can be entered as Line, Spiral Only, Curve, Spiral Only and Line, producing the same results. You can spiral from tangent to curve, curve to tangent and curve of one radius to curve of another radius. You can also spiral from one endpoint to another endpoint. To dene the spiral by sweep angle, use the Delta Angle eld. To dene the spiral by length, use the Spiral Length eld. To dene the spiral by end point, ll in the min and max radius elds and then enter either the End Point Pnt# or coordinates and the program will calculate the radius and spiral length to t that point. Once all the elements of the centerline are dened, the le can be saved and then plotted using the Draw Centerline File command. Here is an example of a highway interchange ramp that involves a starting tangent and a spiral curve that goes abruptly into a simple curve and then a nal tangent. Start by entering a starting Northing and Easting and starting Station. The Start Point# is optional. Then the concept is that you click Add to add each subsequent element (line, curve, spiral-curve-spiral or spiral only): Chapter 13. Centerline Menu 793 Line (Tangent) Segment: We want to enter the tangent segment length up to the TS (tangent to spiral). Enter in the length (200.0), bearing (88.0732) and then the bearing quadrant (NW). Since the next spiral-curve-spiral element can be based on a PI station, it is not necessary for this line segment to go up to the TS point. The purpose of this line segment is to establish the tangent-in direction. When OK is clicked, the routine will add the Line element as the rst in the list of complete centerline elements. Next up is Curve-Spiral-Curve. Click Add. Chapter 13. Centerline Menu 794 Spiral Segment: Though the dialog is complex (for total exibility), the key on a typical symmetrical spiral curve is to enter four things: (1) the radius of the simple curve, (2) the spiral in and out lengths, and (3) the tangent-out bearing. Everything else will calculate when you press Enter for the PI station. Curve Segment: Add the next element and select curve. The Curve dialog appears. The key is to enter the Radius Length (255), the Arc Length (150) and the Curve Direction. Everything else will calculate. Final Line Segment: All you need to enter in the nal dialog for the line (tangent) segment is its length. All other items will calculate when you press Enter. Chapter 13. Centerline Menu 795 The completed centerline will appear as shown in the dialog and each element can be edited. Pick the Save button to store this centerline data to a .CL le. Chapter 13. Centerline Menu 796 Pulldown Menu Location(s): Centerline (Survey, Civil), Roads (Construction, Takeoff) Keyboard Command: cledit Prerequisite: - None - Polyline to Centerline File This command writes a centerline (.CL) le from a polyline in the direction the polyline was drawn. The Northing and Easting for each vertex of the polyline is written to the centerline le and each arc in the polyline becomes a circular curve. After selecting the polyline, the program shows the direction by drawing temporary arrows along the polyline. To reverse the direction of the polyline, there is a keyword option R for Reverse at the Command line. Also, the Reverse Polyline command can be used to switch the direction of a polyline. For stationing the centerline, there is a Command line prompt for entering the station at the beginning of the polyline and then using the polyline segment lengths for the rest of the centerline stations. Alternatively, there is a keyword option E for Ending to specify the station at the end of the polyline and then back calculating the centerline stations to the beginning using the polyline lengths. In addition to being used as roadway/corridor ''baselines,'' a .CL le can also be used as the horizontal control for a Template Point Centerline. Note: To convert lines and/or arcs into a polyline, use the Entities to Polylines command or the Join Nearest com- mand Prompts Centerline le to Write dialog Enter the .CL le name to create Centerline station [Reverse/Ending/<Beginning: 0+00>]: Press Enter to accept the default station value speci- ed or Type in the beginning station then press Enter Select polyline that represents centerline: Pick the polyline that represents your centerline Pulldown Menu Location(s): Civil > Centerline, Survey > Centerline, Field > Roads Keyboard Command: clpline Prerequisite: A polyline drawn in the direction of increasing station values. Draw Centerline File This command reads a centerline (.CL) le and plots it as a 2D polyline in the drawing at the proper coordinates. First you are prompted for the layer name for the polyline to be created. There is also an option to specify whether to draw PI lines and specify their length. The Label Centerline option draws station labels using a .STA settings le Chapter 13. Centerline Menu 797 created by the Save Settings function in the Station Polyline/Centerline command. Next you are prompted for the le name of the centerline to plot. The .CL le can be made with the following commands on the Design menu:Polyline to CL File, Input-Edit Centerline or Design Centerline. Drawing the centerline le is a way to check the .CL le data graphically for correctness. If a spiral exists in the .CL le, the spiral will be represented by polyline segments. Prompts Draw Centerline Options dialog Centerline File to Draw le selection dialog Select the .CL le name to read and plot. Pulldown Menu Location: Centerline Keyboard Command: cl2pline Prerequisite: a centerline le Centerline Report This command reads a centerline le and creates a report in the standard report viewer which can be written to a le, a printer, or to your drawing. If the centerline le contains point numbers, then the report will include these point numbers. If station equations are found, they are noted at the top of the report. The options dialog has settings for the report format and type of the centerline. The Use Prole for Elevations Report option will prompt you for a prole (.pro) le to add elevations to the report. The Report At Interval option will report stations, northing and easting at the specied station interval. The Use Report Formatter option lets you choose the report format and has output options for Excel. Chapter 13. Centerline Menu 798 Here is an example report: Centerline Report Centerline File: C:\sample\setback 3.cl Station Northing Easting Bearing Distance 0+00.000 4033.165 4379.271 N 1307'20'' W 92.076' 0+92.076 4122.836 4358.367 PC Radius: 4196.621 4674.880 Radius Length: 325.000' PI: 4159.044 4349.926 1+29.254 Tangent: 37.178' Arc Len: 74.035' Delta: 1303'07'' Right Degree: 1737'46'' Chord Len: 73.875' Chord Brg: N 0635'47'' W Radial-In: N 7652'40'' E Radial-Out: N 8955'47'' E Tangential-In Tangential-Out 1+66.110 4196.222 4349.881 PT Pulldown Menu Location: Centerline Keyboard Command: clreport Prerequisite: A centerline (.CL) le Centerline ID Centerline ID reports the centerline le name and location that is associated with an alignment polyline. The subject polyline must have been created with either Design Centerline, Input/Edit Centerline, or Polyline to Centerline File. When the routine is initiated and an alignment polyline is selected, the le associated with that polyline is reported at the command line. Additional alignment polylines may be selected without re-entering the command, or Enter may be pressed to exit the command. Prompts Select centerline polyline to identify: pick the polyline Centerline Name: D:\SAMPLE.CL Select centerline polyline to identify (Enter to end): press Enter Pulldown Menu Location: Centerline Keyboard Command: CL ID Prerequisite:A polyline created from a Design Centerline, Input/Edit Centerline, Polyline to Centerline File, or Centerline File to Polyline. Station Polyline/Centerline This command will station a polyline or centerline le at a given interval distance. The options for this command are set in the dialog shown below. After setting the options, click OK on the dialog and then pick the polyline or select the centerline le. All settings can be saved as (.STA) les and loaded for reuse, and for storing multiple stationing schemes. Polyline/Centerline station labels are also dynamic, and so will update when changes are made in the geometry. Chapter 13. Centerline Menu 799 Distance for Stations is the primary interval for stationing. On Curve allows for a different interval for curve segments verses line segments. Distance for Intermediate Stations is the intermediate interval for stationing. On Curve allows for a different interval for curve segments verses line segments. Beginning Station is the beginning station of the centerline for stationing. Locate Even Stations labels the stations at the distance interval (i.e. 2+00, 3+00, etc.). Locate Odd Stations labels the non-interval stations at the polyline/centerline end points and PC and PT points. Locate User-Entered prompts you for individual stations to label. Without the Increment Station Labels from Beginning Station option, the program increments the station labels from zero. For example, if the station interval is 100 and the polyline starting station is 145, then the program will label 2+00, 3+00, etc. With this option active, the station labels are incremented from the starting station. In this example, the program would then label 2+45, 3+45, etc. Label Deection Angles adds this annotation to the stationing. Settings for this are specied in the Label Deections Setup, accessed by the Deections Setup button. Chapter 13. Centerline Menu 800 When Specify Start/End Stations is checked, only the stations between and including the specied starting and ending stations will be labeled. If locate centerline points and offset points are toggled on, only points within the specied stations will be located. When Erase Previous Station Labels is checked, previous station labels are erased when new ones are generated. The PC/Spiral Setup PC button accesses the PC/Spiral Setup dialog, where settings are controlled for lines and/or symbols and/or labels at the starting and ending (PC and PT) stations of an arc of the centerline as well as for the spiral special stations (TS, SC, CS, ST). Draw PC Lines controls whether lines are drawn from the PC and PT points. When Label PC On Centerline is checked, the station of the PC and PT will be labeled on the centerline as well as the PC and PT lines. When not checked only the PC and PT lines will be labeled. Draw PC Symbols controls whether symbols are placed at these locations. If checked, the desired symbol is selected by picking on the box to the right. Label PC Radius controls whether this point is labeled. Chapter 13. Centerline Menu 801 Max Length controls the maximum length for the PC lines to be drawn described above. Back in the main Station Polyline/Centerline dialog box: Draw PI Lines draws a 2 segment polyline in both tangent directions from the PI as a marker for the PI. When Label PI Stations is checked, the PI station is labeled at the PI point. When Locate PI Points is checked a point will be created at the PI of a horizontal curve graphically and written to the active coordinate le. When Label Station Text is checked, this command places station text along the polyline at the angle of the corresponding segment. After toggling this option on, the Label Setup button will become available for selection. Select it to congure the label settings as desired. Select the Marker Setup options to modify the size of the markers for certain types of stations. See denitions following the dialog box. Also under PC/Spiral Setup is Curve Table Setup which controls whether to draw data tables for the curves and spirals. When this option is on, the program creates a data table with the selected elds for each curve and automatically places each table to the outside of the curve. Chapter 13. Centerline Menu 802 Label Setup Text Layer is the user-specied layer for text labels to be drawn on. Text Style is the user-specied text style for labels. Decimals determines the number of decimal places of the stationing labels to be drawn for the odd stations and user entered stations only. Text Size Scaler determines the size of the station labels. This value multiplied by the horizontal scale setting in Drawing Setup results in the size of the label. For example, if the horizontal scale is set to 100 and the text size scaler is set to 0.10, the station labels will be 10 units. Text Offset Scaler works like text size scaler above controlling the distance the text labels will be offset from the centerline. If the Flip Text For Twist Screen setting is checked and the drawing has been twisted using the twist screen command, the label text will be ipped to read in the proper direction of the stationing. Label Intermediate Stations: If the intermediate distance is the same as the station distance then no intermediate station ticks or labels will be drawn. For example, with the above entries and 0+00 for the rst station the stations will be labeled with descriptions as follows: 0+00 0+50 1+00 1+50, etc. Station + at Tick Mark labels the station text along the polyline with the '+' of the station text at the station's location on the polyline. See Marker Set up for marker size manipulation settings. Horizontal Offset shifts the station label along the centerline. Station Prex adds to the front of the station labels. Remove Zeros removes the specied number of least signicant digits from the station label if these digits are all zero. Label Northing/Easting of Starting Point adds this label information, including prexes and/or sufxes as specied. Use Label Stations to specify whether to label the stations perpendicular or parallel to the centerline. Specify the Position of the station labels, either above or below the centerline. This is only available when Chapter 13. Centerline Menu 803 labeling stations using the parallel option. Align determines the alignment of the station label, either left or centerline, centered along the centerline or to the right of the centerline. This option is only available when using the perpendicular option for station labels. The Marker Setup options control the size of markers for different station types as well as the layer the markers will be drawn on. The Half Size Main options draw a perpendicular tick mark on only one side of the centerline. Otherwise a full marker is drawn that goes of both sides of the centerline. There are separate Half Size options for the main station interval, intermediate station interval and odd stations. Specify whether to dene the Centerline By picking a 2D polyline or 3D polyline in the drawing or selecting a centerline (.CL) le. Using a 2D Polyline will result in horizontal distance stationing along the polyline. Using a 3D Polyline will result in the slope distance stationing along the polyline. Using a Prole Polyline uses a polyline on a prole grid where the X coordinate represents the station and the Y coordinate represents the elevation. The station labels will use the distance along this prole polyline. Using a CL File will result in horizontal distance stations as with the 2D Polyline option only a prompt for the centerline to use will display. Use Station Type to specify the stationing format to use. Use Type of Curves to specify whether you are labeling a roadway curve (arc denition) or railroad curve (chord denition). Locate Centerline Points will locate points and store them in the current CooRDinate le. Locate Radius Points will locate the radius points of any arc segments. Starting Point Number determines the starting point number for the points to be located. Vertical Exaggeration applies to Prole Polyline mode. This factor is the ratio between the horizontal and vertical scales on the prole grid. There are two ways to Set Elevations for the centerline points and offset points to be created. Chapter 13. Centerline Menu 804 The 3D Polyline option gets the elevation of the point from a specied 3D Polyline within the drawing. The Prole option will determine the elevation of the point based upon the same station in the prole le. You will be prompted for the prole le to read for the elevation reference. With the None option selected, no elevations will be determined for the points. When Include Station in Description is checked, the station along the centerline will be included in the resulting offset point. Description Prex is an optional user-specied prex to be added to the point description. Description Sufx is an optional user-specied sufx to be added to the point description. When Label Sta Equations is checked on any station equation, contained in a centerline ( * .cl) le will be labeled. This option is only available when stationing a centerline le ( * .cl). Locate Offset Points will create points at the specied left and right offset distances from the centerline. Options for setting the elevations and descriptions of the points are available from the Offset Setup dialog. When Use Slopes is on, it makes available the Percent Slopes elds for dening the slope from centerline both right and left for determining the elevations of the offset points. Enter the desired Offsets left and right. Enter the desired Percent Slopes from centerline to the left and right offset points. The Vertical Offset is added to the elevation of the offset points. Prompts Station Polyline Dialog Polyline should have been drawn in direction of increasing stations. Select polyline that represents centerline: select a polyline Chapter 13. Centerline Menu 805 Closeup of Station + at Tick Mark option Labels with Label PC on Centerline checked on Labels set to perpendicular and Max Length of PC lines set to 75.0 Chapter 13. Centerline Menu 806 Labels with Draw PI Lines, Label PI Stations and Locate PI Points all checked on Labels using Centerline By 2D Polyline (Horizontal Station) Labels using Centerline By 3D Polyline (Slope Station) Pulldown Menu Location: Centerline Keyboard Command: stapl Prerequisite: A polyline or CL le Label Station-Offset This command will compute and label the station(s), offset(s) and elevation(s) of a selected point or group of points or entities. Additional labels for the name(s) of the reference alignment(s) and description(s) can also be specied and placed to further annotate the point(s) that are selected. A common usage for using dual alignments and proles typically involves the alignment and prole of a road coupled with the alignment and prole of a pipe/utility. Chapter 13. Centerline Menu 807 1 st /2 nd Alignment: Specify the criteria for either one or two alignments that will be used for the label(s) that will be placed into the drawing. Use 2 nd Alignment: Enable this toggle if multiple alignments are to be used for the label(s) that will be placed into the drawing. Name: Supply a label-friendly value for the name of the alignment (e.g. ''King Street'' or ''Water Main''). The value(s) specied get assigned to the Alignment Label Field. Centerline: Indicate the source (Polyline or Centerline File) for the reference alignment. If the Polyline option is selected, you will be prompted to select the polyline(s) after the OK button is pressed. If CL File option is selected, supply a valid path and lename for the centerline le or navigate to the le using the ''File Picker'' button shown below. The Beginning Station will be determined from the selected Centerline File. Beginning Station: Specify the beginning station of the centerline. The polyline should be drawn in the order of increasing stations. This control is not used when you use a centerline (.CL) le to dene the centerline as the starting station of the centerline is stored in the .CL le. Vertical Reference: Indicate the source (3D Polyline, Prole File or Road Network) for the reference elevation. With 3D Polylines, there will be an additional Slope Station available under the Label Fields in addition to the regular horizontal distance station. If the Prole option is selected, supply a valid path and lename for the prole le or navigate to the le using the ''File Picker'' button shown above. For the Road Network, specify the road network (.rdn) le with the ''File Picker''. With the Road Network method, the program will nd the road design surface elevation for the specied points using all the road network design les including proles, templates and transitions. Cross Slope (%): Indicate the slope as a percentage to ''travel'' from the Vertical Reference. A value of 0 (zero) will not apply any cross slope from the reference elevation. Positive values will decrease the calculated elevation(s) and negative values will increase the calculated elevation(s). Vertical Adjustment: Indicate the desired amount of vertical displacement that should applied to the calculated elevation. This is useful when deriving elevations for back or face of curb. Chapter 13. Centerline Menu 808 Label Alignment: Specify whether the labels should be Horizontal on the screen, Vertical on the screen, Parallel to the Centerline, Perpendicular to the Centerline, or user-specied by Picking. Text Size Scaler: Determines the size of the labels. This value multiplied by the horizontal scale setting in Drawing Setup results in the size of the label. For example, if the horizontal scale is set to 100 and the text size scaler is set to 0.10, the labels will be 10 units. Text Style: Specify the desired text style for the label. Leader Segments: Specify the desired number of leader segments that should be allowed when constructing the label. Use Relative Leader: Indicate whether successive labels placed into the drawing should re-use the geometry of the initial leader placed with the command. Draw Leader Arrow: Indicate whether to draw an arrowhead on the leaders. Draw At Fixed Position: After you pick the rst label position, the rest of the labels will be placed at this same level. This option applies to the Vertical and Horizontal Label Alignment methods. Label Fields: Use the green arrow buttons to specify the items that are to appear in the labels. As labels are ''moved'' from Available to Used, a Label Format dialog box particular to the label will appear that will allow for more precise display control. To subsequently edit each item, use the Format Editor button as shown below. Note: The Row Number value is specied as the row starting closest to the leader with subsequent rows moving further from the leader as shown in the gure below. Row 2 below the leader has been illustrated with the Draw Box option enabled. Chapter 13. Centerline Menu 809 Layers: Specify the layer of each item that comprises the label. Max Offset to Calc: Specify the maximum offset to calculate. Truncate Station at +: Removes the digits before the + in the station labels. Station Type: Specify the stationing format to use. Flip Text for Twist Screen: When this option is enabled, the label(s) will be ipped as necessary to adjust for the use of Twist Screen. Add to Existing Point Description: When picking points to label by point #, this option appends the label to point description instead of creating a text label. The description is updated both in the coordinate le and for the point description attribute in the drawing. Type of Curve: Specify whether the centerline is for a roadway or railroad. Stationing for Roadway Curves is measured along the curve length itself whereas stationing for Railroad Curves is measured along chord segments. Save: Allows the current settings to be saved to a Station-Offset Settings ( * .sos) le. Load: Allows settings from a previously saved Station-Offset Settings ( * .sos) le to be recalled for use. Prompts Polyline should have been drawn in direction of increasing stations. Select Polyline Centerline (Alignment-1): Pick the polyline centerline This prompt will not appear if the Centerline File option was specied. Select 3D Polyline Prole (Alignment-2): Pick the polyline prole This prompt will not appear if the Prole File option was specied. Pick point or point numbers (SS for Selection Set,G for Group,Enter to End): Pick a point Pick point to label: Pick a leader vertex point Pick label alignment: Pick angle for the label This prompt will only appear if the Pick option was specied. Pick point or point numbers (SS for Selection Set,G for Group,Enter to End): Press Enter Real-time display of Station and Offset as you move the cursor. Chapter 13. Centerline Menu 810 A sample label with a 2-segment leader. Pulldown Menu Location: Centerline Keyboard Command: offsta Prerequisite: A polyline or centerline le. Offset Point Entry This command creates points along a centerline at specied stations and left and right offsets. The centerline can be dened by a polyline, centerline (.CL) le or two points. Chapter 13. Centerline Menu 811 The Store Points to Coordinate File option will store any points the current coordinate (.CRD) le. This includes centerline points and offset points. When Locate Points on Centerline is checked, the program will locate points along the centerline, otherwise just the offset points will be created. When Label Stations & Offsets is checked, the program will label the station-offset as the point description attribute. The Include Station-Offset In Description option will add the station and offset of the point into the point description. Beginning Station: Enter the Beginning Station of the Centerline. Use Centerline from to specify whether to dene the centerline by picking a polyline in the drawing, selecting a centerline (.CL) le, or using 2 points. Use Reference Elevation to assign elevations to the points created when locating points on the centerline of offset points. When using a 3D Polyline for the elevation reference, points will be created at the station entered and the offsets specied with the elevation of the same station along the 3D polyline. The Prole option will do the same as the 3D Polyline option only it will use a prole le for the elevation reference. You will be prompted for the prole to use for the elevation reference. None simply creates 2d point data on elevation zero. The Reference Elevation option is good for creating points along the centerline for nal grade elevation points. Prole to 3D polyline can be used to transfer the prole data to the polyline before calculating the nal grade points. Cross Slope %: This option is used to alter the elevations of the new points by applying either a Cross Slope calculation or a Delta Z variable. The Manual Entry option in Input Station-Offset from will prompt for the station and offset distances. The Read File option will read the stations and offsets from a text le. The text le format with point number, station, offset, elevation and description. The program handles station formats with or without the '+' (i.e. either 250 or 2+50). The elevation and description are optional. The Read File option is a quick routine to convert a station-offset data le into coordinates. The delimiter for the text le and the order of the elds are set in the dialog shown here. Chapter 13. Centerline Menu 812 When Offset Prompt is set to Both Left-Right, the program will prompt for left and right offsets. If you respond to an offset prompt with zero (0), no offset point is created. The Single Offset option will prompt for one offset per station. Enter a right offset with a positive value and a left offset as a negative value. Use Station Type to specify the stationing format to use. Use Type of Curve to specify whether the curves are for a roadway or railroad. Prompts Offset Point Settings Dialog Polyline should have been drawn in direction of increasing stations. Select Polyline near endpoint which denes rst station. [nea on] Select Polyline to Station-Measure: select a polyline (5309.0 4845.0) Station: 0.00 (5526.0 4917.0) Station: 228.63 Distance from beginning station along centerline (Enter to end): 110 Starting Segment Station: 0.0 Ending Segment Station: 228.633 Working Line segment...(5413.4 4879.64 0.0) Left offset distance <10.0>: 15 Right offset distance <15.0>: 20 Distance from beginning station along centerline (Enter to end): press Enter Keyboard Command: offpts Prerequisite: A centerline (.CL) le, polyline, or two points Calculate Offsets This command calculates the station and offsets of point coordinates relative to a centerline. The points to calculate can be stored in a coordinate (.CRD) le or picked on the screen. As the crosshairs are moved, the station and offset of the current position are displayed in real-time in a small window (see example). Chapter 13. Centerline Menu 813 Beginning Station: Specify the beginning station of the centerline. The polyline should be drawn in the order of increasing stations. Not available when you use a centerline (.CL) le to dene the centerline. Maximum Offset to Calc: This is the maximum distance from the Centerline for which offsets are calculated. Report Offsets Ahead/Behind Centerline: When checked, this option shows offsets for points or picked points located before the beginning station and after the ending station of the centerline. Label Station and Offsets: When checked, the station offsets will be labeled in the drawing. Sort Report by Stations: When checked, this option will report the station-offsets in station order no mat- ter what order the points were calculated. Report Point Coordinates: When checked, this option will include the point northing and easting in the report. Report Point Notes: When checked point notes will be included on the calculate offset report. Create Point Notes: When checked, the station and offset of the offset point will be created as notes and written to a note le ( * .not). This note le will have the same name as the crd le. Use Report Formatter: When checked, the output of this command is directed to the Report Formatter which allows you to customize the layout of the report elds and can be used to output the data to Microsoft Excel or Microsoft Access. You must check this option on in order to use the Report Grade Elevation From option. Round Stations: When checked, this option will round the stations for the selected points on the report to the Rounding Interval specied. For example if an offset point is located at station 1+01, and the rounding interval is set to 10, then the report will show the offset point at station 1+00. Chapter 13. Centerline Menu 814 Left/Right Prex/Sufx: These settings are used with the offset label. Store Station Text to CRD File: When checked, the station offset text is appended to point numbers that are selected. Report Grade Elevation From: When checked, this option will calculate an elevation for each point from a 3D polyline, grid le (.grd) or triangulation (.t) le. To Use this option, the Report Formatter must be toggled on. The grade elevation is reported and compared with the point elevation to report the cut/ll. For the 3D polyline option, the grade elevation is calculated by nding the elevation at the point on the 3D polyline that is the nearest perpendicular position from the offset point. The 3D polyline that is used for elevations does not need to be the same polyline that is used as the centerline for the station-offset calculations. Dene Centerline by: Specify whether to dene the centerline by picking a polyline in the drawing, selecting a centerline (.CL) le, by a point and direction angle, or using 2 points. The polyline mode can be either 2D or 3D for horizontal or slope distance stationing. Station Type: Specify the stationing format to use. Decimals: Specify the display precision for the stations and offsets. Type of Curve: Specify whether the curves are for a roadway or railroad. Prompts Calculate Offset Settings Dialog Polyline should have been drawn in direction of increasing stations. Select Polyline near endpoint which denes rst station. [nea on] Select Polyline Centerline: select polyline centerline (5309.0 4845.0) Station: 0.00 (5526.0 4917.0) Station: 228.63 PtNo. North(y) East(x) Elev(z) Description 140 4889.13 5410.25 0.00 1+10.00L10.00 Station on Line> 1+10.00 Offset> 10.00 Left PtNo. North(y) East(x) Elev(z) Description 141 4870.15 5416.55 0.00 1+10.00R10.00 Station on Line> 1+10.00 Offset> 10.00 Right + before station denotes point is ahead of line segment, - denotes beyond. Pick point or point numbers (Enter to End): 22-28 Station Offset Description Elev Pt# North East 4+95.89L 15.48 Catch Basin 0.00 22 4811.00 4454.00 5+78.43L 58.18 Power Pole 0.00 23 4839.00 4548.00 6+77.26L 57.28 Power Pole 0.00 24 4868.00 4656.00 9+01.55R 16.81 Catch Basin 0.00 25 4745.00 4887.00 10+50.51L 25.39 Traffic Sign 0.00 27 4872.00 5043.00 4+03.48R 22.15 Light Pole 0.00 28 4657.00 4454.00 Pick point or point numbers (Enter to End): press Enter Keyboard Command: calcoff Prerequisite: A centerline (.CL) le, polyline or two points Distance Between Two Entities This command reports the average, minimum and maximum distances between two entities. For example, this command can be used to nd the minimum distance between a right-of-way polyline and a property perimeter Chapter 13. Centerline Menu 815 polyline. The supported entities include polylines, lines and arcs. The reports the coordinates along the two entities at the minimum and maximum distances. Prompts Select rst polyline, line or arc: pick a polyline Select second polyline, line or arc: pick a polyline Average distance 15.335 Maximum distance 50.592 at 1929333.693,231112.910 and 1929297.650,231148.413 Minimum distance 11.870 at 1929473.749,231310.277 and 1929465.293,231318.606 Pulldown Menu Location: Centerline Keyboard Command: minmax2 Prerequisite: Two entities Centerline Conversions There are twelve Import options available in Carlson Civil to convert other applications' centerline les to Carlson Civil centerline les (.CL), and seven Export options to convert Carlson Civil centerline les (.CL) to other applications' formats. Each Import option prompts for the le to convert and the name of the new .CL le to create, each Export option prompts for .CL le to convert and a le name for the new le. The import formats include C&G Point Group .PTS, Geodimeter .ARE/.GEO/.RAW, GeoPak .OSD, Leica .GSI, MOSS .INP, SDMS .ALI/.PRJ, Softdesk, Sokkia .SDR, ISPOL .ALI, CLIP .PLA, TDS .RD5 and Terramodel .RLN/.ALN. The export formats include C&G Point Group .PTS, Leica .GSI, SMI .CH, Softdesk, Sokkia .SDR, Topcon .RD3, Trimble .DC, TDS .RD5 and TDS .PL5. For the TDS RD5, there is an option to include a prole along with the centerline. Also, there is an option to include sections. When sections are included, the station data is included in the RD5 and the section grades are output to TP5 les where each station has a separate le for the left and right sides. The TP5 les are created in the same folder as the RD5. For the Trimble DC, there are options to include a prole and sections along with the centerline. Pulldown Menu Location: Centerline > Centerline Conversion Keyboard Commands: geod2cl, geopak2cl, geopak2rd, wildcl2, moss2cl, sdms2cl, dcacl2, sdr2cl, ali to cl, pla to cl, importrd5, tm2cl, wildcl1, smicl1, dcacl1, cl2sdr, cl to rd3, export rd5, tdscl1, export dc Chapter 13. Centerline Menu 816 Area/Layout Menu 14 This chapter provides information on using the commands from the Area/Layout menu to calculate and label areas, and also to set and dene lots. Commands for designing and drawing more complex congurations, such as cul-de- sacs and intersections, are available here as well. 817 Area Defaults This command allows you to specify default settings for area labeling. The Area Defaults dialog is divided into 3 tabs. The rst is the Label Fields and Settings tab. The top portion of the Label Fields and Settings tab contains two listboxes which are used to control which of the possible ten area elds will be used for area labeling. You use the Add and Remove buttons to control which elds will be included in area labels. You can also add to the Used Fields list by double-clicking on items in the Available Fields list. The area label will include the values in the order as specied in the Used Fields listbox. To change the order you use the Move Up and Move Down buttons. When a grid projection is dened in Drawing Setup, the Available Fields with include geodetic areas where the areas are adjusted by the projection. The Base Z from Drawing Setup is used for the elevation factor for this adjustment. Field Settings Dialog: To control the appearance of the elds in the drawing, use the Edit button to edit the high- lighted item in the Used Fields list, or double click on a eld in the same list. This will call up the Field Settings Dialog. User Dened: The Field ''User Dened'' can be added to place a custom xed label in all areas. To control the value and appearance of the custom label in the drawing, use the Edit button to edit the ''User Dened'' item in the Used Fields list, or double click on a eld in the same list. This will call up the Field Settings Dialog. In this case the ''Value'' setting becomes the custom label. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 818 Scaled labels: The ''Scaled Sq. Feet'', ''Scaled Sq. Meters'', ''Scaled Acres'' and ''Scaled Permiter'' elds can be used to include area labels that are scaled based on Drawing Setup ''Report Scale Factor''. Text Style: This allows you to set a text style for the area labels. You can enter the name manually or use the Select Style button to call up a dialog which presents a list of known text styles. Text Size: This value is multiplied by the horizontal scale to obtain the actual text size. Text Layer: This allows you to assign a layer for the area text. You can enter the name manually or use the Select Layer button to call up a dialog which presents a list of known layers. Text Color: This allows you to to assign a color for the area text. Use the Select Color button to call up the standard color picker dialog. To use the default for the Text Layer, select ByLayer. Prex and Sufx: Although most area labeling uses the sufx, as in 1.25 Acres or 3.515 Hectares. But for those who prefer a prex, as in Ac: 1.25, this routine can create that area labeling style automatically (see below for example of results of using a prex with square feet and acres). Justication: Use this to control whether the label eld is left, centered or right justied. +/-: This allows you to display + or - in the Prex or Sufx of the area labels, or choose None. Precision: Choose precision level for the currently selected eld. Below the Available and Used Fields lists the following items for further controlling area label generation: Use Commas in Labels: This allows you to use commas in the area labels. Use MText: Check this box to turn on the use of MText for area labels. If this is checked all area labels will be grouped into as few MText entities as possible. Area labels with different text styles, justication or layers will not be combined into the same MText entity. Erase Previous Labels: When checked, previous area labels for the area being relabeled will be erased. Label Placement: When auto placement of area labels is used, the labels can be placed either at the centroid of area or at the rear side. This is accomplished by selecting either the Center or Rear Side radio button, respectively. When Center is selected the user can choose to have the labels oriented according to the side lines of the area by checking the Align By Sides checkbox. When either Align By Sides or Rear Side is selected, the checkbox Flip Text for Twist Screen can be selected to have the label rotated 180 degrees to present it in the best reading orientation relative to the current Twist Screen rotation setting. Draw Symbol Around Lot Description: When the Lot Description eld is included in the Used Fields list, the user can check this checkbox to have a symbol drawn around the Lot Description eld. When this box is checked, you specify the symbol name in the Symbol Name eld or click on the current symbol (drawn to the right) to graphically choose the desired symbol. You specify the layer by entering the name in the Layer box or by clicking on the Select button to choose from a dialog that presents all known layers. Symbol Buffer Offset: By default, the symbol will be automatically scaled according to the text length and size of the Lot Description value for the area. For additional control of symbol scaling, the user can enter a number in text size units in the Symbol Buffer Offset box. This value will be added to the automatically generated default scaling value. Avoid Label Overlap: If this box is checked the area labels will be checked for overlaps after they are generated. Please see the Overlap Manager documentation for more information. Overlap Settings: Click this button to go to the Avoid Label Overlaps dialog where you can review or modify the Overlap Manager settings. Please see the Overlap Manager documentation for more information. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 819 Table Process Settings Tab: Use Area Tables: Use this control to determine whether area labels are sent to a table or not. Options are ''Never'', ''Always'' or ''By Scaler''. To Table Area: When the user has selected ''By Scaler'' in the ''Use Area Tables'' list this item is enabled. When ''By Scaler'' is selected and the area is less than this minimum, the area label is sent to a table. Area Reference Numbering: There are three different methods for setting the reference number: Next Available will automatically use the lowest available number. Specied With Prompt will prompt you for a number for each area. Specied with Auto Numbering will automatically use the lowest available number starting with the specied number. Auto Place Table References: When checked, will automatically place the area reference label according to the settings for the area labels as specied in the Label Field and Settings tab (see above). Otherwise you will be prompted to pick each label location manually. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 820 Area Commands Tab: Max gap to join: You use this option during Area by Lines & Arcs command. When connecting lines and arcs that dene the perimeter, the program will join endpoints if the distance between the two points is less than the specied gap. Otherwise the program will report an error and will not report an area. Prompt whether to retain polylines created by Area by Interior Point: When checked the user will be asked whether to retain the polylines created by the ''Area by Interior Point'' command. Polyline Layer: Will be enabled when ''Prompt whether to retain polylines created by Area by Interior Point'' is checked to allow the user to select the layer that any such created polylines will be placed in. Load/Save: These buttons save and recall all the Area Default settings to a .ARS settings le. Tip: Keep in mind that changes in Area Defaults, if changed from the Area/Layout pulldown menu, only apply to that work session. If changed within the Congure command, the changes apply to all new work sessions as well. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 821 The results of using a prex with square feet and acres Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout Keyboard Command: defarea Prerequisite: None Inverse with Area This command generates a report of the angle and horizontal distance between a series of points and calculates the area of the closed gure dened by the points. The points can be entered individually or by selecting a point group or linework entities. To use a point group, type G for Group at the rst prompt. To use a linework, type L for Line at the rst prompt. For linework, a single closed polyline can be used or a series of connected lines, arcs and polylines that are selected one at a time. Curve data can also be entered and reported. The points can be either picked on the screen, or entered by point number. You can also enter a range of point numbers (i.e. 1-9). The closure is reported using the total distance inversed, and the difference between the starting and ending points, as the closure error. At the rst command prompt, you can enter O for Options to bring up the command options. The Input Method determines the default input mode for the rst command prompt. The Different Radius Tolerance checks that the distance between the PC and radius point and the PT and radius point match for curves. The Linework Snap Tolerance applies to the linework input mode and is used to check the distance between end points when connecting two linework entities. The Report Closed By choosing between using the difference between the starting and ending coordinates to calculate the closure error or angle and distance values in the report. The Apply Compass Rule Adjustment will adjust the perimeter as a closed loop for the closure error. The Label Both Feet And Meters is an option to report the distances in both feet and meters. The Report Stations option adds stations for each point into the report. The Use Report Formatter chooses between the standard report or customizing the report. You can also set the decimal precisions for the report and whether to report stations for the distances along the perimeter. This command creates a polyline of the gure which can be erased or kept in the drawing. The Prompt To Draw Perimeter Polyline and Polyline Layer settings apply to this polyline. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 822 The area can be labeled in the drawing using the settings from the Area Defaults command. If you don't want to label the area, press Enter at the pick label point prompt. Prompts Options/Line/Group/<Pick Starting point or point number>: pick a point Pick point or point numbers (R-RadiusPt,U-Undo,Enter to end): pick a point Pick point or point numbers (R-RadiusPt,U-Undo,Enter to end): R for radius Radius point number or pick point: pick a point Curve direction [Left/<Right>]? press Enter Pick End of Arc or point number (U-Undo,Enter to end): pick a point Pick point or point numbers (R-RadiusPt,U-Undo,Enter to end): pick a point Point number (R-RadiusPt,U-Undo,Enter to end): pick a point Point number (R-RadiusPt,U-Undo,Enter to end): pick a point Point number (R-RadiusPt,U-Undo,Enter to end): press Enter SQ. FEET: 27247.4 SQ. YARDS: 3027.5 SQ. MILES: 0.0 ACRES: 0.63 PERIMETER: 668.35 Pick area label centering point: pick a point Erase Polyline Yes/No <Yes>: press Enter The command plots a polyline that represents the gure you dened if you want to keep the polyline respond with No. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 823 Inverse with Area CRD File> c:\data\newplat.crd PNTNO BEARING DISTANCE NORTHING EASTING STATION DESC 903 4940.73 2490.40 0.00 StartPt S 4843'58'' W 136.21 904 4850.89 2388.01 136.21 S 1307'04'' E 155.56 905 4699.39 2423.32 291.77 S 7355'04'' E 165.34 906 4653.59 2582.19 457.11 RADIUS: 111.45 CHORD: 204.07 DEGREE: 0508'28'' DIR: LEFT LENGTH: 257.86 DELTA: 13233'53 TANGENT: 253.67 CHORD BRG: N 3947'59'' E RAD-IN: N 1604'56'' E RAD-OUT: S 6331'03'' W RADIUS PNTNO: 907 N: 4760.67 E: 2613.06 908 4810.37 2712.82 714.97 IP N 2628'57'' W 125.87 909 4923.03 2656.69 840.84 N 8355'30'' W 167.23 903 4940.73 2490.40 1008.07 StartPt Closure Error Distance> 0.0000 Total Distance Inversed> 1008.07 AREA: 74664.6 SQ METERS Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout Keyboard Command: ia Prerequisite: None Area by Lines & Arcs This command allows you to calculate the area of a perimeter or lot dened by lines, arcs, or polylines. Default settings for this command are set in Area Defaults. One of these settings is Max gap to join. If there is a gap greater than this value, the area is not reported, and the program will show where the gap is with a temporary X symbol. The area data shows up on the text screen. You can then choose to plot the area information to the drawing, or, by hitting Enter, just read it from the text screen. Prompts Select lines & arcs or polylines of perimeter for area calculation. Select Objects: select lines and arcs or polylines Lines and arcs are then joined together and the area calculated. Pick area label centering point (Enter for none): pick a point The area is then plotted at the point selected. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 824 Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout Keyboard Command: joinarea Prerequisite: Lines, arcs, or polylines to dene the area Area by Interior Point This command calculates and labels the area of the perimeter surrounding a picked interior point. The Boundary Polyline command is used to nd the perimeter. Generally, this command will only work on closed or overlapping objects. Use Area by Lines & Arcs for other applications. The settings for the area label and for whether to prompt to create a closed polyline for the area are under the Area Defaults command. Prompts Pick point inside area perimeter: pick a point Pick area label centering point (Enter for none): pick a point The area is then plotted at the point selected. Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout Keyboard Command: ptarea Prerequisite: Set Area Defaults Area by Closed Polylines This command will calculate and report the area of single area and multiple area closed polylines. In the case of multiple areas, the user can choose to have the areas totaled (Total Multiple Areas) into a single result or to generate data for each area separately. Area by Closed Polyline will also automatically nd special Carlson attributes attached to the polyline, in addition to capturing the area itself. These attributes will appear in the report, which can be the standard report or which can be presented in the Report Formatter, which itself links to Excel and Access. For example, property names and owner names, as applied to a polyline using the Mine modules, will report out automatically using Area by Closed Polyline. The command ''Draw Lots from File...'' will apply ''extended entity data'' to the lot polylines, which includes the lot name, and this will also report out when using Area by Closed Polyline. In addition, lot names, or any interior text whatsoever, can be captured and included in the report. The plot of the area on-screen can be canceled if only the report is desired. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 825 Prompts Select Area Polyline: select the area polyline SQ. FEET: 64862.9 SQ. YARDS: 7207.0 SQ. MILES: 0.0 ACRES: 1.5 PERIMETER: 1018.7 Pick area label centering point (Enter for none): pick a location When auto-placing labels at the rear of lots or when aligning labels by the sides of the lot the user will also be prompted to pick one or more centerlines (Select the Centerline Polylines). The routine will nd the closest centerline and use this to determine the location of the front and back corners of the area. When additional interior text is selected, the standard report will include that text: Polyline Area 11/17/2004 12:49 Polyline Area: 43560.0 sq ft, 1.00 acres Polyline Perimeter: 838.35 ft Text: 16 Sf: 43560.0; Ac: 1.00 In this case, the ''16'' refers to Lot 16, and appears in the report because the lot number and existing area labeling were selected along with the polyline for the lot. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 826 Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout Keyboard Command: plarea Prerequisite: Set Area Label Defaults Digitize Areas This command allows for digitizing areas. This routine includes an option for drawing perimeter polylines. Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout Keyboard Command: dig area Prerequisite: A digitizer Label Last Area This command will label the last area calculated with one of the Area commands in the manner dened in the Area Defaults dialog. The command prompts for a point where the label will be centered. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 827 Prompts SQ. FEET: 50265.3 SQ. YARDS: 5585.0 SQ. MILES: 0.0 ACRES: 1.2 PERIMETER: 889.4 Lot Description <2>: 1 Pick area label centering point (Enter for none): pick a point Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout Keyboard Command: lastarea Prerequisite: Set Area Defaults, and use one of the Area commands to calculate an area. Area Table Defaults This command allows you to specify table elds and format settings for area tables. Whether the Area Commands create an area table or label within the area is controlled by the Area Defaults command by the Use Area Tables setting. With the Area Defaults and Area Table Settings prepared, the various Area Commands will create tables according to the settings. When the Area By Closed Polylines routine is used to create the area table and the Link Linework With Labels option is on under Congure Carlson->General Settings, then the area table values are automatically updated when the polyline geometry is modied. Also, when using the Area By Closed Polylines command with the Lot Description eld active for the table, the program prompts for an area description for each polyline. The rest of the area table elds are calculated from the polyline geometry. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 828 The Area Table Defaults dialog is divided into 2 tabs. The Table Fields tab brings up the Table Settings panel shown below. The area table option puts the area data in a table that is typically drawn outside the area and contains area data for multiple areas. Each row in the table has the data for one area and includes a reference number. The reference number is also labeled inside the area. The Table Fields tab contains two listboxes which are used to control which of the area elds will appear in any table rows that are generated for areas. You use the Add and Remove buttons to control which elds will be included in area tables. You can also add to the Used Fields list by double-clicking on items in the Available Fields list. The area table will include the values in the order as specied in the Used Fields listbox. To change the order you use the Move Up and Move Down buttons. Field Settings Dialog: To control the appearance of the elds in the table, use the Edit button to edit the highlighted item in the Used Fields list, or double click on a eld in the same list. This will call up the Field Settings Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 829 Dialog. Column Title: This will be the tile name used for the eld's column in the area table. Text Style: This allows you to set a text style for the area labels. You can enter the name manually or use the Select Style button to call up a dialog which presents a list of known text styles. Text Size: This value is multiplied by the horizontal scale to obtain the actual text size. Text Layer: This allows you to assign a layer for the area text. You can enter the name manually or use the Select Layer button to call up a dialog which presents a list of known layers. Text Color: This allows you to to assign a color for the area text. Use the Select Color button to call up the standard color picker dialog. To use the default for the Text Layer, select ByLayer. Prex and Sufx: Although most area labeling uses the sufx, as in 1.25 Acres or 3.515 Hectares. But for those who prefer a prex, as in Ac: 1.25, this routine can create that area labeling style automatically. Justication: Use this to control whether the label eld is left, centered or right justied. +/-: This allows you to display + or - in the Prex or Sufx of the area labels, or choose None. Precision: Choose precision level for the currently selected eld. Column Width/Auto: The default behavior is that the column width is automatically set for best t. The user can override this value by unchecking the Auto checkbox and setting the column with in text size units. The Table Settings tab brings up the Table Settings panel shown above. The area table option puts the area data in a table that is typically drawn outside the area and contains area data for multiple areas. Each row in the Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 830 table has the data for one area and includes a reference number. The reference number is also labeled inside the area. Table Parameters: Total Area on Last Row: Select this to have a total row placed at the bottom of the table which will contain the sum of all relevant table elds. Label Layer: Use this to control the layer that the area table reference will be placed in. Use the Select button to pick from a list of all known layers. Label Color: Use this to control the color of the area table reference. Use the Select button to pick from a color picker dialog. Select ByLayer to use the default color of the label layer. Area Label Prex: Use this to control the prex of the area table references. Add a space after the prex to have the prex and the reference number separated by a space if desired. Label Text Style: Use this to set the text style of the area table reference. Use the Select button to pick from a list of all known text styles. Table Layer: This allows the user to set the layer that the table will be placed in. Use the Select button to pick from a list of all known layers. Table Color: This allow the user to set the color of the grid lines of the table. Use the Select button to pick from a color picker dialog. Select ByLayer to use the default color of the table layer. Area Table Title: To add a title row as the rst row of the area table, enter a table title here. Title Text Color: This allow the user to set the color of the table title. Use the Select button to pick from a color picker dialog. Select ByLayer to use the default color of the table layer. Title Text Style: Use this to set the text style of the table title. Use the Select button to pick from a list of all known text styles. Title Text Size: Use this to control the size of the table title text. Background Colors: The area table is broken into 5 zones in respect to background color. Each zone can have its own unique background color. The zones are Title, Header, Contents1, Contents2 and Total. To set a background color for each zone, rst the respective ''Use Table...Background Color'' box must be checked. This enables the Select button, which is used to pick the respective background color from a color picker dialog. For the Contents zone all contents rows can either have the same background color, or by setting up an ''Alternating Background Color'', rows will have alternating colors. Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout->Area Tables Keyboard Command: defatab Prerequisite: None New Area Table This command draws the column header labels for the Area Table commands. When prompted for the starting point, the user may enter a coordinate or pick a point on the screen. This table becomes the active area table. Any new area table entries will be added to this table until another table is created or the active table is changed with the atabset command (menu item Area/Layout> Area Tables> Set Active Table). Prompts Starting point of area table: pick point Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout> Area Tables> Create New Table Keyboard Command: atabnew Prerequisite: None Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 831 Set Active Area Table This command allows the user to change the active area table. The table selected becomes the active area table. Any new area table entries will be added to this table until another table is created or the active table is changed with another invocation of this command. Prompts Select active Table: pick area table Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout> Area Tables> Set Active Table Keyboard Command: atabset Prerequisite: None Edit Area Table Properties This command allows the user to edit the properties of an area table. Prompts Select an area table to modify: pick an area table After picking an area table the Area Defaults dialog will be displayed. Here you can change the settings of the selected table. The changes will be reected once the user selects the OK button. The Table Fields tab contains the Available Fields and Used Fields listboxes which are used to control which of the possible ten area elds will be used in the area table. You use the Add and Remove buttons to control which elds will be included in the table. You can also add to the Used Fields list by double-clicking on items in the Available Fields list. The area label will include the values in the order as specied in the Used Fields listbox. To change the order you use the Move Up and Move Down buttons. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 832 Field Settings Dialog: To control the appearance of the elds in the table, use the Edit button to edit the highlighted item in the Used Fields list, or double click on a eld in the same list. This will call up the Field Settings Dialog. Column Title: This will be the tile name used for the eld's column in the area table. Text Style: This allows you to set a text style for the area labels. You can enter the name manually or use the Select Style button to call up a dialog which presents a list of known text styles. Text Size: This value is multiplied by the horizontal scale to obtain the actual text size. Text Layer: This allows you to assign a layer for the area text. You can enter the name manually or use the Select Layer button to call up a dialog which presents a list of known layers. Text Color: This allows you to to assign a color for the area text. Use the Select Color button to call up the standard color picker dialog. To use the default for the Text Layer, select ByLayer. Prex and Sufx: Although most area labeling uses the sufx, as in 1.25 Acres or 3.515 Hectares. But for those who prefer a prex, as in Ac: 1.25, this routine can create that area labeling style automatically. Justication: Use this to control whether the label eld is left, centered or right justied. +/-: This allows you to display + or - in the Prex or Sufx of the area labels, or choose None. Precision: Choose precision level for the currently selected eld. Column Width/Auto: The default behavior is that the column width is automatically set for best t. The user can override this value by unchecking the Auto checkbox and setting the column with in text size units. The Table Settings tab brings up the Table Settings panel shown below. Total Area on Last Row: Select this to have a total row placed at the bottom of the table which will contain the sum of all relevant table elds. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 833 Label Layer: Use this to control the layer that the area table reference will be placed in. Use the Select button to pick from a list of all known layers. Label Color: Use this to control the color of the area table reference. Use the Select button to pick from a color picker dialog. Select ByLayer to use the default color of the label layer. Area Label Prex: Use this to control the prex of the area table references. Add a space after the prex to have the prex and the reference number separated by a space if desired. Label Text Style: Use this to set the text style of the area table reference. Use the Select button to pick from a list of all known text styles. Table Layer: This allows the user to set the layer that the table will be placed in. Use the Select button to pick from a list of all known layers. Table Color: This allow the user to set the color of the grid lines of the table. Use the Select button to pick from a color picker dialog. Select ByLayer to use the default color of the table layer. Area Table Title: To add a title row as the rst row of the area table, enter a table title here. Title Text Color: This allow the user to set the color of the table title. Use the Select button to pick from a color picker dialog. Select ByLayer to use the default color of the table layer. Title Text Style: Use this to set the text style of the table title. Use the Select button to pick from a list of all known text styles. Title Text Size: Use this to control the size of the table title text. Background Colors: The area table is broken into 5 zones in respect to background color. Each zone can have its own unique background color. The zones are Title, Header, Contents1, Contents2 and Total. To set a background color for each zone, rst the respective ''Use Table...Background Color'' box must be checked. This enables the Select button, which is used to pick the respective background color from a color picker dialog. For the Contents zone all contents rows can either have the same background color, or by setting up an ''Alternating Background Color'', rows will have alternating colors. Load/Save: These buttons save and recall all the Area Default settings to a .ARS settings le. Tip: Keep in mind that changes made here only apply to the selected table. If properties are changed within the Congure command, the changes apply to all new work sessions as well Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout> Area Tables> Edit Properties Keyboard Command: atabedit Prerequisite: An area table Remove Area Table Rows This command allows the user to remove rows from an area table. The routine will remove both the table row and the table reference label from the drawing. Prompts Select a table row to delete: pick area table row Consolidate table [<Yes>/No]? If consolidation is chosen, row numbers will be renumbered to close up the gap created by this deletion. Consolidation will also update all relevant area table references in the drawing. If the user chooses not to consolidate the table at this time, the atabx command (menu item Area/Layout> Area Tables> Consolidate Table) can be used at any time to perform consolidation. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 834 The drawing above shows the table before row removal. In the drawing below, row 2 has been deleted without table consolidation. The drawing below shows the results of deleting the same row 2, only this time the user has chosen to perform table consolidation. Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout> Area Tables> Remove Row Keyboard Command: atabdel Prerequisite: None Consolidate Area Table This command allows the user to renumber area tables to eliminate numbering gaps left as the result of row deletions or other means. Prompts Select a table to consolidate:: pick area table Row numbers will be renumbered to close up the gaps in the selected area table. Consolidation will also update all relevant area table references in the drawing. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 835 The drawing above shows the table before row removal. The drawing below shows the results of consolidating this table. Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout> Area Tables> Consolidate Table Keyboard Command: atabx Prerequisite: None Tag Area Descriptions This command is used to assign a description to a closed polyline. The description is stored with the polyline in the drawing. This description is used for reports in routines like Area By Closed Polylines. Prompts Select polyline for area description: pick a polyline Area description <AREA1>: West Pond Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout > Area Descriptions Keyboard Command: tag area desc Prerequisite: A closed polyline. Identify Area Descriptions This command reports area descriptions for the selected polylines. There are two methods. The Pick method reports the area description for one selected polyline at a time. The Search method scans the whole drawing and highlights polylines with area descriptions. Prompts Pick polylines to check or search drawing [<Pick>/Search]: press Enter Select area description polyline: pick a polyline Description: West Pond Select area description polyline (Enter to end): press Enter Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 836 Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout > Area Descriptions Keyboard Command: id area desc Prerequisite: A polyline with a tagged area description. Untag Area Descriptions This command removes an area description that has been assigned to a polyline. Prompts Select polylines to remove area description from. Select entities: pick area polylines Cleared 10 area descriptions. Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout > Area Descriptions Keyboard Command: untag area desc Prerequisite: A polyline with a tagged description. Hinged Area This command can be used to determine the dimensions of a gure when the area is xed and three or more sides are known. The gure can be dened by a closed polyline or by picking the known points and curves. The command then prompts for the area to be solved for (in square units and acres). Prompts Dene area by points or closed polyline [Points/<Linework>]? press Enter Select polyline segment to adjust: select a polyline segment Select hinge point [endp]: Move the cursor around to nd a hinge point. Keep existing polyline [Yes/<No>]? N Area: 47104.31 S.F, 1.0814 Acres Remainder/Acres/<Enter target area (s.f.)>: 48000 Polyline method Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout Keyboard Command: harea Prerequisite: A closed polyline or at least one known side. Two direction lines should be drawn. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 837 Sliding Side Area This command adjusts one side of a polyline to meet a specied area. The existing area can be dened by a closed polyline or by picking each point in the perimeter. The desired area can be entered in either square feet or acres. The area to adjust must be represented by a closed polyline. The program moves the selected segment of the polyline in or out. There a few methods for dening the direction of the adjusted segment. With the Selected method, the original direction of the segment is maintained. The Line method prompts to pick another line segment to dene the direction. The Angle method uses an entered angle for the direction. The Points method prompts for two points to dene the direction. Prompts Dene area by points or closed polyline [Points/<Linework>]? press Enter Select polyline segment to adjust: pick a point on a closed polyline Keep existing polyline [Yes/<No>]? press Enter Dene new line by selected line, another line, angle or points [<Selected>/Line/Angle/Points]? press Enter Area: 176044.14 S.F, 4.0414 Acres Remainder/Acres/<Enter target area (s.f.)>: 17800 Linework Polyline method: Original perimeter polyline on left, adjusted perimeter on right Points method Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout Keyboard Command: ssarea Prerequisite: A closed perimeter polyline Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 838 Area Radial from Curve This command swings a line radial from a curve to reach a predetermined area. The existing area can be dened by polylines or by picking each point on the perimeter. For the point method, the curve to radiate from should be the last entity selected when dening the gure. For the polyline method, front and back polylines are used. The computed line goes perpendicular from the front polyline and intersects the back polyline. This line is moved to nd the target area. Both ends of the front and back polylines are connected to close the area. The options for the polyline method are set in the dialog shown. Prompts Dene area by points or closed polyline [Points/<Linework>]? press Enter Area Radial from Curve dialog Make choices and click OK. Select curve to radiate from: pick the curve Select back polyline: pick the back polyline Lot Area: 9000.00 S.F., 0.2066 Acres Point Method Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 839 Polyline Method Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout Keyboard Command: arearc Prerequisite: An existing area dened by points or polylines Bearing Area Cutoff This feature allows you to cut a predetermined area from a closed gure using a cut-off line having a specied bearing. The boundary intersected by the cut-off bearing line can be either a straight line or arc. Enter area in ACRES [Sq. Feet/Done) <0.000000>: Enter the number of acres contained within the cut- off area. To change from acres to square feet, type S and <Enter>. Note: if units are set to meters, the prompt will be: Enter area in HECTORS [Square meters/Done]. Enter bearing of cutoff line <100.000000>: Enter the bearing of the cut-off line through the property us- ing Qdd.mmsss format. where: Q = quadrant (1 = NE, 2 = SE, 3 = SW, 4 = NW) dd = degrees mm = minutes sss = seconds (The third s indicates that, if desired, you can optionally specify seconds to the nearest 0.1 second) Note: Trailing zeros need not be entered. Place area to right or left of bearing line [Right/Left] <R>: ''Looking'' in the direction of the cut-off bearing allows you to determine which side is left or right. Type R and <Enter> or just <Enter>for right. Type L and <Enter> for left. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 840 Method of dening the overall area to be divided [C&G Point-group/Manual-entry] <M>: Type ''P'' and Enter if you wish to use a point group to specify the overall area or type ''M'' and Enter (or just press Enter) to specify the overall area interactively. Dening the overall area using a C&G Point Group: If you have a C&G Point Group that denes the area to be divided and you choose to use the point group option, you will then be asked to use a le dialog to browse to the point group le and select it. Dening the overall area manually: If you choose to type or pick the points dening the overall area individually, you will see the prompt: Enter point ID or pick graphically [cLockwise/ccW/Polyline]: Specify a point ID or begin a curve by typing L or W. Type P and enter to pick a polyline. Note: if you choose to pick a polyline, it must be a closed polyline and all its vertices must have coordinates matching points found in the coordinate le. When specifying individual points, move around the parcel and pick or type in the points, in order, to dene the overall area involved. After all points have been entered, press Enter to end point input. Calculate the Cut-off Line No matter which method you use to specify the property being divided, once the overall tract is specied, the cut-off line is calculated and the points at which the cut-off line intersects the tract boundaries are saved. The Saving Point dialog (below) will be shown for each intersection point. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 841 Click the OK button to save the intersection point. Depending on your settings for Auto Line Plot and Auto Point Plot on the Graphics tab of the C&G Op- tions dialog box, you may see both the points and the cut-off line drawn on the screen. This process can be repeated as many times as is necessary to further divide the overall area or to divide an- other area. Press <Esc> or ''D'' at the Enter area... prompt to end the command. Prompts Enter area in ACRES [Sq. Feet/Done) <0.000000>: Enter the number of acres contained within the cutoff area or type ''S'' and Enter to use square feet or ''D'' and Enter when done. Enter bearing of cutoff line <100.000000>: Enter the bearing of the cut-off line through the property. Place area to right or left of bearing line [Right/Left] <R>: Type ''R'' and Enter or just Enter for right of line. Type ''L'' and Enter for left. The direction of the cut-off bearing determines which side is left or right. Method of dening the overall area to be divided [C&G Point-group/Manual-entry] <M>: Type ''P'' and Enter if you wish to use a point group to specify the overall area or type ''M'' and Enter (or just press Enter) to specify the overall area interactively. for Manual entry: Enter point ID or pick graphically [cLockwise/ccW/Polyline]: Specify the point ID or begin a curve by typing L or W. Type P and enter to pick a polyline. Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout Keyboard Command: baco Prerequisite: Coordinate le. Lot Layout This command draws lots based on a front and back polyline. Starting from the front polyline, the program calculates two lot side lines perpendicular from the front polyline that intersect the back polyline and create the specied lot size. Lots are created along the front polyline in the order that the front polyline is drawn. If the front polyline needs to be reversed, use the Reverse Polyline command found on the Edit menu. The direction of the back polyline does not matter. The lots can be drawn as closed polylines or just the lot sides can be drawn. There is also an option to automatically create all the possible lots at the specied area between the front and back polylines or to prompt for each 0.4 acre lot. In prompt mode, the program reports the remaining area between the front and back polylines and then asks for the lot size. The lot size can be specied either by area or frontage along the front polyline. The lots are sized to meet the specied area and also meet the minimum frontage and backlot distances. The program starts by checking the lot area at the minimum distances. If this area is greater than the target, then the lot is drawn at the minimum distance and the resulting lot area will be greater than the target area. Otherwise the program will increase the frontage until the lot reaches the exact target area. The Use Frontage Setback Polyline option allows you to use another polyline besides the actual frontage polyline for the minimum frontage indicator. Typically, this Frontage Setback Polyline would be offset a set amount from the actual frontage polyline. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 842 Prompts Lot Layout dialog Select front polyline: pick a polyline Select back polyline: pick a polyline With prompt for each lot active: Area remaining: 160326.88 S.F, 3.6806 Acres Quit/Frontage/Enter lot area (Acres) <1.2269>: 1 Area remaining: 116766.88 S.F, 2.6806 Acres Quit/Frontage/Enter lot area (Acres) <1.0000>: F Enter Frontage <50.00>: 75 Lot Area: 37807.50 S.F., 0.8679 Acres Area remaining: 78959.38 S.F, 1.8127 Acres Quit/Area/Enter frontage <50.00>: A Quit/Frontage/Enter lot area (Acres) <1.0000>: press Enter Area remaining: 35399.38 S.F, 0.8127 Acres Quit/Frontage/Enter lot area (Acres) <1.0000>: Q Polylines for Lot Layout The Front Polyline goes from right to left Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 843 Resulting lots numbered using Sequential Numbers Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout Keyboard Command: lotlay Prerequisite: A frontage polyline and a backlot polyline. Cleanup Lot Linework This command nds any overshoots or undershoots in the lot linework. The Report Errors mode will report the location of the errors in the standard report viewer. The Circle Errors mode will draw circles on the specied layer around the errors. The you can use CAD functions to review these errors and make edits. The Adjust Linework mode makes the program automatically adjust the linework coordinates to remove the errors as long as the coordinates move less than the specied Tolerance. Example of overshoot where lot line goes past intersection Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 844 Example of undershoot where lot line falls short of intersection Prompts Cleanup Lot Linework dialog Select polylines to process. Select objects: pick polylines Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout > Lot Layout Utilities Keyboard Command: lotclean Prerequisite: Linework Set Linework Angles To Nearest Second This command adjusts the coordinates of lines and polylines to set their bearings to the nearest second. This routine eliminates decimal seconds for the linework. Here's an example inverse showing decimal seconds on a line before running this routine. Northing(Y) Easting(X) Elev(Z) 7054276.3676 11519401.0186 0.0000 7054104.6344 11519556.5360 0.0000 Bearing: S 42Â09'47.5207'' E Horizontal Distance: 231.6850115 Here's the inverse showing the bearing to the nearest second on the line after running this routine: Northing(Y) Easting(X) Elev(Z) 7054276.3673 11519401.0182 0.0000 7054104.6344 11519556.5360 0.0000 Bearing: S 42Â09'48.0000'' E Horizontal Distance: 231.6850115 Prompts Select lines and polylines to process. Select objects: pick lines and polylines Adjusted 1 polylines. Maximum distance shift 0.000538 Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 845 Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout > Lot Layout Utilities Keyboard Command: pl2sec Prerequisite: Linework Set Linework Intersections To Perpendicular This command processes a set of polylines to nd any T-intersections and adjusts the polyline coordinates for any polylines that are not exactly perpendicular. A use for this routine is to select a right-of-way polyline and connected lot polylines that are meant to be perpendicular. To check polylines without adjusting, use the Edit > Polyline Utilities > Check Polylines > Highlight Non-Perpendicular Intersections command. Prompts Select polylines to check. Select objects: pick polylines Adjusted 1 polylines to make perpendicular. Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout > Lot Layout Utilities Keyboard Command: pl2perp Prerequisite: Polylines Offsets & Intersections This command takes a set of centerline polylines and calculates the series of offset polylines using the user dened offset and llet radius values. The function recognizes primary and secondary roadways which allows for different offsets and llet radii to be specied for each. Up to seven sets of offsets and radii can be dened for different features such as edge of pavement, right-of-way, sidewalk, etc.. Each set also has a layer name and description. The Pick button lets you set the layer name by picking an entity with that layer in the drawing. The description is for your own information and is not used by the program. Multiple centerline polylines can be processed together which allows for the creation of an entire set of roadway offset polylines in one step. Intersections are calculated based on the centerlines selected and the llet radii are applied at the intersections. The Smooth Interior and Exterior Corner options will llet bends in the offset polylines. Otherwise turns without an arc in the original centerline will become straight corners in the offset polylines. The results of the calculations for the given parameters may be previewed in the dialog. Zoom and pan are available by clicking and dragging mouse on the preview image (zoom or pan mode is selected by a toggle). Once the satisfactory offsets are calculated, they are inserted into the drawing by clicking on Finish2D button. The Finish 3D button opens the Elevate 2D Polylines command, described in this chapter. If it is preferable to handle intersections manually, you may run the command multiple times on non-intersecting centerlines. Another alternative is to use the Offset command in the Draw menu and the Fillet command in the Edit menu. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 846 Prompts Select all PRIMARY road polylines. Select objects: select polylines Select objects: Enter Select all SECONDARY road polylines. Select objects: select polylines Select objects: Enter Calculating offsets for layer EOP... Calculating offsets for layer ROW... Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout Keyboard Command: wayint Prerequisite: Centerline polylines Cul-de-Sacs This command uses a polyline centerline and the offset polylines to create a cul-de-sac. These offset polylines can be generated by the Offsets & Intersections command, or with the standard Offset command. The layer names of the offset polylines must match the layer names set in the dialog. To run this command, pick a set of polylines and point on roadway centerline where the cul-de-sac center is. For cul-de-sacs with an offset center, pick a projection of that center onto the centerline and specify an offset distance (positive value is offset to the right, negative - to the left). Like the Offsets and Intersections command, a preview is shown of the cul-de-sac being designed. Any of the cul-de-sac parameters may be modied and reviewed before the cul-de-sac is applied and the drawing is modied with the Finish 2D button. The Finish 3D button opens the Elevate 2D Polylines command described in this chapter. Bend cul-de-sacs are created by selecting offset entities on one side of the centerline. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 847 Prompts Select all offset polylines to end with cul-de-sac. Select objects: make selections Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout Keyboard Command: stdcul Prerequisite: A set of offset polylines and roadway centerlines. Elevate 2D Polylines This command allows to assign elevations to a selection of polylines based on elevations along supplied 3d centerline and user-dened slopes. This routine calculates a distance from each vertex of 2D polyline to a specied 3D reference polyline and uses that distance and slope to calculate a 3D offset to a corresponding point on 3D polyline. You can specify either the original centerline to be a reference 3D polyline or use another set of offset polylines. For example, you could specify the edge of pavement elevation to be relative to the curb elevation, while curb elevation is calculated based on the centerline elevation. You can view the resulting road/intersection design in 3D, making changes and updating picture on-the-y. Local sink points can be reported instantly by evaluating a resulting triangulation to predict low points in the design leading to water retention. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 848 After selecting entities Another road/intersection design, this time in 3D Prompts Select all offset polylines for the intersection. Select objects: select entities Select all 3D prole polylines. Select objects: select entities Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout Keyboard Command: 3dintersect Prerequisite: A set of offset polylines and roadway centerlines Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 849 Parking This command draws a series of parking stalls. The command prompts for stall width and length, stall parking angle, and side for stalls. Stalls can be located by the number of stalls in a direction, as many as t between two points, or along a polyline. Stall Layout Method: Indicate the method of stall creation whether it be a desired number of stalls or as many stalls as can be t on an alignment. Min Stall Width: Indicate the minimum width a stall can be when the Fit on Alignment option is specied. Max Stall Width: Indicate the maximum width a stall can be when the Fit on Alignment option is specied. Stall Width: Indicate the stall width when the Number of Stalls option is specied. Number of Stalls: Indicate the desired number of stalls when the Number of Stalls option is specied. Stall Length: Indicate the desired length of each stall. Side for Stalls: Indicate the side to which the stall lines should be placed. Stall Placement Method: Indicate the method by which the stall direction should be determined whether it be between two picked points or along an existing graphical alignment. Layer: Specify the layer on which parking lines should be placed or click the Set button to choose an existing layer. Prompts Starting Point? Pick point or point number: Pick a point Ending Point? Pick point or point number: Pick a point Created 10 stalls. Pulldown Menu Location(s): Civil Area/Layout Layout Utilities, Survey Area/Layout Layout Utilities Keyboard Command: parking Prerequisite: None. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 850 Set Back Measure-Move This command can be used to measure the perpendicular distance of 1 or 2 points to 1 or 2 lines. This can be helpful in placing buildings for proper setback from lot lines. After selecting the lot lines and the building, the command allows you to drag the building while a real time display on the side-bar menu shows the perpendicular distances to the lot lines. After experimenting you can press T to type in the values to move to. The second line and point are optional. Prompts Select 1st Lot line to measure perpendicular from. Select object: select line Select 2nd Lot line to measure perpendicular from ([Enter] for none). Select object: select line Select entity to move at 1st point to measure from: Select object: ENDPOINT of (Pick a point on polyline.) Pick a 2nd point on entity to measure from ([Enter] for none). END of (Pick a point.) Pick another endpoint of the polyline representing the building. Drag-Pick new Location or [T]ype in Move distance(s) [C] to Cancel: T Either drag the building to a location and press the pick button on your pointing device or press T to enter the distances. You may have to use a negative distance to move to the proper side of lot line! Distance from 1st line: 10 Distance from 2nd line: 20 The building is then moved to your specication. Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout Keyboard Command: setback Prerequisite: Lot lines and polyline representing the building should be plotted. Draw Lot Setback This command draws closed polylines inside lots to represent the building setback offsets. Before running this command, the lots need to be draw as closed polylines. The command starts with a dialog for entering the setback offsets and the layer for the new setback polylines. The Front to CL Max Offset is used to determine which lot edges are frontage. The program will prompt to select CL reference polylines and lot edges that are within this offset from these CL polylines are considered frontage edges. The Front Setback is applied to the lot frontage edges. The Side Setback offset is applied to lot edges that have only one of their ends within the frontage offset. The Back Setback offset is applied to all other lot edges. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 851 Prompts Lot Setback Polylines dialog Select reference centerline polylines. Select objects: pick the polylines Select lot polylines to setback. Select objects: pick the polylines Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout Keyboard Command: lot setback Prerequisite: Lot and CL polylines Footprint Creator Footprint Creator is a command that allows for the creation of a library and placement of building footprints. The command is run from the Area/Layout menu and found in the Layout Utilities sub menu. The command inserts footprint drawings and uses the layering scheme in them to place the footprints with options. Footprint Creator allows the person producing plans to include optional aspects of designs such as; locating the garage left and right and including details such as driveways. Labeling tools are provided should it be desired that elements of the footprints are called out in the plans. Command Operation Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 852 The command starts with a dialog that allows for the selection of a footprint by a number of characteristics. These are region, model and elevation. Placement of the the garage is able to be left or right. There is also a message board function that allows for team members to share information with each other about use and updates to footprints. For operation of the command select Next. Footprint drawings may contain optional elements to be included upon placement. In this case an option is a master Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 853 suite. This is read from the source drawings layering convention. To place an option select it by single clicking and choose the Add button. To remove it select it from the Selected Options pane and then select the Remove button. The Remove All button does just that and allows you to restart the selection of options. There are two options that control if the footprint will include an enclosure line or simply place the footprint as drawn in the source drawing. The list options toggles will annotate the options either by leader, in a list or both. Use the back button should you realize a different footprint is needed. Select the next button to select further options. Porches and Bay Windows The source drawing's layering scheme is used to allowfor the placement of porches and bay windows. The command reads the drawing and displays any porches or bay windows available. If none are included this pull down will be blank. Excavation Lines Excavation lines are also read from the source drawing. If none are included this pull down will be blank. Driveways The source drawing can also include driveways. Again, if none are present in the drawing this pull down will be blank. Add Special, Remove Special, Remove All The Add Special, Remove Special and Remove All buttons will add the options selected. Remove them individually or remove them all. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 854 Create Footprint When ready to place the footprint select Create Footprint. You will be prompted to select an insertion point. Pick an insertion point: Congure To congure Footprint Creator select the Congure button on the rst dialog. This must be coordinated with the drawings and directory structure for them in order for the command to work properly. Footprint Conguration Manager The Footprint Folder is the folder where all of the sub folders for footprints will be located. The Model Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 855 Data and Elevation Data Files by default will be located in your Settings folder. Each footprint is stored in a folder with a name that corresponds to elements of the footprint. A footprint is included with the Carlson installation. It is 0999-Edgemont KY.dwg and is located in a folder named 0999-Edgemont KY under the settings folder. Layers are included that are read by the command to determine which elements of the drawing are place when the command is run. Other layers that can be used are those related to excavation. They require a layer that includes EXC fol- lowing the rst to numeric characters and the dash. Layers with OPT are standard Options. They must be preceded by 00- as shown. Layers that include the Elevation name can be selected during command operation. Model Data To create or edit Models select the Model Data button. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 856 The Model Code is a four digit code that will be the rst four characters of the folder and drawing le name. This is followed by a dash and then the Model Name which is followed by a space and then the Region Code. The command matches the Region Code to the Region Name for display in the dialog box for Region. The Notes are purely descriptive. Add Model Data To add a model select the Add button. The Model Code is four numeric characters. The Model name can be alpha or numeric. The Region Code is a two character designation. The Region Name matches up with the Region Code and can be alpha or numeric. The notes are descriptive and are there purely to help understand information about the Model. To edit an existing Model select the Model and then select the Edit button. To save a Model for modication, select the Model and then select the Save As button. Should the list of models become extensive, use the Search button to locate the model desired. Elevation Data Manager Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 857 To create or edit Elevation Data select the Elevation Data button. The operation of this dialog is nearly identical to the Model Data Manager dialog. The Code and Name re- late to layers in the source drawing. Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout - Layout Utilities Keyboard Command: createfp Prerequisite: Footprint drawings in properly named folders with layering convention matching the command conguration. Fit Structure The purpose of the Fit Structure feature is to place a structure (or the footprint) within a bounding polygon. For example, a house foundation - the footprint - within the limits of the setback lines of a lot - the bounding polygon. The user can easily insert a structure footprint within a lot or bounding polygon near its nal location. The footprint then it can then be conveniently rotated and/or translated, in user denable increments, to the exact position desired. Footprint Templates Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 858 The template, a full scale denition of a structure's footprint, must be dened prior to placing it within the bounding polygon. Templates are not AutoCAD drawings but they can be imported from AutoCAD drawings. The data specifying the dimensions of a template is stored in a binary format and cannot be manipulated without using the Template Manager. Once a template is placed in the drawing, it becomes a C&G footprint polyline. Since it is a C&G polyline, it can be queried and manipulated using ordinary AutoCAD and CGSurvey commands. Template Manager The Template Manager is used to manage the templates for the various projects you work on. For example, the various house footprints used in a given subdivision can be dened as templates. The templates can then be placed in a lot in an ''as'' or ''reverse'' orientation and reused as many times as necessary. You can use the Template Manager to dene templates directly or import the templates from existing AutoCAD drawings. The Template Manager allows you to organize your templates within projects. You can name the projects in a meaningful way then import the templates into the project ''folder''. When you choose the Fit Structure feature from the Cogo menu for the rst time, a dialog warns you that you have no templates dened then brings up the Template Manager. In the dialog below you will notice that there is nothing listed under the Projects item. This means that you will have to either create a template or import one from an existing drawing. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 859 Creating a Template: To create a new template, click the Create button. This brings up a dialog that allows you to congure the simple drawing in which you will create a template. This dialog allows you to specify the name of the project, the name of the template and asks about the approximate overall size of the template. If the structure template is made up of right angle segments you may want to specify a snap grid to aid you in laying out the template. You should be aware that the create template method should only be used for very simple templates and that it does not allow you to edit the structure once it is added to the Template Manager. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 860 When you are done conguring the create template drawing interface, click OK and you will be see an empty AutoCAD screen upon which you can draw the template. The template is merely a closed polyline. The C&G Polyline by Points interface is used but in this case there will only be normal AutoCAD points picked (also known as graphic points designated as GR-PT). The polyline must be closed - so use the C for Close command line option for the last line segment in the template. Once you enter the Close option keyword for the polyline you are working on, the drawing window closes and the template is imported into the Template manager as shown below. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 861 Note: You must click on the template name in order to see its shape in the window on the right and to choose it as the current template. Importing a Template The Create template method is only useful for very simple templates. For more complicated templates and projects with multiple structures, it is recommended that you use the Import method. To import a template you must create a separate drawing, then draw all of your templates at full scale on the layer specied for templates (see Fit Structure Setup). Create a separate template drawing Begin the importing of a template by creating a new drawing le as a repository for all the structure template drawings used in a specic project. For this example we will create a new drawing named Mitchell Estates bldgs.dwg. This le will only contain the structure template drawings for this project. Select the CAD File menu then select the menu New item You may be asked to choose a drawing template (not to be confused with the structural template polylines you are about to create). It is generally easiest to use the default acad.dwt drawing template but you may also specify one of your own choosing. In this new drawing create a layer having the name specied in Fit Structure Settings and make this layer current. You can accomplish this by using the CAD Layer Manager. To open the Layer Manager, from the Format menu choose the Layer menu item. In the new drawing, draw the templates (house footprints for example) you will be using in your project. A structure template must be a closed polyline and may contain arc segments. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 862 Draw the individual house footprints. It is recommended that you use either the C&G Polyline by Points feature or use the standard CAD PLINE command - on the Draw menu choose 2D Polyline. You could also use the C&G Quick Traverse feature to traverse around the building However, if you use Quick Traverse to create the footprint you must then convert the C&G lines created by Quick Traverse to polyline. To do this you can use a utility on the CGTools menu, Join Nearest. Once you have created the templates needed, close and save the template drawing le. You can come back to this drawing at anytime and add or modify templates as needed. Note: If you change a template in the original template drawing, you must be re-imported using the Tem- plate Manager. First, use the Template Manager's Delete feature to delete the old template, then re-import the changed template from your template drawing le. Placing a Footprint: Return to the original drawing into which you wish to insert the footprint. In this example Mitchell Estates.dwg will be used to place structure footprints within lot setbacks. Select the Fit Structure menu item. If this is the rst time you have run the command and no templates have been specied, you will be in- formed of this by a warning dialog. Click OK in the warning dialog and the Template Manager will come up. If you have inserted a template prior to running this command, the following prompt will be seen at the command line: Choose a structure template [Set template/Current-template (Wilson)/Mirror-current/Done] <C> : Select ''S'' for Set template to bring up the Template Manager. The Template Manager Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 863 As mentioned earlier, the Template Manager is used to manage the structure templates you use for your various projects. In the left hand pane the projects and their associated templates are arranged similar to the directories in the Windows Explorer. On the right pane is a drawing showing an unscaled representation of the shape of the currently highlighted template. The highlighted template becomes the current template when you Close the Template Manager. The following describes the Template Manager functions in more detail. Delete button: This allows you to delete a Project or an individual template. Create button: This allows you to generate a template ''on-the-y'' while in the current drawing le. This method of creating templates should only be used for the simplest of templates. In most cases it is recommended that you import pre-drawn templates from other existing drawings. When the Create button is selected, the Add A Template dialog appears (shown earlier). Name of Project: enter a new name or press the down arrow to select from existing projects. Name of Template to Add: enter a new name or press the down arrow to select from existing projects. Approximate Overall Dimensions of Template: enter an approximate length and width. Make sure this overall dimension will include the entire template so you will be given enough room to draw the template - too large is better than too small. Grid: If you wish to have a snap grid as a drawing aid when you create a template, check the Use grid to aid in drawing the template checkbox and set the grid interval. You need not use a grid but it is useful in creating simple rectangular templates. Click OK to begin creating the template. To create the template, pick the desired locations for the various building corners. Be sure to close the structure perimeter by typing C and Enter. After closing the template polyline you will be returned to the Template Manager. Import button: clicking this button allows you to import the template from another drawing le. As described earlier, you should create a separate template drawing. In that drawing draw the required templates as closed polylines. The templates may contain arcs. When you select the Import button a dialog (shown earlier) comes up asking you to enter or select a Project Name and to specify the Name of Template to Add. The Project Name can be anything you wish but is often the name of the subdivision or the client name. The template name can also be anything you wish. It should generally reect the type or style of structure the template represents. After lling out the project and template names and clicking OK, a le dialog will be displayed. Choose the drawing le you created earlier containing the template(s) you wish to import. After closing the le dialog the template drawing will be shown and you will be asked to choose the tem- plate polyline. When you pick the template polyline its geometry is stored in a special le reserved for template information and you will be returned to the Template Manager. If you highlight the newly imported template on the left hand pane it becomes the current template and you should see it displayed in the right hand pane. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 864 If you wish to import another template just repeat these steps as many times as necessary. By highlighting the template name it is made the current template. You may choose to mirror the current template on the Y axis by checking the Mirrored checkbox. All you need do now is click the Close button to close the Template Manager and place the footprint in the drawing. Fit Structure Example The following le names will be used when describing the following example: Coordinate File: Mitchell Estates.crd Drawing File: Mitchell Estates.dwg Template Drawing File: Mitchell Estates bldg.dwg Note: The template drawing le may have several templates in the same drawing le. For example you may have a subdivision with many different house footprints. Import the templates Open the subdivision drawing le, in this case; Mitchell Estates.dwg, and the associated coordinate le: Mitchell Estates.crd. The subdivision drawing should already exist and you should have already dened the bounding polygons within which the structures are to be placed. These bounding polygons can be dened either by polylines (arcs are allowed) or lines and arcs. The lots and setbacks (bounding polygons) can also be dened using a C&G Point Group or Groups. Once the subdivision drawing is open and has been prepared for the placement of structures choose Fit Structure from the menu. If you have not run the Fit Structure command and set a current template in this drawing session, the Template Manager dialog will appear. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 865 The rst task will be to create a project and import templates from the template drawing le, Mitchell Estates bldg.dwg. Select the Import button and ll in the project name and template name. In this example the subdivision name is Mitchell Estates and the house model being added to the template list is the Wilson. Next a drawing le dialog will be displayed. Highlight the template drawing le (in this case Mitchell Estates bldg.dwg) and click the Open button and use the cursor to choose the polyline representing the template to be imported. After choosing the template polyline, you will be returned to the Template Manager. You will notice that the template you just chose has been added to the template manager under the project you selected. To see its shape and make it the current template, click the template name under the current project. You may continue to add templates as required. Click Close to begin placing the template in the subdivision drawing. After the Template Manager closes you will return to the main drawing and see the following prompt: Pick the lot within which the structure will be placed [cg-Point-group/Done] <pick>: Pick a polygon or a series of lines that dene a closed lot boundary or setback within which you wish to place the structure. Type P and Enter to use a C&G point group le to dene the bounding polygon. Place the structure in the bounding polygon Once you have specied the bounding polygon you will be asked to place the structure near its nal location in the bounding polygon. Move the structure near its desired location using the mouse and click the left mouse button to place it at that location. Once you have picked the approximate location for the structure you will then be allowed to rotate and move the structure to its exact nal location. Note: If you need to adjust a template further once it has been placed within the bounding polygon and you have exited the Fit Structure command, you can run the Fit Structure command again and pick the existing structure instead of using a template. Adjust the structure After placing the structure in the bounding polygon you will see the following prompt at the command line: Adjust structure [Move/Step-move/step-Rotate/roTate/rot-Ninty/Parallel/On-boundary/setUp/Done] <D>: Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 866 You are now at the stage were the structure can be adjusted to its nal desired location with relationship to the setback lines and its orientation with respect to the street and other features. In all the commands used to adjust the structure, the distances to the bounding polygon may be displayed at the appropriate corners of the template (see example below). You may turn this distance display on or off or view or change other t structure parameters using the setUp option (type U and Enter at various the prompts). Move: Type M and Enter to ''drag'' the structure around using the mouse cursor - similar to when you rst placed the structure in the bounding polygon. This option is only meant for moving the structure in a gross, imprecise way and thus allow you to place it near its nal location. After using this option the structure can be more nely adjusted using one of the other options described here. Step-move: To move the structure up, down, left or right, using the arrow keys on the keyboard, type S and Enter. The following prompt will appear: Press arrow keys to move 1.000 dwg units [setUp/Done] <D>: Now you can use the arrow keys on your keyboard to move the structure by steps in the X and Y directions. The distance moved per keystroke is indicated at the command line - in this case the structure moves 1 unit each time you press an arrow key. To change the per step increment, type U for setUp. This brings up the Fit Structure Setup dialog, allowing you to change the Translation Step setting (see below). Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 867 Click OK to return to the Adjust Structure command line. Step-Rotate: If you type R and Enter for step-Rotate you can then use the up and down arrow keys on the keyboard to rotate the structure by small rotational steps. The following prompt will appear: Use down/up arrow keys to rotate 1000'00'' clockwise/ccw [setUp/Done] <D>: Rotate: To rotate the structure, type R and Enter. The following prompt will appear: Rotate structure to desired orientation: [setUp] <pick>: Use this option to rotate the structure by moving the mouse. Left clicking will place the structure at the current rotated orientation. This method of rotation is not precise and is thus useful only for gross rotational movements. rot-Ninty: Type N and Enter to rotate the structure 90 degrees in a clockwise direction. Parallel: Type P and Enter to rotate the structure so that one of its sides is parallel to a specied line segment on the bounding polygon. First, select the side of the bounding polygon that you wish to be parallel to a selected side of the structure. Next, select the side of the structure that is to be parallel to the previously selected line on the bounding polygon. After picking the side on the structure the structure will be rotated into position. Note: If the rotating the structure about its geometric center to make the selected sides parallel to one an- other will cause an encroachment, an error message will be displayed, no changes will be made, and you will return to the Adjust Structure ... prompt. On-boundary: Type O and Enter to choose a point on the structure that is to touch a selected point on the bounding polygon. This is accomplished by translation only. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 868 Pick the point on the bounding polygon where you want the structure to touch: Pick the point where the structure touches the bounding polygon. Choose the point on the structure that you want to touch the bounding polygon: Pick the point on the structure that touches the bounding polygon. If choosing a structure corner as the point to touch the bounding polygon, you should use the end point snap. If you do not use end point snap, the translation of the point picked to the bounding polygon will likely cause the corner of the structure to encroach. You can specify end point snap when picking the point on the structure by typing in ''end'' and Enter at the prompt, then you merely need to pick a point on the structure near the desired corner to actually specify the corner point. Note: If the translating the structure to make the selected point touch the bounding polygon at the selected point would cause an encroachment, an error message will be displayed, no changes will be made, and you will return to the Adjust Structure ... prompt. Completing the adjustment process Once you are satised with the location of the structure type D and Enter and you will see the following prompt: Creating structure coordinate points: Enter description for structure corner points <footprint pt>: You can accept the default description shown in brackets by pressing Enter or you may type in a description that will help you identify this particular structure and lot. The corner and any radius points for the current location of the structure are stored in the current coordinate le and, if Auto plot points is ON, the points are drawn. After storing the points for the previously placed structure you will see the following prompt: Choose a structure template [Set template/Current Template/Mirror current/Done] <C>: Press Enter or C and Enter if you wish to repeat the process and place the current structure template in the same or another bounding polygon. If you wish to place a mirrored (''reverse'') version of the current structure template in a bounding polygon, type M and Enter. If you wish to place a different structure in a bounding polygon, type S and Enter to bring up the Template Manager, allowing you to pick a new template. If you are done placing templates for now, type D and Enter for Done. At any time you may adjust an existing structure by choosing Fit Structure. If there are existing structures in the drawing, it will be detected and the following the prompt will appear at the command line: Pick existing structure to adjust or choose a structure template. [Set-template/Current-template(Wilson)/Mirror-current/Done] <C>: At this prompt you can use the mouse to pick an existing structure to adjust. You can now use any of the adjustment methods described above to further rene the location of the structure. After the adjustment process is complete the coordinate le is updated to reect the adjusted locations of the structure's corner and radius points. Note: When you pick an existing structure, any plotted corner point symbols are temporarily removed to fa- cilitate the adjustment process. Once you are done adjusting the existing structure, these points are re-plotted at their new adjusted locations At this prompt you may also choose to place a new structure in a bounding polygon. To use a different template, type S and Enter to bring up the Template Manager and allow to choose the desired template. If you Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 869 have already placed a template in the current drawing session, the prompt will indicate the current template. By typing C and Enter or just pressing Enter you can choose to place the current template in a bounding polygon or you can type M and Enter to place a mirrored version of the current template: Prompts Template Manager dialog: create or choose a template to place within a bounding polygon (a lot) Add a Template dialog: Used in conjunction with the Template Manager dialog to add a template to a given project. if you have already specied a template to use but no templates have been placed in the drawing: Choose a structure template [Set template/Current template (Wilson)/Mirror-current/Done] <C> : Type ''S'' and Enter to bring up the Template Manager dialog. Type ''C'' and Enter or just Enter to use the current template. Type ''M'' and Enter to mirror the current template. Type ''D'' and Enter when done placing templates. if a structure/template exists in the drawing or you have already specied a template to use: Pick existing structure to adjust or choose a structure template. [Set-Template/Done] <S>: To adjust an existing structure pick it on the screen. Type ''S'' and Enter or just Enter to bring up the Template Manager dialog to choose a new template. Type ''D'' and Enter when done. after you set a new template or chose to use the current one: Pick the lot within which the structure will be placed [c&g-Point-group/Done] <pick>: pick the polyline or a series of lines that dene a closed polygon within which the structure template will be placed. Type P and Enter to specify the bounding polygon using a C&G Point Group le. Place the structure near its nal location in the bounding polygon <pick>: Drag the structure template to the desired location and click the left mouse button to place the structure. after you place a template or pick one to adjust: Adjust structure [Move/Step-move/step-Rotate/roTate/rot-Ninty/Parallel/On-boundary/setUp/Done] <D>: Type ''M'' and enter to move the structure. Type ''S'' and Enter to use the arrow keys to move the structure in predened steps. Type ''T'' and Enter to use the cursor to rotate the structure. Type ''R'' and Enter to rotate the structure template a predened number of degrees using the up and down arrow keys. Type ''N'' and Enter to rotate the structure 90 degrees clockwise. Type ''P'' and Enter to translate and rotate the structure template parallel to a side of the bounding polygon. Type ''O'' and Enter to move the structure template so a chosen point on the structure touches a chosen point on the bounding polygon. Type ''U'' and enter to use the Setup dialog to change the step sizes, layer names and other conguration items for the t structure command. when saving the structure coordinate points: Enter description for structure corner points <footprint pt>: Specify a description for the structure template corner points to be saved in the coordinate le or just press Enter to use the default description. Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout > Layout Utilities Keyboard Command: cg t structure Prerequisite: coordinate le, pre-drawn bounding polygon (lines and arcs or a polyline) Lot Network Settings This command displays a dialog for the current Lot Network Settings which species the lot network name, road network name, label settings, setback settings, hatch settings, building placement settings, lot type settings and lot area tolerance. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 870 Lot Network: Click Select for the Lot Network name and choose the Lot Network le (.ltn). Road Network: Click Select for the Road Network name and choose the Road Network le (.rdn). Starting Lot Name: Indicate the starting Lot Name. As Lots are created, the trailing digit will be incremented by a value of 1. Lot Area Tolerance: When creating lots to a target area, the program will nish adjustments when the area is within this tolerance of the target. Automatic Label Updates: Enable this option if Lot labels should automatically update themselves if a Lot is altered or adjusted. Edge Direction: Select an option to have new Lot lines drawn either Away From Frontage or Toward Frontage. Default Lot Type: Settings in this section of the dialog box will be applied to all new Lots created using the ''Default'' Lot type. Lot Line Layer: Specify a new layer or click Select to choose an existing layer for newly created Lot lines Label Lines and Arcs: Enable this option if you want this routine to label the newly created lines and arcs at the time new Lots are generated. For Line/Curve Label Settings, you can click Select to specify the Auto Annotate settings le (.aan) or click Edit to make changes to the Auto Annotate settings. For General Label Settings, you can click Select to specify the Annotation General Settings le (.adf) or click Edit to make changes to the Annotate Defaults settings. Label Areas: Enable this option if you want this routine to label the areas at the time new Lots are generated. For Area Label Settings, you can click Select to specify the Area Defaults le (.ars) or click Edit to make changes to the Area Defaults settings. For Area Table Settings, you can click Select to specify the Area Table Settings le (.atb) or click Edit to make changes to theArea Table Defaults settings. Draw Setbacks: Enable this option if you want this routine to draw Setback lines at the time new Lots are generated. Click Settings to adjust the Setback Settings as desired. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 871 Draw Hatch: Enable this option if you want this routine to draw a Hatch pattern inside Lots at the time new Lots are generated. Click Settings to adjust the Hatch Settings as desired. Building Placement Settings: Click the Building Placement Settings button to specify the values that should be followed when building pads are placed using the Lot Network routines. Lot Setback Parameters: Adjust the front, side and back Setbacks as desired. Draw Building Pads: Enable this option to draw building pad polylines. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 872 Building Polyline Layer: Specify the layer on which building pad polylines should be drawn or click the Select button to choose an existing layer. Draw Building Symbols: Enable this option to draw building symbols (blocks). Building Symbol Layer: Specify the layer on which building pad symbols should be placed or click the Select button to choose an existing layer. Symbol: Click the Select button to specify the name of the building symbol. Building Pad Width: Specify the width of the building pad polyline. Building Pad Depth: Specify the depth of the building pad polyline. Building Pad Setback: Specify the distance behind the Setback line at which to place building pad polylines. Enter ''0'' to have building pad polylines placed directly on the Setback. Additional Building Pads: Click the Add button to create additional building pads, the Edit button to modify existing building pads and the Remove button to delete building pads. Note: When building pad creation is enabled, the initial Building Pad dimension will be attempted. If the initial building pad cannot be placed due to Lot size/placement restrictions, subsequent building pads in the Addi- tional Building Pad list will be attempted. LotNet sample showing setbacks and examples of varying building sizes. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 873 LotNet sample showing 3D building symbol. Additional Lot Types: Settings established in this section of the dialog box allow you to create additional types of Lots in order to apply different Line/Curve, Area, Area Table, Setback, Hatch and Building Placement Settings according to their specied Lot Type. Additionally, running a Lot Network Report will break out Lot data based on Lot Type andLot Network Inspector will display Lot Type. Add, Edit and Remove: Use these buttons to create additional Lot types, edit or remove existing Lot types. Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout Keyboard Command: lotnet cong Prerequisite: None. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 874 Lot Network Boundary These are a collection of commands to assign and verify the site boundary for lot network. Set Boundary: Sets the site boundary. It must be a closed polyline. Highlight Boundary Perimeter: Indicates the boundary to the user by highlighting it. Hatch Boundary Perimeter: Indicates the boundary to the user by hatching it. Erase Hatch Boundary: Erases the hatched boundary for the user. Clear Boundary: Deletes the boundary designation from the polyline. Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout Keyboard Command: lotnet limit, lotnet highlight limit, lotnet hatch limit, lotnet hatch erase, lotnet untag limit Prerequisite: None Tag Sub-Area This command provides the ability to establish ''exclusion'' areas (such as wetlands or drainage ponds) that limit where Lots or Lot Setbacks from the Lot Network routines can be created. Prompts Select polyline for sub-area: Pick a closed polyline that denes the sub-area. Area Category: Provide the name of a general category for the sub-area. Area Description: Provide a more specialized description for the sub-area. Note: If a Sub-Area is created after a Lot Network has been processed, the existing Lot lines are kept and any associated setback lines are updated to honor the Sub-Area. If a Lot Network is processed after a Sub-Area has been created, the newly created Lots will honor the Sub- Area(s). Pulldown Menu Location(s): Civil Area/Layout Lot Network Sub-Areas, Survey Area/Layout Lot Network Sub-Areas Keyboard Command: tag subarea Prerequisite: A closed polyline. Untag Sub-Area This command removes the from the selected polyline(s) the Sub-Area Category and Description information placed with the Tag Sub-Area command. Prompts Select sub-area polylines to remove sub-area tag. Select objects: Pick the polyline(s) whose Sub-Area information you wish to clear and press Enter when complete. Pulldown Menu Location(s): Civil Area/Layout Lot Network Sub-Areas, Survey Area/Layout Lot Network Sub-Areas Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 875 Keyboard Command: untag subarea Prerequisite: A closed polyline with appropriate Sub-Area data. Identify Sub-Area This command displays the Sub-Area Category and Description information found on polylines tagged with the Tag Sub-Area command and reports it to the Command prompt. Prompts Pick polylines to check or search drawing [<Pick>/Search]: Press Enter to individually select Sub-Area poly- lines or Type S and press Enter to search the entire drawing. Select sub-area polyline: Pick the polyline whose Sub-Area information you wish to identify and press Enter when complete. Pulldown Menu Location(s): Civil Area/Layout Lot Network Sub-Areas, Survey Area/Layout Lot Network Sub-Areas Keyboard Command: id subarea Prerequisite: A closed polyline with appropriate Sub-Area data. Report Sub-Area This command displays the Sub-Area Category and Description information found on polylines in the drawing that have been tagged with the Tag Sub-Area command and reports the information to the standard Report Viewer. Pulldown Menu Location(s): Civil Area/Layout Lot Network Sub-Areas, Survey Area/Layout Lot Network Sub-Areas Keyboard Command: report subarea Prerequisite: A closed polyline with appropriate Sub-Area data. Hatch Sub-Areas This command places a hatch pattern into polylines in the drawing that have been tagged with the Tag Sub-Area command. Prompts Hatch Name: Type in the name of a valid hatch pattern. A sample of the pattern will appear near the ''Select Pattern'' control. Automatic Hatch Scale: Disable this toggle to manually control the size/density of the hatch pattern. Hatch Scale: Specify the size of the hatch pattern. Larger Scale values create a less dense pattern. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 876 Select Pattern: Use a visual dialog box approach to select a hatch pattern. The name of the hatch pattern selected displays in the Hatch Name control. Select Color: Use a visual dialog box to specify the color of the hatch pattern. Note: Any previous hatch patterns placed by the Hatch Sub-Areas command are rst erased from the drawing. Hatch patterns are placed onto the LOTNET HATCH SUBAREA layer. Pulldown Menu Location(s): Civil Area/Layout Lot Network Sub-Areas, Survey Area/Layout Lot Network Sub-Areas Keyboard Command: hatch subarea Prerequisite: A closed polyline with appropriate Sub-Area data. Erase Sub-Areas Hatch This command removes the hatch pattern(s) placed with the Hatch Sub-Areas command. Pulldown Menu Location(s): Civil Area/Layout Lot Network Sub-Areas, Survey Area/Layout Lot Network Sub-Areas Keyboard Command: erase subarea hatch Prerequisite: A Sub-Area with an appropriately placed hatch pattern. Label Sub-Areas This command displays the Sub-Area Category and Description information found on polylines tagged with the Tag Sub-Area command and uses the current text style to place the information as text into the drawing. Prompts Text Size <4.00>: Press Enter accept the specied text size or Type an alternate numeric text size and press Enter. Label area size [Yes/<No>]? Choose whether or not the area of the Sub-Area(s) should be labeled in the drawing. Layer name <LOT SUBAREA>: Press Enter to accept the layer name specied or type in the desired layer name and press Enter when complete. Note: To remove Sub-Area Labels from the drawing, use the Lot Network Settings command. Pulldown Menu Location(s): Civil > Area/Layout > Lot Network Sub-Areas, Survey > Area/Layout > Lot Network Sub-Areas Keyboard Command: label subarea Prerequisite: A closed polyline with appropriate Sub-Area data. Input-Edit ROW Offsets This command denes the ROW offsets for the Road Network for Lot Networks. The ROW offsets are for the frontage polylines to the left and right of the centerlines. Besides the ROW, you can also dene additional offset polylines to be drawn. These additional offset polylines do not effect the lot network. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 877 Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout Keyboard Command: lotnet row Prerequisite: None Lot Network Road Network This command develops the linework, geometry and labeling for subdivision, commercial and industrial sites by using the familiar Road Network interface and pre-dened settings. The program docks a dialog on the left of the screen identifying the geometry settings and all road les and leaves an active CAD screen and command line. You can save drawings and run virtually any standard AutoCAD command while within the docked dialog. Once you identify centerlines for the road network, the program detects intersections and end segments suitable for cul-de-sacs, and through input of design parameters for offset criteria, cul-de-sac dimensions and intersection transitions, the program will process the complete geometry layout, with output options including creating Lot les for later reference and a variety of labeling options for such items as Areas, Distances and Bearings. The road network settings are saved in a .RDN le. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 878 Before running the Road Network, use the following procedure to setup the lot labeling settings and site boundary. Click the Lot Network Settings button. Note that you can use the Area/Layout Menu pulldown to access these commands as well. Select or create a lot network settings le. Next, select the Set Boundary icon. Select a closed polyline for the boundary around your site. Next select the Road Network icon. When prompted, select the .RDN le from the Existing tab. This is where the centerlines involved for the subdivision will be dened and added to the Road Name area of the panel. These centerlines are standard Carlson .CL les. Click a centerline and choose Edit. If a CRD le is requested choose or create a .CRD le. The Edit Road dialog appears. The centerline can be selected here and these centerlines can be edited on the y if needed. For ROW Offsets, we are using the Row-OFF-a.Row le. Click Edit. The ROW offsets dialog displays. Use the defaults of 45' left and right and note that additional graphics can be automatically generated by hitting Add and entering additional values, names and layers. Hit Exit. Note also that Optional Input les can be attached to the process for roadway widenings based on the stan- dard Carlson Road design tools of the same name. This is where a polyline indicating where the roadway template ID's should be tapered or widened is developed into a Centerline le and attached to the roadway template involved. Refer to the Road Design documentation for this information. Hit OK to close the Edit Road dialog. These settings can be set and altered for each road in the network. Next click on one of the intersections you may have and select Edit Intersection. In the Edit Intersection dialog, the intersection's radii can be set. Click on the Front Left or Front Right to verify this. Hit OK when ready. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 879 The program can also develop cul-de-sacs for the subdivision, although this example doesn't require one. To see how it works, click Add under Cul-de-sac's area of the panel. The Select Road for Cul-de-sac dialog appears. Select the road for the Cul-de-sac and the Edit Cul-de-sac dialog opens. Then as shown in the gure, choose whether the cul-de-sac occurs at the beginning or ending of the roadway, provide a cul-de-sac radius and let radius and any other criteria to develop the graphics as desired. Since we do not have a cul-de-sac in this example we will skip this step. Next select Settings at the bottom of the Road Network panel. The Radius is the default for new intersections. The radius for any existing intersection can be modied by selecting the intersection in the list and picking the Edit button. The Create Lots setting draws linework for lots for the specied geometry parameters. Otherwise, only the ROW polylines are drawn. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 880 Use a radius of 25.0 and turn on the Create Lots toggle and click Settings. Set the values as shown in the Create Lot Settings dialog below. Then hit OK and OK to exit. Prompt For Each Area: This option will pause to prompt for the target area as each lot is created. Target Lot Area: The new lots will have this area +/- the Lot Area Tolerance under Lot Network Setting plus any effect from handling the Remainder. Minimum Frontage: Controls the minimum lot perimeter length along the ROW. Use Setback For Minimum Frontage: This option bases the Min Frontage check at the specied Frontage Setback from the ROW. Minimum Lot Depth: This setting is the min distance from the ROW to the back of the lot for the lot side lines. Maximum Lot Depth: This setting is the max distance from the ROW to the back of the lot for the lot side lines. Minimum Back Distance: This setting is the min distance along the back of the lot perimeter between the two lot side lines. Interior/Back Reduce Offset: For interior boundaries generated by the program between lots, this option reduces the number boundary vertices. A vertex is removed if it doesn't effect the boundary by more than the specied offset amount. This method is similar to the Reduce Polyline Vertices command. Edge Method: The lot sides can be created perpendicular to the frontage ROW, back boundary or at a specic angle. Remainder: This option determines how to handle any remaining area that is less than the target area after tting as many lots as possible. The Create Separate End Lot will make a lot with this remainder area. The Apply Equally to All Lots will spread the extra area to all the lots. The Add To Last Lot will add the remainder to the last lot Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 881 created making it larger than the target area. The Create Back Lot Edge makes a back lot edge that meets the target area at min frontage. Lot Type: Sets the lot type for the new lots. Check Building Placement: Checks that the building footprints t within the lots for the specied setbacks. Lot Setback Parameters: These setting offset the lot perimeter inward for different sides of the lot. Min Setback Area: This option checks that the lot area within the setbacks is at least this much. In the Road Network panel click Save or Saveas to save these settings for your own experimentation. Now Click Process to begin the lot layout. You will notice the ROW's and EOP's being generated, followed by the lot lines. Then areas are labeled and setbacks are created. Finally, the lotlines are labeled with distances, bearings and arc data. Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout Keyboard Command: lotnet rdn Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 882 Prerequisite: centerlines and a site boundary polyline Lot Network Linework The following commands allow for the Lot Network to be manipulated after the processing. The commands allowing this are: Adds a ROW polyline into the model. By clicking this command, the software asks for the user to select the new ROW polyline. It then reprocesses the site based on this new ROW data and relocates the EOP for this portion of the roadway. This command adds a lot edge to the model. The software may request a Lotnet Settings le and if so cre- ate or select it. The software prompts with: Select Edge linework to add to model: Select the polyline you drew in the lot representing the new lot edge. The software reprocesses the site based on this new data and redevelops the lot layout accordingly. This takes a property line out of the model. Select the edge in question when prompted. This command allows for adding a new property corner to an existing lotline. Simply select the lot edge in question and then pick the point to be added using a snap or other means. This command allows for moving a lot corner. This command allows for eliminating a lot corner. Simply select the lot edge in question and then the cor- ner to be removed. Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout Keyboard Command: Lotnet Add Row, Lotnet Add Edge, Lotnet Remove Edge, Lotnet Point Add, Lot- net Point Edit, Lotnet Point Remove Prerequisite: None Lot Network Subdivide Area This command subdivides an area into smaller parcels. The command displays the Create Lot Settings dialog. Once all settings are values have been entered, click on the OK button. Next you are prompted to Pick inside area to subdivide: Next, the right-of-way adjacent to your area to subdivide is highlighted. You are prompted to Pick end of frontage to start lots: . Use your left mouse button to pick a point near one end of the highlighted right-of-way. New lots will be created starting from this end of the right-of-way. Note: All previously created lots will be re-drawn and re-labeled if the setting for ''Automatic Label Up- dates'' has been toggled ON in the LotNet Settings dialog box. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 883 Method: The Automatic method will create the lots within the area according to the parameters in the dialog. The Prompt For Each Area method will prompt you to specify the area for each lot as it is created. The Prompt For Each Frontage will prompt you to specify the frontage for each lot as the method to size the lots. Target Lot Area: This setting establishes the minimum lot area for each lot created using this command. Target Lot Area can be specied using Acres or Square Footage. Minimum Frontage: This setting establishes the minimum width, along the front Right of Way, of the newly created lots. Use Setback for Minimum Frontage Enabling this option measures the minimum frontage at the setback location instead of along the front Right of Way. Frontage Setback: This setting establishes the distance off the front right-of-way for the front setback. Minimum Lot Depth: This setting establishes the minimum depth of new lots created with this routine. Maximum Lot Depth: This setting establishes the maximum depth of new lots created with this routine. Minimum Back Distance: This setting establishes the minimum width of the rear lot line. Setting this to ''0'' allows for a pie-shaped lot. Interior/Back Reduce Offset: This setting establishes the maximum distance interior or back lot lines can be shifted or trimmed in order to meet other setback rules. Edge Method: This setting establishes the angle between the front right-of-way and new lot lines. You are able to specify that new lot lines be drawn: Perpendicular to ROW, Perpendicular to Back Lot Line or at a Specic Angle. Remainder: This setting allows you to distribute the area that is left over after creating new lots. The remaining area can be distributed using one of several methods: Apply Equally to all Lots, Create Separate End Lot, Add to Last Lot and Create Back Lot Edge. Lot Type: This setting allows you to specify the Lot Type for new lots created using this routine. Lot Types are dened in the LotNet Settings dialog box. Check Building Placement: This setting allows you to establish front, side and back setback distances for building placement along with a minimum allowable area for front setback. Building sizes are dened in the LotNet Settings dialog box. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 884 Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout Keyboard Command: lotnet subdivide area Prerequisite: None Size Lot by Frontage This command provides the ability to resize a Lot associated with the current Lot Network .LTN le based on a user-specied amount of Lot Frontage. Prompts Pick inside lot to adjust: Identify the interior portion of a Lot whose Frontage is to be adjusted. Select lot edge to adjust: Choose a side Lot edge that is common to two Lots. The Current Area and Current Frontage of the selected Lot is reported. Frontage (ft): Type in the new Frontage amount and press the Enter button. Note: To specify an alternate .LTN le, use the Lot Network Settings command. Pulldown Menu Location(s): Civil Area/Layout Lot Network Areas, Survey Area/Layout Lot Network Areas Keyboard Command: lotnet ssfront Prerequisite: A processed set of Lots and their graphical entities created by the Lot Network routines. Lot Network Sliding Side Area In this routine a lot side can be altered to reect a new target area. It will hold its angle and slide along the front and back lot lines until it has achieved the desired area. When running the routine, Select the lot in question when asked to pick inside lot to adjust and then select the lot edge to adjust. Then the prompt asks Acres/<Enter Target Area(sf)>: Type in the desired area you are trying to obtain and the system computes it. Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout Keyboard Command: lotnet ssarea Prerequisite: None Lot Network Hinged Area In this routine a lot side can be altered to reect a new target area. It will hold a lot corner and pivot, or rotate until it achieves the desired area. The procedure is as follows: Pick inside lot to adjust: Select a point inside the lot to modify. Select lot edge to adjust: Select the edge that will move. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 885 The routine will report the current area to you and then ask for your desired area. Current Area: 22494.5 SF 0.516 Acres Acres/<Enter Target Area (sf)>: 10000 Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout Keyboard Command: lotnet harea Prerequisite: None Lot Network Labels These are a collection of commands to draw lot network area, line and arc labels. Deletes the labels in the model and re-labels the linework based on the LTN le settings. Deletes the labels in the model and re-labels the linework. Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout Keyboard Command: lotnet update, lotnet redraw Prerequisite: None Lot Network Report This command generates a report with a summary of the areas and number of lots in the lot network model. When the Summary Only option is off, the report also include the area, perimeter and frontage for each lot. For a detailed report of the lot data including the lot corner coordinates, output the lot network to a .lot le and run the Report function inside Lot File Manager. The Use Report Formatter option allows for customized reports and output to different formats such as Excel. Otherwise a standard report is generated. Lot Network Report File: C:\Carlson Projects\Clearwater Oaks.ltn Total Area: 20.520 acres, 893839.8 sf Lot Area: 17.600 acres, 766648.4 sf ROW Area: 2.920 acres, 127191.3 sf Other Area: 0.000 acres, 0.0 sf Number of Lots: 50 Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 886 Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout Keyboard Command: lotnet report Prerequisite: None Lot Network Inspector This command shows a dynamic report of the lots as the cursor passes over them. The program has a small dialog that shows the lot number, area, perimeter, frontage and Lot type. Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout Keyboard Command: lotnet inspector Prerequisite: a lot network Check Lot Network Parameters This command compares area and frontage of Lots associated with the current Lot Network le (.ltn) against user-specied area and frontage values. Enabling the ''Check ROW Offsets'' option will also check for proper right-of-way distances using a speci- ed centerline le (.cl) or (.rdn) le. A detailed report is generated that displays the Lots that meet or do not meet the area and frontage minimums along with the coordinates of points along Lot frontage that violate the right-of-way value specied. Minimum Lot Area: Specify the smallest acceptable area a Lot can be to ''pass the test'' and the appropriate unit of measure. Minimum Frontage: Specify the smallest allowable amount of street frontage the Lot must have in order to ''pass the test.'' Check ROW Offsets: This setting allows you to specify the full right-of-way width for the road dened by the centerline le (.cl) you specify. Note: To specify an alternate .LTN le, use the Lot Network Settings command. To ''browse'' over lots already in a drawing, use the Lot Network Inspector command. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 887 Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout > Lot Network Utilities Keyboard Command: lotnet check Prerequisite: A processed set of Lots created by the Lot Network routines. Find Lot Name This command displays a temporary indicator in the drawing showing the location of a Lot associated with the current Lot Network .LTN le. Note: To specify an alternate .LTN le, use the Lot Network Settings command. To ''browse'' over lots already in a drawing, use the Lot Network Inspector command. Prompts Lot Network File to Process dialog Locate an existing .LTN le Lot name to nd: Type in the Name (usually the Lot Number) of the Lot you wish to locate and press Enter Pulldown Menu Location(s): Civil Area/Layout Lot Network Utilities, Survey Area/Layout Lot Network Utilities Keyboard Command: lotnet nd Prerequisite: A processed set of Lots created by the Lot Network routines. Lot Network Renumber Lots This command allows you to renumber the lot number for selected lots. The program prompts for the Starting Lot Name: where the new value can be types, such as 200 for the new starting number. It then says Pick point inside lot to start renumbering: so you would pick inside the desired lot. The routine then asks for the Next direction point for renumbering: and you must pick into the next lot to continue or cross over several lots in one pick to include all of those lots in the renumbering process. Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout Keyboard Command: lotnet renum Prerequisite: a lot network Lot Network - Assign Lot Type This command allows you to assign a new Lot Type to Lots in a Lot Network by dragging a line across the Lots to be re-assigned. Note: Lot Types must have already been dened through the LotNet Settings dialog box. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 888 Prompts Set Lot Type dialog: Select the ''Default'' or other pre-dened Lot Type. Pick a point inside lot to start re-assigning: Use the left-mouse button to drag a multi-segmented line across all the Lots to be re-assigned to the selected Lot Type. Press Enter to nish. Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout Lot Network Utilities Keyboard Command: lotnet type Prerequisite: A lot network and pre-dened Lot Types Lot Network Output To Lot File This command will develop a .LOT le containing the points to dene the lots. The points are stored into the current coordinate le. The .LOT le by the collection of Lot File commands including Lot File Manager. Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout Keyboard Command: lotnet lotle Prerequisite: a lot network Set Lot File This command sets the lot (.LOT) le name that other lot routines will automatically reference. The lot (.LOT) le stores a list of lots with each lot being a list of point numbers which reference coordinates stored in a coordinate (.CRD) le. Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout Keyboard Command: setlot Prerequisite: None Design Lot This command creates lot denitions that are stored in a lot (.LOT) le. The lots are dened by entering a sequence of point numbers. The point numbers reference coordinates from the current coordinate (.CRD) le. Each lot has a lot name and block name. The lots are not required to be closed perimeters and can also be used to represent other linework such as centerlines. Curves are entered by rst specifying the PC point number, then type R for radius and enter the radius point number followed by the PT point number. Prompts Lot Name <1>: 105 Block Name <1>: press Enter Lot Starting Station <0.0>: press Enter If the gure that you are entering is a centerline, then you could use this as the starting station of the centerline. Starting point number: 17 Point number (R-RadiusPt,U-Undo,Enter to end): 18 Point number (R-RadiusPt,U-Undo,Enter to end): 19 Point number (R-RadiusPt,U-Undo,Enter to end): R Radius point number: 20 Use large included angle for curve (Yes/<No>)? press Enter End of curve point number (R-RadiusPt,U-Undo,Enter to end): 21 Point number (R-RadiusPt,U-Undo,Enter to end): 22 Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 889 Point number (R-RadiusPt,U-Undo,Enter to end): 17 Point number (R-RadiusPt,U-Undo,Enter to end): press Enter Enter another lot (<Yes>/No)? N Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout > Create Lots Keyboard Command: mklot Prerequisite: Points in a coordinate (.CRD) le Polyline to Lot File This command will create lot (.LOT) les from selected polylines. The lots are dened by the series of point numbers. This command will create point numbers in the current coordinate (.CRD) le for each point in the polylines. Before creating a point number, the program will check to see if the point coordinates are already in the coordinate (.CRD) le and will use the existing point number if found. Each lot has a lot name and block name. Lots are not required to be closed perimeters and can also be used to represent other linework such as centerlines. Prompts Polyline To Lot File Options Dialog enter in values After entering in the Starting Point Number, points will be automatically numbered starting from this value. Select lot polyline: pick a polyline Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 890 Select lot polyline: Lot Name <LOT 19>: Created 3 lot points. Select lot polyline (Enter to end): Lot Name <LOT 20>: Created 3 lot points. Select lot polyline (Enter to end): Lot Name <LOT 21>: Created 3 lot points. Select lot polyline (Enter to end): Select lot polyline: pick a polyline Lot Starting Station <0.0>: press Enter Lot Name <106>: press Enter This defaults to the next available name. Block Name <1>: press Enter Lot Starting Station <0.0>: press Enter Created 7 lot points. Select lot polyline (Enter to end): press Enter Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout > Create Lots Keyboard Command: pl2lot Prerequisite: A polyline Lot File by Pick Interior This command is used to create a lot by picking a point, and having the program gure the enclosing linework. The linework do not need to be closed themselves but selected together they should dene closed areas. All the lots will have the same block name as entered and all lots will be assigned a starting station of 0.0. The lots are dened by the series of point numbers. This command will create point numbers in the current coordi- nate (.CRD) le for each point in the bounding polylines. Before creating a point number, the program will check to see if the point coordinates are already in the coordinate (.CRD) le and will use the existing point number if found. This command works well in conjunction with Lot File Manager. Once a lot (.LOT) le containing 1 or more lots is created, all lots can be redrawn automatically, with annotation, using Lot File Manager. Furthermore, since the lots are drawn from point numbers, if the point numbers for the lot corners are moved, the lots can be redrawn to the new point positions using Lot File Manager. If a point number is at the corner of four lots, moving that one point number will update all four lots. Polylines and text to convert into 3 lots Prompts Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 891 Starting point number <8>: press Enter Points will be automatically numbered starting from this value. Select lot polyline: pick a polyline Block Name <1>: press Enter Select lot lines, polylines and text. Select objects: select the polylines and text Select objects: press Enter Created 3 lots. Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout > Create Lots Keyboard Command: txt2lot Prerequisite: Polylines and text Lot File by Closed Linework This command creates lot denitions from the selected polylines, lines and arcs. This command is similar to Lot File By Interior Text. The difference is that this routine does not process text for the lot names. Instead this command nds all the closed areas from the selected linework and then automatically names the lots. For each lot, the program stores a series of points to the lot le. In the options dialog, there are settings for the point number, point description and whether to order the points clockwise around each lot. The Draw Points option will create point entities besides storing the points to the current coordinate le. The Starting Lot Name is used for assigning the lot names which then get incremented by one for each other new lot. Prompts Lot File By Closed Linework dialog Select lot lines and polylines. Select objects: select linework Created 3 lots. Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout > Create Lots Keyboard Command: lwork2lot Prerequisite: Polylines, lines or arcs Lot File by Interior Text This command creates lot denitions from the selected polylines and text. For each text entity, the program nds the bounding polyline around the text. The text is used as the lot name. The polylines do not need to be closed Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 892 themselves but selected together they should dene closed areas. Multiple lots can be created at once with this command. All the lots will have the same block name as entered and all lots will be assigned a starting station of 0.0. The lots are dened by the series of point numbers. This command will create point numbers in the current coordi- nate (.CRD) le for each point in the bounding polylines. Before creating a point number, the program will check to see if the point coordinates are already in the coordinate (.CRD) le and will use the existing point number if found. This command works well in conjunction with Lot File Manager. Once a lot (.LOT) le containing 1 or more lots is created, all lots can be redrawn automatically, with annotation, using Lot File Manager. Furthermore, since the lots are drawn from point numbers, if the point numbers for the lot corners are moved, the lots can be redrawn to the new point positions using Lot File Manager. If a point number is at the corner of four lots, moving that one point number will update all four lots. Polylines and text to convert into 3 lots Prompts Starting point number <8>: press Enter Points will be automatically numbered starting from this value. Select lot polyline: pick a polyline Block Name <1>: press Enter Select lot lines, polylines and text. Select objects: select the polylines and text Select objects: press Enter Created 3 lots. Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout > Create Lots Keyboard Command: txt2lot Prerequisite: Polylines and text Lot Manager This command combines input, edit, draw and report lot capabilities into one command. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 893 Main Dialog In the main dialog, there is a spreadsheet list for the lot names along with the block name, lot type and group assignment for each lot. You can edit these values directly in the spreadsheet. There are also function buttons as follows: Open: selects another Lot File to process. Save: saves the lot data to the current lot le. SaveAs: prompts for another le name to save the lot data to. View: The View options control drawing effects when you highlight lots in the spreadsheet list. Zoom Current: zooms the display view to include the selected lot. Highlight Current: highlights the perimeter of the selected lot as a dashed line. Hatch Current: lls in the selected lot with a hatch. Restore View on Exit: on leaving Lot Manager, this option sets the display to the original position before running Lot Manager. Lot Selection: Many of the functions such as Draw process only the lots that are in selected mode. You can toggle which lots are selected with the buttons in the Selection spreadsheet column. You can also use the buttons in the Selection section to select the lots to process. Select All: marks all the lots as selected. Clear All: unselects all the lots. Invert Selection: ips currently selected lots to unselected status and currently unselected to selected status. Load Selection: sets the current selection status from a .LSS le. Save Selection: saves the current selection status to a .LSS le. Add: creates a new lot. The new lot name is automatically generated by incrementing from the highest lot name. Remove: deletes the currently selected lots. Copy: creates new lots as copies of the currently selected lots. Edit Current: brings up a dialog editor for the highlighted lot (see below). Move Up/Down: changes the order of the highlighted lot in the list. Sort By Block: sorts the lots by block name order rst and then by lot name within each block. Sort By Lot: sorts the lots by lot name only without using the block name. Clockwise Order: sets the order for the lot points for the selected lots as either clockwise or counter-clockwise. Point Group: creates a point group for the lot points of the selected lots. Draw: draws the selected lot perimeters and annotation (see below). Report: reports the selected lots (see below). Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 894 Original Coordinates Utilities: has methods for tracking lot coordinate transformations of the current coordinates relative to the original coordinates. Export: output selected lots to a new lot le as a way to make a subset lot le. Edit This dialog allows you to edit the lot name, block name, group, coordinate le, starting station, ending station and the point numbers that dene the lot. A curve is specied by the PC, radius point and PT point numbers. The Large Arc option indicates a curve with an included angle greater than 180 degrees. The Select button allows you to specify a new name or location for the coordinate le associated with the lot. Add: adds a new point to the lot. Remove: removes the highlighted point from the lot. Move Up/Down: changes the order of the highlighted point in the list. Reverse: reverses the order of the points. Set POB: sets the point of beginning, starting point, to the currently highlighted point. Draw The Draw routine allows you to draw polylines for the lot perimeters as well as annotate the lot linework and areas. Draw Lot Polylines: The Closed Polylines method creates a closed polyline for each lot. The Lines and Arcs method draws the sides of the lots as a series of lines and arcs. The advantage of the Closed Polylines method is that each lot is completely dened by the closed polyline. The advantage of the Lines and Arcs method is that there are no overlapping entities for common borders between lots. With the Lines and Arcs method, the program draws the common border entities only once. The layer for the polylines is set by the Lot Type which is dened in Dene Lot Attributes. If the Lot Type is not dened, then the polyline are drawn in the current layer. Label Lines and Arcs: Labels the bearing, distance, and curve data using the Auto-Annotate command. See Auto- Annotate for more details. Label Areas: Labels the area, and optionally the name of the selected lots using the Area Settings dialog. See Area Defaults for more details. Hatch Areas: Hatches the lot areas. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 895 Create Esri MSC Attributes: Denes an Esri MSC format lot feature in the drawing with the lot attributes. Erase Previous Entities: Erases lot polylines and labels from earlier runs of Draw to avoid duplicates. Report The Report routine has several types of reports. Report Areas Only: When checked only the lot name, block name, and area are included in the report. Report Stations: Controls whether to report the distance along the lot perimeter. Report Elevations: Controls whether to report the elevation from the coordinate le for each lot point. Report Point Descriptions: Controls whether to report the description from the coordinate le for each lot point. Report Station/Offset To Reference CL: This option prompts for a CL le that is used to calculate stations and offsets for each of the lot points to include in the report. Add Page Break between Lots: Formats the report so that each lot denition begins on a new page when printed. Use Report Formatter: When checked, the report is output to the Report Formatter where it can be customized as well as exported to Microsoft Excel or Microsoft Access. See Report Formatter in for more details. Report Closure By: If the Start/End Coordinates method is used, closure error distance is typically 0 (perfect closure-you end where you start). If the Angle/Distance Precision method is used, then the actual bearings and distances (computed from the coordinates) in the report are used, and due to the rounding used to present the bearings and distances, minute closure errors will occur which will be reported. Report Precision: Specify the decimal precision for reporting coordinates, distance and angles on the report. The precision for the areas is dened in the Area Defaults command. Unequal Radius Tolerance: When reporting the curve data for a lot, the two radial lengths are compared. If the difference in their length is more than this value, it is noted on the report. Check Lot Report: Checks that the area for all the lots assigned to a Group Block-Lot add up to the area of the area of the enclosing group lot. Lot Report: Creates a report using the report settings. Legal Description Report: Writes a legal description using the same routine as the Legal Description Writer command. See the Legal Description Writer section of the manual for more details. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 896 Lot Report Lot File: C:\sample\CivilDemo.lot CRD File: C:\sample\CivilDemo.crd LOT 55 OF BLOCK 1, TYPE: LOT PNT# Bearing Distance Northing Easting Station 36 3374.827 4631.668 0.000 Radius: 642.845 Length: 85.660 Chord: 85.597 Delta: 0738'05'' Chord BRG: S 6007'05'' W Rad-In: N 3341'58'' W Rad-Out: N 2603'53'' W Radius Pt: 8 3909.649,4274.994 Tangent: 42.894 Dir: Right Tangent-In: S 5618'02'' W Tangent-Out: S 6356'07'' W Non Tangential-Out 41 3332.181 4557.451 85.660 N 2603'53'' W 175.000 42 3489.384 4480.558 260.660 Radius: 467.845 Length: 62.341 Chord: 62.295 Delta: 0738'05'' Chord BRG: N 6007'05'' E Rad-In: N 2603'53'' W Rad-Out: N 3341'58'' W Radius Pt: 8 3909.649,4274.994 Tangent: 31.217 Dir: Left Tangent-In: N 6356'07'' E Tangent-Out: N 5618'02'' E Non Tangential-In Non Tangential-Out 37 3520.420 4534.571 323.001 S 3341'58'' E 175.000 36 3374.827 4631.668 498.001 Closure Error Distance> 0.00032 Error Bearing> N 7014'59'' E Closure Precision> 1 in 1550913.7 Total Distance> 498.001 LOT AREA: 12950.1 SQ FT OR 0.3 ACRES Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout Keyboard Command: editlot Prerequisite: None Lot Inspector This command activates a small pop-up window that when you place your pointer into a lot le area, the details of that lot le will be displayed in the Lot Inspector window. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 897 Prompts Move pointer inside lots (Pick to edit, Enter to End) hover crosshairs above lot(s) Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout Keyboard Command: lotinspector Prerequisite: None Right-of-Way Crossing Table This command will create a table using user selected information and user dened table features. A polyline is selected that crosses one or more lots. Lots must be dened in a Lot le prior to running the command. In the following example the polyline is labeled as a Pipeline. When the command is started the user is presented with the Lot Crossing Settings dialog box. There two tabs; Label Fields and Settings and Table Settings. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 898 Available Labels: This is the list of information that may be included in the table. Used Labels: These are the items that have been selected to be in the table. They are placed in the table in the order listed. The green up and down arrows will move used labels up or down in the list. Add: Clicking the Add button will add the highlighted labels in the available list to the used list. Remove: Clicking the Remove button will remove labels highlighted in the used list and display in the available list. Setup: Setup opens the Field Settings dialog for the Used Label that is highlighted. OK: Clicking the OK button will proceed to the selection of the crossing polyline. Cancel: ends the command with no table being created. Load: Loads previously saved settings so table created match previous tables. Save: Saves the settings as currently displayed for use on future tables. Help: Load this le. Sheet Width (in): This value denes the width of the table. If set too small the text in the table will overlap. Table Layer: Select an existing layer to draw the table on using the Select button or use a new layer by typing the name in the edit eld. Table Color: The use can specify a color for the table gridlines using the Select button. Bylayer will use the color assigned to the Table Layer for the grid lines. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 899 Table Title: A title can be specied for the table by typing the desired title in the Table Title eld. See example below. Title Text Color: This species the color for the Table Title text. Title Text Style: This species the text style for the Table Title text. Be sure the style specied is dened in your drawing. Title Text Size Scaler: This species the plotted height of the Table Title text. The table is drawn in model space. The height of the text in model space is the Text Size Scaler multiplied by the horizontal scale in Drawing Setup. Use Table Tile Background Color: This option allows the user to specify a background color for the Table Title. Use Table Header Background Color: This option allow the user to specify a background color for the Table Header row. Use Table Contents Background Color: This option allows the user to specify a background color for body of the table. Use Table Contents Alternating Background Color: If the Table Contents Background color is being used, This option allows the user to specify a second color to use on alternating rows of the table body. The Field Settings dialog box is opened by double-clicking a Used Label or highlighting a Used Labels and clicking the Setup button. Row Title: Row Titles are the Used Labels that were selected Label Fields and Settings tab. Text Style: This species the text style to be used for the current row text. You may use the Select button to choose a text style. Be sure the selected text style is loaded in the drawing. Text Style Scaler: This species the plotted height of the current row text. The table is drawn in model space. The height of the text in model space is the Text Size Scaler multiplied by the horizontal scale in Drawing Setup. Text Color: This species the color for the current row text. You can use the Select Color button to choose the color from a pallet. Bylayer uses the color of the Table layer for the text. Prex: This places the user provided prex text with the row entries. An example would be prexing lot numbers with the word Lot. Sufx: This places the user provided sufx text with the row entries. An example would be using ft for feet as a sufx for a length. Justication: Users can specify, Left, Center or Right text justication. Calculated Numeric Values Table numeric values that are calculated, like area or lengths, have the two following controls in addition to those listed above. +/-: Users may specify a +/- be used as a prex or sufx. The default is None, not used. Precision: Decimal precision for calculated numeric values can be set to zero and up eight decimal places. OK: Saves changes and closed the Field Setting dialog box. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 900 Cancel: Closes the Field Settings dialog box without saving changes. Help: Accesses this documentation. Prompts Pick a polyline for lot crossings: Select polyline crossing lots Starting Station <0.0 >: Enter desired starting station Ending Station <1642.88> Accept full length or enter ending station to process a part of the polyline. Pick location for report table: Select location in drawing for table Pulldown Menu Location(s): Survey Module: Area/Layout > Lot File Utilities > Right of Way Crossings Table Keyboard Command: lotcross Prerequisite: Polyline and Lot File Dene Lot Attributes This command allows the user to dene the Lot Type, Lot Attributes and Point attributes. With the use of the opening Lot Attribute Denitions dialog box, shown below, this routine allows you to edit, add, remove or reposition all of these denition types. You can save the selected data to a new Lot Attribute Denition le (LTD). You are also able to load an existing LTD le to work with. The Lot Types section of the dialog lists out the Lot Type and the layer associated with it. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 901 You can set up different lot types and a layer. When the lots are drawn, the layer name is used per lot type. Also, Lot Types are used in the lot report. There are also Lot Attributes, which are additional elds that you can dene for the lots, such as deed number. And there is also Point Attributes. Edit/Add: Both the Edit and the Add buttons bring up the same Lot Type dialog, shown here. You can edit an existing lot or add a new one. The Lot Attributes section asks for the Name and to enter the Data Type. Edit/Add: Edit or add the name of the lot attribute. Choose from one of the four options for Data Type: Real, Integer, String or Document. Similarly, the Point Attributes section also asks for the Name and to enter the Data Type. Remove: Any of the Remove button will remove a lot type, lot attribute or point attribute from the list above it, depending upon which Remove button you use. Up/Down (all three): Types and attributes can be repositioned. Track Original Coordinates: This option will track the original coordinates of the lot so that this record may be kept for your future usage and needs. Load: A Lot Attribute Denition le (LTD) can be loaded. SaveAs: A new Lot Attribute Denition le (LTD) can be saved. Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout Keyboard Command: lotattr Prerequisite: None Import Lot File From MDB Database This command will import a lot le from a Microsoft Access database le (.MDB) format. Prompts Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 902 Database File to Import dialog select existing .MDB le Lot File to Write dialog select existing or create a new .LOT le Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout > Lot File Utilities Keyboard Command: lotimport Prerequisite: A lot (.LOT) le Export Lot File to MDB Database This Lot File Utilities command will export a lot le to a Microsoft Access database le format. Prompts Lot File to Export dialog select existing .LOT le Database File to Write dialog select existing or create a new .MDB le Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout > Lot File Utilities Keyboard Command: lotexport Prerequisite: A lot (.LOT) le Export Lot File To Old SurvCADD This Lot File Utilities command will export a Carlson lot le to SurvCADD .LOT le format. Prompts Source Lot File to Export dialog select existing .LOT le Destination Lot File To Write dialog create a new .LOT le Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout > Lot File Utilities Keyboard Command: lotexport2 Prerequisite: A lot (.LOT) le Set CRD File for Lot Files This command allows you to set the coordinate (.CRD) le that is associated with any number of lot (.LOT) les. This can be useful if the name or location of the coordinate (.CRD) le is changed. In the Set CRD for Multiple Lots dialog, press the Select .LOT les button to select any number of lot (.LOT) les. They are added to the list. Next, press the Select .CRD le button. After you have selected the les, press the Process button. Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 903 Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout > Lot File Utilities Keyboard Command: lotscrd Prerequisite: Existing lot (.LOT) le(s) Lot File to Centerline This command creates a centerline (.CL) le from a lot (.LOT) le. Since the lot denitions contain a series of points and a starting station, the lot (.LOT) le contains the necessary data to create a centerline. The Select Lot to Convert dialog lists the available lot names in the current lot (.LOT) le. Select a single lot to process, then specify the centerline (.CL) le name to create. Prompts Centerline File to Write dialog enter new centerline (.CL) le name Select Lot to Convert dialog select a lot from the list Pulldown Menu Location: Area/Layout > Lot File Utilities Keyboard Command: lot2cl Prerequisite: None Chapter 14. Area/Layout Menu 904 Annotate Menu 15 These menus include commands for labeling lines with bearing/azimuth and distances, special lines, coordinates, curves, curve tables and line tables. The precision of labeled distances and coordinates are set and controlled with the Annotate Defaults command. 905 Annotation Defaults This command sets the defaults for the annotation menus and controls the way various annotation commands work. Some of these defaults can be changed globally by running Congure command, which changes the le COGO.INI so that every time you start Carlson, the new defaults are set. When this menu option is selected the Annotate Defaults dialog appears. This dialog is broken into 5 tabs: General, Angle, Distance, Serial Lines and Parallel Lines. General Tab This tab is used for settings that apply to all annotation types. Horizontal Scale: This is the horizontal scale for the current drawing. This value can also be set by using the Drawing Setup command on the Settings menu. Text Size Scaler: This value is multiplied by the horizontal scale value to set the text size units. Text Offset Scaler: This value multiplied by the horizontal scale denes the distance that an annotation label is placed from its dening line. Line Type Spacing: Species the distance between the symbols on special line types. Line Type Text Scaler: This value multiplied by the horizontal scale species the size of the symbols of special line types. Arc Length Label: Species the prex label for arc length labels. Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 906 Arc Text Spacing Factor: This variable controls how close letters will be spaced when labeling arcs. The lower the number, the closer the spacing. The higher, the farther apart. (The suggested range between 0.8 and 1.5) Use MText: This option creates the labels as MText instead of standard Text entities. Label Flip Tolerance (degrees): Gives extra tolerance for label ipping for readability. Labels draw in the north-west quadrant that are within this number of degrees to due-north will be drawn upside down. Previous Labels: Species if previous labels for the for the set of linework being annotated are kept or deleted. Setting values are Retain, Erase, Prompt Before Erasing. Draw Leaders to Endpoints on Lines: This option creates leader lines (crow's feet) between the distance annotation and the line segment endpoints as shown below. These leaders are used to help identify the endpoints that were used to create the distance label. Distance Labels Only: When checked, leaders will not be drawn unless the label includes a distance. Leader Size Scaler: This option determines the maximum length for leaders. The size in drawing units will be the Leader Size Scaler multiplied by the Horizontal Scale (for example, 0.5x50=25). If the line segment is too short, the leader is shortened to t. Height Scaler: This option controls the height of the leader. Offset Scaler: This option controls the distance between the line endpoints and the leader endpoints. Arrow Scaler: This option controls the arrowhead size for leader styles with arrows. Leader Style: This option determines which of the ve styles of endpoint leaders to use. The ve styles are: Arrow-Arc, Arc-Arrow, Arc-Only, Dash-Dot and Dashed. Leader Layer: This option determines the layer for drawing the leader. Draw Leaders to Endpoints on Arcs: This option creates leader lines (crow's feet) between the arc segment endpoints as shown below. These leaders are used to help identify the endpoints that were used to create the arc label. Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 907 Leader Size Scaler: This option determines the maximum length for leaders. The size in drawing units will be the Leader Size Scaler multiplied by the Horizontal Scale (for example, 0.5x50=25). If the arc segment is too short, the leader is shortened to t. Offset Scaler: This option controls the distance between the arc endpoints and the leader endpoints. Leader Style: This option determines which of the ve styles of endpoint leaders to use. The ve styles are: Arrow-Arc, Arc-Arrow, Arc-Only, Dash-Dot and Dashed. Leader Layer: This option determines the layer for drawing the leader. Report Delta Angle as 1/2 Actual Angle: The angle value in the label will be 1/2 the actual angle. Angle Tab: This tab is for settings that apply to angle labels: Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 908 Angle Layer: This species the layer to be used for angle labels. Angle Text Style: This species the text style to be used for angle labels. Bearing Prex and Sufx: Species the prex and sufx text for azimuth labels. Azimuth Prex and Sufx: Species the prex and sufx text for azimuth labels. Bearing Annotation Precision: Specify the display precision for bearing labels. Angle Separator: Choices are Symbol, Hyphen, Space, Other. When Other is chosen the Deg. Min. and Sec. elds are enable to allow the user to enter custom angle separators. Bearing Direction Method: Choose the orientation of the bearing. This controls how lines selected for bearing or azimuth annotations will be referenced. Toward Picked End: If this option is chosen, the line will be labeled in the direction of the endpoint that is closest to the point where you selected the line. Away from Picked End: This labels the line in the direction away from the closest endpoint. North Only: This option controls whether bearing annotations will always be labeled in the north quadrants (NE or NW) and never in the south quadrants. East Only: This option controls whether bearing annotations will always be labeled in the east quadrants (NE or SE) and never in the west quadrants. By Linework: This option labels the line in the direction that the line was drawn. Label Geodetic Mean Angle: Instead of labeling the direct coordinate bearing between two points, this option labels the geodetic mean angle which is the average of the geodetic bearings at the two points. This method converts the drawing coordinates to lat/lon and calculates the convergence angles for both points. The projection must be Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 909 dened under Settings->Drawing Setup. Strip Spaces in Bearing Labels: This option causes the spaces in bearing labels to be removed. Add Spaces in Bearing Labels: This option puts spaces between the degree, minutes, and seconds numbers. Strip Zero Minutes and Seconds: This option shortens the label by dropping either seconds and or minutes and seconds when they are equal to zero. Bearing Quadrant Labels: These settings control the labels for the north/south prex and east/west sufx for bearing labels. Label Cardinal Angles by Name: When checked, the user is allowed to enter the labels that will be used for each of the four cardinal angles. Draw Bearing Leaders: This option creates a direction arrow with the bearing annotation as shown below. Position Leaders To Side: This option draws the bearing leader to the right side of the bearing label. Otherwise the leader is drawn above the label. Distance Tab This tab is for settings that apply to distance labels: Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 910 Distance Layer: This species the layer to be used for distance labels. Distance Text Style: This species the text style to be used for distance labels. Distance Prex and Sufx: These specify the prex and sufx that are added to distance annotations. Decimals: The decimal places can be set to a specic number or set to match the CAD units which are set by the LUPREC system variable. Distance In Inches: This controls the precision for inches from 1/2 to 1/256th of an inch when the Distance Units is set for inches. Distance Type: This controls whether to label grid distances or geodetic distances at zero or mean elevation. The geodetic distances require the grid projection to be set in Drawing Setup. Distance Units: This species the units used for distance labels. Choices are Decimal, Chains, ''Feet and Inches'' and Both. 2nd Scaled Distance Options: This option labels determines if a 2nd scaled distance is included in distance labels. This 2nd distance is scaled by the Report Scale Factor set in the Drawing Setup dialog. Choices for this option are ''Label 1st Only'' (label distances in current drawing units only), ''Label 1st and 2nd'' (label distances in both current drawing units and scaled by the Report Scale Factor) and ''Label 2nd Only'' (label distances scaled by the Report Scale Factor Only). There are separate settings for the 2nd Distance for the label prex and sufx and decimal places. Label: This variable will be assigned as a sufx to the second scaled distance label. Drop Trailing Zeros in Distances: This option allows you to drop trailing zeros on distance labels. Series Lines Tab This tab is for settings that apply to Series Lines labels (See the section ''Auto Annotate'' for a detailed de- scription of series line handling). Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 911 Text Size Scaler: This value is multiplied by the horizontal scale value to set the text size units for serial lines. Text Offset Scaler: This value multiplied by the horizontal scale denes the distance that an annotation label is placed from its dening line for serial lines. Angle Layer: This species the layer to be used for angle labels on serial lines. Angle Text Style: This species the text style to be used for angle labels on serial lines. Distance Layer: This species the layer to be used for distance labels on serial lines. Distance Text Style: This species the text style to be used for distance labels on serial lines. Parallel Lines Tab This tab is for settings that apply to Parallel Lines labels (See the section ''Auto Annotate'' for a detailed description of parallel line handling).: Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 912 Text Size Scaler: This value is multiplied by the horizontal scale value to set the text size units for parallel lines. Text Offset Scaler: This value multiplied by the horizontal scale denes the distance that an annotation label is placed from its dening line for parallel lines. Angle Layer: This species the layer to be used for angle labels on parallel lines. Angle Text Style: This species the text style to be used for angle labels on parallel lines. Load/Save: Choose these options to load an existing annotation defaults le (.ADF) or save a new one, which will contain your current selections. Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate Keyboard Command: LDEF Prerequisite: None Auto Annotate This command allows you to select a group of lines, arcs and/or polylines to be labeled. It allows for any combination of line and distance labeling, and also any combination of arc labeling. You can position the features of the labels, once in the Auto-Annotate dialog, by using the Row, Side, Order, Orientation and Position Types options, all found under Lines tab. For Arcs, you can select the Arcs tab and determine the type of auto-annotating you would prefer for arc entities. As you select different options, you can see the changes in the preview display of the entry dialog. You will select the Angle Format in terms of Bearing, Azimuths and Gons and there is an important feature that allows you to avoid label overlaps. This is done by applying specic, user-dened settings. When labeling arcs, there are options to set the label prexes for curve Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 913 annotation. The Settings button will bring you to the Annotation Defaults dialog, as explained in a previous section. Defaults will restore the prior settings. Apply Label Settings by Layer brings up another dialog box which allows you to import from le, or load, predetermined congurations. There is an option to have different label settings applied by layer. Apply Label Settings By Layer allows you to set, load, and save your preferred variables. The Avoid Label Overlap option can bring up a special dialog called the Overlap Manager. This screen, which contains extra tools for, as an example, sliding or stacking the labels that are overlapping and conicting with drawing entities, gives you the real-time ability to move along the plan and make your corrections. This also will help you to avoid overlapping with other labels, text, symbols and linework including fence and utility lines. In this Overlap Manager, docked on the left side of the screen. it is recommended that you use the Back and Next button frequently in order to review, adjust and correct your drawing. Auto-Annotate dialog starts with the Lines (tab). Angle/Distance: Allows you to enter the what row the Angle label is on, what side and the order of the label on the linework. The same applies for Distance labels. Notice the preview display changing. Row: Using numbers (1 or 2), or choosing None, you can determine the order and appearance of the descriptions. Note the change in the preview display. Side: Choose inside or outside of the line. Order: If you determine that the annotations are to be on the same row and same side of the line, then you must pick the order in which they will appear, from left to right. Justication: This option gives the ability to left or right justify labels at ends of line or center justify the labels. Orientation: This offers this choice between parallel or perpendicular with regards to the labels' orientation to the line being labeled. Position Types: Determined how each label is placed in relationship to the line and the other label. Angle Format: Bearing, azimuths or gons are the choices. Combine Common Angles: This allows the user to reduce label clutter by minimizing labeling of serial and parallel linework. Choices are Off, Series, Parallel and ''Series and Parallel''. Series common angles are those where serially connected linework share the same angle. Common series angles are labeled at the mid-point of the series Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 914 of connected line segments. When series common angles are selected they may be drawn stacked on the same side as the distance labels or on the opposite side from the distance labels. Also, for serial common angles the total distance may be included in the label. Parallel common angles are those where adjacent areas share parallel lines that include the line that bisects the areas. In this case, only the outer-most lines of the set of parallel lines will be labeled with the angle. The common angle labels have separate settings for layer, style, size and offset. Please see the section ''Annotate Defaults'' for information on how to control these settings. The following example shows the results of combining common serial labels, including totaling of the distances: The following example shows the results of combining common serial and parallel labels: Compress Labels for Short Lines: When angle and distance labels are being placed on the same side and row, this feature allows the user to place the label on different rows in the case that the label will not t on the line otherwise. The options are Off, ''Angle Above, Distance Below'', ''Distance Above, Angle Below'', ''Stacked Angle-Distance'' and ''Stacked Distance-Angle''. Add Space Between Angle and Distance Labels: When angle and distance labels are being placed on the same side and row, this feature allows the user to have the angle and distance labels spread apart from each other as allowed by the length of the line being annotated. Use Line Tables: Line tables are sometimes preferred as they keep the drawing linework clean and free of labeling. Choices are Always, Never or By Scaler. If By Scalar is chosen ''To Line Table Scaler'' is enabled. To Line Table Scaler: If the length of the line is less than this minimum, the line is labeled as a line table entry. The To Line Table Scaler is relative to the current horizontal scale and represents the length of the line in plotted inches. Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 915 Starting Table Number: User choice. You might change this because perhaps you have another group of line labels, in table form, in the drawing. Line table entries are numbered sequentially beginning at the line Starting Table Number. The location for the line table can be picked if there is no current table. Otherwise, Auto Annotate will add to the end of the current line table. To set the location for the current line table, run the Table Header command in the Annotate > Line/Curve Table menu. Auto-Annotate dialog box, by selecting the Arcs tab, displays the options for auto-annotating arcs. The columns are described, followed by the rest of the options. Label: Here you might alter slightly the defaults by entering a letter or acronym that will represent to type of calculation. Or you could leave it alone. Row: Using numbers, or choosing None, you can determine the order of the descriptions, and determine whether or not some might be left off altogether. Side: Choose inside or outside of the arc. Order: If you determine that the annotations are to be on the same row and same side of the curve, then you must pick the order in which they will appear, from left to right. Label Chord Angles in: Bearing, azimuths or gons are the choices. Type of Curve: Choose between Road and Rail. Flip Text on Arcs that Open to the North: Clicking here might make for a easier to read nished plan. User preference. Use Symbol for Delta Angle Label: The popular and traditional triangle-shaped symbol can be used, instead of the letter D, or any other letter(s). Combine Common Radii: This allows the user to reduce label clutter by minimizing labeling of connected arc segments that share a common radius and center point. When selected, only one radius label will be generated for such arc segments. The following shows an example where a curve made of three arc segments is labeled with only one radius label. The radius label is placed offset to the mid-point of the combined arcs. Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 916 Use Arc Tables: Curve tables are sometimes preferred as they keep the drawing linework clean and free of labeling. Choices are Always, Never or By Scaler. If By Scalar is chosen ''To Curve Table Scaler'' is enabled. To Curve Table Scaler: The To Curve Table Scaler applies when the Type of Arc label options is not set to Curve Table. If the length of the arc is less than this minimum, the arc is labeled as a curve table entry. The To Curve Table Scaler is relative to the current horizontal scale and represents the length of the arc in plotted inches. Starting Table Number: The Starting Table Number is the starting number for the rst line entered in the Curve Table. Curve Table entries are numbered sequentially from the curve Starting Table Number. The location for Curve Tables can be picked if there is no current table. Otherwise, Auto Annotate will add to the end of the current Curve Table. To set the location for the current Curve Table, run the Table Header command in the Annotate >Line/Curve Table menu. Stack Labels: Stacked labels are sometimes preferred as they can help reduce label overlapping. Choices are Always, Never or By Scaler. If By Scalar is chosen ''To Stack Scaler'' is enabled. To Stack Scaler: When Stack Labels is set to ''To Stack Scaler'' this control is enabled. If the length of the arc is less than this minimum, the arc is labeled as a stacked label. The To Stack Scaler is relative to the current horizontal scale and represents the length of the arc in plotted inches. The Stack Settings button is enabled when Stack Labels is set to Always or By Scaler. This button brings up the Stack Arc Labels which displays the options for creating stacked arcs labels. The columns are described, followed by the rest of the options. Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 917 Label: Here you might alter slightly the defaults by entering a letter or acronym that will represent to type of calculation. Or you could leave it alone. Row: Using numbers, or choosing None, you can determine the order of the labels, and determine whether or not some might be left off altogether. Label Chord Angles in: Bearing, azimuths or gons are the choices. Side: Choose inside or outside of the arc. Type of Curve: Choose between Road and Rail. Flip Text on Arcs that Open to the North: Clicking here might make for a easier to read nished plan. User preference. Use Symbol for Delta Angle Label: The popular and traditional triangle-shaped symbol can be used, instead of the letter D, or any other letter(s). Draw Leader for Stacked Labels: When checked, a leader will be drawn from the stacked label to the mid-point of the arc. Stack Label Offset: This value multiplied by the horizontal scale denes the distance that an annotation label is placed from its dening arc. Align Text With Chord: Determine whether the stacked label is oriented horizontally (unchecked) or in the direction of the chord (checked). Auto-Annotate dialog commands, common to both Lines and Arcs. Apply Label Settings By Layer: See the Label By Label Settings dialog and details below. Avoid Label Overlap: See dialog and details below. General Settings: Brings you to the A ate Defaults dialog. Layer Settings: Apply Label Settings By Layer option must be clicked in order to activate. You will then see the Label By Layer Settings dialog. Overlap Settings: Avoid Label Overlap option must be clicked in order to activate. Brings up the Avoid Label Overlap dialog. Reset to Defaults: This returns you to the default label values. Point Group: This function prompts for a point group to use for the input data to annotate. The program uses the series of points to dene the lines and arcs to annotate. Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 918 Load: You can load an existing .AAN le. We will now say, for example, that with linework only to label in the drawing we run this routine. We rst decide to go without the Avoid Label Overlap feature. This can be done by unclicking this option in the Auto-Annotate dialog. We will say that there is a fence line cutting through our property line, the property lines being the lines that we want to auto-annotate. In going without Auto Annotate's overlap protection, we perform Auto Annotate and we see that there is an overlap, with the labels running into the property lines and the fence line. Panning and zooming the screen shows the problems we confront. Now, run Auto annotate again, but this time click ON the Avoid Label Overlap feature. Then click Overlap Settings button which brings up a dialog as shown below. This program and this specic dialog box has many different methods for xing the overlaps. We will choose the different methods to apply. First, we will choose Slide. This slides the labels along the linework. We can even choose a maximum amount of slide and other related parameters. We will also turn on the Stack method. The Avoid Linework Conicts feature pertains to that fence line we have. Finally, click OK. Now can pick the linework. Note that you do not need to erase the existing auto annotate labels ahead of time. This command will remember that those labels were created with this command. It will simply replace the entire group of labels with the new auto annotate labels. The result, with overlap detection on, is that this routine xed 7 out of 7 of the conicts. It slid some of the labels over and stacked others. You can also run Auto Annotate Overlap with manual mode. To do this, remove the automatic options (such as Stack, Slide, etc.) and click View Remaining Overlaps After Applying Rules ON. Say OK. It docks the Overlap Manager on the left side of the screen. You can then x the conicts with this Overlap Manager by using the different methods presented in this new window. This manager will highlights the conicts, it will, for example, slide to the next conict and allow you to pick a new position. Hit the Next several times. Again, stack one, slide another over, and perform other changes. Then choose Close. Also, remember that depending on the linework layer, you can even have different annotation styles. There is also an option to have different label settings ''by layer''. These decisions are made by using the Label By Layer Settings dialog options. To get to this dialog, click on the Layer Settings button at the bottom of the Auto-Annotate dialog. Label By Layer Settings option and dialog. Layer: Select a layer from the existing list of layers. If the linework you select and to be labeled is on this layer, the parameters that you set in this dialog will be reected in all labels. Auto-Annotation Settings: Select an existing Annotation Settings le (AAN) by clicking the File button on the right. Or stick with the defaults. Auto-Defaults Settings: Select an existing Default Settings File (ADF) by clicking the File button on the right. Or stick with the defaults. Load: Select this option in order to load an existing layer le (LAY) to load. Avoid Label Overlap option and dialog. Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 919 Overlap Settings dialog Available Methods: Your choices. Pick from these. Used Methods: Different ways in which this routine attempts to resolve the label overlaps. The overlap resolution attempt methods are applied in the order listed here. Slide: If this is selected then the labels will be moved parallel to your linework until they do not overlap. The labels will not move past the end of the linework or the Max Slide which you determine. Offset: will move your labels perpendicular to your linework as far as you set the Max Offset. Table: Replaces your labels with a numbers and create a table of the numbers with the corresponding labels. Reorient: If chosen, the labels will change orientation in the plain view to avoid overlapping. Flip: It will ip your label onto the other side of the linework. Stack: It will stack or unstack the text of your labels to avoid overlapping. Move Area Labels: This method, which only applies to area labels, will attempt to move the area label to the closest place within the area that doesn't overlap with any other labels. You can control the move interval (distance between move attempts) and total number of move attempts by setting the values ''Interval (multiples of text height)'' and ''Max Move Attempts'' in the ''Move Area Labels Parameter'' section: You can use any combination of these commands by using the add/remove button. You can also determine the order in which the command tries a method by using the Move Up and Move Down buttons. If a solution is not found by using the rst method then the next method is used in descending order. Add/Remove: Some methods you might prefer not to use. Slide/Offset Parameter (multiples of text height): These are variable that help you to slide or offset the label(s) in question. View Remaining Overlaps After Applying Rules: This option will help you to see what still needs treatment. View Last Overlap File: When it is checked, the Overlap Manager will return to the previous labels that were under review. Skip Resolved Overlaps: When it is unchecked, the Overlap Manager will display all the labels that were moved by the command as a nal check to you. Restore Original Zoom: This will restore the zoom you were previously at before running the command. Avoid Linework Conicts: This is an extra precaution for when linework conicts exist. Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 920 If there is a conict, the following Overlap Manager dialog appears on the screen. It zooms to the conict and provides you with the necessary tools to resolve the issues that need to be addressed. Many of the choices selected in the earlier dialog boxes can be modied yet again in the Overlap Manager, in your quest for a clean looking drawing. Within this special window you can zoom, pan, move to the next conict, and perform many other tasks. The Overlap Manager screen appears as a docked dialog window to the left of the main screen. The Overlap Manager can be used to manually check and change label overlaps. The current overlap item will be have a yellow box drawn around it to help make it clear which item is the one currently being worked on. If you check on ''View Remaining Overlaps After Applying Rules'' then any remaining overlaps will be zoomed in on and you will have the ability with the Overlap Manager to ip through and x or ignore the unresolved labels. When the current overlap item is an area label, only the Move and Table button will be enabled as these are the only two manual methods that can be applied to these types of labels. For line and curve labels, all methods will be enabled. Prompts Auto Annotate Dialog Choose settings and click OK. Select Lines, Arcs, and/or Polylines to Annotate. Select Objects: pick entities. Select the group of lines, arcs and/or polylines you want to annotate. Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate Keyboard Command: autoann Prerequisite: Lines, arcs or polylines to annotate Custom Label Formatter AD This command allows you to customize the labeling for lines and polylines. You are rst prompted to select a line or polyline to label, given the existing defaults currently set. The linework is shown as labeled on the screen. The Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 921 command line, shown below, also offers you an important choice called Options. When you type 'O' for options the below dialog box appears. In this dialog, there are three columns at the top of the dialog, along with other features. On the command line, there is also a choice called Format (F), which allows you to enter quick-key style keywords for quickly changing the label format. See below for these Row: This column allows you to stack the data in different ways. You can place more than one item in the same row. If None is selected, then that item will not be displayed. Side: This column allows you to place each item either inside or outside of the line or polyline. Order: This column determines the order of items when they are placed in the same row. General Settings: This button brings you to the Annotate Defaults dialog, see 'Annotate Defaults' for more. Reset To Defaults: This button restores the default settings shown above. Load/Save: You may also Load and Save different label congurations with the corresponding buttons. Prompts Options/Format/Points/<Select line or polyline>: select entity Options/Format/Points/<Select line or polyline>: O Custom Line Label dialog choose your preferences and click OK You can decide to go into the Option dialog at the start of the command, or after your initial labeling. If you use the Format command line option, you will be asked to enter the Format command. The choices are: B = bearing A = azimuth G = gon D = distance R = next row = switch side of line Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate > Angle/Distance Keyboard Command: annline Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 922 Prerequisite: An arc to label Draw End Point Leaders These three commands draw a pair of leaders (crow's feet) at the ends of the line or polyline segment. The segment can be selected from a line, polyline or pair of points. The leaders are drawn above or below the line or polyline, or you can pick a side, depending on which Endpoint Leader command is run. The Pick Side command gives you the ability to place the crow's feet on a selected side of the line or polyline. Controls to customize the look of the endpoint leaders are accessed through the Annotate Defaults command in the Annotate menu. The Leader Size Scaler determines the maximum length of the leader. If the line segment is too short, the leader is shortened to t. The actual length of the leader in drawing units is calculated by multiplying the leader scaler by the drawing horizontal scale (i.e.. 0.5 * 40=20). The Offset Scaler sets the distance that the leader head is off the line endpoint. There are four leader styles to choose from: Arc with Arrow, Arc Only, Dash-Dot-Dash and Dashed. Endpoint leaders can be drawn together with bearing/distance annotation by having the Draw Leaders to Endpoints option on under Annotate Defaults. This Draw End Point Leaders command allows you to add the leaders as another step. Prompts Dene line by [Points/<select line or polyline>]: Select a line or polyline. If you wish to dene by points, enter ''P'' at this prompt and pick points on the screen, or type in point numbers. If a coordinate (.CRD) le has not been previously loaded, a dialog will open to allow you to select a coordinate (.CRD) le to process. While using the Point selection method, the last point picked in the selection is stored in default brackets. So if you are working around a boundary, simply press enter to accept the defaults for the rst point and move ahead to the next point. Arc with Arrow Endpoint Leader Dashed Endpoint Leader Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate Keyboard Command: crowft Prerequisite: None Dynamic Annotation Note Bearing and distance annotations can be linked to the linework, such that the annotations will automatically update if the linework is changed. For example, if a line is moved with the AutoCAD Move command, the bearing label will update. This link can be found, and toggled on and off, under Object Linking in Congure > General Settings. Congure is in the Settings menu. The link is established between the label and the line, or polyline, when the label is created by commands such as Auto Annotate, Line Table or Bearing Distance. There are no links for annotation Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 923 created using the Points option. To update bearing annotation without using the dynamic annotation, use the Global Reannotate command in the Annotate menu. To remove the links between the annotation and the linework entities, use the Remove Reactors command, found under File > Drawing Utilities. Fix Label Overlaps This command allows you to x label overlaps, where a conict exists, for lines, arcs and polylines. You are immediately taken to the Avoid Label Overlap dialog. Here you can realign your labels by using a variety of optional methods. When the setting are to your liking, click OK. The command line then prompts you to select the entities for which to resolve annotation conicts. Once you have selected your entities and hit Enter, this routine nds the conicts and xes the label overlaps. If Slide is selected then the labels will be moved parallel to your linework until they do not overlap. The labels will not move past the end of the linework or the Max Slide which you determine. Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 924 Offset will move your labels perpendicular to your linework as far as you set the Max Offset. Table will replace your labels with a numbers and create a table of the numbers with the corresponding labels. If Reorient is selected then the labels will change orientation in the plain view to avoid overlapping. Flip will ip your label onto the other side of the linework. Stack will stack or unstack the text of your labels to avoid overlapping. Move Area Labels will attempt move overlapping area labels to the closest place to the original position that does not overlap with other labels. The distance between move attempts and the number of move attempts is controlled by the Interval and Max Move Attempts settings of the Move Area Labels Parameter section. You can use any combination of these commands by using the add/remove button. You can also determine the order in which the command tries a method by using the Move Up and Move Down buttons. If a solution is not found by using the rst method then the next method is used in descending order. The Overlap Manager can be used to manually check and change label overlaps. If you check on ''View Remaining Overlaps After Applying Rules'' then any remaining overlaps will be zoomed in on and you will have the ability with the Overlap Manager to step through and x or ignore the unresolved labels. When the current overlap item is an area label, only table and move buttons will be enabled as these are the only methods that apply. For line and curve label overlaps, the buttons for all methods will be enabled. Once a label is moved with the ''Move with Leader'', only Table, Default and ''Move with Leader'' will be enabled. The Default button can be used to restore the label back to its original state. When View Last Overlap File is checked, the Overlap Manager will return to the previous labels that were under review. When Skip Resolved Overlaps is unchecked, the Overlap Manager will display all the labels that were moved by the command as a nal check to you. Restore Original Zoom will restore the zoom you were previously at before running the command. Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 925 Prompts Select Lines, Arcs, and/or Polylines for which to resolve annotation conicts: Select objects: select entities Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate Keyboard Command: annconf Prerequisite: Annotation conicts Switch Bearing/Azimuth Quadrant This command switches the Bearing quadrant label or adds 180 to an Azimuth label. For example, N9032'16''E would be replaced with S9032'16''W or AZ 7817'18'' would be replaced with AZ 25817'18''. This routine changes bearing text to read as if the bearing were in the opposite direction. Prompts Pick Bearing or AzimuthText: pick text Pick Bearing or Azimuth Text: press Enter to end Examples of switch bearing/azimuth quadrant Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 926 Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate > Flip Labels Keyboard Command: brgquad Prerequisite: bearing or azimuth label Mirror Selected Labels This command rotates a group of text 180 degrees and maintains the same text position. Use this command to rotate any text. Ignores all entities in the selection set except text. Before Mirror Labels After Mirror Labels Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate > Flip Labels Keyboard Command: ipset Prerequisite: Text to rotate Mirror and Flip Selected Labels This command mirrors the label to the other side of the labeled segment. At the new location, it then ips the label back to its original orientation. Use this command to manipulate any text. It ignores all entities in the selection set except text. Before Mirror & Flip Labels Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 927 After Mirror & Flip Labels Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate > Flip Labels > Keyboard Command: MFLIP LABELS Prerequisite: Text to rotate Flip Last Label This command ips the last text drawn 180 degrees. Use this command to rotate your last annotation. Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate > Flip Labels Keyboard Command: ip Prerequisite: Text to ip Flip ON/OFF When activated, the bearing and distance text will be rotated 180 degrees when drawn. Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate > Flip Labels Keyboard Command: p Prerequisite: None Move Label with Leader This command allows the user to make a leader label out of a selected angle/distance label. Prompts: Select Label to Move (O for Options,R for Restore): pick an angle or distance label. Pick end point for move: pick the end point of the move (end of leader). Select another Label to Move (O for Options,R for Restore,Enter to End): pick another angle or distance label if desired. Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 928 Before Move While moving the label, the user is shown where the leader and label will be drawn After Move is Completed Select Label to Move (O for Options,R for Restore): O When Options is chosen the ''Move Label With Leader Options'' dialog allows the user to customizer the leader and label drawing settings: Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 929 Minimum Leader Length Scaler: If the distance of the move is less than this value, a leader will not be drawn. Draw Horizontal Leader Tick: When checked, a horizontal leader tick will be drawn from the end of the leader towards the annotation. Leader Offset Scaler: This is used to set the distance from the end of the leader and the annotation. Use Separate Leader Layer: This allows the user to place the leader on a separate layer from the annotation. Align Label to Linework: When selected the orientation of the label will be parallel to the linework. Otherwise the label is orientated horizontally. NOTE: The leader scaler units (Minimum Leader Length Scaler and Leader Offset Scaler) are multiplied by the current horizontal scale value, which was set in the auto annotation dialog. Select Label to Move (O for Options,R for Restore): R Select Label to Restore: pick an angle or distance label that had been moved with the ''Move with Leader'' command previously. The selected label will be restored to its previous state. Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate > Annotate with Leader Keyboard Command: annlead Prerequisite: Angle or distance label to move. Bearing with Leader This command places the bearing of a line or polyline segment at a point, then plots a user specied leader line to point to the dening line or polyline. There is the ability for multi-segment leaders, and the option to align the label horizontal to the current view or parallel to the linework. Prompts Options/Points/<Select line or polyline>: select entity Pick point to start leader: pick a point near the entity Label Position: pick a pointSelect the point where to place the label. Options/Points/<Select line or polyline>: O Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 930 When Options (O) is chosen Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate > Annotate with Leader Keyboard Command: brglead Prerequisite: None Distance with Leader This command labels the distance of a line or polyline segment at a point then draws a user specied leader line to point to the dening line. There is the ability for multi-segment leaders, and the option to align the label horizontal to the current view or parallel to the linework. Prompts Dene distance by, Points/<Select line or polyline>: select a line Pick point to start leader: pick a point near the line Label Position: pick a point Dene distance by, Points/<select line or polyline>: press Enter to end Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate > Annotate with Leader Keyboard Command: distlead Prerequisite: None Bearing-Distance with Leader This command places the bearing and distance of a line or polyline at a point and then plots a user specied leader line which points to the dening line or polyline. There is the ability for multi-segment leaders and the option to align the label horizontal to the current view or parallel to the linework. Prompts Options/Points/<Select line or polyline>: select entity Pick point to start leader: pick a point near the entity Label Position: pick a pointSelect the point where to place the label. Options/Points/<Select line or polyline>: O Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 931 When Options (O) is chosen Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate > Annotate with Leader Keyboard Command: bdlead Prerequisite: None Distance-Bearing with Leader This command labels the distance and bearing of a line at the end of a user-specied leader which points to the dening line. The line can be specied by two points or by selecting a line or polyline entity. There is the ability for multi-segment leaders and the option to align the label horizontal to the current view or parallel to the linework. Prompts Options/Points/<Select line or polyline>: select entity Pick point to start leader: pick a point near the entity Label Position: pick a pointSelect the point where to place the label. Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate > Annotate with Leader Keyboard Command: dblead Prerequisite: None Azimuth-Distance with Leader This command places the azimuth and distance label of a line or polyline at a point, and then plots a user specied leader line which points to the dening line or polyline. There is the ability for multi-segment leaders and the option to align the label horizontal to the current view or parallel to the linework. Prompts Options/Points/<Select line or polyline>: pick entity Pick point to start leader: pick point Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 932 Label Position: pick location Options/Points/<Select line or polyline>: O Label Leader Settings dialog make selection When Options (O) is chosen Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate > Annotate with Leader Keyboard Command: azilead Prerequisite: None Flip Selected Labels This command rotates a group of text 180 degrees. Use this command to rotate any text. The command ignores all entities in the selection set except text. Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate > Flip Labels Keyboard Command: ip labels Prerequisite: Text to rotate Global Reannotate This command updates bearing and/or azimuth labels for when the lines and polylines associated with the labels have been rotated after the bearings and/or azimuths were labeled. Prompts Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 933 Select One Bearing/Azimuth Text Before Rotation: pick a bearing or azimuth label Pick line associated with old bearing/azimuth: pick the line or polyline for the selected label Select All or specic objects to reannotate (<All/Objects)? press Enter to update all text Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate Keyboard Command: globalre Prerequisite: Bearing or azimuth labels and lines or polylines Survey Text Defaults This dialog box routine sets up the defaults for the Building Dimensions, Offset Dimensions and Adjoiner Text commands. Building Dimensions allows you to set text specications for building dimensions. Layer: Allows you to set the layer for the building text. Text Style: Allows you to set the text style for the building text. Text Size Scaler: This value multiplied by the horizontal scale determines the actual text size. Decimal Places: Allows you to set the display precision for the building dimensions. The AutoCAD Units option sets the decimals to match the current drawing precision (LUPREC system variable). Drop Trailing Zeros: Allows you to truncate trailing zeros from dimensions. Characters To Append: Allows you to set characters to add to reported dimensions. Offset From Line: Allows you to set the offset distance from the line to the dimension text. Auto Label Closed Pline allows you to choose between automatically labeling the Interior or Exterior or closed polylines. You may also choose none. Offset Dimension Text allows you to set text specications for offset dimensions. Layer: This option allows you to set the layer for the offset text. Text Style: This option allows you to set the text style for the offset text. Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 934 Text Size Scaler: This value multiplied by the horizontal scale determines the actual text size. Arrow Size Scaler: This option allows you to set the arrow scaler to determine arrowhead size. Decimal Places: This option allows you to set the precision for the offset dimensions. The AutoCAD Units option sets the decimals to match the current drawing precision (LUPREC system variable). Drop Trailing Zeros: This option allows you to truncate trailing zeros from dimensions. Label as Feet and Inches: This option allows you to use feet and inches. Characters To Append: This option allows you to set characters to add to reported dimensions. Offset From Line: This option allows you to set the offset distance from the line to the dimension text. Text Alignment allows you to align text either parallel to the line or horizontally in the drawing. Position allows you to determine if you are to pick the location of the text, or if the text is automatically positioned in the drawing. Adjoiner Text allows you to set text specications for adjoiner text. Layer: Allows you to set the layer for the adjoiner text. Text Style: Allows you to set the text style for the adjoiner text. Text Size Scaler: Allows you to set the text scaler to determine text size. Justication: Allows you to set the text justication. See the AutoCAD Reference Manual for details on each justication choice. Dimension Line Type allows you to determine the line style to use for dimensions. Single Arrow Line: Draws a line with an arrowhead from the dimension text to the gure. Dual Arrows Line: Draws dual arrowhead. Standard Line: Draws a line with no arrowhead from the dimension text to the gure. Curved Leaders: Draws a curved line with an arrowhead from the dimension text to the gure. Dimension Only: Draws the dimension text with no line. Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate > Survey Text Keyboard Command: svtextdf Prerequisite: None Offset Dimensions This command labels the perpendicular distance between a point and a line or polyline. The point can be a building corner or other object. The endpoint snap is on by default for picking this point, although you may choose another snap mode manually. There is also an option for arrow only on end of line. The text layer, size, style and the dimensioning method are set in the Survey Text Defaults command, found in Settings >Congure >Survey Settings. Prompts [end on] Pick Bldg/Object Corner: pick a point Pick Line To Offset From: pick a line or polyline Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 935 Offset Dimensions showing perpendicular distances from corners to property lines Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate > Survey Text Keyboard Command: dimentxt Prerequisite: Line or polyline Building Dimensions This command labels the length of line and polyline segments. The label is located in the middle of the line or polyline segment. The options for Building Dimensions are set in the Survey Text Defaults dialog. This dialog is found in Settings > Congure > Survey Settings. One option in Survey Text Defaults labels all the segments of a closed polyline with one pick of the polyline. Otherwise, the procedure is to pick a line or polyline segment and then choose an alignment. Depending where the alignment point is picked, the label is drawn either perpendicular or parallel, above or below the line. Prompts Pick Line or Polyline: pick line or polyline segment to label Pick Alignment: pick point as shown Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate > Survey Text Keyboard Command: bldgtext Prerequisite: Line or polyline Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 936 Adjoiner Text This command draws text that is aligned with the selected line or polyline segment. The layer, style, size and justication for the text is set in the Survey Text Defaults command, found in Settings > Congure > Survey Settings. To align text that is already drawn, use the Rotate Text command found in the Edit menu. Prompts Pick Line or Polyline: pick a line or polyline for alignment Starting point: pick a point to start the text Text: MAIN STREET Adjoiner Text aligns text with a line or polyline Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate > Survey Text Keyboard Command: adjntext Prerequisite: Line or polyline Draw Grid This command will plot a plan view grid at a user specied distance and optionally label the northing and easting coordinates of the grid. This command takes in consideration the current screen twist angle in which case it prompts for three corner points. After selecting the corner points the dialog below will appear. The title block is assumed right justied to the lower right corner of the grid denition points. After changing any of the settings select the OK button to plot the grid. Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 937 Grid Interval: The distance between each grid line. Horizontal Scale: Reports the scale of the current drawing. This can also be set using the Drawing Setup command in the Settings menu. Grid Format: The Ticks Only option will draw tick marks instead of grid lines. Selecting the Ticks Only option activates the Tick Size option for sizing the tick marks. There is also a Full Grid and Perimeter option. Layout of Ticks: This option places the ticks throughout the interior of the grid work or just on the perimeter of the grid boundary. Use '-' for Negative Coordinates: This option labels the negative grid coordinates with a '-'. Label Grid: Selecting this Grid Text Setting option labels the grid coordinates. Use Split Coordinates Layout: Puts the thousands digits above the grid line and the hundreds digits below the grid line Text Size Scaler: This scaler, multiplied by the Horizontal Scale, determines text size. Offset Scaler: This scaler, multiplied by the Horizontal Scale, determines the offset for text. Avoid Title Block Area: This Title Block Exclusion option will allow you to not draw grid lines or tick marks in the title block area. It is for making sure that the grid does not overwrite the title block. Pick Title Block Corner: This option prompts you to pick the corner of the title block to determine where the grid lines and ticks will be omitted. X Dimension Scaler: This is the horizontal dimension of the title block. This option is automatically lled in when the Pick Title Block Corner option is selected. Y Dimension Scaler: This is the vertical dimension of the title block. This option is automatically lled in when the Pick Title Block Corner option is selected. Label Prex North: This option is for assigning a prex to the northing grid line and tick mark coordinates. Label Prex East: This option is for assigning a prex to the easting grid line and tick mark coordinates. Prompts Pick or Type Lower Left Corner Point: endp of (pick point) Pick or Type Upper Right Corner Point: endp of (pick point) Select the corners of your border in which you want the grid plotted. Draw Plan View Grid Dialog Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 938 Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate Keyboard Command: dgrid Prerequisite: None Stack Label Arc This command draws a small table of curve data. Unlike the command Label Arc, instead of tting the text on the arc, this command lines the data up in rows. The command prompts to select an arc, dene the arc by three points, or type O for Option to display the dialog shown here. For each type of arc value, you can specify the label and the sequence number. Under Label Options, the Stack Label Arc data table will display the values in the order by sequence number. There are also settings to justify label left or right. Under Label Options, the data table will display the values in order based upon sequence number. Arc Length: Select a label prex and a sequence number. Radius: Select a label prex and a sequence number. Delta Angle: Select a label prex and a sequence number. Chord Angle: Select a label prex and a sequence number. Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 939 Chord Length: Select a label prex and a sequence number. Tangent: Select a label prex and a sequence number. Degree of Curve: Select a label prex and a sequence number. External: Select a label prex and a sequence number. Radial Bearing-In/Out: Select a label prex and a sequence number. Label Chord Angles in allows you to set how the chord and radial angles are labeled as azimuth, bearing or gon. Label Curve Angles in allows you to set how the delta angle and degree of curve are labeled as de- gree/minute/second or gon. TheType of Curve option determines the type of curve. Roadway: The length is determined as the true length of the curve. Railroad: The length is adjusted based on 100-foot chord segments. Flip Labels controls whether the text is drawn upside down in the current twist screen view. The Use symbol for Delta Angle option uses a delta triangle symbol for the prex. Draw Leader Horizontal Tick draws a short horizontal line at the label end of the leader. Align Text With Chord sets the angle of the text to match the chord angle. Otherwise, the text is draw horizontal to the current twist screen. Justify sets the alignment for the text as left, center or right. General Settings shows Annotation Defaults which has settings such as Text Size Scaler which apply to this routine. Reset To Defaults puts the settings back to built-in defaults. Load and Save functions store and recall the settings to an .ANS le. This is a way to share a label style with others or manage different styles. Prompts Options/Points/<Select arc>: P The P option causes the command to prompt for points on the arc. This can be useful for labeling sub-arcs such as lot corners of a cul-de-sac. Pick point or point number for Endpoint of arc: pick a point Pick point or point number for Radius: pick a point Pick point or point number for Other Endpoint: pick a point Direction of curve [Left/<Right>]? press Enter for right Pick stack label point (Enter for none): pick a point Pick point to start leader at ([Enter] for none): pick a point To point: pick a point Options/Points/<Select arc> (Enter to end): press Enter to end Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate > Annotate Arc Keyboard Command: slabarc Prerequisite: an arc entity or arc points Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 940 Draw Legend This command draws a legend based on a legend denition le. After choosing the legend denition (.LGD) le to use, a dialog displays the current denitions. The legend denition le consists of descriptions assigned to text, symbols, linetypes and hatch patterns. The default legend that is included with Carlson is called legend.lgd. Edit edits a denition, select it and then click on the Edit button. This brings up the Symbol Denition dialog box. Item Type: Each item can be either a simple text label or a symbol from the drawing. Text Name: This is the legend label associated with the specied Description. Symbol Name designates the symbol to draw in the legend. You can either type in the symbol name or choose it from a slide library by picking the appropriate Select button. Description is the name of the symbol. The Hatch Scale and Color options are used if the symbol uses a hatch pattern. Include in Legend: This option corresponds to the Include column on the Legend Denitions dialog box. Not all the dened entries need to be drawn. An entry will be drawn (shown as Yes) if the Include in Legend Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 941 box in the Symbol Denition dialog box is checked. Select Point Symbol: This option displays a slide library of point symbols to choose from. Select Drawing Linetype: This option displays a linetype name list to choose from. Select Library Linetype: This option displays a slide library of linetypes to choose from. Select Hatch Pattern: This option displays a slide library of hatch patterns to choose from. Add inserts a new denition to the denitions. To insert a new denition, pick an existing denition and click on the Add button. The new denition is added immediately following the existing denition. Add from Drawing adds entries to the legend table for each different symbol that is selected from the drawing. Remove removes the selected denition. On switches the Include eld in the selected denition to Yes. Off switches the Include eld in the selected denition to No. On/Off by Drawing prompts you to select symbols from the drawing. Symbols found will be turned on, all others will be turned off. This helps you create a legend that includes only symbols found in the drawing. Description by Field-to-Finish uses the description from the Field-to-Finish code denition for symbols that match the code symbol. Sort sorts the denitions alphabetically and numerically. Draw draws the included denitions as a legend. Report uses the Report Formatter to make a customized report of the names and descriptions in the legend. Move Up: This option moves the selected denition up one row. Legend entries are drawn in the order that they are dened. Move Down moves the selected denition down one row. Use the Move Up and Move Down buttons to change the order that the symbols will be drawn. Save saves the legend le as its original le name. Save As saves the legend le to a new le name. Exit exits the command back to the drawing window. Draw opens the Draw Legend dialog. Text Size sizes the text in the legend. It defaults to the value from Drawing Setup in the Setting menu. Symbol Size defaults to the value from Drawing Setup in the Settings menu. Hatch Size sizes the hatch pattern scaler. Line Size sizes the lines in the legend. Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 942 Layer Name denes the layer for the legend. Draw Legend Title draws the following text ''Legend: These standard symbols will be found in the drawing.'' Prompts Specify Legend Denition File Dialog choose the le to process Legend Denitions Dialog Draw Legend Dialog Enter or pick upper left point for legend: pick a point Sample legend created by Draw Legend Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate Keyboard Command: legend Prerequisite: None Draw North Arrow This command inserts a north arrow symbol. You can select from several styles of arrows, and you can add your own by using the Edit Library button which is similar to the Symbols Library command. The north arrow symbol library is stored in the narrow.dta le in the USER folder. Prompts Draw North Arrow Dialog choose an arrow symbol, layer and other variables Specify insertion point: pick a point X scale factor <1> / Corner / XYZ: press Enter Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 943 Y scale factor (default=X): press Enter Rotation angle <0d0'0''>: press Enter Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate Keyboard Command: narrow Prerequisite: None Draw Barscale This command draws a barscale at the user-specied scale. The command options are set in the dialog shown here. The Horizontal Scale controls the size and labels for the barscale. For example, enter 50 for 1 inch = 50 feet in English mode. The Barscale Style chooses between different barscale formats. Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 944 Prompts Draw Barscale options dialog Pick location for barscale: pick a point Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate Keyboard Command: barscale Prerequisite: None Create Point Table This command draws a table of the coordinate data of the points from the current coordinate (.CRD) le using different methods displayed at the top of the dialog. The command displays the dialog shown below for setting all of the point table options. At the top of the dialog enter the range of point numbers to label, do a Screen Pick or select a Point Group(s). You can also specify the order and format of the table columns. If you do not want to include a data type, set the Sequence number to blank. The Northing/Easting Format can be set to Degress/Minutes/Seconds for when the coordinate le contains latitude and longitude. The Max Rows Per Column setting makes the program start a new table when the specied max points is reached. Prompts Point Table Generator Dialog Building Data List ... Done. Table Upper Left Corner: pick a point Generating Table... Done. Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 945 Typical Point Table Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate > Point Table Keyboard Command: pointtbl Prerequisite: A coordinate (.CRD) le Update Point Table This command prompts you to select an existing point table. The program then reads the settings from this table and displays these settings in the same dialog used in Create Point Table. You can change any of the table format options. The program will also update the table to reect any changes to the coordinate (.CRD) le. Prompts Select existing point table: pick anywhere on the point table or select points from the screen Point Table Generator Dialog Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate > Point Table Keyboard Command: pointtblupd Prerequisite: An existing point table, .CRD le Table Defaults This command sets the format for line and curve tables. Line and curve tables are commonly used in situations where: 1. The amount of line/curve annotation in the drawing itself makes the drawing look too ''cluttered,'' and/or 2. The length(s) of the line(s)/curve(s) are too short for the annotation label being placed You specify the label and table attributes in the Line/Curve Table Defaults dialog: Label Text Layer: Click the Set button or specify the layer of the annotation which is applied to the line/curve itself. Label Text Style: Click the Set button or specify the text style of the annotation which is applied to the line/curve itself. Label Text Size: Specify the text size of the annotation which is applied to the line/curve itself. Line Label Prex: Specify a prex which should be inserted prior to each line number. The prex can be an alpha-numeric string. Line Table Title: Specify a caption for the line table. Table Text Layer: Click the Set button or specify the layer of the annotation which is inserted to the line/curve table. Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 946 Table Text Style: Click the Set button or specify the text style of the annotation which is inserted to the line/curve table. Table Text Size: Specify the text size of the annotation which is inserted to the line/curve table. Row Height Factor: Indicate a positive, non-zero multiplier of the Table Text Size to help adjust spacing for each row in the table. Curve Label Prex: Specify a prex which should be inserted prior to each curve number. The prex can be an alpha-numeric string. Curve Table Title: Specify a caption for the curve table. Set Line Table Labels: See the expanded Set Line Table Labels section below. Set Curve Table Labels: See the expanded Set Curve Table Labels section below. Prompt for Label Location: When enabled, this option prompts you to pick the location for the label placed onto the line/curve itself. If this is disabled, the location is chosen automatically. Label Symbol: Select a geometric shape that is placed around the label that is applied to the line/curve itself. Line Table Distance: Indicate how distances for the lines are reported: Horizontal: The distance displayed is only the horizontal distance, even if the selected entity has different ''Z'' values at either end of the line. Slope: The distance measured is the slope distance, used mostly for 3D polylines to get their true length. Label Angles in: Indicate how the line direction is labeled: Azimuth: The angles are reported as azimuths. Bearings: The angles are reported as bearings. Gons: The angles are reported as gons. Automatic Table Update: Indicate if labels in the table should be re-sequenced: On: This option renumbers the other table entries and the associated labels in the drawing if a new (but previously used number) is specied for the table. For example, if a line table contained lines #1-5 and a line #4 was added, the new line #4 would be inserted into the table and the previous lines #4 and #5 would be updated to #5 and #6. The L4 and L5 labels on the lines would also be updated to L5 and L6. Off: You must manually pick the entry location and update the labels. Label Alignment: Indicate the method by which the label is oriented on the line/curve itself: Horizontal: This option places the label horizontal to the current screen alignment, as dened by the various Twist Screen commands (Standard, Line, Polyline or Text, Surveyor or Restore Due North). Parallel: This option will orient the label parallel to the line or curve chord. Use Table Entity: When enabled, Line and Curve Tables can be further manipulated with the Split Table, Merge Tables and Edit Table Values commands. Combine Equal Rows: When enabled, lines or curves that share identical geometry with other lines and curves can assume the number of the equivalent line/curve. As an example, if a line 100 feet long on a bearing of N 9000'00'' E is assigned a label of L3 and additional lines with this geometry are labeled, you will have the option of re-using the L3 label for these additional lines. In other words, a single label reference in the table can correlate to many identical entities in the drawing and can keep the overall length of the line/curve table to a minimum. Display First Row with Table Reference: When enabled, an additional reference item from the Line/Curve Table will be placed alongside the label number assigned to the line/curve itself. Curve Options: Indicate the order in which curve labels shall be inserted into the curve table. Entries left blank (empty) will not be listed in the curve table. Load: Loads a previously saved collection of Line/Curve Table Default values ( * .LCT) into memory. Save: Saves the current Line/Curve Table Default values to a * .LCT le. Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 947 Selecting the Set Line Table Labels option allows you to control the label, column width, text justication and displayed precision for the options selected in the Line Table Distance and Label Angles In controls. With the above settings, you might nd the Line Table more aesthetically pleasing as it produces the following example: The prex exibility and the fact that the text used for the column header can be changed, means that line and curve tables can be plotted in any language. For example, in Puerto Rico survey plats are typically submitted in bearings, in meters and in Spanish. For that location, the table could be recongured as shown here: This would lead to the following line table (see the Notes section below for additional information): Essentially identical to the Set Line Table Labels command, the Set Curve Table Labels command allows you to control the label, column width, text justication and displayed precision for the options selected in the Curve Options control. Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 948 Note: Changing the distance sufx to ''m'' (or omitting any sufx by making it blank) is accomplished in the more general command of Annotate Defaults. Reporting distance units in a unit of measure different from that of the current project is accomplished via the Drawing Setup Report Distance Scale Factor option and the Annotate Defaults command. Physical changes to the lines/curves will trigger label updates if the Link Labels with Linework option (if available) is enabled under Carlson Congure General Settings. Pulldown Menu Location(s): Annotate Line/Curve Table Keyboard Command: tdef Prerequisite: None Table Header This command draws the column header labels for the Curve Table and Line Table commands. When prompted for the starting point, the user may enter a coordinate or pick a point on the screen. The starting point location that the curve or line table command defaults to is one row below the start of the header labels. Curve table header (C option) Prompts Type of table [Line/<Curve>]? C Starting point of Curve table text <(6585.0 -704.0 0.0)>: pick point Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate > Line/Curve Table Keyboard Command: tabhead Prerequisite: None Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 949 Set Table Position This command sets the position for adding line table entries. The next line table rows will start from this point. To add to an existing table, pick a point at the lower left of the existing table. Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate > Line/Curve Table Keyboard Command: set tbl Prerequisite: None Curve Table This command will compute curve data and draw it in tabular form using the settings specied in Table Defaults. The program computes the curve data from an arc entity, an arc segment of a polyline or from specied points on an arc. The curve data includes radius, length of curve, chord length, chord bearing, tangent and delta or included angle. The current curve table numbers are remembered between drawings. The user is prompted for curve number (default is sequential starting with 1) and the starting point of the table. The curve is labeled with a C#, where # is the sequential curve number. After picking the starting point of the table, the placement point for the other table entries will default to the next position and you can just press Enter unless you want to relocate the table. The Auto Annotate command can also create curve tables. Use the Table Header command to draw the column header of the curve data names. Prompts Dene arc by, Points/<Select arc or polyline>: pick an arc Enter curve number <1>: press Enter Starting point of curve table text <(5000,5000)>: pick a point in a clear area of the drawing Dene arc by, Points/<Select arc or polyline>: pick another arc Enter curve number <2>: press Enter Starting point of curve table text <(4030,4490)>: press Enter to use next position Dene arc by, Points/<Select arc or polyline>: press Enter to end Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate > Line/Curve Table Keyboard Command: arctabl Prerequisite: None Line Table This command will compute line data and draw it in tabular form, using the settings specied in Table Defaults. The program computes the bearing and distance from a line, polyline segment or between points. The current line table numbers are remembered between drawings. The line is labeled with a L#, where # is the sequential number of the line picked. The bearing and distance will then be drawn in tabular form similar to the previous Curve Table command. The Auto Annotate command can also create line tables. Use the Table Header command to draw the Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 950 column header of the line data names. Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate > Line/Curve Table Keyboard Command: linetabl Prerequisite: None Railroad Curve Table This command is exactly like Curve Table, except the curve data is calculated for Railroad curves. See the Curve Table command for more details. Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate > Line/Curve Table Keyboard Command: rr curvetbl Prerequisite: None Edit Table Properties This command allows the user to edit the properties of an entity based line or curve table. Prompts Select a line or curve table to modify: pick an entity based line or curve table. If the table is not an entity based line or curve table the message ''Error: You did not select an Entity based line or curve table.'' is displayed and control is returned to the previous prompt. After picking an entity based line or curve table the Line/Curve Table Defaults dialog will be displayed. Here you can change the settings of the selected table. Change the settings for either line or curve tables depending upon the type of table selected. The changes will be reected once the user selects the OK button. Text Layer and Text Style determine the layer and style of the line/curve table text. The distance for line tables can be labeled in horizontal or slope distance. The Automatic Table Update option will automatically insert the entry into the line or curve table. The auto update will renumber the other table entries and the associated labels in the drawing. For example, if a line table had lines #1-5 and a line #4 was added, then the new line #4 would be inserted into the table and the previous lines #4 and #5 would be updated to #5 and #6. The L4 and L5 labels on the lines would also be updated to L5 and L6. Without the automatic update option, the entry location must be picked and the labels updated manually. The Label Alignment determines the orientation of the L# or C# that is labeled on the line or curve. Horizontal will make the label horizontal to the current twist screen and Parallel will draw the label parallel with the line or curve chord. The Line and Curve Label Prex sets the text before the number that is drawn in the table and on the line or curve (i.e. ''L3'' or ''Line3''). The Curve Options species which curve data to include in the table and the order. You specify the label and table attributes in the Line/Curve Table Defaults dialog. Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 951 Label Text Layer: determines the layer of the line/curve text. Label Text Style: determines the style of the line/curve text. Label Text Size: determines the size of the line/curve text. Line Label Prex: determines the prex for each line. Line Table Title: draws a title row at the top of the line table with this string. Table Text Layer: determines the layer of the line/curve table text. Table Text Style: determines the style of the line/curve table text. Table Text Size: determines the size of the line/curve table text. Curve Label Prex: determines the prex for each curve. Curve Table Title: draws a title row at the top of the curve table with this string. Prompt for Label Location: prompts you to pick the location to label each line or curve. If this is not selected, the location is chosen automatically. Under Line Table Distance, the method for measuring distance is specied. Horizontal: The distance measured is only horizontal, even if the line is a 3D polyline. Slope: The distance measured is the slope distance, used mostly for 3D polylines to get their true length. Under Label Angles in, the type of angle is selected. Azimuths: The angles are reported as azimuth. Bearings: The angles are reported as bearings. Gons: The angles are reported as gons. Under Automatic Table Update, the option automatically inserts the entry into the line or curve table. The auto update renumbers the other table entries and the associated labels in the drawing. For example, if a line table contained lines #1-5 and a line #4 was added, then the new line #4 would be inserted into the table, and the previous lines #4 and #5 would be updated to #5 and #6. The L4 and L5 labels on the lines would also be updated to L5 and L6. If you set the Automatic Table Update to Off, you must manually pick the entry location and update the labels. If Automatic Table Update is set to On, the table is updated automatically whenever the line is modied. Label Alignment determines the orientation of the L# or C# that is labeled on the line or curve. Horizontal will make the label horizontal to the current screen alignment, Parallel will draw the label parallel to the line or curve chord. Under Curve Options, you specify which curve data to include in the table and the order. Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 952 Use Table Entity: will use single block for the whole table. Otherwise, each row is a separate block. Combine Equal Rows: will use the same line or curve number when the data exactly matches an existing row in the table. For example, if two line segments have the same bearing and distance, then they would both get the same line# (ie. ''L5''). Display First Row With Table Reference: When there is room on the line or arc, this option will label both the number and the rst column data value from the table on the line or arc. For example, if the rst curve table column is for radius and the arc length is big enough to t the label, then the program would label both the curve # and the radius (ie. ''C5 R=100.0''). Selecting ''Set Line Table Labels'' will lead you to the Line Table controls, as ''Set Curve Table Labels'' (see graphic at end of this command page) leads to the Curve Table controls. For elds that apply to the Report Scale Factor from Drawing Setup, there is a second Scaled Label name for the table header. This scale factor can be used for reporting both grid and ground or both english and metric distances. The options in ''Set Line Table Labels'' are shown below: With the above settings, for example, the Line Table appears as shown below. For improved ''aesthetics'', you might prefer to change the Bearing justication to ''Center'', for example. To save space, you can reduce the size of the ''Distance'' column from 11.5 to 10. Note that using the Line Label Prex option, L1 and L2, for example, can read Line1 and Line2, and for that, you may want to expand the ''Width'' setting for the Line column. The prex exibility, and the fact that the text used for the column header can be changed, means that line tables and curve tables can be plotted in any language. In Puerto Rico, for example, surveys are typically conducted in bearings, in meters and in Spanish. For that location, the table could be recongured as shown here: Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 953 This would lead to the following line table: Note that changing the distance sufx to ''m'' (or omitting any sufx by making it blank) is accomplished in the more general command Annotation Defaults. Finally, below we see the dialog that appears when you choose Set Curve Table Labels. Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate > Line/Curve Table Keyboard Command: tabedit Prerequisite: An entity based line or curve table. Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 954 Delete Table Elements This command erases rows from line or curve tables. The table entries following the removed rows are automatically repositioned and renumbered. The line or curve labels on the linework in the drawing are also updated. Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate > Line/Curve Table Keyboard Command: del tbl Prerequisite: Line or curve tables Edit Table Values The Edit Table Values permits the modication of any of the text labels found within a Line or Curve table created with the Use Table Entity option enabled under Line/Curve Table Defaults. This is commonly desired when subtle adjusts are desired on the content within a Line/Curve table. Add: Adds a blank line to the end of the spreadsheet control. Insert: Inserts a blank line immediately preceding the currently selected line in the spreadsheet control. Delete: Removes the currently selected line from the spreadsheet control. Report: Sends the current content of the spreadsheet control to the Standard Report Viewer. Save As: Exports the current content of the spreadsheet control to an XLS le compatible with most spreadsheet applications, including Microsoft Excel. Through the use of the Insert and Delete commands along with standard Windows Copy (Ctrl+C) and Paste (Ctrl+V) functionality, it is possible to return the list above into a normal-order list as illustrated below: Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 955 Note: Changes to the direction or length values DO NOT change the direction or length of the corresponding line or curve entity in the drawing! Prompts Select an entity table to modify: Graphically select any portion of a table that is to be edited Pulldown Menu Location(s): Annotate Line/Curve Table Keyboard Command: edittbl Prerequisite: A line or curve table created with the Use Table Entity option enabled under Line/Curve Table De- faults Split Table The Split Table command allows you to break a Line or Curve table created with the Use Table Entity option enabled under Line/Curve Table Defaults. This is commonly desired when a table is too lengthy to t in its entirety on a plat. Splitting the table into two or more smaller tables allows the tables to be independently positioned on the plat. For example: Becomes: Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 956 Note: In the example above, the initial table was rst split at ''L2'' and then again at ''L3''. Split tables can be re-assembled through the use of the Merge Tables command. Prompts Select row of table to perform split on: Graphically select the last row of the table that is to be retained in the original table Pulldown Menu Location(s): Annotate Line/Curve Table Keyboard Command: splittbl Prerequisite: A line or curve table created with the Use Table Entity option enabled under Line/Curve Table De- faults Merge Tables The Merge Tables command allows you to combine two Line tables or two Curve tables into a single table. Both ta- bles in the merge must have been created with the Use Table Entity option enabled under Line/Curve Table Defaults. For example: Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 957 Can become: Note: In the example above, table ''L1'' was merged with table ''L4'' and then the modied ''L1'' table was merged with table ''L3''. Table numbers can be re-ordered through the use of the Edit Table Values command. Prompts Select rst table of merge: Graphically select the rst of two tables that should be combined together Select second table of merge: Graphically select the second of two tables that should be combined together Pulldown Menu Location(s): Annotate Line/Curve Table Keyboard Command: splittbl Prerequisite: Two or more line or curve table created with the Use Table Entity option enabled under Line/Curve Table Defaults. Each table in the merge must contain the same number of columns as the other table. Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 958 Label Arc This command labels the arc data along the arc between the endpoints of the arc. The curve information is also displayed. The format for the label is set in the dialog shown here. For each arc data value, you can specify the label, the row number, and the side of the arc it will appear on. If a row number is left blank, then that value is not labeled. There is a choice of labeling inside or outside of the arc. Annotation is drawn as a block. The advantage of this is that the characters, rather than being individual entities, are plotted as a single entity that can be moved and edited as a unit. You would need to explode the ''blocked'' text in order to edit the text. A toggle button determines whether the user wants to ip the text on arcs that open to the top of the drawing. Prompts Dene arc by, Points/<select arc or polyline>: select arc After selecting the arc or polyline arc segment the command displays the dialog below. Select the OK button and the arc is labeled with the current settings of the dialog. Examples of Label Arc (above and below) Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 959 Example of Stack Label Arc Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate > Annotate Arc Keyboard Command: labarc Prerequisite: Arc or polyline should be drawn before execution Custom Label Formatter This command allows you to customize the labeling for arcs. You are rst prompted to select an arc to label, given the existing defaults currently set. The arc is shown as labeled on the screen. The command line, shown below, also offers you an important choice called Options. When you type 'O' for options the below dialog box appears. There are four columns at the top of the dialog along by other features. Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 960 Label: This rst column allows you to set the prex that will go before your arc data. Row: This column allows you to stack the data in different ways. You can place more than one item in the same row. If None is selected then that item will not be displayed. Side: This column allows you to place each item either inside or outside of the arc. Order: This column determines the order of items when they are placed in the same row. Flip Text on Arcs that Open to the North: When this is checked text will be orientated according to the open side of your arcs instead of being orientated according to the plain view. Use Symbol for Delta Angle Label: Allows you to use the triangle symbol for delta as the label instead of plain alphabetic or numeric representation. General Settings: This button brings you to the Annotate Defaults dialog, see 'Annotate Defaults' for more. Reset To Defaults: This button restores the default settings shown above. Load/Save: You may also Load and Save different label congurations with the corresponding buttons. Prompts Options/<Select arc>: select entity Options/<Select arc>: O Custom Arc Label dialog choose your preferences and click OK You can decide to go into the Option dialog at the start of the command and after your initial labeling. Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate > Annotate Arc Keyboard Command: annarc Prerequisite: An arc to label Draw Text On Arc This command draws text that aligns with an arc or polyline arc segment. Each letter of the text is drawn as a separate text entity that is rotated to align with the arc at that point. These text letters are automatically grouped together as an anonymous block. This command starts with the Create Text on Arc dialog. This command draws text that aligns with an arc, beginning at a picked point. Each letter of the text is drawn as a separate text entity that is rotated to align with the arc. These text letters are automatically grouped together as a block. The text string, text height, and text style are set in the Create Text on Arc dialog box. Text String: Specify the text to label on the arc. Text Height: Specify the text height. The default value is obtained from the text height specied in Drawing Setup. The value set here is retained throughout the drawing session. Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 961 Text Style: Choose an existing text style from the list of dened styles. Select text offset on screen: When checked, the program will prompt you for offset. You can set the text offset from the arc by graphically picking the offset point on the screen. When this option is not checked, the Text Offset eld described below becomes available to specify a known offset distance. Text Offset: If the above setting is not selected, specify the Text Offset here. A positive value denotes an offset distance inside the arc, while a negative value denotes an offset distance outside the arc. Is base of text towards radius point?: This option determines whether the base of the text should face the radius point of the arc. It orients the text to the curve. Examples showing the results of different settings follow. Example 1 - Offset distance specied on screen and base of text away from radius point. Select Arc or Polyline segment: pick Arc or Polyline segment to place text on. Select Text Offset: pick the desired offset distance from arc Select Text Placement: pick a point, select the desired position to draw the text. Note that the text remains visible on the screen and attached to the ''rubber banding cursor''so that various positions can be inspected before specifying the placement point. The graphic below shows this aspect of the command. Note that the ghosted text is located along the mid point of the arc. If no offset distance is specied or picked from the screen, the text will be placed at this point. An offset of zero puts the text directly on the arc. Example 2 - Offset distance specied in dialog and base of text towards radius point. Select Arc or Polyline Arc Segment: pick Arc Select Text Placement: pick point Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 962 Note that the prompt for offset distance was skipped because the offset distance was input on the dialog box. Simply select the text placement point resulting in the graphic below. Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate > Annotate Arc Keyboard Command: textarc Prerequisite: An arc entity Draw Text on Tangent This command is identical to Draw Text on Arc, except that the text is not curved to t the arc. You are presented with this dialog box. Fill in the text, decide on the other options, click OK, and then follow the prompts. Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate > Annotate Arc Keyboard Command: textarctan Prerequisite: Arc or polyline arc segment Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 963 Edit Text on Arc or Tangent This command allows you to edit text created by the Draw Text on Arc or Draw Text on Tangent command. You can change the text string, text height and text style. The program prompts you to select the Text on Arc entity, then displays the same dialog used in Draw Text on Arc. Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate > Annotate Arc Keyboard Command: editarctext Prerequisite: text entity as described above Fit Text Inside Arc This command ts text between two points picked along an arc. Text is curved to t the arc using individual text entities, which can only be edited one at a time. The Draw Text on Arc command creates an text entity that can be edited using Edit Text on Arc or Tangent. It will optionally display information about the selected arc. If you choose to display the curve data, you will be prompted to pick the endpoints of the arc in a clockwise manner. When prompted, enter the text you want drawn inside the arc. Prompts Pick points in a clockwise direction. [nea on] Start Point on arc for text: pick point on arc to start text Notice that the Nearest snap is turned on by default. [nea on] End Point on arc for text: pick point on arc to end text Notice that the Nearest snap is turned on by default. Enter text for inside of arc: MEADOWVIEW LANE Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate > Annotate Arc Keyboard Command: inarc Prerequisite: An arc entity Fit Text Outside Arc Same as the previous command except this command ts text on the outside of the arc. Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate > Annotate Arc Keyboard Command: OARCT Prerequisite: An arc entity Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 964 Change Polyline Linetype This command changes the linetype of polylines or lines to the linetype selected from the dialog. True AutoCAD linetypes are created and applied to the selected entities, compared to other commands, such as Polyline to Special Line and Special Line/Entity, which break the polyline into segments. The spacing between linetype symbols and the symbols size are controlled by the Line Type Spacing and Symbol Size Scaler settings in the dialog. The Gap Size Scaler controls the size of the break in the line for the linetypes that have a break like UserDef and Arrow B. To select a linetype from the dialog, pick on the linetype image. Use the Next button to see more linetypes. At the end of the list of linetypes, there are two special choices. The UserDef choice lets you enter your own text string into a linetype, and the Wingdings choice lets you insert any Wingdings font character into a linetype. Consult Windows documentation for a listing of Wingdings characters. Prompts Select Linetype dialog select linetype and adjust other variables Select items to change. Select objects: pick the polylines Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 965 Linetype styles available using Change Polyline Linetype Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate > Line Types Keyboard Command: pltype2 Prerequisite: Polylines Polyline to Special Line This command converts polylines into special lines by adding the appropriate symbol onto the polyline, such as railroad, hedge, stonewall or telephone lines. Carlson has dened several line types as shown below. You can create custom lines by selecting the Other '?' which then prompts you for the text label to use. The size and spacing are set by the Spacing Scaler and Symbol Size Scaler settings. For some of the linetypes, this routine breaks the polyline using the Gap Size Scaler in order to t in the symbol. Broken polylines cannot be used by the Area command, and are difcult to edit. The Change Polyline Linetype command is another linetype method that creates actual AutoCAD linetypes that are applied to the selected entities. Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 966 Prompts Select Carlson Linetype dialog Select the polyline(s) to convert. Select objects: pick the polylines Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate > Line Types Keyboard Command: pltype Prerequisite: Polylines Polyline to Tree Line This command changes a polyline into a series of semicircles for representing a tree line. Prompts Side for arcs on polyline direction? (<Left>/Right) press Enter Enter the segment distance <10.0>: press Enter Select the polylines to convert. Select objects: pick one or more polylines Before and After Polyline to Tree Line Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 967 Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate > Line Types Keyboard Command: maketree Prerequisite: Polyline Add Zig to Polyline This command draws a [not-to-scale] style zig to a polyline. First pick the polyline and then pick a position on the polyline to draw the zig. Prompts Zig size <4.0>: press Enter Select polyline to add zig: pick a polyline Pick or enter point to add zig: pick a point along the polyline Select polyline to add zig: press Enter to end A zig in a polyline Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate > Line Types Keyboard Command: addzig Prerequisite: Polyline Add Culvert to Polyline This command adds culvert style brackets to both ends of the selected polylines. Prompts Culvert symbol size <4.0>: 12 Select polylines to add culvert symbols. Select objects: pick the polylines Culvert symbols added to polyline Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate > Line Types Keyboard Command: drwcvert Prerequisite: Polyline Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 968 Sketch Tree Line This command draws a tree line as you move the cursor. At the rst prompt, you can type O for Options and set the Interval Scaler which controls the spacing of the bubbles. Also at the rst prompt, you can type P for Polyline and then select an existing polyline to convert into a tree line. At the end, there is an option to ip the side for the bubbles in case they came out on the opposite side. The resulting tree line after you pick point to end Prompts Pick First Point [Options/Polyline]: pick a point Sketch treeline (pick point to end): slowly move the cursor and pick a second point to end the routine Reverse direction [Yes/<No>]? press Enter Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate > Line Types Keyboard Command: treeline Prerequisite: None Special Line/Entity This command breaks a line, arc or polyline and inserts a string of text or a block at an interval. It can be used to draw fence lines, utility lines, tree lines or any line which can be constructed by inserting a text or block entity. The command prompts to select an entity then the distance between inserts. Next, the user selects whether to insert text or a block, and whether to enter the distance or length to be broken out of the entity. If the user enters a 0 distance for the break distance, then the entity is not broken. If a distance greater than 0 is entered, then this distance is divided in half and broken out of the entity on both sides of the point at which the insert distance measures the entity. If the user elects to insert text, the command prompts for the text to be inserted. Next, choose whether you want the text Middle or Center aligned, and whether you want to have the text ipped so it does not appear upside down. See the AutoCAD Reference Manual for more information on justication options. The size of the text is controlled by the text size setting in Drawing Setup. If the user elects to insert a block, the command prompts for the block name. The size of the block is controlled by the symbol size setting in Drawing Setup. Considering that almost anything can be made into a block, such as raster images, wipeout entities, etc., this is a very powerful command. Alternatives to this command are Polyline to Special Line and Change Polyline Linetype. Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate > Line Types Keyboard Command: speent Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 969 Prerequisite: None Guard Rail This command adds box symbols along a polyline to generate a guard rail. See the command Change Polyline Linetype also. Prompts Pick Polyline/Last: pick a polyline Left/Right: L for Left Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate > Line Types Keyboard Command: grail Prerequisite: Polyline Label Angle This command will label and report the interior, exterior and deection angles between two directions. The angles can be dened by three points, or by two line or polyline segments that have a common endpoint. An example of labeling interior and exterior angles is shown below. The Both option will label interior and exterior angles simultaneously. Prompts Dene angle by, Points/<select line or polyline>: pick a polyline segment Select adjoining line or polyline: pick another polyline segment Interior: 72d39'46'' Exterior: 287d20'14'' Angle to label [<Interior>/Exterior/Both/Deection/None]? press Enter Typing B for Both labels both the interior and exterior angles. Dene angle by, Points/<select line or polyline>: press Enter to end Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate Keyboard Command: labang Prerequisite: None Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 970 Label Coordinates/Elevation This command will label a coordinate on the screen. You can choose to label the northing and easting, the Z elevation, or all three properties. The point can be picked on screen, or specied by point number from the current coordinate (.CRD) le. Options include drawing a box around the label, labeling both feet and meters, setting the layer name for the label, setting the display precision, deciding whether or not to use a leader and selecting a change in the symbol used to mark the point. You can also set the text prex and sufx for the label. Additionally, you can locate a label on Real Z Axis. The Label With Inches option labels with whole feet and inches for the decimal part. The Label Style chooses between labeling with a leader, with a symbol or along the x/y axis. Label Along Axis Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 971 There is also an option to label the Delta X, Y and/or Z between two points, which is called Label Delta Between Two Points. When this option is clicked On, and after the prompt, you will rst click two points locations. The label, with the delta value(s), will then be placed precisely in between these two pick locations. If, for example, the North, East and Elevation button is chosen, the resulting label will show the N, E and Z delta values. The Save and Load buttons save and recall all the settings for this command to .LCE les. This is a way to manage different label styles for different mapping standards and to share between users. Prompts Label Coordinates/Elevation dialog Point to Label ? Pick point or point number: pick a point Point to Label (ENTER to End)? Pick point or point number: press Enter Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate Keyboard Command: labcoor Prerequisite: None Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 972 Label LatLong This command will label the latitude and longitude of a selected point. The program will convert the northing and easting of the input points to latitude and longitude. There is an option to include elevation in the labels. The coordinate system for the drawing coordinates must be dened in Drawing Setup before running this command. First, the program displays a dialog box with options to set the sizes, to set label prexes, to set the display precision, to draw a box around the label and to change the symbol used to mark the point. When Draw With Leader is active, the program prompts for the point to label and then the label location and draws a leader between these points. When Draw With Leader is off, the specied symbol is drawn at the point and the label is drawn automatically to the size. The Prompt For Label Angle option prompts for the label rotation instead of automatically drawing the label horizontal. For the Use Attribute Block option, the symbol must be a block with three attributes for the latitude, longitude and elevation that the program will place and ll out the attributes instead of creating text labels. After the options dialog, the program prompts for the points to label. As you move the cursor, the program display the latitude/longitude in real-time. Prompts Label Latitude / Longitude dialog Pick point or point number: pick a point Pick point or point number: press Enter to end Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate Keyboard Command: lablat Prerequisite: Dene coordinate system in Drawing Setup Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 973 Label Curb Flow Elevations This command labels top of curb and/or bottom of curb (owline) elevations with a leader along an alignment. The data to label comes from Carlson points and alignment is dened by a selected polyline. The program reads all the points in the drawing and then you select which descriptions to use the top of curb labels and which to use for the bottom of curb labels. There are separate settings for the top and bottom to control the label prex, sufx and decimals. The Tolerance setting is the maximum distance between a point to label and the polyline. The Leader Bearing determines how the Leader Angle is applied: Relative adds the angle to the alignment polyline and Absolute means based on the orientation of the screen. The Text Horizontal Offset Scaler controls the distance between the alignment polyline and the label. The Text Vertical Offset Scaler controls the buffer offset between the leader line and the label. The User Leader Entities option chooses between drawing the leaders as polylines or as leader entities. The Elevate Annotations setting controls whether the labels are created at their elevation or at zero. Prompts Top Curb Descriptions pick descriptions to label for top of curb Bottom Curb Desciprionts pick descriptions to label for bottom of curb Pick a polyline to annotate (Enter to End): pick a polyline Pick side for owline (Enter to End): pick a side Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate Keyboard Command: celev Prerequisite: points with elevations and descriptions, and alignment polyline Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 974 Replot Descriptions This command will create user specied text entities at the location of selected point descriptions. Prompts This command will Search for a certain Point Description and plot New text on the current layer with current style. Attribute Text to Search for <>: STK New Text to plot <>: Stake Fnd Select objects: Select Carlson points Select objects: press Enter Number of Text Entities Plotted: 4 Points with description STK Found four STK descriptions and created four text entities Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate Keyboard Command: plotdesc Prerequisite: Points with descriptions must be plotted. Set the layer and text style that you require. Textbox This command allows you to draw a shaded, shadow text box around a selection of Text or Mtext. The size of the shading and the optional leader are determined by the height of the text that is selected. Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 975 Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate Keyboard Command: textbox Prerequisite: Text or Mtext entities Label Offset Distances This command labels the distances of a point to one or two lines. The rst distance is between the point and an east-west line. This distance is labeled as either north or south of the line. The second distance is between the point and a north-south line. This distance is labeled as either east or west of the line. The distances are labeled with a leader and a description of the point. Prompts Pick 'E-W', Left to Right Property Line (if any) Pick Line or Polyline (Enter for None): pick the polyline Pick 'N-S', Top to Bottom Property Line (if any) Pick Line or Polyline (Enter for None): pick the polyline Pick Offset Point, (N) for Number, <E> to Exit: pick a point Pick point to start leader at: pick a point at or near the offset point To point: pick an alignment point for the label To point: press Enter Pick Offset Point, (N) for Number, <E> to Exit: press Enter to End Pulldown Menu Location: Annotate Keyboard Command: ofab Prerequisite: Polyline or Line Label Elevations Along Pline This command labels point elevations and aligns with a polyline based on settings shown in the dialog. These settings can be divided into ve groups. Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 976 Label Settings: The Source of Elevations are read from Carlson points drawn on the screen, polyline vertices, elevations of grade break vertices and can also be picked on the screen. The Side for Labels is relative to the direction the polyline is drawn. Labels can be aligned horizontally, parallel or perpendicular to the polyline or according to the picked alignment. The Offset distance scalar offsets the label from the actual point. Text Settings: The labels with be drawn on Layer with selected Style. The Text size scalar is relative to the current horizontal scale, which is set in Drawing Setup. These scalers are multiplied by the horizontal scale to obtain the actual drawing units. The number of Integers and Decimals can also be specied along with Prex and Sufx for the main elevation label. Leader Settings: The Leader Settings are used to Draw Leader with Arrowhead on the leader Layer with length of leader equal to Leader Scaler. The option Draw text above leaderextends the leader tick to the length of the label. Additional Settings: Draw box around label draws box around the elevation label. Flip text for twist screen changes the text direction if the text is drawn upside down. If the option Ignore zero elevation is on zero elevation labels will be ignored. The Carlson points or picked points are beyond Maximum offset to use will be ignored. Additional Offset Settings: If the Additional offset is other than 0, it will be labeled with Prex and Sufx using the other text settings on the next line of main elevation label. The overlapping labels can be moved using Move Elevation Labels command to remove the overlap. Prompts Label Elevations Along Polyline dialog Select alignment polyline: pick a polyline Select points to label. Select objects: pick the points Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 977 The alignment polyline with points to label is shown Pulldown Menu Location: 3D Data->Label Polylines Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 978 Keyboard Command: elevlab Prerequisite: Polyline and points Chapter 15. Annotate Menu 979 Surface Menu 16 The Surface menu, shown below, has many commands for triangulation, contouring, volumes, prole design and much more. 980 Triangulate & Contour At the heart of nearly every land design project is at least one terrain model. These models go by several names and one of the most common is that of a ''TIN'' or Triangulated Irregular Network; another common name is that of a ''DTM'' or Digital Terrain Model. Since accurate representations of a surface model are signicantly important to most land development projects, having a thorough understanding of the Triangulate & Contour controls is very important. Surface models are generally comprised of combinations of the following general data types: Points - Most surface models are comprised of points whose coordinates (x,y,z) contribute to the formation of triangular planes that connect three points that are in close proximity to one another. Within Carlson, most points come from the Draw Field to Finish command and/or the Draw-Locate Points command. Points can be selectively ltered from the triangulation engine through the use of the Tag Non-Surface Points command. Breaklines - Breaklines (or ''fault lines'') are used to control the connection sequence between four points which results in two triangles. Common uses of breaklines include ravines, ditches, berms and other areas where distinct grade discontinuity occurs. The ''leg'' of a triangle can travel along a breakline but cannot cross the breakline. Breaklines must be in the form of 3D polylines or simple lines whose vertices or endpoints dene a valid ''Z'' elevation. Acommon problemrelated to breaklines is when two breaklines cross one another in 3D space. In these situations, an impasse results and will result in a ''crossing breakline'' report. Within Carlson, most breaklines come from the Draw Field to Finish command and/or the 3D Polyline command. Breaklines fall into one of two general categories: ''Soft'' breaklines - Unless otherwise specied, all breaklines are considered ''soft'' breakline. The na- ture of soft breaklines allows a degree of contour smoothing across the breakline itself resulting in a ''weathered-'' or natural-looking contour. ''Hard'' breaklines - Breaklines tagged as ''hard'' breaklines prevent contour smoothing through the break- line. Hard breaklines are generally used to represent man-made terrain breaks that commonly occur during excavation and construction. Breaklines can be changed to hard breaklines through the use of the Tag Hard Breaklines command. Breaklines and other triangulate-able entities can be selectively ltered from the triangulation engine through the use of the Tag Non-Surface Entities command. Inclusions - Inclusions (or ''boundaries'') are used to identify the entities that can be used for triangulation and multiple inclusion regions can be selected for a given surface model. Entities that fall outside of an inclusion boundary and are not otherwise bound by a different inclusion boundary are ignored by the triangulation engine. Inclusion regions must be in the form of a closed 2D or 3D polylines. Within Carlson, most inclusion polylines come from the Shrinkwrap Entities command. Exclusions - Exclusions (or ''void regions'') are the antithesis of Inclusions and are used to prevent triangulation from occurring between points that are bound by an Inclusion region. Common uses of exclusion regions include building footprints and free-standing water limits (e.g. ponds). Entities that fall inside an exclusion region are ignored by the triangulation engine. Exclusion regions must be in the form of a closed 2D or 3D polylines. Within Carlson, most exclusion polylines come from the Boundary Polyline command and/or the 3D Polyline command. Carlson provides a programming interface for these le types and also offers a third le type ( * .GRD) for the representation of terrain data. See the Notes section for additional details. The Triangulate tab provides options and settings that control the creation and analysis of the TIN itself. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 981 Draw Triangulation Lines: When enabled, the program will draw the triangulation using simple line entities at the appropriate elevation(s). Use the Select button or specify the layer for these lines. Draw Triangulation Faces: When enabled, the program will draw the triangulation using a collection of 3D Face entities. These 3D Faces can then be used rendering routines such as HIDE and SHADE or in Carlson routines such as 3D Viewer Window, 3D Surface Fly-Over and Slope Zone Analysis. Use the Select button or specify the layer for these 3D Faces. Draw Slope Arrows: When enabled, slope arrows are created within the triangles indicating the downhill dip direction as illustrated below. Clicking the Setup button yields the Draw Slope Arrow Settings dialog box. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 982 Arrow Layer: Indicate the layer to which the slope arrows are to be placed. Size Scaler: Indicate a positive, non-zero value for the scale factor that should be applied to the slope arrows. Draw Slope Percent Label: When enabled, the slope value (in percentage) of the triangle is labeled onto the slope arrow. Specify the desired unit sufx (e.g. ''%'') to apply to the end of the numerical value that is calculated from the TIN triangle(s). Label Decimals: Indicate the amount of precision that is to be displayed on the slope label. Min Area to Label: Indicate the smallest allowable triangle size that can be used for the slope percentage labels. Write Triangulation File: When enabled (strongly suggested), an external surface model le is created which can subsequently be used for volume calculations, the creation of proles, cross-sections and graded pads. Carlson currently provides two le types to store the DTM data created by the Triangulate & Contour routine: 1. * .TIN - The TIN le format is the default and preferred le format due to its compact le size and organi- zational efciency. The Carlson TIN format is governed by Carlson and is in a binary (non-human readable) format. 2. * .FLT - The FLT le format is a legacy ASCII-based (human-readable) le format and is used in some older machine control applications. Use Inclusion/Exclusion Areas: When enabled, the program will prompt you for inclusion and exclusion polylines and prevents the use of the Shrink-Wrap Perimeter Reduction option. These are used to further control the area of activity for triangulation and contouring. The inclusion and exclusion polylines must be closed polylines and when used, must be drawn before using Triangulate & Contour. It is suggested that the height of the Command: line display must be set to show at least two lines so that the additional prompts can be easily viewed. Refer to the Notes section for additional information on Inclusion/Exclusion polyline selections. Shrink-Wrap Perimeter Reduction: This option produces an inferred Inclusion region around the data to be selected and mimics the results of the Shrinkwrap Entities command. Ignore Zero Elevations: When enabled, this option will lter out all data points and entities at an elevation of zero from the triangulation data set. Specify Input/Output Elevation Range: If you would like to manually set the range over which to contour, select either or both of the aforementioned toggles. One controls the triangulation of the source data and the other for the contour output. The program will automatically contour from the lowest elevation in the data set up to the highest at the increment specied in Contour Interval. Minimize Flat Triangles: When enabled, this toggle instructs the triangulation ''engine'' to iterate through the tri- angulation permutations to minimize the occurrence of ''at'' (or more precisely, horizontal) triangles. Flat triangles often occur when creating surface models from contour data. In this scenario, the often used Delaunay triangulation algorithm may produce unrealistic results. The Minimize Flat Triangle option will perform additional permutations of the triangulation network through the use of the Surface Manager >Swap Edge routine in an attempt to maximize the number of ''sloped'' triangles. Another option that produces similar results is the Interpolate Ridges and Valleys option. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 983 Before: Surface made from an existing contour map with Minimize Flat Triangles disabled. After: The same surface with Minimize Flat Triangles enabled. Note the better dened ravine and ridge denitions. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 984 Difference: A Cut/Fill Color Map showing the regions of signicant triangulation difference between the ''Before'' scenario and the ''After'' scenario of ''Minimize Flat Triangles.'' Erase Previous Contour Entities: In the event that a TIN needs to be recreated and Carlson-produced contours are in the drawing, three options exist that allow you to control whether or not the contour data should be removed from the drawing: Off - All existing Carlson-generated contours are left intact in the drawing. If these contours satisfy all of the triangulation requirements, they can be utilized by the Triangulation algorithm. Current Surface - Only the Carlson-generated contours that are associated with the active Triangulation le are removed from the drawing. All Contour Entities - All Carlson-generated contours are removed from the drawing, regardless of the surface model that created them. Pick Reference Plane: When enabled, this option allows you to contour an overhang or cliff by changing the refer- ence plane to a side view. The reference plane can be specied by using the View>Viewpoint 3D>View command (see the AutoCAD/IntelliCAD Help menu for additional details) or by specifying three data points on the cliff (two along the bottom and one at the top). Highlight Breaklines: When enabled, this routine highlights breaklines in the triangulation network by drawing the triangulation lines along breaklines in yellow. Interpolate Ridges and Valleys: The intent of this routine is similar to, and is the pre-cursor of the Minimize Flat Triangles option. When enabled, this option inserts ''best-guess'' breaklines into the drawing which are subsequently used in the triangulation process in an attempt to minimize at, horizontal triangles. Interpolate Summits and Pits: When enabled, this option creates additional triangulation in a summit or pit situ- ation to more accurately represent existing ground conditions from a surface model created from contour entities. Since the tops of hills and the bottom of pits are often not shown on existing ground contour maps, this option often helps improve the accuracy of existing terrain conditions. Simplify Surface: When enabled, this option reduces the digital size of a surface without signicantly compromis- ing the integrity or accuracy of the surface itself. The most common application to enable this option is when using very large datasets, such as smoothed contours. Its use is less applicable to design surfaces or surfaces based on surveyed points, but it can still be utilized. Elevation Method: When enabled, this option reduces the size of the surface le by analyzing the difference in elevation between each vertex of the TIN and the vertices directly surrounding it, assigning a numerical weight or value to each vertex. If it is determined that the calculated weight for a particular vertex is less than the Tolerance factor, the vertex is a candidate for removal. The number of vertices removed is directly proportional to the Tolerance factor, so the higher the Tolerance factor, the more vertices are removed and vice versa. Preserve Breaklines: When enabled, this option analyzes the TIN by focusing on the edges; calculating the angular Chapter 16. Surface Menu 985 difference between adjacent triangular faces. If the angular difference between edges is greater than the specied Breakline Angle, it is considered to be a breakline, and it is preserved. If its angular difference is determined to be below the Breakline Angle, it becomes a candidate for removal. In that case, the Weight factor is applied to the corresponding vertex, adjusting its original value. If the resulting value is still below the Tolerance, it is then removed. The number of vertices removed is inversely proportional to the Weight factor, so the greater the Weight factor. The fewer vertices that are removed, the lower the Weight factor, the more vertices that are removed. A good rule-of-thumb that can be used when deciding whether or not to use these options is: If the surface contains no man-made features, use Simplify Surface option (with or without the Elevation Method option). If the surface contains man-made features, such as roads, use both Simplify Surface and Preserve Breaklines. Max Triangle Mesh Line Length: Two bounds are provided to limit the length of the ''legs'' within a triangulation network. Based on the available data, if the edge length of a triangle exceeds the respective bound, the triangle will not be formed: Exterior: This value applies to triangulation lines around the perimeter of the triangulation area. Interior: This value applies all the other triangulation lines. Generally you would have the Exterior value larger than the Interior value. Draw Contours: When enabled, the program will draw contour lines using the designated settings after triangula- tion process is complete. Otherwise, only the designated Triangulation operations are performed. If this option is disabled and contours are subsequently desired, use the Contours from TIN File command. Interval Method: Indicate the desired elevation(s) for contours to be drawn: Contour by Interval: Specify the desired interval (e.g. every 2 feet) into the Contour Interval eld. Contour an Elevation: Specify a desired elevation (e.g. a oodplain elevation or other unique elevation of interest) and set the desired value into the Contour Interval eld. Contour Layer/Index Layer: Specify the layer to which the contours/index contours are to be drawn. Contour Interval/Index Interval: Specify the interval to which the contours/index contours are to be drawn. Contour Line Width/Index Line Width: Specify the line width to be applied to the contours/index contours. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 986 Draw Index Contours: When enabled, index (or ''major'') contours will be created with independent characteristics from the regular contours. Min Contour Length: Specify the minimum linear threshold that should be used to draw contours. Apply Outlier Reduction Filter: When enabled, this option attempts to remove ''the jaggies'' which tend to occur along long, thin triangles. Reduce Vertices: When enabled, this option attempts to remove extra vertices from the contours using the Offset Distance value. The result of this action is often a signicant reduction in vertex locations along the contour resulting in a more efciently-sized and compact drawing le. Offset Distance: Specify the maximum allowable distance for shifting the original contour line in order to reduce vertices. The reduced contour will shift no more than this value, at any point, away from the original contour line. A lower value will decrease the number of vertices removed and keep the contour line closer to the original. A higher value will remove more vertices and allows the contour to shift further from the original location. Reduce Before Bezier Smoothing: When enabled, this option attempts to remove extra vertices from the contours before they undergo Bezier Smoothing using the Offset Distance value. Contour Smoothing Method: Indicate the desired amount of smoothing (often used for existing, natural ground conditions to simulate a ''weathered terrain'' effect) that should be applied to the contours: No Smoothing: This option is often used for proposed, man-made surface considerations where the terrain has been shaped with earth-moving equipment. For applications where a ''nature-emulated'' man-made terrain is desired, refer to the Carlson Natural Regrade documentation. Bezier Smoothing Factor: This option holds all the contour points calculated from the triangulation and only smooths between the calculated points. Polynomial Smoothing: This option applies a fth degree polynomial equation through the contour data points for a smooth transition between the triangulation faces. Subdivisional Surfaces: When enabled, adjust the horizontal slider to indicate the degree of triangular subdivisions. This causes each triangle in the triangulation surface model to be subdivided into (x + 1)2 triangles, where x = Subdivision Generations. The mathematically generated sub-triangle vertices are raised or lowered to provide smoother contours. More generations increase the smoothness of the contours but incur increased processing time. Although this algorithm does not produce ''crossing contours,'' it can result in undesired contours in terrain scenarios such as where graded slopes abruptly transition to nearly horizontal slopes (e.g. the sides and bottom of a detention pond). Bezier Smoothing Factor: Adjust the horizontal slider to obtain a preview of how much smoothing can be expected at each setting. Sliding the bar to the left results in a lower setting which have less looping or less freedom to curve between contour line points. Likewise, moving the slider to the right results in a setting that increases the looping effect. Note that too much smoothing applied in some situations can result in crossing contours. Highlight Depression Contours: When enabled, use the Setup button to establish general conguration settings for depression contours. Layer: Specify the layer to which the depression contours are to be drawn. Tick Size Scaler: Indicate the relative scale factor that should be applied to the depression ticks. Tick Interval Scaler: Indicate the desired interval scaler which controls the spacing of the depression ticks. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 987 Line Width: Specify the line width to be applied to the depression contours. Hatch Zones: When enabled, this option will create hatching between the contours based on elevation zones. The following dialog will open allowing the user to specify the hatch type and color for each elevation zone. The entire elevation range of selected data is displayed under Current Values. Auto: Opens the following dialog, allowing for automatic conguration of the range of elevations in each zone, assigning of colors and hatch patterns, and the scale. Starting Zone: Sets the zone with which to begin the application of the setting dened in this dialog. For Instance, if the Starting Zone was set to 10, the settings denitions applied here wouldn't affect Zones 1-9, but would start at Zone 10. Set Values: Enables the Starting Value and Value Interval elds, which allowthe user to specify the starting elevation for the given zone and set the zone increment. Starting Value: Sets the elevation of the beginning zone to dene. Value Interval: Sets the elevation increment for subsequent zones. Set Colors: Enables the Starting Color and Color Increment elds. Starting Color: Sets the starting color number based on the standard CAD color chart. Color Increment: Sets the color number to increase for subsequent zones. So if the increment was set to 5, and the starting color was 60, the next color would be 65, 70, and so on. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 988 Set Pattern: Sets the hatch pattern for the dened zones. Set Scale: Enables the Scale option. Scale: Sets the scale for the selected hatch pattern. Clear: Clears the all of the Elevation elds in the dialog. Load: Loads previous settings from a saved .pat le. Save: Saves the current setting conguration to a .pat le. Label Contours: When enabled, contours will be labeled based on the settings below. If this option is disabled and further contour annotation is desired, utilize the Contour Elevation Label command. Label Layer: Specify the layer name for intermediate contour labels. To only label index contours, enable the Label Index Contours Only option. Index Label Layer: Specify the layer name for index contour labels. Label Style: Specify the text style that will be used for the contour label text. Label Integers controls how many digits to label to the left of the decimal. For example, if all contours are in the 5000's, then setting for three digits would label the 5280 contour as 280. Label Decimals: Specify the amount of precision to display on the contour labels. Label Text Size Scaler: Specify a relative text size scale factor to be applied to the label(s). Use Commas adds a comma into the labels for the thousands place such as ''5,000'' instead of ''5000''. Min Length to Label: Specify the desired minimum length of contours that should be annotated. In other words, Contours whose length is less than the value will not be labeled. Positive/Negative Contour Prex: Indicate a desired string of prex text (e.g. Elev= ) that is to precede the positive and/or negative contour elevations, respectively. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 989 Positive/Negative Contour Sufx: Indicate a desired string of sufx text that is to follow the positive and/or negative contour elevations, respectively. Break Contours at Label: When enabled, the contour lines will be broken and trimmed at the label location for label visibility. As an alternative to physically placing a gap into the contour, consider using the Hide Drawing Under Labels option. Break Buffer Offset: Specify the offset distance which determines the gap between the end of the trimmed contour line and the beginning or ending of the text. Draw Box Around Text: When enabled, a rectangle is drawn around the contour elevation labels. Box Buffer Offset: Specify the offset distance which determines the gap between the box and the beginning or ending of the text. Label At Centerline Offset: When creating contours and subsequent plan sheets for roads, enable this option to position the labels at a xed offset from a centerline. The program automatically uses any polylines in the drawing that are tagged as centerlines. To check whether a polyline is a centerline, use the Centerline ID command. To create a centerline polyline from a centerline le, use the Draw Centerline File command. Draw Broken Segments: When enabled, the segments of contours that have been broken out for label visibility will be redrawn as independent segments. To join these segments back into the contour, use the Join Nearest command. Layer: Specify the layer that is to receive the newly drawn broken segments. Label Contour Ends: When enabled, the ends of ''open'' contours will be labeled. Label Index Contours Only: When enabled, only the index contours are labeled. This option is active only when Draw Index Contours has been selected in the Contour tab. Hide Drawing Under Labels: When enabled, a ''Wipeout'' entity is placed with the annotation label that will create the appearance of trimmed segments at the contour label, even though the contour line is still fully intact. This feature provides the user with the best of both worlds; you have clean looking contour labels yet the contour lines themselves remain contiguous. This feature will also hide other entities that are in the immediate vicinity of the contour label. Align Text with Contour: When enabled, the contour elevation labels will be rotated to align with their respective contour lines. Use MText: When enabled, contour labels are created using the MText entity type. Otherwise, the standard DText entity type is used. Draw On Real Z Axis: When enabled, the contour labels are placed at the same ''Z'' (elevation) value of the contour itself. When disabled, the contour labels are placed at a ''Z'' (elevation) value of 0 (zero). Align Facing Uphill: When enabled, the contour elevation labels will still be rotated to align with their respective contour lines, but the labels will be placed in such a manner that the top of the text label will always be toward the uphill side of the contour. Internal Label Intervals: Indicate the desired method for contour labels within the contour itself: Label Intervals: This option will label each contour with a set number of labels. Distance Interval: This option allows you to specify an interval distance between labels. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 990 Filter Selection By Inclusion/Exclusion Areas: This option lters out selected entities from the triangulation that are outside the surface area dened by the inclusion/exclusion perimeter polylines. Otherwise, all the selected entities are used for triangulation and then the triangulation is trimmed at the inclusion/exclusion perimeters. Whether to prompt for inclusion/exclusion perimeters is specied on the Triangulate Tab. Specify Selection Options: When enabled, indicate the type(s) of entities that are to be used during the triangulation process. This is an excellent method of ''ltering out'' unwanted entity types or enabling the use of desired entity types. CAD Points, Lines, 2D Polylines, 3D Polylines, 3DFaces, Elevation Text and Inserts (blocks) are standard CAD entities types. Carlson Point Inserts refer to Carlson points (such as those placed with the Draw Field to Finish command or which utilize the Carlson ''SRVPNO * '' family of blocks with point number, elevation, and description attributes). Spot/Bottom Elevation Inserts include text entities that start with 'X'. From File: When enabled, allows you to triangulate from the points in an external coordinate (.CRD) or ASCII le. This option also provides access to the use of Point Groups as a data source. An Error Log is generated if the triangulation routine nds vertical conicts between breaklines or other surface entities and displays the conicts in a ''docked dialog box.'' Three types of conicts are reported (each conict type is listed into its own category): 1. Crossing Breaklines - Indicates the common X,Y location of two breaklines that do not share a common ''Z'' elevation. 2. Vertical Edges - Indicates that two entities or vertexes of differing elevations have the same x-y location, thus forming a vertical plane to another point. 3. Breakline T-Intersections - Indicates that a third entity is abutting another entity, but the second entity doesn't have a vertex at the point of intersection. Click the ''+'' sign beside a category to display the individual conicts within that category and click the ''-'' sign to collapse the list. When a line item error is selected, a highlighted arrow is temporarily placed in the drawing to indicate the exact location of the specic conict. Zoom functionality allows the user to more closely inspect Chapter 16. Surface Menu 991 the specic problem area, and if needed a marker can be drawn or a report generated for an individual conict or conicts. Zoom To: Centers the display on the location of the error without affecting the zoom resolution. Zoom In: Increases the ability to see detail. Zoom Out: Decreases the ability to see detail. Report One/All: This option toggles between ''One'' and ''All'' depending whether a single line item conict or an entire category is selected from the error log. An error report is generated listing the x-y position and the elevation difference of the entities in conict. Draw One/All: This option toggles between One and All depending whether a single conict or a category is selected from the list. This option draws an ''X'' symbol at each selected conict. Settings: Indicate the desired conguration settings for the error log: Chapter 16. Surface Menu 992 Tolerances: Indicate the lowest elevation difference threshold that should be reported for Crossing Breaklines, Vertical Edges and Breakline T-Intersections, respectively. Layer Name: Specify the layer name for the ''X'' entities drawn with Draw One/All option. This also sets the layer name for the Draw Lines option. In the case of crossing polylines, Draw Lines will trace over the polylines responsible for the conict. Symbol Size: Specify the size of the ''X'' symbol that is drawn to delineate the selected errors. This will determine the actual size of the symbol in the drawing. This value is not multiplied by the horizontal drawing scale. Note: When selecting Inclusion/Exclusion polylines, you may select any number of Inclusion polylines and any number of Exclusion polylines. Selecting multiple Inclusion polylines results in ''islands'' of terrain data within a given TIN le. If Triangulate & Contour reports zero points found and fails to do anything when you're using Carlson points, then those points are probably located at zero elevation. To x this problem, make sure that Carlson Point Inserts is toggled on in the Selection tab. This will enable Triangulate & Contour to read the elevation from the elevation attribute of the point. For those experienced in programming, Carlson offers a DTM API (Application Programming Interface) which provides functions that can be used to access and manipulate information stored within a DTM le. In surface situations where a series of rectangular grid cells are desired, explore the Make 3D Grid File command. Prompts The following are the most often encountered prompts: Select the Inclusion perimeter polylines or ENTER for none. Select entities: Select the desired closed polylines that form the bounding inclusion area(s) of the surface model and press Enter when complete. Select the Exclusion perimeter polylines or ENTER for none. Select entities: Select the desired closed polylines that form the regions(s) of the surface model where triangulation should not occur and press Enter when complete. Select the points and breaklines to Triangulate. Select entities: Select the desired entities from CAD using standard CAD selection methods and press Enter when complete. Pulldown Menu Location(s): Surface (Survey, Civil, Hydro, Construction, Field, Natural Regrade), Takeoff > Surface Tools Keyboard Command: tri Prerequisite: ''Triangulate-able'' entities in the drawing (dened by the Selection Tab) and/or an external point le. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 993 Contour from TIN File This command creates contours directly from a TIN le (.t or .tin) without the need to have the TIN drawn on the screen. The routine starts by opening the dialog for Triangulate and Contour, allowing the user to specify triangulation, contour and label settings. After pressing OK on the initial dialog, a second dialog opens, allowing for the selection of the TIN le from which to create the contours. See the Triangulate and Contour section in the manual for a detailed description of each of the settings. Prompts Fill out the Triangulate and Contour Dialog information with the desired options. Select the desired TIN le and choose Open. Loading edges... Loaded 1994 points and 5944 edges Created 3936 triangles Removed 9 disconnected edges. Reading points... 0 Contouring elevation 497 Inserted 1926 contour vertices. The user may be prompted for additional information depending on settings used in the Triangulate and Contour dialog box. Pulldown Menu Location: Surface >> Contour from... Keyboard Command: cntrTIN Prerequisite: A TIN le (.t or .tin) Chapter 16. Surface Menu 994 Draw Triangular Mesh This command draws a triangulation (.t or .tin) le as either 3D LINES or 3DFACEs. Since 3DFACE entities can be shaded within the 3D Viewer Window or 3D Surface FlyOver, or with the AutoCAD 3D Orbit command, this is an excellent tool for visual surface inspection. 3D Lines cannot be shaded. Triangulation (.t or .tin) les can be created by Triangulate & Contour. Prompts Select TMESH File to Draw Choose a triangulation (.t or .tin) le from the le selection dialog. You are then prompted for options: If using Inclusion/Exclusion Perimeters, you will be prompted to select them as the routine executes. Loading edges... Loaded 198 points and 234 edges This Triangulation mesh was drawn as 3DFaces with the Draw Triangular Mesh command, and then colorized by elevation within 3D Viewer Window Pulldown Menu Location: Surface >> Draw Surface Keyboard Command: drawtri Chapter 16. Surface Menu 995 Prerequisite: A triangulation (.t or .tin) le Contour ID Contour ID reports the routine and source data used to generate the selected contour polyline. Prompts Select contour polyline to identify: pick a polyline Surface Name: Triangulate & Contour by screen entities Select contour polyline to identify (Enter to end): press Enter Pulldown Menu Location: Surface->Modify Contours Keyboard Command: CTR ID Prerequisite: a contour polyline Highlight Index Contours This command will move contours of a specied interval to another layer. This allows the user to change the color or width of a certain interval. This is useful if all the contours had been generated on a single layer, and you wish to display the index contours differently based on a new layer setting. Prompts Layer name of existing contours <CTR>: press Enter Layer name for highlight contours <NCTR>: press Enter Select Contours to Highlight. Select objects: Select contours using any standard selection methods. Select objects: press Enter to conclude selection. The program then sorts and displays the High and Low interval of the selected contours. Contour increment to highlight: 10 Starting Highlight at elevation <98.0>: 100 Ending Highlight at elevation <152.0>: 150 Assuming we had drawn 1 foot intervals, the above example would move the contours on elevations 100, 110, 120, 130, 140 and 150 to the layer NCTR. Pulldown Menu Location: Surface >> Modify Contours Keyboard Command: indexctr Prerequisite: Contours should be plotted and visible on the screen. Highlight Depression Contours This command highlights depression contours by changing their layer, color, and adding tick marks. A depression contour is a closed contour line that leads to a local minimum such that there are no contour lines with a higher elevation within the contour. This routine nds the depression contours out of the selected polylines. The depression contours are highlighted, and the user selects which ones to label. Prompts Chapter 16. Surface Menu 996 Layer name of existing contours <CTR>: Enter Layer name for depression contours <DCTR>: Enter Width for depression contours <1.0>: Enter Tick Interval for depression contours <50.00>: Enter Tick Size for depression contours <6.0>: Enter Select the existing contours. Select objects: Select all the contour polylines, even the contours that aren't depression contours. Select objects: press Enter to conclude selection. The program then sorts and displays the high and low elevations of the selected contours. Reading the selection set ... Locating the depression contours ... Highlight all or selected depression contours [All/<Selected>]? A The ''All'' option changes all contours identied as depression contours to the specied layer and adds tick marks. The ''Selected'' option highlights all contours identied as depression contours and then user is prompted to select which ones to change to specied depression contour layer and add tick marks to. Drawing the depression contours ... Highlighted depression contours Pulldown Menu Location: Surface >> Modify Contours Keyboard Command: depress Prerequisite: Contours should be plotted and visible on the screen. Contour Elevation Label This command can be used to simultaneously create elevation labels on a group of contour polylines at elevation. First the command starts with a dialog with the label options. Then to place the labels, pick two points crossing the contour polylines at the desired label location. The program will nd all the contour polylines that intersect the picked line (dened by the two picked points) and will place labels at the intersection point of each contour. A second crossing line can be initiated immediately, so multiple areas can be quickly labeled while remaining in the command. Alternatively, you can type P for Polyline at the Command prompt and select a polyline. Then the program nds all the intersections between the selected polyline and the contours and places labels at these intersections. The actual ''z'' elevation of the contour line determines the label value. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 997 Label Layer species layer name for the contour labels that will be created. Label Style species the text style to be used for labels. Horizontal Scale is used in conjunction with the Text Size Scaler to determine unit height of the contour labels. Text Size Scaler is a scaler that will be multiplied by the horizontal scale to set the actual text height of the labels in AutoCAD units. Integers controls how many digits to label to the left of the decimal. For example, if all contours are in the 5000's, then setting for three digits would label the 5280 contour as 280. Decimals sets the decimal precision for the labels to be created. Label Position determines the label position in relation to the contour polyline. On Contour centers the label on the contour line. Above Contour places the label above the contour line. If this option is used, the options for Break Contours at Label and Draw Broken Segments become inactive. Ignore Zero Elevation Polylines enables the routine to lter out all entities with an elevation of zero. Hide Drawing Under Labels activates a text wipeout feature that will create the appearance of trimmed segments at the contour label, even though the contour line is still fully intact. This feature provides the user with the best of both worlds; you have clean looking contour labels, yet the contour lines themselves remain contiguous. This feature will also hide other entities that are in the immediate vicinity of the contour label. Align Facing Uphill makes the label parallel to the contour and ips the label so that it reads facing uphill. Otherwise, the labels are made to face up relative to the current screen view. When this option is on, the program prompts for a triangulation surface le that should match the surface the contours represent. Use Commas adds a comma into the labels for the thousands place such as ''5,000'' instead of ''5000''. When Align Text with Contour is checked, contour elevation labels will be rotated to align with their respective contour lines. When Break Contours at Label is checked, the contour lines will be broken and trimmed at the label location for label visibility. When Draw Broken Segments is checked, segments of contours that are broken out for label visibility will be Chapter 16. Surface Menu 998 redrawn as independent segments. Specify the layer for these broken segments in the box to the right of this toggle. Label Contour Ends creates labels off the ends of the contours. Label By Distance places the labels by distance along the contour. The user is not prompted for screen picks of contour crossing when this option is used. Interval sets the distance interval to be used between labels on each contour. When Draw Box Around Text is checked, a rectangle will be drawn around the elevation labels. The Offset Scaler controls the size of the rectangle. The Draw On Real Z Axis chooses between creating the text entities at the elevations of the contours or at zero elevation. The Use MText chooses between creating MText and DText label entities. Label Index Only: When checked, only Index contours are labeled. Prompts Contour Label Options Dialog Opens Select the desired options and press OK. Dene a line which slices the contours at the desired label locations. Pick 1st point (P-Polyline, Enter to end): pick a point Pick 2nd point: pick a point By selecting two points the contour lines that cross the line dened by the two points are labeled. Pulldown Menu Location: Surface >> Contour Labels Keyboard Command: gclabel Prerequisite: polylines with elevation (contour polylines) Move Label Along Contour This command slides an existing contour label along a contour, maintaining its alignment with the contour. After moving the label, you can type F for Flip at the Command prompt to rotate the label orientation by 180. The label must have originally been created with the Break Contours at Label option Off. If the option to Hide Drawing Under Labels was used when the label was created, the wipeout will move with the label when using this command. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 999 In addition to moving a label, an existing label can be copied and placed at a new position along the con- tour by using the Copy option at the rst prompt. Prompts Copy/<Select contour label to move>: Pick label Pick new contour label position:Move mouse to relocate label Flip last/<Select contour label to move (Enter to end)>: press Enter Pulldown Menu Location: Surface >> Contour Labels Keyboard Command: move ctr label Prerequisite: generated contour labels Volumes By Triangulation Volumes By Triangulation is a volume method that compares two triangulation networks. This method is different from the grid based volume routines (Volumes By Layer, One Surface Volumes, Two Surface Volumes, Stockpile Volumes, etc.) and the cross section volume routine (Calculate Section Volume). Volumes by Triangulation calculates faster in most cases than the other methods, and it is the most accurate because it uses true TIN to TIN prismoidal volumes. This added accuracy in general is very small. The grid resolution is usually sufcient to model the surface for the grid based volumes. The Volume By Triangulation accuracy applies well when there is a feature like a 5 foot wide ditch. Then the grid resolution would need to be less than 5 feet to model the ditch which might be difcult on a large site. The disadvantage to this routine is that it lacks the output options that help the analysis of the volume such as Difference Contours. Also Volumes by Triangulation does no extrapolation and stops calculating volume at the perimeter of the smaller of the two triangulation networks. Volumes By Triangulation is better when used with point data instead of contour data because contour data requires triangulating all the contour polylines as breaklines which creates a large triangulation network and is slower. The triangulation networks to compare are dened in .tin or .t les that are created by Triangulate & Contour with the Write Triangulation File option. Note that while both le formats are supported, the newer binary triangulation le format (.tin) is twice as fast to load and save, and half the size, of the .t triangulation le format. For this reason, the .tin le format is recommended. Before using this command, run Triangulate & Contour twice to create an triangulation (.TIN or .FLT) le for each surface. The volume calculation is limited by either the extent of the triangulation networks or by an inclusion/exclusion perimeter(s). These perimeters must be closed polylines. Output data includes area, tons by density, average thickness, shrink and swell, ratio, and total volume. Shrink/Swell Factors An optional aspect of the Volumes by Triangulation routine is the ability to supply either a Cut ''Swell'' Factor and/or a Fill ''Shrink'' Factor to the results of the volume calculation. Having a solid understanding on the ramications of each factor is important for determining how (and when) the values should be used for earthwork considerations. The factors are commonly expressed as decimal differences from the ''factor neutral'' value of 1.00. In most cases, surface models are representations of what currently exists in the eld or what is desired to exist after construction. Consider the following examples: Excavating a Pit Suppose you are given the task of designing a below ground storage pit. Based on your design surface model, the amount of Cut has been determined to be 1,000 C.Y.Cut Swell Factor > 1 (example 1.15) Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1000 Supplying a Cut Swell Factor greater than 1 would usually be taken to mean ''How much volume will my 1,000 C.Y. of material occupy when it comes out of the ground?'' With a 15% swell factor (1.15) applied, the 1000 C.Y. of excavated material would now occupy 1,150 C.Y. of space. Cut Swell Factor < 1 (example 0.85) Supplying a Cut Swell Factor less than 1 would usually be taken to mean ''How much volume will 1,000 C.Y. of material occupy in this hole when it has been compacted?'' With a 15% compaction factor (0.85) applied, the 1000 C.Y. of material getting compacted would now occupy 850 C.Y. of the hole space. Working with a Stockpile Suppose you have a stockpile of material that is suitable for building purposes. Based on your design surface model, the amount of material has been determined to be 1,000 C.Y. Fill Shrink Factor > 1 (example 1.10) Supplying a Fill Shrink Factor greater than 1 (see NOTE below) would usually be taken to mean ''How much volume would this 1,000 C.Y. of material occupy if it were picked up and deposited elsewhere?'' With a 10% swell factor (1.10) applied, the 1000 C.Y. of stockpile material would occupy 1100 C.Y. of space. Fill Shrink Factor < 1 (example 0.90) Supplying a Fill Shrink Factor less than 1 would usually be taken to mean ''How much volume will 1,000 C.Y. of stockpile material occupy when it has been compacted?'' With a 10% compaction factor (0.90) applied, the 1000 C.Y. of material getting compacted would now occupy 900 C.Y. of the hole space. Note: In a design Fill scenario (such as a berm), often it is desired to know how much material would need to be brought in at a given compaction factor to occupy the design ll. To determine this value, use the following equation: Fill Factor = 100.0/(100.0 - shrink percentage), using 15% shrink as an example, Fill Factor = 100.0/(100.0 - 15.0) = 1.17647 Prompts Select EXISTING Surface Triangulation File Choose an .t or .tin le Select FINAL Surface Triangulation File Choose an .t or .tin le Select Inclusion polylines. Select objects: select objects that form a perimeter around the area of study Select Exclusion polylines. Select objects: select objects that form an exclusion area within the area of study Cut Swell Factor: Supply an appropriate factor by which the calculated Cut volume should be multiplied. Fill Shrink Factor: Supply an appropriate factor by which the calculated Fill volume should be multiplied. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1001 Use Report Formatter: Choose between customizing the report and using the standard report. Volume Units and Area Units: Choose the units to include in the report. Calculate Elevation Zone Volumes: This option calculates cut/ll volumes within elevation ranges. The ranges use a specied elevation interval and can start from the top or bottom. Report Tons: Enable this option to report the tonnage of Cut material and Fill material based on the material density. Density: Indicate the average material density. Write TIN Difference: Enable this option to create a TIN based on the elevation difference between the EXISTING surface and the FINAL surface. Pulldown Menu Location(s): Civil > Surface > Volumes by Triangulation, Survey > Surface > Volumes by Triangulation Keyboard Command: trivol Prerequisite: Two .t or .tin les Triangulation File Utilities This command allows you to modify TIN surfaces in a variety of different ways, then allows for 3d viewing and shading of the modied surface and nally for saving the le with a choice of output formats. The focus of the routine is to elevate or lower the TIN or selected areas within the TIN, merge TINs with other surfaces, or use data from other TIN les to apply to the current TIN. Operations can be performed on the entire TIN or just on user selected Inclusion and/or Exclusion areas. The routine will automatically rework the TIN network for conformation to a selected boundary, say a building outline. In the case of said building, a value of 10 could be subtracted from the building outline. This will drop all of the triangulation within the outline by 10', thus creating a model of the excavated area for the building. The modied TIN can then be saved to a new le, which could be used to compute an excavation volume with Volumes by Triangulation. This routine does not allow for manual reconguration of the TIN network. This is performed under Surface Tools, also in the Contour pulldown menu. This routine also includes conversions to and from TIN les, DXF les and 3D Face entities. Begin with the dialog shown here. First select a TIN model. You may choose between an .t or .tin le, a DXF le (that includes 3DFACE entities), or 3DFACE entities in the current drawing. Specify the subject area by choosing inclusion or exclusion perimeters, then press the next button. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1002 Load TIN File: Allows you to specify a triangulation (.t or .tin) le to load. Load DXF File: Allows you to specify a DXF le to load. Only loads 3DFACE entities from the selected DXF le. Select 3D Faces: Allows you to select 3DFACE entities from the current drawing. This also includes rectangular 3d faces from a plotted grid. Pick Bounding Polylines: Allows you to select any inclusion/exclusion perimeter(s). When this button is selected, the user is taken back to the drawing and prompted to select the perimeters. Press Enter when the selections are nished to return back to the dialog. Fast TIN Intersect: When checked, this command will perform a simple and fast check for overlapping triangles, so is the preferred choice in most cases. However, if problems with the TIN are suspected, this option should be unchecked, so that a complete and thorough check and repair of the TIN is performed. Fill-in-holes: When checked, any missing triangulation or gap in the surface will be automatically lled in with additional triangles. This option has to be set before loading the TIN le to take effect. Region Mode: This option deals with nested or overlapping boundaries. When checked, AutoCAD hatch pattern logic is applied, in which all nested boundaries are used in an alternating fashion, so that an Inclusion Boundary within an Exclusion Boundary is still recognized. If this option is not checked, everything within an Exclusion Boundary is ignored. Next: Press this button to proceed to the next dialog after all selections have been made . The next dialog allows you to perform mathematical operation(s) on the loaded TIN. Each operation is described below. Keep in mind that generally these operations are to be performed on an area inside your inclusion perime- ter (but excluding anything inside your exclusion perimeters). If you do not specify any perimeters, the desired operation/s will be performed on the entire TIN. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1003 Add Value: Prompts for a value to Add to the subject area of the TIN. Subtract Value: Prompts for a value to Subtract from the subject area of the TIN. Multiply Value: Prompts for a value to Multiply to the subject area of the TIN. Divide Value: Prompts for a value to Divide to the subject area of the TIN. Add TIN: Raises the subject area of the current TIN by the elevation value from a second user selected TIN le. This function is most applicable to applying a strata thickness TIN. Subtract TIN: Lowers the subject area of the current TIN by the elevation value from a second user selected TIN le. Min TIN: This does a comparison between the current TIN and a second user selected TIN le, and applies the lower value of the two TINs to the subject area. Max TIN: This does a comparison between the current TIN and a second user selected TIN le, and applies the higher value of the two TINs to the subject area. Merge TIN: Merges the current subject TIN into a second user-specied TIN le. There are three methods: Current TIN inside/Second TIN outside boundary: This method is only available when Bounding Polylines are selected in the rst Triangulation File Utilities dialog. The current TIN will be used inside the boundary polylines and the second TIN is used everywhere else. The current TIN le should be the smaller of the two surfaces since the subject le will be joined or merged into the second le. For example, to merge a pad design into existing ground with this method, choose the pad design as the current TIN, pick the pad perimeter as the bounding polyline and use existing ground as the second TIN. Second TIN inside/Current TIN outside boundary: This method uses the second TIN inside the boundary and the current TIN everywhere else. The outline of the second TIN is used as the boundary if no bounding polylines where selected in the initial dialog. For example, to merge a pad design into existing ground with this method, choose the existing ground as the current TIN and choose the pad design as the second TIN. Wipe, combine and repair Current TIN where overlaps Second TIN: This method removes triangles from the Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1004 current TIN for areas that overlap the second TIN. Then the second TIN is added into the current TIN surface and the gap between the current and second TINs is triangulated to stitch them together. This method is useful when the two TINs don't have matching have elevations on their common boundary. Then this method will create a transition zone between the TINs. Enhance Flats: This routine eliminates at triangles by adding a data point inside the triangle at a different elevation to subdivide the triangle. The elevation of this point is calculated based on the slopes of the neighboring triangles. Translate: Moves the TIN points by the specied delta x, y and z. Rotate: Rotates the TIN points by the specied rotation angle around a base point. Scale: Scales the TIN points by the specied scale factor from a base point. The scale can be applied to just the x,y of the TIN points or the z too. The scale can be used to convert a TIN between feet and meters. Offset: Performs a perpendicular offset (from the face/s) to the TIN surface by the specied amount. The routine offsets each point in the tin vertically by looking at the slopes that connect to the point. For points at slope transition points such as at the bottom of a ditch, these corner points are effected by both slopes which means the program can't hold either exactly. To hold both slopes exactly would require changing the x/y position of the tin points which this routine doesn't do to avoid more complications. So if the offset surface needs to exactly hold the slopes, then use another method like drawing cross sections for the surface, offsetting these sections, creating 3d polylines from the sections and modeling the 3d polylines. Simplify: Causes edges within the Tin mesh to be collapsed to reduce the number of triangles, edges, and points within the mesh while having a minimal impact on the overall shape of the mesh. There are two methods. Elevation Difference looks at the effect of removing a point from the Tin. The point is removed if the elevation difference between the original point and the updated Tin is less than the tolerance. The Edge Cost method looks at the effect of removing an edge from the Tin. Tolerance: This setting is used by the Simplify command described below. Specify the maximum average distance that any point can be moved outside of the plane of any triangle that connects to that point. Values might range from .01 to .1 for most purposes. Passes: For elevation difference, this is the number of times the program will check through all the points. Hold Breaklines: Further analyzes the TIN by focusing on the edges, calculating the angular difference be- tween adjacent triangular faces. If the angular difference between edges is greater than the specied Breakline Angle, it is considered to be a breakline, and it is preserved. If it's angular difference is determined to be below the Breakline Angle, it becomes a candidate for removal. In that case, the Breakline Weight factor is applied to the corresponding vertex, adjusting it's original value. If the resulting value is still below the Tolerance, it is then removed. The number of vertices removed is inversely proportional to the Breakline Weight factor, so the greater the Breakline Weight factor, the fewer vertices that are removed, the lower the Breakline Weight factor, the more vertices that are removed. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1005 TIN Statistics: Generates a report of the TIN statistics, including number of points, edges, and triangles, and minimum and maximum Z value. Subdivide: Subdivides triangles to make them more equilateral. Set New Elev: Sets all TIN faces in the subject area to the elevation specied. Set NULLs to Elev: Sets all NULL values in the subject area to the elevation specied. Set Elev to NULL: Sets all of the elevation values in the subject area to NULL. Set Elev by Surface: Sets all TIN faces within the subject area to the elevations from a second surface le within the same area. You will be prompted to select a second TIN le or grid le. Only areas common to both surfaces will be applied to the subject TIN. Output Options: The following three options determine what part or parts of the TIN modications that will be saved to the new TIN le. If the entire TIN is to be saved, all three options should be toggled on. Insides: If this is the only option checked, only changes made to the TIN within the inclusion perimeter will be saved. TIN entities outside of the perimeter will not be saved to the named le. Border: When the routine re-works the TINto t around a perimeter, a small horizontal offset is automatically applied to prevent the formation of vertical faces. The Border function will save changes made to TIN in this offset area. Outsides: If this is the only option checked, TIN entities inside of the inclusion perimeter will not be saved to the named le. Everything outside of the perimeter will be saved. Save As TIN: Saves the current TIN as an .t or .tin le. Save As DXF: Saves the current TIN as a .dxf le. This format can be used by many other CAD programs. Draw As 3DFaces: Draws the current TIN as 3D Faces in the current viewport. The Layer window is used to specify the layer that the faces will be created in. Converts the left mouse button to a zoom function. Hold the button down and move the mouse up or down to zoom in and out. Converts the left mouse button to a rotate function. Hold the button down to rotate the view in any X, Y or Z direction. When the XY appears in the window, the rotation will occur relative to the XY axis. When the mouse is moved toward the outer perimeter of the window, the XY will change to a Z. Holding the button down while the Z is Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1006 visible will rotate the drawing on the Z axis. Converts the left mouse button to a pan function. Hold down on the button while moving the mouse to pan. Holding down the mouse wheel will also serve as a pan function in any of the above modes. Toggles shading on and off. Restores the graphics to plan view. Reverses the effects of all operations performed on the TIN and reverts it back to its original status. This icon exits the routine. If the TIN has been modied, you will be prompted to save. Pulldown Menu Location: Surface Keyboard Command: TINUTIL Prerequisite: 3D Faces, a TIN le or a DXF le. Surface Manager The Surface Manager toolkit allows the user to modify pre-dened triangulated surfaces, making real-time mod- ications and updates to contours and associated TIN (Triangulated Irregular Network) denitions. Functionality includes swapping TIN lines, adding breaklines to the surface, adding or removing points, adjusting point eleva- tions, removing TIN lines, drawing or removing contour lines and labels, re-contouring at a different interval or with different label settings, etc. Contour lines are automatically updated to reect any changes made to the TIN. A surface must be named and saved by of one of the surface modeling routines (in the Triangulate tab) as a prerequisite to using the Surface Manager tools. All of the tools available in the Surface Manager are also available in the Surface>>Triangulation Surface Manager y-out menu, as shown in this gure. Their functions are identical but require a surface to be set current. Changes made apply only to the current surface. The Surface Manager dialog box contains the following options: Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1007 Set Current designates a surface as current for editing with various surface tool functions, such as modifying TIN lines, setting a new contour interval, labeling contours, etc. Add allows you to add a surface by selecting a surface model le (.TIN or .FLT). Remove allows you to remove a surface from the list of stored surfaces. Rename allows you to rename a surface. Copy creates a copy of the TIN le and adds the copy as a new entry. Edit allows you to perform various TIN-related modications to the current surface. Using the Edit function will activate the command line, where the user will be prompted with the following options: Add Point (AP) adds a triangulation point to the network by picking a point from the screen. The pick must be inside an existing triangle. The elevation for the selected point is interpolated from the surrounding TIN network. This is a good method for adding additional triangulation to the surface in a sparse area. Also, a new elevation can be specied for the picked point. This function does not create Carlson points, and the point will not be saved to the .CRD le. Remove Point (RP) removes an existing triangulation intersection from the TIN network. The affected triangulation re-adjusts to compensate for the missing intersection. Contours update accordingly. Move Point (MP) is a combination of removing a point and adding it at a new location. Add Breakline (AB) adds a breakline to the surface by picking beginning and ending points on the screen. The endpoint snap automatically turns on. Only one breakline can be created at a time. The TIN network will recongure to follow the new breakline and update the contours. This does not create 3d polylines in the drawing. Add Entities (AE) adds a number of points and breaklines into the selection set by selection of existing entities into the current surface. Swap Edge edges (SW) swaps common TIN edges to create two different triangles from the original triangle conguration. Contours automatically update to reect changes made to the TIN. Some common edges may not be swapped because of the orientation of the two triangles. Set Elevation (SP) Sets a new elevation for a specied TIN intersection. The affected TIN is adjusted and the contours are updated. Remove Tri (RT) removes a TIN line from the surface by picking a TIN line or selecting an interior point. Contours are removed from the affected area. Hide Tris (ST) turns the TIN network on and off. Point addition/removal and elevation-related changes made to the TIN are only reected in the surface le and the contours resulting from that surface le. Point changes are not saved to the .CRD le and 3D linework is not updated in the drawing. Use traditional methods to update these entities if desired. Prompts The command line will prompt as follows: Add Pnt(AP),Remove Pnt(RP),Move Pnt(MP),Set elev(SP),Add Breakline(AB), Add Entities(AE), SWap edge(SW),Remove Tri(RT),Show/Hide Tris(ST), Press Enter when done. Adding points, Pick point or enter keyword: Type in the two letters of the function to be performed and press enter. Add Points Add Pnt(AP),Remove Pnt(RP),Move Pnt(MP),Set elev(SP),Add Breakline(AB), Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1008 Add Entities(AE), SWap edge(SW),Remove Tri(RT),Show/Hide Tris(ST), Press Enter when done. Adding points, Pick point or enter keyword: Press Enter to accept the default mode of Adding Points. Pick a point inside the TIN model at the desires location. The default elevation will be interpolated from the TIN model. Enter the elevation of new point [559.112171]: 560 The surface will be recalculated using the input data. Remove Points Add Pnt(AP),Remove Pnt(RP),Move Pnt(MP),Set elev(SP),Add Breakline(AB), Add Entities(AE), SWap edge(SW),Remove Tri(RT),Show/Hide Tris(ST), Press Enter when done. Adding points, Pick point or enter keyword: RP Pick close to the area that you want an elevation point removed. Add Breakline Add Pnt(AP),Remove Pnt(RP),Move Pnt(MP),Set elev(SP),Add Breakline(AB), Add Entities(AE), SWap edge(SW),Remove Tri(RT),Show/Hide Tris(ST), Press Enter when done. Adding points, Pick point or enter keyword: AB Pick near the 1st point of breakline: Pick a point Pick near the 2nd point of breakline: Pick a point When adding a breakline, OSNAP Endpoint will default on. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1009 Swap Triangle Edge Add Pnt(AP),Remove Pnt(RP),Move Pnt(MP),Set elev(SP),Add Breakline(AB), Add Entities(AE), SWap edge(SW),Remove Tri(RT),Show/Hide Tris(ST), Press Enter when done. Adding points, Pick point or enter keyword: SW Please select an internal edge to swap: Select desired edge. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1010 Set Point Elevation Add Pnt(AP),Remove Pnt(RP),Move Pnt(MP),Set elev(SP),Add Breakline(AB), Add Entities(AE), SWap edge(SW),Remove Tri(RT),Show/Hide Tris(ST), Press Enter when done. Adding points, Pick point or enter keyword: SP Pick near the point to have elevation set: Pick near point 34. Enter new elevation of the point [597.200000]: 600 Remove TRI Line Add Pnt(AP),Remove Pnt(RP),Move Pnt(MP),Set elev(SP),Add Breakline(AB), Add Entities(AE), SWap edge(SW),Remove Tri(RT),Show/Hide Tris(ST), Press Enter when done. Adding points, Pick point or enter keyword: RT Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1011 Remove TRI Fence Removes all triangles crossed by the fence chain Add Pnt(AP),Remove Pnt(RP),Move Pnt(MP),Set elev(SP),Add Breakline(AB), Add Entities(AE), SWap edge(SW),Remove Tri(RT), Remove Tri by Fence (RF),Show/Hide Tris(ST), Press Enter when done. Adding points, Pick point or enter keyword: RF Pick beginning of fence: Pick next point of fence or press Enter to nish: Pick next point of fence or press Enter to nish: Pick next point of fence or press Enter to nish: To conclude the Surface Edit mode, press Enter at the end of the internal command sequence. This will return to the Surface Manager dialog. If user presses Escape key instead, the following dialog is displayed: this prevents accidental data loss in case of unintentional use of Esc key. Properties allows the user to alter the drawing display properties for TIN lines, contours and labels for the selected surface. Applicable dialogs from Triangulate and Contour are used to provide a full set of options. When accessed, settings for the current surface display conguration are set. To make a modication, simply specify the desired change and press ok. For instance, if Draw Triangulation Lines was checked on, unchecking the box and pressing ok will redraw the surface without the TIN lines. If the contours were drawn at 1 foot intervals, setting the interval value to 2 and pressing OK will redraw the contours at 2 foot intervals. Refer to the Triangulate and Contour section of the manual for a more detailed explanation of the options below. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1012 Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1013 Done exits the Surface Manager and saves any modications performed to the surface/s updating the .t or .tin le. Pulldown Menu Location: Surface >> Triangulation Surface Manager Keyboard Command: surface mgr Prerequisite: A triangulated (non-grid) surface Make 3D Grid File This command creates a grid (.GRD) le which serves as a surface model for use in many of the other Surface routines. The program internally makes a triangular network of the data points (if Triangulation is selected as the modeling method) and then interpolates the elevation values of a rectangular grid at the specied grid resolution. Data points can be either points, inserts, lines, or polylines. Lines and polylines are treated as breaklines in the triangulation. Gridding as a means of modeling surface features is generally less favorable than triangulating as the surface is dened only at the intersection of the grid lines. This can lead to inaccuracies around local features such as ditches or curb lines, since the grid resolution must be small enough to adequately capture the changes in these local regions. Contrast this with Triangulated Networks which carry all this information at every point along the features. Gridding can, however, be useful for modeling large sites in general trends such as watershed analyses and large-scale volume computations. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1014 Grid superimposed over triangulated features The grid location is specied by rst picking a lower left corner and then an upper right corner. The screen cannot be twisted when this is done because grids always run north-south and east-west. The dialog box sets the range of elevations to process, modeling method and grid resolution. Each of these items is described below. Source Data: This option selects the type of data to use for griding. The Screen Entities option processes selected 3D entities from the drawing including points, lines, polylines, 3D faces and inserts. The Coordinate File and Text File options read point data from the selected le. These methods are useful for large datasets that would take extra memory and time to draw as points in the drawing. For the Text File, the program will prompt for the order of the elds and the delimiter. The Triangulation File option will interpolate the grid elevations from the selected triangulation surface. Range of Elevations/Values to Process: Entities with elevations or values outside the range to process are ignored and will not be used for the griding. Modeling Method: The modeling method almost always should be triangulation for surface topographic grid les. Polynomial, inverse distance, kriging and linear least squares apply to random data points for surfaces Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1015 like underground features, usually sourced by such methods as drillholes, data tables, etc. Triangulation Mode: When using Triangulation and Polynomial methods, There are four triangulation modes: AutoDetect, Triangulation Only, Intersection with Triangulation and Intersection Only. Auto Detect method automatically chooses between the Triangulation Only and Intersection with Trian- gulation methods. If the selected surface entities are primarily made of polylines, then the Intersection with Triangulation method is used. Otherwise the Triangulation Only method is used. Triangulation Only method builds a triangulation surface out of all the selected points, lines and poly- lines. All lines and polylines are treated as breaklines. Grid node elevations are calculated based on the triangulation. Triangulation with Subdivision method uses the subdivisional surfaces modeling method. This option causes each triangle in the triangulation surface model to be subdivided into an average of three smaller triangles per subdivision generation. This gives a much smoother surface model, where instead of one triangle, there are now three or more. Intersection Only method goes directly to the Steepest Intersection method using the selected lines and polylines. The Steepest Intersection method is used to assign the grid node elevations from the linework of the triangulation lines and the selected lines and polylines. The triangulation step is skipped and any selected point data is not used. This method can be used for making grids out of polylines such as a contour map as long as the surface is dened just by contour polylines without needing spot elevation points. Skipping the triangulation step makes this method a lot faster especially for large les. Use Inclusion/Exclusion Areas: This option will prompt for inclusion and/or exclusion perimeter polylines and will only assign grid cell elevations within these areas and leave the rest of the grid cells as Null. Grid Resolution: The grid resolution is specied by either the number of grid cells or by the size for each grid cell. It is usually best to set the Dimensions of a Cell to a known size, and the program will calculate the ''number of cells in X and Y.'' While the program can handle really large grids with no limit, a general rule of thumb is to keep the total number of grids cells under 500,000 (about 700 by 700 cells) to limit the processing time. The grid location and resolution can also be specied by using the position/resolution from an existing grid le. In this case, the location and resolution of the new grid will match those of the selected grid le which is useful for routines that require two grid les with identical locations and resolutions. No elevations are calculated on grid cells that extend beyond the extent of the data. The gure shows an example of how the grid is calculated to the limits of the data points. Extrapolation can be used to calculate elevations for the grid cells that are beyond the data limits. When there are grid cells with no elevation in a grid (.GRD) le, many routines will prompt Extrapolate grid to full grid size? Extrapolation lls in all the grid cells. The method to extrapolate uses a safe calculation that tends to average out or level the extrapolated values. So extrapolated grid areas are not as accurate as grid areas within the limits of the data. Grid File Utilities can be used to apply and save extrapolation to a grid le. The Plot 3D Grid command can then draw the grid le so that you can see the extrapolation. A Carlson grid (.GRD) le has the following format: Line 1 is the lower left Y coordinate Line 2 is the lower left X coordinate Line 3 is the upper right Y coordinate Line 4 is the upper right X coordinate Line 5 is the X direction grid resolution Line 6 is the Y direction grid resolution The rest of the lines are the Z values of the grid intersects starting from the lower left moving in the left to right direction and ending at the upper right. If the intersect has no value, the letter 'N' is saved instead of the Z value for Null values. An example is shown in the Display-Edit Report dialog. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1016 Griding from Contour Maps Agrid le can be created fromcontours represented as polylines with elevation. The programcalculates the elevation of each grid corner by looking for contour intersections in eight directions (N, S, E, W, NE, SE, SW, NW) and then interpolating the elevation between the two steepest intersections. To accurately model the surface, it might be necessary to add entities in addition to the contour polylines. For one, spot elevation points can be added for the high and low points. Otherwise the grid model might plateau at the last contour. Also 3D breaklines need to be added on long narrow ridge and valley contours because in these areas the program will nd the same contour when it looks for intersections in the eight directions. When all eight intersections are the same contour, the interpolated grid elevation equals the contour elevation instead of rising up the ridge or dipping in the valley. The 3D breaklines force interpolation along the ridge or valley. To draw these polylines, set the OSNAP to Nearest and run the 3D Polyline command. Then draw the polyline by picking the contour polylines where the breakline crosses them. Another way to quickly create breaklines is to rst draw 2D polylines. Then convert these polylines into 3D polylines with the Screen option in the 2D to 3D Polyline by Surface Model command found on the 3Dpoly menu. There is also an automatic way to draw these breaklines. Under 3D Data, use the command: Create Ridge polylines from Contours. Prompts Grid File to Create File Selection Dialog Enter a name for the grid le. Use position from another le or pick grid position [<Pick>/File]? Pick Lower Left grid corner <8111.88,3985.08>: pick a point for the lower left limit of the grid Pick Upper Right grid corner <8366.88,4195.08>: pick a point Make Grid File dialog box In this dialog, you specify the grid resolution and whether or not to include data points with zero elevations. You can specify the resolution by entering the number of grid cells in the X and Y directions. By the Dimensions option, you to set the X and Y size for each grid cell. Reading points ... Select points, lines, polylines and faces to grid from. Select objects: Specify opposite corner: 1075 found Select objects: Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1017 Reading points ... 980 Finding points on breaklines ... Ignored 2729 duplicate points. Inserting breaklines 3480 ... Triangulating points ... 980 Assigning grid values> 1800 Writing grid le: C:\Carlson 2008\WORK\example1.grd Pick the Lower Left grid corner: pick a point for the lower left limit of the grid Pick the Upper Right grid corner: pick a point Pulldown Menu Location: Surface Keyboard Command: mkgrid Prerequisite: Entities that dene the surface Draw 3D Grid File This command draws the 3D grid mesh of the chosen grid (.GRD) le. Each grid cell can be drawn as a 3D Face entity, Polyface mesh, Text or temporary lines. 3D Faces and Polyface Meshes can be viewed/used in the following commands: 3D Viewer Window, Viewpoint 3D, Hide, Shade, 3D Surface FlyOver, and Slope Zone Analysis. If Use Vertical Exaggeration is checked, grid elevations are multiplied by the value specied. Exaggeration Method species whether to use an Absolute exaggeration method or Relative to Base, which uses the specied base elevation. Specify the type of entities to draw in Draw Method. 3D Faces are described above. The Preview Only option draws the grid using temporary vectors. This method provides a much faster way to view the grid. However these temporary vectors are erased when the viewport is modied. This means as soon as you execute zoom, redraw, regen or plot, this grid will disappear. You can quickly redraw the grid by typing in VG for View Grid at the command prompt. Polyface Mesh is similar to 3D Faces except it is a single entity. The Text option will label the Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1018 grid elevation at the grid corner. The text is placed center justied over the grid corner. To reduce clutter, there is an option to skip rows and columns. Specify the layer for the grid entities in Layer Name. Specify the initial viewing direction in View. When Color by Elevation is checked, the grid will be colored based on a table of user-dened elevation ranges and the assigned colors. There is also an option to subdivide the grid cells at the color zone transitions. This is simi- lar to the Elevation Zone Analysis command. Use the Specify Elevation Zones command to dene ranges and colors. When Draw Side Faces is checked, the program will draw vertical faces around the perimeter of the grid. The side faces will be drawn vertically from the grid perimeter to the Sides Base Elevation. You may optionally specify the Sides Base Elevation, it defaults to 0.00. When checked, Reverse Face Order changes the direction of the points for a grid cell from clockwise to counter- clockwise. The order applies to shading the grid cell in 3D render viewers such as the 3D Viewer Window command. The grid cell will only appear shaded when viewing the grid cell from the clockwise side. Viewing from the other side will show a wire frame. The default is to show the shaded side from the top-down view. This option allows you to draw the grid so that the underside of the grid is shaded. When checked, Draw Corners Only will draw the side lines only at the grid corners. Otherwise side lines are drawn down each perimeter grid cell. When checked, Extrapolate Grid to Full Size draws the entire rectangular surface of the grid. When Use Inclusion/Exclusion Perimeters is checked, it allows you to select inclusion and exclusion areas. Only grid cells inside the inclusion polylines will be drawn. Grid cells inside the exclusion polylines will not be drawn. When checked, Subdivide Grid Around Inclusion Perimeter subdivides grid cells that are partially inside and outside the perimeter into smaller resolution grid cells. Drawn grid le using inclusion perimeter and side faces option viewed with Viewpoint 3D Pulldown Menu Location: Surface >> Draw Surface Keyboard Command: plotgrid Prerequisite: a grid (.GRD) File Two Surface Volumes Two Grid Surface Volumes calculates the cut and ll volumes between two surfaces modeled by grid (.GRD) les. These two grid les must have the same location and resolution. To create the grid les, use the Make 3D Grid File Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1019 routine. When creating the second grid le, choose Use position of another le and select the rst grid le. Using the position of the rst grid le sets the location and resolution of second grid to match the rst. There are several other routines that calculate volumes based on grid les. Grid based volumes can be calculated by One Grid Surface Volumes, Volumes by Layer, Stockpile Volumes, and Pond/Pit Volumes. These routines have special prompting and calculate the grid surfaces and volume in one step. Volumes by Two Surface Volumes has three steps: 1. Creating the rst grid le with Make 3D Grid File 2. Creating the second grid le with Make 3D Grid File 3. Running Two Grid Surface Volumes One advantage to this command is that you have more output options to help analyze volumes. Besides grid based volumes, volumes can also be calculated between triangulation surfaces using the Volumes by Triangulation commands. Cross section end area is another volume method that is used by the Calculate Sections Volume command in the Civil Design module. There are also options to specify inclusion and exclusion areas. When inclusion areas are specied, only the volume within this inclusion area is calculated. Important: Whenever possible you should use a polyline that represents the limits of disturbed area as the inclusion perimeter. Volumes within an exclusion area are not included in the calculations. Inclusion and exclusion areas are represented by closed polylines and must be drawn prior to calling this routine. If the grid contains grid cells that have no elevations, you have the option to extrapolate elevations from the grid cells with elevations. When you choose not to extrapolate, no volume is calculated for the grid cells left without elevations. In general, extrapolation is not very accurate and should be avoided whenever possible. Sometimes you may get small amounts of cut in stockpiles that should only be ll, or small amounts of ll in pits that should only be cut. These extraneous quantities are due to extrapolation at the border and should be small enough to be ignored. When inclusion or exclusion polylines are used, the program will automatically extrapolate the grids. In addition to writing a volume report to the le, printer or screen, there are several volume report options. Write Difference Grid File creates a grid (.GRD) le of the elevation difference of the two grid les. Draw Difference Contours creates a contour map of the difference or depth between the two grid les. Draw Elevation Difference in Each Cell plots the elevation difference at the grid corners which is the same as the Elevation Difference routine. Draw Volume in Each Cell plots the calculated volume for each grid cell and is an excellent way to verify the volume calculation. If a cell contains both cut and ll, both values will be plotted. Calculate Elevation Zone Volumes calculates the cut and ll between different elevation ranges. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1020 Draw Cut/Fill Color Map lls each grid cell with different shades based on the average cut or ll in the cell. Red shades are used for cut and blue for ll. There is an option to draw a color legend. You can subdivide the grid cells at zone transitions. Also, there is an option to control the zone intervals and range. Use Report Formatter allows you to customize the report by choosing the elds to report and their order. Also the report formatter can be used to output the report data to Microsoft Excel or Microsoft Access. Process Another Area with Current Grids runs Two Surface Volumes again using the same grid les but different inclusion/exclusion polylines. This option saves the step of reloading the grid les to calculate volumes from the same grids for multiple areas. The Cut Swell Factor value is multiplied by the cut volume in the report. The Fill Swell Factor value is multiplied by the ll volume in the report. Report Tons allows you to enter the material density and the program will report the cut and ll tons in addition to volume. Given two accurate grid (.GRD) les, this routine will calculate accurate volumes. To verify the volume calculation, it is a good idea to check the grid (.GRD) les either by drawing them with Draw Surface >> Draw 3D Grid File and viewing them with the 3D Vieweror by contouring the grids with the Contour Grid File command. Existing surface Final surface contours with a closed polyline Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1021 Contours from the Draw Depth/Difference Contours option. Cut contours are red, ll contours are blue, daylight contours are green. This is a good way to check that both surfaces are modeled correctly and to verify the volumes. Sample Two Surface Volumes report: Volume Report Comparing Grid: C:\scad2006\data\simo.grd and Grid: C:\scad2006\data\final.grd Lower left grid corner : 186551.67,57624.98 Upper right grid corner: 186828.81,57897.09 X grid resolution: 75, Y grid resolution: 75 X grid cell size: 3.70, Y grid cell size: 3.63 Total inclusion area: 37016.71 sq ft, 0.850 acres Cut to Fill ratio: 1.14 Cut (C.Y) / Area (acres): 3642.35 Fill (C.Y) / Area (acres): 3182.70 Cut vol: 83570.89 cubic ft, 3095.22 cubic yards Fill vol: 73024.56 cubic ft, 2704.61 cubic yards Prompts Select the Inclusion perimeter polylines or ENTER for none: Select objects: pick a closed polyline for the limits of disturbed area Select objects: press Enter Select the Exclusion perimeter polylines or ENTER for none: Select objects: press Enter Specify Base Grid File Selection Dialog Choose a grid (.GRD) le to process. Extrapolate grid to full grid size (Yes/<No>)? press Enter If you enter Yes to this prompt, surface elevations will be computed for any grid cells that have null elevations. Sample report from the Calculate Elevation Zone Volumes option: (Calculates the cut and ll in different elevation ranges at a user-specied interval and beginning at a user-specied starting elevation.) Volumes by elevation zone Zone 20.00 to 30.00 Cut volume : 0.30 cubic ft, 0.01 cubic yards Fill volume: 107.90 cubic ft, 4.00 cubic yards Zone 30.00 to 40.00 Cut volume : 4.88 cubic ft, 0.18 cubic yards Fill volume: 73021.14 cubic ft, 2704.49 cubic yards Running total: Cut volume : 5.18 cubic ft, 0.19 cubic yards Fill volume: 73129.05 cubic ft, 2708.48 cubic yards Zone 40.00 to 50.00 Cut volume : 65044.26 cubic ft, 2409.05 cubic yards Fill volume: 0.25 cubic ft, 0.01 cubic yards Running total: Cut volume : 65049.44 cubic ft, 2409.24 cubic yards Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1022 Fill volume: 73129.29 cubic ft, 2708.49 cubic yards Zone 50.00 to 60.00 Cut volume : 17786.85 cubic ft, 658.77 cubic yards Fill volume: 0.00 cubic ft, 0.00 cubic yards Running total: Cut volume : 82836.29 cubic ft, 3068.01 cubic yards Specify Final Grid File Selection Dialog Choose a grid (.GRD) le to process. Extrapolate grid to full grid size (Yes/<No>)? press Enter Volume Report Options dialog This shows a grid drawn by Plot 3D Grid File and volume values drawn by the Draw Volume in Each Cell option of the Two Surface Volumes routine. Cut appears as negative and ll as positive. Notice that cells bordering cut and ll regions contain a little of both. Pulldown Menu Location: Surface >> Volumes By Grid Surfaces Keyboard Command: volcalc2 Prerequisite: Two grid les Volumes By Layer This is the easiest yet still equally accurate method for calculating volumes. For this command, volumes are calculated in one step by a simple window of the area, selecting the items, and calculate. First, you must specify the grid location and resolution. The grid location should enclose the area for volume calculations. Next the program asks for the layer names of the entities for the base and nal surfaces. You designate the layers to use for each surface either by typing the layer names or by picking from the screen, then during the routine you select the entities to use. You may safely use the keyword ALL to select the entities, since you have pre-dened the layers to use, and all those entities not on the specied layers will be ltered out. These entities, for use in modeling the surfaces, can be points, lines (such as triangulation lines), 2D polylines (such as contours), and Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1023 3D polylines (such as breaklines). Inclusion and exclusion perimeters may optionally be specied to limit the volume calculation area on the grid. An inclusion perimeter should be used if there is a closed polyline for the limit of the disturbed area. Then the program internally generates grids of the surfaces from the entities on the corresponding layers and then calculates and reports the volume. The main disadvantage to this routine is that it doesn't have the special output options of Two Grid Surface Volumes such as Depth Contours. Prompts Command: layervol Pick Lower Left limit of surface area: pick lower left corner of grid Pick Upper Right limit of surface area: pick upper right corner of grid You are then prompted to designate layers: Press Select Layers from Screen to show the routine which layers to use by selecting sample objects from those layers. Select entities on layers of Existing surface. select sample object(s) Select objects: Specify opposite corner: 3 found Select objects: press Enter to conclude selection. Select entities on layers of Final surface. select sample object(s) Select objects: Specify opposite corner: 10 found Select objects: press Enter to conclude selection. Reading points ... Select surface entities on corresponding layers. Select objects: all lters out those objects not on designated layers 85 found Select objects: press Enter to conclude selection. Reading points ... 9396 Assigning grid values> 5300 Pass> 28 Null Z values left> 0 Writing grid le: C:\Documents and Settings\. . .\USER\grid1.grd Assigning grid values> 5300 Pass> 43 Null Z values left> 0 Writing grid le: C:\Documents and Settings\. . .\USER\grid2.grd Select the Inclusion perimeter polylines or ENTER for none: select inclusion perimeter Select objects: 1 found Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1024 Select objects: press Enter to conclude selection. Select the Exclusion perimeter polylines or ENTER for none. Select objects: press Enter for none. Reading cell> 5346 Pass> 28 Null Z values left> 0 Reading cell> 5346 Pass> 43 Null Z values left> 0 Pre-processing grid cells .... Processing cells ... Select point for color legend (Enter for None): press Enter Pulldown Menu Location: Surface >> Volumes By Grid Surfaces Keyboard Command: layervol Prerequisite: Entities that dene both the base and nal surfaces. Spot Elevations By Surface Model This command will calculate the Z coordinate of any point that falls within the surface model. Use this command to calculate the elevations for points of a design for slope staking or for putting spot elevations on a topography map. The calculated points can be stored in the current coordinate (.CRD) le. A surface model is either selected from a grid (.GRD) or triangulation (.TIN or FLT) le or internally calculated from the existing entities on the drawing. Spot elevations can be calculated at various user-specied points or at a specic interval. For random spot elevations, the user picks or enters the X,Y coordinates for each spot elevations. The elevation at the current position of the crosshairs is displayed in real-time in a small window. For interval spot elevations, the alignment for the intervals is dened by a polyline that must be created before starting this routine. Prompts Source of surface model (File/<Screen>)? press Enter Use the File option to select a grid (.GRD) or a triangula- tion (.TIN or .FLT) le. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1025 Layer for points <POINTS>: press Enter Add spot points to Coordinate File (Yes/<No>)? Yes This option stores any points created in this routine to a .crd le and draws Carlson point entities. Draw nodes only (Yes/<No>)? press Enter This prompt only appears if Add points to Coordinate File is off. This option either draws only POINT entities or an X mark and elevation text. If you specied the use of a le for the surface model, you are then prompted to select the surface model le. If you specied the use of Screen entities, you are prompted for: Pick Lower Left limit of Surface area: Pick Upper Right limit of surface area: then the following dialog box appears with the settings to make a 3D Grid le: For picked point spot elevations: Random spot elevations or interval along pline (<Random>/Interval)? press Enter Enter or pick point (Enter to end): pick a point Enter or pick point (Enter to end): press Enter For spot elevations along a polyline: Random spot elevations or interval along pline (<Random>/Interval)? Interval Pick the centerline polyline: pick a polyline Interval along polyline <50.0>: 25 Number of left offsets <0>: 1 Enter left offset interval <25.0>: 10 Number of right offsets <0>: 2 Enter right offset interval <10.0>: press Enter Spot Elevations with Add to Coordinate File off and Draw Nodes Only off Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1026 Interval spot elevations for points 1-32 ''Random'' spot elevations for points 33-37 Pulldown Menu Location: 3D Data Keyboard Command: spotelv Prerequisite: Surface entities or a grid (.GRD) le Tag Hard Breakline Polylines This command tags polylines with a description so that Triangulate & Contour can identify these polylines as hard breaklines. The tag is invisible and doesn't change the polyline. Triangulate & Contour will not smooth the contours as they cross these hard breaklines, even with contour smoothing turned on. For example you could tag 3D polylines that represent a wall or a curb so that the contours go straight across without smoothing curves. If contour smoothing is turned off, this tag had no effect. Prompts Select hard breakline polylines. (For no smoothing in Triangulate & Contour) Select objects: Select breaklines to tag Select objects: press Enter to conclude selection Set 14 polylines as hard breaklines. Pulldown Menu Location: 3D Data >> Hard Breaklines Keyboard Command: hardbrk Prerequisite: Polylines Untag Hard Breakline Polylines This command removes hard breakline description tags from polylines. These tags are used by Triangulate & Contour to identify polylines as hard breaklines. Contours are not smoothed as they cross these hard breaklines, even with contour smoothing turned on. This routine untags polylines so that contours are smoothed across them. If contour smoothing is turned off, hard breaklines have no effect. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1027 Prompts Select polylines to remove hard breakline tag from. Select objects: select polylines Pulldown Menu Location: 3D Data >> Hard Breaklines Keyboard Command: softbrk Prerequisite: Polylines with hard breakline tag Import Google Earth Surface In addition to providing a graphical method for displaying feature-rich data located anywhere on the globe, Google Earth also provides the ability for software applications to extract its underlying terrain data. While the elevational accuracy of the Google Earth surface should be considered extremely coarse, it might be suitable for large-scale watershed modeling studies, preliminary land-planning studies or ''proof-of-concept'' preliminary designs. When extracting terrain data from Google Earth, it is important to keep ''diminishing returns'' in mind. As an example, a land surveyor might perform a traditional grid-based topographic survey by sampling the land every 50 feet. Although a 25 foot grid spacing would yield more accurate results than a 50 foot grid, it would typically take at least twice as long to survey. Harvesting terrain data from Google Earth operates in a similar fashion: 1. The Google Earth ''project area'' is identied and the limits of the site are calculated 2. Horizontal and vertical ''sample'' intervals are established 3. Terrain data is gathered at each identied sample location and used to form a surface model Consider the following example. Based on the physical screen size of the Google Earth application and the ''zoom'' (or ''view'') resolution of a project site, the following values (summarized at the bottom of the dialog box) were returned: Unit Horizontal Vertical Feet 1637 966 Pixels 1366 809 Feet/Pixel 1.19 1.19 Google Earth View Area In the sample above, the total area is calculated and displayed (0.1 mi 2 ) along with the desired ''projection'' systemfor our project site. Although it might be desired to sample every pixel in this project... 1,107,270 = (1366+1) * (809+1), in all, the ''point of diminishing return'' would be quickly reached and could clog Google servers with extraneous terrain requests; see the NOTE section below. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1028 Spatial Reference: Displays the spatial reference coordinate projection system of the current drawing. The projec- tion can be set using the Drawing Setup command. Extent - Current Google Earth View: Gets the overall dimensions of the Google Earth session and displays the results in both pixels and the appropriate units of measure. Extent - Current Drawing View: Gets the overall dimensions of the current CAD view and displays the results in both pixels and the appropriate units of measure. Extent - Select from Drawing: Sets the overall dimensions of the Google Earth session to conform with a drawing window from CAD and displays the results in both pixels and the appropriate units of measure. Pixel Sampling Interval: Allows the ability to indicate how often a pixel row or column should be sampled for terrain elevation. Smaller intervals result in higher total samples and longer processing time. Consider the following ''sample'' diagram: Referring back to our horizontal and vertical samples shown in the dialog box above, we are requesting: Requesting Horizontal Vertical Pixel Interval 15 15 Samples 92 = Int(1366/15)+1 54 = Int(809/15)+1 Sample Every 17 ft (approx.) = Int(1637/92) 17 ft (approx.) = Int(966/54) Google Earth Sampling The resulting total samples 4968 = (92) * (54) and it is recommended that this value be at or below the Google Earth session threshold of 5000. Note: In an effort to protect their servers from abuse, Google will rapidly return 5,000 sample requests per Google Earth session and then ''throttle down'' the remaining sample requests to about 1 per second. In the example above but with a sample interval of 1H and 1V, the terrain surface would be completed in a little over 12 days, 18 hours. For this reason, it is strongly suggested that the horizontal and vertical sampling intervals be set so that the sample result is at or below the 5000 sample threshold. The Import Google Earth Surface routine fetches terrain data in real-time from the Google servers and requires an Internet connection to proceed. In the event that an Internet connection is not available, the following error message may be displayed: ''Failed to initialize Google Earth. Please ensure Google Earth client software is functional and online'' It bears repeating that the terrain data returned by Google Earth should only be used for illustrative or proof- of-concept purposes only! To import a Google Earth image into your drawing, use the Place Google Earth Image command. To import KML content into your drawing, use the Import Google Earth File command. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1029 To export content from your drawing to a KML le, use the Export Google Earth File command. Prompts Identify rst corner: Identify one corner of a drawing window that should be used to set the Google Earth display Identify opposite corner: Identify the opposite corner of a drawing window that should be used to set the Google Earth display Pulldown Menu Location: Civil > Surface > Import/Export Surface, Survey > Surface > Import/Export Surface, Takeoff > Tools > Import/Export, Construction > Import/Export Keyboard Command: gesurface Prerequisite: Coordinate projection system, Functioning version of Google Earth with Terrain enabled, Internet connection Design Pad Template This command creates design slopes from a perimeter polyline at specied cut/ll slopes to reach existing ground. This routine can be used to design building pads, pits, roads, ditches, stockpiles, etc. The design is drawn as 3D polylines for the cut/ll slopes and for the daylight perimeter where the design meets existing ground. Before beginning this routine, you must have drawn the polyline representing the outside edge of the feature to model. The edge is drawn as a polyline which can be either a 2D or 3D closed or open polyline. For a 2D polyline, the program will prompt for an elevation for the pad perimeter. With a 3D polyline, the pad perimeter is set to the elevations of the 3D polyline. For an open polyline, the program will prompt for the side for the design. With a closed polyline, the program designs the slopes either outward or inward depending on the settings in the dialog. Under Source of Slope Target Surface Model, choose between a Surface File (.GRD, .FLT, .TIN), Screen Entities, or a specic Elevation. If using Screen Entities, the routine internally calculates a gridded model, the limits of which are specied by screen picks. Make sure that the grid area covers the entire area for the pad including room for the cut/ll slopes. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1030 For closed pad perimeters, there is a Slope Direction from Closed Plines option to draw the slopes inward or outward from the perimeter. The outward method starts the slopes at the design elevation of the perimeter and projects out to intersect the existing surface. The inward method projects the slopes inside to reach the grid surface or a set elevation. Outward sloping would be used for such things as building pads, parking lots, etc. where the interior remains as a dened surface. Inward sloping would be used for such things as the top edge of an excavated pit or pond where the interior side slopes project downward at the specied slopes until reaching the original ground surface. The Slope Projection Perpendicular To option applies to sloping pad perimeters. The Pad Polyline method creates the user-specied slope perpendicular to the pad perimeter. The Slope Direction method accounts for the slope of the pad perimeter and makes the nal surface to match the user-specied slope. For example, if the pad perimeter is at a 10% slope and the ll slope is at 2:1, then the Pad Polyline method would create ll slopes that are 2:1 perpendicular to the pad while slightly steeper (1.96:1) for the actual slope that goes in the slope direction with the effect of the sloping pad perimeter. For the same case except with the Slope Direction method, the re- sulting slope perpendicular to the pad is less steep (2.04:1) while the actual slope in the slope direction is exactly 2:1. Under Design Slope Format, choose between Ratio, Percent, Degree or Template. The use of a Template allows for complex slopes to be applied, and is also an alternative approach to road design. The template (.TPL) le is created in the Design Template routine in the Roads menu. When using a template, the pad perimeter represents the centerline. One way to create the pad perimeter for the template is to use the Prole to 3D Polyline command which converts a 2D centerline to a 3D polyline using a design prole. With a template, the program uses not only the cut and ll slopes from the template le but also draws all the template grade points such as edge of road, curb and ditch. The subgrade, superelevation and template transition options of the template le are not used in this command. These options are only applied in the Process Road Design command. The grade points are drawn as 3D polylines parallel with the centerline. Cross section 3D polylines that include the grade points are also drawn at the specied interval. The Force Cut option will try the cut slope to nd a catch point even when the pad perimeter starts out in ll. This is possible when the existing ground is rising faster than the cut slope. Likewise the Force Fill option will try the ll slope to nd a catch point when the pad starts out in cut. The Process Multiple Pad Polylines option allows you to process multiple pad perimeter polylines at a time instead of a single pad perimeter. The program will prompt for a selection set of pad perimeter polylines and then cycle through and run the design on each one. There will be one nal report for the earthworks for all the pads. The Setup function allows you to specify different cut/ll slopes by layer and also to set the processing order by layer. For example, in the case of processing both building pads with a shallow slope and ditch polylines at a steeper slope, you could set up the processing order to do the building pad rst and the ditch last so that the ditch cut slopes will carve out any overlap with the building ll slopes. These pad layer slope and order assignments can be saved and loaded from a .PAD le. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1031 Use Another Surface for Pad Interior will bring up a prompt for another Surface le (.GRD, .FLT, .TIN) to use for the design surface within the starting pad perimeter. Otherwise the program will model the pad interior by straight interpolation from the starting pad perimeter elevations. For example, if a building pad has a starting pad perimeter at a set elevation and the pad is supposed to be at, then this option is not needed. This option is needed in a case where you are designing a pit and the starting pad perimeter is a 3D polyline that follows an undulating pit bottom surface. The pad design will model the pit side slopes. In order to model the undulating bottom of the pit, you need the Use Another Surface for Pad Interior option to select a surface that models the pit bottom. Use Different Slopes for Separate Sides allows you to specify different slopes for different sides of your pad polyline. If this is toggled ON, the Assign Pad Cut/Fill Slopes dialog is invoked, where you can create multiple Slope Groups along the Pad Template polyline and set the Cut and Fill design ratios for each. Use Slope Pad Design allows you to set a cross slope amount for the top of the pad. You will be prompted to screen pick two points that designate the slope direction. For automatic balancing of cut/ll quantities, you will be prompted to nd the optimal slope and slope direction. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1032 Draw Slope Direction Arrows draws an arrow on the outslopes that points in the downhill direction. Arrows on ll slopes are drawn as solid lled. Solid Cut Arrows allows you to choose between drawing the cut arrows as solid lled or as wire frame. Round Exterior Corners holds the outslopes around the corners. Otherwise the side outslopes stay straight until they meet at the corners as shown in the gure. Erase Previous Pad Entities erases drawing geometry created with this command previously. When Draw Side Slope Polylines is ON, Design Pad Template will draw 3D polylines perpendicular to the pad perimeter from the pad to the catch point. Color Side Polylines assigns different colors to Cut and Fill Side Polylines to make them easier to distinguish. Example of pit design for option of Use Another Grid for Pad Interior Pad corner without round corners option Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1033 Pad corner with round corners option Side Polyline Spacing species the interval at which to draw the Side Slope Polylines. Besides at the interval, side slope polylines are also drawn at grid corners. Corner Delta Angle is the delta angle in degrees between side slope polylines to span the delta angle around exterior corners. Cut volume is multiplied by the Cut Swell Factor in the nal volume report. Fill volume is multiplied by the Fill Shrink Factor in the nal volume report. The Contour Pad option draws contours on the pad. At the end routine, a dialog lets you set the contouring options. Usually you should specify a new contour layer and turn off smoothing. The Write Final Surface option creates a surface model of the pad using the elevations of the pad within the disturbed area polyline and using the original ground surface everywhere else. At the end of the routine, the program will prompt for the surface le name to create. The Trim Existing Contours Inside Pad option trims existing contours inside the disturbed limits of the pad. You must specify the Pad Layer Name that the pad 3D polylines will be drawn on. There is an option to calculate volumes for the pad design. The volumes are calculated by comparing the existing surface with the pad design. The inclusion perimeter for the volume calculation is the daylight perimeter polyline which represents the limits of disturbed area. The existing surface model is dened by the existing surface le (.GRD, .FLT, .TIN) or screen entities selected at the beginning of the command. The pad design surface is calculated by making a surface from the pad 3D polylines including the starting pad perimeter, the side polylines and the daylight perimeter. Besides calculating the volumes in the Design Pad Template routine, you can also calculate the volumes with the Two Surface Volumes command, or the Volumes by Triangulation command. Two Surface Volumes works with two grid les, Volumes by Triangulation works with two TIN les. The design surface for Two Surface Volumes can be the nal output surface from Design Pad or you can create a design surface with Make 3D Grid File using the 3D polylines created in Design Pad. You could also create a TIN surface of the design surface using Triangulate and Contour. Some of the reasons to use either the Two Surface Volumes command or the Volumes by Triangulation command are that these volume routines have more output options (cut/ll color maps, etc.) and you can check the volumes by plotting or contouring the surface les. Also, you can combine several pads and other nal surfaces by running Make 3D Grid File or Triangulate and Contour and then use these volume commands to calculate the overall site volumes. The design is drawn as 3D polylines and the earthwork volumes are calculated. Before ending, the program allows you to adjust the design by changing the pad elevation, slopes and offset. The program can nd the cut/ll balance by automatically adjusting the pad elevation. If adjustments are specied, the pad polylines are redrawn and the Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1034 volumes recalculated. A few Key things to note: 1. If the Source of Slope Target Surface Model is set to a Surface File, and the surface le used is a grid le, then the surface produced from the designed pad will be a grid surface and a grid le (.GRD). 2. If the Source of Slope Target Surface Model is set to a Surface File, and the surface le used is a TIN le, then the surface produced from the designed pad will be a triangulated surface and a TIN le (.TIN). 3. If the Surface used as a Target Surface is listed in the Surface Manager, the prompt seen in the Design Pad Template command is whether or not to Update the Surface, which is the Target Surface, so if you say ''Yes,'' your Existing Ground Surface will now essentially contain the designed pad. So if you want to maintain an unedited version of Existing Ground, you may want to start with a copy of the Existing Ground Surface. 4. If the Surface used as a Target Surface is not listed in the Surface Manager, the prompt seen in the Design Pad Template command is whether or not to create a new surface of the combined surfaces. 5. If you respond ''Yes'' to the prompt about whether to contour the designed pad, the contouring dialog box has an option of whether to write the designed pad as a new surface, which will be only the area within the limits of the new design, not the entire Target Surface and design pad surface combined. Prompts First you are presented with the Design Pad Template dialog box. If the Source of Slope Target Surface Model is set to a Surface File, you will rst be asked to: Pick the top of pad polyline: select perimeter polyline Then the Select Slope Target Surface dialog box is presented. Choose the Slope Target Surface le, pick Open. You then proceed to enter the slope parameters of the pad... If the Source of Slope Target Surface Model is set to a Screen Entities, you will rst be asked to: Pick Lower Left limit of pad disturbed area: pick lower left These prompts appear for the Screen Entities surface model method. Pick Upper Right limit of pad disturbed area: pick upper right Be sure to pick these limits well beyond the area of the top of pad polyline in order to make room for the outslopes. Make Grid File Dialog After selecting the limits of the disturbed area the program will generate a 3D grid that represents the surface. Specify the grid resolution desired and select OK. Then, Pick the top of pad polyline: select perimeter polyline Then proceed to enter the slope parameters of the pad... Enter the ll outslope ratio <2.0>: 2.5 Enter the cut outslope ratio <2.0>: 2.5 After entering outslopes slope ratios, a range of elevations along the pad top will be noted. Enter the pad elevation <29.54>: 39 Calculate earthwork volumes (<Yes>/No)? press Enter Report Viewer Reports cut/ll volume. Adjust parameters and redesign pond (Yes/<No>)? press Enter Write nal surface to grid le (Yes/<No>)? press Enter Trim existing contours inside pad perimeter (Yes/<No>)? press Enter Contour the pad (<Yes>/No)? press Enter Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1035 Existing contours with top of pad perimeter polyline Pad template with contours 3D view of pad with DTM of surface and triangulation faces of pad Template to apply in Design Pad Template Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1036 Existing surface with 3D polyline centerline Result of Design Pad Template showing template grade polylines, cross section polylines, cut/ll slopes, and nal contours Viewpoint 3D view of Design Pad Template Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1037 Design Pad Template can also handle self-intersecting side slopes Viewpoint 3D view of intersecting side slopes Pulldown Menu Location: Surface Keyboard Command: pad Prerequisite: A pad perimeter polyline and surface entities or a surface le for an intercept target. Convert LDD Contours This command allows you to convert Autodesk Land Desktop contours (known as AECC CONTOUR objects) into polylines. You must have the AEC Object Enabler installed before using this command. If you do not have the object enabler installed, download the latest version from http://www.autodesk.com. Note: If no object enabler is installed, opening a Land Desktop drawing with contours will display large boxes for each contour, essentially outlining the extents of each one. In this case you will need to download the object Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1038 enabler. If the object enabler is installed, contours will appear normally, and you can use this command to convert them to standard lwpolylines or you can use the Explode command. The Carlson Convert LDD Contours command is preferable only in the fact that it will search the drawing for AECC CONTOUR objects and convert only those, while an Explode command could inadvertently explode other entities that you do not wish to be exploded. You can use the List command to determine if contours are polylines or AECC Contour objects. Here is an example listing: AECC CONTOUR Layer: ''CONT-MJR'' Space: Model space Handle = 429 Major Contour Interval Elevation: 1005.00 Smoothing: None Number of Vertices: 48 Open Length: 560.25 Constant width: 0.00 Style Name: Standard Prompts Select AEC Contours to convert Select objects: pick the AEC contour entities Pulldown Menu Location: Surface >> Import/Export Keyboard Command: aec cntr Prerequisite: AEC Contours to convert Export Topcon Grid or TIN File The Export Topcon TIN File command writes a Topcon TIN le (.TN3) from a Carlson triangulation le (.TIN, .FLT). The routine rst prompts for the Carlson le and then the Topcon le. The Import Topcon TIN File command creates a Carlson Tin le (.TIN, .FLT) from a Topcon triangulation le (.TN3). The routine rst prompts for the Topcon le and then the Carlson le. The units (Feet or Meters) for the triangulation le are the current units set in Drawing Setup. Pulldown Menu Location: Surface > Import/Export Surface Keyboard Command: topcon tin, tn3 to tin Prerequisite: A triangulation le Slope Zone Analysis This command calculates the surface area of a site in different slope zone ranges. This command can use either a surface model le, (.TIN, .GRD, or .FLT), or 3D Face drawing entities, which can be generated by the Plot 3D Grid File command, the Draw Triangular Mesh command, or the Draw Triangulation Faces option of Triangulate & Contour. For each slope zone, the 3D Faces can be hatched with any AutoCAD hatch pattern, including the SOLID pattern, or left empty with the NONE pattern. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1039 This command can also generate contours of the slope zones based on the calculated slope at each point of the 3D Faces. The slopes can vary greatly between neighboring points. When contoured directly, these slope data points produce incoherent contours. Instead this routine applies a ltering algorithm that reduces the noise. There is another option to output a grid le of the slope values. There are also options to specify inclusion and exclusion areas. When inclusion areas are specied, only the slope area within the inclusion polyline is calculated. Slope area within an exclusion polyline are not included in the calculations. Inclusion and exclusion areas are represented by closed polylines and must be drawn prior to calling this routine. Without inclusion and exclusion polylines, all the slope area of each selected 3D Face is used. Prompts Source of surface model: [File/<Screen>]? F for File Slope Zone Options dialog box. Choose whether to Draw Slope Zone Contours, whether to Output Grid File of Slope, and Slope Format. Pick OK Select surface model le. Dene Ranges dialog. Specify the slope zones, colors and patterns from lowest to highest. Pick OK. Select the Inclusion perimeter polylines or ENTER for none: select perimeter(s) or press Enter Select the Exclusion perimeter polylines or ENTER for none: select perimeter(s) or press Enter Report is generated. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1040 If you choose to draw Slope Zone Contours, the Contour Options dialog box is presented. Note: If you choose to use Screen entities instead of a surface model le, you are prompted whether to: Apply hatch patterns to grid cells [Yes/<No>]? and Freeze grid layer after processing [Yes/<No>]? Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1041 Surface contours 3D Faces from a grid surface model 3D Faces created by Triangulate & Contour with the Draw Triangulation Faces option Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1042 Slope zone contours Slope zones that follow the surface contours using the triangulation 3D Faces Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1043 Hatched slope zone contours created from the grid 3D Faces Pulldown Menu Location: Surface >> Slope Analysis Keyboard Command: szone Prerequisite: Surface model le (.TIN, .GRD, or .FLT), or 3D Faces entities Quick Prole This command allows you to create a prole in one step. The alignment for the prole can be dened using picked points, a centerline le or a polyline. The surface for the prole can be dened by 3D screen entities, 3D polyline or surface les (grid or triangulation). Screen Entities: The program creates the prole by nding the intersections of the centerline with 3D linework entities in the drawing. There's an option for whether to ignore entities at zero elevation. 3D Polyline: Creates a prole using a selected 3D polyline. The polyline vertex elevations are used for the prole elevations and the prole stations are from the lengths of the polyline segments. Surface File: This option allows you to use one or two grid or triangulation surfaces. There's also an option to Show Pipe Crossings which will nd and display pipe crossings from sewer networks and 3D polylines tagged as pipes. The sewer network can be created in the Hydrology module. To tag a 3D polyline as a pipe, use the Assign Pipe Data To Polyline command. Since picked points are the default for the horizontal alignment, the command is as quick as select surface type (screen or le), then Pick, Pick, Enter and view. The resulting prole is displayed in a graphic dialog box with real time data reporting. As the crosshairs are moved across the prole in the window, the station, elevation and slope data corresponding to the current crosshair location appear in the lower right of the window. A second crosshair on the plan view corresponds to crosshair movement along the prole so the user knows exactly where the current prole point is on the plan view. Also the Adjust Alignment function allows you to drag a horizontal alignment point and update the prole in real-time. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1044 Vertical Exaggeration: Determines the amount of vertical exaggeration for the prole in the window. Drag Action: Determines whether the right mouse button functions as ''Zoom'' or ''Pan'' in the prole window. Grid Ticks Only: Instead of the full graph as shown above, Grid Ticks only plots only ticks along the horizontal and vertical axis near the station and elevation text. Adjust Alignment: Allows you to pick a horizontal alignment point and while moving it, the proles are updated in real-time. You can also select a horizontal alignment segment and move the whole alignment position. The Adjust Alignment function is only available when surface les are used as the source of the surface model. Save: Writes the current prole data to a .PRO le. Draw: This draws the prole with grid in the drawing. The user has options for horizontal and vertical scales and the layer of the prole. The Draw Prole command includes more options for drawing the prole. In order to use this command, you must rst create a .PRO le using the Save command described above. Print: This makes a graphic report of the prole in either PDF or DWF format as selected under Settings- >Congure. Exit: Exits this command. Help: Opens on-line help. Note that the Draw option will exit the Quick Prole command after the drawing is complete. A typical completed drawing, in this case with two surfaces, is shown below. Note also that the horizontal stationing text offset follows the setting in the Draw Prole command itself. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1045 Prompts Pick starting point (CL-Centerline, P-Polyline): screen pick alignment points for prole Pick second point: pick next point Pick next point (Enter to end): press enter to end Tested 58 of 58 Entities Intersects found> 33 Dialog Box Pulldown Menu Location: Proles Keyboard Command: quickpro Prerequisite: 3D screen entities or surface le Prole from Surface Entities Prole from Surface Entities creates a prole from contours, triangular mesh, and other 3D drawing entities. The method is to draw a polyline as the prole centerline. Then the prole is derived from the intersections of this polyline with the 3D entities. For added accuracy in pulling the prole, include the triangular mesh as well as the contours. File: Displays the name of prole to be created. Beginning Station: Specify the beginning station for the prole. Interpolate Endpoint Elevations from Beyond Prole Extents: When checked, the program will look past the ends of the centerline for additional intersections with 3D entities. These additional intersections will then be used Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1046 to interpolate the elevation at the starting and ending station of the centerline. Extrapolate Endpoint Elevations to Extents of Prole: This option uses the slope of the last two elevation points of the prole and calculates the elevation of the endpoint from this slope. Station by another reference centerline: When checked, the program will prompt you to pick another centerline polyline. The intersection points along the rst centerline are then projected onto the second centerline. The prole then stores the elevation of the intersection with the station along the second centerline. Breakpoint Descriptions from Layers: When checked, breakpoint descriptions are assigned based on layer name of surface entities. These descriptions are used in routines such as Input-Edit Prole and Prole Report. Ignore Zero Elevation Lines in Surface Model: When checked, any zero elevations selected in the surface model are ignored. Prole Offsets: Specify optional offset proles. Enter offsets separated by a space. Example: 30 -30 (to create 30' left and 30' right offset proles). After entering the offset values, press TAB to select le options described below. Offset Proles to: Specify whether offsets proles should be created as separate prole (.PRO) les, or included in a single prole (.PRO) le. Only available if you specify Prole Offsets above. Offset proles are automatically named by combining the prole name and the offset. For example, if the prole is named NATGRD.PRO and you create a 30' right offset prole, it will be named NATGRD30.PRO. Prompts Prole File to Write dialog Specify a new prole le (.PRO) name to create. Prole from Surface Model dialog Make choices, click OK. Polyline should be drawn in direction of increasing stations. CL File/<select polyline which represents the prole centerline>: pick the centerline (Do not press Enter.) Select Lines, PLines, and/or 3DFaces that dene the surface for proling. Select objects: C (for crossing and window everything the centerline crosses) or All (to select all objects on the drawing) Keyboard Command: prosm Prerequisite: A polyline centerline and surface lines and polylines. Prole from Grid or Triangulation Surface This command creates a prole (.PRO le) from a centerline polyline and a surface model stored in a 3D grid le (.GRD) or triangulation le (.TIN or .FLT). The polyline denes the alignment of the prole and the grid denes the surface. After selecting the reference surface le, there is a Prole Options dialog with these options: Link Prole To Triangulation: This option will update the prole whenever the reference triangulation is modied. Type of Centerline: This setting chooses the type of stationing for centerline curves. Station by Another Reference Centerline: This option uses a second reference centerline for the stationing of the prole. The main centerline is used to nd the elevations on the surface and then these main centerline positions are projected onto the reference centerline to get the stationing. The reference centerline needs to extend along the full range of the picked polyline in order to project correctly and capture offsets along the entire length of the picked centerline. Prole Offsets: In addition to creating the prole along the centerline, you can also create proles offset left and right. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1047 Prompts Choose Grid or Triangulation le to process Select existing .GRD, .TIN, or .FLT le. Prole Options dialog. Choose PROle le to Write dialog Enter a prole le (.PRO) name to write. Polyline should have been drawn in direction of increasing stations. CL File/<Select polyline that represents centerline>: select a polyline Polyline should have been drawn in direction of increasing stations. CL File/<Select Reference centerline polyline>: select a polyline CL File/<Select Reference centerline polyline>: press Enter Reference CL starting station <0.0>: press enter Pulldown Menu Location: Proles > Create Prole From ... Keyboard Command: progrid Prerequisite: A .GRD grid le, .TIN, or .FLT tmesh le Prole from Points on Centerline This command creates a .PRO le from points and a centerline that is represented by a polyline or centerline le. The elevations of the prole are derived from the elevation of the points and the stationing for these prole points is calculated from the distance along the centerline. The points must be within the offset distance from the polyline in order to be included in the prole. The prole is created by projecting the points perpendicular onto the alignment to determine the station and the elevation comes from the point elevation. The polyline or centerline should be drawn (or dened) in the direction of increasing stations. The points can be selected from point entities in the drawing (Screen), by point numbers from the current coordinate le (Numbers), or by point group as dened by the Point Group Manager (Group). Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1048 Prompts PROle le to Write dialog box: Enter a new prole le name to write. CL File/<Select polyline that represents centerline>: pick a polyline or choose C for Centerline Select Centerline le if Centerline option is used. If the desired points are further from the centerline, enter a larger maximum offset tolerance. Note: for all selected points, the points should be located on the real Z axis. Select the Carlson points along the centerline. Select objects: Select the point entities. Keyboard Command: profpts Prerequisite: A polyline centerline and points Input-Edit Prole File Similar to the Input-Edit Road Prole command, this command features a spreadsheet type editor and handles a variety of prole (.PRO) congurations. Besides editing a prole, this routine can be used to just view the contents of a prole. The command starts by prompting for the prole le to edit. Alternately, you can run Input-Edit Prole by double- clicking on a prole polyline that is drawn on a prole grid. The opening dialog below shows the layout of this editor. At the top of the dialog, you can dynamically see the prole and vary its appearance by using zoom and pan. The station, elevation and slopes are also shown at the lower left of the dialog which update/track with the movement of the cursor. There are between ve and nine possible data elds in a prole depending on the type of prole that has been selected. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1049 Prole Name: This name is optional and often used when multiple proles are stored in a prole (.PRO) le and graphically generated using the Draw Prole command. Add Row: Adds a new row into the prole after the current row. Remove Row: Removes the current row. Type of Prole: There are 6 types of .pro les and the spreadsheet columns will change to match the data elds for the selected prole type: Generic - Generic proles have station, elevation and description elds. Road - Road proles include the Generic controls and adds a vertical curve eld. For an asymmetrical vertical curve, enter the left and right side values separated by a dash in the spreadsheet cell. For example, a 200' vertical curve with 50' to the left of PVI and 150' to the right would be entered as ''50-150''. Sewer - Sewer proles include the Generic controls and adds step up, pipe size, pipe thickness, manhole elevation and manhole ID elds. Pipe - Pipe proles include the Generic controls and adds a pipe size eld. Crossing - Crossing proles are for pipe crossings along the centerline. Besides station and elevation, the crossing data points also have the pipe size. The crossing elevation is for the bottom elevation of the pipe. The crossing prole data points are not connected. Circular - Circular proles are the same as Road proles except the vertical curve is circular instead of parabolic. Edit Slope To Change: This setting controls which eld to update when the slope is modied in the spreadsheet. Reference Prole Select: Selects a reference prole and displays it in the prole graphic view immediately. Sag-Crest Points: When editing a road prole, its sag/crest points are shown here. Through Pt: This button lets user to make the road prole pass through a certain point. Vertical Exaggeration: Changes the look of the prole. Check Stations: Reports prole information at the specied stations. The Check Stations are not stored in the Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1050 prole; they are merely used as a design/analysis tool for viewing the elevations at certain stations while adjusting the prole data. Speed Tables: This button is enabled only when you edit a road prole. Please refer to the documentation on Input-Edit Road Prole for the information on Vertical Speed Tables. Next: Used for navigation when editing a .PRO le containing multiple proles, loads the next prole. Previous: Used for navigation when editing a .PRO le containing multiple proles, loads the previous prole. Load: Used for loading another, existing .PRO le for editing. Save: Saves the prole using the current prole le name. The current prole le name is displayed in the top title bar of the dialog box. SaveAs: Allows you to save the prole under a different prole le name. Calc PI: This function calculates a station/elevation point given two existing station/elevation points and slopes from them. The values are entered in this dialog. When you pick Calculate, the program nds the intersection of the grade lines. Then pick OK and the calculated PVI is added to the prole. Report: Creates a report of current prole. Undo: Reverts the last action in the editor. Settings: Opens the settings dialog. Hold Next Slopes: When editing a prole elevation, this option will maintain all the slopes after the edit point by adjusting the elevations. Otherwise, the elevations for the rest of the prole points are held and the slope from the edit prole point to the next prole point is adjusted. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1051 Hold Current Elevation: When you change a PVI's station or elevation, if this toggle is on, its slope out will be changed and the elevation of the next PVI is held, otherwise its slope out is held and the elevation of the next PVI will be changed. Use K-Value: Toggles between displaying K-Value and Sight Distance in the fth column for road proles. Show Slope When Zoom In: This option allows to display the slopes on the long enough prole segments when zoom in. Grid Ticks Only: Toggles between displaying the grid and grid ticks in the graphic box. Set Grid Interval: This option allows you to control the elevation grid spacing in the graphic preview. When this option is off, the program automatically gures the elevation grid interval. Enable Additional Invert-In Fields for Sewer Proles: When editing a sewer prole, this option allows you to display an extra invert-in column for in-coming pipes. The invert-in elevations are separated by commas. Enable Cradle Fields for Sewer Proles: When editing a sewer prole, this option allows to display cradle above and cradle below columns. Grid Mode: The Dynamic option will update the grid interval labels when you zoom in or out of the prole image. The Static option will keep the grid interval labels static. Tools: Opens the Tools dialog. Translate: Globally adds or subtracts value to stations and/or elevations within the specied range of stations. while Scale will apply the specied scale factor to stations and/or elevations within the specied range of stations. Scale: Applies the specied scale factor to stations and/or elevations within the specied range of stations. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1052 Reduce: Reduces the prole points by the Offset Cutoff value. Reverse: Reverses the direction of the stationing for the prole. Cradle Setup: Sets up the cradles for sewer proles. The cradle parameters are different with different pipe sizes and are dened in the Pipe Size Library. You can either use library data or specify new values here. Pulldown Menu Location: Proles Keyboard Command: profedit Prerequisite: None Draw Prole Draw Prole is a exible routine for drawing a prole anywhere in the drawing. The prole can be placed in a layout tab or in the model space of the drawing. It may be drawn with or without a grid or with just tick marks. The vertical curve annotations for a road prole and manhole annotations for a sewer prole, may also be drawn. Draw Prole uses the prole information that is stored in .PRO les. It is also able to use a reference centerline stored in a .CL le. Once the prole is drawn using Draw Prole, the design and labeling routines of the Proles dropdown are applicable to the prole. Please note, several of the options presented in the following dialogs will depend on the type of unit system being used, metric or english. Options such as text sizes, sheet dimensions, and scaling factors may vary from the examples shown here. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1053 The command is run from the Civil Module and the Prole menu. To create a prole you must rst add a prole(s) to work with. This is done by selecting the Add button. All the proles used in your current project will be displayed and available for use. If you wish to use a prole from another project or folder you can use the Browse button to nd and select it. Select the prole you want to use and then select the Open button. To set a reference centerline, you can select the Set button to the right of the Reference CL: None area on the Select Proles to draw dialog. Select the centerline le from those listed in the right pane for the current project or use the Browse button to navigate to another project's centerline les. Select the centerline le to use and then select the Open button. With the Prole(s) selected and a Reference CL set, you can now begin the prole creation process. If you want to Add Multiple proles at once use the Add Multiple button. If you want to remove a prole from the list use the Remove button. The Clear button will clear the dialog. If you want to label stations that are signicant for the project use the Special Stations button. The Save Set and Open Set buttons allow you to save the Set of information here and reload the Set at a later time. When the Select Proles To Draw dialog has been set up, select the OK button to move on to sheet setup. Draw Grid The Draw Grid option controls whether or not the grid and axis elevations for the prole are drawn. The Setup button launches the Grid Setup dialog. Here you can control numerous settings for how the grid, general text and stationing are drawn. Horizontal Grid: Enter a value of how often grid lines should be displayed to coincide with the station values along the horizontal axis of the grid. Horizontal Major Grid: Enter a value of how often major (or ''heavy'') grid lines should be displayed to coincide with the station values along the horizontal axis of the grid. Station Text: Indicate how often station text labels should appear along the horizontal axis of the grid. Vertical Grid: Enter a value of how often grid lines should be displayed to coincide with the elevation values along the vertical axis of the grid. Vertical Major Grid: Enter a value of how often major (or ''heavy'') grid lines should be displayed to coincide with the elevation values along the vertical axis of the grid. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1054 Elevation Text: Indicate how often elevation text labels should appear along the vertical axis of the grid. Grid Direction: Proles can be drawn Left to Right (the default) or Right to Left. Although most proles are drawn left to right, if you have a road that runs East to West and you wish to draw the prole stationing beneath the actual road stationing, then choosing a Right to Left prole may be appropriate. Vertical Grid Adder to Top: This adds the specied amount of grid to the top of the prole. Bottom: This adds the specied amount of grid to the bottom of the prole. Grid Style: This selects the type of Grid to generate. The choices are Grid Lines, Ticks Only, Ticks and Dots, Ticks and Checks. Draw Vertical Bar on Right: This option places the vertical label bar on the right of the grid, as opposed to the left. Label Scale: Click on this option and you obtain a scale drawn at the lower left corner of the prole. Click the Setup button to establish the desired Scale labels and placement values. Label Stations: Disable this option if you do not want station labels to be placed along the grid. Label Station Equations: Disable this option if you do not want station equation labels to be placed along the grid. Label Base Elevation: Labels the low elevation on the sheet. The setup dialog allows for prex and sufx for the text, size of text, layer and number of decimals to display. Station Type: Indicated the preferred style of station formatting. Station Text Orientation: This option allows you to specify the orientation of the station text shown along the bottom of the prole. The example below shows both options: Use Partial Labels for Intermediate Stations: Enable this toggle if the ''full station'' content to the left of the ''+'' symbol should be omitted at intermediate stations. This is useful for large station values where intermediate station labels are desired. When enabled (assuming 100' station values), an intermediate station such as 1023+50 would simply be annotated as +50. Increment Station Text from Beginning Station: Enable this option if you wish to have the station text labels be relative to the starting station value. For example, if the starting station value is 0+23.68 and the Station Text interval Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1055 is 50, station labels of 0+73.68, 1+23.68, 1+73.68, etc, would be generated. Label Elevations: Disable this option if you do not want elevation labels to be placed along the grid. Draw Elevation Bar: Click on this option if you desire to have a vertical barscale displayed. It will run up and along the left-most vertical grid line of the prole, unless the Draw Vertical Bar on Right option is selected. Draw Elevation Labels Only On Left Side: Enabling this option eliminates elevation labels on the right side of the prole. Draw Grid Line Under Elevation Labels: Enabling this option extends the grid lines underneath the elevation labels. Elev Text Vertical Justify: Indicate vertical justication for the elevation labels. Offset Elevation Text: This option offsets the left-side vertical axis text using the specied Offset Scale. Offset Station Text: This option offsets the horizontal axis Station text by the specied Offset Scale, allowing the insertion of elevation or other information above the stationing. It is often used in conjunction with the Label Horizontal Axis options. Stack Prole Grids: This option allows to stack prole grids for multiple proles. In the Setup dialog, all proles in the multiple prole le are listed and you can choose which one goes to rst grid, which one is second and so on. Grid Vertical Spacer: Indicate the amount of vertical space between successive grids. Link To Files This setting allows you to link to the proles and alignment. There are three options, Off, Prompt and Auto. If the proles or alignment change, the proles associated with them will either do nothing if the Link To Files is Off, prompt for an update if it is set to Prompt or automatically update if set to Auto. Draw Sheet Plan Only, Prole Only, or Plan and Prole sheets can be created. The options within Sheet Setup become available when this toggle is checked on. Select Setup to access the Sheet Setup dialog. Choose Space: Indicate whether sheets are to be drawn to Paper Space (also known as a Layout) or to Model Space. When the Model Space option is selected a toggle for how the sheets are created is enabled. They can be displayed in Paper Space or Model Space. If the Paper Space toggle is used the sheet will be drawn in Model Space but with Paper Space units. Layout Name: Enter a name for the paper space ''tabs'' to be assigned to each layout for each sheet. The program will automatically divide the plan view and the prole view into sheet layouts, and if the length of the prole extends beyond a single sheet, then multiple layouts are created, with the layout name ID incremented by 1. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1056 Note: The ''Tile Sheets'' toggle needs to be disabled for the auto-incrementing functionality. If either the Start Station in Layout Name or the End Station in Layout Name options are enabled, the Layout Name eld will be disabled as the Layouts will get named automatically. If you enter ''ms'' to go to model space within a Layout tab, you can pan to alter the plan view position. However, it is best to zoom in/out and edit within the Model tab. The Layout tabs appear at the bottom of the screen, along with the ''Model space'' tab to go back to standard plan view: Start/End Station in Layout Name: These options allow you to include starting and ending station in the Layout Names. Add Layouts to Current Layout Set: This option allows you to add the layouts created to an existing layout set that was previously generated using the Layout Set Manager. You will need to specify the name of the layout set. Add Layout Name To File Name For Output To Drawing: When the option to Output To Separate Drawing is on, this option will create a separate DWG le for each layout by adding the layout name to the main DWG le name. Block Name: This is the drawing name for the plan and prole sheet to be inserted. The Set button can be used to change the block name. Carlson provides a standard plan and prole border in the form of prole.dwg located in the working folder of %AppData%\Carlson Software\...\Sup\. You may wish to revise prole.dwg and add your company logo, and re-save it as prole1.dwg. Alternatively, you could add your own complete version of a Plan and Prole sheet block/border. Be aware that the Draw Right to Left option in Draw Grid is superseded when Draw Sheet is enabled. Note that the Sheet mode will re-orient the centerline left to right, which may cause text (such as the stationing) to plot upside down, until you use the Flip Text command. Set Sheet Attributes: This button allows you to specify the values used by any attributes associated with the sheet block. These can be entered manually in the Set Sheet Attributes dialog. You can use the Set button to the right of any eld to set that eld to a preset value pulled from the drawing information. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1057 Sheet Width: This is the prole width, in inches, on the sheet. Lower Left Offset X/Y: Indicate the offset value(s) for the insertion point of the sheet in CAD units. This option allows user-dened Block Names to be properly positioned relative to the remainder of entities placed through the Draw Prole command. Draw Prole Grid Lines: Enable this option if your Block Name does not contain prole grid lines and if you want prole grid lines to appear on the sheet. Draw Plan/Grid to Full Sheet Width: Enable this option if you want to have ''partial'' sheets (typically found at the end of a Plan & Prole Sheet run) occupy the full width of the sheet. Sheet Contains: This drop list allows the selection of which type of sheet to generate. The choices are Plan and Prole, Plan Only or Prole Only. Plan View Lower Y: This sets the lower position of the paper space window for the plan view. With Lower Y set to 9 (inches above the base of the sheet) and Top Y set to 21, there is a 12 inch vertical window, running the full Sheet Width (typically 30 to 32). This window for the plan view can be expanded or reduced with these settings. Top Y: This sets the top vertical limit for the plan view window, measured in inches from the bottom of the plan and prole sheet. Plan/Prole Gap: Indicate the amount of vertical separation between the Plan portion of the sheet and the Prole portion of the sheet. Draw North Arrow in Plan View: This draws a North Arrow in plan view. Click the North Arrow Settings button to establish the desired North arrow and placement information. Draw Plan View Borders in Model Space: This draws the borders in Model Space which can be useful or orienting text and other labels to the orientation of the sheet. When this option is selected, use the Layer text box or Set button to choose the layer on which the borders will be drawn. Plot at 1:1: With this clicked on, the sheet will be paper size, designed to be plotted at 1:1. A 30-inch prole sheet will measure 30 units, even though the centerline and prole may be 1500 feet in length. If the Scale 1:1 option is turned on, then you cannot check the distances of features using commands such as Bearing and Distance on the Inquiry menu, because the distances will be scaled down by a factor equal to the drawing scale (for example, at 1''=50', the reduction in scale factor is 1/50 or 0.02). You can set the absolute starting coordinate for the 1:1 scaled plot by setting the Sheet Lower X and Sheet Lower Y values. With this clicked off, the prole will drawn full size, with a 1500-foot prole measuring 1500 feet. Fit Each Vertical: With this option turned on, the program will size the prole grid to t within the vertical space on the prole sheet. With this option off, the prole grid is sized to t the elevation range of the prole. Tile Sheets: If clicked on, only one Layout is created in paper space, and all sheets appear in this single Layout as tiles of individual sheets, much like the tiles mode of viewing les within Windows Explorer. Label Match Line: When clicked on and multiple sheets are plotted with plan view option on, a match line will plot in the plan view. Overlap STA In multiple plan and prole sheet plotting, after the rst sheet, all subsequent sheets will have the rst 2 stations in common with the last 2 stations on the previous sheet, if the Overlap Station option is turned on. For Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1058 example, if the last 2 stations are 3+10 and 3+20 on sheet 1, then sheet 2 will start with 3+10, then 3+20, with this option turned on. With this option turned off, if the rst sheet ends with 3+20, then the second sheet would begin with 3+20. Draw Horiz Axis Elev This option creates elevation labels along the horizontal axis. Pick Setup to access the Horizontal Axis Elevations settings dialog. A preview of the labels will be shown to the right of the settings. If the preview does not match the settings, click the Update Preview button. Linear and Curve Interval: Indicate how often the prole elevation labels should be placed along the horizontal axis of the sheet. The Curve Interval applies within vertical curves and the linear applies everywhere else. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1059 Draw Tick and Tick Height: This option draws a line at the specied height at each station for the elevation labels. Existing/Final Grade: Indicate the appropriate prole, precision, text scale, layer, style, prex, sufx and color for the text labels. Text Layout: Indicate whether the text labels should be oriented vertically or horizontally. Label Offset Scale: Indicate the distance from the horizontal axis for the labels. If the value is negative, the labels are placed above the horizontal axis. Elevation Difference Options: If both existing grade and nal grade are to be drawn, you may choose to also label the Cut/Fill depth value that separates the existing and nal proles at each station. Draw Horiz Label Box This option draws a boxed area either above or below the prole. It is best used in standard Draw Grid mode, with Draw Sheets clicked off. Pick Setup to access the Horizontal Label Box Setup dialog which has a list of available elds to label. To label a eld, highlight the eld from the Available list and pick the Add button. Then use the Up/Down buttons to order the elds in the Used list. Offset: This controls how far to offset the label box from the prole. This value is a scaler that is multiplied by the prole horizontal scale. Draw Vertical Lines: This option draws lines from the data point on the prole to the label in the box. Draw Box Lines: This option draws the row and column lines for the label box. Use the Edit button to set parameters for the label in the box. The Label 2nd Row option creates another row for the eld. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1060 An example of the resulting plot is shown here: Draw Slope Labels When enabled, this option allows you to detail additional slope information onto selected proles. Indicate the desired prole(s) whose slope annotation you'd like to control and click on the Setup button for expanded criteria. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1061 Draw Break Point Sta When enabled, this option will label station values along the prole line above each break point in the prole. Pick Setup to access the Break Point Station Setup dialog. Draw Break Point Elev When enabled, this option will label elevation values along the prole line at each break point in the prole. Pick Setup to access the Break Point Elevation Setup dialog. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1062 Draw Break Point Desc When enabled, this option will label descriptions along the prole line at each break point in the prole. Pick Setup to access the Break Point Description Setup dialog. Draw Break Point Elev Diff When enabled, this option will label elevation difference values along the prole line at each break point in the prole relative to a reference prole (e.g. existing grade). Pick Setup to access the Break Point Elevation Difference Setup dialog. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1063 Reference Prole: Indicate the prole that should be used as the point of comparison for the break point locations. Decimal Shift Right: Indicate the number of places to shift the decimal point to the right. For example, if a traditional elevation difference was calculated to be 1.234 and the Decimal Right Shift value is set to 1 (a factor of 10), the reported elevation difference would be shown as 12.34. Break Point Leader/Symbol Setup Click this button to establish if it desirable to have a leader and/or break point symbol used in conjunction with the Draw Break Point Sta and/or Draw Break Point Elev options. Draw Road Intersections When enabled, this option will label the location(s) of any road(s) from an identied Road Network that intersect the main road. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1064 Draw Linework Crossings This option draws labels for linework that crosses the reference centerline. The reference centerline is set in the rst Draw Prole dialog where the proles to draw are selected. The setup dialog for Linework Crossings has a list of layers. The program will nd intersections between the reference centerline and linework on these specied layers. For each layer, there is a Description which is used for the label on the prole. Besides labeling these descriptions for the crossings, the program includes the station along the reference centerline at the crossing. In the options dialog, there are settings to control the layer, style, color, size, decimal places for the station label, label position and whether to draw a vertical line from the label to the prole. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1065 Output to Separate Drawing When enabled, this option draws the prole(s) to a separate drawing. Click the Set button to specify the name/location of the external drawing. Suggested uses for this feature are when prole-only sheets need to be generated and provided to others for detail or construction purposes. Link To Files: This setting controls the linkage of the plotted prole(s) to the actual prole le(s) (.PRO), deter- mining how changes to the le affect the plotted prole(s): Off - Changes to an underlying prole le do not trigger a change to its drawn prole. Prompt - Changes to an underlying prole le trigger a prompt if its drawn prole should be updated. Auto - Changes to an underlying prole le result in an automatic change to its drawn prole. Match Line Elevations: For high relief proles that might otherwise extend up and into the plan view portion of the drawing, the Match Line Elevations option can be used to break the prole and redraw the remaining portion vertically shifted to remain in the prole portion of the sheet. Elevation Range: This is the range of elevations that is used in conjunction with the Match Line Elevation option. If the range is exceeded (that is, if the range greater than 40), the program will break the prole and draw the remainder with a separate vertical axis range. Road Labels This button opens Vertical/Circular Curve Settings dialog. From a wide variety of available labels, you are able to create your own label selections very conveniently. Each label can be edited individually through the Setup button. You can specify the prex, sufx, symbol style, decimal places, text orientation and position, etc, in the Edit Label dialog. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1066 Draw PVI 'V': You can choose to draw either a full tangents style PVI 'V' point, or a partial tangents style, or nothing. Label Placement: This setting determines where to place the vertical curve labels. There are six options: Pick Single Row, Pick Individual Position, Auto Place Above Highest PVI Point, Specify Offset from Grid Top, Offset from Curve - Aligned, Offset from Curve - Horizontal. Label Offset from Grid/Curve: Indicate the distance from the Grid or Curve when the Label Placement option is set to Offset from Grid Top or Offset from Curve, respectively. Draw Horizontal Dimension Lines: This option draws horizontal lines connecting the PVC and PVT of all vertical curves. Draw Vertical PVC & PVT Lines: This option draws vertical lines emanating from the PVC and PVT of all vertical curves. Label PVI When VC=0: When vertical curve length is 0, no label is created unless you choose this option and then the PVI label would be shown. Draw Slope Direction Arrow: Draws an arrow to indicate slope direction. Arrow Direction: You can choose from Prole Direction, Uphill Slope Direction and Downhill Slope Direction. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1067 Draw Vertical Interval Labels: This option labels the intervals of the vertical curve section. In its setup dialog, you can specify the intervals, distance from the vertical curve to put the labels, decimal places to display the interval stations and elevations, symbol settings and label settings. Here is an example of a road prole. EOP Prole Setup This button allows you to establish the criteria for drawing and labeling Edge of Pavement (EOP) proles: Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1068 Begin/End Front Curb Return: Enter a description for the front curb return. Begin/End Back Curb Return: Enter a description for the back curb return. Include Road Name: Enable this control if you'd like the road name included with the edge of pavement prole. Draw VC Labels for EOP Proles: When enabled, this option will label vertical curves found in edge of pavement proles. Draw Curb Return Length Label: When enabled, this option will label the length of curb returns. Use the Setup button to specify and control the display settings. Draw Curb Return Elevation Labels: When enabled, this option will label the elevations of curb returns. Use the Setup button to specify and control the placement and display settings. Pipe Crossing Labels This button opens Pipe Crossing and Link Label Options dialog, which contains all the settings for drawing a pipe crossing type or prole, or the pipe crossings when pipes or sewer networks in the drawing are intercepted by a prole to be drawn. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1069 Pipe Symbol: Options to show pipe crossing in circle, square, or based on the pipe shape. Text Rotation: Labels can be drawn either horizontally or vertically. This option becomes disabled when the Draw Annotations with Leader option is enabled. Label Prex/Sufx: Indicate labels that should precede and/or follow the pipe information. Label Decimals: Decimal places of the labels. Label Station/Elevation/Size/Name/System Name: Options to label the parameters or not. Station Crossings By Another Centerline: This option will make new stations by referencing the prole to another centerline, for example a road centerline. Draw Pipe Crossing On-The-Fly: When this option is chosen and there are pipes or sewer networks drawn in the drawing, the program will prompt to select a reference centerline that represents one of the proles to be drawn to detect the pipe crossings. Any pipe crossings found would be drawn with other proles. Draw Parallel Pipes Within a Swath Width: When this option is chosen and there are pipes or sewer networks drawn in the drawing, the program will prompt to select a reference centerline that represents one of the proles to be drawn to detect if there's any pipe segments that are within a swath width along the prole. Any pipe segments found would be drawn with other proles. Draw Annotations with Leader: When enabled, this uses a leader in conjunction with pipe labels. Draw Annotations with Vertical Line: When enabled, this uses a vertical line and orientation to indicate the location of the pipe crossing being labeled. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1070 Show Pipe Thickness: When enabled, this draws the pipes in prole using double lines to indicate the thickness of the pipe. The area between the lines can be cross-hatched. Link Label Settings: Settings to determine how to draw link labels. An Example of Pipe Crossings On-The-Fly An Example of Parallel Pipes Within a Swath Width Lateral Connection Labels These settings apply for proles create from a Sewer Network from the Hydrology module that contains lateral structures. There are several lateral data elds available for labeling. Use the Add/Remove buttons to make the list of elds to label. Use the Setup button to set the prex and sufx for each eld, and control whether the eld is labeled on a separate row. There are settings to choose the symbol on the pipe at the lateral station, the text orientation, whether to draw a vertical line at the lateral station, set the label position and offset, set the text justication and whether to draw a leader from the pipe to the label. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1071 Sewer/Pipe Labels This button opens Draw Sewer/Pipe Options dialog. General Tab The sewer structure or pipe prole labels can be drawn in the following four styles: Draw Horiz Axis Annotations: Labels structure or pipe prole along the horizontal axis. Draw Annotations Above Rim: Creates structure or pipe prole labels above the rim of manholes. Draw Extended Pipe At Beginning/End: Draws the pipe beyond the beginning or the end by a specied length. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1072 Here is an example of using the Data Table option for the labels: Draw Annotations Below Invert: Creates structure or pipe prole labels below the rim of manholes. Draw Annotations with Leader from Rim Position: Creates structure or pipe prole labels with a leader from manhole's rim position. Draw Annotations with Leader from Invert Position: Creates structure or pipe prole labels with a leader from manhole's invert position. Draw Annotations with Attribute Block: Inserts blocks with attributes for the structure or pipe labels. Each style has a setup dialog to specify which labels are to be created and in what order. For labels with leaders, you can setup the leader styles. Tick Mark for Station: Draws a tick mark at every station. Project Invert In/Out Elev at Manhole Center: The Invert In/Out elevations are not the actual values, but are projected elevations to the manhole center. Station Manholes by Another Centerline: This option will make new station for each manhole by referencing the prole to another centerline, for example a road centerline. Draw Sump: When enabled, specify the height of the sump to be drawn into the sewer prole. Draw Base: When enabled, specify the base height to be drawn into the sewer prole. Label Precision: Click on the Label Precision button to set the amount of precision used for sewer station, elevation, length and slope labels. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1073 Manhole Tab On this tab, you are able to specify how to label the manhole name and how to draw the manholes. Draw Manhole Name: Enable this option and select the desired geometric shape that shall circumscribe the man- hole name. If selected, enter any desired prex or sufx for the labels. Draw Manhole Sides Down To Invert: Closes the manhole at pipes. Manhole Rim Elevation Prompt: Ignores the manhole's rim elevation and prompts to enter new values. Manhole Rim Offset Prompt: Prompts to enter the offset value and adds the offset to the manhole's rim elevation. Manhole Width Prompt: Enable this option to prompt for the top width of the manhole. Manhole Bottom at Pipe Slopes: Enable this option to prompt for the bottom width of the manhole. Draw Manhole Separate from Pipe Polylines: Enable this option to draw the shape of the manhole as a separate polyline from that of the pipe. Draw Vertical Line Through Manhole Center: Draws a vertical line through the manhole center from rim to bottom of prole grid. Draw Drop Across As Vertical On Uphill Side: If a step up is used, draws this as a vertical line on the higher side of the structure. Drop Across Manhole: Adds a step up to the invert-in elevation. Taper Format, Manhole Dimensions: When drawing from a prole le created with the Design Sewer/Pipe Prole command, these parameters are used to dene the manhole shape and dimension. When drawing from a prole created from Network in the Hydrology module with commands such as Export to Proles, these Draw Prole settings are ignored and the dimensions come from the Network instead. The taper settings are used for transitioning between different manhole top and bottom widths. The Top Taper Offset sets the distance from the top of the manhole to the point that the taper will end. The Fixed Taper Height determines the overall length of the tapered section. In this example image, all the manholes have Top Width of 2 and Bottom Width of 4. Manhole #1 has Top Taper Offset of 2 and Fixed Taper Height of 0. Manhole #2 has Top Taper Offset of 100 and Fixed Taper Height of 0. This large Top Taper Offset is greater than the manhole depth so that the taper runs the full length of the manhole. Manhole #3 has Top Taper Offset of 3 and Fixed Taper Height of 1. Pipe Tab Here you can choose to label pipe in a very exible order. Each label has a setup function which species the label prex and sufx, decimal places, row number and etc. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1074 Label Layer: Set the layer for the labels. Label Style: Set the text style and size of the text. Pipe Distance Method: Label either the center to center distance or the actual distance of the pipe. Pipe Slope Method: Choose from three common methods of calculating pipe slope. Pipe Label Position: Choose from along the pipe, along the axis or inside the pipe. Pipe Material: Indicate the type of material used for the pipe. Draw Pipe Thickness: When selected, draws pipes in prole as double lines indicating the thickness of the pipe. This option also allows for cross hatching of the double lines. Label Pipe Distance as Station Along Horiz Axis: This option creates pipe distance labels as the station style along the horizontal axis. Click the Setup button to access the labeling method and style. Draw Flow Arrows: Indicate if arrows should be drawn illustrating the direction of ow. Draw Cradle Lines: If the sewer prole contains cradle data, this option would draw cradle lines above and below the pipe segments. Draw Pipe Label as MTEXT: When enabled, text labels will be drawn as a multiline text (MTEXT) entity. Fit Pipe Label Between Structures: When enabled, this option will ensure that pipe labels will fall within a structure-to-structure distance. General Settings Layers The Layers button has the layer names for the prole lines, prole grid and general labels. Colors The Colors button has the colors for the prole lines, prole grid and general labels. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1075 Text Settings The Text Settings button has the text style and size scalers for prole grid and general labels. The size scalers are multiplied by the prole horizontal scale to determine the text size in drawing units. The Double-Click Text Link Prole Settings controls whether double-click on the prole text in the drawing brings up the Draw Prole Settings for that text or runs the action set in the CAD such as edit text. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1076 Linetypes The Linetypes button has linetype settings for the prole line and prole grid. There are also settings for drawing a prole legend of the prole lines. Back Allows you to return to the previous dialog box to alter or adjust the information it provides. Load Settings Loads a saved collection of Draw Prole settings, saved in a (.PFS) le. Save Settings Saves all Draw Prole settings in a (.PFS) le. Prompts (may vary based on Settings) Polyline should be drawn in direction of increasing stations. CL File/<Select pipe crossings on-the-y or parallel pipes centerline>: Pick a polyline upon which to base the stationing or Type C to select an existing Centerline .CL le and then press Enter Centerline Starting Station <0.0>: Press Enter to accept the default station value specied or Type in the begin- ning station then press Enter Pulldown Menu Location(s): Civil > Proles, Survey > Surface, Field > Roads Keyboard Command: drawprof Prerequisite: A prole .PRO le Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1077 Prole to 3D Polyline This command converts a 2D polyline centerline into a 3D polyline that follows the elevations of the prole. Hor- izontal and vertical curves are represented as a series of polyline segments since 3D polylines cannot contain arcs. Prole to 3D Polyline can be combined with other commands for plan-view road design as follows: 1. Draw 2D polyline centerline. 2. Prole from Surface Model - to create existing surface prole. 3. Design Road Prole - to design the nal prole with vertical curves. 4. Prole to 3D Polyline - create a 3D polyline of the road centerline. 5. Offset 3D Polyline - offset the 3D polyline centerline left and right by the horizontal and vertical distances. 6. Design Pad Template - run twice for left and right polylines of road to tie into surface at specied cut and ll slopes. This creates the limits of the disturbed area. Or use Join Nearest, Direct Connect Endpoints, to create a closed loop pad with one run of Design Pad Template for simple ramps, driveways and access roads. 7. Triangulate & Contour - draw nal contours using road 3D polylines. 8. Volumes - use any of the volumes commands to calculate cut and ll volumes. Prompts Layer Name for 3D Polyline <3DPROF>: press Enter Select prole centerline polyline: pick a polyline Station by another reference centerline [Yes/<No>]? N for no. This option will prompt for a second centerline to use for stationing. Enter the starting station <0.0>: press Enter Select Prole File Starting station of centerline <0.0>: press Enter Erase centerline (Yes/<No>)? Y This option will erase the original 2D polyline centerline. Example of road design in plan-view with Prole to 3D Polyline Keyboard Command: proto3dp Prerequisite: A .PRO le and a centerline polyline Prole To Points This command creates Carlson points along a horizontal alignment polyline using a prole le to compute the point elevations. The created points are stored in a coordinate (.CRD) le and can also be drawn on screen in the layer Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1078 specied by the user. Station text, prole name, and special points (vertical and horizontal PC's and PT's) can be stored in the point description depending on user settings. Create points at Prole special points: Includes vertical PC and PT points. Create points at Centerline special points: Includes horizontal PC and PT points. Create points at Station Intervals: Allows you to specify intervals for point creation. Interval On Line Segments: Specify station interval for line segments. Interval On Curve Segments: Specify station interval for curve segments. Station to Begin Intervals: Specify station to start intervals. Prompt For Additional Odd Stations: Any station can be entered to create additional points with elevations de- rived from the prole. Create Points on Centerline: When checked, points will be created on the centerline. Create Left Offset Points: When checked, left offset points will be created. Specify the offset in the edit box. Create Right Offset Points: When checked, right offset points will be created. Specify the offset in the edit box. Vertical Offset of Prole: Specify the vertical offset. Enter zero for no vertical offset. Plot Points: When checked, points will be plotted in the drawing, otherwise points are only added to the current coordinate (.CRD) le. Include prole name in point descriptions: When checked, the prole name will be used as the prex on the point description. For example, if the prole name is DESIGN.PRO, then the point description might be DESIGN 0+63.37. Decimal Places: Specify the display precision for points that are plotted in the drawing. This setting does not affect the coordinates stored in the CRD le. Centerline by: Click either Polyline or CL File. Type of Centerline: Click either Roadway or Railroad. OK: Specify les. Prompts Select Coordinate File to Process If the current coordinate is set, it is used automatically without this prompt. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1079 Select prole centerline polyline: pick a polyline Starting station of centerline <0.0>: press Enter Station by another reference centerline [Yes/<No>]? N for no. This option will prompt for a second centerline to use for stationing. With this option, the rst centerline is used for locating the points and the second reference centerline is used for locating the prole stations. So the rst centerline represents where the points are created (ie. the edge of pavement) and the second centerline represents the prole location (ie. the road CL). Choose Prole to Process dialog Specify a prole name. Starting point number <1>: press Enter This defaults to the point number after the highest one currently in the CRD le. Station for additional point (ENTER to end): press Enter This option will create a point at the specied station. Prompt occurs only if option is specied in dialog. Points created along prole centerline using elevations from the above road prole Keyboard Command: pro2pts Prerequisite: A .PRO le and a centerline polyline Prole Conversions There are eleven Prole Conversion commands, all of which are listed below. The rst nine in the list are Import Prole commands. These commands allow you to convert a single prole le from their respective program to the Carlson prole (.PRO) format. For each, you are prompted to select the le to be imported, then provide a Carlson prole le name. Underneath each of the nine brief descriptions shown are, in bold, the prompts that you see in dialog box form and/or on the command line. The last two commands listed below are Export Prole commands. They allow you to convert a single Carlson prole (.PRO) le to Softdesk (.TXT) format, or a single Carlson prole (.PRO) le to Leica (.GSI) format. You are prompted to select the Carlson prole le, then provide a name for the Softdesk or Leica le. Import Columnar Text Allows you to Import a comma or space delimited text le to create a prole (.PRO) le. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1080 Import CAiCE Prole Allows you to convert a single CAiCE (.KCP) prole le to the Carlson prole (.PRO) format. You are prompted to select the CAiCE le, then provide a Carlson prole le name. Pulldown Menu Location: Proles > Prole Conversions Keyboard Command: caice2pro Import Leica Prole Allows you to convert a single Leica prole (.GSI) le to the Carlson prole (.PRO) format. You are prompted to select the Leica le then provide a Carlson prole le name. Choose Leica/Wild File to Read dialog Select existing le. Choose Prole to Write dialog Select le name. Pulldown Menu Location: Proles > Prole Conversions Keyboard Command: wildpro2 Import MOSS Prole Allows you to convert a single MOSS prole (.INP) le to the Carlson prole (.PRO) format. You are prompted to select the MOSS le then provide a Carlson prole le name. Choose MOSS Prole File to Read dialog Select existing le. Choose Prole to Write dialog Select le name. Pulldown Menu Location: Proles > Prole Conversions Keyboard Command: moss2pro Import Softdesk Prole Allows you to convert a single Softdesk prole (.TXT) le to the Carlson prole (.PRO) format. You are prompted to select the Softdesk le then provide a Carlson prole le name. Pulldown Menu Location: Proles > Prole Conversions Keyboard Command: dcapro2 Import Sokkia/SDR Prole Allows you to convert a single Sokkia/SDR (.SDR or .RAW) prole le to the Carlson prole (.PRO) format. You are prompted to select the Sokkia/SDR le, then provide a Carlson prole le name. Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1081 Pulldown Menu Location: Proles > Prole Conversions Keyboard Command: sdr2pro Import Spanish ALZ Prole Allows you to convert a single Spanish ALZ prole (.INP) le to the Carlson prole (.PRO) format. You are prompted to select the Spanish ALZ le and then provide a Carlson prole le name. Choose CLIP File to Read dialog Select existing .ALZ le. Choose Prole to Write dialog Select le name. Pulldown Menu Location: Proles > Prole Conversions Keyboard Command: alz to pro Import Spanish RAS Prole Allows you to convert a single Spanish RAS prole (.RAS) le to the Carlson prole (.PRO) format. You are prompted to select the Spanish RAS le and then provide a Carlson prole le name. ISPOL File to Read dialog Select existing .RAS le. Choose Prole to Write dialog Select le name. Pulldown Menu Location: Proles > Prole Conversions Keyboard Command: ras to pro Import Terramodel Prole Allows you to convert a single Terramodel (.RLN) prole le to the Carlson prole (.PRO) format. You are prompted to select the Terramodel le, then provide a Carlson prole le name. Pulldown Menu Location: Proles > Prole Conversions Keyboard Command: tm2pro Export Softdesk Prole Choose Prole File to Read dialog Select existing .PRO le. Choose Softdesk File to Write dialog Enter new Softdesk le name. Pulldown Menu Location: Proles > Prole Conversions Keyboard Command: dcapro1 Export Leica Prole Choose Prole File to Read dialog Select existing .PRO le. Choose Wild File to Write dialog Enter new .GSI le name. GSI le format [<8>/16]? press Enter Pulldown Menu Location: Proles > Prole Conversions Keyboard Commands: wildpro1 Chapter 16. Surface Menu 1082 GIS Menu 17 The GIS menu shown below has commands for managing and reporting data attached to drawing entities. 1083 GIS Database Settings This command sets the current GIS Features and GIS Data Format. The GIS Features le (.GIS) denes the GIS features and the attributes for each feature. This le is set by the Dene GIS Features command. The Data Format denes where the GIS data will be stored. For Single File Type Database, the data is stored in an external database in either SQLite format (.DB) or MicroSoft Access (.MDB). The Esri MSC Data stores the GIS data within the drawing le in a format that both Carlson and Esri use. Starting with ArcGIS 9.3, Esri added support for MSC which makes the DWG le a type of geodatabase with the feature denitions, GIS data and geometry all stored in the le. Prompts GIS Setting dialog Click both le buttons and select new or existing les. Pulldown Menu Location: GIS Data Keyboard Command: gis cong Prerequisite: None Dene GIS Features This command creates the Feature/Attribute data structure, or schema, for GIS functionality. The structure is stored in a special Carlson le with a (.GIS) le extension. A feature, such as a manhole, can have multiple attributes, such as Number of rungs, Type of material, Number of inlets, etc. Features can be organized into Categories: Utilities, Roads, Properties. The Category designation is an arbitrary way of organizing the features. Features and attributes can be imported from another Carlson GIS Features le, Field to Finish, Esri MSC data within the drawing, Trimble Chapter 17. GIS Menu 1084 FXL or from older Carlson Template Database MDB les. Features and attributes can of course also be dened ''from scratch'' in the Dene GIS Features dialog box. 1) The rst eld to set is the GIS le you are working with. Use the File menu to create a new (.GIS) le or open an existing one for editing. 2) Next, set up one or more Category Names, using the Category menu. GIS feature codes can be categorized (e.g. STRUCTURES, UTILITIES, ROAD FEATURES, etc.). At least one category must be created. 3) Next, dene Features, using the Feature menu. e.g. A category such as UTILITIES might have features such as manholes, light poles, re hydrants, water valves, etc. 4) Lastly, dene the attributes for the Feature. Each attribute has: a) a Name b) a Full Name, or Prompt c) a Type - Integer, Character or Real d) a Default Value - these can be preset, or read from a list of automatically generated values using the Default button e) optionally, a List of values to pick from. Use the List Values button to build a list f) whether the attribute is required g) whether the attribute Value can be eld Edited, appears as Read Only, or is Hidden h) whether the value used is restricted to the list Chapter 17. GIS Menu 1085 Geometry Settings At the bottom of the dialog box the user can specify the geometry settings for each feature, whether it is a line or point feature, what layer it is to be drawn on, what block to use to represent it, what text style to use, and what linetype to use. Pulldown Menu Location: GIS Data Keyboard Command: def template Prerequisite: None Input-Edit GIS Data This routine creates, reviews and appends GIS data linked to entities stored in the drawing. The GIS Smart Prompting dialog has a spreadsheet format for editing the data elds. The GIS table to process is selected in the pull-down list in the upper right of the dialog. The GIS tables that are available depend on the tables that are dened in the current template database. Use the GIS Database Settings and Dene Template Database commands to setup the tables. Once you select a table to process, the elds for that table are displayed in a spreadsheet format. If a eld is related to a eld in another table in the database, a ''+'' character is shown next to the eld name. Picking the ''+'' will open another dialog box with the related data in the other table. The data in this related table is not editable, only the data in the initial linked table. The bottom portion of the dialog has features for attaching images to the entity. Existing image les (BMP, JPG or GIF) can be linked by choosing the New option. The Update option will replace the current image with a newly selected image. The Delete option will remove the current, attached image. The Capture button will take a shot in the eld using a congured camera and then attach the image to the entity. Different digital cameras can be used by picking Pick or Set Camera. The Input-Edit GIS Data command is an excellent way to simply review the data associated with an entity. If the entity has GIS data, the banner line at the top of the dialog will display ''Entity has GIS Data''. If not, the banner Chapter 17. GIS Menu 1086 line will display ''Entity has no GIS Data''. Even when the entity has no data, the default values for the prompts will appear. Pressing OK will assign this data to the entity. To avoid assigning data to the entity (if it has none), press Cancel. Alternately, you can use the commands GIS Inspector Settings, followed by GIS Data Inspector, to review the data with no possibility of editing or inputting data in the process. There are three methods for selecting the drawing entities to process: S for Select, P for Pick and N for Number: Select Object method: With this method, you pick the drawing entity to process the data attached to that entity. When selecting a Carlson point, the point number is used to link to the database. Pick method: For this method, you pick inside a closed polyline to process the data attached to that polyline. Number method: Here you simply input the point number from the current CRD le to process. Prompts Select object (Number/Pick/<Select>): P Pick a point inside polygon (Select/Number/<Pick>): pick a point GIS Smart Prompting dialog make selections Pulldown Menu Location: GIS Data Keyboard Command: gisdata Prerequisite: MDB GIS prompting must be created in Dene Template Database and points or entities must exist to link GIS information to. GIS Inspector This command displays all or portions of the data attached to drawing entities in real-time. Howmuch of the attached data is displayed is set by the command GIS Inspector Settings. When you move the cursor over an entity with GIS data, selected elds are displayed in a tooltip box next to the cursor. For data attached to closed polylines, you can move the cursor anywhere inside the polyline to show the data. Polylines that are closed will highlight with a solid ll as you inspect each one. Open polylines, such as road centerlines, will highlight with a solid ll generated along the length of the polyline. The solid ll color for all highlighting is set in GIS Inspector Settings. The routine starts by prompting you to select entities. The entities that you select will be used by GIS Inspector. In the case of a large drawing, this selection allows you to limit the entities for inspector to a local area instead of having to process the whole drawing. Then after reading the entities, you can move the cursor around the drawing to inspect the GIS data. You can also use the arrow, page up and page down keys to pan and zoom the display. Pressing enter ends the routine. Prompts Chapter 17. GIS Menu 1087 Select objects: select entities with attached data Arrow keys=Pan; PageUp/Down=ZoomOut/In; Zoom=Pick left-lower and right-upper corner; Move pointer over entity with Gis Data (Enter to End): move cursor over entities with data; press Enter to end Pulldown Menu Location: GIS Data Keyboard Command: gis inspector Prerequisite: MDB GIS Prompting must be created in Dene Template Database and entities must have linked GIS information. GIS Inspector Settings This command sets up the elds to be displayed when using GIS Data Inspector. Each GIS table code can have different display options stored in the GIS Inspector Settings command. GIS Inspector Settings reads all the points and entities with GIS information currently linked in the drawing and displays a list of the linked data tables under the Available GIS Table column. When a GIS Table code is highlighted (i.e. 0001 or Road), the elds for this GIS table are displayed to the right in the Select Fields column. Up to 6 elds or lines of GIS data can be dened for display for each GIS code table, including one picture. To add a eld to the display list, double-click on the eld name. To remove a eld from the display list, highlight the GIS table to remove from and then use the Clear Settings buttons. The Last Option button will remove the last eld to display from the current GIS table. The Picture Name will remove the image from the display list. The Entire Line button removes all the elds from display for the current GIS table. Chapter 17. GIS Menu 1088 Pulldown Menu Location: GIS Data Keyboard Command: set inspector Prerequisite: MDB GIS Prompting must be created in Dene Template Database and points or entities must have linked GIS information. GIS Query/Report This command applies a user-dened query on a data table or related tables with the database. Records in the table that pass the query can be reported or the associated entities can be highlighted in the drawing. The Query Using option in the main dialog box sets the source of the data table to process as either GIS data attached to selected drawing entities or from the current Output MDB le. Chapter 17. GIS Menu 1089 The query is dened in the dialog shown here. To add a query, enter a new query name in the in the space underneath Current Query. If there is already a name there, just highlight and type over it with a new name, then hit Clear All to clear out existing query lines and get full access to all Feature Names. The top portion of the dialog contains a list of the query parameters. To add a parameter, select a Feature Name from the pop-up list. The available features will either be all the features found in the GIS links of the drawing or all the features from the Output MDB le depending on the Query Using option. Once the feature is specied, the Field Name pop-up list contains all the available elds in the feature. Choose a eld from this list. Next choose the operator (=, >, etc.) from the operator list. The Value pop-up list contains all the different values for that eld that are found in the current data set. You can either select one of these values or type in another value into this eld. If a Field Name relates to another Feature, when you select that Field, an additional button will appear allowing you to add a query parameter from the related feature. When all the parameter values are set, pick the Add Parameter button. Once a feature is selected and add a parameter is added, the Feature Names list becomes unavail- able because any additional query parameters must come from that feature, or relate through that primary feature. When all the parameters are dened for the query, you can save these settings by lling out a name Current Query eld and then picking the Save button. This query can be recalled later by highlighting the query name and clicking the Load button. The Delete button removes the highlighted query. The Save, Load and Delete functions operate on the current set of queries active in the program. The Save To File and Load From File functions read and write the collection of queries to a .QRY le for managing different sets of queries and sharing with others. Pick the Execute button to process the query. The Mark Screen Entities option will set the color of entities with GIS data that match the query to the specied color. The Build Selection Set option creates a selection set of the entities that pass the query. To use this selection set in other commands, enter ''P'' for previous at the ''Select objects:'' prompt. With the Generate Report option, the program will bring up the Report Formatter which allows you to choose the elds to include in the report and the report format. If the Highlight Screen Entities option is on, then the program will highlight the entities with GIS data that pass the query. Point entities are highlighted by drawing Chapter 17. GIS Menu 1090 a box around the point and polylines are highlighted by solid ll. Shown here is the report for all manholes with a Condition of Good. Pulldown Menu Location: GIS Data Keyboard Command: gis query Prerequisite: MDB le with data or entities with linked GIS information Label GIS Polyline: Closed Polyline Image This command draws images inside the selected closed polylines with attached GIS image les. Images can be assigned to polylines by the Input-Edit GIS Data command. The program starts by selecting closed polylines in the drawing with GIS data. Then a dialog appears for specifying the image to draw. This dialog displays a list of all the GIS table names found in the selected polylines. First choose a table to process. Then the image elds dened for this table are displayed in the lower list. Only one image can be draw inside the polyline. The Erase Images button will erase any existing images inside the selected polylines. The settings can be saved to and recalled from a GIS settings le (.gsf) using the Save and Load buttons. Once all the settings are ready, pick the Draw button to draw the images. The images are drawn in the centroid of the polylines. Chapter 17. GIS Menu 1091 Example of images drawn inside closed polylines Pulldown Menu Location: GIS >Label GIS Polyline Keyboard Command: display polygon image Prerequisite: Closed polylines with linked GIS images Chapter 17. GIS Menu 1092 Label GIS Polyline: Closed Polyline Data This command draws text labels for the specied elds inside the selected closed polylines with attached GIS data. The program starts by selecting closed polylines in the drawing with GIS data. Then a dialog appears for specifying the elds to label. This dialog displays a list in the upper left of all the table names found in the selected polylines. First choose a table to process. Then the elds dened for this table are displayed in the lower left list. To add a eld to the label, highlight the eld name and pick the > button. The elds names in the lower right list are the elds to be labeled in order. Use the Up and Down buttons to change the eld order. The Erase Labels option will erase any existing eld labels inside the selected polylines. The settings can be saved to and recalled from a GIS settings le (.GSF) using the Save and Load buttons. Once all the settings are ready, pick the Draw button to create the labels. The labels are drawn center justied in the centroid of the polylines. Label Closed Polyline Data result of country name and population elds Chapter 17. GIS Menu 1093 Pulldown Menu Location: GIS > Label GIS Polyline Keyboard Command: display polygon image Prerequisite: Closed polylines with linked GIS information Label GIS Polyline: Open Polyline Data This command draws text labels for the specied elds along the selected polylines with attached GIS data. The program starts by selecting polylines in the drawing with GIS data. Then a dialog appears for specifying the elds to label. This dialog displays a list in the upper left of all the table names found in the selected polylines. First choose a table to process. Then the elds dened for this table are displayed in the lower left list. To add a eld to the label, highlight the eld name and pick the > button. The elds names in the lower right list are the elds to be labeled in order. Use the Up and Down buttons to change the eld order. The Erase Labels option will erase any existing eld labels for the selected polylines. The settings can be saved to and recalled from a GIS settings le (.GSF) using the Save and Load buttons. Once all the settings are ready, pick the Draw button to create the labels. The labels are drawn along the polylines. Chapter 17. GIS Menu 1094 Example of text labels along polylines with GIS data Pulldown Menu Location: GIS > Label GIS Polyline Keyboard Command: label arc text Prerequisite: Polylines with linked GIS information Create Links This command makes GIS links between blocks in the drawing and a database table using a key eld that is in both the block attributes and the database table. Both the block entities and database records must exist before running this routine. The routine starts by prompting you to select the block entities to process. Then a dialog appears for choosing the block attribute and table to link. The current template and output database le names are shown at the top of the dialog. Use the GIS Database Settings command to set these le names before running Create GIS Links. The dialog lists all the block names that were found in the entity selection. Choose a block name to process. Then in the lower left of the dialog, there is a list of the attributes for the selected block. Highlight the attribute name that contains the point ID key eld for the blocks and then pick the Select First Key Value button. For each block entity, the program will use the value of this attribute to link to the record in database table. This value is matched to the database record using the PT ID database table eld. For example, a block with an attribute value of 402 for the specied attribute name will be linked to the database record with a value of 402 in the PT ID eld. Chapter 17. GIS Menu 1095 Next, the database table needs to be specied to either one xed table name or to table names dened by a block attribute. A list of the available tables in the current output database is displayed. To link all the blocks to one table, highlight the table name from the list and pick the Select Second Key button. Or to link the blocks to various table names based on a block attribute, highlight the attribute name and pick the Select Second Key button. This attribute value for the blocks will then need to contain the database table name. For example, consider a block for electric utility data with two attributes: ID and TABLE. The ID is a number to use as the rst key and the TABLE is the table name (i.e. POLE, BOX). Once the key elds are set, pick the OK button to create the links. Pulldown Menu Location: GIS Data Keyboard Command: create links Prerequisite: Block entities with attribute IDs and a database table with matching IDs. Erase Links This command removes all the GIS links from the selected entities (polylines, blocks, etc.). Pulldown Menu Location: GIS Data Keyboard Command: erase links Prerequisite: Entities with GIS links Audit Links This command checks the GIS links for the selected entities in the drawing to make sure that the template database, output database and table exist. Any invalid links can be erased from the entities or be xed by selecting another database or table. For example if a database le (.mdb) has moved to another directory, then you can use this command to specify the new location. The routine starts by prompting you to select the entities to check. If no errors are found, then the routine is done. When there are errors, a dialog box appears. Each GIS link is dened by a template database, output database and table. For each combination of these three settings that have an error, this dialog displays the template database, output database and table name from the entities. The number of GIS link combinations with errors is shown in Chapter 17. GIS Menu 1096 Table Used for Links eld (i.e. 1 of 2). The template database is shown at the top. If the template database link is broken, then use the Select New Template MDB button to assign another template database le. The output database also has a Select New Output MDB to set the output database le. In the lower left of the dialog is a list of the table names from the output database. You can choose the table to use for the link from this list. The Fix Links for Current Table button will assign the template database, output database and table name from the dialog to all the selected entities. The Erase Links from Table button will remove these broken links from the entities. The Go to Other Table button will process the next GIS link combination with errors. Pulldown Menu Location: GIS Data Keyboard Command: audit links Prerequisite: Entities with GIS links Import SHP File The Import SHP File command converts ESRI SHP les into Carlson drawing entities and can also optionally write the available attribute data to an external Access MDB le and create GIS links between the drawing entities and the records in the database. Use the Geometry with GIS Data Import Option to accomplish this. Use the Geometry Only Import Option to just draw the linework. If you don't need the data, this option is much faster. The Import SHP File dialog displays the Output MDB le to add data to and the source SHP le to be imported. SHP les are similar to entities in one layer in CAD. You must specify the table name to store the data in the MDB database and the layer name for the entities to be created. Typically these names are the same or near equivalent as the SHP le name. Once these names are entered, the Import Polylines from SHP button becomes available. Pick this button to import the SHP les entities and database. You can also assign elevations by a specied data attribute. There are primarily three types of ESRI SHP les: Points, Arcs and Polygons. Each will provide different options on Import. Once the SHP le is selected, Carlson detects the data contents of the le and sets the dialog options for importing either polygons, arcs or points. Carlson GIS also supports the use of three other types of SHP les: PointM, PolylineM and PolylgonM. Both Arc and Polygon SHP les are brought into Carlson as polylines in the drawing, with attribute data stored in an external Access .MDB database le if that option is selected. Chapter 17. GIS Menu 1097 Point SHP les are imported in a three step process. The rst step uses the Import SHP File command to create a coordinate le (.crd) for the points in the SHP le and a corresponding table in the output MDB le for the points database. The second is to use Draw Locate Points to draw the points from the CRD le into the drawing. The third step uses Create Links to select the points in the drawing and link the database to these plotted points. Note: If the SHP le you are Importing is in a different Projection or Units than that specied in the Drawing Setup, then a transformation will occur during Import, as long as the (.PRJ) Projection le is present with the SHP set of les. If there is no (.PRJ) le with the SHP, then no transformations will occur. Chapter 17. GIS Menu 1098 Pulldown Menu Location: GIS Data Keyboard Command: import shp Export SHP File This command creates a SHP le from the selected entities in the drawing. After selecting entities to be converted, a dialog shows the number of Points, Polylines (Arcs) and Closed Polylines (Polygons) found in the drawing selection set. Those Points, Arcs and Polygons with database information linked are displayed with their database table names. Any Points, Arcs and Polygons without linked database information display as unknown. Highlight the Point, Arc and Polygon tables to output or selects Export All to select all entities including the UN- KOWN entities to export into SHP les. The Export SHP File commands outputs all entities selected into SHP les with the same name as their table name into a subdirectory selected. Also Points can be stored in the ESRI Arcview database as 3D X, Y and Z coordinates when Include Z Coordinates is toggled on. SHP les do not have arc entities. So the export routine will convert arcs and polyline arcs into a series of small chords segments. The Offset Cutoff eld sets the maximum horizontal shift allowed between the original arc and the chord segments. These SHP les can be imported into ESRI's Arcview product. Database GIS links in Carlson are converted to SHP les by storing the GIS database information into DBF les for ESRI's Arcview product to read and link to. Prompts Specify Name for SHP File dialog select .SHP le name Select objects select entities Export Carlson Entities to SHP File dialog choose settings, click OK Chapter 17. GIS Menu 1099 Pulldown Menu Location: GIS Data Keyboard Command: export shp Prerequisite: None Import GIS Data from SurvCE This command reads GIS attribute data collected with SurvCE and Imports it into the drawing and embeds it within the point blocks in the drawing as Esri MSC that can be read directly by ArcGIS. The setup is to have a coordinate le (.CRD) set current, the points drawn in the drawing, an applicable attribute denition le (.GIS), and a le that is storing the attribute values (.VTT), that was created by SurvCE. You are prompted to pick the GIS le, and then the data from the VTT is imported and embedded within the matching point blocks in the drawing. Pulldown Menu Location: GIS Data Keyboard Command: survce2msd Prerequisite: GIS le, CRD le, VTT le, points in drawing Export GIS Data to SurvCE This command is used to set up a SurvCE Feature Code Library (.FCL) with attributes from points in a drawing with Esri MSC data. Chapter 17. GIS Menu 1100 In this dialog box, the coordinate le is specied, as well as the Field to Finish le being used. The name of the SurvCE FCL le is then specied. Picking OK prompts the user to select the points in the drawing with Esri MSC data. Pulldown Menu Location: GIS Data Keyboard Command: msd2survce Prerequisite: CRD le, FLD le, points in drawing with MSC Export DWG File with Esri MSC This command is used to create a new drawing le that contains Esri MSC Feature data. The drawing is scanned for MSC data and further, which are new entities with MSC, which are entities with edited geometry, and which are entities with edited attributes. The user species which are to be included in the new drawing le. On OK, a new drawing le name is specied. The drawing is scanned for MSC data and the list is populated with represented Feature Classes. You can select which ones to include in the Export (Export Yes/No column). The check boxes at the bottom allow you to Chapter 17. GIS Menu 1101 choose whether to Export the unmodied entities for the selected Features, new entities, entities with CAD edits, such as Trim, Extend, Move, etc, and entities with edited attributes. On OK, a new drawing le name is specied. There is also a Report function to review the changes and to make a record of these transactions. One possible application of this command is to create a DWG from ArcGIS with its Export to CAD tool, open the drawing in Carlson and edit it, and then use this command to send the edits back to ArcGIS as a new DWG with MSC. Pulldown Menu Location: GIS Data Keyboard Command: export msd Prerequisite: drawing with MSC Image Inspector This command views images and documents attached to entities. At the start, the program highlights all entities that have attached images or documents. When you move the cursor over these entities, the attached image or document name is displayed in a window. If you click within the image window, the program will start the image application editor that is setup for your system. For documents, click on the document name to start the document application. This application, such as Microsoft Internet Explorer, depends on your Windows system setup. Also while moving the cursor over drawing entities, you can use the up/down arrows to resize the image. When multiple images or documents are attached to the same entity, use the left/right arrows to cycle through the images. Prompts Arrow keys Up/Down=Image Size; Left/Right=Cycle Images; Pick Image=Open Image Move pointer over entity with image (Enter to End): press Enter Car image displays in upper-left of drawing when cursor is over car symbol Pulldown Menu Location: Images Keyboard Command: view image Chapter 17. GIS Menu 1102 Prerequisite: drawing entity with attached image Place Camera Symbol/Image Prompts Image File To Process: choose .TIF le Pulldown Menu Location: GIS Tools Keyboard Command: maketfw Prerequisite: TIF image le Import MrSID Images This command allows you to select one or more image les in the MrSID format (.SID) and have them converted to either a (.TIF) or (.JPG) le format. Corresponding World les are also created. Pulldown Menu Location: Images Keyboard Command: import mrsid Prerequisite: .SID le Place Image by World File This routine is intended for users of Carlson products that do not have the AutoCAD Map platform. If you have the Map extension available, it is recommended that you use the tool provided. Chapter 17. GIS Menu 1103 This function allows you to insert Geo-Referenced TIF les into the drawings. This process requires the presence of an accompanying TFW le. The TFW le contains information about the location and scaling of the actual raster image TIF le. This eliminates the guesswork in inserting, moving, and rotating raster images to the project area. You begin by selecting the TFW or JGW le to process. If the related TIF le is present in the same directory, the image will be inserted into the proper coordinates. Prompts Select World File: choose existing .TFW or .JGW le Pulldown Menu Location: GIS Tools Keyboard Command: geotiff Prerequisite: None Attach Image to Entity This command attaches image and document les to a drawing entity. The possible le formats are .pdf, .doc, .bmp, .jpg and .gif. Any type of drawing entity can be used such as polyline, points or symbols. To run the command, rst pick an entity on the screen. Then a dialog appears for selecting the image or document. First set the image directory and then highlight the le name. A graphic of the image should appear in the preview window. Then click Attach Selected Image/Doc. The Capture New Image button can be used to trigger an attached digital camera to take an image. The Pick Camera and Set Camera buttons can be used to congure the camera to use. Multiple images or documents can be attached to the entity by picking Attach Selected Image/Doc or Capture New Image multiple times. To cycle the images in the preview, use the Next and Prev buttons. Use the Remove Attached Image to remove the image shown in the preview. Use Remove All Attached Images to clear all images from the entity. The View Attached Image/Doc button will display in the preview window any image already attached to the entity instead of the selected image le. Also any image already attached to the selected entity is displayed in the Current Image eld at the top of the dialog when nothing is selected in the le list. Prompts Select object to attach symbol to: pick an entity Attach Image to Object Dialog Done. Select object to attach symbol to: press Enter Chapter 17. GIS Menu 1104 Pulldown Menu Location: Images Keyboard Command: set image Prerequisite: A drawing entity and an image or document le Dene Note File Prompts This command allows the user to create a .GIS le for use in several other routines in Carlson GIS and other Carlson Software products, such as SurvCE or SurvStar. The program starts with the main Dene Note File Prompts dialog, as shown below. The Load button allows the user to load an existing GIS le for editing or review. The list box shows the various data capture items in the GIS le, showing the eld name, the prompt, the default value and the various options for that eld. The Edit button allows the user to edit the highlighted eld. The Add button allows the user to add new elds after the highlighted eld. The Move Up and Move Down allow the user to change the order in which elds appear in the GIS le, while the Remove button completely removes the highlighted eld. The Save button saves the GIS le that is currently being edited, while SaveAs allows the user to save the current GIS le under a different name. The Quit button checks to see if the current GIS le is saved and quits the routine. When the Edit or Add button is clicked, the dialog box shown here appears, allowing the user to enter and edit data with respect to a particular eld in the GIS le. The Field Name is a unique identier of the eld in the GIS le and hence a GIS le cannot have repeated eld names. The Prompt is what appears at the command prompt while waits for user input. The Default Value is the value that would be used among various options, if the user presses Enter at the command prompt without typing anything in response to the prompt. The list box, Options for value, contains a list of options that can be selected for the particular eld. A new option can be added to the list or removed from the list by clicking the appropriate button. The Add Option button brings up a small dialog and accepts the option to be included in the list. Press OK to accept the values set here. At the minimum, the Field Name and Prompt must be specied. Chapter 17. GIS Menu 1105 Dene Note File Prompts dialog Load a le, or change variables as required. Pulldown Menu Location: GIS Data Keyboard Command: defnote Prerequisite: None Database File Utilities This command is designed to import GIS data from SurvCE, GISCE and FAST Survey les, as well as from user- dened text/ASCII le elds. It also exports data from Carlson Note les (.NOT or .VTT) to Microsoft Access (.MDB) database tables. The .NOT extension is used when data transfers from desktop. The .VTT extension les are data transfers from data collector. Note les are associated with Coordinate les (.CRD) and contain additional data for point numbers. For example, the Coordinate le for a manhole point could contain the point number, northing, easting, elevation and 32 character description, while the corresponding note le for that point contains additional data on the manhole such as diameter, depth, condition, etc.. A Carlson Note le for a Coordinate le will have the same name as the Coordinate le, except with a .NOT or .VTT extension instead of the .CRD extension (e.g. PARK.NOT goes with PARK.CRD). The Chapter 17. GIS Menu 1106 Carlson Note le is a text le which consists of a point number (PT ID) followed by eld names with values. This group of point number and elds can also have a GIS FILE name, which is used to identify this group of elds. This GIS FILE name comes from the Note le prompting denition le (.GIS), which denes the eld names for the group and is created in the Dene Note File Prompts command. You can select the Note le to process by using the Import Note File button. The program will then list all the GIS FILE names that were found in the Note le. If a set of data for point number does not have a GIS FILE name, then this group will appear in the list as UNKNOWN. The name of the Microsoft Access database to add the data to is the output database le, listed at the top-left of the Database File Utilities dialog. You can change the output database by using the Open Database button and selecting an existing database, or by clicking New Database to create a new database. The database tables will automatically have the same name as the GIS FILE. This dialog also allows you to preview and edit a spreadsheet editor, which in turn allows you to modify values in the table. Each set of note le data for a point is displayed on one row with the corresponding record from the database shown on the next row. You can export the Note le data and create a new Access database .MDB le, in Access '97 format or in Access 2000 format, by doing a SAVEAS into .MDB format. You can rename and delete a table as well. Database File Utilities can be combined with the Create Links command to make GIS links between the point entities in the drawing and the Microsoft Access database records. The point entities can be drawn with the Draw/Locate Points or Field to Finish commands. Initial dialog at start of command with primary functions Available Table from Output Database: Selection list. Pick a table from the Output Database. Import Note File: Imports a Carlson Note File (.NOT). Import SurvCE/GISCE/FastSurvey GIS File: Imports a SurvCE/GISCE/FastSurvey Note File. Import ASCII File: Imports ASCII le. Open Database: Opens Access database .MDB le. New Database: Creates a new Access database .MDB le in Access '97 format or in Access 2000 format. Preview/Edit Table: Displays a spreadsheet editor, allowing you to preview/edit values from table. Rename Table: For renaming a table as needed. Delete Table: For deleting a table as needed. Current Table: Displays the selected table from above list. Chapter 17. GIS Menu 1107 Dialog seen after choosing Import ASCII File and selecting le name Pulldown Menu Location: GIS Data Keyboard Command: noteutil Prerequisite: A note le (.NOT from desktop or .VTT from data collector) Chapter 17. GIS Menu 1108 CGSurvey Module 18 1109 CGFile Current Information The Current Information Dialog Box contains information on: Drawing: displays the current drawing le Path, Name, Scale, and Units Coordinate File: displays the current coordinate le path and names. File Type: This will display the current Coordinate le type. The le types are: C&G Numeric (.CRD) (PT #: 126) C&G Alpha-Numeric (.CGC) (PT #: RW126) Carlson Numeric (.CRD) (PT #: 126) Carlson Aloha-Numeric (.CRD) (PT #: RW126) Description Length: Numbers of character in the description Total Points: Total number of points in the le High Point: The highest point number stored Points Used and Points Available: displays the block or blocks of points used or available in the coordinate le currently open. Other Files: Displays the les that are currently open: Data Path: displays the current default path and coordinate le name Description Table: displays the current default path and description table Print: displays the current default path and Print le name Raw: displays the current default path and RAW le name Map Check: displays the current default path and Map Check le name Cross Section: displays the current default path and Cross Section le name TIN: displays the current default path and TIN le name Pulldown menu Location:CG-Survey > File Keyboard Command:INF, cg current info Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1110 Prerequisite: None Coordinate Files Opening Closing and Saving Choose Coordinate Files from the CGFile pull-down menu. New The New allows you to create a new coordinate le. Prompts Follow these steps: CGFile > Coordinate Files > New Coordinate File Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1111 Save in: Browse to folder location Enter the name of the coordinate le you wish to create: File Name: Hickory farms Press enter or press Save Button NOTE: The directory displayed is the Data Path is the directory as set from the tool bar: CG-Tools > CG Options > Data Path Options NOTE: The description length for the new le just created will be set based on the current description length setting in the: CG-Tools > CG Options > General NOTE: You will not be able to change the description length once the new le ia created. You must set the description length prior to creating the new le. You can however move the points to another le that has a longer description length Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > File > Coordinate Files Keyboard Command: OPNC, CG NEW COORD Prerequiste: None Open The Open menu item allows you to open an existing .CRD or .CGC le. Only one coordinate le can be open at a time in a given drawing. Prompts To open an existing coordinate le follow these steps: In the le dialog box (Shown below), Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1112 Browse to folder location select or Highlight the coordinate le you wish to open by clicking on it Click the Open button NOTE: The default directory is the ''Data'' directory below the directory where CG-SURVEY was installed. You can change the default directory by choosing: CG-Survey > Tools > CG Options... - Data Path tab. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > File > Coordinate Files Keyboard Command: OPC, CG OPEN COORD Prerequiste: an existing coordinate le Close To close an open coordinate le Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > File > Coordinate Files Keyboard Command: OPC, CG OPEN COORD Prerequiste: Coordinate File Open Save As As new points are stored in a coordinate le, the le is automatically updated. If you are concerned that the changes to be made to the coordinate le may not be correct, you should use the Save As option to make an extra copy of the le before making any changes. This option allows you to save the open coordinate le under a different name. The new le becomes the current le. The original le will remain unchanged. Prompts Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1113 To Save As the open coordinate le under a new name, select: > CGFile > Coordinate File > Save As Browse to Folder Location:The Save Coordinate File As dialog box will display the default directory as set in the Data Path Options, Enter the name : of the new le for the coordinates to be saved to. Press Save Button: Save or Press enter Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > File > Coordinate Files Keyboard Command: SCF, CG FILE SAVEAS Prerequiste: None Export Coordinates to ASCII This menu item allows you to export coordinate les to an ACSII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) le format. ASCII les are a simple text format and can be read by almost all word processors and text editors. Prompts To export coordinates to an ASCII le, follow these steps: > CGFile > Coordinate File > Export Coordinates to ASCII File Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1114 If a coordinate le is not currently open, the Open Coordinate File dialogue box will appear., select the le. You will be prompted at the command line to select the points you wish to export: Add points from coordinate le. (Enter When Done) (All/Block/Code/Desc/Elev/ Pt-group/Limits/Radius/Select): After choosing the set or sets of points you wish to export, press until the following dialogue box appears. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1115 Enter a new le name or select an existing ASCII le and click the Save button. Next, select an ASCII le format (see the ASCII File Formats section of this chapter for an explanation of each format): Select the OK button to export your coordinate points. ASCII FILE CONVERSION FORMATS NOTE: In the following formats the point code can be placed in the rst two characters of the description eld, followed by a semicolon. The description will follow the semicolon. You can export and import ASCII les in the following formats: STANDARD (Point #, North, East, Elevation,''Desc'') 2,5054.76393,9777.75761,103.70000,''gs'' 3,5098.69743,9783.82411,105.20000,''gs'' 4,5158.78043,9773.74111,105.67000,''gs'' 5,5205.11493,9777.40661,106.25000,''gs'' CLM (PNT Point # Easting Northing) PNT 2 9777.75761 5054.76393 PNT 3 9783.82411 5098.69743 PNT 4 9773.74111 5158.78043 PNT 5 9777.40661 5205.11493 Autocogo (Point # Easting Northing Elevation Desc) Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1116 2 9777.75761 5054.76393 103.70000 gs 3 9783.82411 5098.69743 105.20000 gs 4 9773.74111 5158.78043 105.67000 gs 5 9777.40661 5205.11493 106.25000 gs MTI (Point #, Easting, Northing, Elevation,''Desc'') 2,9777.75761,5054.76393,103.70000,''gs'' 3,9783.82411,5098.69743,105.20000,''gs'' 4,9773.74111,5158.78043,105.67000,''gs'' 5,9777.40661,5205.11493,106.25000,''gs'' Standard (without description quotes) (Point #, North, East, Elevation, Desc) 2,5054.76393,9777.75761,103.70000,gs 3,5098.69743,9783.82411,105.20000,gs 4,5158.78043,9773.74111,105.67000,gs 5,5205.11493,9777.40661,106.25000,gs Abacus/MTI (Point #, Northing, Easting, Elevation) 2,5054.76393,9777.75761,103.70000,''12;gs'' 3,5098.69743,9783.82411,105.20000,''12;gs'' 4,5158.78043,9773.74111,105.67000,''12;gs'' 5,5205.11493,9777.40661,106.25000,''12;gs'' Surv-A-Soft (Code Northing Easting: Desc/Elevation'') 6 0 ''VER 2'' -1 0.00000 0.00000 '' '' 2 5054.76393 9777.75761 ''103.70000'' 2 5098.69743 9783.82411 ''105.20000'' 2 5158.78043 9773.74111 ''105.67000'' 2 5205.11493 9777.40661 ''106.25000'' 2 5253.39243 9779.12911 ''110.47000'' The Surv-A-Soft le structure is as follows: The rst line of the le is a header line with the following information: The total number of points is placed in the code eld. Zero (0) is placed in the northing eld. ''VER 2'', etc. is placed in the easting eld. After the header line each line species a coordinate point. The line number minus one is the point number. The code eld has three possible values: Value Explanation -1 no coordinate point 2 elevation (in description eld) 1 description (in the description eld) Since .CRD and .CGC les can have both an elevation and description, when converting them to an ASCII Surv-A-Soft le one of the following will occur depending on the elevation value: If the point has an elevation it will be placed in the description eld. If there is no elevation, the description will be placed in the description eld. Star * Net (Point # Northing Easting Elevation Desc) 2 5054.76393 9777.75761 103.70000, gs Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1117 3 5098.69743 9783.82411 105.20000, gs 4 5158.78043 9773.74111 105.67000, gs 5 5205.11493 9777.40661 106.25000, gs USER DEFINED Upon selecting User Dened format, the following dialog box will appear: As the name implies you can create a format specic to your conversion needs. Using an Existing User Dened Format To select an existing User Dened format, do the following: Press the Read File button. Select an existing user dened format from the dialog. The elds in the dialog box will automatically be updated. Select OK to accept the format. Creating a User Dened Format: There are 5 basic pieces of information that can be dened in a user dened format. Point number Northing (required) Easting (required) Elevation Description (Code can also be part of the description eld) There are two types of user dened formats '' Character Separated Fields Character Separated Fields means that each eld of information is separated by a character, often times a comma, but any ASCII character can be used. Fixed length Fields Fixed length elds means that you dene the number characters for each eld item. The elds can be in any order Field Order Point Number 4 North 3 (required) East 2 (required) Elevation 1 Description 5 NOTE: Coordinate values will be rounded based on the setting in the Rounding Options dialog box. If the point number eld is not assigned a value, the line number will be the point number. Select the Field Type (Character Separated or Fixed Length) and follow the appropriate instructions below: Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1118 Character Separated User Dene Export File >Go to CGFile >Select Coordinate les >Select Export to ASCII At the command line you will be prompted to select points: Add points from coordinate le. (Enter when Done) (All/Block/Code/Desc/Elev/ Pt-group/Limits/Radius/Select): After selecting the point set or sets to export press return Select or name the le to store the converted points. Set the conversion format to ''User Dened Format'' The following dialog box allows you to dene the attributes of the points being converted. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1119 For this example Character Separated Fields has been chosen as the Field Type. Points........... -> 1 North........... -> 2 East............. -> 3 Elevation..... -> 4 Description -> 5 So the line data will be: Point # , North, East, Elevation, Description Empty Field Values: It's necessary to distinguish between a eld that has no value and a eld that has ''0'' as a value. In coastal areas ''0'' is a valued elevation and in some cases ''0'' could actually be a coordinate value. By dening empty eld values with a value that cannot be miss-understood for a valid value, a conversion process will not produce invalid data. Character Values: 1st & 2nd Field Separators, these are the ASCII characters that dene the elds within a line. 1st & 2nd Line Terminator; these are the ASCII characters that dene separate lines Description Markers; An ASCII character that surrounds the description such as quotation marks. Code Separator; Allows you to designate the ASCII character that separates the Code information from the Description information. In the example above the Character values are set as follows: 1st Field Separator: 44 (which is a comma) 2nd Field Separator: -1 (none used) 1st Line Terminator: 13 (carriage return) 2nd line Terminator: 10 (line feed) Description Marker: -1 (none used) Code Separator: -1 (none used) This example would read as follows: 1,5000.0000,10000.0000,954.63,MH The following is a list of all of the ASCII codes and the respective values. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1120 2nd Field Separator: You may however dene two separators. For example, you can use a carriage return and line feed if you wish to have each eld on its own line: 1 <CR> <LF> (Point number) 1000.000 <CR> <LF> (Northing) 1000.000 <CR> <LF> (Easting) 954.56 <CR> <LF> (Elevation) MH <CR> <CF> (Description) NOTE: Do not use a character as a separator if it appears in any of the elds. For example, if your record looks like this: 1 1000.000 1000.000 954.56 MH <CR><LF> Then the period (.) character cannot be used as a separator because it is used in the northing, easting and elevation elds. Pressing the View ASCII Codes button will show you the 256 valid characters that can be used in an ASCII le. The table shows each character, with its integer value to the left of it. NOTE: Character number 26 cannot be used as a eld separate because it marks the End of File (EOF). Fixed Length Field User Dene Export File: >Go to CGFile >Select Coordinate les >Select Export to ASCII Select points. (Enter When Done) (All/Block/Code/Desc/Elev/ Pt- group/Limits/Radius/Select): At the command line you will be prompted to Select Points After selecting the point set or sets to export press return Select or name the le to store the converted points. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1121 Set the conversion format to ''User Dened Format'' The dialog box below allows you to dene the attributes of the points being converted. For this example Fixed Length Fields has been chosen. In this case the order is set at: Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1122 Points........... -> 1 North........... -> 2 East.............-> 3 Elevation..... -> 4 Description -> 5 So the line data will be: Point # - North-East-Elevation-Description But unlike Character Separated Fields, the information sets will be dened by their placement on the text line, rather than a separating character. Empty Field Values: It is necessary to distinguish between a eld that has no value and a eld that has ''0'' as a value. In many cases around coast lines ''0'' is a contour elevation and in some cases ''0'' could actually be a coordinate value. By dening empty eld values with a value that cannot be miss-understood for a valid value, any conversion process will not produce questionable data. Character Values: 1st & 2nd Field Separators, do not apply, separators are dened by spacing. 1st & 2nd Line Terminator; do not apply, separators are dened by spacing. Description Markers; An ASCII character that surrounds the description such as quotation marks. Code Separator; Allows you to designate the ASCII character that separates the Code information from the Description information. In the example above the Character values are set as follows: 1st Field Separator: Do not apply 2nd Field Separator: Do not apply 1st Line Terminator: 13 (carriage return) 2nd line Terminator: 10 (line feed) Description Marker: -1 (none used) Code Separator: -1 (none used) This example would read as follows: 1 5000.0000 10000.0000 954.63 MH <CR> <LF> The rst 8 spaces are the reserved for the point number The next 16 are reserved for the northing The next 16 are reserved for the easting The next 16 are reserved for the elevation The next 20 are reserved for the description Then a (carriage return) and a (line feed) The following is a list of alll of the ASCII codes and the respective values. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1123 NOTE: Do not use a character as a separator if it appears in any of the elds. Description Markers: If you have a description eld, you may wish to use a Description Marker. This is a character that surrounds the description. For example, a description surrounded by quotes: 23,1056.789,2345.769,982.345,''MH'' <CR> <LF> If you are not using a description marker, enter -1 in the Description Marker box Code Separator: If you have a description eld, and want the rst characters of the description eld to be a C&G point code, you can enter the decimal value of the character that separates the point code from the description. This allows you to transfer both the point code and the description to an ASCII le. For example, using a semicolon as a code separator: 23,1056.789,2345.769,982.345,''MH; Inv Elev -9.23'' <CR><LF> If you are not using a code separator, enter -1 in the Code Separator box. No Northing Value and No Easting Value If the ASCII le does not have a point number eld, the No Northing and No Easting values are mandatory. The record number will be used as the point number. This means that skipped point numbers will be lled with false northing, easting and elevation values. Here is an example of a le with a record that has no point number eld (assume you entered -999999 in the No Northing, No Easting and No Elevation boxes): 1056.789,2345.769,982.345,MH<CR><LF>Point 1 -999999, -999999, -999999, <CR><LF> No Point 2 2356.679,2455.645,992.678,MH<CR><LF>Point 3 2786.799,5645.789,984.234,MH<CR><LF>Point 4 No Elevation Value You must place a value in this box. When converting a C&G point to an ASCII point, this value will be placed in the elevation eld of the ASCII point if a C&G point with ''No Elevation'' is encountered. When converting an ASCII point to a C&G point, if ''No Elevation'' is encountered in the ASCII point then ''No Elevation'' will be placed in the elevation eld of the C&G Point. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1124 Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > File > Coordinate Files Keyboard Command: EXC, CG EXPORT COORDS Prerequiste: None Import ASCII File into Coordinates This option allows you to import the contents of an ASCII le into a coordinate le. Prompts Follow these steps: > CGFile > Coordinate Files > Import ASCII File Into Coordinates If a coordinate le is already open, the ASCII le will be imported into it, if a coordinate le is not open you will be prompted to open an existing le or create a new coordinate le. Select the ASCII format that is being imported and how to handle duplicate points. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1125 The points will be imported and displayed on the screen. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > File > Coordinate Files Keyboard Command: IMC, CG IMPORT COORDS Prerequiste: None Close Raw File To close the current raw data le, select CGFile from the main menu and then select Close RAW File. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > File Keyboard Command: CLR, CG CLOSE RAW Prerequiste: Raw File OPEN Close Map Check File To close the current map check le, select CGFile from the main menu and then select Close Map Check File. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > File Keyboard Command: CLM, CG CLOSE MAP Prerequiste: Mapcheck le Open CGDos Drawings Before opening a CGDOS drawing you must choose the ''setup'' option to provide information needed for opening the PL!/PL2 les. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1126 This feature allows you to import a CGDOS PL1/PL2 le and convert it to a standard CAD drawing. This is similar to a DXF conversion, but in addition to simple converting the graphics, this feature also retains the C&G data. That means that after the conversion is nished the drawing le is still referenced to the coordinate le. If you query a line it tells you what coordinate le the graphic was created from, the points that line is drawn from, the layer and line stop information just like query did in the CGDOS. This means you can continue working on the job after the conversion in a manner that is familiar to you as it was in CGDOS. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > File Keyboard Command: None Prerequiste: CGDos Drawings>Setup Open Dos Drawing If the current drawing le you are in has any graphics the following dialog box will appear. This is meant to prevent you accidentally placing the PL1 drawing on top of another existing drawing le. Selecting will bring up the following dialog box that will allow you to select the PL1 le to be converted to a standard CAD drawing. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1127 After selecting the le to be converted, if you look at the command line you will see that the program is going through the PL1 le and converting the drawing entities one at a time to make them conform to the C&G format. This means all of the C&G data is maintained so the new drawing is still linked to the coordinate le it was created from. Also during this conversion process any of the CGDOS * .INS les (inserts) will be converted to standard CAD blocks and be added to the CG list of available inserts. Meaning all of the inserts you were accustomed to using in the CGDOS product will now be a part of the CG Survey program. Prompts Select a * .PL1 drawing le from browse le dialog box: Select le & click on OPEN button Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > File Keyboard Command: None Prerequiste: CG-Survey > File > CGDos Drawings>Setup completed properly Setup DOS Dwg The rst dialog asks you to give the path to the CGDOS Program Files and the path to CGDOS Inserts. When this is set properly, any Insert used in the DOS PL1 le will be converted to a block and stored in the C&G symbols folder: These inserts will also be listed in the insert library when you go to: CGDraw > Drawing Settings > Active Symbol NOTE: Currently those inserts converted from the CGDOS PL1 les will not be shown graphically in the CGSurvey Active Point Symbol dialog box but they will appear in the symbols list and thus can be selected for use from the list. Prompts Select a Location for CGsurvey Program from browse le dialog box: Pick Browse button Select a Location for Insert les from browse le dialog box: Pick Browse button Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > File Keyboard Command: None Prerequiste: None Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1128 Convert Old CG Dos Level File to New Format This option converts old C&G DOS level les (les with a .LEV extension) to the new CGSurvey level le format (les with a .LEV extension). Prompts Select CGFile from the main menu. Select Convert Old C&G DOS Level File to new Format from the pull-down menu. From the le dialog box, select the le to convert: Click the OPEN button to convert the le. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > File Keyboard Command: CVL, CG CONVERT DOS LEVEL FILE Prerequiste: None Convert Old CG Dos Raw File to New format This option converts old C&G DOS raw les (les with a .RAW extension) to the new CGSurvey raw le format (les with a .CGR extension). Prompts Select CGFile from the menu bar. Select Convert old C&G Raw File to new format from the pull-down menu. From the le dialogue box, select the le to convert: Click the OPEN button to convert the le. Pulldown Menu Location: CGFILE Keyboard Command: CVR, * CG CONVERT RAW Prerequiste: None Convert Old CG Dos Cross Section File to New Format This option converts old C&G DOS Cross Section les (les with a .EW extension) to the new CGSurvey earthwork les format (les with a .CEW extension). Prompts Select CGFile from the menu bar. Select Convert Old C&G Cross Section File to new format from the pull-down menu. From the le dialog box, select the le to convert: Click the OPEN button to convert the le. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > File Keyboard Command: CVX, CG EW CONVERT FILE Prerequiste: None Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1129 Convert Old CG Dos Template File to New Format This option converts old C&G DOS Template les (les with a .TPL extension) to the new CGSurvey earthwork les format (les with a .CTP extension). Prompts Select CGFile from the menu bar. Select Convert Old C&G Cross Section File to new format from the pull-down menu. From the le dialog box, select the le to convert: Click the OPEN button to convert the le. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > File Keyboard Command: CVT, CG EW CONVERT TEMPS Prerequiste: None Empty Print File Choosing this menu item will remove all the text now in your print le. You should empty the print le periodically so that it does not use too much of your disk space and become difcult to view and print. Note: If user wishes to change the Printer.Txt le name or choose a different location. see CG-Survey > CG Options... - Output Tab Pulldown menu Location: CG-Survey > File Keyboard Command:EPF, cg df Prerequisite: Set print le name and path in CG-Survey > CG Options... - Output Tab Print View Print File While computations are taking place a Print File is being maintained showing all computations. This le is saved in the text le specied in the Output Options dialog box below This text le may be edited, printed or viewed from any text editor or any word processor. (Note: For further explanation on Output Printing Settings please consult CGTools Menu) After choosing the Print/View Print File menu item, the print le will be opened using the Windows text editor WordPad. To print the whole le, use the printer icon or the Print menu item on the WordPad File menu. To print a portion of the print le, you must highlight the portion you wish to print, then choose File > Print. On the General tab of the Print dialog box click the Selection radio button then click the Print button to print the highlighted text. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1130 NOTE: Print Preview is also available on the WordPad File menu. You can choose whether to use the Windows Notepad or Wordpad to view and print the print le by going to the CG-Survey > CG Options... menu and clicking the Output tab then clicking on either the Notepad or Wordpad radio buttons in the Print File Viewer section of the dialog (shown below). Pulldown menu Location: CG-Survey > File Keyboard Command:VPF, CG VIEW PRINT FILE Prerequisite: Set print le name and path in CG-Survey > CGOptions... - Output Tab CGTrav Quick Traverse This feature allows you to utilize the keyboard and the mouse to perform a traverse using points and data found in the drawing and the coordinate le. There is no raw data entry associated with Quick Traverse. The Quick Traverse feature has no ability to adjust the resulting traverse. If you wish to adjust coordinates, you could create a raw data le using the CGEditor - on the CGTrav menu - then use the Reduce Traverse feature, also on the CGTrav menu. NOTE: If you wish to check the closure of a plat from bearing and distance data, use the CGEditor to cre- ate a map check le, then use the Reduce Map Check File feature on the CGTrav menu. Prompts During the process of entering data for the Quick Traverse feature you will see the prompt: [aZimuth/Bearing/Deection/Side shot/cUrve/Closure/horiz. distaNces] At this prompt you may: Change the type of angular input between Horizontal Angle, Azimuth and Bearing modes at any time. Change how distances are specied as either slope distance and vertical angle or horizontal distance and vertical distance. Turn the vertical angle input on or off. Traverse around tangent and non-tangent curves. Switch from Traverse to Side shot mode. Traverse mode: automatically occupy the foresight point. Side shot mode: continue to occupy the current instrument point until you change to Traverse mode: and thus occupy another point. Note: There are several settings found in the C&G Options dialog box that should be set or checked prior using the Quick Traverse feature: The default values for the initial traverse input modes are set in the Traverse Options. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1131 If you wish to calculate or enter elevations, check the Elevations : ON checkbox and choose Enter Elev. Or Calculate Elev. as desired in the Global Options tab. If you are calculating elevations, make sure the Vertical Angles ON checkbox is checked on the Traverse Options tab. Quick Traverse Example In this example the mode is set to traverse and elevations are on and are to be calculated. After choosing Quick Traverse from the CGTrav menu you will be asked to enter the following informa- tion: Instrument point: for the example enter 1 (assuming that the currently open coordinate le has a point in it with a point ID of 1). Backsight point: for the example enter 2. [aZimuth/Bearing/Deection/Side shot/cUrve/Closure/slope distaNces.] Enter horizontal angle <0.0000>: Since elevations are on and set to calculate so you will be prompted for the following: If you selected H.I. as Plus-Up on the Traverse Options tab, the coordinates and elevation of the instrument point will be read from the le and you will be prompted for the instrument height (H.I). If no elevation is found, you will be prompted to enter the ground elevation at the instrument point and then the H.I. If you selected H.I. as Elevation in the Traverse Options dialog box, you will be asked to enter the actual elevation of the instrument scope. Backsight Point: If you are turning angles or deection angles instead you will be prompted for the back- sight point. Rod Height: With Calculate Elevations on you are prompted to enter the prism height. You will be prompted for the horizontal angle (or deection angle) If you need to change the prism height <esc> and you will be prompted for a new prism height, if you <esc> again you will be prompted for a new instrument point. Angle data entry Instrument point: 1 Back site: 2 aZimuth/Bearing/Deection/Side shot/cUrve/Closure/slope distaNce.] S Enter horizontal angle <0.0000>: When you are entering Quick Traverse data you have the options to change the angular input method. To change the angular input mode, enter the upper case letter seen in the prompt for the method of entry you want to change to and press <Enter>. The prompt should then change to reect your choice. Note: You need not use the shift and type a capital letter to choose a command line option. For example, to change to Side shot mode you can type either s or S. The method that is currently set will not be shown as an option in the command line prompts. For example, Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1132 if you type s and <Enter> for Side shot mode, the prompt will change to include Traverse and Side shot will no longer be available since you have chosen it as the current mode. Traversing a curve The Traverse routine allows you to traverse both reverse and compound curves. Note: You will not be allowed to traverse around a curve if calculate elevation is selected. If you type U and <Enter> for cUrve, the following dialog box appears: U Enter any two of the curve components. Identify the curve bearing as Chord if the angle, deection, bearing or azimuth about to be entered is to the PT. Identify the curve bearing as Radius if the angle, deection, bearing or azimuth about to be entered is to the radius point. Click the Clockwise box if the curve is clockwise. If this box is not checked, the curve is considered to be counterclockwise. If there is a previous traverse leg, check the Tangent Curve checkbox if the curve is tangent to the previous leg. If this checkbox is not checked, the curve is assumed to be non-tangent. When you have entered the required data: click the OK button. The input multiplication factor is applied to the curve data you enter (radius, arc length, chord, etc.). At the next prompt, if the curve is a non-tangent curve, enter the angle, deection, bearing or azimuth from either the PC to the PT or the PC to the radius point (depending on whether you set Curve Bearing to Chord or Radius). If the curve is tangent to the previous traverse line you will not be asked for the angle and distance. The curve data will be calculated and shown at the command line: Bearing and distance from the PC point to the radius point. Bearing and distance from the radius point to the PT point. Bearing and distance from the PC point to the PT point. Other curve information. The radius and PT points will be stored in coordinate le using the STORING POINT prompt. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1133 Closure At the prompt: aZimuth/Bearing/Deection/Side shot/cUrve/Closure/slope distaNce.] Enter horizontal angle <0.0000>: Type C and <Enter> to view closure information for the traverse to the current foresight. Slope/Horizontal Distance Data Entry If you have selected Slope Dist/Vert. Angle in the Traverse Options tab or switched to slope distances by typing N and <Enter> at the command line, enter the slope distance. Otherwise, enter the horizontal distance. Note: The following steps are required only if Vertical Angles ON is checked on the Traverse Options tab or if Calculate Elev. was selected on the Global Settings tab. For slope distance - vertical angle: Enter the vertical angle. Depending on the settings in the Traverse Options tab enter one of the following: Zenith (zero up) Nadir (zero down) Transit (zero level) Transit vertical angles can be full circle (0 - 360), or positive for up and negative for down. For horizontal distance - vertical distance: Enter the vertical distance. Pulldown Menu Location: CGTrav Keyboard Command: QTR, CG QTRAV Prerequisite: Open Coordinate File Edit Raw File The Edit Raw File feature allows you to use the CGEditor to create a new raw data le, append to an existing raw data le, or edit an existing raw data le. For further and complete information on using the Edit Raw File see the chapter on CGEditor in the Tools section. CGEditor General Information The CGEditor is an integral part of preparing les for use in C&G applications. The CGEditor is a very powerful tool. You can open multiple data les of any supported le type and edit the les as needed. The CGEditor has a full complement of tools for searching and replacing and navigating within a le. It will also allow you to cut or copy records from one le and paste them into another le in order to merge les, move data between phases of a job, etc. The CGEditor can create and/or edit six types of data les used by C&G: Raw Data Files Raw data les contain information pertaining to a eld traverse. Raw data les are typically downloaded from the data collector and converted to the C&G raw data le format. These les have the extension .CGR. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1134 Map Check Files Map Check les contain bearing, distance and curve information and are typically used to calculate the closure of a deed description. These les have the extension .CGM. Cross Section Files Cross Section les contain one or more cross sections identied by their station along the alignment. Each cross section record has the percent grade dened for its left and right slopes. Following the ''Station'' record are several ''Point'' records containing the elevations and offsets of the points along the cross section. Cross section les consist of a pair of les; the main data le has the extension .CEW and the index le has the extension .CEX. Template Files Template les are merely cross section les that represent a standard cross section and can be used to generate other cross section les. However, unlike cross section les, template les use an integer ID instead of a station to uniquely identify each template. Like cross section les, the percent grade is dened for the left and right slopes of each template and there are a set of ''Point'' records specifying the template elevation at a given offset. The centerline elevation at offset 0.00 is typically set to 0.00. Template les consist of a pair of les; the main data le has the extension .CTP and the index le has the extension .CTX. Point Group Files Point Group Files (formerly called batch point les) are simply a list of point numbers that can dene a group of points, a lot/parce of landl, or an alignment. These are ASCII les and have a .PTS extension. Coordinate Files CGSurvey supports many different coordinate le formats: C&G .CRD/.IDX - C&G numeric coordinate les C&G .CGC/.CGX - C&G alpha-numeric coordinate les Carlson .CRD - Carlson coordinate le format, numeric and alpha-numeric Simplicity .ZAK - Simplicity coordiante le LDT - MDB - Land Desk Top coordinate le Pulldown Menu Location: CGTrav\Edit Raw File Keyboard Command: ET, CG EDIT RAW Prerequisite: Open Raw File Data Collector Transfer The Data Collector Transfer program allows transfer of data to and from the data collector. The program may also be used to convert raw data and coordinate les to the supported formats. There are two variables that affect the interaction between your data collector and CGSurvey. One is the data collector itself and the other is the software you use in the data collector. This section provides information on the use of data collectors and software that will interact with CGSurvey. NOTE: This manual is not a substitute for your data collector manual. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1135 GENERAL INFORMATION ON USING DATA COLLECTORS Before using the data collector program, make sure the correct data collector, communication port and communica- tion parameters have been selected in the Settings dialog box. Direction of Transfer: Choose either ''Data Collector to Computer'' or ''Computer to Data Collector''. Data Collector and Computer Transfer Options Instructions: Press the STEP 1 button. Depending on the type data collector, type le and direction of transfer, this option will give you step by step directions on how to proceed. The Transfer dialog is divided into two sections, left and right. The left part of the dialog box pertains to ''Data Collect Options'' such as le source, le format and the le being transferred. The right part of the dialog box pertains to the Desk Top ''Computer Options'' . Below are instructions for setting both. Data Collector Options Pressing the triangle to the right of the edit box will bring up the list of data collectors to choose. From the list select the type of data collector being used. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1136 Use Data Collector: Check this box to transfer data to/from the data collector. You can also transfer to/from a le in the selected data collectors format. Use Disk File: Check this box if the data is in computer le. The data le must be formated for the data collector selected. File Name: If you are importing from a le, or exporting to a le, or are connecting to a data collector that requires a le name for transfer, the File Name edit eld will be active. To select the le path click on browse. In the le dialog box specify the path and le name of the le to be opened. select or enter the path and le name of the le desired le. Transfer Coordinates with Raw: Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1137 Some eld software allows unadjusted coordinates to be carried in the raw le as the eld data is collected. This checkbox gives you the option to transfer this data or not. If you do not want approximate coordinates that were calculated in the eld to be confused with control when processing the raw data, leave this box unchecked. Computer Options File type: Choose the le type you are transferring/converting. Example: Raw Data, Coordinate, ASCII, etc. File Format: C&G will import and export several types of le formats for both Raw and Coordinate les. Supported Raw Data File Formats: New CGR ..................... * .cgr Old C&G ........................ * .raw OBS................................ * .obs Geolab ........................ * .iob StarNet ....................... * .dat SDR2x ....................... * .dat SDR33 ....................... * .dat Supported Coordinate File Formats: C&G AlphaNumeric ............... * .cgc / cgi C&G .............................. * .crd / idx Carlson AlphaNumeric ............. * .crd Carlson Numeric ...................... * .crd ASCII ........................... * .nez ASCII ........................... * .asc Geolab ........................... * .neo StarNet........................... * .pts SDR2x ........................... * .dat SDR33 ............................ * .dat Simplicity.............................. * .zak LDT................................. * .mdb Description Table: To use a description table check ''Use Description Table'' box. You have the ability to use multiple description tables. Examples of that might be: Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1138 State DOT Boundary As-Built Topography Each of these could have different codes and descriptions and this option would allow you to choose which description table to use for the reduction of this le. To change the description table click the ''Browse'' button and select the TBL le. Below is an example of a description table: When using a description table, any INTEGER numbers in the description eld of the data coming from the data collector will be replaced by the description in the table. For example, if your description is ''13 5'', the description put in the coordinate or raw data le will be ''CL CMP''. Transfer Instructions: The instructions window will guide you step by step through the transfer routine. It will tell you what to do on the data collector, and in what order. Transfer: Once all of the settings are set correct, clicking on the TRANSFER button will begin the transfer between the data collector/le and the desktop. The Current Status window at the bottom of the Transfer Dialog will indicate the status of the transfer. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1139 Settings At the bottom middle of the main screen is the ''Settings'' button. The settings control communications, data units and output data path. Data Collector The Data Collector dialog box allows you to select a short-list of data collectors you are transferring to and/or from. When you select the down button to the right of the data collector shown and the ''Show Defaults only'' box is unchecked, you will see the complete list of all the data collectors that C&G interfaces with. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1140 You also can create a Default List, This default list should consist of the various data collectors your company may have and/or interface with on a daily basis. You can use the Show Defaults only check box to limit the data collectors which may be selected from the Data Collector list on the main Data Collector Transfer Screen. If this box is checked, only those data collectors you have specied for the default list will be show. To add a data collector to the default data collector list: Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1141 First make sure the Show Defaults only box is unchecked. Next Select a data collector from the list by scrolling up and down the list using the arrow keys. When the new data collector is selected, make sure the communication parameters are correct to the data collector. Once the settings are correct, click Add DC button Now click the Save List to save the changes to the list. When through setting all of the typical data collectors you may use, check the Show defaults only check box and only those instruments and settings will be displayed for your selection. To remove a data collector from the default list: Make sure the Show Defaults only is checked. Highlight the data collector you whish to remove from list Click on the Remove DC Click on the Save List button Chose OK and verify that the data collector is no longer in the default listing. Communications The Communication box allows you to set the following parameters: Port Baud rate Parity Word length Stop bits When a data collector is selected, C&G reads a list of default settings and compares it to the settings currently shown. If the current settings are different than those recommended the defaults will be displayed and a Set Recommended button will be displayed. This allows you to automatically set the recommended communication parameters for your data collector. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1142 The Measurement portion of the Settings dialog box pertains to the units of Raw and Coordinate data input. Angle Mode........................... Degrees or Grads Direction Mode....................... Bearing or Azimuth Azimuth Direction:............... North or South Vertical Input......................... Zenith, Nadir or Horizontal Distance..................................Foot or Meter Foot Denition....................... U.S. or International Coordinate Position............... North-East or East-North Description Length................ 1 to 100 characters The Description Table portion of the Settings dialog allows you to select the default description table. As mentioned earlier you can have multiple description tables, here is where you would select the description table to use. The Use Description Table option, when checked , will replace any integer description found in the raw data le with corresponding description found on the description table. When this check box is not checked data will be transferred without translation. Default Path for Output Files Allows you to set the default location for storing transferred les Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1143 Receiving Coordinates from Data Collectors: There is a point protection feature in place when bring coordinates into an existing coordinate le from a data collector. If the point already exists, and if the coordinate values are different, you will see the following dialog box. You will have the following options: Overwrite: overwrite existing point Do Not Overwrite: skip point Overwrite, Do Not Ask Again: Overwrite all existing points Do Not Overwrite, Do Not Ask again: Bring in only new points Transfer Options Depending on the type of data collector that you are using, you will be able to perform some of the following functions: Receive raw data from the data collector or le. Send raw data to the data collector or le. Receive coordinates from the data collector or le. Send coordinates to the data collector or le. Send a program to the data collector. Execute a program on the data collector. Delete les on data collector View and/or Select les on data collector Format data area on the data collector As data is received from a particular data collector or le, it is converted to a .CGR or .CRD le (or other supported format). Data that is sent to the data collector is converted from the .CGR or .CRD format to the data collector format. When data is received from a data collector, a read-only le in the data collectors native format is created and stored on the computer. If it is a raw data le, it has a .R$$ extension. If it is a coordinate le, it has a .C$$ extension. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1144 Select Points When transfering coordinates to the data collector you may choose which points are to be transfered. The default is ALL points. When you click on the Select Points button the following dialog box comes up. Change le select from: Click the le button to select the coordinate le that you want transfer coordinates from. Choose Points: This option allows you to se- lect groups of points to be included from the le you have opened, usingthe C&G selection options. All Points: All Points in the le will be selected. Block: select blocks of Points. Desc: select points by their description. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1145 Match Case: Case sensitive compare. Match Whole Word Only: If your description is BOC this box is NOT checked, points with the descriptions BOC, BOC1, BOC2, etc. would all be included. If the box were checked, only points with the description BOC would be included. Code: selec points by Code . Match Case: Match the case of the text Match Whole Word Only: If checked, in the above example, only AB would be selected. Descriptions of AB1, ABC and ABB would not. Elevation: select points by elevation Low Value: Point ID: Point Number Elevation: elevation at point High Value: Point ID: Point Number Elevation: elevation at point If a point number is entered in the point ID box the elevation for that point will be used for either the high or low elevation. You may however enter an elevation only. In Radius: select all the points within a given radius. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1146 If a point number is entered in the point ID box, the northing and easting of that point will be used for the center of the search circle. To manually enter a northing and easting, leave the Point ID box empty and enter the values for the northing and easting of the circle. Enter the radius for the search circle. In Rectangle: Select all the points within a given rectangle. If a point number is entered in the point ID box, the northing and easting of that point will be used for that corner of the rectangle. To manually enter a northing and easting, leave the Point ID box empty and the northing and easting values. The two points dened the diagonal corners of the rectangle. Choice: This option allows you to choose to include or exclude points previously in the C&G select point dialog box. Example: In the choose points dialog box: select by Desc Then type: GS as the description in the choice dialog box: select Exclude Any point that has ''GS'' in the description eld will be removed from the selection set. Total selected Points: the total number of points selected is shown in the lower right hand corner of the di- alog box. Default Column Width: The columns have a default width. If you have changed the width of a column, say NORTHING, you may press this button to go back to the defualt widths. The remainder of this section discusses specic data collectors and software. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1147 CG-Field & FieldPlus Data Collectors Establish a connection between the data collector and desktop computer with a standard 9-Pin serial cable, USB cable, Bluetooth, etc. Check the settings as shown above. Download a Description Table You can transfer the desktop description table directly to the CG-FieldPlus data collector. The table will be placed in the data collector's DC DESC.TBL le. CG-Field will let you use codes without a description table. Simply delete the DC CODES le from the data collector and use the code numbers to enter descriptions. When you transfer the le to the desk top, the codes will automatically be replaced with the appropriate description. (This allows you to combine codes.) For example, if you enter [1 20 30], in the description eld on the data collector when the transfer takes place these numbers will be read from the desk top description table and converted to the corresponding description, such as [BL * TC SW]. Receiving Raw Data from CG-Field NOTE: When uploading raw data from a data collector using CG-FieldPlus , a read-only le in the original CG-Field format is created on the computer (in the data directory) with a .R$$ extension. On the desk top data collection transfer dialog box, set the following: Set transfer method to Data Collector to Computer. Data Collector Type; CGFIELD+ Use Data Collector: Transfer Coordinates with raw: -yes or no (your choice) File Type: Raw Data File Format: C&G ( * .cgr) File Name: enter the path and name where the le is to be stored or click on the ''Browse'' button and select the path. Description Table: enter the path where the Description Table is stored or click on the ''Browse'' button and select the path Select Transfer when all settings are correct. On the data collector Utils menu, select: 1:C&G Transfer 2:Send Raw Data Enter or select the raw data le The le will be transferred. NOTE:CG-Field uses only 2-character point codes. If you have CGSurvey set for 4-character point codes, the CG-Field le will be converted to a 4-character format but it will still have the correct 2-character code. If you download the same le back to the data collector, the downloaded le will be correct if you did not add any codes that actually consist of 4 characters. Receiving Coordinate File from CG-Field On the desk top data collection transfer dialog box, set the following: Transfer Data Collector to Computer Data Collector:CGFIELD+ Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1148 Use Data Collector: File Type: Coordinate File Format: C&G ( * .crd) or C&G ( * .cgc) File Name: enter the path where the le is to be stored or click on the ''Browse'' button and select the path. Description Table: enter the path where the Description Table is stored or click on the ''Browse'' button and select the path Press Transfer when all settings are correct. On the data collector Utils menu, select: 1:C&G Transfer 3:Send Coords Select Points All points Blocks of points From points le The le will be transferred. NOTE: In any transfer routine it is important to prepare and have ready the device that will be receiving data rst. Sending Coordinate File to CG-Field On the data collector Utils menu, select: 1:C&G Transfer 3:Receive Coords On the desk top data collection transfer dialog box, set the following: Transfer: Computer TO Data Collector Data Collector: CGFIELD+ Use Data Collector: File Type: Coordinate File Format: C&G ( * .crd) or C&G ( * .cgc) File Name: enter the path where the le is to be stored or click on the ''Browse'' button and select the path. Check the Select Points settings: This tool allows you to select what group or groups of coordinates are transferred to the data collector. Press Transfer: when all settings are correct. NOTE: You should not download a le containing a 4-character code to your data collector. You will be warned that the last 2 characters of the code will not be sent. This means that a code of 1584 will be received as 15. Receiving ASCII File from CG-Field On the desk top data collection transfer dialog box, set the following: Transfer Data Collector to Computer Data Collector: CGFIELD+ Use Data Collector: File Type: ASCII File Name: enter the path where the le is to be stored or click on the ''Browse'' button and select the path. Select Transfer when all settings are correct. On the data collector Utils menu, select: 1:C&G Transfer Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1149 6:Send ASCII File Name With Extension File: Transfer Name: ****** . *** <Enter> Sending ASCII File to CG-Field On the data collector Utils menu, select: 1:C&G Transfer 5:Receive ASCII On the desk top data collection transfer dialog box, set the following: Transfer Computer to Data Collector Data Collector: CGFIELD+ Use Data Collector: File Type: ASCII File Name: enter the path where the le is to be stored or click on the ''Browse'' button and select the path. Select Transfer when all settings are correct. The following are examples of typical data collection transfer settings. There will be cases with certain models or manufactures where special instructions will be required and C&G will provide those as needed. There three different dialog boxes involved with data collection transfer: C&G Data Collection Transfer (shown above) Settings Description Table Editor. The function and settings for each of these is described in detail in the previous pages. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1150 The examples shown on the following pages show transfers directly from and to data collectors. These same transfer routines will also work with les that have been downloaded to the desktop computer. File Conversion Utility To convert data from les check the Use Disc File box and either hand enter the path and name or click on ''Browse'' and search for the le location. These les need to be in the correct data le format. Receiving Raw Data On the desk top data collection transfer dialog box, set the following: Select Data Collector to Computer Data Collector: (select data collector from list) Check Use Data Collector: Transfer Coordinates with raw: -yes or no (your choice) Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1151 File Type: Raw Data File Format: C&G ( * .cgr) File Name: enter the path where the le is to be stored or click on the ''Browse'' button and select the path. Press Transfer: when all settings are correct. Begin transfer from data collector Receiving Coordinate Data On the desk top data collection transfer dialog box, set the following: Select Data Collector to Computer Data Collector: (select data collector from list) Use Data Collector: File Type: Coordinate File Format: C&G ( * .crd) or C&G ( * .cgc) File: enter the path to store the le or click on the Browse button and select the path. Description Table: enter the path where the Desc Table is located or click on the Browse button and select the path. Press Transfer: when all settings are correct. Begin transfer from data collector NOTE: In any transfer routine it is important to prepare and have ready the device that will be receiving data rst. Receiving ASCII Data Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1152 On the desk top data collection transfer dialog box, set the following: Select Data Collector to Computer Data Collector: (select data collector from list) Use Data Collector: File Type: Coordinate File Format: ASCII ( * .nez) File: enter the path to store the le or click on the Browse button and select the path. Description Table: enter the path where the Desc Table is stored or click on the File button and select the path. Select Transfer: when all settings are correct. Begin transfer from data collector Sending Coordinate Data Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1153 Prepare Data collector to receive Coordinate le On the desk top data collection transfer dialog box, set the following: Select Computer to Data Collector Data Collector: (select data collector from list) Use Data Collector: File Type: Coordinate File Format: C&G ( * .crd) or C&G ( * .cgc) File: enter the path to le or click on the Browse button and le Check the Select Points setting: Press Transfer: when all settings are correct. Sending ASCII File Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1154 On the desk top data collection transfer dialog box, set the following: Select Computer to Data Collector Data Collector: (select data collector from list) File Type: ASCII File: enter the path to store the le or click on the bROWSE button and select the path Press Transfer: when all settings are correct. Sending Description Table Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1155 On the desk top data collection transfer dialog box, set the following: Select Computer to Data Collector Data Collector: (select data collector from list) File Type: Description Table File: enter the path to store the le or click on the File button and select the path Press Transfer: when all settings are correct. SurvCE Data Collector You can receive coordinates and raw data from the data collector, or send coordinates to the data collector. Make sure SurvCE is selected as the data collector. Receive Coordinates from SurvCE On the desktop, click on ''Data collector to Computer'': select SurvCE as the Type data collector. Set FILE TYPE to Coordinate: and select the desired File Format. On the Data Collector, Select FILE >DATA TRANSFER: Choose Carlson/C&G Transfer. On the desktop, select BROWSE button next to the FILENAME eld: You will see the coordinate les that are on SurvCE. Select the File you wish to download: and press OK. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1156 Press the Transfer button. If you do not have a destination FILE NAME selected, you will see the following dialog: In this case, the le already exists, If you press OK the coordinates will be written to the existing le. Point Overwrite Protection will allow you to select which points you wish to bring in. You can decide individually whether you want to overwrite a point or not, or you can select overwrite ALL points, or you can select to bring in ONLY new points. A le with the same name and a C$$ extension will also be created with the data that came directly from survCE in survCE's format. This le is ready-only and can be archived for legal purposes. Receive Raw Data from SurvCE Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1157 On the desktop, click on ''Data collector to Computer'': select SurvCE as the Type data collector. Set FILE TYPE to Raw Data: and select the desired File Format. On the Data Collector, Select FILE >DATA TRANSFER: Choose Carlson/C&G Transfer. On the desktop, select BROWSE button next to the FILENAME eld: You will see the raw data les that are on SurvCE. Select the File you wish to download: and press OK. The selected raw data le will be transferred and converted to the selected format. A le with the same name and a R$$ extension will also be created with the data that came directly from survCE in SurvCE's format. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1158 This le is read-only and can be archived for legal purposes. Send Coordinates to SurvCE Select Computer to Data collector. Make sure the Data Collector TYPE is set to SurvCE: select the le to be set to SurvCE (N DRUIDH.crd). If you do not select a destination name, it will be sent to the same named le as the source. If you do not want to send ALL the points, but need to select specic point: press the SELECT POINTS button and choose the point to transfer. On the data collector select FILE>DATA TRANSFER: Choose Carlson/C&G Transfer On the Desktop, Press the TRANSFER BUTTON: The selected coordinates will be transfered. If the le already exists on SurvCE, ou will see the following dialog: You have the following choices: Overwrite the existing le Skip the le (do nothing) Rename the le Merge the points. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1159 If you select the Merge option, you will see Carlson's standard merge dialog: This dialog allows you to x all conicts prior to transfering the points. TOPCON DATA COLLECTORS Use Topcon cable A-5 if your computer has a 25-pin serial port, or Topcon cable A-16 if your computer has a 9-pin serial port. When uploading raw data from a Topcon/TDS data collector, a read-only le in the original data collector format is created on the computer (in the data directory) with a .R$$ extension. When you send the description table to a Topcon/TDS data collector, only the rst 999 descriptions will be sent. FC1 DATA COLLECTOR For the transfer program to be able to access any data in the FC1, it must be stored in the FC1 using the Program 2 supplied with the FC1 transfer software. First locate the necessary cables to connect the FC1 to your computer. (your dealer should be able to help you with this). NOTE: Currently, the only programs that are supported are ET1 and GTS3, which are supplied with the system. Follow these instructions: Select either ET-1 or GTS-3 when prompted. Once you have loaded Program 2 into the FC1, you may enter your eld data in either of two ways. The rst way, is by connecting the FC1 to your total station and let the total station record angular and distance measurements for you by using the ET1 (GTS3) section of the FC1 program. The other way is to use the Manual Entry section of the program to store all of your eld data directly through the FC1's keyboard. Collecting Data using the FC1 Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1160 (The following steps will be followed no matter which data entry method you use): 1) Set up data recording mode in the FC1. 2) Enter job information: job name, operator, instrument number, date, temperature, pressure. 3) Enter instrument point information: point number, H.I., backsight point, angle in instrument to backsight. 4) Enter foresight point information: point number, rod height, horizontal and vertical angles, distance. 5) If there are other foresights from the same instrument point, repeat step 4; or if you have another instrument setup, go to step 3; or if you are through, go to the end of the program. NOTE: Never press the <skip> key when the FC1 is asking for data. Only use the <skip> key to by-pass ''go to'' options (see step 5 below). Automatic Recording of Data 1) To set up the recording mode, have the FC1 connected to the ET1 (GTS3), and turned on. Wait until the left side of the display says READY. If the right side of the display says PRG>2, then you are ready for step 1A. Otherwise, press these keys: <func>, <#>, <Enter> and then go to step 1B below. A) Press the <F1> key. B) When the display says GOTO 7 ET1-PROG? (''GOTO 7 GTS3-PRG''), press the <Enter> key. 2) Enter any name you want for the job-id: Enter the name of the operator. Enter the instrument number. Enter the date, temperature, and pressure. 3) Sight the backsite point with the instrument: Enter the instrument point number. Enter the instrument height (H.I.). Enter the backsight point number. Press <Enter> for the rod height. Press <Enter> when the display says REC MODE 2 (REC V/H< MODE? on GTS3). When the display says MODE>, press <2> and the ET1 should send angular information to the FC1. 4) Turn to the foresight. Enter the foresight point number, and press <Enter>. Enter a description for the foresight and press <Enter>. Enter the foresight rod height and press <Enter>. When the REC MD3-DR/2R (REC SD/V/HMODE?) message appears, press <Enter>, then choose mode 3 if you are entering a direct angle. If this is your second angle to that foresight, then you may use mode 2 to record angles only. 5) After step 4, then you should see this message in the display: GOTO 18 FS.PT#?. If you wish to turn more angles from the current instrument point, then press <Enter>, and go back to step 4. -or- Press <Skip>. The next message will be GOTO 13 INST.PT? If you want to record another instrument set-up, then press <Enter>. -or- Press <Skip>. The next message is, GOTO 8 OPER.? To change operators, press <Enter>, and go to step 2. -or- Press <Skip>. The next message is, GOTO 53 END? To end input for this job, press <Enter>. Steps on Manual Recording of Data 1) To set up the recording mode, have the FC1 turned on. Wait until the left side of the display says READY. If the right side of the display, says PRG>2 then you are ready for step 1A. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1161 Otherwise press these keys: <func>, <#>, <Enter> and go to step 1B. A) Press the <F1> key. B) When the display says GOTO 7 ET1-PROG? (GOTO 7 GTS3-PRG): press the <skip> key. When the display says GOTO 30 MANUAL?: press the <Enter> key. 2) Enter any name you want for the job-id: Enter the name of the operator: Enter the instrument number: Enter the date, temperature, and pressure: 3) Enter the instrument point number: Enter the instrument height (H.I.). Enter the backsight point number: Enter the rod height if desired: Enter the angle in the instrument: when the backsight was taken. Enter the vertical angle and distance: if desired. 4) Turn to your foresight. Enter the foresight point number, and press <Enter>. Enter a description for the foresight and press <Enter>. Enter the foresight rod height and press <Enter>. Enter the horizontal angle, slope distance, and vertical angle to the foresight. 5) After step 4, then you should see this message in the display: GOTO 43 FS. PT#? If you wish to turn more angles from the current instrument point, then press <Enter>, and go back to Step 4. -or- Press <Skip>. The next message will be GOTO 36 INST.PT? If you want to record another instrument set-up, then press <Enter>. -or- Press <Skip>. The next message is GOTO 31 OPER.? To change operators, press <Enter>, and go to step 2. -or- Press <Skip>. The next message is GOTO 1 MENU? To go to the menu for another job, press <Enter>. -or- Press <Skip>. The next message is END. Press <Enter> to end entry for this session. Receive Data from FC1 Once you have your data stored in the FC1, you must upload it to the computer. Select the Receive Raw Data function. If you have already dumped the data stored on the FC1 to a com- puter le (in the Topcon format), you may choose to receive the data from the le. Enter the le name that contains the data, and the le name for the .CGR le. NOTE: To power your FC1 while sending data to the computer, you must plug the power cable into the signal port at the top of the FC1 and toggle the FC1's power switch to EXT. TOPCON PROPAC DATA COLLECTOR To enable the Propac to collect raw data in a format Suitable for CG-Survey's data transfer program the CG program must be installed on the 71B. To load the software: connect the Propac to the computer com port. Follow the directions to download. You may store the CG program in a freeport on the 71B. This has several advantages, the main one being it will not be lost if the batteries die. Under the Propac options choose Load CG Program Into Propac. On the 71B : Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1162 Type Freeport(.01) and key <Endline>. Type COPY CG TO :PORT(.01) and key <Endline>. For ROM Versions Prior to 1.75 Type DEF KEY 'f7',''USER @ RUNCG'': and key <Endline>. For ROM Versions 1.75 or Later Type DEF KEY 'f7',''USER @ CONT PRGM2'': and key <Endline>. This will set up the raw data collection program to run on the Propac when the yellow function key and the <7>key are pressed. Unless something happens to the 71B, you should not need to reinstall the CG-Field program again. Now delete the CG-Field program from the main memory of the Propac by typing PURGE CG:MAIN and key <Endline>. The program is still stored in the freeport. To use the CG-RAW data program, turn the Propac on and type RUN PRO then key <Endline>. From the KEYS prompt press the yellow function key then the <7> key. This will start the CG program, then just follow the prompts. The CG raw data program is the only one needed on the Propac other than the Propac options already avail- able. If you are collecting coordinates and elevations instead of raw data, simply follow the Propac instructions. To transfer the collected data to and from the computer, choose the Propac option you wish and follow the directions on the screen. If you have already downloaded the data stored on the Propac to a computer le (in the Propac format), you may choose to receive the data directly from the le. Enter the le name that contains the data, and the le name for the .CGR le (raw data le) or .CRD le (coordinate le). FC-4 DATA COLLECTOR The C&G data collector transfer program can accept data that was collected from the FC-4 in either the traverse mode or topo mode. It can receive coordinates from the FC-4 and also send coordinates to the FC-4 for stakeout. The CG data collector transfer program supports most the valid methods of collecting data in the traverse or topo mode of the FC-4 (including the ability to collected direct and reverse angles). Refer to the FC-4 users manual to learn the different methods of data collection supported by the FC-4. Special Features - When translating the FC-4 le to a raw data le using the C&G data collector transfer program: 1) If an FC-4 record is not used, the record will be placed in the raw data le as a comment with the message Not Used appended. No FC-4 record will be ignored. For example, * 123 Not Used 2) Remarks (''R'' records) will be placed in the raw data le as a comment record. 3) Coordinates will be placed in the raw data le as a coordinate record, (C 23 10000.0000 10000.0000 923.24 'TP). 4)When using the FC-4 Benchmark function, the following will be placed in the raw data le: A) The benchmark coordinates. B) The measurements to the benchmark as a foresight point. 5) When using the FC-4 Angle-Offset function the following will be placed in the raw data le: A) A comment line saying the next line is an angle/offset and showing the 1st and 2nd angle recorded to the point. B) A foresight record combining the rst distance measurement and the 2nd angle measurement. 6) When using the FC-4 Distance-Offset function the following will be placed in the raw data le: Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1163 A) A comment line saying the next line is a distance/offset and showing the slope distance, vertical angle and offset distance measured to the base point. B) A foresight record with a new slope distance and vertical angle calculated from the above information. 7) When using the FC-4 Perpendicular-Offset function the following will be placed in the raw data le: A) The foresight record to the base point. B) A comment line saying the next line is a perpendicular offset and showing the offset forward/backward, the offset left/right and the offset up/down. C) A foresight record with a new horizontal angle, slope distance and vertical angle calculated from the above information. NOTE: If there is no left/right offset, data will not convert correctly to a CG-SURVEY raw data record. For example, if the Perpendicular Offset routine is used to locate a point away from the instrument but on the same line, the resulting data record will use the wrong horizontal angle. 8) Backsight azimuths are transferred to the .CGR le as reference azimuths. When a le is rst created on the FC-4 the user will be prompted for some header information. When the data is transferred to the computer, the C&G data collection transfer program will use the job-id as the le name for the raw data le created on the computer. To prepare the data collector and computer for data transfer, connect the A-5 or A-16 cable to the serial port of the FC-4 and to the appropriate serial port of the computer. Make sure the correct data collector comm port has been chosen in Settings Dialog. Choose the appropriate menu option on the FC-4, then follow the instructions and answer the prompts as they appear on the screen. Once the raw data has been downloaded into the computer the raw data can be edited, reduced and printed out from the Traverse/Input Edit program. If you have already downloaded the data stored on the FC-4 to a le on the computer, you can transfer the data using the ''Use Disc File'' command TOPCON and TDS Transferring Data On the C&G Data Collector Transfer screen set the data collector option to: Check Settings to make sure all options are set correctly Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1164 Note: See opening section of this chapter for detailed instructions on the Settings dialog box and on sending and receiving les. Sending Description Table to 48 When sending the description table (DC CODES le) to the 48, the fol- lowing occurs: A new le (DESCRIPT.TXT) is created in the data directory on the computer. The rst 200 descriptions are duplicated from the DC CODES le. After that, the rst 100 descriptions are reproduced 7 times with the following mapping codes preceding the descriptions: 201 - 300 BL * (DESC) 301 - 400 EL * (DESC) 401 - 500 CL * (DESC) 501 - 600 CF * (DESC) 601 - 700 OC * (DESC) 701 - 800 PC * (DESC) 801 - 900 PT * (DESC) The DESCRIPT.TXT le is then sent to the 48. TOPCON CR2 CARD READER Data collected and stored using the Topcon Card Reader is in the same format as data on the FC-4. All data format rules for the FC-4 apply here. Set-Up Card Read Preparation. Before using the card reader it is necessary to set the two DIP switches on the bottom of the unit to the settings described below. The direction on the switch which is marked 'OFF' is really a '1'. You should read the attached label, not the switches. The CR2 should be set as follows: Baud: 19200 Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1165 Parity: None Stop Bits: 1 Word: 8 SW1 DIP Switch: Set the communication parameters SW2 DIP Switch: Sets other parameters Use the interface cable supplied with the CR2 unit and plug it into the comm port on the computer. Make sure you select the Topcon CR2 data collector and the correct comm port. The Card Reader program allows: 1) Receive raw data from the CR2 or from a CR2 le. 2) Receive coordinates from the CR2 or a CR2 le. 3) Send coordinates to the CR2. 4) Send or receive a description table to CR2. 5) Receive description table. 6) Send or receive ASCII les from the CR2. 7) Send an executable (EXE) le to the CR2. 8) Catalog (or directory) of all les on CR2. 9) Delete les on the CR2. 10) Format cards for the CR2. Receiving Data from the CR2 Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1166 You may receive raw data les (.R), coordinate les (.N), ASCII les or description table from the CR2. All les on the CR2 of the type you wish to receive will be shown on the screen Raw Data Coordinates ASCII Description Table Receiving Data from a CR2 File If you have already downloaded the data stored on the CR2 to a le on the computer, you may choose to receive the data from the le. Sending Data to the CR2 You may send coordinate (.CRD) les, ASCII les, EXE les or description table to the CR2. Select the le you wish to send. You may not send a le to the card reader that already exists on the CR2. You must delete the le rst. The.CRD les will be converted to .N les. ASCII les will be transferred without conversion, (make sure the le you are transferring is a true ASCII le). EXE les Programs with .EXE extensions can be transferred to the CR2. These les will be transferred with a .X extension. Note: See opening section of this chapter for detailed instructions on the Settings dialog box & information on sending and receiving les. Catalog: The catalog function will show you all existing les on the Topcon Card Reader. Deleting Files:All les on the CR2 will be shown on the screen. Select the le you wish to delete. Be careful, once the le is deleted it is gone forever. Format: The format function will allow you to format a card, making it ready to accept (store) data. If the card is already formatted, you will be warned that all information on the card will be lost, be careful. SOKKIA (LIETZ) SDR2 DATA COLLECTOR General Information Use the cable supplied with the SDR2 data collector to plug into your computers serial port. When uploading or downloading to or from the computer, turn the switch on the cable toward the word PRINTER. If this does not work, turn the switch toward the word COMPUTER and try again. If you still have trouble please call us. In order to use the Lietz SDR2 data collector with the transfer program, there are 4 areas that you must consider: (1) Entering data into the data collector in a format that can be sent to your computer, (2) the transfer program itself, (3) sending calculated coordinates back to the data collector, and (4) the data collector code conversion table which converts numeric codes for points into English-language descriptions as the data is sent to the computer. Sokkia (Lietz) data collectors allow you to enter attribute data. To use attribute data with CG-SURVEY, it must be appended to the description records in the following format: DESCRIPTION [attribute name] attribute Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1167 For example: PIPE [Diameter] 18'' Entering Data into the Data Collector Note: that all of the following assume that you have a Getting Started book and Operator's Manual from the Lietz Company. 1) To begin a new job, press <clear> until Select operation appears in the display. Press the <Menu> key. When JOB appears in the display, press <Enter>, and enter the job name and scale factor. 2) To enter eld data, press <clear> until Select operation appears in the display. Press the <Prog>. When Traverse appears in the display, press <Enter> and begin traversing. 2a) You may use the TOPO program rather than the Traverse program. If you use this program, you must use the R option when sending data to your computer. The ''Transferring Field Data to the Computer'' section of this contains more about this. Note: The coordinates that you enter for the rst instrument point are for the internal use of the SDR2, and can be changed when your eld data gets to the computer. Note: When recording your rst backsight information, simply enter an azimuth from the instrument point to the backsight (0.0000 will do). The azimuth information is also only used internally in the SDR2. You can change all of that as you reduce your eld notes on the computer. Note: At each instrument setup, the rst angle recorded must be to your backsight. Your instrument may be ''zeroed'' or not, but when the Traverse Reduction program runs, it will subtract the backsight angle from the foresight angles. Transferring Field Data to the Computer If you have already dumped the data stored on the SDR to a computer le (in the SDR format), you may choose option to receive the data from the le. Enter the le name that contains the data, and the le name for the .CGR le (raw data le) or .CRD le (coordinate le). Before data can be transferred in either direction between the computer and the SDR2, you must set up the transfer parameters in the SDR2. Once these have been set, they will not change, until you change them again. You do not have to set them each time. (The only parameter that you may wish to change is the baud rate.) In our tests, the computer can receive data from the SDR2 at 4800 baud, its fastest speed, but the SDR2 could only receive points at 1200 baud. For fastest transmissions to and from the SDR2, you might wish to change this parameter in the SDR2. The SDR-22 and SDR-24 data collectors will send to the computer at 9600 baud and receive data from the computer at 4800 baud. 1) Set up parameters by pressing <clear> until the message Select operation appears in the SDR2 display. Then, press <Menu>. Press the up or down arrow until Parameters appears in the display, then press <Enter>. You can then go from one parameter to the next by pressing the up or down arrows. When a parame- ter you wish to change shows on the display, press the <Edit>key, and change it. (See the SDR2 operator's manual.) These parameters must be in effect: Baud: 4800 (or 1200 for sending to the SDR2, see above discussion.) Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1168 Parity: not set Word length: 8 Checksum: N Coords: N-E-Elev 2) After the parameters have been set, simply connect the SDR2 to the computer, and select the transmis- sion option. (On the Lietz transfer cable, there is a switch that must be set to DTE.) 3) Choose the same baud rate at the computer as you selected in the SDR2 parameters. When the computer says Waiting for data..., press <clear> on the SDR2 until Select operation shows in the display window. Press the <Menu> key. Press an up or down arrow key until Comms output shows in the display, then press <Enter> on the SDR2. Answer <N> if you do not wish to send all jobs. Then enter the job that you do wish to send. (See the SDR2 manual for a complete discussion of this process.) 4) The SDR2 should then send its information to the computer. Note: As each job record is encountered in the computer will ask you for a le name to store the data in. You may press <Enter> to use the same name as was used in the SDR2 or enter another name. You must use a valid DOS name (all numbers and letters of 8 or less characters will be ne.) Attribute data collected by the SDR (13AT records) is appended to the descriptions as follows: DESC[Attribute Name]Attribute Example: PIPE[diameter]18'' Transferring Coordinates to the SDR2 Be careful of the units when transferring coordinates. For example, if the SDR2 is set to Metric Mode, the SDR2 will automatically convert the coordinates from feet to meters. Before you can transfer coordinates to the SDR2, you must rst set up the transfer parameters in the SDR2. Refer to the rst part of the previous section for details about how to do this. Then: 1) Ready the SDR2 by pressing <clear> until Select operation appears on the display. Press the <Menu> key. Then press the up or down arrows until Comms input appears on the menu. Press <Enter>. 2) Select the Send Coordinates option and press Transfer. 3) Select the coordinate le onthe computer. 4) Choose which coordinates to send. SOKKIA (LIETZ) SDR33 DATA COLLECTOR The SDR33 works the same as the SDR2. In Equipment Options there are two SDR33 choices, because when creating a new job on a SDR33 the format is determined by setting the Point ID eld to Numeric (4) or Alpha (14). SDR33 4-Pt To transfer data to CG-SURVEY, select this setting if your SDR33 is set to Numeric (4). The highest point number allowed is 9,999. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1169 SDR33 14-Pt The C&G * .cgc les allow 10 character Alphanumeric point numbers. While C&G * .crd les allow only 5 digit numeric point numbers. To transfer a SDR33, set to Alpha (14), the le format setting must be set to * .cgc. Note: See opening section of this chapter for detailed instructions on the settings dialog box and on sending and recieving les. LEICA (WILD) GRE3/GRE4 AND GIF-2 INTERFACE Set Up for GRE3/GRE4 Select the Wild: GIF-2 under Equipment Options. Before transferring data from the GRE3/4 to your computer, you must rst set up the transfer parameters in the GRE3. To do this follow these steps on the GRE3/4: 1) <Set> <Mode> <7><0> <Run> <4><8><0><0> <Run> <Run> (Sets the baud rate to 4800. If you wish, you may leave it at 2400, which is the rate the T2000 needs to communicate with the GRE3/4.) 2) <Set> <Mode> <7><1> <Run> <2> <Run> <Run> (Sets even parity.) 3) <Set> <Mode> <7><2> <Run> <1> <Run> <Run> (Use protocol.) 4) <Set> <Mode> <7><3> <Run> <0> <Run> <Run> (<CR> only.) 5) <Set> <Mode> <7><4> <Run> <2> <Run> <Run> (ACK/NAK + <CR>.) 6) <Set> <Mode> <4><0> <Run> <4> <Run> <Run> Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1170 (DDD.MMSSS). 7) <Set> <Mode> <4><1> <Run> <1> <Run> <Run> (Feet). 8) <Set> <Form> <.> <Run> <Rec> (for the T2000) -or- <SET> <FORM> <+/-> <.> <RUN> <1> <1> <RUN> <REC> (for the T1000) Note: The above parameters do not ''go away'' when the GRE3/4 is switched off. They will stay the same until you change them or re-initialize everything. Note: See opening section of this chapter for detailed instructions on the Settings dialog box & information on sending and receiving les. Switch Settings/Cable Option 1 GIF-2 Switches Cable Conguration = X GRE-3/4 Computer S1 < 2 < > 3 S2 < 3 < > 2 S7 < 7 < > 7 5 < (Jump 5, 6, 8, 20) 6 < 8 < 20 < Option 2 GIF-2 Switches Cable Conguration = X GRE-3/4 Computer S1 < 2< > 3 S2 < 2 < > 2 S7 < 3 < > 7 7 < 5 (Jump 5, 6, 8, 20) 6 < 8 < 20 < Data Collection Format for GRE3, GRE4, GIF-10 The transfer program expects your data to be in a specic format. To get your data in this format, follow these steps. 1) To begin a new job enter a ''CODE 1'' block into the GRE3/4. Example: RDY [CODE] CODE [1] I1 ? [RUN] your job number (Example: 87001) [RUN] I2 ? job date (Example: 091687 for Sept. 16, 1987) [RUN] Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1171 I3 ? [REC] 2) Dene the rst automatic point number for your rst foresight. Example: RDY [SET] SET [NR0] S NR [2] for point number 2 as rst foresight. [RUN] 3) At each instrument point, enter a ''CODE 2'' block into the GRE3/4. Example: RDY [CODE] CODE [2] [RUN] I1 ? [instrument point number] EX: [1] for instrument point 1. [RUN] I2 ? [instrument height] EX: [550] for 5.50 feet. [RUN] I3 ? [REC] Note: Each instrument point ''CODE 2'' block must be followed by a measurement reading to your backsight. You will probably need to change the point number for the backsight by: RDY [NR] NR [point number] EX: 4 for backsighting point 4. [RUN] THEN: RDY [MEAS] REC [REC] -or- ALL on T1000 will store in GRE3/4 4) Record your foresights. If necessary, change the rod height and/or the description of the foresight. Use ''CODE 3'' or ''CODE 4'' to do this. Both codes are essentially the same, but one asks for the description rst and the other asks for the rod height rst, allowing you to skip the second entry by pressing [REC] rather than entering a value (see the third example below). This step may be skipped if you do not wish to change either rod height or description from the previous entry. Example 1: RDY [CODE] CODE [3] Code 3 = description, rod height [RUN] I1 ? [0][1] Description = 01 (must be 2 digits) [RUN] I2 ? [5][5][0] Rod height = 5.50 feet [RUN] I3 ? [REC] See following section on Setting-up Description Codes. Example 2: RDY [CODE] CODE [4] Code 4 = rod height, description [RUN] I1 ? [5][5][0] Rod height = 5.50 feet [RUN] I2 ? [1][0] Description = 10 (must be 2 digits) [RUN] Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1172 I3 ? [REC] Example 3: RDY [CODE] CODE [3] Code 3 = description, rod height [RUN] I1 ? [1][2] Description = 12 (must be 2 digits) [RUN] I2 ? [REC] (leave the rod height the same) 5) Take your measurement (make sure that the point number is correct rst): RDY [MEAS] REC [REC] 6) Now, go to step 4 for another foresight or to step 3 for another instrument set-up: Uploading from Data Collector to the Computer If you have already dumped the data stored on the GIF-2 to a computer le you may choose to receive the data from the le. Enter the le name that contains the data. After you have collected your eld data, connect the GRE3/4 to your computer. Then select the receive option on the computer. The baud rate in the computer must match the baud rate in the GRE3/4. After selecting the baud rate on the computer, follow the steps on the screen to initiate transmission. Those steps are: 1) Connect the GRE-3/4 to the computer, turn it on, and wait for RDY to show on the display. 2) Put the GRE-3/4 in upload mode by pressing <Data> on the GRE-3/4. 3) Press <GoTo>, press <Run>, and wait for the GRE-3/4 to display D CD. 4) Press <Send> and press <Run> on the GRE-3/4. After the computer detects the end of transmission, it will begin to format the data in a usable form. When each job record is encountered (CODE 1), you will be prompted to give the computer the name that you want to enter the le name for that job. Sending Coordinates to the GRE-3/4 From the Menu, select the send coordinates option. The baud rate in the computer must match the baud rate in the GRE3/4. Initiate transmission on the GRE-3/4 by doing the following: Note: See opening section of this chapter for detailed instructions on the Settings dialog box & information on sending and receiving les. 1) On GRE-3/4, SET MODE 80 <Run> 2 <Run> <Run> to select le 2. 2) On GRE-3/4, SET MODE 81 <Run> <#blocks> <Run> <Run> to dimension le 2. 3) Press any key to continue: 4) Next, select the points you wish to send: The transmission will begin. LEICA (WILD) GIF-10 INTERFACE Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1173 Note: (Refer to data collection format GRE3 within this section) Receiving Raw Data from GIF-10 Interface: Select the receive raw data option on the computer. If you have already dumped the data stored on the GIF-10 to a computer le (in the Wild format), you may choose receive the data from the le. Enter the le name that contains the data. The baud rate in the computer must match the baud rate in the GIF-10. Do the following on the GIF-10: 1) Set the comm parameters as follows: Baud: (your choice) Parity: EVEN Protoc: ACK/NAK Stop Bit: 2 End Mark: CR Connected AS: DTE 2) Put the GIF-10 in upload mode by selecting <Send> on the GIF-10. 3) Press <Run> on the GIF-10 and select the le you wish to send. 4) Press <Run> on the GIF-10. Sending Coordinates to the GIF-10 Interface: Select the send coordinates option. The baud rate in the computer must match the baud rate in the GIF-10. Do the following on the GIF-10: 1) Create receive le in GIF-10 now. 2) Put the GIF-10 in download mode by selecting Receive on the GIF-10. Select the points you wish to send. The transmission will begin. Note: See opening section of this chapter for detailed instructions on the Settings dialog box & information on sending and receiving les. LEICA (WILD) GIF-10/WS This is a Wild GIF-10 interface that will accept data in the same format as WildSoft. You will be asked for the Observation Pattern when the le is transferred. This pattern can be either BS-FS-FS-BS or BS-FS-BS-FS. As with WildSoft, codes 101 and above will be treated as descriptor codes. Code 100 will be subtracted from the descriptor code and that description will be read from CG-SURVEY's description table. So 101 is description 1, 102 is description 2, and so forth. The following table shows acceptable WildSoft data collection codes: WildSoft Data Collection Codes Code Function 1 Start Job 2 Occupy a Point 3 FS to Traverse Point 11 Assign Coordinates 13 Target Height 14 Add to Target Height Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1174 21 Occupy Saved Point 31 FS to Single Point 32 Radial Sideshots 33 Sets of Angles 63 Remark 101+ Descriptions LEICA (WILD) GIF-10/WS2 This is the exact same interface as the GIF-10/WS except 100 is not subtracted from the descriptor code. LEICA (WILD) GIF-10/TOPOS This is a Wild GIF-10 interface that will accept data in the same format as the Canadian software TOPOS. To select this format, choose GIF-10/TOP from the data collector choices in the Equipment Options. The following information explains the format. These six Wild codes are used: Code Field 1 Field 2 Field 3 Field 4 Rectype 91 Job Name Date Temperature Pressure New Job 10 Label # HI Instrument Pt. 20 Label # RH Backsight Pt. 30 Label # RH Trav. Pt. 40 Label # RH Side Shot Pt. 2 Label # RH Offset Angle SS 1) If RH (rod height) is 999 it will be considered no value (do not calculate elevation for this point). 2) The Label# (point description number) can contain up to eight characters. The rst four and last four will be read as separate descriptions. For example, if Label# is 00210034, then description 21 will be pulled from the description table and description 34 will be pulled from the description table. If 21 is BL * and 34 is TC, then the resulting description will be BL * TC. 3) Point numbers are taken from measurement records. A measurement record will follow code 10, 20, 30, and 40 records. For example: In this example, there is a side-shot record (40), a point label description (71), a rod height (2.150), and a point number (332). 4) If an offset distance is placed in Field 3 of a side-shot record, the measured angle will be shown in a comment line prior to the data record with the newly calculated angle. 5) If a comment is placed in eld 4 of a side-shot record, the comment will be appended to the point's de- scription. example: If the label# is 25 and the comment is 150, description 25 (lets say TREE) will be pulled from the description table and the comment will be appended to the description, giving TREE 150 as the description. Leica Data Pro: You are allowed to read and write to the Leica Data Pro formatted GSI les. There is no communication directly with the Leica Total stations. GEODAT 122/124 DATA COLLECTOR In order to use the Geodat 122 or 124 data collector with the transfer program, there are three areas that you Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1175 must consider: (1) entering data into the data collector in a format that can be sent to your computer, (2) the transfer program itself, and (3) the data collector code conversion table which converts numeric codes to more readable descriptions when the data is sent to the computer. The following section describes how to enter your data into the data collector. The next section will then give you some information about how to trans- fer the data. The data collector code conversion table can be changed with menu selection E from the program menu. Entering Data into the Data Collector 1) Each individual job stored in the Geodat's memory should begin with a job identier. To enter a job identier, follow these steps: a) Press the <Info> key. b) At the prompt ''inFo='' enter a job number, like this: inFo=87001<Ent> (<Ent> means to press the <Ent> key.) c) At the prompt ''dAtA='' enter the date like this: Example: dAtA=050187<Ent> (for 05/01/87) 2) For each instrument location, you must enter an instrument point identier. Follow the following steps to do this: a) Press the <Stn> key. b) At the ''Stn='' prompt enter you instrument point number like this: Stn=1<Ent> (for instrument point 1) c) At the ''iH='' prompt enter the instrument height, like this: iH=5.5<Ent> (for 5.5 feet) d) Next the prompt ''PCod='' will appear on the display. At this time, enter your backsight point, just like the foresights in the next step. You may enter ''0'' (zero) for all of the elds except: ''Pno='' (enter the backsight point number) ''Hor='' (enter the angle in your instrument when you take the backsight.) 3) Recording foresights. You are now ready to record a foresight: a) At the ''PCod='' prompt enter the point code for your foresight like this: PCod=10<Ent>(for point code 10) Note: The point code will be used to assign a description to your foresight. The description that is associ- ated with each code is up to you. Use the ''Edit data collector code table'' program to set up your codes before uploading your data to the computer. b) At the ''Pno='' prompt enter your foresight point number like this: Pno=2<Ent> (for point number 2) c) At the ''SH='' prompt enter the rod height of your foresight like this: SH=5.5<Ent> (for 5.5 feet) The next three elds may be entered manually or may be automatically stored by your instrument. d) At the ''Hor='' prompt enter the horizontal angle to your foresight like this: Hor=65.1253<Ent> (for 65 degrees, 12 minutes, and 53 seconds.) e) At the ''ELE='' prompt enter the vertical angle to your foresight like this: ELE=90.1215<Ent> (for 90 degrees, 12 minutes and 15 seconds) f) At the ''diSt='' prompt enter the slope distance to your foresight like this: diSt=100.128<Ent> (for 100.128 feet) Now, go to step 2 for a new instrument point, or step 3 for another sight from the current instrument point. Note: If you have already dumped the data stored on the 122/124 to a computer le (in the 122/124 format), you may choose to receive the data from the le. Enter the le name that contains the data, and the le name for the .CGR le. Receive Data from Data Collector Select the receive raw data option. 1) Before you upload your data, make sure that the description table is current. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1176 2) Before you initiate the upload program, you must rst dene the upload parameters for the Geodat. To do this, follow the steps outlined below. 3) This should not have to be done each time. The values that you enter should stay the same until you change them. a) Press the <f>, the <1>, the <0> and the <Ent> keys. (For function 10.) b) Answer the baud rate question like this: bAud=1200<Ent> (for 1200 baud you can use 300 baud, but it will take longer to transfer your data.) c) Make sure that ''Eob='' looks like this: Eob=0123456789<Ent> d) Make sure that the ''StArt='' prompt looks like this: StArt=035<Ent> e) Make sure that the ''StoP='' prompt looks like this: StoP=000<Ent> f) Make sure that the ''ErrCodE='' prompt looks like this: ErrCodE=037<Ent> g) Make sure that the ''nuLLS='' prompt looks like this: nuLLS=000<Ent> GEODAT 126, 400, 500 AND INTERNAL MEMORY THEODOLITES These Geodat data collectors use the following data entry format: Instrument Point Setup Labels Explanation * 2 Instrument Point 3 Height of Instrument * 62 Backsight Point 21 Backsight Angle 6 Backsight Rod Height 7 Horizontal Angle to Backsight 8 Vertical Angle to Backsight 9 Slope Distance to Backsight * Indicates required code Note: Pcodes (label 4) cannot be used anywhere except in foresight records. Note: The order of the instrument point setups is not important. Foresight Points Labels Explanatation * 5 Foresight point 6 Backsight rod height * 7 Horizontal angle to backsight * 8 Vertical angle to backsight * 9 Slope distance to backsight 4 Pcode (Description) * Indicates required code Note: Foresight points must begin with either a Pcode (label) or a foresight point (code 5). The order of the remaining parameters is not important. Label 4 (Pcodes) are placed in the description eld of the raw data le. If you cannot get the entire point description into a single Pcode, we allow you to use multiple Pcodes for an individual point. Example: 4 = Manhole, 4 = Inv. -10.23, 4 = 12'' Conc.Pipe Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1177 The resulting point description is: Manhole, Inv. - 10.23, 12'' Conc.Pipe If the Append Info Records to Pcode toggle is on, info records (label 0=) that directly follow a Pcode (label 4=) will be appended to the Pcode prior to being placed in the point description. Example: 4 = Manhole, 0 = Inv. -10.23, 0 = 12'' Conc.Pipe The resulting point description is: Manhole, Inv. - 10.23, 12'' Conc.Pipe GEODAT 126 DATA COLLECTOR I. The Cable Your cable should be made as follows: NC - No connection. Geodat 126 (male)Computer 25 Pin 2 .......................................... 2 (TxD) 3 .......................................... 3 (RxD) 7 .......................................... 7 (S.GND) 5-NC -5 (CTS) jumper 5-6-8-20 6-NC -6 (DSR) 8-NC -8 (CD) 20-NC -20 (DTR) Geodat 126 (male)Computer 9 Pin 2 .......................................... 3 (TxD) 3 .......................................... 2 (RxD) 7 .......................................... 5 (S.GND) 5-NC -8 (CTS) jumper 8-6-1-4 6-NC -6 (DSR) 8-NC -1 (CD) 20-NC -4 (DTR) II. Set Protocol 2 and 5; Set Format 2 Be sure the INT./EXT. switch is set to INT. if you are not connected to an external power source. Be sure the on/off switch is in the on position. Set protocol by using program 51 in the Geodat. Protocol 2 Protocol 5 1: 9600 1: 9600 2: 2 2: 2 3: 7 3: 7 4: 2 4: 2 5: 10 5: 10 6: 0 6: 0 7: 0 7: 0 8: 0 8: 0 9: 0 9: 0 10: 0 10: 0 11: 0 11: 0 Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1178 12: 0 12: 0 13: 0 13: 0 14: 1.13 14: 1.13 15: 0 15: 0 16: 3.371310 16: 3.371310 Set format by using program 50 in the Geodat. Format 2 1: 1 2: 80 3: 13 4: 15 III. Data Storage in the Geodat 126 Raw data is gathered into job les using the pre-programmed UDS's in the Geodat 126. Call us if you wish to create others. To use the existing programs, begin by choosing program #10. This sets up the header information and rst instrument/backsight points. For foresights, choose program #0 if you are carrying elevations or program #1 for horizontal locations only. Use program #11 to change instrument set-ups. These programs are explained on page 8:4 in the Geodat manual. Coordinates are transferred from and into area les. Special numeric point codes may be used. These codes are converted to alphanumeric descriptions as the data is received from the Geodat 126. The codes are dened in the description table. IV. UDS Requirements The initial testing of the Geodat 126 was done using the standard UDS's supplied with the Geodat 126. If you wish to try using your own, these rules apply: 1) A measurement must end with label 9. (See sample UDS's 0, 1, 2, 3.) 2) Each Job. No. le must begin (1st record) with ADM type data (see sample UDS 10). This sequence must end with label type 74 - Air Pressure. 3) Each instrument station sequence must end with Hz. Ref. (Label 21). See the UDS 11 in Geodat 126 manual for sample. Select the receive/send option from the computer menu and follow the prompts. If you have already dumped the data stored on the DR-2 to a computer le (in the DR-2 format), you may choose to receive the data from the le. Enter the le name that contains the data, and the le name for the .CGR le (raw data le) or .CRD le (coordinate le). GEODAT 400 DATA COLLECTOR Setting up the Geodat 400 for use with the transfer program: 1) Set protocol 0 (as shown below). 2) Set format 0 (as shown below). Be sure the on/off switch is in the on position. Set protocol by using program 51 in the Geodat eld instru- Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1179 ment. Protocol 0 1: 9600 2: 0 3: 8 4: 1 5: 10 6: 0 7: 1 8: 17 9: 19 10: 0 11: 0 12: 0 13: 0 14: 1.13 15: 0 16: 1.04 Line 7 implements software handshaking between the 400 and the MS-DOS computer by using a value of 1. When the value of item 7 is 0, then no software handshaking is done. Line 8 is given a value of 17 which is the Xon value used for the communication handshaking. Line 9 is given a value of 19 which is the Xoff value used for the communication handshaking. Set format by using program 50 in the Geodat eld instrument. Format 0 1: 1 2: 80 3: 324: 4 * Note: It is important that the values above be set as we show them or our software can not communicate with the Geodat 400 Data Recorder. If you have already dumped the data stored on the 400 to a computer le (in the 400 format), you may choose to receive the data from the le. Enter the le name that contains the data, and the le name for the .CGR le (raw data le) or .CRD le (coordinate le). Uploading Raw Data to the Computer After you have collected your eld data, connect the Geodat 400 to your computer. Select the receive raw data option. The baud rate in the computer must match the baud rate in the Geodat 400. Do the following: 1) Connect the 400 to the computer, turn it off, then on. 2) Make certain that you have selected the correct protocol and format. 3) Enter name of Geodat job le. Download Coordinates into 400 Area File Select the send coordinates option. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1180 Select the points to send. Ready the 400 with the following steps: 1) Connect the 400 to the computer, turn it off, then on. 2) Make certain that you have selected the correct protocol and format. 3) Enter name of Geodat area le. The coordinates will be transferred. Get Coordinates from 400 Area File Receive coordinates from 400 Area File The baud rate in the computer must match the baud rate in the 400. Do the following: 1) Connect the 400 to the computer, turn it off, then on. 2) Make certain that you have selected the correct protocol and format. 3) Enter name of Geodat area le. The transmission will begin. GEODAT 500 DATA COLLECTOR Setting up the Geodat 500 for use with the transfer program: 1) Set protocol 0 (as shown below). 2) Set format 0 (as shown below). Be sure the on/off switch is in the on position. Set protocol by using program 51 in the Geodat eld instrument. Protocol 0 1: 9600 2: 0 3: 8 4: 1 5: 10 6: 0 7: 1 8: 17 9: 19 10: 0 11: 0 12: 0 13: 0 14: 1.13 15: 0 16: 1.04 Line 7 implements software handshaking between the 500 and the MS-DOS computer by using a value of 1. When the value of item 7 is 0, then no software handshaking is done. Line 8 is given a value of 17 which is the Xon value used for the communication handshaking. Line 9 is given a value of 19 which is the Xoff value used for the communication handshaking. Set format by using program 50 in the Geodat eld instrument. Format 0 Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1181 1: 1 2: 80 3: 32 4: * Note: It is important that the values above be set as we show them or our software can not communicate with the Geodat 500 Data Recorder. The C&G Data collector Transfer dialog box has an addiional option for the GEODAT 500 collector, as shown below. the show DC les: This Option actually reads and displays the data les on the GEODAT 500 data collector. From the display options you can select to view all les, just coordinate les or just raw les. If you have already dumped the data stored on the 500 to a computer le (in the 500 format), you may choose to receive the data from the le. Enter the le name that contains the data, and the le name for the .CGR le (raw data le) or .CRD le (coordinate le). You can also delete les from the GEODAT 500. Be careful, once the les is deleted it is gone forever. When you have the les selected, you want to transfer, select exit. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1182 The Geodat 500 program allows: 1) Receive raw data from the Geo 500 2) Receive raw data from a le. 3) Receive coordinates from the Geo 500. 4) Receive coordinates from a le. 5) Send coordinates to the Geo 500. 6) Catalog (or directory) of all les on Geo 500. 7) Delete les on the Geo 500. Receiving Data from the 500 You may receive raw data les (M=), or coordinate les (I=). All les on the 500 of the type you wish to receive will be shown on the screen (for example, all I= les for coordinate). 1) Select the le you wish to receive. Raw Data (Job Files) 2) After the raw data le is transferred, you will be asked to select the le name it will be stored under on the computer. The default value will be the same name with a .CGR extension. Coordinates (Area Files) 3) After the coordinate le is transferred, you will be asked to select the le name it will be stored under on the computer. The default value will be the same name with .CRD/.IDX extensions. Sending Data to the 500 You may send coordinate (.CRD) les to the 500. All coordinate les on the computer will be shown on the screen. Select the le you wish to send. 1) You may select the only the coordinates that you wish to send (you do not have to send the entire le). Catalog 2) The catalog function will show you all existing les on the Geodat 500. Deleting Files Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1183 All les on the 500 will be shown on the screen. 1) Select the le you wish to delete. Be careful, once the le is deleted it is gone forever. 2) Press <Esc> if you do not want to delete a le. GEODIMETER TOTAL STATIONS WITH INTERNAL MEMORY You can select Geodat 500 and interface directly with any Geodimeter that has internal memory. To transfer data from a Geodimeter Total Station with internal memory, do the following: 1) In Equipment Options, select Geodat 500 as the data collector and run data collection program. 2) Use Geotronix cable #571136756. Connect RS232 on computer to RS232 on Geodimeter with cable. 3) Power on Geodimeter and turn off compensator with Function 22 as follows: Key <F> (Function) <22> <Ent> (Enter) <0> <Ent> Then press <Ent> until P0 is displayed on Geodimeter screen. 4) Set the END character to 4 with Function 79 as follows: Key <F> (Function) <79> <Ent> (Enter) <4> <Ent> 5) Intitiate comm port on Geodimeter as follows: Key <Mnu> (menu) <4> (data com) <1> (select device) <2> (serial) <Yes> (serial on) <1.8.0.9600> (com=) skip if already set <Ent> (enter) <0> (table no=) <Ent> <No> (REG. key?) <No> (Slave ?) 6) You may now select all options on the computer menu for data collection transfer with the Geodimeter. See Geodat 500 instructions for data transfer (disregard formatting procedures). SMI 48 ENHANCED DATA COLLECTOR The SMI interface routine works only with SMI Enhanced Cards. Use the interface cable supplied with the SMI unit (plugs into the comm port on the computer). SMI 48 transfer Versions 5 Receiving Data Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1184 If you have already dumped the data stored on the SMI to a le on the computer, you may choose to receive the data from the le. Receiving Raw Data from the SMI Select the Receive raw data option on the computer. On the SMI, select TOPC and then RAW. The transfer will begin. The le name will be shown on the screen after the transfer is complete. You may enter a new le name if you wish. Our reduction program does not allow a raw data le with mixed angle types (for example: azimuths, angles right, deections, etc.). When you are collecting data on the SMI, stick to one angle type. You can mix distance types if you wish (slope/zenith, horizontal/vertical). Receiving Coordinates from the SMI Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1185 1) Select the Receive Coordinates option on the computer: On the SMI select TOPC and then SMI. 2) On the SMI, enter the rst and last point numbers you wish to send: The transfer will begin. Sending Coordinates to the SMI 1) On the SMI select TD48 and the SMI. 2) Select the Send Coordinates option on the computer. You will be asked if you wish to send descriptions. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1186 The answer to this question depends onwhether the SMI coordinate le you are sending to is a 15 byte le (no descriptions) or a 30 byte le (descriptions). 3) On the computer, select the points you wish to send. When the selection set is complete, press <T> for transmit. The transfer will begin. SMI 48 transfer Versions 6, 7 & 8 Receiving Raw Data from the SMI 1) Get the C&G Transfer Program ready to receive raw data: Press Transfer 2) On the SMI data Collector select [PRINT]: set the soft-key to [WIRE] Receiving Coordinates from the SMI 1) Get the C&G Transfer Program ready to receive raw data and Press Transfer 2) On the SMI data Collector select [JOB]. then [KERM]: set the soft-key to [NE] and [COMM]. select [SEND] and then select the points to transfer. Sending Coordinates to the SMI 1) On the SMI data collector select [JOB] the [KERM]: set the soft-key to [NE] and [COMM]. select [RECV]. 2) Congure the C&G Transfer Program to send Coordinates: select the points to be sent and press TRANSFER Nikon Data Collection Transfer Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1187 Receiving Raw Data from the Nikon Total Station: 1) Get the C&G Transfer Program ready to receive raw data and Press Transfer 2) On the Nikon select [MENU]. Select option [SET] and then option [COMM].Set ''Ext.Comm:'' to Nikon. Set the communication parameters to match those in the C&G transfer program. 3) From the Main Menu on the Nikon select ''Comms'' and ''Download'': select format: NIKON and Data: RAW 4) Press ENTER to send. Receiving Coordinates Data from the Nikon Total Station 1) Get the C&G Transfer Program ready to receive raw data and Press Transfer 2) On the Nikon select [MENU]. Select option [SET] and then option [COMM]. Set ''Ext.Comm:'' to Nikon. Set the communication parameters to match those in the C&G transfer program. 3) From the Main Menu on the Nikon select ''Comms'' and ''Download'': select format: NIKON and Data: COORD. 4) Press ENTER to send. Sending Coordinates Data from the Nikon Total Station 1) On the Nikon select [MENU]. Select option [SET] and then option [COMM].Set ''Ext.Comm:'' to Nikon. Set the communication parameters to match those in the C&G transfer program. 2) From the Main Menu on the Nikon: select ''Comms'' and ''Upload Data''. Press ENTER to receive. 3) Congure the C&G Transfer Program to Send Coordinates: select the points to be sent and press TRANS- FER. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey>CGTrav>Data Collector Transfer Keyboard Command:DC, CG DATA COLLECTOR Prerequisite: Check Cable Connection & Communication Parameters Reduce Traverse The Reduce Traverse feature allows you to reduce a raw data le, with or without adjustment, and thus create a coordinate le or append to an existing coordinate le. NOTE: Before you reduce a traverse, check the traverse settings on the Traverse Options tab of the C&G Options dialog. Select the type of adjustment to use: (Compass, Least Squares, etc..) Adjust Angles: (off/on) Balance Elevations: (off/on) If you are adjusting a 3-D traverse, make sure Elevations are turned on: ON Once the traverse options are set properly you can proceed with traverse reduction. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1188 Select Reduce Traverse from the CGTrav menu. If a raw data le is already open, it will be used. If not, a dialog box will appear prompting you to open a raw data le. If a coordinate is already open it will be used. If one is not opened you will be prompted to open one. You can select an existing le or type in the name of a new le to create. NOTE: One coordinate le may be used with many raw data les. For example, you may store the coordi- nates reduced from an initial boundary traverse (raw data le) in a newly created coordinate le. If you do additional location or traverse work with the control created by the original traverse, this additional work may be placed in new raw data les and reduced to the same coordinate le. If the raw data le does not have traverse codes (see the CGEditor chapter) a dialog will appear asking you which type to use. There are three types of traverses that can be processed. These are shown in the following gure: The following gures show examples of the three traverse types. The H.I. and rod height entries are optional (if Elevations are on). These are examples of a single distance/angle entry. Each type traverse may be placed in a separate raw data le and reduced into a single coordinate le. However, with the use of special codes you can combine traverses in a single raw data le (See the CGEditor chapter). Traverse Reduction Types: Closed Loop Traverse Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1189 Closed Loop Traverse Beginning and Ending at Ending at Known points Shows above is closed traverse beginning on two known points (1 and 2) and ending on two known points (4 and 5). With this type of traverse, both a linear and angular closure can be calculated. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1190 Closed Loop Ending on One Know Point Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1191 Shown above is a traverse that begins on two known points, or a single known point and a back sight azimuth, and ends on one known point. This situation sometimes occurs when you begin on two known points (or a single known point and a back sight azimuth) and end on one known point. In this case only a linear closure is possible. In order to reduce this type of traverse you must use the CGEditor to enter data not gathered in the eld. Points 2 and 4 are the known beginning and ending points. Points 100 and 101 do not exist. We have entered a back sight reference bearing (N 25 23' 25'' E) from 2 to 100. Line 8 is a dummy setup (we never setup on point 4 and back sighted point 8. Line 9 shows a dummy angle to the dummy point 101. Reduce the traverse as a closed Traverse Beginning and Ending on Known Points. When the traverse is reduced you will have to enter one of the following: The coordinates of point 101 The bearing from point 4 to 101.Or press <esc> for no angular closure. If you choose no angular closure, the traverse will be reduced but will report only a linear closure. The ad- justment will be made assuming no angular error. Open Traverse Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1192 An Open Traverse is either an open ended traverse which ties into no known points or a le containing only side shots. In both cases no adjustment is possible. Note: The data shown in the CGEditor views accompanying the four illustrations include instrument height (HI) and rod height entries. However, if you have elevations turned off, these entries are optional. Also, the examples use single distance and angle entries but multiple measurements are allowed. In these gures each traverse has been placed in a separate raw data le. However, with the use of special codes you can combine multiple traverses in a single raw data le. Notes on Traverse Types and Reduction Closed and Azimuth Traverses: If you are running azimuth traverses, the angle to the side shot is calculated and stored instead of the azimuth. After the traverse has been reduced and adjusted, the angles are used to calculate the side shot coordinates. Thus the side shots are always relative to the instrument point and backsight point used in their location. The rst azimuth in the raw data le will be considered a reference azimuth and will be held. Reducing Loop Traverses: If there is at least one reference bearing in the raw data le being reduced you will not be asked for a starting bearing. If the instrument point coordinates at the rst reference bearing exists, you will not be asked to enter the starting coordinates or elevation. The traverse reduction will begin from the rst reference bearing in the raw data le, not necessarily the rst instrument point. If you have more than one reference bearing in the raw data le, the angular closure and adjustments will be from one reference bearing to the next. In other words, all reference bearings will be held as correct, and any angle adjustment will be done from one to the next. This feature was designed for those surveyors who perform Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1193 Solar or Polaris observations at intermediate traverse stations, and wish to hold the observed bearing at those stations (the bearings will of course change when the coordinates are adjusted, unless you use Crandall's Rule which does not change bearings).. Reducing Open Traverse: Any Reference Bearings found in the raw data le for an Open traverse will be ignored (except the starting reference bearing/azimuth to the back sight point). Traverse Reduction: Closed Loop If the rst instrument point in the raw data le does not exist, you will be asked to enter the coordinates for that point. If the rst back sight point in the raw data le does not exist and you do not have a reference bear- ing/ azimuth to the back sight point in the raw data le, you will be given the choice of entering one of the following: Back sight point coordinates Bearing from the rst instrument point to the rst back sight point If you are processing a Closed Traverse that Begins and Ends on known points, and the last (tie) instrument point in the raw data le does not exist, you will be asked to enter the coordinates for that point. If the last foresight point in the raw data le does not exist and you do not have a reference bearing/azimuth to the foresight point in the raw data le, you will be given the choice of entering one of the following: Foresight point coordinates Bearing from the last instrument point to the last foresight point (the last instrument and foresight point are the tie points necessary for linear and angular closure calculations). Note: The bearing from the rst instrument point to the rst back sight point, and the bearing from the last (or tie) instrument point to the last (or tie) foresight point will be treated as reference bearings (held xed). These four points will not be adjusted. If there are any reference bearings in the raw data le, the angular closure and adjustments will be from one reference bearing to the next, just as in Loop Traverses. Since you may have many foresights from the instrument tie point (side shots), you will be asked to enter which foresight point you will be tying into (unless there are no side shots at the last instrument point). The traverse will begin by the coordinates found in the coordinate le for the rst instrument point and backsight point (coordinate values can be placed directly into the raw data le). The traverse will then be calculated. When the traverse is nished, the coordinates for the last instrument point and foresight point in the raw data le will be read from the coordinate le (or raw data le) in order to calculate the angular, vertical and horizontal closure. If Elevations are ON you will be shown the elevation control found in the Raw Data and Coordinate les that pertains to your traverse. If no elevation control is found none will be shown and you will have to ADD control. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1194 Your elevation control can be anywhere in the traverse. It does not have to be on the rst point. You will have the following option at the command line: Point Elevation 1 500.00 [Add/Change/Delete/Go/aBort]: <G>g Select Add to add points to elevation control: A Select Change to change the elevation assigned to a point in the elevation control: C Select Delete to remove a point from the elevation control: D Select Go to calculate elevations: G Select aBort to quit without calculating elevations B Select the appropriate option and the elevations will be calculated based upon the supplied informa- tion. At this point you will get two closure reports: The rst report is before angle adjustment: ********** Closure Report ********** Total angular error: -000'06'' Angular error per point: -000'01'' Correct Ending Coordinates, North: 5000.00000 East: 5000.00000 Ending Coordinates, North: 5000.04008 East: 5000.00421 Error, N: 0.04 E: 0.00 Total: 0.04 Brg: S 0559'43''W Distance Traversed: 2470.51 Closure: 61308 The Second Report is after angle adjustment: ********** Closure Report ********** Total angular error: 000'00'' Angular error per point: 000'00'' Correct Ending Coordinates, North: 5000.00000 East: 5000.00000 Ending Coordinates, North: 5000.04314 East: 5000.01593 Error, N: 0.04 E: 0.02 Total: 0.05 Brg: S 2016'08''W Distance Traversed: 2470.51 Closure: 53721 Following the angular adjustment the reduced traverse will be displayed: Adjusted by Least Squares Bearing Distance Northing Easting Elevation Pt ID Code Description 5000.00000 5000.00000 500.00 1 1 TP1 2 N 0000'00''E 242.12 5242.12397 5000.00000 496.39 2 1 tpns N 7441'24''E 199.78 5294.87495 5192.69243 467.97 3 1 tpns N 0022'42''W 148.48 5443.34679 5191.71202 460.90 4 1 tpns N 0435'35''W 310.32 5752.67444 5166.86125 458.07 5 1 tpns S 8311'32''W 300.98 5716.99780 4868.00744 473.72 6 1 tpns S 8409'21''W 290.03 5687.46658 4579.48877 472.10 7 1 tp hole S 1325'02''E 137.70 5553.52582 4611.44085 484.33 8 1 tpns S 0529'41''E 234.70 5319.90709 4633.91387 501.54 9 1 tpns S 1252'27''E 308.42 5019.23837 4702.63376 517.34 10 1 tpns Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1195 S 8617'54''E 297.99 5000.00000 5000.00000 500.00 1 1 TP1 NAIL Sq. Feet: 341547 Acres: 7.8 Once the traverse is reduced the side shots will be computed and displayed: Side Shots Angle Distance Northing Easting Elevation Pt ID Code Description Inst.Pt.: 1 Bs.Pt.: 10 14815'53'' 123.43 5058.01266 5108.95161 489.96 47 3 ipf1otp 9753'24'' 46.81 5045.85154 5009.40500 499.25 48 2 ip4rb 1733'40'' 96.60 5035.03240 4909.97367 506.27 49 2 ipf4rb Inst.Pt.: 2 Bs.Pt.: 1 25533'17'' 93.22 5265.37939 5090.27763 480.73 25 4 ipf1\2'' ctp 14629'54'' 17.38 5256.61928 4990.40516 500.49 26 4 ipf1\2'' ctp Inst.Pt.: 3 Bs.Pt.: 2 29701'47'' 18.33 5276.92239 5188.96820 468.73 27 4 ipf1#ctp Inst.Pt.: 4 Bs.Pt.: 3 1021'19'' 65.64 5378.69600 5180.33917 466.55 28 4 ipf1ctp 15923'20'' 63.27 5502.41856 5169.04898 461.70 29 3 ipf1otp 11352'33'' 138.30 5498.48975 5064.87673 483.03 30 4 ipf1\2'' ctp 11347'52'' 186.84 5517.60975 5020.26008 489.30 31 9 y 29156'23'' 100.21 5406.52118 5284.90634 455.81 32 9 y 29904'02'' 111.18 5389.97593 5289.24079 455.88 33 4 ipf1ctp Inst.Pt.: 5 Bs.Pt.: 4 3933'59'' 47.28 5713.93615 5139.76338 458.30 34 4 ipf1ctp 26033'36'' 119.08 5781.54910 5282.38627 464.12 35 2 ipf4rb 7251'12'' 136.19 5702.23225 5040.36168 469.98 36 4 ipf1\2ctp Inst.Pt.: 8 Bs.Pt.: 7 3247'04'' 103.73 5651.38227 4645.83837 475.70 37 9 nf 15046'50'' 209.58 5399.34540 4753.39990 512.22 38 9 y 10448'11'' 144.87 5550.02257 4756.26507 497.59 39 9 y Inst.Pt.: 10 Bs.Pt.: 9 15621'56'' 66.78 4965.56171 4742.36495 517.21 46 9 stk ********** Elevation Calculations - Elevations Adjusted ********** Elevations from Points: 1 -> 1 Vertical Err: -0.01, Distance Traversed: 2470.51 The calculate points will be stored in the coordinate le. There is an overwrite protection built into the software. If a point already exists in the coordinate le you will have the following options: Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1196 CANCEL: will terminate the process of storing coordinates. OVERWRITE : will overwrite the existing point. DO NO OVERWRITE: skip to the next point. If you have the ''Do Not Ask Again'' box checked, OVERWRTE will overwrite all points without asking, DO NOT OVERWRITE: will only write NEW points to the coordinate le. Traverse Reduction: Open Traverse/Side Shots When reducing these types of traverses, no adjustments are possible. The coordinates for instrument points and back sight points will be pulled from the coordinate le (or raw data le) and used to calculate and store the foresights. This option allows you to occupy newly created points. Coordinates of back sight points will be calculated only if a distance has been entered to the back sight point and the back sight point does not exist in the coordinate le. If you are back sighting a point that does not exist in the coordinate le and the raw data le does not con- tain a reference bearing or azimuth to the back sight point, you will be given the choice of entering one of the following: Coordinates of the back sight point Bearing from the instrument point to the back sight point If you choose to enter the bearing and there is no distance to the back sight point in the raw data le (thus making it impossible to calculate its coordinates), and you later occupy that point, you will be asked to enter the real coordinates of the point. If you are backsighting a point that does exist, and you have a distance measurement to the backsight point in the raw data le, we will show a warning if the inversed distance from the coordinate le does not match the measured distance within the tolerances set in the CGTools->Global Options->Traverse Options dialog. A table will be printed containing the following: Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1197 Side Shots Angle Distance Northing Easting Elevation Pt ID Code Description Inst.Pt.: 1 Bs.Pt.: 10 14815'53'' 123.43 5058.01266 5108.95161 489.96 47 3 ipf1otp 9753'24'' 46.81 5045.85154 5009.40500 499.25 48 2 ip4rb 1733'40'' 96.60 5035.03240 4909.97367 506.27 49 2 ipf4rb Angle Adjustments If you have set Adjust Angles in the Traverse Options dialog box, all angles will receive equal adjustment. If there is more than one reference bearing, the angles will be adjusted equally between reference bearings. You will be shown the closures before and after the angle adjustment. NOTE: If you are going to use the Least Squares Adjustment, you should not adjust the angles. Angular adjustment is part of the Least Squares Adjustment process. Elevation Adjustment If you have set Adjust Elevations in the Traverse Options dialog box, the elevations will be adjusted in proportion to the lengths of the lines (the longer the line, the more the adjustment). Least Squares, Crandall's and Compass Rule If you select any of these adjustment options the coordinates will be adjusted with the appropriate method. Find Bad Angle If you have a bad angular closure, select Find Bad Angle in the Traverse Options dialog box instead of an adjustment type. This function will not create or store any coordinate points. NOTE: This option cannot be used with Azimuth Traverses. You will see the following report: Total angular error: 0ø00'07'' Angular error per point: 0ø00'01'' Correct Ending Coordinates, North: 10000.00000 East: 10000.00000 Ending Coordinates, North: 10000.05876 East: 9999.95840 Error, N: 0.05876 E: -0.04160 Total: 0.07200 Brg: S 3517'49''E Distance Traversed: 1492.10800 Closure: 20725 Instrument point: 1, Error: 0.07200, Closure: 20725 Instrument point: 2, Error: 0.08249, Closure: 18089 Instrument point: 3, Error: 0.08284, Closure: 18013 Instrument point: 4, Error: 0.07542, Closure: 19785 Instrument point: 5, Error: 0.06751, Closure: 22103 Worst Closure: 18013 Average Closure: 19620 Possible bad angle at instrument point: 5, Closure: 22103 In the above example, there were 5 traverse points. The traverse is reduced ve times, beginning at each traverse point. The starting instrument point that produces the best closure is shown as having the bad angle. All closures are shown. OTHER METHODS OF TRAVERSING Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1198 Every surveyor has his own unique methods when it comes to traversing. This section describes and shows examples of four additional entry methods. Notice in the sample traverses there is a distance and vertical angle recorded for each foresight and back sight. This is optional, but you need at least one distance to each foresight. Where both foresight and back sight distances are recorded, distances will be averaged when reduced Side shots may be entered along with traverse information. You may turn more than one angle to side shots if you wish. A description and/or code only needs to be entered once for a given foresight point. Single Position with Direct and Reverse Angles Perform this method as follows: Shoot the back sight. Turn to a foresight. Record the angle and distance. Plunge the instrument. Take another reading (reversed) to the foresight. You may do this to traverse points and side shots. Turn back to the back sight with the instrument reversed. Record another angle to the back sight. The nal angle in each set for each instrument point must be a reverse reading to the back sight. The angle in the instrument for the rst back sight will be subtracted from the rst angle to each foresight. The nal (reverse) angle to the back sight will be subtracted from the second angle to each foresight. The two resulting angles will then be averaged to give you an angle to the foresight. All distances recorded will be averaged. Single Positions with Multiple Direct and Reverse Angles Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1199 Entering multiple sets of direct and reverse angles is very much like the preceding example where 1 direct and reverse set was entered. The only thing to remember is that each direct and reverse pair is a set. When another set is entered, it begins with a back sight direct angle (recorded like a foresight), has direct angles and reverse angles to the foresights, and ends with a reverse angle to the back sight. Do not begin a new instrument point for the second set, merely record a new back sight angle and continue with the procedure through each foresight, and end with another reverse angle to your back sight. Azimuth Traverses Azimuths are entered into a le with the azimuth to each foresight entered in the Foresight data entry line at the azimuth column. NOTE: If you are running a Closed Loop Traverse, a reference azimuth must be placed at the last instru- ment point if you wish to adjust the angular error. The reference azimuth is the correct azimuth from the last instrument point in the raw data le to the rst instrument point (or last foresight). Traverse with Doubled Angles Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1200 Each new instrument setup requires a 0 to the back sight. The rst angle to the foresight is the single angle. This angle is locked into the gun and the back sight is retaken. The second angle to the foresight is the doubled angle. You can double angles to side shots. Loop Traverse Beginning and Ending on External Reference Azimuths This type of traverse occurs frequently. The example below shows a Loop Traverse that begins on an external reference azimuth and ends on an external reference azimuth. Even though this traverse closes on itself, it must be reduced as a Closed Traverse Beginning and Ending at Known Points. Point 100 is a dummy point on the azimuth line. Line 3 shows a reference bearing from point 1 to 100 (negative means from ip to bs) of S00-00-00E. Line 16 shows the same reference bearing. Point number 100 need not exist in the coordinate le and will not be calculated, but a dummy backsight and foresight point number must be entered into the raw data le. Use Of Reference Bearings and Azimuths Reference Bearings and Azimuths are entered by Adding or Inserting a Reference Bearing data entry line. For example: DR 1-2 123.4523 The direction from point 1 to point 2 is N23-45-23E. Reference bearings and azimuths are optional (except for Closed Loop Azimuth Traverses). If a reference bearing is used, that direction will be held during the reduction process. More than one reference bearing may be used. The data below shows a raw data le using multiple reference bearings: The previous data represents a loop traverse. If you choose to adjust angles, all angles will be adjusted from one reference bearing to the next (angles 1-5, 6-1). Angular closure information will also be shown from one reference bearing to the next. See the Reduction section of this chapter for more specic information on the use of reference bearings with different types of traverses. Except for an initial reference bearing to the back sight point, reference bearings will be ignored for Open Traverses (no adjustments are available). Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1201 Multiple Traverse Codes in a Single File This sample is of a raw data le that contains multiple traverse codes in a single le: ET end main loop traverse Scale factors are placed after Instrument Point data entry lines. Any text following a LT, CT, OT or ET marker is used for comments. Notice that the codes MUST precede the rst instrument setup that begins the traverse. The Foresight Tie Point in the previous example is necessary because there is a side shot (point #25) at the end of the Closed Traverse. The reduction routine does not know whether you are tying into point 25 or point 2 Pull Down Menu Location:CGTrav\ Reduce Traverse KeyBoard Command:RT, CG REDUCE RAW Prerequisite:Open Raw le * .CGR Edit Map Check File The map check program is used to enter or edit deed and map information for checking closures and to assist with evaluating data from other sources for a job you are working on. Note: for further and complete information on using the Mapcheck editor, see the chapter on CGEditor in the Tools section. Pulldown Menu Location: CGTrav/Edit Mapcheck File Keyboard Command: EM, CG EDIT MAP Prerequisite: None Reduce Map Check File If a map check le is not open, a le dialogue box will appear, allowing you to open an existing map check le. If you wish the coordinates to be adjusted, select the type of adjustment in the Traverse Options dialog box. If a coordinate le is not open, a le dialog box will appear allowing you to open one.NOTE You may use the same Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1202 coordinate le as often as you wish. Make sure the correct coordinate le is open. Next Enter Point values: the starting Point number, Northing and Easting and the ending Northing and Easting: The map data will then be reduced and the coordinates stored in the coordinate le. Overwrite protection is in place in case the points already exist in the coordinate le. If a point already exists in the coordinate le you will have the following options: CANCEL: will terminate the process of storing coordinates. OVERWRITE :will overwrite the existing point. DO NO OVERWRITE: skip to the next point. If you have the ''Do Not Ask Again'' box checked. Overwrite will overwrite all points without asking, and Do Not Overwrite will only write NEW points to the coordinate le. The initial closure information will by shown. For example: Correct Ending Coordinates, North: 5000.0000 East: 5000.0000 Ending Coordinates, North: 5071.8346 East: 4894.7441 Error, N: 71.83 E: -105.26 Total: 127.43 Brg: S 55ø41'15''E Distance Traversed: 1308.19 Closure: 10 A full report including acreage may be viewed by pressing the F2 key to view the CAD Text Window. You may also view/print the display le. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1203 Pulldown menu Location:CGTrav Keyboard Command:RDM, CG REDUCE MAP Prerequisite: Open Coordinate File Visual Map Check This routine allows you to graphically pick the Call Text (Bearings and Distance) from a drawing and perform a Map Check Closure. Prompts First you will be asked: Pick Point of Beginning: You can enter the beginning point number, or graphically pick the point on the screen. Next: Pick Bearing Text for Leg 1 (ask Reverse is ON) [Off/Done]<Done>: Graphically pick the text with the Bearing. If ''ask Reverse'' is turned ON, you will be allowed to reverse the direction of the bearing after it is selected: Next: Pick Distance Text for Leg 1: Graphically pick the text with the distance. You will see: Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1204 If you select YES, you will go to the next leg. If you select NO: you will be asked to pick the Bearing and distance for Leg 1 again. After selecting all the Calls: press ENTER for DONE. You will have the option: If you select YES, the information: you selected will be placed in a Map Check File. You will be asked to select the CGM le. Next: Enter the starting and ending coordinates for the traverse. The map data will then be reduced and the coordinates stored in the coordinate le. Overwrite protection is in place in case the points already exist in the coordinate le. If a point already exists in the coordinate le you will have the following options: Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1205 CANCEL: will terminate the process of storing coordinates. OVERWRITE: will overwrite the existing point. DO NO OVERWRITE: skip to the next point. If you have the ''Do Not Ask Again'' box checked, OVERWRTE will overwrite all points without asking, DO NOT OVERWRITE: will only write NEW points to the coordinate le. Below is a sample Report: Correct Ending Coordinates, North: 10000.00000 East: 10000.00000 Ending Coordinates, North: 9586.74896 East: 9586.74832 Error, N: -413.25104 E: -413.25168 Total: 584.42568 Brg: N 4500'00''E Distance Traversed: 1492.10700 Closure: 3 Adjusted by Least Squares Bearing Distance Northing Easting Elevation Point ID 10000.00000 10000.00000 900.00000 1 S 5819'27''W 146.64772 9922.99352 9875.19793 2 N 0519'46''W 299.65818 10221.35627 9847.36450 3 N 7317'06''W 156.24457 10266.29428 9697.72179 4 S 0435'43''E 226.90862 10040.11507 9715.90113 5 S 6419'20''E 371.14929 9879.29253 10050.39763 900.00000 1 Sq. Feet: 814183.13568 Acres: 18.69107 Pulldown menu Location: CGTrav Keyboard Command:VM, cg visual mapcheck Prerequisite: Call Text must be diplayed to select Create StarNet File This option converts a raw data le to the Star * Net (.DAT) format. The raw data le will be preprocessed. During conversion, multiple distances and angles will be averaged and compared to the maximum ranges set in the Traverse Options dialog box. To use this option properly, you must know how Star * Net works. You should be familiar with all Star * Net codes and commands. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1206 NOTE: This manual is not a substitute for the Star * Net manual. Below is a sample raw data le that contains three different traverse types. This raw data le can be re- duced using CG-SURVEY or written to a Star * Net le for reduction with Star * Net, both without any editing. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1207 The coordinate formats (C code) are the same for Star * Net and CG-SURVEY; no translation is necessary. If a comment line in the raw data le uses a valid Star * Net code or command, it will be used in its original form (as with coordinates); not as a comment. These codes are #, C, A, D, V, B, M, TB, T, TE, SS (followed by a space) and all dot commands. (example: .CURVE, .SCALE, etc...) Multiplication factors are converted to the .Scale command. The original multiplication factor set in the Global Options dialog box will be placed at the beginning of the Star * Net le. Other multiplication factors will be placed as they occur in the raw data le. NOTE: You cannot use a multiplication factor for meter/feet conversion in a 3-D traverse in Star * Net 3.2. Reference bearings/azimuths are converted to the B format. All traverse points are converted to the M format and side shots to the SS format. Only points used once (as a foresight point) will be considered a side shot. If a point is located from more than one instrument setup, or is used as an instrument point or backsight point, the point will be converted to a M format The LT, ET, OT, FT and CT codes are converted to comments. Point codes are combined with descrip- tions. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1208 If Elevations are on, the Star * Net le must be adjusted as a 3-D traverse. The following could oc- cur: If you input slope distances and vertical angles, all distances will rst be reduced to their horizontal/vertical components. Multiple distances will be averaged and then a slope distance and vertical angle will be recomputed from the averaged horizontal/ vertical components. This is done so Star * Net can compute corrections for curvature and refraction and vertical divergence (can only be done if vertical angles are used in a 3-D traverse.) A ''.Delta Off'' command will be placed in the Star * Net le. If Curvature and Refraction is on in the Options/Global Options dialog box, a Curve command will be placed in the Star * Net le. If you input horizontal and vertical distances, a ''.Delta On'' command will be placed in the Star * Net le. No corrections for curvature and refraction or vertical divergence will be possible. If Elevations are off in the Options/Global Options dialog box, the Star * Net le must be reduced as a 2-D traverse. The following will occur: If you input slope distances and vertical angles, all distances will be reduced to their horizontal/vertical components and the vertical components will be thrown away. Multiple distances will be averaged. No corrections for curvature and refraction or vertical divergence are allowed in a 2-D traverse with Star * Net version 3.2 or earlier. Pulldown Menu Location: CGTrav Keyboard Command:STN, CG REDUCE STARNET Prerequisite: Open CG Raw le * .CGR CGCogo General Information The Command Line: Throughout CGSurvey the user will be prompted at the command line for input. Typically the command line is at Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1209 the bottom of the CAD graphic screen, although the command line can be placed above the graphics screen. To enter a command at the command line use the key board, and press the <Enter> key when nished. The F2 hot key can be used at any time to access a full text window that displays user input and history. As point numbers are typed in, or selected on the screen using the mouse, the point number entered is displayed at the command line. When the next point ID is requested the previous point ID is used as the starting point for the command. For example, when inversing from 5 to 7. First you type 5 at the command line and press <Enter>. Command: [Point group/Reset/sNap on] (last point = <none>: 5 [cLockwise curve/ccW curve/Point group/Reset/sNap on] (last point = 5): Note that 5 is now displayed as the ''Last Point''. This means that when 7 is entered at the command line the inverse will be calculated from point 5 to point 7. To clear the last point enter R or ''.'' and <Enter> for Reset. The last point will now be shown as <none>. Inverse This command allows you to determine the bearing and distance between the endpoints of a line or a curve by entering the points that dene the line or curve. After choosing the Inverse menu item you are asked to ''Enter point sequence''. A point sequence is a series of points that dene the points being used to calculate the inverse. You may enter one point ID at a time to inverse from point to point. You may enter the two points separated by a dash (5-7), etc. Enter point sequence [Point group/Reset/sNap on] (last point = <none>: 5 [cLockwise curve/ccW curve/Point group/Reset/sNap on] (last point = 5): 7 Note that 5 is now displayed as the ''Last Point''. This means that when 7 is entered at the command line the inverse will be calculated from point 5 to point 7. To ''Reset'' the last point enter R or ''.'' and <Enter> for Reset. The last point will now be shown as <none>. Inversing Around Curves Clockwise To inverse around a clockwise curve (one curving to the right), enter the PC point ID then enter ''L'' or ''+'' to indicate a clockwise curve. Next enter the point IDof the radius point of the clockwise curve and followwith the PT point ID. For Example: First enter the PC of the curve. In this example type or pick point ID 2201 Enter point sequence [cg-Point-group/Reset/turn-Snap-on] (last point = <none>): 2201 Now type L or ''+'' and <Enter> for a clockwise curve Enter point sequence [clockWise curve/Ccw curve/Point group/Reset] (last point = 2201):L Next type or pick the radius point ID 2200 Enter radius point for curve [Reset/sNap on]: 2200 You may also use the mouse to pick a C&G Arc. In this case, the arc's radius point will be used Next type or pick the PT point ID 2202 Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1210 Enter point of tangency (PT) for curve [Reset/sNap]: 2202 Inversing Around Curves Counter Clockwise To inverse around a curve in a counter-clockwise direction (curving to the left) simply type W or ''-'' and <Enter> then proceed as with a clockwise curve. Inversing between a series of points in the coordinate le By entering 2 point numbers separated by a ''+'' you can inverse through successive point IDs in the order they are found in the coordinate le (either numeric or alphabetic order). For example, if you enter 3+6, inverses will be calculated and displayed from point 3 to 4, 4 to 5 and 5 to 6. You can use the <F2> key to view the information printed at the command line or you can view the print le (CGFile > Print/View Print File). Inversing using Point Groups: You can use a Point Group to inverse between a series of points specied by the point group. To specify a point group type a P or ' * ' and <Enter> at the command line. This will display a dialog box showing the Point Groups currently in the default directory. Prompts Enter point sequence [Point group/Reset/sNap on] (last point = <none>]: Enter or pick the rst point on a line or the PC of a curve. Type ''P'' and Enter to use a point group to specify the inversing sequence. Type ''R'' and Enter to Reset the last point. Type ''N'' and Enter to turn on CAD snaps (these are turned off when the command starts). [cLockwise curve/ccW curve/Point group/Reset/sNap on] (last point = 5): Enter or pick the next point ID to inverse to or type ''L'' and Enter or ''W'' and Enter to specify the radius point of a curve. if you are entering a curve: Enter radius point for curve [Reset/turn Snap on]: Enter or pick the radius point for the curve. Enter point of tangency (PT) for curve [Reset/turn Snap on]: Enter or pick the PT point for the curve. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Cogo Keyboard Command: cg inverse Prerequiste: coordinate le Intersects This feature allows you to calculate intersections based on one of the following methods: Bearing-bearing The bearing-bearing intersect is calculated based on a line passing through a point on a given bearing intersecting another line passing through a second point on another specied bearing. Bearing-distance This is based on a line passing through a point at a given bearing intersecting a circle at a given distance (radius) from a second point. This intersection by result in 2 points of intersection. Distance-distance This is based on intersecting a circle at a given distance (radius) from a point with another circle at another given distance (radius) from a second point. This may also result in 2 points of intersection. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1211 Perpendicular This is based on calculating the perpendicular distance from a given point to a line that passes through another point at a specied bearing. Tangent This is based on calculating the tangent points of a line drawn from a given point to a circle having a specied radius and radius point. Command line input After selecting the Intersects option on the CGCogo pull down menu and the Use Intersects Dialog menu item is not checked you will see the following prompt. Intersection method: Brng-Brng/Brng-Dist/Dist-Dist/Perp/Tangent or offsets-on [BB/BD/DD/Perp/Tangent/turn-Offsets-on]: Bearing-Bearing Intersections: Type ''bb'', then press <Enter> At the Enter rst Point: prompt type in or pick the point using the mouse As an illustration, using the example shown in the gure: type or pick point 2203. At the Enter rst bearing: prompt there are 3 options available: Type the bearing directly using the special C&G notation qddmmss (quadrant, degrees, minutes and econds) 105.2316 (N 05 23' 16''E) Enter the two known C&G points that dene the bearing either by typing the two points in with a dash be- tween them or picking the two points one at a time using the mouse. Or select a C&G line. When you select a line the bearing is computed by inversing between the two points that created the line. The bearing quadrant is based on traversing from the end point of the line farthest from the location where the line was picked to the end point of the line nearest to the point picked. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1212 Enter second point: for the example type or pick point 2204 Enter second bearing: use any of the methods outlined for entering rst bearing. The intersection will then be calculated, the intersection point saved to the coordinate le and the results displayed at the command line. When saving the intersection point, depending on your settings on the Global Settings tab of the C&G Op- tions dialog, you may be asked to either enter or change the point ID, elevation, point code and description. At each of the STORING POINT prompts there is an option to change settings [Settings]. Pressing S will bring up the Global Options tab of the C&G Options dialog box, allowing you to change settings prior to saving the point. (see the CGTools Chapter for a description of the CGOptions dialog box) Bearing-Distance Intersection Type bd to calculate the intersection of a circle with a line. Generally, the data is entered in the same fashion as for a bearing-bearing intersection. Once the data is entered each of the two solutions will be displayed one at a time. You will be asked if the solution shown is the correct solution. Is this the correct solution [Yes/No/ESC]: If the solution is the correct one press Y for <Yes>. If it is not the correct solution press N for <No> and the second solution will be displayed. If neither solution is correct press <Esc> to cancel and return to the previous prompt. Distance-Distance Intersection Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1213 Type dd to calculate the intersection of two circles: with the distances being the radii of the circles You will be prompted to enter the rst radius point and distance (radius) You will then be asked to enter the second radius point and distance (radius) As with the bearing-distance intersection, the two possible solutions will be displayed and you will be asked to choose the correct one (see dialog below). If you click the No button the other possible solution will be displayed. If you click the Yes button the intersection point will be stored. If you click Cancel the point will not be stored. The routine will continue with additional DD Intersections prompts until you escape [ESC] the routine. The process will be repeated until the user presses <Esc> twice to end the command. Perpendicular Intersection Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1214 Press P and <Enter> to calculate the point where the perpendicular constructed from a given point to a line intersects the line. At the Enter rst Point <>: prompt, type or pick a point on the line (in the example illustrated in the gure, type or pick point 2514) At the Enter bearing: <>: prompt, type the bearing of the line or type or pick the two points dening the bearing (in the example, 2514-2513) You will then be asked if you want to Store Perp. Int. Pt. (Yes/No): Choose whether to store the calculated point or simply view the data (you may not want to save the resulting intersection point). Enter second point <>: Type the point ID, or use the mouse to pick the point from which the perpendicular to line is to be constructed (in the example, 2488). The STORE POINT prompt will indicate the point being stored (in the example it will be 2489). Press <ESC> to cancel point storage. To exit the Instrsects feature, the user must press <Esc> twice or the routine will repeat. Tangent Intersection Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1215 Type T and <Enter> to calculate the points at which a line from a given point becomes tangent to a circle. You must choose a radius point for the circle, the radius of the circle, and the external point from which the tangent will start. At the Enter radius point for circle: prompt, type or pick the center or radius point of the circle (in the example, 2490) At the Enter radius of circle: prompt, type the radius or type or pick two points that dene the radius distance (in this example, 2490-2492, or 69.92' ) At the Second point: prompt, type or pick the point through which the tangent lines must pass (in the example, 2491) As in some of the other intersection types, you must select the desired solution from the two possible solutions using the dialog shown for the distance-distance intersect.. If you click the Yes button, he intersection point will then be saved to the coordinate le and the results displayed at the command line. To end the command, press <Esc> twice or the routine will repeat Turn-Offsets-on: Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1216 Type O and <Enter> to turn the use of offsets on or off . An example of an offset intersection would be the easement lines for a sewer line. This routine can calculate the offset intersection say for a 7.5' left offset and a 10' right offset, as shown. For example: Enter rst offset distance <>: -7.50 Enter Second offset distance <-7.50>: 10.00 The offset distances are positive if right of the line, as seen looking down the line in the direction of the dened bearing, negative if left of the line. Intersects dialog If the Use Intersects Dialog menu item is checked you will see the following dialog: To use the Intersects dialog just set the Intersect Type drop down list to specify the type of intersect you wish to do. Next click on the item you wish to specify. You may type in the information or you can move the curser over the drawing area and you will be prompted for the information required for the edit box you were last in. To enter the next item, click on that edit box and type the information or, as before, move the cursor over the drawing and you will be prompted for the necessary information for the last edit box you were in. Continue to do this until all information has been entered then click the Compute button to compute the intersection. The results will be printed Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1217 on the CAD command line and to the print le. If the Store Intersect Point check box is checked the intersection point will be stored in the coordinate le. You may specify offsets by checking the Specify Offsets checkbox and entering or picking the off set distance(s). Click the Reset button to remove all entered data from the dialog. You may perform any other commands while the Intersects dialog is displayed - the data entered in the dialog will remain for use at any time. Prompts Not using Intersects Dialog: Intersection method: Brng-Brng/Brng-Dist/Dist-Dist/Perp/Tangent or offsets-on [BB/BD/DD/Perp/Tangent/turn-Offsets-on]: Type the 1 or 2 capitalized letters to specify the typ of intersect to calculate or to turn offsets on. point prompts Enter point: Type a point ID or pick a point symbol on the screen. Enter rst point: Type a point ID or pick a point symbol on the screen. Enter second point: Type a point ID or pick a point symbol on the screen. Enter radius point for circle: Type a point ID or pick a point symbol on the screen. Enter point on tangent line: Type a point ID or pick a point symbol on the screen. bearing prompts: Enter bearing <100.0000>: Type or pick the bearing. Enter rst bearing <100.0000>: Type or pick the bearing. Enter second bearing <100.0000>: Type or pick the bearing. distance prompts: Enter distance <0.000000>: Type or pick the distance. Enter 1st distance <0.000000>: Type or pick the distance. Enter radius of circle <0.000000>: Type or pick the distance. perpendicular intersect prompt: Store perpendicular intersect point [Yes/No] <N>: Type ''Y'' or ''N'' and Enter. Stopping to allow viewing of intersect point (red X) <Enter to continue> This prompt is displayed if you answered ''N'' to the previous prompt. Just press Enter to continue. Intersects dialog: Type or pick the data into the appropriate edit boxes then click the Compute button to view the results and save the intersection point to the coordinate le. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Cogo Keyboard Command: cg intersects Prerequiste: coordinate le Station Offset Station Offset In order to use the station offset functions, you must create a Point Group (formerly called a batch point le or point le) dening a centerline alignment. The Coordinate Management > Point Groups > Create section describes how you can create a Point Group. To illustrate the use of point groups in the various station offset features, the following point group le will be used: 7.25+ (Slope in, 1st vert. Curve) 1.75- (Slope out, 1st vert. curve & slope in, 2nd vert. Curve) 200 * (Vertical Curve Length curve 1) /123.50 (PVI Elevation curve 1) * 1300 (PVI Station curve 1) 2.00- (Slope out of curve 2) Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1218 * 1750 (PVI Station curve 2) 300 * (Curve Length curve 2) 1000 (Subgroup name - also default beginning station) 2001 (Point ID at Sta. 10+00) 2002 (Point ID at PC of Curve) -2003 (Radius point ID, '-' indicates counter clockwise) 2004 (Point ID at PT of curve) 2005 (Point ID at PC of curve) +2006 (Radius point ID , '+' indicates clockwise curve) 2007 (Point ID of PT of curve) 2008 (Point ID of PC of curve) +2009 (Radius point ID, '+' indicates a clockwise curve) 2010 (Point ID of PT of curve - last entry in subgroup and in le) NOTE: Information shown in parenthesis are comments used here for explanation and do not appear in the point group le itself. Alignment used for examples Coords From Station Offset This feature allows you to calculate and store a coordinate point for any given station and offset along an alignment dened by a point group. Use the Select a C&G Point Group File dialog to open a point group le. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1219 . Enter Starting Station [Done] <0.0000> You can Press <Enter> to use the default station shown, or you can enter a new starting station. If you enter a ''+'' followed by a value, ex. ''+50'', all stations on a 50 foot interval will be calculated automatically. Enter Offset <0.00000>: Enter the offset distance from the alignmnent. The point ID, station, offset, northing, easting, elevation and description will be printed at the command line and written to the print le. You may repeat the process until you have calculated all the desired stations or press D then <Enter> to exit the command. Note: If Elevations are set to ''Calculate'' and Elevation is on, (See General tab of the C&G Options dia- log) then you will be asked to ''Enter constant elevation change for offset points''. The constant elevation change will be added to or subtracted from the calculated elevation of each newly created point on the alignment. If there is vertical curve information contained in the point group, this information will be used to calculate the initial elevation of each point. If there is no vertical curve information, the elevation of each new point will be calculated by interpolation between the elevations of the points contained in the point group. Prompts Enter Starting Station [Done] <0.0000>: You can Press <Enter> to use the default station shown, or you can enter a new starting station. Enter station [Interval] <0.000000>: Enter a station expressed as a decimal number. Type ''I'' and Enter to specify an interval or, alternatively, you can precede the station number with a ''+''. This will cause stations to be automatically calculated based on the value you specify. If you choose Interval in the previous prompt: Enter interval: Enter the desired interval for automatic generation of stations. Enter offset (+ = right, - = left) <0.000000>: Enter the offset distance from the alignmnent. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Cogo > Station Offset Keyboard Command: cg crds from staoff Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1220 Prerequiste: coordinate le, point group le dening the alignment Create Point Group From Station Offset This feature allows you create a point group by locating all the points along a predened alignment at a given offset. It then sorts the points by station and saves the points to a new Point Group. Select Create Point Group from Station-Offset from the menu. Use the Select a C&G Point Group File: to open the point group le specifying the ponts in the alignment. At the Calculate new points on the control line [Yes/No] <Y> prompt, If you answer no to this prompt, the points chosen by you in the previous step will be saved in station order to the new point group le. If you answer yes to the prompt, a new point will be created exactly on the offset line for each point found in the coordinate le that lies within the given range. The elevation of the new point will be set to the elevation of the nearby existing point and the new point IDs will be written to the new point group le instead of the existing point IDs. Repeat the above steps to specify another offset. Press D for <Done> to exit. Prompts At the Enter Offset <0.00000>: Type an offset if desired or just press enter for no offset. Offsets to the left should be preceded by a ''-''. At the Enter Maximum Range <0.0000>: Specify the tolerance for points not exactly on the alignment. Choose initial points for base selection set from coord le. (Enter when done) [All/Block/Code/Desc/Elev/Pt group/Limits/Radius/Select]: Use the various methods available to choose the points to be tested for being within the tolerance from the alignment. Calculate new points on the control line [Yes/No] <Y>: Type ''Y'' and Enter or just Enter to create new points on the alignment for those points found to be near the alignment and place these new point IDs in the point group being created. Type ''N'' and Enter to place the existing points in the point group being created. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Cogo > Station Offset Keyboard Command: cg bpf from sta Prerequiste: coordinate le, point group containing the points in the alignment Display Centerline Stations This features allows you to view a list of the centerline stations for a given point group. In the le dialog select the point group le that denes the alignment. At the Enter Starting Station [Done] <1000>: prompt you will notice that the subgroup name is used to determine the starting station default value. To use the default value, press <Enter>. You may also enter a new starting station for the rst point in the point group. For example, 24+34.12 is entered as 2434.12. The centerline station information will be listed on the command line and written to the print le. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1221 The Enter Starting Station (Done) <0.00000>: prompt will again be displayed at the command line, at this point you can either enter another point group, or type in another starting elevation. When done entering data, type D and <Enter> for to end the command. NOTE: The rst line of the Point Group must be the beginning station of the alignment. In any routine that computes or requires stationing information the station numbers must be relative to the stationing in the Point Group le. Prompts At the Enter Starting Station [Done] <1000>: Enter the starting station for the alignment as a decimal number. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Cogo > Station Offset Keyboard Command: cg display cl sta Prerequiste: coordinate le, point group le dening an alignment Station Offset From Coords This feature allows you to calculate the station and offset of selected points in the current coordinate le, based on the alignment as dened by the Point Group. Select Station Offset from Coords from the menu. You will rst be asked to open the point group le that denes the alignment. At the Enter Starting Station [Done] <0.00000>: prompt, enter the station of the rst point in the point group. For example, if the rst station is 24+34.12, enter it as 2434.12. (As an example using the point group listed in the previous section, the starting station must be greater than 1000, the starting station in the point group, and less than 2016.05, the station of the last point in the point group. If not, no information will be displayed.) Enter Maximum Range <0.00000>: The range identies how far to look left and right of the alignment for points in the current coordinate le. Next, you will be asked to select the points to be considered in computing the station offsets Add points from coordinate le. (Enter when done) [All/Block/Code/Desc/Elev/Pt-group/Limit/Radius/Select]: At the prompt type A and <Enter> for all the points in the current coordinate le or use the other options to choose a subset of the points. As indicated by the prompt, press <Enter> by itself to end point selection. The station and offset information will be printed in order by station. The Enter Start Station [Done] <0.0000>: prompt will appear again, you may enter the next starting station or type D and <Enter> to end the command. Prompts Enter Starting Station [Done] <0.00000>: Enter the starting station as a decimal number. Enter Maximum Range <0.00000>: The range denes the distance tolerance left and right of the alignment for points selected from the current coordinate le. Choose initial points for base selection set from coord le. (Enter when done) [All/Block/Code/Desc/Elev/Pt group/Limits/Radius/Select]: Use the various methods to select points from the coordinate le to be searched for proximity to the alignment. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Cogo > Station Offset Keyboard Command: cg staoff from crds Prerequiste: coordinate le, an existing point group le dening the alignment Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1222 Points on Line This feature allows you to calculate and store points along a line at specied distances. After choosing Points on Line from the menu and, if needed, opening a coordinate le, you will see following prompt: Pts on line - specify No. of pts & dist., divide line, or place pts at interval [Number and dist/Divide/Interval]: Choose one of the following: Number and dist: Type N and <Enter> to specify a number of points at a given interval from the start point on a line. Divide: Type D and <Enter> to select a line and indicate how many points you wish to create. The program then creates the specied number of points equally spaced along the length of the line. Interval: Type I and <Enter> to create points at the specied interval along a line dened by 2 points. Number and dist This option allows you to calculate a given number of points at a xed distance along a line. For example, you can set the corners for 3 lots at 150' intervals. At the Enter start point: prompt, enter a point on the desired line by typing a point ID or picking a point with the mouse. At the Enter bearing <100.0000>: prompt, use any one of the methods available to enter the bearing of the line on which you wish the points to fall. At the Enter distance <0.00000>: prompt, use any of the available methods to enter the distance between the points along the line. Enter number of points: Enter the number of points you want created. At the STORING POINT: prompt data required will vary depending on your current settings. You can enter a point number and its elevation, description, and code. This prompt will appear for each of the points created along the line The Enter start point: prompt will repeat until you press <Esc>. Pressing <Esc> again will allow you to create points on a line using one of the other methods. Pressing <Esc> a third time to end command. Divide Choosing this method allows you to create points by dividing a line between two points into a specied number of divisions Enter start point: Enter the rst point dening the line by picking a point using the mouse or typing a point ID. Enter end point: Enter the second point dening the line by picking a point using the mouse or typing a point ID. Enter number of segments: Enter the number of points you want to create. As the points are saved respond to the STORING POINT: prompt as required. The Enter start point: will repeat unless you press <Esc>. After pressing <Esc> once you may choose another method of creating points on a line or press <Esc> once more to end command. Interval This option allows you to create as many points as possible at a specied interval on a line between two points. Enter start point: Enter the rst point dening the line by picking a point using the mouse or typing a point ID. Enter end point: Enter the second point dening the line by picking a point using the mouse or typing a point ID. Enter Distance <0.0000>: Enter the desired distance between the points created along the line. Points will be created along the line at the given distance. As many points as will t between the end points at the given spacing will be created. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1223 No matter which method is used to create points, the Saving Point dialog (see below) will appear for each of the points created. Click OK to save the point in the coordinate le. Repeat from the Enter start point: prompt or press <Esc> to use another method to create points along a line. Press <Esc> once more to end the command. Prompts Specify: Number of points and distance, divide line or points at an interval [Number and dist/Divide/Interval]: Type ''N'' and Enter to create a specied number of points along a line a specied distance apart. Type ''D'' and Enter to create a specied number of points between 2 points. Type ''I'' and Enter to create a point a specied distance from the starting point of a line specied by 2 points. Enter start point: Enter the point ID or pick the point symbol for the starting point of the line. for Number and Dist: Enter bearing <100.0000>: Enter the bearing of the line along which the points are to be created. Enter distance <0.000000>: Enter the distance between the points. Enter number of points: Enter the number of points to be created. for Divide: Enter end point: Enter the point ID or pick the point symbol for the ending point of the line. Enter number of segments: Specify the number of points to be created on the line between its end points. for Interval: Enter end point: Enter the point ID or pick the point symbol for the ending point of the line. Enter distance <0.000000>: Enter or pick the distance along the line for creating the new point. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Cogo Keyboard Command: cg pol Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1224 Prerequiste: coordinate le Curves There are several possible curve calculations available on the Curves submenu. The available options will be described in the following sections. Calculate Horizontal This feature allows you to calculate the components of a horizontal curve but does not save any points to the coordinate le. In the dialog enter any two curve components then press OK to calculate the other components. To use the mouse to pick the two known components press the Pick button and pick the PC, PT and radius points or a C&G or non-C&G arc. The description eld is merely used to identify the curve in the printout. The Reset button clears all elds. When done, press the Cancel button to close the dialog. Prompts Horizontal Curve Calculation dialog: Enter any two curve components then press OK to calculate the other components. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Cogo > Curves Keyboard Command: cg horz calc Prerequiste: None Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1225 Curve Between Tangents This feature allows you to calculate the curve components for a curve between two tangent lines given either the radius, the length of the tangent line or a point through which the arc passes. At the Enter rst point [Done]: prompt, enter or pick a point on one of the tangent lines. The point ID of the point selected will be displayed on the command line. Enter rst Bearing <100.000000>: use any of the available methods to enter the bearing from the point you just selected going toward to the point of intersection (P.I.) of the curve. The bearing entered will be displayed on the command line. Enter second point: type or pick a point on the other tangent line. Enter second bearing <100.000000>: enter the bearing of the other tangent. Offset out <0.000000>: This is an optional entry. It allows you to calculate a point outside the curve (for example, on the right-of-way). Press <Enter> to use the default value or enter another offset. The offset used will be displayed on the command line. Offset in <0.000000>: 50 This ioptional entry allows you to calculate a point inside the curve. Enter point on arc [Radius mode/Tangent-Distance mode]: At this prompt there are three options as to how to specify the location of the desired curve: At this prompt you can type or pick a point on the arc, Or you can type R and <Enter> to get the prompt: Specify radius of curve [Tangent-mode/Point-on-arc-mode]: At this prompt specify the radius of the curve. Or you can type T and <Enter> to get the prompt: Specify tangent distance [Radius-mode/Point-on-arc-mode: At this prompt enter the distance from the PC or PT to the PI. The locations of the PC, PI, PT, and radius point are calculated and the Saving Point dialog (see below) will appear once for each. Depending on the Global Options settings, the calculated points may be drawn. If Auto Line Plot is on, the arc will be drawn as well. The coordinates of points that were created and the curve information will be displayed at the command line. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1226 To end the command type D and <Enter> at the Specify an existing point on the rst tangent line [Done]: prompt. Prompts Specify an existing point on the rst tangent line [Done]: Enter or pick a point on one of the tangent lines. Specify the bearing of the rst tangent line <100.0000>: Enter the bearing or pick 2 points or a line to dene the bearing. Specify an existing point on the second tangent line: Enter or pick a point on the second tangent line. Specify the bearing of the second tangent line <100.0000>: Enter or pick the bearing of the second tangent. Offset out <0.000000>: This is an optional entry. It allows you to calculate a point outside the curve Offset in <0.000000>: This ioptional entry allows you to calculate a point inside the curve. Specify an existing point on the arc [Radius mode/Tangent distance mode]: Enter or pick a point on the arc or change how you dene the arc by entering ''R'' and Enter for the Radius method or 'T'' for the Tangent-distance method Specify radius of curve [Tangent distance mode/Point on arc mode]: Enter the radius or change the mode. Specify tangent distance [Radius mode/Point-on-arc-mode: Enter the tangent distance or change the mode. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Cogo > Curves Keyboard Command: cg cbt Prerequiste: coordinate le Middle Ordinate Solution Allows you to calculate the other curve elements when you can locate the chord and determine the middle ordinate distance in the eld. Prompts Save coordinates [Yes/No)] <Y>: press Enter or type ''Y'' and Enter if you want the calculated radius point to be stored in the coordinate le. If not type ''N'' and Enter. Press Esc key to end the command. Enter P.C. point: specify the PC point by typing a point ID or picking a point on the screen. Enter PT point: specify the PT point by typing a point ID or picking a point on the screen. Middle ordinate: Type in the middle ordinant distance or pick it on the screen. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Cogo > Curves Keyboard Command: cg chd mo Prerequiste: coordinate le Points on Arc This feature allows you to create points along an arc. The rst point is set at a distance measured along the arc starting at the PC. Enter PC point or pick a C&G Curve: enter or pick the PC point or pick a C&G curve. If you picked a C&G Curve, the PC, Radius point, Pt point and arc length will be displayed at the command line. After picking a C&G Curve, skip the next 2 steps. Enter PT point: Enter or pick the PT point. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1227 Enter radius point [cLockwise/ccW]: For a clockwise curve either type L or '+' and <Enter> then pick or type a point ID or type a point ID preceded by a '+'. For a counter clockwise curve either type a W or a '-' and <Enter> then pick or type a point ID or type a point ID preceded by a '-' . Enter arc length [Occupy/Multiple points] <0.000000>: Occupy option In occupy mode the points are located along the arc with the arc length being measured from the previous point. Thus the occupied point moves ahead to the last computed point as calculations proceed. When you type O and <Enter> the prompt becomes: Enter arc length [do not Occupy/Multiple points] <0.000000>: Specify the arc length at the prompt. A point will be created and you will be prompted for the next arc length. Continue entering arc lengths until done then press <Esc> to return to the Enter PC point or pick a C&G Curve: prompt. Multiple points option This option allows you to compute multiple points along the arc at a given distance. The specied distance is used to set as many points along the arc as will t between the PC and the PT. When you type M and <Enter> the prompt becomes: Enter arc length [do not Occupy/Single point] <0.000000>: Specify the arc length at the prompt. A as many points as can be t between the PC and the PT will be created. You will then be prompted for the next arc length. Continue entering arc lengths until done then press <Esc> to return to the Enter PC point or pick a C&G Curve: prompt. At the Enter PC point or pick a C&G Curve: prompt you can continue specifying curves or you can press <Esc> to end the command. Prompts Enter PC point or pick a C&G Curve: Enter a point ID or pick a point symbol or a C&G Arc on the screen. Press Esc to end the command. Enter PT point: Enter or pick the PT point. Enter radius point [cLockwise/ccW]: For a clockwise curve either type ''L'' (or a plus sign ('+')) and <Enter> then pick or type a point ID or type a point ID preceded by a '+'. For a counter clockwise curve either type a ''W'' (or a minus sign ('-')) and <Enter> then pick or type a point ID or type a point ID preceded by a '-' . Enter arc length [Occupy/Multiple points] <0.000000>: Enter an arc length to create a single point on the arc. Enter ''O'' and Enter to ''occupy'' the calculated point so the next arc length is calculated from that point instead of the PC. Enter ''M'' and Enter to calculate multiple points along the arc at a specied distance. Enter arc length [do not Occupy/Single point] <0.000000>: For multiple points enter the desired arc length or change input mode. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Cogo > Curves Keyboard Command: cg poa Prerequiste: coordinate le Spiral Curve Design This feature allows you to design a spiral curve. You will be prompted using standard spiral curve component nomenclature. Follow the prompts described in the Prompts section below and the following Spiral curve data is calculated and displayed at the command line and written to the print le. Point of Intersection of the spiral (PI for spiral) Tangent point of the spiral (TS for spiral) Point where spiral meets simple curve (SC for spiral) Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1228 Radius point of the simple curve Point where simple curve meets outgoing spiral (CS for spiral) Point where spiral meets tangent on outgoing side (TS for spiral) For each of the points calculated the prompt The Saving Point dialog (see below) will appear and allow you to specify the point ID. Click OK to cause the point to be stored in the coordinate le. At the Curve Description <enter if done>: prompt you can either enter the description for another curve or press <Enter> to end the command. Prompts Curve description <enter if none>: This description is optional but is used to identify the information in the results. Press Enter to end the command. Enter the rst point: Enter or pick a point on the tangent going into the spiral. Enter rst bearing <100.0000>: Enter or pick the bearing from rst point to the P.I of the spiral. Enter second point: Enter or pick a point on the tangent going out of the spiral. Enter second bearing <100.0000>: Enter the bearing from second point to the PI. Enter Radius [Degree of curve] <0.000000>: Enter or pick the radius or type ''D'' and Enter to change to degree of curve prompt. or Enter Degree of Curve [Radius]: Enter or pick the degree of curve or type ''R'' and Enter to change to radius prompt. Enter spiral length in <0.00000>: Enter or pick the length of the spiral coming from the rst tangent into the simple curve. Enter a zero for no spiral in. Enter spiral length out <0.00000>: Enter the length of the spiral from the simple curve out to the second tangent. Enter a zero for no spiral out. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1229 Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Cogo > Curves Keyboard Command: cg scd Prerequiste: coordinate le Spiral Curve Stakeout This feature allows you to calculate points along a spiral at a given interval and offset for use in staking out the curve in the eld. Curve Description <enter if done>: This text description is only used to identify the spiral curve data printed at the command line and written to the print le. Enter the rst point: Enter or pick a point on the tangent line going into the spiral. Enter rst bearing <100.000000>: Enter the bearing going toward the P.I. of the spiral from the rst point. Enter the second point: Enter or pick a point on the tangent line going out of the spiral. Enter second bearing <100.0000>: Enter the bearing from the tangent point just dened to the P.I. for the spiral. Enter Radius [Degree of Curve] <0.0000>: Radius option: Entering the radius is the default option as indicated by the wording of the prompt. Degree of Curve option: To change to entering the degree of curve type D and <Enter>. Once you have chosen the type of data you wish to specify, type or pick the radius of the simple curve between the two tangents or the degree of curve. Enter spiral length in <0.000000>: enter the length of the spiral from the TS (Tangent to Spiral) to the SC (Spiral to Curve). Enter zero for no spiral in. Enter spiral length out <0.000000>: enter the length of the spiral from the CS (Curve to Spiral) to the ST (Spiral to Tangent). Enter zero for no spiral out. Enter P.I. station <0.0000>: Enter the station of the PI. For example: station 460+28.52 is entered as 46028.52 Enter station interval <0.0000>: Specify the interval at which you wish to stake the spiral. For example, enter 50 to stake every 50 units. Enter offset from centerline <0.0000>: This can be a positive or negative number depending on whether you want to set points inside or outside the spiral. If you want to place points on the centerline, simply press <Enter> to use the 0.00 default value. Odd stations to be staked (6+34.22 as 634.22): You can stake as many odd station locations as needed. When done press <Enter> without entering a station value. The points will be calculated and stored in the coordinate le. The station and offset will be placed in the description eld. The results will be printed at the command line and in the print le. Continue to stake another spiral or press <Esc> or <Enter> at the Curve Description <enter if done>: prompt to end the command. Prompts Curve Description <enter if done>: This text description is optional and is used to identify the spiral curve in the output Enter the rst point: Enter or pick a point on the tangent line going into the spiral. Enter rst bearing <100.000000>: Enter the bearing going toward the P.I. of the spiral from the rst point. Enter the second point: Enter or pick a point on the tangent line going out of the spiral. Enter second bearing <100.0000>: Enter or pick the bearing from the second tangent point to the P.I. for the spiral. Enter Radius [Degree of Curve] <0.0000>: Enter or pick the radius. or, to change to entering the degree of curve, type ''D'' and Enter. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1230 Enter spiral length in <0.000000>: enter the length of the spiral from the TS (Tangent to Spiral) to the SC (Spiral to Curve). Enter zero for no spiral in. Enter spiral length out <0.000000>: enter the length of the spiral from the CS (Curve to Spiral) to the ST (Spiral to Tangent). Enter zero for no spiral out. Enter P.I. station <0.0000>: Enter the station of the PI. For example: station 460+28.52 is entered as 46028.52 Odd stations to be staked (6+34.22 as 634.22): Enter as many odd stations as needed. When done press Enter. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Cogo > Curves Keyboard Command: cg scs Prerequiste: coordinate le Stakeout Horizontal This feature allows you to create points for eld staking a horizontal curve. After choosing the Horizontal Stakeout menu item, and opening a coordinate le you will be asked if you want to Save coordinates [Yes/No] <Y>. If you respond Yes (or press enter), a new point will be saved to the coordinate le for each point to be staked along the curve. No matter how you answer this question, stakeout information will be generated and displayed. Enter curve description: Enter a description that will allow you to identify the curve in the output. P.C. station <0.000000>: Enter the station for the P.C. of the curve. Station interval <0.000000>: Enter an interval for staking the points along the curve. Odd stations to be staked (6+34.22 as 634.22) [Done]: Enter the station of any odd location along the curve to be staked. For example, you may wish to stake the point on the curve at which a pipe crosses or the point where the extension of a property line intersects the curve. You may enter as many odd stations as required. When done, press <Enter> at the prompt without entering a new odd station or press D and <Enter>. Offset from C/L <0.000000>: enter a non-zero value here if you must stake points offset from the main alignment - for example: along a curb line, a barrier wall or along a property line. If the distance is entered as a positive number, the distance will be added to the radius or staked outside the curve. If the number entered is negative, it will be subtracted from the radius or staked inside the curve. To stake the centerline, enter zero. At the Enter PC point or pick a curve: prompt you can type a point ID for the P.C. or use the mouse to pick a point or a C&G curve on the screen. If you picked a C&G curve in the previous step, you need not enter the PT point or the radius point so skip the next 2 steps. Enter PT point: type the point ID for the P.T. or click the point on the screen. Enter radius point [cLockwise/ccW]: Use any of the available methods of specifying a radius point. Type the radius point: If the curve is in a clockwise direction from the P.C. to the P.T., enter the point number preceded by a plus sign, e.g. +18. If the curve is in a counterclockwise direction from the P.C. to the P.T., the point ID preceded by a minus sign, e.g. -18. Pick the radius point with the mouse: If the curve is in a clockwise direction from the P.C. to the P.T., type an L or a '+' and <Enter>, then use the mouse to pick the point on the screen. If the curve is in a counterclockwise direction from the P.C. to the P.T., type either a W or a '-' and <Enter>, then pick the point on the screen. The report will be printed at the command line and written to the print le. The command will repeat until you press <Esc> at the Save coordinates [Yes/No] <Y>: prompt to end command. Prompts Save coordinates [Yes/No] <Y>: Type ''Y'' and Enter or just Enter if you wish to save resulting points to coordinate le. Type ''N'' and Enter if not. Press Esc to end command. Enter curve description: Enter a description that will allow you to identify the curve in the output. P.C. station <0.000000>: Enter the station for the P.C. of the curve. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1231 Station interval <0.000000>: Enter an interval for staking the points along the curve. Odd stations to be staked (6+34.22 as 634.22) [Done]: Enter as many ''odd'' stations to be staked. Type Enter or ''Done'' and Enter when all odd stations have been entered. Offset from C/L <0.000000>: If you wish to stake stations not on the centerline, enter the offset and press Enter or just press Enter to accept the default offset. Positive offset is outside the radius and negative is inside. Enter PC point or pick a curve: Enter a point ID, pick a point symbol or pick a C&G arc. if you did not pick a C&G arc: Enter PT point: Enter or pick the PT point. Enter radius point [cLockwise/ccW]: Enter ''L'' or ''W'' to choose the type of curve then Enter or pick the radius point. You may also enter ''+'' and Enter then enter or pick a point for the radius point of a clockwise curve or Enter a ''-'' and enter or pick a point for the radius point of a counter clockwise curve. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Cogo > Curves Keyboard Command: cg hcso Prerequiste: coordinate le Tangent Between Curves This feature allows you to calculate the end points of a tangent line joining two curves. This may be used, for example, to layout roads which do not have curve/tangent information. Follow the prompts noted below and, if a solution is possible, the endpoints of the tangent between the two curves will be calculated. Point IDs will be assigned and coordinates stored for the points of tangency. Repeat or enter ''D'' when done. NOTE: There are 4 tangent solutions for this problem. The solutions sets differ according to the sign pre- ceding the radius or degree of curve. Enter rst radius point [Done: Enter or pick the center point for one of the curves. Press Enter or type ''D'' and Enter when done. Enter rst radius <0.00000>: Enter the radius of the rst curve. Use a ''+'' sign before the point ID to specify a clockwise curve or a ''-'' sign to specify a counter clockwise curve. Enter second radius point: Enter or pick the center point for the second the curve. Enter second radius <0.00000>: Enter the radius for the second curve. Use a ''+'' sign before the point ID to specify a clockwise curve or a ''-'' sign to specify a counter clockwise curve. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Cogo > Curves Keyboard Command: cg tbc Prerequiste: coordinate le Vertical Curve Design This feature prints a list of station and elevation information for stations along one or more vertical curves. Use the Odd stations to be staked (6+34.22 as 634.22): prompt to enter any stations along the curve for which you wish elevation information. This permits you to calculate elevations over culverts or at other important locations. The calculated station and elevation information . The station, tangent elevation, tangent offset and grade elevation will be printed at the command line and in the print le. The high or low point will be marked with an asterisk. Repeat the process to design another vertical curve or press <Esc> at the Enter curve description: prompt to end Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1232 the command. Prompts Enter curve description: Description is used to identify the curve in the output. Enter slope in <0.00000>: The slope is entered as a percent. For example: enter -1.5 for a 1.5% downhill slope. Enter slope out <0.00000>: Enter the slope as a percent. Enter length of vertical curve <0.00000>: Enter the length of the vertical curve. Enter PVI Station <0.000000>: Enter the PVI station. For example: Enter 1250.00 for station 12+50.00 Enter PVI Elevation <0.000000>: Enter the PVI elevation. Enter station interval <0.000000>: Enter the station interval. Odd stations to be staked (6+34.22 as 634.22): Enter any stations along the curve for which you wish elevation information. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Cogo > Curves Keyboard Command: cg vcd Prerequiste: coordinate le Area Summary The Area Summary feature allows you to get information on the area and perimeter of one or more parcels and the tract that contains the parcels. After choosing the Area Summery menu item and, if required, opening a coordinate le, you are asked to specify the type of Area Summary you want: Type of Area Summary [Complete/Area only/Mapcheck] <C>: Complete Area Summary Complete summary allows you to get complete information on the area and perimeter of parcels and the tract that contains the parcels Source of points dening area [Point group/Manual entry] <P> If you have a Point Group, enter <P>. Enter <M> if you prefer to manually enter the points. Once the overall area and parcels have been dened either by using a point group or manually entering the information, the Complete Area Summary is displayed at the command line. The points used in dening the area are listed rst. If there are any arcs involved in the area computation, all of the elements of the curve will be displayed as well. After listing the points dening the area, the area and perimeter summary are reported. Area Only The data input is the same as for the Complete Area Summary but the report produced contains only the area of each parcel and the accumulated area for the entire tract Mapcheck Area The data input is the same as for the Complete Area Summary as is the resulting report except that it also includes closure information. The closure information includes the correct ending coordinates; the actual ending coordinates; the northings, eastings, and bearing and distance of the error; the total distance traversed and the overall closure. Prompts Open Coordinate File dialog: If a coordinate le is not open, you will be asked to open one. Type of Area Summary [Complete/Area only/Mapcheck] <C>: Press ''C'' and Enter or just Enter for Complete, Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1233 ''A'' for Area only, or ''M'' for Mapcheck. Source of points dening area [Point group/Manual entry] <P>: Type ''P'' and Enter or just Enter to use a point group to specify the points dening the tract. Type ''M'' and Enter to specify the points dening the tract by typing in point numbers or picking from the screen. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Cogo > Area Keyboard Command: cg asum Prerequiste: coordinate le Roadways The roadways submenu contains 2 features: Right-of-Way/Easements and Intersections/Cul-de-Sacs and the Inter- sections/Cul-de-Sacs has a submenu containing several features for each type of intersection or cul-de-sac. Right-of-Way Easements The Right-of-Way/Easements feature allows you to compute offsets left and/or right of an alignment. After the alignment points have been entered, offset points will be created to the left and right of each point you specied in the alignment. If Auto Point Numbering is on, the calculated points will be stored in the coordinate le. Depending on your settings for Auto Line Plot and Auto Point Plot in the Graphic tab of the C&G Options dialog, the new points and lines may also be drawn. If Auto Point Numbering is off, you will see the Saving Point dialog and can accept or change the default point number and other information associated with the point. Prompts Enter offset right<0.000000>: Enter the offset to the right of the alignment. Enter offset left<0.000000>: Enter the offset to the left of the alignment. Method for specifying center line points [Point group/Manual entry] <P>: To use a point group type ''P'' and Enter or just Enter and select the point group from a le dialog box. Type ''M'' and Enter to specify the alignment interactively. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Cogo > Roadways Keyboard Command: cg rw Prerequiste: coordinate le containing points dening the alignment Intersections/Cul-de-sacs T Intersections This feature allows you to calculate the right-of-way intersection points and/or the llet points and llet radius points (if llets are used) at T type intersections. One or both of the roads may have arc centerlines. The points dening the llet points will be calculated and stored in the coordinate le. Repeat as needed or press <Esc> or <Enter> at the Enter C/L intersection point (Enter when done): prompt to end the command. Prompts Enter C/L intersection point (Enter when done): enter or pick the centerline intersection point. Enter through road C/L bearing [Arc] <0.000000>: If the through road is a straight road, enter or pick the bearing for the road. Otherwise type A and <Enter>to switch to Arc mode and enter the radius point of the through road. Enter through road width <0.000000>: Enter the width of the through road. Enter 2nd road C/L bearing away from intersection [Arc] <0.000>: enter the 2nd bearing or press <A> for Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1234 Arc and enter the radius point. The bearing is away from the intersection. Enter 2nd road width <0.000>: Enter the 2nd road width. Enter llet radius <0.000>: If you do not want to have llets, press <Enter> to use the 0.00 default value. Otherwise, enter the llet radius. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Cogo > Roadways > Intersections/Cul-de-sacs Keyboard Command: cg tint Prerequiste: coordinate le X Intersections The radius, PC and PT points for each llet will be calculated and stored. If Auto Line Plot is on, the llet arcs will be drawn. Repeat as needed then press Enter or Esc to end the command. Prompts Enter C/L intersection point (Enter when done): enter or pick the intersection point of the two road centerlines. Enter 1st road C/L bearing [Arc]: If rst road is straight, enter the 1st bearing. If it is an Arc, enter the 1st radius point. Enter 1st road width: Enter 2nd road C/L bearing (Arc): If the intersection point for the rst road centerline is on a straight segment, enter the bearing of the centerline. If it is on an arc, type A and <Enter> then enter the rst road centerline's radius point. Enter 2nd road width: Enter the second road width. Enter 2nd road C/L bearing [Arc]: Enter the second road centerline bearing or type A and <Enter> and specify the centerline radius point for the second road. Enter llet radius: Enter the llet radius or zero, if there are no llets. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Cogo > Roadways > Intersections/Cul-de-sacs Keyboard Command: cg xint Prerequiste: coordinate le Y Intersections The radius, PC and PT points for each llet will be calculated and stored and if Auto Line Plot is on, the llet arcs will be drawn. Repeat as necessary then press <Esc> or <Enter> to end command. Prompts Enter C/L intersection point (Enter when done): Enter or pick the intersection point for the three road centerlines. Enter 1st road C/L bearing away from intersection point: Enter one of the road centerline bearings (going away from the intersection point). Enter 1st road width: enter the rst road width. Enter 2nd road C/L bearing away from intersection point: Enter another of the road centerline bearings (going away from the intersection.) Enter 2nd road width: Enter the width of the second road. Enter 3rd road C/L bearing away from intersection point: Enter last of the road centerline bearings (going away from the intersection.) Enter 3rd road width: Enter width of third road. Enter llet radius: Enter radius of llets or zero for none. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Cogo > Roadways > Intersections/Cul-de-sacs Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1235 Keyboard Command: cg yint Prerequiste: coordinate le Bubble Cul-de-Sac This type of cul-de-sac is also called a sh-eye cul-de-sac. It is commonly used at sharp turns in roads in subdivisions. Follow the prompts described below. When done the llet points and radius points will be stored in the coordinate le. These points will be plotted and the llet arcs will be drawn if the C&G settings call for it. You may repeat the process as necessary or press <Esc> to end command: Prompts Enter cul-de-sac radius point (Enter when done): type or pick the radius point. Enter cul-de-sac radius <0.000>: Enter the radius of the cul-de-sac. Enter 1st C/L bearing away from radius point <0.000>: Enter the bearing along the rst roadway centerline away from the cul-de-sac radius point. Enter 2nd C/L bearing away from radius point<0.000>:Enter the bearing along the second roadway centerline away from the cul-de-sac radius point Enter road width <0.000>: Enter the roadway width. Enter llet radius <0.000>: Enter the llet radius or zero for no llets. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Cogo > Roadways > Intersections/Cul-de-sacs Keyboard Command: cg bcul Prerequiste: coordinate le Standard Cul-de-Sac The standard cul-de-sac is a common feature of most subdivisions. Enter cul-de-sac radius point (ENTER when done): type or pick the cul-de-sac radius point (in this example, point 2301). Enter cul-de-sac radius <0.000000>: Enter or pick the radius of the cul-de-sac (60 units in the example). Enter C/L bearing away from radius point [Arc] : In computing a straight cul-de-sac you must enter the bearing of the road centerline going away from the radius point. For the example the bearing is from point 2301 to point 2302. Enter point on C/L (NOT radius point): This must be a C&G point on the centerline but cannot be the same as the cul-de-sac radius point. In this case we can use point 2302 Enter road width <0.000000>: enter the total width of the road right-of-way. Enter llet radius <0.000000>: Enter the llet radius. Remember, you do not have to have a llet radius, you may enter zero here. The points needed to dene the cul-de-sac and the llets are calculated and stored in the coordinate le. If Auto Line Plot is on the lines for the cul-de-sac and the llets will be drawn automatically. You may repeat the process as many times as necessary. When done, press <Enter> at the Enter cul-de-sac radius point (ENTER when done): Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1236 Standard Cul-de-Sac on ARC The procedure for a cul-de-sac on arc is the same as it is for a straight cul-de-sac, except at the Enter C/L bearing away from radius point [Arc] : prompt, choose A for Arc, then enter the C/L radius point for the roadway, in this case point 2313. Offset cul-de-sac: The procedure for offset cul-de-sac is the same as a straight cul-de-sac except the radius point is the offset point. In the sketch, the point 2324 is the radius point. The bearing is from 2324 toward 2326 and the point on the C/L would be point 2325. Prompts Enter cul-de-sac radius point (ENTER when done): type or pick the cul-de-sac radius point. Press Enter when done. Enter cul-de-sac radius <0.000000>: Enter or pick the radius of the cul-de-sac. Enter C/L bearing away from radius point [Arc] : Enter or pick a point. For a straight cul-de-sac roadway, this must be a point on the centerline but cannot be the same as the cul-de-sac radius point. Type ''A'' and Enter to specify information for a cul-de-sac on a curved roadway. if you chose a curved roadway: Enter C/L radius point [Line]: Type a point ID or pick a point symbol or type ''L'' and Enter to switch back to a straight roadway. Enter point on C/L (NOT radius point): Type a point ID or pick a point symbol. Enter road width <0.000000>: Enter llet radius <0.000000>: Enter the llet radius. You may enter 0.0 for no llets. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Cogo > Roadways > Intersections/Cul-de-sac Keyboard Command: cg scul Prerequiste: coordinate le Stake-Out The Stakeout feature allows you to calculate the required information for either a radial stakeout or staking out using angles right. Angles Right This feature is similar to the Radial Stakeout feature except it allows you select the foresight points one at a time. If a coordinate le is not open, a le dialog will appear, allowing you to open an existing coordinate le. After following the prompts outlined below, the angle from the backsight point, the distance, the frontsight point ID, the azimuth and the description are printed at the command line and written to the print le. You may press <F2> to view the complete listing of angles and distances. Repeat the prompt sequence as many times as are required. Press <Enter> or type D and <Enter> when done. Prompts Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1237 Enter the instrument point. [Done]: Type or pick the instrument point. Enter backsight point. [Done]: Type or pick the backsight point. Enter foresight point. [Done]: Type or pick the foresight point. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Cogo > Stake-Out Keyboard Command: cg ar Prerequiste: coordinate le Radial Stake Out This feature allows you to obtain the angles required to stakeout several foresight points from a single instrument point. If a coordinate le is not open, a le dialog box will appear, allowing you to open an existing coordinate le. After following the prompts outlined below, the angles right from the backsight point, the distances, the foresight point IDs, the azimuths and the descriptions for all the selected points will be printed at the command line and written to the print le. You may press <F2> to view the complete listing of angles and distances. Repeat as necessary for as many setups as are required. When done, press <Enter> to end the command. Prompts Choose initial points for base selection set from coord le. (Enter when done) [All/Block/Code/Desc/Elev/Pt group/Limits/Radius/Select]: Use one of several methods to specify the points in the coordinate le to be staked out. Enter the Instrument point [Done]: Type or pick the instrument point. Enter backsight point [Done]: Type or pick the backsight point. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Cogo > Stake-Out Keyboard Command: cg rso Prerequiste: coordinate le Best Fit The best t feature uses a least squares algorithm to compute the best t line or circle for the points selected. The user can assign a weight to each point that is between 1 and 15, a point with a weight of 15 acts as if there are 15 of the points at the same location and thus skews the t closer to that point. This is done to skew the result in favor of certain points. A weight of 0 means do not adjust this point or give it ''innite'' weight. When you choose Best Fit from the CGCogo menu you will see the following prompt: Enter the type of best t problem [Line/Arc/Tan-arc-tan] <L>: Best Fit Line: Press <Enter> for Line to calculate the best t line through a series of points. In the example in the gure below, 2075 is an Iron Pin Found that we do not want adjusted, so the weight will be set to 0. Enter a point ID or pick a point symbol on the line: for the example, type or pick 2075 Enter weight for point 2075 <1>: for the example type 0 (zero) and <Enter> Enter a point ID or pick a point symbol on the line: for the example, type or pick 2076 Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1238 Enter weight for point 2076 <1>: for the example, type 8 and <Enter> Continue entering point ID - weight pairs until done then press <Enter> when asked for the next point ID. The point locations and weights will be used to compute the best t line . The results, a list of the point IDs entered and their offsets from the best t line and the bearing of the line, is printed at the command line and written to the print le. Printed output for the line example Pt.: 2075 Wt.: 0 Offset: 0.000 RT Pt.: 2076 Wt.: 8 Offset: 5.360 LT Pt.: 2077 Wt.: 3 Offset: 3.411 RT Pt.: 2078 Wt.: 6 Offset: 1.915 RT Pt.: 2079 Wt.: 2 Offset: 6.326 LT Pt.: 2079 Wt.: 2 Offset: 6.326 LT Pt.: 2080 Wt.: 4 Offset: 1.093 RT Pt.: 2081 Wt.: 4 Offset: 0.986 RT N: 6354.64727 E: 8112.07615 Dir: N 8830'32''E N: 6366.14982 E: 8553.96369 Dir: S 8830'32''W At the [Edit/Ok/Quit] <0>: prompt: If you are satised with the results, press <Enter>for Ok and the endpoint coordinates will be computed and saved. For each point saved, the Saving Point dialog (see below) will be shown. Clicking OK will cause the point to be saved to the coordinate le. If, on the other hand, you wish to edit the input data, type E and <Enter>. You see the following prompt: [Add/Change/Delete/eXit]: Add - add another point to the calculation Change - change the weight of one of the points Delete - remove one of the points from the calculation eXit - when done editing. If you wish to cancel the command without calculating the line type Q and <Enter>. Best Fit ARC: Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1239 This option allows you to calculate the best t arc through a series of points. As with the Line option, each point can be weighted from 0 (no adjustment) to 15. At the Enter the type of best t problem prompt, type A and <Enter> to choose the Arc option. Enter the point ID - weight pairs as in the Line option. When all the point ID - weight pairs have been entered press <Enter> at the Enter or Pick a C&G point on the line prompt. A table of the results similar to that for the Line option will be displayed at the command line. Output for the example in shown in the gure Pt.: 2083 Offset: 2.862 OUT Pt.: 2084 Offset: 3.699 IN Pt.: 2085 Offset: 3.608 OUT Pt.: 2086 Offset: 6.280 IN Pt.: 2087 Offset: 5.584 OUT Pt.: 2088 Offset: 1.393 IN N: 6369.30690 E: 8269.70677 RAD: 237.282 The [Edit/Ok/Quit] <O>: prompt and its options for editing the input data are explained in the section on the Line option. If you are satised with the results, press <Enter> for Ok and the PC, PT and radius point of the best t arc will be saved to the coordinate le using the Saving Point dialog. Tan-arc-tan: This option allows you to calculate a combination of the best t tangent line going into a curve, the best t arc for the curve itself and the best t tangent line out of the curve through a series of points dening two tangent lines and an arc. The two tangent lines are calculated using a least squares solution and then the best t arc is calculated. The method used to nd the best t arc is to calculate a radius and radius point for each point on the arc using a function that calculates a curve between tangents through a known point. Each radius and radius point is weighted based on the central angles between the PC, point-on-arc and PT points. The larger the central angles, the higher the resulting weight will be. All the calculated radii and radius points are then averaged. It is not necessary that you locate the actual PC or PT points in the eld. At the prompt Enter the type of best t problem [Line/Arc/Tan-arc-tan] <L>: First you must enter the points on the 1st tangent line. At the series of prompts to: Enter a point ID or pick a point symbol on 1st tangent: and Enter weight for point XXXXX <1>: enter the point ID - weight pairs for the tangent going into the curve. When done entering the tangent line points, press <Enter> when asked for the next point. Next at the series of prompts: Enter a point ID or pick a point symbol on the arc: enter the points for the arc. Weights for these points are calculated by the program. In the example shown in the gure, there are 2 points dening the rst tangent, 3 points dening the arc and 2 points dening the tangent out. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1240 Output for example shown in gure Pt.: 2210 Wt.: 0 Offset: 0.000 Pt.: 2211 Wt.: 5 Offset: 0.000 N: 6512.07291 E: 8572.91824 Dir: N 4500'00''E N: 6567.12692 E: 8627.97226 Dir: S 4500'00''W Pt.: 2212 Wt.: 5 Offset: 0.000 LT Pt.: 2213 Wt.: 1 Offset: 0.000 LT N: 6585.04757 E: 8796.89599 Dir: S 4500'49''E N: 6505.88861 E: 8876.09255 Dir: N 4500'49''W Pt.: 2214 Offset: 1.736 OUT Pt.: 2215 Offset: 3.232 IN Pt.: 2216 Offset: 2.324 OUT N: 6492.00101 E: 8721.39653 RAD: 119.183 The [Edit/Ok/Quit] <O>: prompt following the output is explained in the Line option. If you are satised with the results press <Enter> for Ok. The coordinates for the endpoints of the tangents and PC, PT and radius point of the curve are computed and saved to the coordinate le using the Saving Point dialog. Prompts Enter the type of best t problem [Line/Arc/Tan-arc-tan] <L>: Type ''L'' and Enter or just Enter for a best t line, ''A'' and Enter for a best t arc or ''T'' and Enter for the best t of a curve with two straight tangents in and out. For a best t line or arc: Enter or Pick a C&G point on the line (or Arc): Type a point ID or pick a point symbol on the screen. Repeats until all points are entered and the user presses Enter at this prompt. Enter weight for point <####> <1>: Enter a number between 0 and 15 (0 = innite weight). For best t tan-arc-tan: Enter a point ID or pick a point symbol on 1st tangent: Enter or pick as many points and weights as desired for the rst tangent line. Enter a point ID or pick a point symbol on the arc: Enter of pick as many points as desired for the arc (weights are determined by the program). Enter a point ID or pick a point symbol on 2nd tangent: Enter or pick as many points and weights as desired for the second tangent line. [Edit/Ok/Quit] <0>: Type ''E'' and Enter if you wish to change the weight of a point or add or delete points. Type ''O'' and Enter or just Enter to calculate the best t line, arc or line-arc-line and store its dening points in the coordinate le. Type ''Q'' and Enter to quit without calculating the best t points. [Add/Change/Delete/eXit]: if you choose Edit then this prompt allows you to Add a point, Change a weight, or Delete a point. When done editing press ''X'' and Enter to return to the Edit/Ok/Quit prompt. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1241 Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Cogo Keyboard Command: cg bt Prerequiste: Coordinate le. Triangulation This feature allows you to calculate the location of an unknown point given the angles at the 3 vertices of the triangle formed by the 2 known points and the unknown point. Enter the point ID of the rst known point then the point ID of the 2nd known point (the backsight) and the measured horizontal angle to the unknown point. Do the same for the 2nd known point backsighting the 1st known point. Next, if available, enter the angle between the 2 known points with the instrument at the unknown point. The standard deviation and other information for the calculation will be printed at the command line and written to the print le. The calculated point will be saved to the coordinate le using the Saving Point dialog (Shown Below). Prompts Enter rst instrument point: Enter a point ID or pick a point symbol on the screen. Enter rst backsight point:: Enter a point ID or pick a point symbol on the screen. Enter rst horizontal angle to unknown point: Enter an angle. Enter second instrument point: Enter a point ID or pick a point symbol on the screen. Enter second backsight point: Enter a point ID or pick a point symbol on the screen. Enter second horizontal angle to unknown point: Enter an angle. Enter horizontal angle at unknown point or <skip> <0.000000>: Enter an angle if available or press Enter to skip. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Cogo Keyboard Command: cg triangulation Prerequiste: coordinate le Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1242 NAD83 This feature allows you to convert longitude and latitude to and from NAD83 state plane coordinate systems. NOTE: Do not use this function for any other coordinate system, i.e. NAD 1927. Make sure the correct state is selected on the General tab of the C&G Options dialog box. After choosing the NAD83 menu item from the CGCogo menu you will be prompted for the necessary data. At the Enter zone prompt enter the letter for the appropriate zone for the area where the survey was performed. The zones allowed may vary by state. [Coords to longitude-latitude/Longitude-latitude to coordinates] <C>: Coords to longitude-latitude Pressed <Enter> (or type C and <Enter>) you will be asked to select the points. After selecting points a table of longitude-latitude and related data for the points will be printed at the command line Longitude-latitude to coordinates Type L and <Enter>, You will be asked to enter the longitude and latitude of the points you wish to calculate When you have entered the nal longitude-latitude pair press <Enter> when asked for the next latitude. The computed points will be stored in the coordinate le using the Saving Point dialog shown below. Click OK to save the point to the coordinate le. Repeat until done or press <Enter> to end the command. Prompts Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1243 Enter zone (E, W): enter the letter for the appropriate zone for the area where the survey was performed. The letters allowed will vary depending on the state. [Coords to longitude latitude/Longitude latitude to coords] <C>: Type ''C'' and Enter or just Enter to calcu- late coordinates given longitude and latitude. Type ''L'' and Enter to do the reverse. if you chose Coords to longitude-latitude: Choose initial points for base selection set from coord le. (Enter when done) [All/Block/Code/Desc/Elev/Pt group/Limits/Radius/Select]: Use the various selection methods to choose the points for which you wish to calculate longitude and latitude if you chose Longitude-latitude to Coords: Enter latitude [<Enter> when done]: Enter the latitude angle for a longitude - latitude pair. Enter longitude: Enter the longitude angle for a longitude - latitude pair. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Cogo Keyboard Command: cg nad83 Prerequiste: coordinate le CGDraw Drawing Settings See CG Options... menu item in the Tools menu. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > CGDraw>Drawing Settings Keyboard Command: DSU, CG DRAW SETUP Prerequiste: None Set Line Type To use a line type it must be loaded and it must be the current line type. The current line type will be used for any lines or polylines drawn. The Set Line Type feature allows you to load line types from any line type le ( * .lin) and to specify the currently active line type. It gives you easy access to the most commonly use line type les while allowing you to access any line type le available to you. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1244 Prompts Clicking the Set Line Type menu item brings up the Line Types dialog: By default the dialog displays the acad.lin line type le contents (CgSu.lin in the standalone version of CGSurvey) . By clicking the AutoCAD/IntelliCAD ISO button: you can view the acadiso.lin le line types (CgSu- iso.lin in the standalone version of CGSurvey). By clicking the C&G button: you can view the custom line types created for CGSurvey (in CgLinedefs.lin). You may also use the Browse... button to view and load line types from other line type les. To load a line type: pick the le the line type is in, highlight the desired line type, then click the Load but- ton. Notice that the status column now indicates that the line type is ''Loaded''. To make the highlighted line type current: click the Set Current button. The status column now reads ''Loaded (C)'', indicating that the line type is loaded and it is the currently active line type. You can load a line type and make it current: by double-clicking it. If it is already loaded, double-clicking will make it current. Cancel button: returns the current line type to what it was before the command was run. Click the Done button: to close the dialog. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > CGDraw>Set Line Type Keyboard Command: SLT, CG SET LINE TYPE Prerequiste: None Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1245 Global Edit Global Edit allows you to make several changes to one or more entities, in one operation. Prompts After selecting Global Edit from the CGDraw menu you will be asked to specify the method of entity selection at the command line: Screen: This option allows you to use any of the standard mouse based CAD selection methods. Points: Allows you to select C&G points using the standard C&G selection methods. Checking a given check box activates that section of the dialog box and allows you to make the desired changes. Done: When nished selecting the entities enter ''D'' for done this will bring up the Dialog box. There are ve basic sections in this dialog. All: checking this checkbox is just a fast way of checking all the checkboxes and thus allows you to edit all of the properties of the selected entities. All of the editable items for the entities selected will have their checkboxes checked. CAD properties Layer: change the layer of the items selected Color: Change the color of the items selected Font/Style: Change the font style to a another existing font style. Text Size: Change the current Text size (this setting is in inches) Lines Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1246 Linetype: set the linetype for the lines selected. Pressing the down arrow will bring up a list of all of the available linetypes. Line Scale: This allows you to set the length of the pattern. Line Stop: This allows you to set the line stop. This item will only be activated if a C&G line was chosen. Line stop is a C&G parameter that allows you to stop the line short of the point symbol plotted at the point location thus the line can be made to not go through the symbol. For example, if you were plotting 0.10 diameter circles for property corners, you could set the line stop to .10. This would cause a C&G line drawn to the property corner to end .05 plotted units short of the actual corner and thus not cross the property corner point symbol Calls Distance precision: From the pull down select the number of decimal places to be displayed. Angle precision: From the pull down simple select the angle precision you need. Points This portion of the Global Edit dialog allows you to change various aspects of point symbols: Symbol: from the pull down select the new symbol to use. Symbol Size: set the symbol size (in inches or cm) Point Label Size: Set the point label size (in inches or cm) Point Label Position: Displays the point label conguration dialog box, set the options as needed. Elevation Places Displayed: set the number of places to be displayed. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > CGDraw>Global Edit Keyboard Command: GE, CG GLOBAL EDIT Prerequiste: Coordinate le Border This option allows you to place a border Polyline on your drawing with sheet sizes. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1247 Prompts Sheet Setup Sheet Size: The letters A, B, C, etc. refer to ANSI sheet size standards. You also have the option of creating and naming custom sizes. Rotate 90 Degrees: when checked will rotate the border 90 degrees. Border Inset: species the inset distance for the border. Keep in mind this inset distance is measured from the edge of the plotable area of your plotter. Check the plotter manual for plotter specications. Layer: The layer the border will be drawn on. Line Width: The thickness of the border line in inches (cm). Press OK button when done and the border polyline will be drawn at the mouse cursor. You can move it to the correct location and left click to place it there. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey >CGDraw>Border Keyboard Command: DB, CG DRAW BORDER Prerequiste: None Coordinate Grid Choosing the Coordinate Grid item in the CGDraw menu brings up the Grid Conguration dialog. The various areas of the dialog are described below: Map Grid: is used to provide a visual reference grid to show northings and eastings on a map. A Map Grid can be labeled along its border to show the coordinate values of the grid lines. The Map Grid is oriented North-South East-West whereas a Layout Grid can be oriented at any specied bearing. Layout Grid: is meant to be used to create points on a regular grid for laying out building columns, a topo grid, etc. A Layout Grid does not allow for a border nor for coordinate labels along the border. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1248 Grid Layer: specify the layer the grid is to be created on. The layer does not need to exist prior to running this command. Lines: If selected grid lines will be drawn for the full height and width of the grid dimensions. Crosses: Only crosses will be drawn at the grid intersections for the full height and width of the grid dimensions. Cross Height (drawing units): this denes the size of the crosses in drawing units. If your drawing scale is 40 feet and you wish to have crosses that are 0.25 inches when plotted, you must specify cross height as 10 feet. Draw Border: If checked, a border will be drawn around the perimeter of the dened grid. You can choose a different layer for the border if you wish. This will allow you to set the color, line thickness and/or line type for the border (this option is not available for Layout Grid). Draw Labels: Label the grid lines or crosses around the perimeter at the same interval as the Baseline and Perpendicular intervals (this option is not available for Layout Grid) . If checked you must specify: Label Interval: This number must be some even multiple of both the baseline and perpendicular intervals. The Label Interval CAN NOT be less than the base or perpendicular interval settings. Label Decimal Places: Specify the number of decimal places used for the label text. Label Layer: Specify the layer the labels are to be drawn on. Grid Dimensions: Baseline Extent: This is the total width of the grid, East to West (or parallel to the baseline bearing in the case of a Layout Grid). Perpendicular Extent: This is the total height of the grid perpendicular to the baseline. Baseline Interval: This is the distance between the grid lines (or X's) drawn perpendicular to the baseline Perpendicular Interval: This is the distance between the grid lines (or X's) drawn parallel to the baseline. Grid Baseline: Use Point ID for Baseline Origin: checking this box allows you to use an existing C&G coordinate for the Grid Origin. This is typically used for a Layout Grid. Enter the point ID, or select the point from the screen. Origin Northing/Origin Easting: manually enter the Northing and Easting value for the grid origin or pick it on the screen using the Pick Origin button. Baseline Bearing: This is only used when you are drawing a Layout Grid. This is the bearing of the baseline. Use the standard C&G bearing input format qdd.mmss (e.g. 125.3527 for N2535'27''E or 325.5405 for S25E54'04''W) Pick Origin button: This option allows you to pick the origin graphically on the screen. You do not have to pick a C&G point. Create Points at Grid Intersections: Checking this box will cause the default C&G point to be plotted at each grid point or grid line intersection and a corresponding point to be stored in the currently open coordinate le. This is especially useful when creating a Layout Grid. Point Description: enter a point description for the points saved to the coordinate le. Exclude Area: This button allows you to graphically specify a horizontal window within which no grid is to be drawn. This can be used to guarantee that a title block, legend or other area is not obscured by the grid or its labels. Preview: This button allows you to preview the grid as specied. Pressing <Enter> will return you to the Grid Conguration dialog allowing you to make changes if necessary. Cancel : This button exits the command without drawing the grid. OK: This button causes the grid to be drawn. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > CGDraw>Coordinate Grid Keyboard Command: GRD, CG DRAW GRID Prerequiste: Coordinate le Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1249 Text on Arc Create Text on arc allows you to create text that follows an arc specied by you. Each word in the text is a separate block and can be moved later as needed. Prompts You will be prompted to Enter Text to place on arc: Type the desired text then press <Enter>: Enter center point for arc: using the mouse, select the center point of the arc the text is to follow, this can be a C&G point, or any point in the drawing. You need not actually have an arc drawn. Enter Midpoint of text: select the midpoint of the text, this can be a C&G point, or any point in the drawing. Move to desired location: The text will be drawn at the cursor. Move the cursor to the desired location and left click to place the text. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > CGDraw>Text on Arc>Create Keyboard Command: TOA, CG TOA Prerequiste: Coordinate le Move Allows you to move all the text associated with the selected text-on-arc entity. Prompts Select entities: select text Entities in set: 1 item is found and selected Select entities: press <Enter> to accept entry Move Text to desired location: move text Select entities: repeating the selection set Press <ESC> or <Enter>: to end command Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > CGDraw>Text on Arc>Move Keyboard Command: MTA, CG MOVE TOA Prerequiste: Coordinate le Edit Allows you to edit the text associated with a text-on-arc entity. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1250 Text: Arc=107.6709, R=75.7740 (Edit Text ) Text Attributes Layer: 0 (current) Text Size: 0.100 inches (Default) Text color: Bylayer Set Color Button: select a new color Text style: Standard text style Prompts Select entities: select text Entities in set: 1 item found and selected Select entities: repeat selection set Press <ESC> or <Enter >: to end command Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > CGDraw>Text on Arc>Edit Keyboard Command: ETA, CG EDIT TOA Prerequiste: Coordinate le Delete Allows you to delete all the text associated with a text-on-arc entity. Prompts Select entities: select text Entities in set: 1 item found and selected Select entities: repeat selection set Press <Esc> or <Enter>: to end command Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > CGDraw>Text on Arc>Delete Keyboard Command: DTA, CG DELETE TOA Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1251 Prerequiste: Coordinate le Draw Mapcheck This routine will draw a mapcheck le. The settings allow you to plot points, draw lines, and place calls all at the same time. If a mapcheck le is NOT currently open when you open the map check le routine a dialog box will prompt you to open a mapcheck le. Once a mapcheck le is open the following dialog box will open. If the mapcheck le displayed at the top of the dialog box is not the le you want to draw you can use the browse button to search for another le. You also have the option to edit the le which will take you to the mapcheck editor (CGEditor). Reduce File: If this item is checked there will be a closure report written to the print le and the command line. Starting/Ending Points: You have the option of entering an existing point number or manually entering the northing and easting. If you enter an existing point number the northing and easting values will be read from the coordinate le and placed in the appropriate edit boxes (see below). If the starting and ending point are the same point, you need only enter the starting point values. Clicking the Select Point button will cause the Draw Mapcheck dialog to be hidden thus allowing you to pick the starting and ending points from the screen or use the command prompt: Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1252 Select starting point for mapcheck: or Select ending point for mapcheck: rather than manually entering the point number or coordinate values in the edit boxes. Lines: This portion of the dialog allows you to turn on or off the draw line command as well as select the linetype and layer where the line will be drawn Calls: This section of the dialog allows you to turn on or off the draw calls command as well as edit the call setup options. Point Symbols: This area of the dialog allows you to turn on or off the draw point symbols command as well as having a button that will take you to the drawing settings dialog. At the drawing settings dialog you can change the symbol, symbol size, label options and more. OK: Selecting ok will cause the mapcheck le to be drawn, based on the current settings as described above. Prompts Select starting point for mapcheck: Select a point symbol or type a point number for the starting point. or Select ending point for mapcheck: Select a point symbol or type a point number for the ending point. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > CGDraw>Draw Mapcheck Keyboard Command: DMP, CG DRAW MAPCHECK Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1253 Prerequiste: Open Mapcheck le * .cgm Multi-Draw This feature allows you to complete several drawing operations at the same time. For example, in one operation you can plot points and generate a coordinate table for the points at the same time. Or you can draw lines by points and place calls on the resulting lines at the same time. Prompts When you choose Multi-Draw from the CGDraw menu, the Multi-Draw dialog box is displayed. Specify Points Use the radio buttons to indicate how you want to specify the points that will be used for the drawing operations. You can Choose Points Interactively using the standard C&G point sequence command line interface or you can Use Point Group. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1254 NOTE: If you Choose Points Interactively, you will not have the option of plotting points or creating a coordinate table. If you click Use Point Group, you must specify a Point Group Name and the point group description for the points you wish to use. You can either type the full path (including the drive letter) to an existing point group le or you can click the Browse button and use the le dialog box to specify the Point Group le. NOTE: In this context, Description refers to the Point Group description, NOT the description for the indi- vidual points as found in the coordinate le. Drawing Operations Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1255 In this area of the dialog box you must specify which drawing operations to perform and, if needed, make the necessary settings changes required for the drawing operations. Any settings changes are saved to the drawing and thus remain in effect after this command is completed. Plot Points: Checking this checkbox will cause the selected points to be plotted. Point Settings button: selecting this button will bring up the Drawing Settings dialog box allowing you to make changes to the drawing settings. Coordinate Table: Checking this checkbox causes a coordinate table to be created for the points selected. Table Settings button: will bring up the Coordinate Table Settings dialog box allowing you to make changes to layer, text size and line spacing. Draw Lines/Arcs: Checking this checkbox causes lines and or/arcs to be drawn between the points speci- ed. Line Settings button: Will bring up the Linetype Manager allowing you to select the linetype. Draw Breaklines: Checking this checkbox causes breaklines to be drawn between the specied points. Breaklines are for use in topographic operations (see CGTopo). Topo Settings button: displays the CGSurvey Auto Contouring settings dialog box allowing you to make changes to the current topo settings. Draw Calls: When Draw Calls is checked, calls will be drawn between the points specied. Call Settings button: will display the Call Settings dialog box allowing you to make changes. If Use Call Table is checked: all call information will be placed in a call table, rather than along the line work. The Call Table Settings button displays the Call Table Settings dialog and allows you to set the layer calls will be placed on, the text size, the line spacing, the rst course label, etc. If Use Curve Table is checked: all curve information will be placed in a curve table, rather than along the line work. The Curve Table Settings button displays the Curve Table Settings dialog and allows you to specify: which components will be shown in the curve table, which layer the table will go on, the text size, the line spacing, the rst course label, etc. The Layer Settings button: displays the Layer Manager dialog. Here you can create any layers you need or set the current layer as required. When you are satised click OK. If you choose Use Point Group: the drawing operations you have selected will be completed immediately. If you have selected Choose Points Interactively: enter or pick the desired points at the following stan- dard C&G point sequence command line prompt: Note: When entering the points at the command line, some drawing operations may occur as you enter the points. Placement of coordinate, call and or curve tables Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1256 No matter what point selection method you use, if you specied that any tables be drawn, the coordinate, call or curve table will be placed at the cursor and you will be asked to move the cursor to the desired location. Clicking the left mouse button will place the table in the drawing at the cursor location. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > CGDraw>Mult-Draw Keyboard Command: MD, CG MULTI DRAW Prerequiste: Coordinate File and/or Point Group Plot Points and Symbols Plot Points on Screen Plot Points on Screen: This feature plots the selected points from a coordinate le on the screen. Prompts If a coordinate le is not open, a le dialog box will appear allowing you to open one. You will then be asked to select the points to be plotted (for additional information, see Getting Started: Coordinate point selection sets). Type the Capped Letter to initialize the selection Set [All/Block/Code/Desc/Elev/Pt group/Limits/radius/select]: A Press <Enter>3x when done: The points will be plotted on the screen. In which layer will the points be plotted? If the Use Description Table for point plotting parameters checkbox is not checked in the Graphic Options tab in C&G Options dialog: then all points will be plotted on the current layer according to the Drawing Settings dialog. If the Use Description Table for point plotting parameters checkbox is checked and the Default layer for codes or descriptions not found in description table is specied: point's will be plotted to the layers specied by the description table (for a discussion of description tables see the CGMngmt chapter). Description matches a description found in the description table: the point and its labels will be plotted as specied in the description table. For a description to match it must be a whole word match, disregarding numbers. For example: Table Description Point Description Match TC TC-.5 to Bc yes SW SW1 yes FH TOPFH no Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1257 If a point has several different descriptions found in the description table: then that point can be plot- ted in more than one layer. For example: If the point's description is TC WV, it will be plotted in the layer assigned to the description TC as well as the layer assigned to the description WV. No match is found in description table: the point will be plotted in the default layer with point labels as specied for the active point symbol. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > CGDraw>Plot Points and Symbols>Plot Points on Screen Keyboard Command: PP, CG PLOT POINTS Prerequiste: Coordinate le Remove Points from Screen This feature allows you to remove/erase specied points from the drawing. Prompts If a coordinate le is not open, a le dialog box will appear and allow you to open an existing coordinate le. Using the standard C&G Select Points commands, select the points to be removed. Type the Capped Letter to initialize the selection Set [All/Block/Code/Desc/Elev/Pt group/Limits/radius/select]: A Press <Enter> 3X when done: The points will be removed from the screen. Note: Remove Points from Screen does NOT delete points from the coordinate le. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > CGDraw>Plot Points and Symbols Keyboard Command: RP, CG REMOVE POINTS Prerequiste: Coordinate le Graphic Scale This feature allows you to draw a graphic scale. Make sure the correct scale has been specied in the Drawing Settings dialog box. Prompts Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1258 In the CGSurvey Draw Graphic Scale dialog specify the layer for the graphic scale. Layer: Scale Once you have specied the layer: press the OK button. The Graphic Scale symbol will then be drawn at the mouse cursor: You can move the cursor to posi- tion the graphic scale then press the left mouse button to place it at the cursor location. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > CGDraw>Plot Points and symbols>Graphic Scale Keyboard Command: GSC, CG DRAW GSCALE Prerequiste: Coordinate le Lines and Polylines Lines by Point Number This feature allows you to draw lines and/or arcs based on the points in the coordinate le. Prompts If you choose this option and a coordinate le is not open, you will be prompted to open one. You will be prompted at the command line to enter the coordinate point IDs that dene a line/arc or a series of lines/arcs. You may type the point IDs at the command line or pick points on the screen. Enter Point Sequence (point group/Reset/sNap on) (last point = <72>): Once a point is selected the command line will change to a new group of options (cLockwise curve/ccW curve/Point group/Reset/sNap on) (last point = <72>): Once nished plotting points simple hit<Enter> and the command line will clear. Point Input: When entering a point sequence specifying a line/arc the following input forms are accept- able: 34: Either species the starting point of a line or, if this is a continuing series of lines, draw a line from the previous end point to point 34 and occupy point 34. 6-9: Draw a line from point 6 to 9 and occupy point 9. -4 : Draw a line from the previous end point to point 4 but remain at previous end point. L: Specify a cLockwise curve. The previous end point is assumed to be the PC of the curve. The next point specied is the center or radius point of the curve and the next point entered is the PT of the curve. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1259 W: Specify a counter clockWise curve. The data entry sequence is similar to a clockwise curve. P: Use a Point group to specify the lines/arcs. You will be asked to pick the point group le using a le dialog box. R: Reset the ''last point'' to none N: Toggles the CAD snap command on or off If you choose to use a point group le, lines will be drawn from point to point in the order specied in the point group le (see the CGMngmt chapter for information on point group les). If you do not want to type in the point IDs to dene the lines/arcs, you can select the points from points that are plotted on the screen using your mouse. (see Plot Points and Symbols). Note: To specify an arc to be drawn pick the PC point of the curve then enter either L <Enter> for clock- wise or W<Enter> for counter clockwise curve. When prompted, pick the radius point and then pick the PT. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > CGDraw>Lines and Polylines>Lines by Point Number Keyboard Command: LBP, CG LBP Prerequiste: Coordinate le Lines by Description This feature allows you to connect lines between all the points in a coordinate le having a common description. Prompts After choosing the Lines by Description menu item you will see the CGSurvey Draw Lines by Desc dialog. Layer: Specify the name of the layer the lines are to be drawn on. Desc: Specify the description of the points you want to connect. Case is ignored and, unless the check- boxes described below are checked, only the leading characters of the point description are considered for a match. Match text anywhere in desc: If this checkbox is checked, the entire point description eld will be searched for the characters specied in the Desc: edit box. For example: Input Description Point Description Match MH SanMH Yes Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1260 Force match to be whole word: If this box is selected, the match must be a complete word in the point description, not just a portion of a word. For example: Input Description Point Description Match RD CL RD Yes (whole word) RD CLRD No (not whole word) Connect Mode Sequential: Connects the points in point ID order. Closest: Ignores point ID and connects to the closest point with named description. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey >CGDraw>Lines and Polylines>Lines by Description Keyboard Command: LBD, CG LBD Prerequiste: Coordinate le Lines by Codes This feature allows you to draw lines between the points in the coordinate le having a common point code. The point code is a two to four character eld (depending on the type of coordinate le). Prompts Choosing the Lines by Code menu item brings up the CGSurvey Draw Lines by Code dialog. With the exception of the Code: eld, the items in this dialog are identical to those in the CGSurvey Draw Lines by Desc dialog. Code: eld species the code for the points you want to connect. Case is ignored. Connect Mode Sequential: connects line in point ID order Closest: connect lines in Closet point with named description Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > CGDraw>Lines and Polylines Keyboard Command: LBC, CG LBC Prerequiste: Coordinate le Polylines by Point This feature works very similar to the Lines by Point feature described in the previous pages. In Polyline by Points data entry is similar to Lines by Point except Reset does not apply to a polyline. The C&G Polyline allows you to treat road centerlines and other similar things that would normally be made up of several line segments, as one Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1261 entity. You can use a C&G polyline to create a point group or you can place calls along it. You could also use a C&G polyline as the bounding polygon in the Fit Structure feature. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > CGDraw>Lines and Polylines>Polylines by Point Keyboard Command: CGP, CG POLY Prerequiste: Coordinate le Fit Polylines This feature allows you to use a variety of best t methods to smooth an existing polyline. Prompts First you must choose the method to use in tting the selected polylines at the following prompt: Type of t to apply: [Decurve/Fit/Quadratic spline/cUbic spline/Cg spline]<C>: Next, select the polylines you wish to t then press the <Enter> key or right mouse button to apply the t to the selected polylines. Decurve: This will decurve a previously smoothed polyline. Fit: uses CAD t - a series of interconnected circular arcs. Quadratic spline: Uses a quadratic spline curve tting algorithm. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1262 Cubic spline: Uses a cubic spline curve tting algorithm. C&G Spline: Creates a smooth curve that passes through all vertices. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey >CGDraw>Lines and Polylines>Fit Polyline Keyboard Command: FITP, CG FIT POLY Prerequiste: Coordinate le Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1263 Calls Place Calls This feature allows you to annotate C&G and CAD lines, arcs and polylines. Call Setup Selecting Calls Setup will brings up the Call settings dialog box. Desired Call Components: Specify the desired components for the call. Bearing and Distance (or Arc and Radius) Bearing (Arc) Distance (Radius) Bearing over Distance (Or Arc over Radius) If you specify points to form a curve then the components shown in parentheses will be used to form the call text. Format and location: Specify how you want the call placed relative to the line or arc: Parallel: to the line or Arc Perpendicular: to the line or arc At Cursor: means the call text will be drawn horizontally at the cursor and you must move it to the desired location then left click to place it. Place Call to Right of Line: If you are placing a call either parallel or perpendicular to a line or arc, select this box if you want the call placed to the right of the line or arc, assuming you are standing on the line and facing in the direction of the bearing. The call will be centered along the line or arc. Use the Foot Abbreviation [ ' ] in Distance Text: Checking this box will places the [ ' ] mark after the distance ( 125.36' ). Un-checking the box will remove the [ ' ] mark ( 125.36 ). Line Bearing Direction to: Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1264 Selecting NW,NE: will force all calls to be shown only with NE and NW notation (N 428 35' 12'' E or N 168 25' 31'' W) Selecting SW,SE :will force all calls to be shown only with NE and NW notation (S 428 35' 12'' E or S 168 25' 31'' W) If < no preference >: is selected the software will dene the bearing based on the direction of the points selected. Layer Name for Call Text: Specify the layer where you want the calls placed. Automated Placement of Calls on Specied Layers Check the Automate Placement of Calls check box making the options in the dialog active. This routine allows you to select one or more layers to scan for the placement of calls. The scan will look for lines only in the layers you specify even though other layers may be currently displayed. Choose one or more layers to search: this dialog will display the complete list of layers in the drawing le. You can scroll up and down the list and simple click with the mouse those layers you want to search for lines/polylines. Types of Lines to Annotate: C&G Lines and C&G Polylines: refer to lines that have been drawn using the CGDraw command, thus being based on the C&G coordinate le. CAD lines and CAD Polylines: refer to lines that have been drawn using the CAD Draw command and are not based on the C&G coordinate les. Example Cell: this display shows you the actual layout as it will appear on you drawing. Prompts When you choose the Place Calls menu item and a coordinate le is not already open, you will be asked to open a coordinate le. You will then see the following prompt at the command line: Enter point sequence: [Point group/Reset/turn sNap on/Setup/polYline] (last point = <none>): Point Group: If you press P and <Enter> you will be asked to enter a point group and it will be used to place calls automatically. Reset: Press ''R'' resets the last point ID to <none> sNap on or sNap off: Press ''N'' turns the CAD snaps on or off. When the command starts the AutoCAD snaps are off by default. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1265 The Setup: Press ''S'' option brings up the Calls Setup dialog box. polYline: if you Press''Y'' and <Enter> you can then pick a C&G polyline and it will be annotated in the order that the vertices were specied when it was drawn. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > CGDraw>Calls>Place Calls Keyboard Command: CALL, CG CALLS or CALS, CG CALLS SETUP Prerequiste: Coordinate le Move Calls Allows you to move call text and once moved it will not go back to its original location when you use Refresh Screen to refresh calls. The calls will move or change if the point numbers that generated the call change but the position of the call relative to the end points will remain approximately the same. Prompts Select entities: Pick call on screen Entities in set: 1 Select entities: Pick another call on screen Move call to desired location. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > CGDraw>Calls>Move Calls Keyboard Command: MCL, CG MOVE CALLS Prerequiste: Coordinate le Reverse Calls This feature allows you to reverse the bearing of the call. Prompts Pick a call to reverse: select call bearing on screen Pick a call to reverse: select another call bearing on screen Pick a call to reverse: select again if wish to continue or Press <Esc>: to quit command Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > CGDraw>Calls>Reverse Calls Keyboard Command: RCL, CG REVERSE CALLS Prerequiste: Coordinate le Tables Coordinates This feature allows you to draw a table containing information related to specied points in the coordinate le then place the table in the drawing by picking the desired location. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1266 When you pick the Table > Coordinate menu item and a coordinate le is not already open, you will be asked to open one. Once a coordinate le is open, then the Coordinate Table Settings dialog will appear. Using this dialog you can congure the following settings: Layer: Specify the layer on which you want the table drawn. Text Size: Enter the text size in inches or centimeters. The text size is the size the text will appear when printed on a page. Line Spacing: Enter the space you want between lines in inches or centimeters. The line spacing is the height of the spacing when the table is printed on a page. Note Northings and Eastings will be rounded based on the values specied in the Rounding Options tab of the C&G Options dialog box. Note The point ID, northing, and easting will always be part of the coordinate table. If you want elevations, codes and descriptions shown, make sure they are set to ''On'' on the Global Settings tab of the C&G Options dialog. Click OK to save the settings and continue the command, this will return the action to the command line. If you click Cancel the command will be canceled. Selecting Points for the coordinate table: Select the points that will be included in the table using the familiar C&G prompt. Choose initial points for base selection set from coord le. (Enter when done) [All/Block/Code/Desc/Elev/Pt group/Limits/Radius/Select]: A Prompts Choose initial points for base selection set from coord le. (Enter when done) [All/Block/Code/Desc/Elev/Pt group/Limits/Radius/Select]: A Expand base selection set: Choose more points from coord le. (Enter when done) [All/Block/Code/Desc/Elev/Pt group/Limits/Radius/Select/Include/eXclude/View]: Building Point Selection Set... Press Enter 2 more times to end selection set: <Enter> When done selecting points just press <Enter>:The table will be drawn at the cursor. Move Coord Table to desired location: Drag the table to the desired location on the drawing and press the left mouse button to place the table. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1267 Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > CGDraw>Tables>Coordinate Keyboard Command: CRDT, CG COORD TABLE Prerequiste: Coordinate le Call Table This feature allows you to place the bearings, distances, etc. in a table instead of along the lines and curves in the drawing. This is especially useful when space along the lines or curves is limited. When you use a call table only the course labels are placed along the line or curve to identify it in the table. When you choose the Table > Call item from the menu the Call Table Settings dialog appears. As with the coordinate table, this dialog box allows you to enter: the layer, text size and line spacing for the call table. Drawing Settings Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1268 Layer: CG Template Text size: 0.100 Line Spacing: 0.075 Use Foot symbol: Checked This setting will place a Foot symbol < '' > if desired. Course labels First course label: The course labels will be based on the First course label setting in the Call Table Settings dialog box. The course label will then be determined by incrementing the last character in the previous course label starting with the rst course label. For example: line1 increments to line2, line3, etc. whereas line a increments to line b, line c, or as in the example above L1, L2 L3, etc. Automatically increment course label: Check or Uncheck box This setting will automate the process with selecting point sequence After conguring the settings in the Call Table Settings dialog: Ok Button : select OK Prompts You will be prompted at the command line to enter the point sequence. Enter the point sequence by typing point IDs or by selecting C&G points and/or lines on the screen. Enter point sequence: [cLockwise curve/ccW curve/Point group/Reset/turn Snap on] The Reset button: The ' R' resets the last point to <None> When you are done entering calls: press <Enter> This will end the input process and the call table will be drawn at the cursor. Move Call Table to desired location: Drag the table and left-click the mouse button to place table on screen. The course description will be placed in the table and on the line or arc in the drawing. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > CGDraw>Tables>Call Keyboard Command: CALT, CG CALL TABLE Prerequiste: Coordinate le Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1269 Curve This feature allows you to Draw a table containing curve information for specied curves. You will be prompted to open a coordinate le if one is not already open. Once the coordinate le is open, the Curve Table Settings dialog box will appear. The Curve Table Settings dialog allows you to congure the following settings: Curve Components Check the checkboxes for the curve components that you wish to appear in the table, Radius, Tangent, Arc Length, Chord Bearing, Delta, Degree and Chord. Drawing Settings Enter the layer, text size and line spacing, and check or uncheck the Use Foot Symbol checkbox. Layer: CG Template Text Size: 0.100 Line spacing: 0.075 Curve Labels Enter the First Curve Label for the rst curve First Curve Label: C1 Automatically increment curve label: check or uncheck the Automatically increment curve label checkbox. OK Button: When done, click OK to begin entering the curve data. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1270 Prompts You will be prompted at the command line to Enter point sequence Picked C&G Point [1444] Enter point sequence [cLockwise curve/ccW curve/Reset/turn Snap on] (last point = 1444): L Enter radius point for curve [Reset/turn Snap on]: Picked C&G Point [1449] Enter point of tangency (PT) for curve [Reset/turn Snap on]: Picked C&G Point [1448] Move Curve Table to desired location: Drag Table to desired location and Left-mouse click to place on the drawing. Note: After entering the PT point for any curve, you can continue entering curve data. However, you should be aware that the PT point is shown as the last point. If the PT point is not the PC of the next curve then you need to enter ''R'' for Reset. This allows you to be- gin the next curve at a new PC, then continue on to enter its radius point and PT. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > CGDraw>Tables>Curves Keyboard Command: CURT, CG CURVE TABLE Prerequiste: Coordinate le Auto Map Map allows the user to automate the production of a drawing based on special ''mapping codes'' included in the descriptions found in the coordinate le. Using this feature can save a great deal of time. This allows the lines and points to be placed in the drawing based on mapping codes without user intervention. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > CGDraw>Auto Map Keyboard Command: MAP, CG MAP DRAW Prerequiste: Coordinate le Draw This feature automates the production of a drawing that can contain specic points, lines, arcs and curve t lines. The draw option also acts as a Cogo function in that it will calculate the PC, PT and radius points of curves and has the ability to calculate points by traversing and intersection. Prompts After choosing the Draw command, if a coordinate le is not open, you will be asked to open one. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1271 After opening the coordinate le, you will be asked to select the points you want to map: Choose initial points for base selection set from coord. le: (Enter when done) [All/Block/Code/Desc/Elev/Pt- group/Limits/Radius/Select]: Next, you will be asked whether you want to store elevations at calculated PC, PT, and radius points: When locating items like back of curb you may need to note the beginning and ending of curves. The points located are never exact as far as the beginning and ending of the curve, but when noted in the mapping routine the ap- plication will compute a PC, PT and Radius using the best t routine and you can choose to store theses points or not. Note: If Auto Point Plot is ON as specied in the Graphic Options tab of the C&G Options dialog, points will be plotted and lines, arcs and/or curve t lines are drawn when indicated by Mapping Codes found in the point descriptions. Mapping Codes Used by the Draw feature The map codes used by the Draw feature must be placed in the description eld for each point in the coordinate le that is to be ''Mapped''. Below is the list of map codes: BL - Begin Line EL - End Line (optional) CL - Close Figure PC - Begin Curve (tangent to previous line) OC - Point on Curve (begin/end non-tangent curve) PT - End Curve (tangent to next line) RP - Radius Point CF - Curve Fit (spline t to irregular curves) CC - Compound Curve RC - Reverse Curve Mapping Codes can be upper or lower case. The map code MUST be followed by an asterisk and a line description for the line that is being drawn. For example: BL * CURB1, where CURB1 is the line description for the line you are beginning. It is OK to have spaces between the code, asterisk and line description, but it is not necessary. For example: Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1272 Point ID Description 5 BL * CURB1 BL * SW1 WV 6 CURB1 7 SW1 PP 8 PC * CURB1 9 FH 10 PT * CURB1 11 CURB1 SW1 12 OC * SW1 13 SW1 14 SW1 15 SW1 16 OC * SW1 17 CL * SW1 18 BL * CURB1 Important Note: Mapped lines are connected in ascending order by point ID. The point ID's are always saved in the coordinate le in increasing order. Since the coordinate le is used to perform the Map Drawing and the point ID sequence is produced when the raw data is reduced, it follows that the order of eld location of the points will determine point ID sequence order when the lines are mapped. In the sample sequence above: Point 5 begins two lines, Curb1 and SW1. Curb1 and SW1 are line descriptions. A line description must be a whole word (no spaces). WV (water valve) is not the beginning of a line because an asterisk does not precede it. For example: 5 BL * CURB1 BL * SW1 WV The Curb1 line will be drawn from point 5 to point 6 to point 8. This begins a curve tangent to the line from 6 to 8 continuing to point 10. The curve is tangent to the line from 10 to 11. Since point 18 begins a new Curb1, point 11 is the end of the rst Curb1 line (the EL code is not required in order to end a line). A second line (SW1) will be drawn from 6 to 7 to 11 to 12. At point 12 a non-tangent circular curve be- gins and continues through points on the curve at 13, 14, and 15. The non-tangent curve ends at point 16 and lines continue from 16 to 17 to 1 (the CL code closes the gure). In creating the non-tangent curve from point 12 through point 16, points 13-15 are used by the Map Draw feature in the calculation of the best t circular curve. In addition to the lines drawn, the symbol specied for the WV description in the description table (see CGMngmt) will be placed at point 5 and, at point 7, the symbol specied in the description table for the description PP will be drawn. As demonstrated in the above example, you may combine multiple codes and line descriptions within a single point description. For example: Point ID Description 20 BL * SW1 BL * CURB1 CURB2 EL * CURB3 CL * CURB4 In this example point 20 begins the SW1 line and the CURB1 line. It continues the CURB2 line. It ends the CURB3 line and it closes the CURB4 line. The Begin Line Code: Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1273 All lines must start with a BL code. No lines will be connected to a point unless a word in the point description matches a BL * line name. The Close Line Code: The close line code (CL) causes the Draw Map feature to connect the CL point to the BL point. You can also use the CL command to traverse. Thus you may place dimensions after a CL command. For example: Point ID Description 20 * BL * BLD1 21 CL * BLD1+10.1+10.2-20.3+50.6 EL * SW1 Note: The FC-48 data collector does not allow '+' characters in description eld. Because of this, the '/' character can be used instead of the '+' character in all the CL examples. In the above example a line will be drawn from point 20 to point 21. The following points will then be calculated through a traverse sequence (assume the next point available is 100): Occupied Pt BS Pt Angle Distance New Point 21 20 90 10.1 100 100 21 90 10.2 101 101 100 270 20.3 102 102 101 90 50.6 103 Point 103 will then be connected to point 20 to close the BLD1 line. Please note that point 21 is also the end of the SW1 line. In a CL mapping code sequence, a negative dimension turns -90 degrees from the back azimuth and a positive dimension turns +90 degrees from the back azimuth. Both the '+' and '-' symbols are required but, as noted above, the '/' symbol can be substituted for the '+' where necessary. This same gure could also be drawn using the following sequence: Point ID Description 20 BL * BLD1 21 CL * BLD1+10.1+10.2-20.3+ Note that the closing distance was not included in the description sequence. See the following examples. If you have located two corners of a rectangle, you may use the following short cut: Point ID Description 20 BL * BLD1 21 CL * BLD1+50.6+ In the above example a line will be drawn from point 20 to point 21. The following points will then be cal- culated through a traverse sequence (assume the next point available is 100): Occupied Pt BS Pt Angle Distance New Point 21 20 90 50.6 100 Point 101 will be calculated by a bearing-bearing intersection. Then point 101 will be connected to point 20. The rst '+' sign determines the direction used to calculate point 100. The description ending in a '+' sign has the same effect as ending in a '-' sign: if there is no dimension after the last '+' or '-' sign, the last point will be calculated by a bearing-bearing intersect. If you have located three corners of a rectangle, you may use the following short cut to dene the lines to be drawn: Point ID Description 20 BL * BLD1 21 BLD1 Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1274 22 CL * BLD1+ In the above example lines will be drawn from point 20 to 21 to 22. The missing corner will be calculated using a bearing-bearing intersect and stored. As noted earlier, ending in a '-' sign instead of a '+' sign has the same end result. Curve Codes Anytime a circular curve is encountered, 3 new points may be calculated and stored in the coordinate le. These points are the PC, PT and radius point of the curve. It is necessary to calculate these points during automated mapping since the eld points are only approximations of a perfect curve. They will automatically be assigned point numbers (regardless of the Auto Point Numbering setting). The points calculated during automated mapping of curves will begin with the coordinate les current high point number plus 1. If the beginning of a line is also the beginning of a curve, one of the following formats must be used: Point ID Description 10 BL * SW1 CF * SW1 (begin a curve-t line) or 10 BL * SW1 OC * SW1 (begin a non-tangent circular curve) or 10 BL * SW1 PC * SW1 (begin a tangent circular curve) Once a curve has begun, all matching line descriptions will be considered points on the curve until the curve is ended. A curve is ended with either a PT * , OC * , or CF * code. For Example: Point ID Correct Sequence Incorrect Sequence 10 OC * SW1 (Begin SW1) 11 SW1 OC * SW1 (will end SW1) 12 SW1 OC * SW1 (will end SW1) 13 SW1 OC * SW1 (will end SW1) 14 OC * SW1 (End SW1) The rst OC begins the curve. The next OC ends the curve. All the points between them are on the curve. The same is true for curve t (CF * ). If a curve is either tangent (in), tangent (out) or tangent (in) & tangent (out), you only need two points to dene the curve: Point ID Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 10 PC * CURB1 PC * CURB1 OC * CURB1 11 PT * CURB1 OC * CURB1 PT * CURB1 Otherwise you will need at least three points on a curve: Point ID Description 12 CF * CURB1 13 CURB1 14 CF * CURB1 The RP Mapping Code If you use the RP code (radius point), it will be used regardless of the number of points on the curve. The radius will be calculated by averaging all the distances from the radius point to the points on the curve. Best Fit Circular Curve Calculations If you have three or more points on a non-tangent curve, the best-t curve solution is used to nd the radius point. If you have three or more points on a tangent curve (either tangent in, tangent out, or tangent in and out), the best-t Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1275 curve solution is used to determine an approximate radius and radius point. A dummy point is then calculated on the curve and a curve is drawn that goes through the dummy point and meets the tangent criteria (the PC and PT points are shifted up/down the tangent lines as necessary). If only three points are located, PC, POC and PT, the curve will always go through the POC point. If you have only two points (PC and PT) on a tangent curve, the tangent lines from the PC and PT will be intersected to nd the PI of the curve. The distance from the PI to the PC and the distance from the PI to the PT will be averaged to obtain a tangent distance. A new PC and PT point will be calculated on the tangent line and the radius point will be calculated based on the tangent and central angle. Non-Circular Curves You may use the CF * code for a non-circular curve t (splines). The CF code will start a curve t line. The curve will continue until a second CF * code is encountered, example: Point ID Description 11 CF * SW1 12 SW1 13 SW1 14 CF * SW1 Only use CF to start or end a curve. Notice points 12 and 13 do not have automated mapping codes. A smooth curve will be drawn through points 11, 12, 13 and 14. No new coordinate points are generated with the CF code. Layers and linetypes for mapped lines and curves The description table determines the layer in which a mapped line will be drawn. For mapped lines and curves, only the description and layer elds in the description table are used. However, if the default layer is not set, no description table lookup is performed and the line is drawn on the current layer. For example, assume that the default layer has been set and that the description table contains the following entry: Desc. No. Description Layer Name 5 CURB Road Since layer ''Road'' is specied for description ''Curb'', all lines with descriptions ''Curb'' will be placed in layer ''Road''. Numbers are not used in the comparisons: Curb1, Curb2, Curb10, etc. are considered a match for the description ''Curb'' and will therefore be placed in layer ''Road''. If a matching description is not found in the description table, the line is drawn on the default layer (as set in the Graphic Options tab of the C&G Options dialog box). Calculated Points All coordinate points that are automatically calculated and stored during automated mapping are given a MP point code. Note: Even though the point description eld can contain Mapping Codes, the point code found in C&G coordinate les is separate and distinct from the point description eld. All points already having an MP Code are ignored by automated mapping. This avoids re-mapping points that were generated during automated mapping and thus were not points actually located in the eld. Important Note: Consider the MP point code as a reserved code and do not use it for eld data collec- tion. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1276 The description (e.g., CURB) used for calculated points is the same as the line description of the points the calculated point is associated with and reects the type of calculated point that it is. For Example: Assuming the line description for the following points is ''CURB1'' and the points are the PC, PT and radius point of a curve, then the line descriptions will be: New Point ID Point Code Description 100 MP PC CURB1 101 MP RAD.PT CURB1 102 MP PT CURB1 Plotting of Points If Auto Plot Points is ''On'', all the selected points in the coordinate le will be plotted on the screen during the mapping process. If a default layer is set, Each point will be drawn on the layer specied in the description table. The points labels will be congured as specied in the description table. Any point that does not have a description match in the description table will either be drawn on the default layer. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey >Auto Map>Draw Keyboard Command: MAP, CG MAP DRAW Prerequiste: Coordinate le Erase The Map Erase feature will nd all line, arc, curve t and point entities created Using the Map Draw feature and delete them from the drawing. It will also delete any coordinate points from the coordinate le that where created with the using Map Draw (PC, PT, radius points and close line (CL) points or those points having the point code MP) Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey >CGDraw>Auto Map>Erase Keyboard Command: EMAP, CG MAP ERASE Prerequiste: Coordinate le Leaders Leaders are used to label features in the drawing. They consist of a line or series of connected line segments with an arrow at one end and a text label at the other end. The arrow size is determined by the symbol size as set in the Drawing Settings - Active Point Symbol dialog. Text A text leader allows you to draw a series of lines with an arrow at the starting point then specify the text that is to be drawn at the nal endpoint of the leader. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1277 Prompts To draw a text leader: Pick start of leader: Pick the starting position of the leader with the left mouse button: Picked C&G Point [4] To point (Enter to end): Move the cursor to the next point on the leader and press the left mouse button. The rst segment of the leader will be drawn with an arrow placed at the rst point picked To point (Enter to end): As you pick succeeding points, lines will be drawn from the previous point to the current point. To point (Enter to end): When you have picked the nal point, press <Enter> or the right mouse but- ton. Enter Text for leader: At the command line, type the text to be placed on the leader and <Enter>. Sample of Text Leader Pick start of leader: repeats the command Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > CGDraw>Leaders>Text Keyboard Command: TXTL, CG TEXT LEADER Prerequiste: Coordinate le. Coordinate Leader This feature allows you to pick a point then draw a leader that is labeled with the coordinates of the point picked. To draw a Coordinate Leader: Prompts Pick the starting point of the leader with the left mouse button: If you pick a C&G point, the coordinates will be read from the coordinate le, otherwise the graphic coordinates will be used. Move the cursor to the next point for this segment of the leader and click the left mouse button: Repeat until all desired leader segments are drawn. The coordinates of the rst point picked will be drawn near the nal point on the leader. The coordinates are rounded based on the rounding specications in the Rounding Options Tab of the C&G Options dialog box. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > CGDraw>Leaders>Coordinate Leader Keyboard Command: CRDL, CG COORD LEADER Prerequiste: Coordinate le Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1278 Point Label This feature allows you to label a point using a leader instead of the normal point labels. This feature can only be used with C&G points. The leader will display the point ID and, if Elevation and/or Descriptions are ''On'', the elevation and description will be displayed as well. Prompts It is suggested that you rst plot the points on the screen with the point labels turned off by setting their point label positions to 0 on the Drawing Settings - Point Label Position dialog. Thus only the symbols will be plotted. Next, in the Drawing Settings tab of the CGOptions dialog box: turn on the items you want to be displayed on the leader. Now choose the Point Label Leader menu item: Pick start of leader: Move the cursor to a C&G point and press the left mouse button. Picked C&G Point [3] To point (Enter to end):Move the cursor to the end point of the next leader segment and press the left mouse button. An arrow will be drawn at the rst point picked. To point (Enter to end): When you have picked the end of the last segment of the leader, press <Enter> or the right mouse button. To point (Enter to end):The point attributes will be placed near the last point picked for the leader. (You may repeat the previous step as many times as is necessary) When done press <Enter> when asked to pick the next C&G point, Press Enter Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > CGDraw>Leaders>Point Label Keyboard Command: PTL, CG POINT LEADER Prerequiste: Coordinate le Station-Offset This Leader feature allows you to label points along a predened alignment with their station and offset. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1279 Prompts Prior to using this feature you must create a point group that denes the alignment. Next you will be asked to open a point group le. In the Select a C&G Point Group File dialog box: select the point group le that denes the horizontal alignment you wish to use. Enter starting station <0.00000>: 1000 10+00.00 Enter Starting station for the alignment as dened by the point group. If a station is specied for the rst subgroup name in the point group le, it will be used as the default station (for more details on this, see the section on point group les in CGMngmt). Pick the starting location of the leader: Picked C&G Point [3] If a C&G point is not found at this location, the station and offset will be calculated using the drawing coordinates of the picked point. If a C&G point is found, the station and offset will be calculated from the coordinates read from the coordinate le. If a C&G point is found, the point ID will be printed at the command line. To point (Enter to end): Move the cursor to the end point for this segment of the leader and press the left mouse button, An arrow will be placed at the rst point picked. Repeat until all the segments of the leader have been specied. To point (Enter to end): When you have picked the end point of the last segment of the leader, press the <Enter> key or right mouse button. The station and offset label will be placed next to the end point of the leader. To point (Enter to end): Enter Pick start of leader: Repeats the command Note: The station and offset values are rounded based on the values specied in the Rounding Options tab of the CGTools > CGOptions dialog box Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > CGDraw>Leaders>Station-Offset Keyboard Command: STOL, CG STA OFF LEADER Prerequiste: Point group must be created Query Selecting Query and then selecting a drawing object will display information related to the following C&G entities: Point symbols and labels Lines Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1280 Arcs Polylines Calls Structure Footprints Coordinate, Call and Curve Tables Prompts Select entities: (Pick entity on screen) Entities in set: 1 Select entities: (item selected) C&G POLYLINE Below is an example of a Query listing of a C&G Polyline: Coordinate File: CGDEMO.CRD (C&G Numeric) Plotted from Auto Mapping: No Layer: Boundary Points dening C&G Polyline: 11->9 Polyline is NOT CLOSED Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > CGDraw>Query Keyboard Command: Q, CG QUERY Prerequiste: Coordinate le Drop C&G Attributes This feature allows you to strip the C&G attribute from any C&G entity. When the C&G attribute is dropped, the graphic entity becomes standard CAD entity and will no longer be affected by the Refresh Screen feature nor can they be used by C&G commands requiring C&G entities as input. Prompts Select entities: pick on graphic screen Entities in set: 1 Select entities: pick again on screen Entities in set: 4 Select entities: select another set of entities by window Entities in set: 7 Select entities: Specify opposite corner: 8 total found, Entities in set: 8 Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > CGDraw>Drop C&G Attributes Keyboard Command:DROP, CG DROP Prerequiste: Coordinate le re-Associate Coord. le This routine allows you to associate the current drawing le with different coordinate le than created the drawing le. An example of this could be a phase of a project. The over all project coordinate le might contain 10,000 to 15,000 coordinates, While working on a phase of the over all project a separate, smaller, coordinate le was created, easier to work with a 1000 points rather than 15,000. Now you want to re-associate this new drawing le with the Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1281 over all project coordinate le. Prompts After selecting the re-Associate command there will be displayed a Warning dialog box. This box recommends that you create a backup of your drawing le. The danger with using this application is if the coordinates are not managed carefully and the same point ID's were used in both the overall project le and the out parcel then the graphics will be incorrect. C&G graphics are based on the coordinate le and if the X/Y/Z values change so does the graphics. Do you wish to Continue? Press <Y> button: Y Re-associate only those C&G entities plotted using which coord. le [Any le] <A>: A An Additional Warning message may also appear indictating conicts in linked crd les Do you wish to Continue? Press <Y> button: Y Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > CGDraw>re-Associate Coord. le Keyboard Command: Not available Prerequiste: Coordinate le Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1282 Refresh Screen Many graphic entities created by CGSurvey contain attributes that tie them to the coordinate le (C&G points, lines, arcs, calls, etc.). Examples would be point numbers, elevations, and descriptions that are plotted with the node when you plot points. However, once an entity is drawn the user is free to move or edit it. Also, it may be necessary to change the coordinates of the point or points used to create the entity. If C&G entities are edited or the coordinate values change, you refresh the drawing so that it reects the current coordinate le values. You can use the Refresh Screen feature to nd all C&G entities tied to the coordinate le and read the points from the coordinate le and redraw the entities based on the current coordinate values. Prompts Check the appropriate boxes in the list to refresh: Press Ok to continue Do you wish to retain the point symbol size and Label height of the existing points?: Press <Y> button Below is example of Refreshed screen entities: Command: cg refresh 24 Lines refreshed. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1283 2 splines refreshed. 24 Calls refreshed. 24 Points refreshed. There were 2 C&G polylines refreshed. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > CGDraw>Refresh Screen Keyboard Command: REF, CG REFRESH Prerequiste: Coordinate le CGMngmt Point Manager The point manager allows the user to perform most of the normal coordinate le management functions. You can perform whole le operations such as renaming the le, copying or moving the le, etc. There are also point operations which allow the user to add, delete, or change individual points or groups of points in a coordinate le. The C&G Point Manager dialog (shown below) is divided into three sections. These sections are described below. Current Coordinate File Information This section gives you basic information on the currently selected coordinate le. The Directory and File Name defaults to the currently active coordinate le but you can choose to perform operations on any one of the supported types of coordinate les by clicking the Browse... button. When you click the Browse... button you will see a le dialog allowing you to choose the coordinate le you wish to work on. The Make Current checkbox allows the user to make the specied le the current le. Thus, when the dialog closes, the le will be used for future commands requiring a coordinate le. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1284 File Operations This section of the dialog allows you to perform operations that effect the entire coordinate le. There eight operations that can be performed using this section of the dialog (see descriptions listed below). To perform one of the operations on the le shown in the Current Coordinate File Information section, click on the radio button for the desired operation then click the Perform Operation button. Apply Desc Table This operation only applies to C&G coordinate les and will not be available for other le types. When you apply a description table to a coordinate le it translates the numeric codes found in the description eld using a C&G description table. For each point in the coordinate le having an integer in the description eld the program looks for that integer description number in the description table. If a matching description number is found in the description table, the description found in the description table is placed in the description eld for that point and the description number is placed in the code eld for that point. The point is then stored back to the coordinate le with the changed eld values. If no match is found the point is not changed in any way. Change Desc Length This operation only applies to C&G coordinate les and will not be available for other le types. When a C&G coordinate le is created, the user is allowed to specify the length of the description for a given point in the le. The description length may be between 1 and 100 characters. This operation allows the description length to be changed. It can be made smaller or larger. If an existing point in a coordinate le has a description that is longer than the new description length, the description will be truncated. When you click the Perform Operation button you will be asked to enter the desired description length (see dialog below). Change File Type This operation allows the use to convert among the supported types of coordinate les. The types supported are C&G numeric ( * .crd) and alphanumeric ( * .cgc), Carlson numeric ( * .crd) and alphanumeric ( * .crd), Simplicity ( * .zak) and AutoCAD Land Desktop ( * .mdb). When you select this operation and click the Perform Operation button you will see the Change File Type dialog: Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1285 In the Change File Type dialog choose the type of le you want the current le to be converted into by clicking on the appropriate radio button. Note: the radio button for the current le type is greyed out. After choosing the le type click the OK button. Click Cancel to cancel the operation. If you attempt to convert to a le type having point ID length or description length limits that are less than the limits for the le being converted, you will get the following warning: Copy File Performs a basic le copy. Must be to another directory and/or le name. When you click the Perform Operation button you will be asked to specify the copied le name and directory using a le dialog (see below). Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1286 Note: by changing the Save as type: this command can change the le type when it copies the le. However, if the type of le being copied has maximum allowable point IDs or descriptions that are greater than one or both of those for the le being copied to, you will receive a warning that point IDs and/or descriptions may be truncated (see Change File Type section above). Delete File Deletes the le listed in the Current Coordinate File Information area of the C&G Point Manager dialog alonge with any of its associated les. Before actually deleting the le you must click the Yes button in the following dialog. Edit File Allows the user to use the CGEditor to edit the coordinate le. You may add and delete points or edit any of the elds for an existing point (see the CGEditor section for more information on using the CGEditor) Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1287 Move File Moves the current le to a new location. You will use a le dialog to specify the new location of the le. When moving a coordinate le you may also change the le type by changing the Save as type: The same cautions with regard to possible point ID and description truncation apply here as they do any time you change the le type (see Change File Type section above). Rename File Simply renames the le to whatever name the user species. You will use a le dialog to specify the new name and location of the le. Thus this command may be used to change the le type and/or move the le to a different directory. To change the le type change the Save as type: in the le dialog when you specify its new name. The same cautions with regard to possible point ID and description truncation apply here as they do any time you change the le type (see Change File Type section above). Point Operations You may perform sevaral operations that effect one or more of the points in the current coordinate le in this section of the C&G Point Manager dialog. Use the Points used: and Points Available: lists to help you determine which points or ranges of points you wish to work on. Add/Delete section You may use the standard CGSurvey interface or the CGEditor to add or delete points. Choose which one to use using the radio buttons on the right side of the Add/Delete portion of the Point Operations area. Add Points If you chose to use the CGEditor, the CGEditor will come up (as shown above - see the CGEditor section for more information on using the CGEditor). Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1288 If you chose to Use the Standard CGSurvey Command, you will see the Manual Coordinate Storage dialog (see below). Fill in the edit boxes as described in Management > Manual Storage Delete Points If you chose to use the CGEditor, the CGEditor will come up (as shown above - see the CGEditor section for more information on using the CGEditor). If you chose to Use the Standard CGSurvey Command, you will see the following prompt at the Command: line: Choose initial points for base selection set from coord le. (Enter when done) [All/Block/Code/Desc/Elev/Pt-group/Limits/Radius/Select]: use one or more of the available methods to specify which points are to be deleted from the current coordinate le. Buttons section Renumber Points If you click on the Renumber Points button you will see the Renumber Points dialog: Fill in the dialog (see the Management > Renumber Points section for more details) and click OK to renumber the specied range of points. If you check the OVERWRITE Existing Points checkbox, you will not be warned of any points that are overwritten during the renumbering process. Import Points Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1289 You can use this to copy points from another coordinate le into the current coordinate le. If you click the Import Points button you will be asked to specify the coordinate le from which the points are to be imported. After specifying the import le name, you will use the C&G Select Points from: dialog to select which point are to be imported: C&G Select Points from: <le name> dialog Choose Points section: You can select any one of the methods you wish to use to use to choose the points by clicking one of the methods of point selection in the Choose Points section of the dialog. You may also specify whether you wish to Include or Exclude the points chosen. If you include the points, they will be added to the list from the coordinate le. If you exclude the points, the points chosen will be removed from the list of points previously Included. The method of choosing the points is very much like using the Choose initial points for base selection set from coord le. (Enter when done) [All/Block/Code/Desc/Elev/Pt-group/Limits/Radius/Select]: prompt. For example, if you choose the Include radio button and the All radio button then click on the <Add button, all the points in the coordinate le will be shown in the list on the left side of the dilaog. If you then choose the Exclude radio button and the Block radio button, ll in the block of points you wish to remain in the list, then all but these points will be excluded from the list when you click the Remove> button (see the example dialog below). Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1290 When the points you wish to import are all in the list on the left, click OK. CAUTION: If the points that are being imported exist in the current coordinate le, they will be overwritten without warning! Export Points - click the Export Points button to copy points from the current coordinate le into another coordinate le. You will be asked to specify the le to export the points into then, similar to importing points, use the C&G Select Points from: dialog to select the points to be exported. Click OK in the C&G Select Points from: dialog to export the points. CAUTION: If the points that are being exported exist in the le they are being exported to, they will be overwritten without warning! Prompts Choose initial points for base selection set from coord le. (Enter when done) [All/Block/Code/Desc/Elev/Pt-group/Limits/Radius/Select]: use one or more of the available methods to specify which points are to be deleted from the current coordinate le. Note: this prompt is only used if you have the Use the Standard CGSurvey Command radio button set. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Management > Point Manager Keyboard Command: cg pt mngr Prerequiste: One or more Coordinate les Edit Coordinates (CGEditor) The user can use the CGEditor to edit an existing coordinate le or create a new one. You can add and/or delete points and edit existing points. The CGEditor has many sophisticated editing tools that make editing fast and relatively easy. Please refer to the CGEditor section of the Tools menu for a detailed explanation of how to use the CGEditor. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1291 Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Managment > Edit Coordinates (CGEditor) Keyboard Command: EDC, CG EDIT COORDS Prerequiste: None Auto Create Points The purpose of this feature is to create points in the current coordinate le and draw the associated point symbols using coordinate values extracted from existing drawing entities. These drawing entities may or may not have been created with CGSurvey. The user can automatically place C&G point symbols at the vertices, radius points, insertion points, etc. of selected lines, arcs, points, polylines, and point blocks. The coordinates of the newly created points are then saved in the currently open coordinate le. Note: Unless point symbols are picked, the coordinates that are stored will be the coordinates of the CAD entity. In the case of point symbols, the point ID will be read and used to look up the proper coordinates in the current coordinate le. After picking the Auto Create Points menu item, the Auto Create Points dialog box will appear: Entity Types section Select the entity types for which you wish to create C&G points. You can check any combination of the available entity types. When you click the Select Entities button, specifying only certain entities allows you to window a large area but only have points created for the specied types of entities. You may also select individual entities or several groups of entities. After selecting the entities, click the Create Points button to create the points and save them to the current coordinate le. Point Blocks If you wish to have coordinates created for point blocks (or inserts) and you want the point ID, description and elevation to be set from information contained in the block, the block must have attributes that can be used to obtain these values. When you choose Point Blocks, the following edit boxes in the dialog are activated and must be lled out: Block Name: Specify the name of the blocks you wish to have points created for. Point Attribute Tag: For the block entities chosen, specify the tag name for the attribute of the block contains the point ID. If no point ID attribute is found then the next sequential point ID will be used. Description Tag: For the block entities chosen, specify which attribute of the block contains the description. If descriptions are ON and no description attribute is found then the default description will be used. Elevation Tag: For the block entities chosen, specify which attribute of the block contains the elevation. If elevations are ON and no elevation attribute is found: if the Use Z-Value as Elev is checked, then the Z value of the block insertion point will be used for the elevation of the newly created point; otherwies the specied default elevation will be used. Point Creation Information section Starting point number: Use this to specify the starting point number. Specifying anything other than the next available point in the coordinate le as the starting point makes it possible that one or more existing points could be overwritten. However, whenever a situation arises that a point in the coordinate le may be overwritten, a dialog box will appear warning you of this and allowing you to decide whether to proceed with the overwrite or not. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1292 Use coordinate point duplication factor: If this box is checkbox Coordinate point duplication tolerance edit box is activated and you must enter a tolerance for determining coordinate point duplication. This is used to test if a new point that is about to be created is the same as a point already in the coordinate le. If the new point coordinates are within this tolerance the new point will not be created. Use Z-Value as Elev Select this box if the entities you select may have a Z value and you want that value used as the point's elevation. Default Code If point codes are turned ON, then this value is used as the default Code for all newly created points. Default Elevation If elevations are turned ON, then this value is used as the default Elevation for all newly created points. Default Description If descriptions are turned ON, then this value is used as the default Description for all newly created points. Buttons Select Entities < Press this button to begin selecting the entities for which you wish to create coordinate points. The dialog box will disappear and you will be asked to use the normal entity selection methods to choose the entities to be used for point creation. Just press Enter at the Select Entities prompt when you are done. You will then be returned to the Auto Create Points dialog. Create Points After the entities have been selected, press this button to create coordinate points using the entities. Any existing C&G lines, arcs or polylines will be ignored since they already have points associated with them. Non-C&G lines, arcs and polylines will be converted to C&G lines, arcs and polylines. Prompts Fill in the dialog box as required (see above explanation). Select Entities: use the normal entity selection methods to select the entities to use for creating points. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Mngmt Keyboard Command: cg acp Prerequiste: Coordinate le. Manual Storage This feature allows you to store points in a coordinate le by typing in the values for the point ID, code, northing, easting, elevation and/or description. You also have the option of using the mouse to pick the location coordinates on the screen. When you choose the Manual Storage menu item: If a coordinate le is not currently open, you will be prompted to open one. Next, the following dialog box will appear: Point When the dialog box rst appears, the point ID (Point) eld defaults to the next available point ID as set on the General tab of the C&G Options dialog box. If you enter an existing point number in the point eld and click on one of the other elds, the values associated with that point number will be retrieved from the current coordinate Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1293 le and placed in the other elds. You may edit them if you wish. Note: If you enter an existing point ID and alter any of the other elds associated with that point then save the point, NO POINT OVERWRITE WARNING WILL BE GIVEN! North, East and Elevation There are three different ways to enter coordinate values: 1. You can type in the coordinate values and elevation in the appropriate edit boxes. 2. You can duplicate a points values by entering a '+' sign and a point ID (example: +25) in the North eld. When you click on another eld, the coordinate values for the specied point will be automatically entered in the North, East and Elevation elds. 3. Or you can press the Pick Coords button. When you do this the dialog box disappears and you are prompted to pick a point on the screen. Once you have picked the desired point on the screen, the dialog box reappears with the coordinates of the selected point entered in the North and East elds. Note: If you pick a C&G point, the coordinate values will be read from the coordinate le. Note: The elevation eld is only activated if Elevation is ON. Code and Description Enter the desired description in the description edit box. Enter the point code in the edit box. The point code eld is a 4 digit alpha or numeric code only used by C&G. When present it can be used as a sorting tool in addition to the description table. As an example: say that the description table number 25 is dened as 'Sanitary Manhole'. In addition to using 25 from the description table you also have used the code 'AB' for As-Built and 'DS' for design. Now you can build a selection set of all the description 25's, excluding all of the 'AB' codes and the selection set will contain only those points that are Design Sanitary Manholes. Note: If descriptions are ON and Get Description From Table is checked, then if you enter an integer code in either the Code or Description eld, that number will be used to lookup a description in the current descrip- tion table. If a matching number is found it will be used for the code and the associated description will be used for the point's description. If there is no matching number found in the description table all elds will remain as entered. Buttons Store Point: When all the elds are entered, press the Store Point button to store the point in the coordinate le. If Auto Point Plot ON is checked on the Graphics tab in the C&G Options dialog, the point will be plotted as well. Reset: This button clears all the elds in the dialog box and sets the point number to the next available point number. Pick Coords <: click this button to use the mouse cursor to pick the point's coordinates on the screen. Cancel: Press this button when done. Prompts Pick coordinates for point '<point ID>': use the mouse cursor to pick the coordinates for the point. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Mngmt Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1294 Keyboard Command: cg man coord store Prerequiste: Coordinate le Delete This feature allows the user to delete selected points from a coordinate le. If a coordinate le is not open, you will be prompted to open one. Select the points you wish to delete, either by picking with the mouse or entering the point sequence at the command line. When point selection is complete, press Enter. A dialog box will come up asking if you are sure you want to delete the points. If you click OK, the points are deleted. Note: Deleted points CANNOT BE RECOVERED unless point history is turned on. (See Carlson Cong- ure) Prompts Choose initial points for base selection set from coord le. (Enter when done) [All/Block/Code/Desc/Elev/Pt group/Limits/Radius/Select]: Use any of the point ID selection methods to specify which points you wish to delete from the current coordinate le. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Mngmt Keyboard Command: cg delete coords Prerequiste: Coordinate le. Fix Coords This feature should only be used if you wish to attempt to repair a damaged C&G coordinate le. A le can sometimes become damaged. when the computer is shut down prior to closing the le. It is wise to always keep a backup copy of your coordinate les in case a damaged one cannot be xed. Before running this command, try to open the le after closing any other C&G softer that may be running. When you run this command you will rst be warned that only C&G les should be xed: When the le dialog comes up, browse to the le you wish to attempt to repair. If the x is unsuccessful, you will get an error message otherwise the x was successful. Prompts Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1295 Use the le dialog to choose the le to be xed. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Mngmt Keyboard Command: cg x coords Prerequiste: Possibly damaged C&G Coordinate le List This feature allows the user to list all the information associated with selected points in the current coordinate le. If Display at command line On is checked on the Output tab of the C&G Options dialog box, the information for the selected points is displayed at the command line (press <F2> to view it). Otherwise the output is sent to the print le. If a coordinate le is not open, you will see a le dialog allowing you to open one. Note: To print and/or view the print le after listing the coordinates, choose Print/View Print File from the CG-Survey > File menu. This will open a text editor with the print le as the current le. You may view the le or print it using the text editor. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Mngmt Keyboard Command: cg list coords Prerequiste: Coordinate le. Renumber Points This feature allows you to renumber the point IDs of a range of points in the current coordinate le. The point IDs will be renumbered sequentially. If the renumbered points have been previously plotted to the drawing, the points will be redrawn to reect the changed point IDs. When you choose this menu item, the following dialog box appears: Point ID range to renumber: Specify the range of point IDs you wish to renumber. Use the Point IDs Used and Point IDs Available lists to help you determine the appropriate range. New Starting point ID: Specify the new starting point ID for the range specied. The specied range of points will be renumbered sequentially starting with the New Starting point ID. OVERWRITE Existing Points If you check this check box and, in the process of renumbering the points, the new point ID is the same as an existing point in the coordinate le, the point will be overwritten. However, if you do not check this checkbox and a possible overwrite is detected, you will be informed of the possible overwrite and required to check this checkbox before proceeding. If you do not wish to overwrite existing points, either re-specify the New Starting point ID or click the Cancel button. To proceed with the renumbering click the OK button. Note: this feature will only renumber points in a coordinate le in which all point IDs are numeric. Thus you can renumber the points in Carlson and C&G alphanumeric coordinate les only if all the point IDs are numeric. Prompts Fill in the dialog box as specied above. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1296 Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Mngmt Keyboard Command: cg renumber pts Prerequiste: Coordinate le Transformations Combined Transformations The Combined Transformations feature allows the user to translate, rotate, adjust elevation and/or scale the selected points in a specied coordinate le. The user may also specify whether the transformed coordinates replace the values in the current coordinate le or are saved to another coordinate le. The Combined Transformations menu item brings up the Transform Points dialog box. This dialog is used to congure the transformations that will be applied. To begin the process, in the Coordinate Files Used area, choose the coordinate le into which the transformed points are to be stored. If you wish to store them in the current coordinate le, you can go on to the next step. However, if you wish to have the transformed ponts stored to a coordinate le other than current coordinate le, click the Browse... button and use the le dialog to choose the disired destination le. Next, check the checkboxs for each of the transformations you wish to apply. Then, for each type of trans- formation to be applied, ll in each item of data in that area of the dialog. Translate Points To translate the points check the Translate checkbox, then ll in the data in the edit boxes in this section of the dialog. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1297 The amount that the selected points are translated in the North and East directions is determined by the difference between the northing and easting of the Reference Point and the coordinates specied in the New Northing and New Easting edit boxes. Reference Point species the point in the current coordinate le that is to be used as the reference point for the translation. All the selected points are translated in the same manner as the Reference Point. The reference point will be translated by the difference between its current coordinates and those specied in the New Northing and New Easting edit boxes. You can ll in the New Northing and New Easting edit boxes directly or you can enter a point ID in the New Point edit box. Assuming the point ID entered is found in the coordinate le, the coordinates read from the coordinate le will be placed in the New Northing and New Easting edit boxes. You can edit these coordinates or leave them as they are. Rotate Points If the Rotate check box is checked, the selected points will be rotated according to the specications in the Rotate Points area. Rotation defaults to rotation by an angle but can be changed by merely clicking on the Bearing or Angle radio button. Use the Rotate About Point edit box to specify the point in the current coordinate le about which the se- lected points will be rotated. Rotating by an angle To rotate by an angle click the Angle radio button. Next, type in the appropriate angle in the Rotation Angle edit box or click the Pick Angle button and pick the desired angle on the screen. Rotating by Bearing To rotate by bearing, click the Bearing radio button then type in the appropriate values in the Current Bearing and New Bearing edit the boxes or click the Pick Bearing button and pick the desired bearing on the screen. Note: Bearings must be specied using qdd.mm.sss notation, where q is the quadrant (1 = NE, 2 = SE, 3 = SW, 4 = NW), dd is degrees, mm is minutes and sss is seconds. Seconds can be specied to 0.1 seconds if desired. Adjust Elevation If the Adjust Elevation box is checked, the elevations of the points will be adjusted according to the specications in the Adjust Elevation area. The type of elevation adjustment can be specied by clicking on the Translate or Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1298 Scale radio button. To Translate elevations The elevations of the selected points will be translated by the difference between the Reference Point elevation and the value entered in the New Elevation edit box. When you enter a point ID in the Reference Point edit box and click on another edit box the New Elevation edit box will be lled out with the current elevation of the reference point. To Scale elevations The elevations of the selected points will be scaled by the value entered in the Multiplication Factor edit box. Scale If the Scale check box is checked the northings and eastings of the selected points will be scaled according to the specications in the Scale area of the dialog. Meters to Feet and Feet to Meters You can scale the coordinates to convert feet to meters or meters to feet by checking the appropriate check boxes. Using this form of scaling disables the other items in this section of the dialog box. Other types of scaling: The Point to Hold is a point in the current coordinate le that will be used to obtain the reference coordi- nates for the application of the specied scaling factor to the selected points. Simple Scale - if you choose simple scaling it will calculate the scaled differences in northing and easting between the Point to Hold and each of the points selected for scaling. This scaled difference is found by calculating the difference between the coordinates of the Point to Hold and those of a given selected point and multiplying that times the specied Scale Factor. This scaled difference is then added back to the northing (easting) of the given selected point. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1299 Adjust to Grid - this scaling method uses the Site Elevation (MSL) and the Projection Table Factor to adjust the northings and eastings of the selected points to grid coordinates Methods of Specifying Point IDs for the Various Transformations When specifying a point ID in the transformation data (for example to specify the Reference Point when the Translate checkbox is checked), you many select points using any one of the three options listed below: 1. Type the point ID directly into the edit box provided. 2. Point List: click the Point List button to bring up the Choose Point Blocks dialog. The left pane shows a listing of all the points found in the current coordinate le. Highlight the desired point in the Points Avail- able list then click the Add > button and the point selected will be displayed in the Points Chosen list. In every case you are only allowed to choose a single point. Once you are satised with the point chosen click the OK button. 3. Screen Pick: when you click the Screen Pick button the Transform Points dialog disappears and Choose a point: prompt is displayed at the command line. You may type a point ID or pick a point symbol from the drawing. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1300 Selecting Which Points Will be Transformed At any time prior to clicking the OK button you may choose the points to be transformed. To do this click the Select Points button. The Transform Points dialog will disappear and you will be prompted to choose the points: Choose initial points for base selection set from coord le. (Enter when done) [All/Block/Code/Desc/Elev/Pt-group/Limits/Radius/Select]: - use any of the available methods to specify the points to be transformed. When done specifying the points press Enter until the Transform Points dialog reappears. Transforming the points To transform the selected points, click the OK button. The points will be transformed and saved to the specied coordinate le. Prompts Fill out the Transform Points as described above. When the Select Points button is clicked the following prompt appears: Choose initial points for base selection set from coord le. (Enter when done) [All/Block/Code/Desc/Elev/Pt-group/Limits/Radius/Select]: - use any of the available methods to specify the points to be transformed. When done specifying the points press Enter until the Transform Points dialog reappears. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Management > Transformations Keyboard Command: cg transformations Prerequiste: Coordinate le Best Fit Transformation Best Fit Transformation is used to transform the coordinates in the current coordinate le using a ''rubber sheet'' method of transformation. First the user must . Add points from the coordinate le. (Enter when done) [All/Block/Code/Desc/Elev/Pt-group/Limits/Radius/Select]: specify which points are to be transformed using one or more of the available selection methods. Next, in the Coordinate Transformation dialog the user must choose at least 2 points in the coordinate le that are known (or ''xed'') points Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1301 To specify a xed point, highlight it in the Points Available list then press the Add > button to copy it to the Points with Known Coordinates list on the right. Or, if you wish, you can also specify a known point from the drawing by clicking the Screen Pick button and picking a point from the screen or typing a point ID at the command line. After choosing a known point, the following dialog will appear: The Add Point dialog allows you to change the current coordinates of the known point or accept the current coordinates. When done specifying the coordinates of the known point, click the OK button After a point has been placed in the Points with Known Coordinates list on the right, you can edit the values you entered by highlighting the incorrect point and clicking the Edit Point button. Or, if you wish, you can remove an incorrect point from the right hand Points with Known Coordinates list by highlighting it and clicking the < Remove button. After specifying all the known points, you must specify which coordinate le will be used to store the trans- formed points. If you wish to use the current coordinate le you need do nothing. If you wish to write the transformed points to a different coordinate le than the one listed in the Store the Transformed Points in the File: edit box, click the Browse... button and use the le dialog (see below) to specify a new or existing coordinate le. When done choosing a coordinate le, click the Open button in the le dialog. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1302 Click the Transform button in the Coordinate Transformation dialog to cause the transformed coordinates to be calculated and stored in the specied le Prompts Add points from the coordinate le. (Enter when done) [All/Block/Code/Desc/Elev/Pt-group/Limits/Radius/Select]: specify which points are to be transformed using the typical C&G Selection method. Follow the instructions above to ll out the Coordinate Transformation dialog box. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Mngmt > Transformations Keyboard Command: cg crd trns Prerequiste: Coordinate le Copy Coordinates This feature allows the user to copy a selected set of points from the current coordinate le to itself or to another coordinate le and, optionally, increase or decrease the point ID by a specied number. First you must choose the points to be copied: Add points from coordinate le. (Enter when done) [All/Block/Code/Desc/Elev/Pt-group/Limits/Radius/Select]: use one of the available methods to specify the set of points to be copied. Next, you must specify what value to add to or subtract from the point IDs to form the new point IDs. If you press <Enter> the default is to leave the IDs the same. Value to add or subtract from point numbers <0>: press Enter to leave the point IDs as they are or en- ter a positive or negative number. Next you must specify the coordinate le to which the points are to be copied. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1303 Store coordinates in [Current-le/Existing-le/New-le] <C>: type ''C'' and Enter or just Enter to copy the specied points into the current coordinate le. Type ''E'' and Enter to choose an existing coordinate le into which to copy the points or Type ''N'' and Enter the copy the points to a new le. If you choose either an existing or new le you will use a le dialog to specify the le to use. The selected points will then be copied to the specied le. Prompts Add points from coordinate le. (Enter when done) [All/Block/Code/Desc/Elev/Pt-group/Limits/Radius/Select]: use one of the available methods to specify the set of points to be copied. Value to add or subtract from point numbers <0>: press Enter to leave the point IDs as they are or en- ter a positive or negative number. Store coordinates in [Current-le/Existing-le/New-le] <C>: type ''C'' and Enter or just Enter to copy the specied points into the current coordinate le. Type ''E'' and Enter to choose an existing coordinate le into which to copy the points or Type ''N'' and Enter the copy the points to a new le. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Management > Transformations Keyboard Command: cg move coords Prerequiste: Coordinate le Description Tables Description tables have several purposes. They can be used as a shortcut method of using point codes or numeric descriptions to automatically set point descriptions when points are saved to a coordinate le. (Descriptions have a similar functionality when used in conjunction with the CGEditor) Note: the description table is only used in conjunction with saving points to the coordinate le if Descrip- tions are ON and Get Description From Table is checked on the General tab of the C&G Options dialog. Description tables allow the user to specify many details regarding the appearance of a plotted point when using Auto Map > Draw or Trav > Reduce, or anytime points are being plotted. Note: the description table is only used in conjunction with drawing points if Descriptions are ON and Use description table for point plotting parameters is checked on the Graphics tab of the C&G Options dialog. A description number acts as an index into the description table. When saving a point to the coordinate le and a number is used in a description eld, the description table will be searched for that number. If that description number is found, the number in the description eld will be replaced with the description in the description table. In the case of C&G coordinate les, the number will be moved to the point code eld. If no match is found, the number will remain in the description eld. When plotting points, the description for the point being drawn is compared to the descriptions found in the description table. If a match is found then the point is plotted using the parameters specied in that description table entry. The items in this menu allow you to create and manipulate description tables. You can create a new empty Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1304 description table and edit it. You can edit an existing description table. You can set or close the current description table and set a different default description table to be used in new drawings. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Mngmt Keyboard Command: None Prerequiste: None Create This feature allows you to create a new description table. A dialog box will prompt you to name the description table to be created. Once you have specied the description table to create, you will be allowed to edit the new, empty descrip- tion table. See Description Table > Edit for a detailed description of how to edit a description table. Prompts Use a le dialog to specify the name and location of the new description table and the Edit Description Table dialog to create the table entries. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Mngmt > Description Tables Keyboard Command: cg create desc table Prerequiste: None Edit This feature allows you to edit an existing description table. The following edit dialog box will appear: Note: Editing a description table does not make it the current description table for the current drawing. To make a description table the current one you must choose the Set Current menu item in the Description Table. Caution for CG-SURVEY for DOS users: You may open the older format CG-DOS Description Table. However, when opened, the CG-DOS description table will be converted to the current format and once converted, the description table cannot be converted back to or used by the CG-SURVEY for DOS program. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1305 Description Table File: Displays the name and location of the description table currently being edited. Pressing the Browse button brings up the Choose a Description Table to Edit le dialog box allowing you to select a description table to edit. Note about the Browse button: If you are in the editor just after using the create menu item to create a new description table, you should not use the Browse button. Descriptions list This list contains a list of all the descriptions in the current description table. You may scroll through the list using the scroll bar on the right or use the scroll bar on the bottom to view the complete description. The list contains one description per line. By clicking on a description in the list its properties are displayed to the right of the list. The list itself contains some of the description's properties but you must click on the specic description you are interested in to view all its specications. Each row in the list consists of rst the description number then the description itself then the symbol and symbol and label height. Description section Description Number: This number acts as an index to the description table. Description: The description you wish to set parameters for. Auto Map Line Drawing section If you check the Draw Lines ONLY checkbox then during Auto Mapping (see Draw > Auto Map > Draw) points with this description will not have the point symbol drawn but will be connected by lines if the line drawing codes are used. The Line Type to Use drop down box allows you to choose one of the currently loaded line types for the Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1306 lines drawn between points having this description. Point Symbol section Symbol: The drawing in the box on the left side indicates which point symbol is currently specied for this description. The text next to the symbol drawing is the name of the symbol minus the .dwg ending. This is the symbol to be used when plotting a point having a description matching that specied in this description entry. You may specify any valid block name by rst selecting the type of symbol you wish to use: either Carlson or C&G. You can specify any standard C&G or Carlson symbol supplied with the software or create your own custom point symbols. Custom point symbols must be located in either the users Sup directory with the Carlson symbols or with the C&G symbols in Sup\CGPTSYM generally found under C:\Documents and Settings\<User Name>\Application Data\Carlson Software\<Carlson product name>\<CAD version> directory. You may press the Change Symbol button to view and/or select the desired symbol. Symbol Layer: The drawing layer that the point symbol will be plotted on for any point having a description matching that specied in this description table entry. Point Labels section Point Label Positions The entries in this area refer to the plotting of Point ID, Description and Elevation labels around a point symbol. Layer The Point ID, Description and Elevation layer names can be specied. If none is specied then the current layer will be used. Position Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1307 You can assign the Position of the point number, elevation and description labels in relation to the point symbol. Valid positions are 0 through 9 based on the numeric keypad on your keyboard. Consider 5 as the location of the center of a point symbol. Labels can be placed around the point symbol just as the other numbers surround 5. You identify the location where you want the label to be placed around the point symbol by selecting the number on the numeric keypad that corresponds to that relative location. The relative positions are also indicated in the list and can be picked directly from the list. Position 0 - indicates that you do not want the label to be plotted. Position 5 - can only be used for the elevation label. (If you select position 5 for any other label it will be treated as Position 0). If you select position 5 for the elevation label the whole number portion of the elevation will be plotted to the left of the center of the symbol and the decimal portion of the elevation will be plotted to the right. Whole Places - can be specied for the elevation label only. Decimal Places - can be specied for the elevation label only. Plot Radial If Plot Radial is checked, the point labels will be plotted radially from the symbol's center at the Position specied. If plot radial is not selected, point labels will be plotted horizontally. Symbol and Label Size section Symbol Size: The size of the symbol to be plotted for a point having a description matching that specied for this description table entry. Label Size: The height of the point label text. This refers to labeling symbols with point number, elevation and description. Units: Units can be set to Scale X Symbol Size or Literal. Scale X Symbol Size indicates that the values for Symbol Size and Label Size will be multiplied by the drawing scale (Specied on the Drawing Settings tab of the C&G Options dialog) to determine the size of the symbol and/or label in actual drawing units. Literal indicates that the specied Symbol Size is in actual drawing units and should not be scaled. Note: If the Units for a given description is set to Scale X Symbol Size, then the symbol size and label height on the printed drawing are interpreted to be in inches if drawing units are set to FEET on the General tab of the C&G Options dialog and centimeters if drawing units are set to METERS or METRES. Buttons List: clicking this button causes the description table to be printed as a report on the command line and to the print le. Add/Replace: click this button to save your changes when you complete a new description or edit an exist- ing description. Delete: click this button to delete the highlighted description. If you delete a description, it cannot be re- covered and you will not be allowed to cancel the deletion. Exit: When nished editing, click this button. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1308 Prompts Use the Edit Description Table dialog to enter or modify descriptions and their drawing parameters. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Mngmt > Description Tables Keyboard Command: cg edit desc codes Prerequiste: An existing C&G description table or a newly created one (see Create) Set Current Allows the user to select the current description table using a le dialog. The selected description table will be active for the current drawing. When Set Current is used the description table name and location are saved with the drawing settings. Prompts Use a le dialog to choose the current le. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Description Tables Keyboard Command: cg set desc table Prerequiste: Existing C&G Description table Close Current Closes the current description table. This is saved with the drawing as part of the CG SETTINGS. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Mngmt Keyboard Command: cg close desc table Prerequiste: None Set Default Allows the user to select the default description table using a le dialog. The selected description table will be saved to the CGSURVEY.OPT le for the current user and used to set the default settings for any new C&G drawings created by the current user. Prompts Use a le dialog to choose the default le. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Description Tables Keyboard Command: cg set default desc table Prerequiste: Existing C&G Description table Convert to SurvCE FCL le This feature allows you to convert a C&G description table to a SurvCE feature code list or FCL le. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1309 If you are using SurvCE and wish to import your C&G description table for use with SurvCE use this fea- ture to create the FCL le then upload it to the SurvCE data collector FCL directory. If a C&G description table is not currently open you will be asked to choose which le you wish to convert using a le dialog box. Next, using le dialog, you will be asked to specify the name of the FCL le to create. When you click OK after specifying the FCL le name, the conversion will take place. Prompts Use le dialog boxes to pick the C&G description table to convert and to specify the name of the FCL le to create. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Mngmt > Description Tables Keyboard Command: CG CONVERT DESC TO SURVCE FCL Prerequiste: Existing C&G description table ( * .tbl) and its index le ( * .tbx). Point Groups Point groups were formerly called Batch Point Files or point les. These les are text les with the extension pts. These features allow the user to create or edit a point group. A point group is simply an ASCII text le that contains a list of point IDs that are in a specic sequence. The points in a point group can describe a tract of land, a road centerline, a utility line, a group of lots in a subdivision, etc. - anything that can be dened by a series of points. Point groups can also contain the PC radius point and PT for horizontal curves as well as vertical curve information. An example of a point group le: If you view a point group le in a text editor like notepad you will see something like this example Note: the text in square brackets does not appear in the le itself - it is only used to clarify this example: LOT 1 [Subgroup description] 1 [Point 1] 23 [Point 23, PC] +48 [Clockwise radius point 48] 49 [Point 49, PT] 50 [Point 52] 1 [Point 1, back to starting point] LOT 2 [Subgroup description] 12 [Point 12] 24 [Point 24] 65 [Point 65] 70 [Point 70] 12 [Point 12, starting point] The above example illustrates a point group with two subgroups. Each subgroup denes a lot. The last point in each subgroup is optional - you don't need to close the lot boundary by entering the starting point twice. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Mngmt Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1310 Keyboard Command: None Prerequiste: Coordinate le Create There are two ways to create a new point group: you can use this command or you can use the CGEditor. Previous C&G users may prefer to use this command but the CGEditor allows the user the ability to view and edit the point group as it is being created. If a coordinate le is not open, you will be prompted to open one using a le dialog. Once the coordinate le is open, the point group le dialog can be used to specify the name of the point group le you wish to create. Subgroup description <Enter when done>: Enter the subgroup description. Specify points for subgroup <lename>: [Block/Code/Desc/Elev/Indiv/liMits/Radius/Vertical curve] <pick polyline>: Use any of the available methods, including picking a polyline in the drawing, to specify the point IDs of the points in the subgroup. Remember that, within a given subgroup, you are dening a specic shape or line and thus the points need to be entered as an ordered sequence that properly denes the lot, alignment, etc. Repeat the steps outlined above until all subgroups and their points have been entered. To end the command and create the point group le, press Enter twice after specifying the last point in the last subgroup. Using a Polyline to specify a group of points If you pick a polyline, the coordinate le is searched for points having northings and eastings that match the x and y coordinates of the vertices of the polyline. If none of the points in the coordinate le match the polyline vertices, then no points are added to the points in the current subgroup. Any points that match are added to the subgroup points and you are prompted for the next point in the subgroup. You may continue using any of the methods of specifying points, including picking other polylines. Entering a Curve First type ''I'' and enter to enter individual points. As you are specifying the individual points in the subgroup you can specify a curve by entering the radius point ID immediately after entering the ID of the PC. The radius point must be indicated by preceding its point ID with a plus sign for a clockwise curve or a minus sign for a counterclockwise curve. The next point ID you enter is assumed to be the PT. Vertical Curves If you are creating a point group to dene a road alignment, you may wish to enter vertical curve information so that both the horizontal and vertical alignments are dened. Note: You may nd it more convenient to use the CGEditor to enter vertical curve information. To do this type ''V'' and Enter at the command prompt. You will see the following prompt: Vertical Curve 1 [Next/slope-In/slope-Out/Length/pvi-Station/pvi-Elevation]: For the rst vertical curve you must enter ve curve components. Enter these ve componants by typing the capitalized letter representing the component that you wish to specify, then press Enter. You will be prompted to Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1311 enter the component specied. You must enter a value for each of the following ve required elds: The slope-In slope-Out Length of the vertical curve pvi-Station pvi-Elevation. Entering succeeding vertical curves After entering the information for the rst vertical curve, enter <N> for Next. Since the slope in and PVI elevation are determined by the previous vertical curve information, so you need only specify three elds for any additional curves: slope-Out Length pvi-Station Use Previous and Next to enter and/or change the vertical curve information. You may enter as many as fty vertical curves. You can press the F2 key at any time to view the prompt history screen, then use the scroll bar on the right to view the entire data entry sequence. Multiple Subgroups To place more than one subgroup in a single point group, press Enter when asked to select another point for the current subgroup. This ends input for the current subgroup. At the Subgroup description <Enter when done>: prompt, enter the name of the next subgroup and go on to enter a new series of points, including both horizontal and vertical curve information as needed. Continue to enter subgroups of points by repeating these steps until all subgroups have been entered. When you have entered all the subgroups, press Enter until you get the Subgroup Description prompt. Press Enter at the Subgroup Description prompt to end the command and create the point group le. Prompts Subgroup description <Enter when done>: Enter the subgroup description. Specify points for subgroup <lename>: [Block/Code/Desc/Elev/Indiv/liMits/Radius/Vertical curve] <pick polyline>: use one or more of the available methods to specify points in the current subgroup. Vertical Curve 1 [Next/slope-In/slope-Out/Length/pvi-Station/pvi-Elevation]: specify which element of the vertical curve you wish to enter or type ''N'' and Enter to begin entering the next vertical curve. Vertical Curve ## [Next/slope-Out/Length/pvi-Station]: after entering the data for the rst vertical curve the following curves are controlled by the initial curve. Thus the prompt changes. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Mngmt > Point Groups Keyboard Command: cg create bpf Prerequiste: Coordinate le Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1312 Edit The Edit Point Groups feature allows you to use the CGEditor to edit/create an existing point group le. CGEditor General Information The CGEditor is an integral part of preparing les for use in C&G applications. The CGEditor is a very powerful tool. You can open multiple data les of any supported le type and edit the les as needed. The CGEditor has a full complement of tools for searching and replacing and navigating within a le. It will also allow you to cut or copy records from one le and paste them into another le in order to merge les, move data between phases of a job, etc. The CGEditor can create and/or edit six types of data les used by C&G: Raw Data Files Raw data les contain information pertaining to a eld traverse. Raw data les are typically downloaded from the data collector and converted to the C&G raw data le format. These les have the extension .CGR. Map Check Files Map Check les contain bearing, distance and curve information and are typically used to calculate the closure of a deed description. These les have the extension .CGM. Cross Section Files Cross Section les contain one or more cross sections identied by their station along the alignment. Each cross section record has the percent grade dened for its left and right slopes. Following the ''Station'' record are several ''Point'' records containing the elevations and offsets of the points along the cross section. Cross section les consist of a pair of les; the main data le has the extension .CEW and the index le has the extension .CEX. Template Files Template les are merely cross section les that represent a standard cross section and can be used to generate other cross section les. However, unlike cross section les, template les use an integer ID instead of a station to uniquely identify each template. Like cross section les, the percent grade is dened for the left and right slopes of each template and there are a set of ''Point'' records specifying the template elevation at a given offset. The centerline elevation at offset 0.00 is typically set to 0.00. Template les consist of a pair of les; the main data le has the extension .CTP and the index le has the extension .CTX. Point Group Files Point Group Files are simply a list of point numbers that can dene a group of points, a lot or parcel, or an alignment. These are ASCII les and have a .PTS extension. Coordinate Files CGSurvey supports many different coordinate le formats: C&G .CRD/.IDX - C&G numeric coordinate les C&G .CGC/.CGX - C&G alpha-numeric coordinate les Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1313 Carlson .CRD - Carlson coordinate le format, numeric and alpha-numeric Simplicity .ZAK - Simplicity coordiante le LDT - MDB - Land Desk Top coordinate le Note: for further and complete information on using the Edit Raw File see the chapter on CGEditor in the Tools section. Pulldown Menu Location: Management\Point Groups\Edit Keyboard Command: BPF, CG EDIT BPF Prerequisite: Open Raw File CGTopo Topographic Settings Allows you to view or change the Topographic Settings. See the Topograpy tab section of the CG Options.. menu item of the Tools menu. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Topo Keyboard Command: cg cont setup Prerequiste: None Erase Surface from DWG When you open a C&G surface (or TIN le, * .tin) it is shown on the screen as a graphic image overlaid on your drawing. You must use the Write Surface to DWG feature to actually create coutour polylines, TIN lines, etc. If the surface changes due to changes in elevation or location of points you will want to erase the old surface and write the new surface to the drawing. However, once a surface is written to the drawing, it can be a difcult process to pick out all the surface entities in order to erase them from the drawing. This feature makes this an easy, one step operation. You can use the items in this menu to erase the various topographic features: the TIN, Main Contours, In- termediate Contours, Break Lines, Include Boundaries, and/or Exclude Boundaries or All topo items. Note: To erase contour labels use CG-Survey > Topo > Label Contours > Delete Labels Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Topo Tin This feature erases all the C&G TIN entities found on the TIN layer specied on the Topography tab of the C&G Options dialog. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Topo > Erase Surface from DWG Keyboard Command: cg erase tin Prerequiste: None Main Contours This feature erases all the C&G main contour polyline entities found on the main contour layer specied on the Topography tab of the C&G Options dialog. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1314 Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Topo > Erase Surface from DWG Keyboard Command: cg erase main cont Prerequiste: None Intermediate Contours This feature erases all the C&G intermediate contour polyline entities found on the intermediate contour layer specied on the Topography tab of the C&G Options dialog. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Topo > Erase Surface from DWG Keyboard Command: cg erase interm cont Prerequiste: None All topo items This feature erases all the C&G topo entities found on any of the layers specied on the Topography tab of the C&G Options dialog. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Topo > Erase Surface from DWG Keyboard Command: cg erase all topo Prerequiste: None Label Contours The items in this submenu allow you to either label contour lines with appropriate elevations or remove previously placed contour labels. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Topo Place Labels This feature allows you to place the appropriate elevation labels at selected locations on C&G contour polylines. The label is a TEXT entity overlaying a WIPEOUT entity. The WIPEOUT entity serves to create a space between the label text and the contour line and to keep the contour line from showing through the text and obscuring it. If you have not already done so, please review the coutour labeling settings by choosing the CG-Survey > Topo > Topographic Settings menu item The labels will be created on the Main and Intermediate Contour Label Layers. The Labeling Interval determines which contours are labeled. For example, if the Labeling Interval is set to 2.00, then every C&G contour polyline that you choose having an elevation evenly divisible by 2.00 will be labeled. The Label-Contour Separation Distance:. is the space separating the contour line and the start and end of the label text. Once you have veried the correct settings, choose the Label Contours > Place Label menu item. At the prompt (see below) use the left mouse button to pick any point that is on one side of the contour line you wish to label. Pass a line thru the contours to be labeled. Pick rst point on line. [<ENTER> to quit]: Now, at the next prompt (see below), drag the rubber band line through one or more of the contours you Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1315 wish to label and click the left mouse button a second time. Pick second point [<ENTER> to quit]: The labeling operation can be repeated as many times as needed, then press Enter to end the command. Some Trouble Shooting Tips for Labeling Contours: When a C&G surface is opened it is shown only as a graphic image overlying the drawing. Therefore, before you can place labels on the contour lines, the surface must be written to the drawing using the CG-Survey > Topo > Write Surface to DWG menu item.. If the labels do not appear on the contour lines you chose, verify the elevation on the contour using the CAD LIST command. Also, try changing the Labeling Interval setting on the Topography tab of the C&G Options dialog. If the labels still do not appear on the contour lines, look at Drawing Settings tab of the C&G Options di- alog and verify that the Text Size is set to a value that is large enough to be seen when viewing the contours. If the elevation labels are created with an incorrect number of decimal places, check the Elevation Preci- sion on the Rounding tab of the C&G Options dialog under Text in Drawing. Use the CAD UNDO command to undo the previously placed labels and try again. Prompts Pass a line thru the contours to be labeled. Pick rst point on line. [<ENTER> to quit]: use the left mouse button to pick any point that is on one side of the contour line you wish to label. Pick second point [<ENTER> to quit]: drag the rubber band line through one or more of the contours you wish to label and click the left mouse button a second time. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Topo > Label Contours Keyboard Command: cg label contours Prerequiste: C&G contour polyline entities in the drawing Delete Labels This feature allows you to delete previously placed C&G contour labels. C&G contour labels consist of two entities: a TEXT entity containing the elevation text and a WIPEOUT entity used to hide the contour polyline under the elevation text. While you can delete these using standard CAD commands, it requires several steps and can be tricky. This feature makes deleting these labels a one step operation. After choosing the CG-Survey > Topo > Label Contours > Delete Labels menu item you will see the following prompt at the command line: Select contour labels to delete: Select objects: use the mouse to pick the label text for the labels to be deleted. Press Enter when done and the labels and their accompanying WIPOUT entities will be deleted. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1316 Prompts Select contour labels to delete: Select objects: use the mouse to pick the label text for the labels to be deleted. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Topo > Label Contours Keyboard Command: cg del cont labels Prerequiste: None CGTools CG Options The CG Options menu item brings up the C&G Options dialog, allowing you to view or change various CGSurvey settings or save the currently congured settings to be used as the default settings for a newly created drawings. There are nine tabs on the C&G Options dialog. Each tab pertains to a catagory of settings: 1. General tab - settings regarding the coordinate le type for new les, units, scale factors, and other gen- eral settings. 2. Rounding tab - number rounding settings used for the print le and for text placed in the drawing. 3. Graphics tab - specify when CGSurvey draws points and lines, format of bearings and other graphics related settings. 4. Traverse tab - settings used by all traverse related features. 5. Output tab - specify the name and layout of the print le and how the results of C&G features are displayed. 6. Data Path tab - specify the default path to your data les 7. Drawing Settings tab - specify drawing scale, text size, and details of how point symbols and their labels are to be drawn. 8. Topography tab - specify contouring parameters along with the layers used for the TIN, countour and other topographic entities. 9. Calls tab - specify the componants, format and layer for calls (annotations). Each of these tabs will be covered in the following sections. This tab contains a wide variety of settings that apply to almost all of the features found in the CG-Survey menus. These are settings such as Next Point ID, Elevations, State, Arc Denition, Bearings/Azimuths, Coordinate order and more. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1317 Creating New Coordinate Files section File Type: You may select one of the following coordinate le types: C&G numeric ( * .crd) - point ID can be an integer between 1 and 65,536 - description from 1 to 100 characters C&G alphanumeric ( * .cgc) - point ID can contain up to 10 characters using any combination of letters and numbers. - description from 1 to 100 characters Carlson numeric ( * .crd) - point ID can be any integer containing up to 9 digits. - description from 1 to 31 characters Carlson alphanumeric ( * .crd) - point ID can contain up to 9 characters using any combination of letters and numbers. - description from 1 to 31 characters Simplicity ( * .Zak) - point ID can contain up to 8 characters using any combination of letters and numbers. - description from 1 to 28 characters Land Desktop Format ( * .mdb) - point ID can contain up to 255 characters using any combination of letters and numbers. - description from 1 to 255 characters Description Length: This value can only be set for C&G coordinate les. It becomes the default descrip- tion length for new C&G coordinate and C&G raw data les. It can be set to from 1 to 100 characters. Current Coordinate File section Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1318 Elevations ON If this checkbox is checked, elevations will be carried on all points computed and/or you will be able to enter an elevation when saving a point. Enter Elev.: If this checkbox is checked, you will be prompted to manually enter elevations. Calculate Elev.: If this checkbox is checked and an elevation can be computed from the data that has been entered during the command, it will be. Otherwise you will be asked. Descriptions ON If the Descriptions ON checkbox is not checked, you will not be prompted to enter a de- scription as points are created or edited. If descriptions are ON, and Get Description From Table IS NOT checked, you will be prompted to manually enter a description for each coordinate point created. However, if Descriptions are on and Get Description from Table IS checked, when a point is stored and a description table IS NOT open, you will be prompted to select a description table. The description table will then be used to look up any integer number in the description in order to substitute the description in the table for the integer and move the integer to the Code les. (see help under CG-Survey > Management > Description Tables) Point Codes ON If the Point Codes ON checkbox is checked, you will be allowed to enter a two to four character code depending on the number of characters in the code type you are using. This code can be used later to group points with the same code for plotting or listing points. When Point Codes are off, you will not be prompted to enter the point codes. Automatic Point Numbering ON If the Automatic Point Numbering ON checkbox is checked, as points are created they will automatically be assigned the next available point ID in the current coordinate le. If Automatic Point Numbering is OFF, as points are created you will be prompted to enter their ID. If you enter a point number that already exists in the coordinate le, you will be asked if you want to overwrite the existing point or enter a new point ID. Scale Factors section Input: This allows you to set a scale factor that will be applied to all entered distances and coordinate values during any C&G feature. Output: This allows you set a scale factor that will be applied to all output. For example, if this factor is et to 2.0 and the inversed distance between two points is 100.00, the output will show the distance as 200.00. Apply Scale to Elevation If the Apply Scale to Elevation checkbox is checked, the Input and Output Scale Factors will be applied to elevation values. Apply Scale to Coordinate Listings If the Apply Scale to Coordinate Listings checkbox is checked, the Input and Output Scale Factors will be applied to coordinates listed at the command line and in the print le using the C&G feature in menu item CG-Survey > Management > List. Units section Angles: Choose either the Degrees or Gradians radio buttons. Distance: Choose Feet, Meters or Metres from the list. Note: The only difference in the two metric choices is the spelling used for output. Foot Denition: Choose either the US or International radio button. Location section Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1319 State: specify the state in which the current survey was done. This is only used in the following features: Solar Observation NAD83 (to and from longitude and latitude) Hemisphere: Hemisphere can be set to Northern or Southern. This is only used in the following features: Solar Observation (Calculating the Convergency Angle) NAD83 (to and from Longitude and Latitude - UTM only) Miscellaneous section Azimuth/Bearing: Allows you choose between Bearing and Azimuth for all direction input and output. Azimuth Direction: This sets all azimuth input and output to either North or South azimuth. Curve Denition The Curve Denition can be set to Arc or Chord. Arc: the most commonly used denition in roadway design. When units are set to Feet, the degree of curve is the central angle of a 100 foot arc length. Chord: is most commonly used in railroad work. When units are set to Feet, the degree of curve is the central angle of a 100 foot chord. When a curve is added to a Curve Table or the results of calculations are listed at the command line and in the print le, the displayed information will reect the Curve Denition setting. Coordinate Order: Can be set to North-East or East-North. This sets the order in which coordinates are displayed and input. Allows you to specify the rounding settings for various types of numbers for the print le text and for the drawing text. Note: All internal calculations are performed with double precision accuracy. Only the output is rounded. When you select the Rounding tab , you will see the following dialog: Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1320 The Rounding dialog has a section for At Command Line and in Print File rounding settings and a section for Text in Drawing rounding settings. Both sections have similar settings but they apply to different output. At Command Line and in Print File rounding settings effect all output to the command line and the print le. Text in Drawing rounding settings effect numeric text placed in the drawing. Angular precision can be specied to the nearest: Angles in Degrees or Angles in Grads 0.1 Second 0.000001 Grad Second 0.00001 Grad 5 Seconds 0.0001 Grad 15 Seconds 0.001 Grad 30 Seconds 0.01 Grad Minute 0.1 Grad Distance precision can be specied to the nearest: Foot (or Meter) 0 (no decimal places) Tenth of Foot (or Meter) 0.1 Hundredth Foot (or Meter) 0.12 Thousandth Foot (or Meter) 0.123 Ten Thousandth Foot (or Meter) 0.1234 Hundred Thousandth Foot (or Meter) 0.12345 The Graphics tab settings apply only to CGSurvey features that draw points, lines, etc. to the drawing. When you select the Graphics tab, the following dialog will appear: Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1321 Point Drawing section Auto Point Plot ON if the Auto Point Plot ON checkbox is checked, points symbols will be drawn as they are calculated and saved to the coordinate le by the various C&G features. Use Description table for point plotting parameters When this checkbox is checked the description(s) for a given point in the coordinate le will be matched with the descriptions in the description table. If a match is found then the description table information will be used to set the layer, symbol type, symbol size, and label positions of each point plotted. If no descriptions in the description table match then the layer will be set to the layer specied in the Default layer for codes or descriptions not found in description table edit box and the other settings specied in the Drawing Settings tab will be used (see below). If the Use Description table for point plotting parameters checkbox is not checked, the points, symbols and labels will be plotted on the Current Layer as set in the CAD layer manager. Default layer for codes or descriptions not found in description table: When the Use description table for point plotting parameters checkbox is checked, any points plotted that do not have a description or having a description that does not match any of those in the description table, will be plotted on the layer you have specied as the default layer in this edit box. Use Elevation as Z Value: If this checkbox is checked, objects (lines/arcs/points) will be placed in 3-D space with the point elevation serving as the Z-value. C&G features, such as intersects and inverse, ignore the Z-value of lines and arcs. If you inverse a 3-D line, the 2-D distance between the points will be shown. If the Use Elevation as Z Value checkbox is not checked, all objects will be placed at zero elevation. Note: 3D lines can cause problems in trimming or editing using CAD functions. 3D lines do not intersect if their elevations are different. Thus two lines may appear to intersect in plan view but do not actually intersect in 3D space. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1322 Line Drawing section Auto Line Plot ON If the Auto Line Plot ON checkbox is checked, those features that create points that can be interpreted as a line will draw C&G lines. The following features can draw lines and curves as the points are calculated: Quick Traverse (not to side shots) Curve Between Tangents and Tangent Between Curves Bearing and Hinge/Radial Area-Cut-Off Roadways (Right of Way/Easements and Intersections/Cul-de-Sacs) Middle Ordinate Solution Best Fit Line Stop Size This allows you to terminate C&G lines at the edge of the point symbols plotted. If you are drawing lines and/or arcs with a C&G feature that draws lines and you want the line to end before crossing into the symbol, then set the Line Stop Size to the symbol size. Note: If you set the line stop to something other than 0.0, the line that is drawn is shorter than the actual distance beteween the coordinate points. So if you wish to check the true distance of that line, use the Query command (on the Draw menu) rather than the CAD LIST command. Text section Arc Annotation Prex This is used when annotating arcs when drawing calls. This should be set to the desired prex for arc length annotation. Example: ''Arc ='' annotation prex results in the annotation being Arc = 256.32 ''A ='' annotation prex results in the annotation being A = 256.32 Radius Annotation Prex This is used when annotating arcs when drawing calls. Similar to Arc Annotation Prex, This should be set to the desired prex for radius annotation. Leading Space in Bearing When the Leading Space in Bearing checkbox is checked the bearing text has a space between the N or S and the degrees text (eg, N 85º15'30''E). When left unchecked there is not space (eg, N85º15'30''E). Miscellaneous section Process Descriptions before Displaying: This setting will allows you to specify how descriptions are processed prior to being displayed. It allows the removal of all underscores ( ) and/or mapping codes. No change is made to the data in the coordinate le. C&G Snap can be set to: Off: No snap. POINTS - Snap to C&G point symbols and labels. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1323 LINES - Snap to C&G lines. POINTS-LINES - Snap to C&G points and lines. All C&G functions will use this setting when you are picking point symbols, point labels, lines, and arcs on the screen. Curve Fit Type When contouring, the contour lines that are created can be smoothed using one of the following methods: No Fit - Straight line segments between the points. Fit - Use the CAD program's standard t method. Contours may not pass through point symbols having the same elevation as the contour. C&G Spline - Use the C&G Spline Fit algorithm. Contours are guaranteed to pass through point symbols having the same elevation as the contour. These settings are specic to traverse raw data entry using the CGEditor and the traverse reduction and quick traverse features. Raw section Raw Angle Input This allows you to specify how you want to specify angles when inputting raw traverse data. The options are: Angle, Azimuth or Deection Angle. Adjustment Method You have the following choices for traverse adjustment: None Least Squares (NOT network least squares - see SurvNET for that) Find Bad Angle Compass Transit Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1324 Crandall Note: See the Reduce Traverse feature help section for more details on these methods. If the Backsight Distance ON checkbox is checked and you entering raw traverse data, you must specify the distance to the backsight at each instrument point. These distances will then be used during the reduction process. If the Adjust Angles ON checkbox is checked, angles will automatically be balanced prior to traverse ad- justment. Angular error will be spread equally between all points. Closure information prior to and after balancing will be displayed at the command line. If the Balance Elevations ON checkbox is checked, the elevations in a 3-D traverse will automatically be balanced during traverse adjustment. The elevations are adjusted proportional to the length of the traverse legs. Tolerances section Horz. Angle. When comparing multiple angles for a given foresight point from a given instrument point and backsight point, this value will be used as the maximum acceptable angular error. If the difference between any two angles is greater than the acceptable limit, the reduction process will pause and showing the instrument point ID and angle measurements will be displayed at the command line. Horz. Dist. When comparing multiple horizontal distance componants or measurements to a single foresight point, this value will be used as the maximum acceptable distance difference. If the difference between any two distances is greater than this limit, the reduction process will pause and the instrument point ID and the involved distances will be displayed at the command line. The horizontal distance tolerance is also used as the maximum allowable difference between the two calcu- lated curve radii at the curve end points. If the difference between the distances from the radius point to the PC point and the radius point to the PT point is greater than this value, the calculations will be terminated with an appropriate error message. Note: for curves, if this value is set unreasonably low, many curves will produce this error message. If you change the setting to a larger, more reasonable value, the curve can be recalculated and generated without error. Vert. Dist. This value is the maximum acceptable elevation difference. It is used when comparing multiple vertical distance components/measurements to a given foresight point from a given instrument point. If the difference between the distances is greater than this limit, the reduction process will pause, showing you the instrument point ID and the involved distances. This only applies to the reduction of a 3-D traverse. Quick section Quick Angle Input This species the default angle input mode for the Quick Traverse Feature. This can be changed when using the Quick Traverse feature. The angle input modes are: Angle Deection Angle Azimuth Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1325 Bearing If the Print Traverse Input ON checkbox is checked, all raw input data will be displayed along with the traverse output. If this checkbox is not checked, only the traverse output will be printed. If the Vertical Angles ON checkbox is checked you will be asked to enter vertical angles with the traverse distances. This can be changed when using the Quick Traverse feature. Curve Bearing This denes how non-tangent curve bearings will be input and can be set to either Chord or Radius depending on how you wish to dene the orientation of non tangent curves. When set to Chord and you are traversing around a non-tangent curve, you must enter the bearing or angle from the PC to the PT. When set to Radius and you are traversing around a non-tangent curve, you must enter the bearing or angle from the PC to the radius point. Curve Tables and printed calculations will reect this setting. Traverse Mode Sets the default traverse mode for the Quick Traverse feature. It can be set to Traverse or Side Shot mode . Traverse mode: as a point is created the new point is occupied and backsight the previously occupied point. Side Shot mode: as a point is created the currently occupied point and backsight will be held. Common section Instrument Height (HI) The value entered for the HI can be either the actual instrument Elevation or the distance from the ground to the instrument (Plus up). In the latter case the elevation of the point the instrument is over is read from the coordinate le and the instrument height is added to it to determine the instrument elevation. Vertical Angle Input - can be set to one of the following, depending on the type of instrument used: Zenith: Zero angle up Nadir: Zero angle down Transit: Zero angle level Note: If set to Transit, vertical can either be full circle (0 to 360 degrees; 0 to 400 grads) or positive angle up and negative angle down. EDM Offset Depending on where your EDM is mounted, enter the vertical difference between the center of the scope of the instrument and the center of the beam of the EDM (+ if EDM is above; - if EDM is below). Do not use an EDM Offset for scope mounted EDM's. This offset should only be applied to yoke or azimuth base mounted EDM's. Note: Use of the EDM offset allows you to turn your vertical angles directly to the target. A correction will be applied to all distances and elevations computed from eld entries in the Traverse and Quick Traverse routines. Most total stations today have the EDM coincident with the center line of instrument scope. In this case the EDM Offset should be set to zero. Note: When an offset is entered, it is used on all distances in the traverse. If some distances are chained, the correction will also be applied. These shots should be reduced separately with no EDM Offset. Distance Components - This option can be set to allow either Slope Distance/Vertical Angle or Horizon- tal Distance/Vertical Distance data entry. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1326 If the Curvature and Refraction ON check box is checked, the horizontal and vertical components of all slope distances are corrected for curvature and refraction. If your EDM does not already make this correction, it is recommended that this correction be used when carrying elevations using vertical angles and distances. This tab allows you to specify the name and format of the print le and how it is viewed. Print File Name section The nal results of calculations and other actions performed during C&G command execution will always be printed to this ASCII text le. New information is always appended to this le and never overwritten. The default le name is PRINTER.TXT. It is recommended that you use a name that corresponds with the project you are working on. This way you will have a record of all calculations throughout the project. Use the New Print File button to specify a new print le to create. Use the Existing Print File button to specify an existing le. Print File Viewer section You can choose to use Microsoft Notepad or Wordpad when viewing or printing the print le. If you want the viewer to always come up full screen, check the Force print le viewer to use full screen checkbox. Point Conguration section If the Headings On checkbox is checked, a heading is printed to the command line and/or the print le any time multi-line output is generated by a C&G feature. The heading information contains date, time, feature name, coordinate le name and input and output scale factors. The header is repeated when the number of lines output by a function exceed the value set for Lines Per Page. If the Display On checkbox is checked, the output from CGSurvey features is printed at the command line. Regardless of this setting, output is always sent to the print le. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1327 Printable Columns Use the edit box to specify the maximum number of characters per line to be written to the print le. This allows you to t the text to the printed page given the font and paper your uses. The acceptable values are 80 through 255. Lines Per Page This allows you to set the number of lines that will be placed on a page. If headings are on, a header will be printed to the print le and the command line each time this number of lines is exceeded. On this tab you can specify the path to your data les. The data path is the default directory for le dialogs used in various C&G commands that open or save les. You can type the path in the Data Path edit box or you can use the Browse... button to use a le dialog to specify the data path. On this tab you can specify drawing scale, text size, point symbol type and its format, and point symbol layers. Drawing Scale section This sets the horizontal scale. For example, if units are set to feet and you want a horizontal scale of 1'' = 20' then type 20 in the Horizontal (ft/in) edit box. For metric units, if you want a scale of 1m = 500m then enter 500 in the Horizontal (m/m) edit box Text Size section Allows you to set the text size for any text drawn using a CGSurvey feature. The text size is the size of the text as measured on the plotted or printed page. It must be specied in inches if using feet or centimeters if using meters. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1328 Point Symbol Conguration section Current Symbol section This section allows you to control the symbol, its size and how it is scaled (called units here). Type of Point to be Drawn: There are two point symbol libraries to select symbols from, the C&G and the Carlson symbol libraries. Using symbols from either the C&G or Carlson symbol library both allow you to use all of the associated C&G features for plotting, sorting, line stops, attribute information, selection, etc. If you choose to use Carlson symbols the Label Position section of the dialog changes somewhat. This will be discussed later in this section. Select Symbol button Choosing Select Symbol button will bring up the Choose Point Symbol dialog: Use this dialog to choose the active point symbol. You do this by highlighting the symbol name in the list on the left or by clicking the symbol image on the right. Symbols CG00 and CGDCA are compatible with LDT/LDD points. The CGDCA symbol is the correct size for a true LDT/LDD point, and should be used if you are also using LDT/LDD. Symbol Size and Units Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1329 There are two options available for specifying symbol size: (Height) X (Scale) and Literal If Units are set to (Height)x(Scale), then the symbol size entered here is specied as plotted page units (inches or centimeters - depending on whether feet or meters are being used). In this case, regardless of scale, the symbol will always be the same size when plotted. In example above, the symbol is set to .300''. At 30 scale the symbol height will be 9 feet in the drawing itself, at 40 scale it would be 12 feet. Thus, in either case, its plotted size will be 0.3 inches. If Units are set to Literal then the symbol will be drawn in the drawing at the size specied. This setting is often used for inserts such as title blocks, north arrows, company logos, standard notes, etc. Label Layer Control section If you check the Separate Layers check box, you can assign each point label to a specic layer. This allows you to see only the labels you want by turning different layers on or off. If this checkbox is not checked, all the point labels will be drawn on the current layer. Label Position section Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1330 C&G Labels: If the label location is set to 0 <Off> that label will not be displayed when a point is plotted. Only the elevation is allowed to be at the Center position. If you select Center for the elevation label, the whole number portion of the elevation will be on the left side of the insertion point of the symbol and the decimal portion on the right side (example: the elevation 987.23 will be drawn as 987+23, where the plus sign represents the symbol). If Plot Radial is checked, the point labels will be plotted radially from the symbol's center. If not selected, point labels will be plotted horizontally. Label Position for Carlson Symbols In the Point Symbol Conguration section of the dialog you have the option to plot C&G symbols or Carlson symbols. When the Carlson symbols are used, the Label Position portion of the dialog box changes to display the Carlson method for dening label positions (see below). These ''label positions'' are actually pre-dened blocks with a predened location and orientation for the attributes (or labels). There are ten blocks available. The available blocks are identied by the numbers 0 through 9. Note: when Carlson point symbols are used, the Sample drawing is only approximate - the actual layout will look slightly different when drawn. Label Format section Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1331 Label Height: this is the text size in inches/centimenters when Units are set to (Height) x (Scale) or feet/meters when Units are Literal. The Label Height is used for all three labels: point number, point description, and point elevation. Number of description characters to show: Depending on the type of coordinate le being used, here may be as many as 255 characters in the description eld. This option allows you to truncate the description at a given number of characters. Elevation: This sets how many characters are displayed before and after the decimal point. On a at piece of property 2 placed before the decimal may be enough information. On a steep mountain site 3 or 4 decimal places may be needed. Topography tab NOTE: The information on this tab is used for items on the CGTopo menu which has limited functionality and does not allow you to create a TIN. You must use the Carlson features to make, use and manipulate TINs (see Surface menu). These settings may be used when opening a CG-SURVEY for DOS drawing ( * .PL1) when it has topo data in it. The items on this tab allow you to specify contouring parameters and Tin, countour and other topographic entity layer specications. This dialog allows you to specify the drawing layers for the various topographic entities, as well as set various parameters for the creation of a new surface and placement of contour elevation labels. Layer Names section Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1332 In this part of the dialog you can specify the layers for the various previously existing topographic entities found in the drawing. These allow you to label contours and, if necessary, remove contours and/or labels from the drawing. TIN Layer: Species the layer on which triangulation network lines or TIN are found. Main Contour Layer: Layer on which main contours are found. Intermediate Contour Layer: Layer on which intermediate contours are found. Main Contour Label Layer - Elevation labels for the main or index contour lines will be drawn on this layer. Intermediate Contour Label Layer - Elevation labels for the intermediate contour lines will be drawn on this layer. Note: The last two Contour Label Layer names will be used when labeling contours. TIN and Contour Parameters section TIN Interpolation Range: The interpolation range determines which points will be joined to form the triangles in the TIN. (MAY be used converting a CG-SURVEY for DOS PL1.) Contour Interval: (MAY be used converting a CG-SURVEY for DOS PL1.). Labeling Parameters section Label Interval: When labeling contours, only the contours falling on this interval will be labeled. For example, if you enter a 10' interval, only the contours at 900, 910, 920, etc will be labeled. Label-Contour Separation Distance: This is the space between each end of the elevation label text and the contour line being labeled. A separation distance that is too small can make the elevation label hard to read, while a separation distance that is too large may not be visually pleasing. This tab gives you several options for specing the call or annotation format Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1333 Desired Componants section The of the dialog allows you to specify what you want displayed for a given call and whether the call text is stacked. The text in perentheses indicate the call items for a curve. Format and Location section The allows you to specify whether the call is placed Parallel to Line, Perpendicular to Line or requires the user to pick the location for horizontal call text (At Crosshair). If the Place Calls to Right of Line checkbox is checked the calls will be placed on the right side as determined by standing at the rst point picked or the rst point in a C&G line and looking toward the second point. You may also specify whether to use the foot symbol when units are feet. If bearings are being used, you may specify whether to limit bearing text to NW,NE only or SW, SE only or <no preference>. Layer name for call text: Specify the layer the call text is to be drawn on. Automated Placement of Calls on Specied Layers section This section of the dialog sets the parameters for a feature that allows you to place calls on C&G and/or CAD lines and/or polylines found on specied layers. To use this option, check the Automate Placement of Calls checkbox. Choose one or more layer names from the list of layer names. You can specify multiple layers by holding the Ctrl key down while picking the layers to search. In the Types of Lines to Annotate section, check the types of entities you wish to annotate. Example Call section The of the tab allows you to see a good approximation of how the call will look when drawn. OK - click the OK button to save all the settings and close the dialog. Cancel - click the Cancel button to close the dilaog and discard any changes. Set As Default Click this button to save the settings to the CGSURVEY.OPT le. These settings will then be used whenever a new CGSurvey drawing is created. Note: You can set the default settings and not dffect any of the settings for the current drawing by clicking the Cancel button after clicking the Set As Default button. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Tools Keyboard Command: cg options Prerequiste: None Copy Entity to Layer This feature allows you to easily copy a single entity or group of entities from one layer to another. Choose entities to copy: Select entities: use the standard CAD selection methods to choose one or more entities to be copied. Once you have selected the entities press Enter. Next use the Layer Name dialog to choose the layer to copy the entities to: Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1334 Prompts Choose entities to copy: Select entities: use the standard CAD selection methods to choose one or more entities to be copied. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Tools Keyboard Command: cg copyent Prerequiste: None Layer Control These routines allow you to freeze, thaw, restore, turn on and off, and set the current layer without having to open the CAD layer manager. Pick Layers to Freeze This feature allows you to freeze layers by picking entities that are on layers you wish to freeze. You may pick as many entities as you wish. Prompts Select object on layer to FREEZE. Select entities: choose objects on the layers you wish to freeze. Press Enter when done. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Tools > Layer Control Keyboard Command: cg lfreeze Prerequiste: None Pick Layers to Thaw This feature allows you to thaw frozen layers by picking entities that are on a layer you wish to freeze. All frozen layers are turned on while you pick the entities. You may pick as many entities as you wish. Prompts Select object(s) on layers to keep THAWED. Select entities: choose objects on layers you wish to thaw. Press Enter when done. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Tools > Layer Control Keyboard Command: cg lthaw Prerequiste: None Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1335 Freeze ALL Layers Choosing this menu item causes all layers, except the current layer, to be frozen. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Tools > Layer Control Keyboard Command: cg alfreeze Prerequiste: None Thaw ALL Layers Choosing this menu item causes all layers to be thawed. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Tools > Layer Control Keyboard Command: cg althaw Prerequiste: None Pick Layers to turn Off This feature allows you to turn off layers by picking entities that are on layers you wish to turn off. You may pick as many entities as you wish. Prompts Select object on layer to turn OFF. choose objects on layers you wish to turn off. Press Enter when done. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Tools > Layer Control Keyboard Command: cg loff Prerequiste: None Pick Layers to turn On This feature allows you to turn on layers by picking entities that are on layers you wish to turn on. All layers will be turned on during the command to allow you to pick the desired entities. You may pick as many entities as you wish. Prompts Select object(s) on layers to keep ON. Select entities: choose objects on layers you wish to turn on. Press Enter when done. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Tools > Layer Control Keyboard Command: cg lon Prerequiste: None Turn OFF ALL Layers Choosing this menu item causes all layers, except the current layer, to be turned off. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Tools > Layer Control Keyboard Command: cg aloff Prerequiste: None Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1336 Turn ON ALL Layers Choosing this menu item causes all layers to be turned on. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Tools > Layer Control Keyboard Command: cg alon Prerequiste: None Pick Current Layer This feature allows you to pick an entity that is on a layer you wish to make the current layer. Prompts Set Current Layer - Select entity on the desired layer: pick the entity which is on the layer you want to made the current layer. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Tools > Layer Control Keyboard Command: cg lset Prerequiste: None Elevations If this menu item is checked, then point elevations are ON. If it is unchecked then point elevations are OFF. When point elevations are ON and the Enter Elev. radio button is set on the General tab of the C&G Op- tions dialog, you will be prompted to enter an elevation when new points are saved to the coordinate le. When point elevations are ON and the Calculate Elev. radio button is set you will not be prompted to enter an ele- vation. When point elevations are OFF, no elevation is stored when coordinate points are saved to the coordinate le. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Tools Keyboard Command: cg tog elev Prerequiste: None Descriptions If this menu item is checked, then point descriptions are ON. If it is unchecked then point descriptions are OFF. Generally, when point descriptions are on, you will be prompted to enter a description when new points are saved to the coordinate le. Also, when descriptions are ON, the description eld will be enabled when editing coordinate point values. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Tools Keyboard Command: cg tog desc Prerequiste: None Point Code If this menu item is checked, then point codes are ON. If it is unchecked then point codes are OFF. Point codes are unique to C&G coordinate les that can be used to lter or group points in various C&G features. When point codes are ON, you will be prompted to enter a point code when new points are saved to the co- ordinate le. When point codes are OFF, no code is stored when coordinate points are saved to the coordinate le. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1337 Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Tools Keyboard Command: cg tog code Prerequiste: None Auto Point Number If the Auto Point Number menu item is checked then automatic point numbering is ON . This means that, as points are created they will automatically be assigned the next available point ID in the current coordinate le and will be saved without any user interaction. When auto point numbering is OFF, as points are created you will be asked to enter the point ID. If you en- ter a point ID that already exists in the coordinate le, you will be asked if you want to overwrite the existing point or enter a new point ID. See also: Automatic Point Numbering ON checkbox on the General tab of the C&G Options dialog. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Tools Keyboard Command: cg tog auto num Prerequiste: None Auto Point Plot If the Auto Point Plot menu item is checked, when a point is calculated and stored in the coordinate le it will be plotted in the drawing. See also: the Auto Point Plot ON checkbox on the Graphics tab of the C&G Options dialog. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Tools Keyboard Command: cg tog auto pt plot Prerequiste: None Auto Lines If the Auto Lines menu item is checked, automatic line plotting is ON. When automatic line plotting is ON, the following COGO features will automatically draw lines and curves using the newly calculated points as they are saved to the coordinate le: Quick Traverse - but lines will not be drawn to side-shots Curve Between Tangents and Tangent Between Curves Bearing Area Cut-Off Hinge/Radial Area Cut-Off Roadway (Right-of-way and all Cul-de-Sacs and Intersections features) Middle Ordinate Solution for curves Best Fit See also: Auto Line Plot ON checkbox on the Graphics tab of the C&G Options dialog. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Tools Keyboard Command: cg tog auto lines Prerequiste: None Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1338 CG Snap C&G Snaps are object snaps that are active only during a C&G command. These snaps allow you to pick point symbols and/or C&G lines by clicking near them. They work similar to the CAD snaps but only snap to C&G entities. The C&G snaps work in conjunction with the normal CAD snaps but, when a C&G command is run, the CAD snaps are automatically turned off at the start of the command and the C&G snaps become active. In almost all C&G features you have the option of turning the CAD snaps back on if desired. When both the CAD and C&G snaps are on, the CAD snaps are applied rst to deternine the x and y screen coordinates of the point on the appropriate CAD entity; these coordinates are than passed to C&G and they are used to apply the C&G snaps and nd the nearest appropriate C&G entity. Note: If CAD snaps are turned on during a C&G command and if C&G snaps are also on, a double snap- ping process occurs. Because of this double snapping, it is recommended that when C&G Snaps are on, CAD snaps should be left off during C&G commands. Note: If snapping is desired and C&G snaps are off, then the CAD snaps must be turned on each time a C&G command is run. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Tools Keyboard Command: None Prerequiste: None Off This turns off all C&G snaps. Note: This setting applies ONLY to C&G features and is not directly supported by whatever CAD software you are using. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Tools Keyboard Command: cg snap off Prerequiste: None Points This allows you to pick near and snap to a C&G point symbol whenever a point ID is required for a C&G feature. Note: This setting applies ONLY to C&G features and is not honored by whatever CAD software you are using. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Tools Keyboard Command: cg snap points Prerequiste: None Lines This allows you to pick near and snap to a C&G line whenever a bearing, distance, or pair of points is required for a C&G feature. Note: This setting applies ONLY to C&G features and is not honored by whatever CAD software you are using. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Tools Keyboard Command: cg snap lines Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1339 Prerequiste: None Points and Lines This allows you to pick near and snap to a C&G pont or line whenever a point ID, bearing, distance, or pair of points is required for a C&G feature. Note: This setting applies ONLY to C&G features and is not directly supported by whatever CAD software you are using. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Tools Keyboard Command: cg snap points lines Prerequiste: None Zoom to Point ID This feature pans the drawing in order to place the location of the point ID you specify at the center of the screen. It is not necessary to plot the point symbol prior to using this feature. Prompts Point ID of point to zoom to: specify the point ID of a point in the current coordinate le. The drawing will be panned to center the point and a ''rubber band'' line will extend from the point to your cursor. Stopping to view point [View another/Done] <D>: Press ''D'' and Enter or just Enter to clear the rubber band line and return to the CAD command line. Press ''V'' and enter to specify another point ID. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Tools Keyboard Command: cg zoom pt Prerequiste: coordinate le Windows Calculator Selecting this menu item will bring up the standard Microsoft Windows calculator. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey > Tools Keyboard Command: 'cg cal Prerequiste: None CGEditor CGEditor The CGEditor is an integral part of preparing les for use for C&G applications. The CGEditor is a very powerful tool. You can open multiple data les of any supported le type and edit the les as needed. The CGEditor has a full complement of tools for searching and replacing and navigating within a le. It will also allow you to cut or copy records from one le and paste them into another le in order to merge les, move data between phases of a job, etc. Types of data les supported Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1340 The CGEditor can create and/or edit four types of data les used by CGSurvey and Carlson. Raw Data Files Raw data les contain information pertaining to a eld traverse. Raw data les are typically downloaded from the data collector and converted to the C&G raw data le format. These les have the extension .cgr. Map Check Files Map Check les contain bearing, distance and curve information and are typically used to calculate the closure of a deed description. These les have the extension .cgm. Cross Section Files Cross Section les contain one or more cross sections identied by their station along the alignment. Each cross section record has the percent grade dened for its left and right slopes. Following the ''Station'' record are several ''Point'' records containing the elevations and offsets of the points along the cross section. Cross section les consist of a pair of les; the main data le has the extension .cew and the index le has the extension .cex. Template Files Template les are merely cross section les that represent a standard cross section and can be used to generate other cross section les. However, unlike cross section les, template les use an integer ID instead of a station to uniquely identify each template. Like cross section les, the percent grade is dened for the left and right slopes of each template and there are a set of ''Point'' records specifying the template elevation at a given offset. The centerline elevation at offset 0.00 is typically set to 0.00. Template les consist of a pair of les; the main data le has the extension .ctp and the index le has the extension .ctx. NOTE: The CGEditor program sold as part of the stand alone version of SurvNET can only be used to edit raw data les. The CGEditor can be used to create new les or edit existing les. It uses a multi-document interface, so you can edit or view several les of several different types at the same time. The following sections will describe how to open and edit les. Opening Existing Files To open an existing le, click on the File menu then choose Open in the submenu. You can then use the Open le dialog box to browse to the desired le. Check to make sure the Files of Type: is set correctly. Click on the desired le to highlight it, then click the Open button. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1341 Creating Files To create a new le, use the File menu and choose New and then click on the type of le you wish to create: C&G Raw File C&G Mapcheck File C&G Cross Section File C&G Template File Coordinate File Point Group File After clicking the menu item for the type of new le you wish to create, a temporary le is created with no data in it and a spreadsheet-like window will open. At this point more menus items will be added to the main menu and, as you will see, the Add menu itemwill allowyou to insert data rows (or records) where you can enter your data. NOTE: The CGEditor program sold as part of the stand alone version of SurvNET can only be used to edit raw data les. The CGEditor Menus Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1342 File Menu Many of the following File menu items will be familiar to experienced Windows users: New: Allows you to create a new le. Open (Ctrl + O): Brings up the Open File dialog box so you can select and edit an existing le. Close (Ctrl + E): Closes the current data le. If more than one le is open, the le that is currently being worked on will be closed. Save (Ctrl + S): Saves the current le. Save As: Allows the user to save the current le to a le having a different name. Print (Ctrl + P): Allows the user to print a copy of the currently active le. Print Preview (Ctrl + W): Display a preview of the le about to be printed. Print Setup (Ctrl + u): Printer selection as well as page size and layout. Exit (Ctrl + Q): Exit the CGEditor application. Edit Menu As with the File menu, the Edit menu is typical of most Windows programs. Most of the items in the Edit menu require that either a eld within a record, or the entire record itself, be selected (highlighted) before clicking the menu item. To select a an individual data item (or eld) in a data record simply click the eld. To select a record (row) simply click in the rst eld (Type or Row#) for the desired record. Undo (Ctrl + Z): Undoes the most recent editing action. (you need not have anything highlighted for this item) Redo (Ctrl + Y): Reverses the most recent undo action. (you need not have anything highlighted for this item) Cut (Ctrl + X): Cuts the currently highlighted cell or record. You may then use the paste command to put the cut cell or record in another location. Copy (Ctrl + C): Copies the currently highlighted cell or record. You may then use the paste command to put the Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1343 copied cell or record in another location. Paste (Ctrl + V): Allows you to paste any previously cut or copied cell or record to the currently highlighted location. If entire records are being pasted and only a eld is currently highlighted, the pasted records will be inserted above the current record. However, if one or more entire records are currently highlighted, the pasted records will replace the highlighted records. Delete (<Delete> key): Deletes the currently highlighted eld or record. Select All (Ctrl + A): Selects all the records in the current data le. Clear (Ctrl + L): Removes the data from the selected eld or record. Add Menu The Add menu allows you to add a record to the current le. The Add menu item appends the record to the end of the le. The types of records that can be added will depend on the type of le being edited, these record types will be described in more detail in later sections for each type of le you can editor. Insert Menu The Insert menu allows you to insert a record above the current record. The types of records that can be inserted will depend on the type of le being edited, these record types will be described in more detail in later sections for each type of le you can edit. View Menu The View menu allows you to turn tool bars on or off. The items listed in the View menu will differ for different types of les. The individual tool bars will be discussed in the sections pertaining to the various types of les that can be edited. Standard Tool Bar The above gure shows the standard tool bar. The Standard toolbar is the same for all types of les. It allows you to create all the various les that can be edited by the CGEditor. It allows you to open and save les. It allows you to cut, copy and paste and undo and redo as well as print the current le. Settings Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1344 The Settings Menu will differ depending on the type of le being edited. But generally contains the settings for the le and the record colors. Tools The Tools Menu contains a variety of spread sheet tools, such as nd, nd next, nd and replace etc. The menu will vary slightly for each type of data le and will be discussed in the sections pertaining to the various le types. Windows This menu contains many of the standard Window menu items found in other programs. It allows you to arrange the currently open windows in several congurations. It has the added functionality of the New Window command which allows you to have two or more views of a single le. Traverse types The raw data le can contain data pertaining to one or more traverses. If you will be using SurvNET to process the data, there is no need to delineate separate traverses in the raw data le. However, if you are using the old C&G traverse reduction program, and you want to combine more than one traverse in a raw data le, you will need to use the special traverse code records at the beginning and end of each traverse. There are three basic types of traverses: Closed Loop Traverse Closed Traverse Beginning and Ending at Known Points Open Traverse and Side Shots Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4 show illustrations of each of these traverse types. Below each illustration you will also see the accompanying raw data as seen in the CGEditor. Closed Loop A closed loop begins and ends on the same two points as shown below in Figure 1 Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1345 Figure 1 Closed Loop beginning and ending on known points Figure 2 shows a closed traverse beginning on two known points (1 and 2) and ending on two known points (4 and 5). With this type of traverse, both a linear and angular closure can be calculated Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1346 Figure 2 Loop beginning on two known points and closing on an azimuth Figure 3 illustrates a traverse that begins on two known points, or a single known point and a back sight azimuth, and ends on one known point. In this case it is only possible to calculate a linear closure. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1347 Figure 3 Open Traverse Figure 4 shows an open traverse (side shots). Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1348 Figure 4 Note: The data shown in the CGEditor views accompanying the four illustrations include instrument height (HI) and rod height entries. However, if you have elevations turned off, these entries are optional. Also, the examples use single distance and angle entries but multiple measurements are allowed. In these gures each traverse has been placed in a separate raw data le. However, with the use of special codes you can combine multiple traverses in a single raw data le. Entering and Editing Traverse Data In the CGEditor ''Raw Data'' refers to unadjusted eld traverse data, typically downloaded to the PC from a data collector. C&G raw data les have the extension .CGR. Creating or Opening a Raw Data File To create a new le or open an existing le click on the File menu then either click on New or Open. If you click on New, another submenu will appear, pick C&G Raw Data File. In either case you will then see a le dialog. Browse to the directory where you wish to work and, if creating a new le, type in a le name, or, if opening an existing le, click on a raw data le ( * .cgr). Next, click the Save button for a new le or the Open button for an existing le. If you are creating a new le, an empty le will be shown in its own document window within the editor. If you are editing an existing le, the data from the le will appear in a similar document window. It is possible to have multiple documents open at the same time. So you could create a new le and open an existing le in the same editing session and each would appear in its own window in the editor. You can have as many new and/or existing Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1349 les open as your project demands. Settings Before entering any data you should check the current settings. Click the Settings menu item then click Raw Data File to review and/or change the current settings. (See Settings Menu section later in this section.) Traverse Data Entry A line or row in the raw data le is referred to as a record and each item of data in a record is referred to as a eld. There are several types of records that you may use in a raw data le: Instrument Point Foresight Foresight Tie Reference Bearing Coordinate Value Standard Errors Control Measurement Setup Elevation Scale Loop Traverse Closed Traverse Open Traverse End Traverse Data on/off Comment The type of data required for each of these types of records varies. Some require no data entry and are only ''ags'' to signify the beginning or ending of a series of records, others require only one eld to be lled out, while others require several elds of data. Adding and Inserting new records When creating a new le, to begin entering data you must select from the Add or Insert menus to create the rst blank record and begin data entry. Depending on what type of record you are editing, when you press <Enter> for the last eld in the record, the following record will be added automatically. Note: If the Add and/or Insert toolbars are not showing, click on the View menu then click on the toolbar you want to turn on. When you click on one of the Add menu items or toolbar icons, an empty record is added to the end of the le. If you click on one of the Insert menu items or toolbar icons, an empty record is inserted above the currently active record or eld. To make a record the currently active record, just click on one of its elds. Moving from eld to eld: While entering data, to move to the next eld, press the Enter or the Tab key. To move to the preceding eld press the Esc key or both the Shift and Tab keys at the same time. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1350 Insert and Add menus Instrument Point records The rst record of a raw data le is often an instrument point. Add or insert a blank record using the menus or toolbars. Fill in the following elds in the new instrument point record: Inst. Point: Enter the point ID of the instrument point. Inst. Height (or HI): Enter the instrument height. This may be either the distance from the IP on the ground (''Plus-up'') or the actual elevation of the instrument, depending on how the data is to be reduced. This eld will only be active if elevations are on. (See the Settings section in the Entering and Editing Traverse Data section of this chapter). If elevations are ON and you leave this eld BLANK (zero is a valid height), all measurements taken a this setup will be considered 2D and no elevations will be calculated. Backsight: Enter the point ID for the backsight. Rod Height: Enter the rod height. This eld will only be active if elevations are on. (See the Settings section in the Entering and Editing Traverse Data section of this chapter). Horz. Angle: Enter the instrument's initial horizontal angle reading at the backsight. When doing an azimuth traverse, no entry is required here. Note: on doubled angles: Doubled angles require 2 Instrument Point records. Each new instrument setup requires a 0 to the back sight. The rst angle to the foresight is the single angle. This angle is locked into the gun and the back sight is retaken. The second angle to the foresight is the doubled angle. You may also double angles to side shots. Slope Distance and Vertical Angle or Horizontal Distance and Vertical Distance to the Back sight: Enter the appropriate distance and/or angle. A blank is assumed to be a zero. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1351 Note: When the Slope Dist/Vert Angle or Horz. Dist/Vert. Dist. column headings are preceded by a '''', it indicates that a record inserted before the current record (or added after the current record) will have the same type of distance entry mode. For example, if the heading shows Dist and Angle and you insert a record, the new record will be in the Slope Dist/Vert Angle distance entry mode. You can change this by clicking on one of the distance headings to remove or add the ''''. If the '''' is not present it means that the inserted or added record will have the opposite distance entry mode than does the current record. If, after entering the data in the last eld of a given Instrument Point record, you press the Enter or Tab key, a Foresight record will automatically be created. If you want to change this newly created blank Foresight record into an Instrument Point record, press the Esc key. If you are at the end of the le, pressing Esc again to delete last blank record. Foresight Point records After entering the data for the last eld in the Instrument Point record, press Enter. This will cause a Foresight record to be created below it. This record will contain the following columns (the explanations of several of these columns are as described for Instrument Points, only thedifferences will be noted here): Rod Height: This column is only active if elevations are on. If elevations are ON and this eld is left BLANK, the point will be considered 2D and an elevation will not be calculated. Horz. Angle: Enter the instrument's horizontal angle reading at the foresight point. Enter a positive value for a clockwise angle and a negative value for a counter-clockwise angle. This entry may be blank if you are entering only the distance readings to the foresight. Slope Dist./Vert Angle or Horz. Dist/Vert. Dist.: Enter the distance data for the foresight point. Foresight: Enter the Point ID for the foresight point. Code: Enter the code for the Foresight Point. This column is only active if Code is on. (See Settings in this section.) Description: Enter the description for the Foresight Point. The number of characters you are allowed to enter is set in the Settings under Description Length. If you enter an integer code here and the Translate Raw Descriptions Using Description Table is checked in the Settings and a matching description number is found in the description table, then the description from the table will replace the integer value you entered in the Description eld. The integer value you entered will then be moved to the Code eld. Note: Side shots should be placed within the block of foresights immediately following the instrument point record for the instrument point from which they were shot. You may append side shots to the end of a traverse le, but they must be preceded by a begin open traverse record. Foresight Tie records In some cases, you will need to tie to an existing traverse. You use a Foresight Tie record to do this. This record is used in the reduction process to determine what known point you are tying into. It is necessary if there are side shots taken at the last setup along with the tie point. In a closed traverse, you must end a traverse by occupying a known point and turning an angle to a second known point. The second known point is the tie point. Reference Bearing From Point Enter the point ID of the from point. To Point Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1352 Enter the point ID of the to point Bearing (Azimuth) Bearings must be entered in the form Qdd.mmsss where Q is the quadrant (1 = NE, 2 = SE, etc), d is whole degrees, m is minuts, and s is seconds (you can specify seconds to the nearest .1 seconds but when you do not wish to specify tenths of a second, a trailing is zero it is not required) Azimuth is entered as ddd.mm.sss (when the leading d or the trailing s is zero, it is not required) Coordinate Value record You can use either the Add or Insert menus or toolbars to create a new coordinate record. You can then hand enter known coordinates for a point. Coordinates can be used as a reference point during the reduction process. Entering CoordinateValue records from a Coordinate File Instead of hand entering coordinate points, you can insert coordinate records from an existing coordinate le. Click the Insert menu, then pick the Coords From File menu item. Elevation You can specify the elevation for a given point ID using an Elevation record. Scale You may specify a scale factor in a Scale record. A scale factor is a decimal number. You may enter as many scale factors as you wish. A scale factor will be used until another is encountered. Scale factors should be placed before an Instrument Point record. Note: Multiple Traverses: If you are combining more than one traverse in a single raw data le, you must separate the traverses with special records. After inserting or adding a begin traverse record, you may type in a com- ment regarding the traverse in the Comment column. You may also specify the order in which the traverses are to be processed by using the rst part of the Comment eld. Please see Traverse reduction order below for more details. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1353 Note: If you are processing the data with SurvNET, the Scale records are ignored. SurvNET calculates scale factors autmatically when working on State Plane coordinates. Beginning and/or ending a Traverse Note: If you are processing the data with SurvNET, Traverse Records (LT, OT, CT, ET) are ignored. Since SurvNET adjusts all data simultaneously, it requires no traverse denitions. Use Loop Traverse, Open Traverse and Closed Traverse records to delineate multiple traverses within a single le. Traverse reduction order The order in which the traverses appear in the raw data le is typically not important. Traverses are pro- cessed in the order in which they appear in the le. Traverses may be entered in a sequential order or you may embed one traverse within another. However, if the coordinates computed from one traverse are needed for the reduction of another traverse, then traverse order IS important. If this condition is true for a raw data le and the traverses have NOT been placed in the raw data le in the correct order, then you need to specify a Traverse Order Number for each traverse in the le. Note: If you specify Traverse Order Numbers, the traverses in the le will be reduced in the order of their Traverse Order Numbers. Traverse Order Numbers Each Loop Traverse, Open Traverse or Closed Traverse comment eld can contain a Traverse Order Number. Note: The Traverse Order Number must be an integer and must appear as the rst entry in the Comment eld separated from the remainder of the comment by a space. For example, the comment eld of a Loop Traverse record having a Traverse Order Number of 3 should look like this: 3 this is a comment If any one Begin Traverse record has a Traverse Order Number, then all Begin Traverse records MUST have a Traverse Order Number. Also, the Traverse Order Numbers in a given le must begin with 1 and continue sequentially. You may not duplicate a Traverse Order Number for any Begin Traverse record in a given le. IMPORTANT NOTE: Reducing a raw data le having Traverse Order Numbers that violate any of the above specications will have unpredictable results. Error messages during the reduction process may not reect the fact that improper traverse order numbering is actually the root cause of the problem. Loop Traverse This record indicates the beginning of a loop traverse. A loop traverse begins and ends at the same point. If you wish to add a comment to identify the traverse in some way, just type it in the Comment column. Closed Traverse This record indicates the beginning of a closed traverse. A closed traverse ties into known points at both ends. If Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1354 you wish to add a comment to identify the traverse in some way, just type it in the Comment column. Note: If you are running a Closed Traverse and tying into a single point, a reference azimuth must be placed at the last instrument point if you wish to adjust the angular error. Open Traverse This record indicates the beginning of an open traverse. An open traverse is a group of side shots. If you wish to add a comment to identify the traverse in some way, use the Comment column. End Traverse Signals the end of the data records for any of the traverse types. Comment Inserts a comment line above the current active line. Comment lines are ignored during processing. Data On/Off Data On/Off records surround a series of records that are to be ignored during processing by C&G or SurvNET. The rst Data On/Off record encountered causes processing to skip to the next Data On/Off record. Processing continues beginning at the record after the second Data On/Off record. This can be used when trying to isolate errors in a traverse. The Add and Insert Tool bars ADD Tool Bar: add the various types of traverse records to the end of the current le. Insert Tool Bar: insert one of the various types of traverse records above the current record. Notice that the only difference between the appearance of the Add Toolbar and the Insert Toolbar above is the check mark in the lower right hand corner of each icon of the Insert Toolbar. Toolbar Icon Explanation IP Add/Insert an Instrument Point record FS Add/Insert a Foresight record FT Add/Insert a Foresight Tie record DR Add/Insert a Reference Bearing record S Add/Insert a Scale record C Add/Insert a known Coordinate point record E Add/Insert an Elevation benchmark record LT Add/Insert a Loop Traverse record OT Add/Insert a nOpen Traverse record CT Add/Insert a Closed Traverse record ET Add/Insert an End Traverse record SE Add/Insert a Standard Error record for Network Least Squares Adjustment (SurvNET) program Co Add/Insert a Comment record Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1355 DO Add/Insert a Data On/Off record The Least Squares Toolbar The ''network'' icon: Selecting this icon will start the SurvNET Network Least Squares program. If SurvNET has already been started, clicking this icon will bring it to the front so you can work with it. (See the Tools nenu section and the SurvNET section for additional info.) The ''eyeball'' icon: This icon brings up a separate window displaying a scaled map of the current raw data le. (See Graphic View under the View menu section) The ''C'' icon: Clicking this icon hides all Comment records. The Comment records still remain in the raw le, they are just not shown on the screen. You will nd that there are some actions you cannot perform when Comments are off. The ''No DO'' icon: Clicking this icon removes all the Data On/Off records from the raw data le. Status bar When this menu item is checked, the status bar will display. The status bar is along the bottom border of the CGEditor window. On the left side of the status bar a brief help message is displayed when you hold the cursor over such things as menu items or toolbar icons. It also has indicators that tell you if Caps Lock or Num Lock are turned on and displays the Row/record number that is currently active. Graphic View Clicking on this menu item brings up a window containing a graphic representation of the traverse. The traverse lines and points are drawn to scale using the data from the current raw data le. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1356 The Graphic View Window The Graphic View window shows a scaled drawing of the current raw le traverse lines and points. The toolbar icons at the top of the window can be used to move around in the view and change its appearance. The icons will be discussed as they appear from left to right: Pan: This works very much like the CAD Pan command. When you click the hand icon the cursor changes to a hand. When you click on the graphic screen the rst time you are ''grabbing'' the graphic. You can then move it to the proper view and click a second time to ''put it down''. You may repeat this as many times as you wish in order to move around the drawing. When done with the Pan command, click on the Pick Point icon. Zoom In: Clicking on this icon causes the graphic image to be enlarged a preset amount. The zoom factor cannot be congured. If you wish to see a certain area of the graphic image it is recommended that you click Zoom Extents then use Zoom Window to view the desired area. Zoom Out: As with Zoom In, Zoom Out reduces the image size a pre set amount. The zoom factor is not congurable. Zoom Extents: Zooms the image so all points and lines can be seen on the screen. Zoom Window: Allows you to click on two diagonal corners of the rectangular area that you wish to see. Pick Point: Use this icon to allow you to pick a point on the graphics screen in order to ''zoom'' to the rst instance of the associated point ID found in the raw data editor window. This allows you to rapidly and conveniently locate a given point ID in the data le. This is especially useful in trouble shooting for errors or other problems in the data that may be more easily detected in the graphic image than when viewing the raw data. When you pick near a plotted point on the graphics screen its point ID is noted. The raw data le is then searched for that point ID. The active eld in the editor window is then set to the rst instance of that point ID. You can pick the same location several times to move to the next instance of the point ID in the le. If you have a large Pick Radius set (See Graphic Settings) or are zoomed out, picking a point may result in more than one point being found. If this occurs, a dialog box listing the nearby points will pop up. Using the list box in the dialog choose the desired point ID and press <Enter> or click OK to nd the point in the data le. Clicking this icon also allows you to turn off the Pan feature when you are done panning. Brings up the Graphic Settings dialog: Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1357 The graphic settings dialog allows you to congure the appearance of the various items that may be seen on the graphics screen. Note: The Graphic Settings dialog is also used for the SurvNET program and thus the items on the Error Ellipses and GPS tabs have no effect on the CGEditor Graphic View. Points and Trav/SSs tabs Control Points, Fixed Control Points and Floating Points and Traverse, Sideshots and Azimuths: Specify whether the symbols, labels or lines for any of these should be shown. Also, if they are to be shown, specify symbol and/or line color, symbol type and point ID label size. Symbol: Choose to represent the various types of points as a Square, Triangle or Circle using the drop down list. Color: For symbol or line color you can choose Red, Green, Blue, Cyan, Magenta or Yellow from the drop down list. Size: Specify the point symbol size. Pt. Num. Text: Check the check box if you want the points labeled. Size: If the points are to be labeled, specify the label height. Pick Radius When you pick near a point plotted on the graphics screen, the current eld in the editor window moves to the rst instance of that point in the current raw data le. Setting the pick radius allows you to specify how large an area around the pick point is to be searched for raw data points drawn in the Graphics View window. Error Ellipses tab (Has no effect in CGEditor) GPS tab (Has no effect in CGEditor) Refresh Graphics: Allows you to refresh the graphics to view recent changes in the raw data due to editing. Important Note: For the Refresh Graphics to reect recent changes in the raw data le, you must save the le itself prior to refreshing the graphics. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1358 Settings Menu The items in the settings menu can be used to congure how the data in the raw data le will be interpreted and the appearance of that data as seen in the CGEditor. Raw Data File Settings dialog When you click on the Raw Data File menu item you will see a dialog box that allows you to specify many of the more important settings related to the currently open raw data les. You can also set up the defaults that will be used for newly created raw data les. Note: See the More on Default Settings subsection at the end of the Settings Menu section. The Raw Data File Settings dialog Current File To view and/or edit the settings for a given le, pick the le using the Current File list box. You can also view and/or edit the DEFAULT settings for newly created les. File Information Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1359 This portion of the dialog allows the user to specify job or project specic information. Except for description length, these items are for your own information and do not effect processing of the raw data. Job: Enter any name you wish to identify the job or project. Operator: Enter the name of the person who led the eld work. Client: The name of the person or company for whom this work was done. Date: Date in any format you wish to use. Temperature: Temperature at the time the eld work was done. For your reference only. May be Celsius or Fahrenheit. Pressure: Atmospheric pressure at the time the eld work was done. For your reference only. May be in any units. Book: Field book number for the eld work. Page: Page number in the eld book. Description Length: Specify the length of the description eld used in this le. Set Defaults: This button sets the items in the File Information portion of the dialog as the current default values. When a new raw data le is created, these default settings will be used. See the More on Default Settings heading at the end of the Settings section. Restore Values: This button allows you to set the values in the File Information portion of the dialog back to what they were when you opened the Raw Data File Settings dialog. Save As Default: Sets the default values for the File Information portion of the dialog. These values are used as the default settings when a new le is created. See the More on Default Settings heading at the end of the Settings section. File Measurement Info Angular Units: Clicking the button to the right changes the angular units from Degrees to Grads or vice versa. Distance Units: Clicking the button to the right changes the distance units from Foot to Meter or vice versa. Foot Denition: Clicking the button to the right changes the foot denition from US feet to International feet or vice versa. This button is only active when Distance Units are set to Foot. Traverse Angles: Choose one of the items in the list to specify how the traverse angles were measured: 1. Horiz. Angles 2. Azimuths 3. Deection Angles Direction: Specify what type of angle is used to dene the direction of a line. Clicking the button to the right changes the direction from Bearing to Azimuth or vice versa. Azimuth Direction: Specify the reference direction for azimuths. Clicking the button to the right changes the azimuth direction from North to South or vice versa. This button is only active when Direction is set to Azimuth. Coordinate Order: Clicking the button to the right changes the Coordinate Order from North-East to East-North or vice versa. Vertical Reference: Pick one of the items from the list to the right to specify the reference orientation for measuring vertical angles: 1. Zenith 2. Nadir 3. Horizontal Set Defaults: This button sets the items in the File Measurement Info portion of the dialog to the current default values. See the More on Default Settings heading at the end of the Settings section. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1360 Restore Values: This button allows you to set the values in the File Measurement Info portion of the dialog back to what they were when you opened the Raw Data File Settings dialog. Save As Default: Sets the default values for the File Measurement Info portion of the dialog. These values are used as the de- fault settings when a new le is created. See the More on Default Settings heading at the end of the Settings section. Edit Options Elevation Off: Check this check box to turn off the Elevation data entry column for this le. This makes data input more convenient since you do not have to enter any data in the Elevation column, nor do you have to tab through it. Turning off elevations does not cause any data to be deleted from the current le. Code Off: Check this check box to turn off the Code data entry column for this le. This makes data input more convenient since you will not have to enter any data in the Code column. Turning off codes does not cause any data to be deleted from the current le. Description Off: Check this check box to turn off the Description data entry column for this le. This makes data input more convenient since you will not have to enter any data in the Description column. Turning off descriptions does not cause any data to be deleted from the current le. Note: You can turn the Elevation, Code and Description data entry columns on or off while editing a le by clicking on the column heading. Distance Component: Specify how distances are to be entered. Clicking the button to the right changes the Distance Component from Slope Dist-Vert Angle to Horiz. Dist-Vert. Dist. or vice versa. Translate Raw Descriptions Using Description Table: This check box is only active if descriptions are on. If you check this check box, integer codes entered in the Description eld will be looked up in the specied description table (See the following item.). If a matching description number is found in the description table, the code will be moved to the Code eld and the description found in the description table will be placed in the Description eld. If no matching description number is found, the Description eld remains as entered. Desc Tbl: Click on the Desc Tbl button use a le dialog to set or change the description table. The description table is used to set the Description eld when an integer number is entered in the Description eld. (See the previous item.) If you prefer, instead of clicking on the Desc Tbl button you can also type in the full le path in the edit box. Set Defaults: This button sets the items in the Edit Options portion of the dialog to the current default values. See the More on Default Settings heading at the end of the Settings section. Restore Values: This button allows you to set the values in the Edit Options portion of the dialog back to what they were when you opened the Raw Data File Settings dialog. Save As Default: Sets the default values for the Edit Options portion of the dialog. These values are used as the default settings when a new le is created. See the More on Default Settings heading at the end of the Settings section. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1361 Other Edit Options dialog Click the Other Options button to bring up the Other Edit Options Dialog box. Current File: Click on the name of the le in the le list for which you wish to review and/or specify the settings. You can also choose to view or edit the DEFAULT settings. Default values for new record: Checking the check box for the following items causes CGEditor to ''remember'' the most recently entered value in the respective eld. Thus when you insert or add a record containing one of the checked items, it will be lled in with a ''default'' value. Backsight ID Horz. Angle Vert. Angle Foresight ID Rod Height Code Description Note: The previously used eld values are not ''remembered'' and thus will not be used to ll in new records the next time you open the CGEditor. Set Defaults: This button sets the items in the Other Edit Options dialog to the current default values. See More on Default Settings at the end of the Settings section. Restore Values: This button allows you to set the values in the Other Edit Options dialog back to what they were when you opened the Raw Data File Settings dialog. Save As Default: Sets the default values for the items found in the Other Edit Options dialog. These values are used as the default settings when a new le is created. See More on Default Settings at the end of the Settings section. Click OK to close the Other Edit Options dialog. Click OK to close the Raw Data File Settings dialog. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1362 More on Default Settings: When the CGEditor is started from CGSurvey, many of the initial default settings may not be those you had specied in a previous session. This is because many of the default settings you previously specied where overridden by the current CG Settings specied in CGSurvey. However, you may yourself override the default settings for the current session only by changing any of the settings and clicking the Save As Default button. If you wish to change the ''default'' settings for future editing sessions, you must change the CG Settings in CGSurvey. Settings overridden by the settings on the various tabs in the CAD C&G Options dialog: File Information: only Description Length is overridden by the settings in the CAD C&G Options dialog. File Measurement Info: ALL items are overridden by the settings in the CAD C&G Options dialog. Edit Options: ALL items are overridden by the settings in the CAD C&G Options dialog. Other Edit Options: NONE are overridden by the settings in the CAD C&G Options dialog. Record Color To set the color for a given record type click the Record Color menu item. Then, in the Record Color dialog, click on the record type and a color selection dialog will appear. Click on the color you want the that record type to have. If you click the Set Defaults button, the original program default colors are set. Click the OK button to save the color settings and close the dialog. Click the Cancel button to close the dialog without saving the changes. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1363 Validate Records If this menu item is checked , all the records in the le will be validated prior to saving the le. To change the Validate Record setting, just click the menu item. If an invalid record is encountered when saving a le with the Validate Records menu item checked, you are asked if you want to edit the invalid eld, ignore the error or ignore all errors. If you decide to edit the offending eld, the eld will be highlighted and you can edit it and attempt to save again. The Tools menu has several items that can be used to nd and replace specic text in specic types of elds. It even allows you to apply simple mathematical functions to allow you to edit the data in a group of elds in a single step. Goto (Ctrl + T): Select this item to go to a certain row (or record) number. In the dialog box that comes up, type in the desired row number and click OK. The editor window will zoom to that record and set the current eld to the rst editable eld in the record. Find (Ctrl + f) menu item: The Find dialog allows you to enter a value to nd and set the detailed search criteria. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1364 Find: Type in the string or number you are searching for in the edit box or pick a previous search string from the list. Field is a: Choose what type of data is in the eld you are looking for. Check appropriate checkbox for matching case and/or whole word. Columns to search: The default is to search All columns, but if you choose the Columns radio button, you can enter a comma separated list of column numbers. The column to the right of the TYPE column is column 1 and it is the rst column in which you can search. Search: You can search By Rows or By Columns and you can choose to search Up or Down from the current eld. Once you have specied the parameters for the search, click the Find Next button to nd the rst instance of the search string. Continue to click the Find Next button to nd the next instance of the string. To just nd the next instance of a string and close the dialog box, you can click OK. Find Next (F3) menu item: Finds to the next occurrence of the string previously specied in the Find dia- log. Find Prev (<Shift>+ <F3>) menu item: Moves you to the previous occurrence of the string previously specied in the Find dialog. Find Record Type menu item: Allows you to nd the next record type of the type specied. The search starts at the curren record. When you click this menu item, the Find Record Type dialog box is displayed. Choose the record type you wish to look for by picking from the list then speciy the direction of search and click the Find Next button to nd the record. Click Cancel when done. Replace (<Ctrl> + r) menu item: When you click on this menu item, the Replace dialog appears. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1365 The Replace dialog allows you to specify a Find: value and a Replace with: value. The other elds in the Replace dialog are the same as the Find dialog. You can view the Find: value one instance at a time by clicking the Find Next button, if you decide to replace a given value found just click the Replace button. Alternatively, you can allow the software to automatically replace all the instances of the Find: value encountered in the specied columns in the raw data le by clicking the Replace All button. Note: Before clicking the Replace All button, be sure to specify whether you wish to replace matching elds in the highlighted Selection of elds/records or in all the elds in the Whole File. Data On/Off (<Ctrl> + d) menu item: Selecting this menu item inserts a Data On/Off record above the current record. Records between pairs of Data On/Off records are ignored when the traverse is reduced. This can be useful when trying to nd problems in a traverse. Change The items in this submenu allow you to change specic types of elds in the raw data le. Point ID (<Ctrl> + I) menu item: This menu item allows you to change point IDs for instrument points, back sight points, or foresight points. You can change individual points one at a time or you can make a global change. You can specify a value to nd and a value to replace it with. The Change Point ID dialog has several sections that are similar to the Replace dialog Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1366 Field is a: You must specify how you want to treat the point ID eld. You can do this by clicking on the String or Number radio buttons. Dene: You must specify whether you wish to specify the replacement value by Value or Formula. Note: The Values: (Input > Output) section of the dialog changes its title to Formula: when you elect to Dene by Formula. Also, the content of this portion of the dialog changes according to the eld type (see Values: or Formula: section below). Instr. Point, Backsight, and Foresight check boxes: Check the check boxes of the types of point IDs you wish to change. Values: or Formula: section When Dene is set to by Value and Field is a is specied as either a String or a Number then the title of this section of the dialog becomes Values: (Input -> Output) (as shown in the dialog above). In this conguration the Change Point ID dialog functions like the Replace dialog except that it only searches the point ID elds specied. Specify the value to search for in the edit box to the left of the ''>'' and the value to replace it with in the edit box to the right of the ''>''. The Find Next, Replace and Replace All buttons act exactly the same as the Find Next, Replace and Replace All buttons in the Replace dialog. When Dene is set to Formula the title of this section of the dialog becomes Formula: If Field is a is specied as a String, the dialog is as shown below: In this conguration the formula acts to add a prex and/or a sufx to the existing point ID (represented by [Old]). Enter the prex in the edit box to the left of [Old] and the sufx in the edit box to the right of [Old]. If you do not wish to add a prex or you do not wish to add a sufx, you may leave either the left or right hand edit boxes empty. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1367 If Field is a is specied as a Number, the dialog is as shown below: In this conguration the formula adds a specied number to a given point ID. Enter the positive or negative number in the edit box to the right of ''[Old] +''. NOTE: When the Field is a is specied as a Number and a point ID containing non-numeric characters is encountered, it will be skipped and no change will be made to it. Change Height (<Ctrl> + h) Use this menu item to change the instrument height and/or rod height. Clicking this menu item brings up the Change Height dialog. Action section of dialog Use this section to determine how the height is to be changed when Dene is set to Formula. Multiply/Divide: Choose this if you wish to multiply or divide the height by a given number. Add/Subtract: Choose this if you wish to add a specied number to the height or subtract a specied number from the height. Dene section of dialog by Value: If you choose by Value, this command becomes like the Replace command, except that it acts only on instrument heights and/or rod heights. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1368 Formula: This allows you to specify a number to apply to the height by addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division. (See the Action and Values:/Formula: sections.) Values:/Formula: section of dialog Depending on what you choose in the Action and Dene sections there are several possibilities for this section of the dialog: When Dene is set to by Value the Action section of dialog is disabled and the title of this section be- comes Values: (Input->Output) In this conguration the feature functions like the Replace command, except that it acts only on instrument heights and/or rod heights. When Dene is set to Formula, the Action section of dialog is enabled and the title of this section be- comes Formula: When the Action is set to Multiply/Divide, the Formula: section changes as seen below: In this conguration you can multiply or divide the instrument height or rod height by the number specied in the edit box. To switch between multiply and divide, just click on the button with the multiply ('' * '') or divide (''/'') symbol on it. When Action is set to Add/Subtract, the Formula: section changes as seen below: In this conguration you can add or subtract the number specied in the edit box to or from the instrument height or rod height. To switch between add and subtract, just click on the button with the add (''+'') or subtract (''-'') symbol Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1369 on it. Search section of the dialog Use this section of the dialog to specify how the records will be searched. The search begins at the currently active eld. Instrum. and Rod checkboxes: Check one or both of these check boxes to specify which types of heights are to be searched/changed. Find Next button: Use this button to move to the next eld that matches the specications you entered. Replace button: Use this button to replace the highlighted text that was found. Change All button: Use this button to make the changes specied to all matching elds in the le. Be sure to specify whether to apply the changes to the highlighted Selection (records or elds) or to the Whole le. Cancel button: Click the Cancel button to close the dialog. Change Angle (<Ctrl> + g) Choose this menu item to change vertical and/or horizontal angle elds. Clicking the Change Angle menu item brings up the Change Angle dialog: This dialog is almost identical to the Change Height dialog and will not be described in detail. The differences are: the Multiply/Divide action seen in the Change Height dialog is replaced by the Make Opposite action; you can check either the Vertical or Horizontal check boxes to specify the angles you wish to change; chosing Formula and Make Opposite disables the Formula: section of the dialog due to the fact that the action to be taken is merely to reverse the sign of the angle. Change Distance (<Ctrl> + D) The Change Distance dialog is almost identical to the Change Height dialog. The only difference is that you can choose to change the Slope distance and/or the Horizontal distance by checking the checkboxes. Change DescLen (<Ctrl> + j) This command allows you to set the description length for the current raw data le. It displays the Longest description length: that is found in the current records in the le. It allows you to specify a new Description length:. Warning: If you specify a length less than the longest description found in the le, the descriptions that exceed that length will be truncated. Network Least Sq. menu item This menu item runs the SurvNET Network Least Squares Adjustment program. Please refer to the section on SurvNET for a detailed description of this very powerful traverse and level loop adjustment program. Window menu Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1370 This menu contains many of the standard Window menu items found in other programs. It allows you to arrange the currently open windows in several congurations. It has the added functionality of the New Window command which allows you to have two or more views of a single le Help For information regarding the CGEditor program version click the About CGEditor... menu item. Editing C&G Mapcheck Files Mapcheck les are typically used to check the closure of a given parcel of land given the deed description of that parcel. A mapcheck le may contain straight line boundaries as well as boundaries described by both tangent and non-tangent curves. Creating or Opening a Mapcheck File To create a new le or open an existing le choose File on the main menu then either click New or Open. If you choose New a submenu will appear, click the C&G Mapcheck File menu item. In either case you will then see a le dialog. Browse to the directory where you wish to work and, if creating a new le, type in a le name, or, if opening an existing le, click on a mapcheck le ( * .cgm). Next, click the Save button for a new le or the Open button for an existing le. If you are creating a new le, an empty le will be shown in its own document window within the editor. If you are editing an existing le, the data from the le will appear in a similar document window. It is possible to have multiple documents open at the same time. So you could create a new le and open an existing le in the same editing session and each would appear in its own window in the editor. You can have as many new and/or existing les open as your project demands. You may also cut, copy and/or paste between les. Settings: Before entering any data you should check the current settings. Click the Settings menu item then click Map Check File to review and/or change the current settings. (For more details, see the Settings Menu section of Editing C&G Mapcheck Files.) Mapcheck Data Entry Opening an existing template le or creating a new one is very similar to opening or creating a raw traverse data le. There are three types of records that you may use in a mapcheck le: Straight line (identied as Line in the Type column) Tangent Curve (identied as TC in the Type column) Non-tangent Curve (identied as NTC-C or NTC-R in the Type column for Chord or Radius denition NTC records) Adding and Inserting new records To create a new record in the current le you must either use the Add or Insert menu item or the Add or Insert toolbar. Note: If the Add and/or Insert toolbars are not showing, click the View menu then choose the menu item for the toolbar you want to turn show. When you click on one of the Add menu items or toolbar icons, an empty record is added to the end of the le. If you click on one of the Insert menu items or toolbar icons, an empty record is inserted above the currently active record or eld. To make a record the currently active record, just click on one of its elds. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1371 Moving from eld to eld: While entering data, to move to the next eld, press the Enter or Tab key. To move to the preceding eld press the Esc key or the Shift and Tab keys at the same time. Straight Lines There are two elds to be lled out in a Straight Line (or Line) record: Bearing or Azimuth: For a bearing, use the standard C&G bearing notation: For Bearing: Qdd.mmsss Where q = quadrant (1 = NE, 2 = SE, 3 = SW, 4 = NW) d = 2 digit bearing m = minutes s = seconds and tenths of seconds For example: enter S 35 22' 34.2'' E as 235.22342 For Azimuth, use the notation: ddd.mmsss Distance: Enter the length of the boundary in whatever units you have specied in the Map Check File Settings. Code: Enter a code (optional). Note: If Code Off is checked in the Map Check File Settings dialog, this eld will not be active. However, clicking on the Code column title will turn it on. Description: Enter a description (optional). Note: If Description Off is checked in the Map Check File Settings dialog, this eld will not be active. However, clicking on the Description column title will turn it on. If Translate Mapcheck Descriptions Using a Description Table is checked in the Map Check File Settings dialog and you have entered an integer number description, then when you move to the next eld, the description table will be searched for a description number matching the integer entered. If a matching description number is found, the description from the table will be placed in the Description eld and the integer originally entered in the Description eld will be placed in the Code eld. Tangent Curves For a Tangent Curve record there are six possible elds to enter. Of the following six elds you must enter data for two of the rst four: Radius - decimal distance Arc Length - decimal distance Chord - decimal distance Central Angle - angle specied as ddd.mmsss (degrees.minutes and seconds to nearest .1 sec.) Code (optional - see Straight Lines above) Description (optional - see Straight Lines above) Non-Tangent Curves The elds in a Non-Tangent Curve record vary according to whether it is dened using the chord bearing/azimuth or radius bearing/azimuth. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1372 When using Non-Tangent Curve record it is necessary to specify whether the chord or radius denition will be used when specifying the curve . There are four ways to accomplish this: 1. Prior to Inserting or Adding the record, use the Settings menu then choose Map Check File. In the Map Check File Settings dialog set the Curve Denition in the File Measurement Info section of the dialog. 2. Prior to Inserting or Adding the record, use the Settings menu to check or uncheck the Non-Tan Curves Use Chord menu item. When the Non-Tan Curves Use Chord menu item is checked, newly created Non- Tangent Curve records will added or inserted that use the chord denition, otherwise they will use the radius denition. 3. Prior to Inserting or Adding the record, click the C-R toolbar icon. When the icon appears depressed, newly created Non-Tangent Curve records will use the chord denition, otherwise they will use the radius denition. 4. To change the type of curve denintion for an existing Non-Tangent Curve record, use the Edit main menu and choose the Change Curve Def'n menu item. This changes the current record from what it is now to the opposite type of curve denition. For both the Chord and Radius denitions the following elds are present in the record: Chord or Radius Brg/Azimuth used to orient the curve properly as it leaves the PC. As noted in the Tangent Curves section, bearings must be entered in the qdd.mmsss format and azimuths entered in the ddd.mmsss format. Radius Arc Length Chord Central Ang Code Description All but the rst eld has been discussed earlier in the Tangent Curves section and will not be described here. Editing a Mapcheck File Most of the menu items found in the mapcheck menus have been discussed in the Editing Traverse Raw Data Files section. Only the differences will be discussed here. File Menu: The File menu when editing a mapcheck le is identical to the File menu discussed in the Editing Traverse Raw Data Files section. Edit Menu: With the exception of the Change Curve Def'n menu item, the Edit menu is identical to the Edit menu discussed in the Editing Traverse Raw Data Files section. Change Curve Def'n was discussed above in the Non-Tangent Curves section Add Menu: The Add menu allows you to add Straight line, Tangent Curve and Non-Tangent Curve records to the end of the le. Insert Menu: The Insert menu allows you to insert Straight line, Tangent Curve and Non-Tangent Curve records above the current record. View Menu: Allows you to turn the toolbars on and off. Settings Menu The Settings menu contains items that allow you to specify the format of the data in a mapcheck le and how this data will appear in the CGEditor. Map Check File settings menu item Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1373 The Map Check File menu item brings up the Map Check File Settings dialog (see below). This diaog allows you to specify settings for each of the mapcheck les currently open in the editor. It also allows you to specify the default settings for creating new map check les. Current File: Use this list to choose a le you wish to set or view the settings for. You may also set or view the DEFAULT settings that are used for newly created les. File Information and Edit Options: The settings in the File Information and Edit Options sections have been discussed under the Settings Menu section of Editing a Raw Data File. File Measurement Info: Most of the settings in the File Measurement Info section have been discussed under the Settings Menu section of Editing a Raw Data File. However, a Curve Denition: item has been added to this section for mapcheck les: Curve Denition: click the Curve Denition button to change from Chord to Radius denitions and vice versa. Curve Denition only applies to the insertion or addition of Non-Tangent Curve records. Record Color menu item The Record Color menu item has been discussed under the Settings Menu section of Editing Traverse Raw Data Files. The only difference is that here you are setting the colors for the various types of mapcheck records instead of raw data records. Validate Records This menu item allows you to set whether records are validated prior to being saved. (See also, Validate Records in the Settings Menu section of Editing Traverse Raw Data Files.) Non-Tan Curves Use Chord: Use this to switch which types of Non-Tangent Curve records are added or inserted. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1374 Tools, Window and Help Menus the items in these menus have been discussed in the Editing Traverse Raw Data Files section C&G Cross Section Files Cross section les contain data which denes one or more topographic or design cross sections along an alignment. Any features using a cross section le assume that it is at right angles to the alignment. Each cross section is identied by its station along the alignment. Each cross section is dened by a Station record specifying a station on the alignment followed by a series of Point records specifying the offset and elevation of points on the cross section at that station. Cross sections can be used to visualize a site, specify design elevations and calculate volumes. Opening an existing cross section le or creating a new one is very similar to opening or creating a map check le. Cross Section File Data Entry Station Records: There are three elds to be lled out in a Station record: Station: Species the station of this cross section along the alignment. For example: station 6+45.37 is indicated as 645.37. Left Slope: This eld denes the slope at the left side of the cross section in feet per foot (or meters per meter if units are set to meters). This slope will be used to extend this cross section to meet any cross section it overlays. Right Slope: This eld denes the slope at the right side of the cross section in feet/foot (meters/meter). This slope will be used to extend this cross section to meet any cross section it overlays. Point Records There are two elds in a Point record: Offset: The Offset denes the perpendicular distance from the alignment to this point on the cross section. Elevation: The Elevation species the elevation of this point on the cross section. Cross Section File Data Editing Adding and Inserting new records: To create a new record in the current le you must either use the Add or Insert menu or toolbars. Note: If the toolbars are not showing, click on the View menu then click the item for the toolbar you want to turn on. Settings Menu item Record Color: The Record Color menu item has been discussed under the Settings Menu section of Editing Traverse Raw Data Files. The only difference is that here you are setting the colors for the various types of cross section records instead of raw data records. Validate Records: This menu item has been described in the Settings Menu section of Editing Traverse Raw Data Files US Foot: If this menu item is checked units are US feet. If the Meters menu item is checked, this menu item is disabled. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1375 International foot: If this menu item is checked units are International feet. If the Meters menu item is checked, this menu item is disabled. Feet: If this menu item is checked units are Feet. Meters: If this menu item is checked units are meters. Note: The settings for US Foot and International foot will be ignored if Meters is checked. C&G Template Files Template les contain data dening standard cross section templates that can be used to create a cross section le that represents the design cross sections for a proposed alignment. Cross section les created using templates can be overlaid on existing cross sections to allow the computation of cut and ll volumes and to visualize the design alignment. Opening an existing template le or creating a new one is very similar to opening or creating a map check le. Entering and Editing Template Data Entering and editing template data is analogous to that described in Entering and Editing Cross Section Data except that, instead of being identied by their station along the alignment, templates are identied by an integer template identier. This identier is used when building a cross section from templates in order to specify a template among the many that a template le may contain. Templates are placed along a proposed alignment at various stations and thus create a series of cross sections using the alignment elevation to set the elevation of the template points. When building cross sections along an alignment using templates, cross sections at stations between two template stations result in a series of cross sections being created to transition between the templates. Template File Data Entry Template Records: There are ve elds to be lled out in a Template record: Template: Template number for identifying the template Left Slope: Species the slope at the left side of the template in feet/foot (meters/meter). This slope will be used to extend this template generated cross section to meet any cross section it overlays. Right Slope: Enter the slope at the right side of the template in feet per foot (or meters per meter units are set to meters). This slope will be used to extend this template generated cross section to meet any cross section it overlays. Offset: The Offset denes the distance from the centerline of the template to this point on the cross section. The template centerline should be assigned a 0.0 offset. The 0.0 offset is placed on the alignment when cross sections are generated from templates. Elevation: The Elevation species the elevation of this point on the template. If the elevation of the centerline point is set to 0.0, then this elevation can be used to directly compute the elevation of the point based on the elevation of the alignment where the template is placed. Editing a Template File: All template menu items and editing procedures are identical to those described for cross sections. Editing Coordinate Files Coordinate les contain data on the Point IDs, Northings, Eastings, Elevations, Descriptions and, for C&G les, Codes for various points located in the eld and points created by calculations and/or by hand data entry. The coordinate le may have points from a single job, portions of a single job or many jobs. The Point ID must be a Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1376 unique identier for a given point. Typically Point IDs are integer numbers but may also be any combination of letters and numbers depending on the format of the le. The CGEditor can be used to edit six different types of coordinate les. All the supported coordinate le types have Point ID, Northing, Easting, Elevation, and Description elds. In all formats, any given point may have a blank Description eld. The types of les supported and a brief description of their differences follows: C&G Numeric ( * .crd) Point ID: any integer number between 1 and 65,536. Description: The maximum description length for a given le can vary between 1 and 100 characters and is set when the le is created. A given point description entry may be blank. Code: up to 4 characters long. Used to lter and sort points. The Code eld may be blank. C&G Alpha-numeric ( * .cgc) Point ID: up to 10 characters long and can contain any combination of alphabetic and numeric characters. Description: The maximum description length for a given le can vary between 1 and 100 characters and is set when the le is created. A given point description entry may be blank. Code: up to 4 characters long. Used to lter and sort points. The Code eld may be blank. Carlson Numeric ( * .crd) Point ID: any positive integer number containing 1 to 9 digits. Description: entries can be from 0 to 31 characters long. (the Code eld is not supported.) Carlson Alpha-numeric ( * .crd) Point ID: any a series of from 1 to 9 alphabetic or numeric characters. Description: entries can be from 0 to 31 characters long. (the Code eld is not supported.) Simplicity ( * .zak) Point ID: can be any positive integer number containing 1 to 8 digits. Description: entries can be from 0 to 28 characters long. (the Code eld is not supported.) Land Desktop ( * .mdb) Point ID: can be a series of from 1 to 255 alphabetic or numeric characters. Description: entries can be from 0 to 255 characters long. (the Code eld is not supported.) Creating or Opening a Coordinate File To create a new le or open an existing le choose File on the main menu then either click New or Open. If you choose New a submenu will appear, click the Coordinate File menu item or click on the ''C'' icon in the Standard toolbar. Next pick the type of coordinate le you wish to create using the Coordinate File Type dialog: Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1377 A new coordinate le with a temporary name will appear in its own document window in the CGEditor and will contain only a single blank coordinate Point record. If you are opening an existing le using the Open menu item, you will be asked to choose the le using le dialog. Browse to the directory where you wish to work click on a coordinate le and click the Open button The coordinate records from the le will appear in a separate document window in the CGEditor. It is possible to have multiple documents open at the same time. So you could create a new le and open an existing le in the same editing session and each would appear in its own window in the editor. You can have as many new and/or existing les open as your project demands. You may also cut, copy and/or paste between les. Settings: Before entering any data you should check the current settings. Click the Settings menu item then click Coordinate File to review and/or change the current settings. (For more details, see the Settings Menu section of Editing Coordinate Files.) Entering and Editing Coordinate File Data Once a coordinate le has been opened or created, you can edit any of the elds in any of the records. To create a new coordinate point you must use the Add/Insert main menu or toolbar. Both the Add/Insert menu and toolbar allow you to add or insert individual blank records or one or more records from an existing coordinate le. When you add a record or records, they are appended to the end of the le. When you Insert one or more records they are inserted just above the current record. Insert and Adding Coordinate Records from an Existing Coordinate File If you choose to either the Add or Insert Pts from File or the corresponding toolbar item, you will see the C&G Select Points from: dialog. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1378 This dialog consists of a list of the points chosen so far from the le listed in the Change File to Select From edit box. Use the File button to set the le name and the Open button to open the le for use. When the dialog rst comes the point list is empty. Choose Points section Choose one of the available methods you will use for choosing points. Different methods will cause data entry controls to appear below the Choose Points section. Note: Any time there are points in the list the REMOVE from SELECTION button will be enabled. Click- ing this button will remove points from the list according to the current method being used to choose points. All If you choose all and not all of the points in the le are in the list, the ADD from FILE button will be enabled. Clicking the ADD from FILE button will add all the points from the le to the list. Block If you choose the Block method, the following Dene Block section will appear below the Choose Points section of the dialog. Fill in the Starting Point ID and End Point ID then click the ADD from FILE button. by Desc If you choose the by Desc method, the following Specify Description section will appear below the Choose Points section of the dialog. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1379 Fill in the description to look for and check the Match Case and Match Whole Work Only checkboxes as needed. Next click the ADD from FILE button and any matching point records will be added to the list. by Code If you choose the by Desc method, the following Specify Code section will appear below the Choose Points section of the dialog. This section of the dialog looks and functions the same as the Specify Description section shown above except you must specify a code. by Elev If you choose the by Desc method, the following Specify Elevation section will appear below the Choose Points section of the dialog. Specify the high and low elevation values. You can do this by directly entering the elevation values or you can type a point ID in the Point ID edit box then click on another edit box. When you do this the elevation of the point is written to the appropriate Elevation edit box. If you used a point ID to get the elevation, you can edit the value if necessary. Next click the ADD from FILE button to add the points to the list. in Radius in Rect Coordinate File Data Entry There is only one type of coordinate record called a Point record. This record has six elds: Point ID: Point indentier must be unique. Its format varies according to the type of coordinate le. Northing: Species the northing or Y coordinate of a point. Easting: Species the easting or X coordinate of a point. Elev: Species the elevation or Z coordinate of a point. (May be On or Off. To turn the column on click the column heading.) Code (C&G coordinate les only): a 4 character optional eld used to group points. May be blank. (May be On or Off. To turn the column on click the column heading.) Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1380 Description: Text describing the point. May be blank. Length limited by type of coordinate le. (May be On or Off. To turn the column on click the column heading.) After adding or inserting a Point record, ll in the various elds as needed. Use the Tab or Enter keys to move from one eld to the next. If you press Enter when in the last activated eld in a record, a new blank record will be created just below the current record and the current eld will be set to the Point ID eld in the new record. To replace the data in an an existing record, just click once on the eld you wish to replace and begin typ- ing the new data. To edit the data in an an existing record, click twice on the eld you wish to edit and make any edits required in the existing data. Settings Menu Coordinate Files Choosing this menu item brings up the Coordinate File Settings dialog Settings for drop down list box allows you to specify settings for any coordinate le currently open in the CGEditor as well as choose to set the Default settings for new les you create. Type of File is only visible for the les currently open. Description Length: this edit box can be used to set a new description length for the le. If you choose to change the description length, any descriptions that already exist in the le will be truncated to the new length. Translate Coordinate Descriptions Using Description Table checkbox if this is checked then the description table le name edit box and the Browse... button will be enabled and you will be required to specify a description table to use. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1381 Description ON checkbox - if this is checked then the Description column will be activated in the edi- tor. Point Code ON checkbox - if this is checked then the Code column will be activated in the editor. (Only applies to C&G coordinate les) Elevation ON checkbox - if this is checked then the Elevation column will be activated in the editor. Units: click the button to switch between Foot and Meter. Foot Denition: click the button to switch between US and International feet. (Disabled if Units are set to Meter) Coordinate Display section Places displayed: drop down list - use to specify the number of decimal places displayed in the editor for northing, easting and elevation. Note: the Places displayed setting does not effect the values actually stored in the coordinate le, only how they are displayed in the editor window. Coordinate Order: click button to switch between North-East and East-North. Printing: Page Orientation section choose Portrait or Landscape. You may wish to choose Landscape to avoid having the coordinate records with long descriptions causing each page to span 2 pages in width. The Set Defaults, Restore Values and Save As Default have been covered elsewhere. US Foot menu item If this menu item is checked units are US feet. If the Meters menu item is checked, this menu item is disabled. The check will also be set or cleared by changes in the Coordinate File Settings dialog. International foot menu item If this menu item is checked units are International feet. If the Meters menu item is checked, this menu item is disabled. The check will also be set or cleared by changes in the Coordinate File Settings dialog. Feet menu item: If this menu item is checked units are Feet. The check will also be set or cleared by changes in the Coordinate File Settings dialog. Meters menu item: If this menu item is checked units are meters. The check will also be set or cleared by changes in the Coordinate File Settings dialog. Note: The settings for US Foot and International foot will be ignored if Meters is checked. Tools Menu With the exception of Renumber Points, the items on the Tools menu are similar to those items already discribed for other le types. Renumber Points menu item When you choose the Renumber Points menu item you will receive a warning regarding the problems that Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1382 may be encountered in existing C&G drawings. After considering the problems you may encounter due to point renumbering respond Yes or Yes-Don't Ask Again to continue with the renumbering operation, or No to cancel the operation. If you choose to continue with the renumbering of points, you will see the Renumber Points dialog: Renumber Points dialog Points to Renumber section First choose All or Enter Points. If you choose Enter Points you must ll in the edit box specifying the points to renumber. The points to renumber can consist of single points or range(s) of points. Multiple entries of ranges and/or single points must be separated from the next entry by a comma ('','') and ranges must be specied using a dash (''-'') Renumbering Method section choose Add or Multiply then enter the Amount to Add: or Multiply by: in the edit box. You may specify a positive or negative whole number. When done click OK. Click Cancel to end the command without changes to the coordinate le being edited. Editing C&G Point Group Files A C&G point group is essentially a list of points placed in a specially formatted text le ( * .pts). It is possible to create and/or edit point group les using any plain text editor like Microsoft Notepad or Wordpad if you know the format of the le. Typically it is far easier to use the CGEditor to create and/or edit C&G point group les. Point groups have many uses in C&G commands: road alignments, property boundaries, dene Include and Exclude Boundaries for Topo commands, etc. In the case of alignments, a point group can also include vertical curve information. C&G point group les are organized into named subgroups. The subgroup name can be anything you wish Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1383 to use to identify the points that follow. You may have several subgroups in a single point group le. For example, if you are dening subdivision lots, then you may choose the subgroup names to be lot 1, lot 2, etc. For an alignment you can make the subgroup name the starting station and C&G features will make this the default starting station when asking you for an alignment. Point groups can also be used to . Creating and Opening Point Group Files You may open and/or create as many les as are needed for your project. To create a new empty point group le choose the File menu then the New menu item then the Point Group File menu item or, more simply, just click the ''P'' toolbar icon on the Standard toolbar. In either case, a document window will appear within the main CGEditor window. This will have a single blank record or row for the Subgroup name - identied by SGR in the Type column. To open an existing point group le, choose File then Open... Then, in the le dialog, browse to the direc- tory where your point group le is located, highlight the desired le and click the Open button. The records will be read from the le and will be displayed in a separate document window Entering and Editing Point Group File Data If you do not have a subgroup name record, choose the Add/Insert main menu then, if you wish to place it at the end of the le, choose the Add Subgroup menu item or, if you wish to insert it above the current record, choose the Insert Subgroup menu item. After lling in the subgroup name, you can just press Enter to add a single Point record (identied by PNT in the Type column) below the subgroup name record. Alternatively, you can use the Add/Insert menu to add or insert a single point or you can choose to add or insert several points from a coordinate le. These same add and insert methods can be found on the Add/Insert Toolbar. If you choose to Add or Insert Pts from File the following dialog comes up: The use of this dialog to choose points has been described in detail under the section on Editing Coordinate Files. Please refer to that section for more details. After choosing the points you wish to add or insert into the point group using the C&G Select Points from ... dialog, click OK and the point records will be created in the point group le being edited. Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1384 Horizontal Curves You may have noticed that the Rad Pt Type column is marked with <None> for the points you have inserted so far. However, if you wish to specify a curve in your alignment or lot boundary, you must designate the record as a radius point. If you click on the Cw toolbar icon (for clockwise) or the Cc toolbar icon (for counter clockwise) or choose similar items on the Tools menu, you will notice that the Rad Pt Type column for the point changes to CW or CCW to indicate that the point is a radius point. If a radius point is specied, the preceding point is assumed to be the PC and the following point is assumed to be the PT. If you wish to change the point back to not being a radius point, click the Not Radius Pt toolbar icon or use the Tools menu. Vertical Curves You may enter vertical curve information in a point group le. This allows you to not only specify the horizontal location of the alignment, but also its vertical alignment. A point group le that has vertical curves in it may not contain any subgroup records. If you attempt to place vertical curve data in a le having one or more subgroups, you will be given the following warning: As indicated by the choices in the dialog, you may continue and place vertical curve info in a point group le containing subgroups, but it will not be usable in C&G commands. If you have no subgroups (or if you do and answer ''Yes'' to the warning) and this is the rst vertical curve in the le, the Enter Vertical Curve Information dialog will come up. Enter the information in the dialog to specify the vertical curve. The Starting Station and the PVI Station should be entered as decimal numbers and when you click in another edit box the decimal station will be converted to standard station notation. The Slope in and the Slope out should be entered as a percent (For example, en- ter 2 or 2.0 for 2%). When you click OK the vertical curve records VC1 and VC are added in the document window. For the second and succeeding vertical curves, you can either Add Vertical Curves to the end of the verti- cal curve records or you can Insert Vertical Curves within the existing vertical curve records. For these vertical curve records, the dialog requires fewer entries: Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1385 This is a result of the fact that the initial vertical curve Starting Station, Initial PVI Elevation and Slope in control the overall vertical orientation of the succeeding vertical curves thus you need only enter the PVI Station, Length and Slope out for these vertical curves. When you click OK, another vertical curve record will be added to or inserted into the document. Once the vertical curve information has been specied you can go ahead and enter the points specifying the alignment. Settings Menu The Settings menu allows you to congure the point group le and the record appearance. Choose the Point Group Settings menu item to bring up the Point Group Settings dialog: In this dialog you can set the units and the page orientation for printing. Note: the units setting only effects the display of stations in station notation. Choose the Record Color menu item to bring up the Record Color dialog. Set the display color of the various records by clicking on the line for the record type. This brings up a color dialog that allows you to pick from the 16 available colors. Click OK when done. Tools Menu The items in the Tools menu are, for the most part, self explanatory or have been covered in detail for other types of Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1386 les. Pulldown Menu Location: CG-Survey>Tools>CGEditor Keyboard Command:eda, cg edit all Prerequisite: May need existing C&G raw traverse data le ( * .cgr), C&G Map Check le ( * .cgm), C&G Cross Section le ( * .cew), C&G Template le ( * .ctp), coordinate les ( * .crd, * .cgc, * .zak, * .mdb) and/or C&G Point Group les ( * .pts) Chapter 18. CGSurvey Module 1387 SurvNET 19 1388 Introduction Key Features of SurvNet SurvNet reduces survey eld measurements to coordinates in assumed, UTM, SPC83 SPC27, and a variety of other coordinate systems. SurvNET calculates the minimum necessary corrections to measured horizontal angles, slope distances and vertical angles in order to t the desired control. SurvNET can only process raw eld measurements, it is not designed to process bearing or azimuth traverses. If you wish to use SurvNET to process your traverses, you must collect the angles and distances. In the 2D/1D model in a state plane coordinate system, a grid factor is computed for each individual line during the reduction. The elevation factor is computed for each individual line if there is sufcient elevation data. If the raw data has only 2D data, the user has the option of dening a project elevation to be used to compute the elevation factor. SurvNet supports a variety of map projections and coordinate systems including the New Brunswick Survey Control coordinate system, UTM, and user dened systems consisting of either a predened ellipsoid or a user dened ellipsoid and one of the following projections, Transverse Mercator, 1 Standard Parallel Lam- bert Conformal, 2 Standard Parallel Lambert Conformal, Oblique Mercator, and the Double Stereographic projection. A full statistical report containing the results of the least squares adjustment is produced and written to the report (.RPT) le. An error report (.ERR) le is created and contains any error messages that are generated during the adjustment. Coordinates can be stored in a Carlson (.CRD) le, C&G (.CRD) le, Simplicity le (.ZAK) or an LDD le. An ASCII coordinate (.NEZ) le is always created that can be imported into most any mapping/surveying/GIS program. The user has the option to compute unadjusted preliminary coordinates. There is an option to compute traverse closures during the preprocessing of the raw data. Closures can be computed for both GPS loops and total station traverses. Closure for multiple traverse loops in the same raw le can be computed. When processing Angle-Only records for triangulation, if there is a zenith angle and rod height (zero is a valid rod height), a 3D triangulation will be performed, calculating an elevation of the triangulation point. This is true in both the 3D and 2D/1D models. SurvNet can combine GPS vectors and total station data in a single adjustment. GPS Vector les from Leica, Thales, Topcon and Trimble can be input, as well as GPS les in the StarNet format. Additionally GPS vectors can be read from NGS G-les. There is also an option to read the G-le section of an Opus report. SurvNet includes a variety of blunder detection routines. One blunder detection method is effective in de- tecting if the same point number has been used for two different points. Additionally this blunder detection method is effective in detecting if two different point numbers have been used for the same physical position. This method also ags other raw data problems. Another blunder detection method included in SurvNet is ef- fective in isolating a single blunder, distance or angle in a network. This method does not require that there be a lot of redundancy, but is effective if there is only one blunder in the data set. Additionally, SurvNet includes a blunder detection method that can isolate multiple blunders, distances or angles in a network. This method does require that there be a lot of redundancy in the network to effectively isolate the multiple blunders. Other key features include: Differential and Trig level networks and loops can be adjusted using the network least squares program. Geoid modeling is used in SurvNet, allowing the users to choose between the Geoid99 and the Geoid03 model. The user can alternately enter the project geoid separation. There are description codes to identify duplicate points with different point numbers. The user can specify the condence interval from 50 to 99 percent. SurvNet performs a least squares adjustment and statistical analysis of a network of raw survey eld data, including total station measurements, differential level data and GPS vectors. SurvNet simultaneously adjusts a network of interconnected traverses with any amount of redundancy. The raw data can contain any combination of angle Chapter 19. SurvNET 1389 and distance measurements, and GPS vectors. SurvNet can adjust any combination of trilaterations, traverses, triangluations, networks and resections. The raw data does not need to be in a linear format, and individual traverses do not have to be dened using any special codes. All measurements are used in the adjustment. SurvNet implements the standard parametric observation equation method with independent weighting for az- imuths, directions, angles, distances, GPS baselines, coordinates, elevations and level data to compute least squares estimates of all unknowns in accordance with well established reference texts such as Adjustment Computations: Spatial Data Analysis (4th Edition) Paul R. Wolf, Charles D. Ghilani. General Rules for Collecting Data for Use in Least Squares Adjustments Least squares is very exible in terms of how the survey data needs to be collected. Generally speaking, any combination of angles, and distances combined with a minimal amount of control points and azimuths are needed. This data can be collected in any order. There needs to be at least some redundancy in the measurements. Redundant measurements are measurements that are in excess of the minimum number of measurements needed to determine the unknown coordinates. Redundancy can be created by including multiple GPS and other control points within a network or traverse. Measuring angles and distances to points in the network that have been located from another point in the survey creates redundancy. Running additional cut-off traverses or additional traverses to existing control points creates redundancy. Following are some general rules and tips in collecting data for least squares reduction. Backsights should be to point numbers. Some data collectors allow the user to backsight an azimuth not associated with a point number. SurvNet requires that all backsights be associated with a point number. There has to be at least a minimum amount of control. There has to be at least one control point. Additionally there needs to be either one additional control point or a reference azimuth. Control points can be entered in either the raw data le or there can be a supplemental control point le containing the control point. Reference azimuths are entered in the raw data le. The control points and reference azimuths do not need to be for the rst points in the raw le. The control points and azimuths can be associated with any point in the network or traverse. The control does not need to be adjacent to each other. It is permissible, though unusual, to have one control point on one side of the project and a reference azimuth on the other side of the project. Some data collectors do not allow the surveyor to shoot the same point twice using the same point number. SurvNet requires that all measurements to the same point use a single point number. The raw data may need to be edited after it has been downloaded to the ofce computer to insure that points are numbered correctly. An alternative to renumbering the points in the raw data le is to use the 'Pt Number substitution string' feature in the project 'Settings' screen. See the 'Redundant Measurement' section for more details on this feature. The majority of all problems in processing raw data are related to point numbering problems. Using the same point number twice to different points, not using the same point number when shooting the same point, misnumbering backsights or foresights, and misnumbering control points are all common problems. A big source of problems with new users is a misunderstanding in dening their control for a project. It is always best to explicitly dene the control for the project. A good method is to put all the control for a project into a separate raw le. Some raw data collector les may have preliminary unadjusted coordinates included with the raw data. These coordinate records should be removed from the raw le. The only coordinate values that should be in the raw le are the control points. Since there is no concept of 'starting coordinates' in least squares there is no way for SurvNet to determine which points are considered control and which points are preliminary unadjusted points. So all coordinates found in a raw data le will be considered control points. When a large project is not processing correctly, it is often useful to divide the project into several raw data les and debug and process each le separately as it is easier to debug small projects. Once the smaller projects are processing separately they can be combined for a nal combined adjustment. SurvNet gives the user the option to choose one of two mathematical model options when adjusting raw data, the 3D model and the 2D/1D model. Chapter 19. SurvNET 1390 In the process of developing SurvNet numerous projects have be adjusted using both the 2D/1D model and the 3D model. There are slight differences in nal adjusted coordinates when comparing the results from the same network using the two models. But in all cases the differences in the results are typically less than the accuracy of measurements used in the project. The main difference in terms of collecting raw data for the two different models is that the 3D model requires that rod heights and instrument heights need to be measured, and there needs to be sufcient elevation control to compute elevations for ALL points in the survey. When collecting data for the 2D/1D model the eld crews do not need to collect rod heights and instrument heights. In the 2D/1D model raw distance measurements are rst reduced to horizontal distances and then optionally to grid distances. Then a two dimensional horizontal least squares adjustment is performed on these reduced horizontal distance measurements and horizontal angles. After the horizontal adjustment is performed an optional one-dimensional vertical least squares adjustment is performed in order to adjust the elevations if there is sufcient data to compute elevations. The 2D/1D model is the model that has been traditionally been used in the past by non-geodetic surveyors in the reduction of eld data. There are several advantages of SurvNet's implementation of the 2D/lD model. One advantage is that an assumed coordinate system can be used. It is not necessary to know geodetic positions for control points. Another advantage is that 3D raw data is not required. It is not necessary to record rod heights and heights of instruments. The 2D/1D model allows you to mix 2D and 3D measurements. Elevations are not required for the control points. The primary disadvantage of SurvNet's implementation of the 2D/1D model is that GPS vector data cannot be used in 2D/1D projects. In the 3D model raw data is not reduced to a horizontal plane prior to the least squares adjustment. The 3 dimen- sional data is adjusted in a single least squares process. In SurvNet's implementation of the 3D model XYZ geodetic positions are required for control. The raw data must contain full 3D data including rod heights and measured heights of instrument. The user must designate a supported geodetic coordinate system. The main advantage of using the 3D model is that GPS vectors can be incorporated into the adjustment. Another advantage of the 3D model is the ability to compute and adjust 3D points that only have horizontal and vertical angles measured to the point. This feature can be used in the collection of points where a prism cannot be used, such as a power line survey. When using the 2D/1D model if you have 'Vertical Adjustment turned' ON in the project settings, elevations will be calculated and adjusted only if there is enough information in the raw data le to do so. Least squares adjustment is used for elevation adjustment as well as the horizontal adjustment. To compute an elevation for the point the instrument record must have a HI, and the foresight record must have a rod height, slope distance and vertical angle. If working with .CGR raw data a 0.0 (zero) HI or rod height is valid. It is only when the eld is blank that the record will be considered a 2D measurement. Carlson SurvCE 2.0 or higher allows you to mix 2D and 3D data by checking or unchecking the 3D MODE checkbox in the Conguration dialog (General Tab). A comment record ''Elevation: 3D'' or ''Elevation: 2D'' will be inserted into the .RW5 le and SurvNET will pay attention to those records. A 3D traverse must also have adequate elevation control in order to process the elevations. Elevation control can be obtained from the supplemental control le, coordinate records in the raw data le, or elevation records in the raw data le. SurvNet can also automatically reduce eld measurements to state plane coordinates in either the NAD 83 or NAD 27 or other supported geodetic coordinate systems. In the 2D/1D model a grid factor is computed for each individual line during the reduction. The elevation factor is computed for each individual line if there is sufcient elevation data. If the raw data has only 2D data, the user has the option of dening a project elevation to be used to compute the elevation factor. A full statistical report containing the results of the least squares adjustment is produced and written to the report (.RPT) le. An error report (.ERR) le is created and contains any error messages that are generated during the adjustment. Coordinates can be stored in the following formats: C&G numeric ( * .crd) C&G alphanumeric ( * .cgc) Carlson numeric ( * .crd) Chapter 19. SurvNET 1391 Carlson alphanumeric ( * .crd) Carlson SQLite ( * .crdb) MS Access Database (LDT) ( * .mdb) Simplicity ( * .zak) ASCII P,N,E,Z,D,C ( * .nez) A le with the extension .OUT is always created and contains an ASCII formatted coordinate list of the nal adjusted coordinates formatted suitable for printing. Additionally an ASCII le with an extension of .NEZ containing the nal adjusted coordinates in a format suitable for input into 3rd party software that is capable of inputting an ASCII coordinate le.. SurvNet produces a wealth of statistical information that allows an effective way to evaluate the quality of survey measurements. In addition to the least squares statistical information there is an option to compute traverse closures during the preprocessing of the raw data. Traverse closures can be computed for both GPS loops and total station traverses. This option has no effect on the computation of nal least squares adjusted coordinates. This option is useful for surveyors who due to statutory requirements are still required to compute traverse closures and for those surveyors who still like to view traverse closures prior to the least squares adjustment. Starting Survnet Using SurvNET Standalone Double click on the SurvNET icon on the desktop or use the Start menu > Programs (or All Programs) > SurvNET Running From Carlson: Entry into the SurvNet program is easy. It can be accessed in two different ways. The easiest way to start the program is to select SurvNet from the Survey menu. The other method is to start SurvNet from within the Raw Data File editor. To bring up the Raw Data File editor select Edit-Process Raw Data File from the Survey menu (see below). Chapter 19. SurvNET 1392 To access SurvNET from within the Carlson Raw Data Editor choose the Process (Compute Pts) menu then the SurvNET menu item (see below). SurvNet Start-up Dialog The SurvNet Start-up dialog is displayed when SurvNet is rst started (see below). SurvNet is a project based program. Before performing a least squares adjustment an existing project must be opened or a new project created. This opening dialog box allows the user to open or create a project on start-up. You also can create or open a project from the Files menu. Since all project management functions can be performed from the Files menu you need not use the start-up dialog except as a convenience. If you do not wish to see the Start-up dialog when you start SurvNET, uncheck the Show this dialog box on start-up checkbox then click the Cancel button. Chapter 19. SurvNET 1393 The following is a view of the SurvNet main window after an existing project has been opened. Menu System Overview The following graphic shows the main network least squares window. Least squares operations are initiated using the menus and toolbars found here. File Menu Selecting the File menu opens the following menu: Chapter 19. SurvNET 1394 SurvNET projects SurvNET is a project based system. Everything related to processing raw data must be specied in the project settings. A Project (.PRJ) le is used to store all the settings and les necessary to reprocess the data making up the project. You can create a New project, or Open an existing project. It is necessary to have a project open in order to process the data. The Save Project As Default can be used to create default project settings to be used when creating a new project. The current project settings are saved and will be used as the default settings when any new project is created. Project settings are covered in the Settings menu sections. Some statutes and jurisdictions still require the computation of traditional traverse closures. SurvNet gives the surveyor the ability to compute the closures of multiple traverses within a project as part of the preprocessing of the project raw data. Closures for single or multiple traverses can be computed for a single project. Additionally, GPS closures can be computed for GPS loops. To compute closures you must rst create a ''Closure'' le (.CLS). Closure les dene the type of traverse loops that are to be computed and the point numbers that make up the traverse. There are two options in the FILE menu that are used to create and edit the closure, .cls, les: Open Traverse Closure File New Traverse Closure File Chapter 19. SurvNET 1395 After choosing the 'New Traverse Closure File' you will be prompted for a new le name. After choosing a le name the following dialog box is displayed. First enter the point sequence which denes the traverse in the 'Ordered Traverse Point List' grid eld. If you initiate the traverse closure input dialog from the FILE menu (as opposed to running it from the Settings Dialog), you will have the option to pick the points graphically. Set the check boxes to set whether vertical closure and angle closures are to be computed. Then choose what type traverse is being entered. . Enter the points that dene the traverse. If you check the ''Allow graphic pt. pick'' box, the graphic window will pop up. You can then pick the points graphically. The points will go into the list separated by commas. If you manually enter the points, they can be entered in the form: 1,23,30-35,45,23,1 A comma separates the point numbers. You can select a range (30-35) when the points are sequential. You must start with the rst backsight point number and end with the last foresight point number. For example, if you have a simple loop traverse with angle closure using points 1, 2, 3 and 4, it will be entered as ''4,1,2,3,4,1'' where 1 is the rst occupied point and 4 is the initial backsight. Chapter 19. SurvNET 1396 You can turn the ''Angle Closure'' ON or OFF. If the angle closure is ON, you will be shown the total angu- lar error and error per angle point. If the nal closing angle was not collected you can turn ''Angle Closure'' OFF and only the linear closure will be computed. You can turn the ''Vertical Closure'' ON or OFF. If the vertical closure is ON, you will be shown the total vertical distance closure. In order to calculate the traverse closure, you must select the TRAVERSE TYPE. It can be: Pt. to Pt. Trav. - A point to point traverse is a traverse that starts at a set of known coordinates and ends at another known coordinate. This option assumes you start from two control points and tie into two control points if an angle closure is desired and one control point if only a linear closure is desired. The rst backsight distance and last foresight distance if angle closure is ON are not used in computing the linear closure. Following is an example of a pt. to pt. traverse with angle closure. 100,101,2-5 In the above pt. to pt. list Pt 100 is the starting backsight point, Pt. 101 is the starting instrument point. Pt. 4 is the ending instrument point and the foresight to the angle closure point is point 5. If a closing angle was not collected the list would look as follows '100,101,2-4'. Loop Trav., Int. Az. Ref. - A closed loop traverse that begins by backsighting the last interior point on the traverse. Following is an example. 7,101,2-7,101 In the above example closed loop with angle balance list, point 7 is the backsight point and point 101 is the rst occupied point. If the closing angle 6-7-101 was not collected the list would be entered as follows ' 7,101,2-7' Loop Trav., Ext. Az. Ref. - A closed loop traverse that begins by backsighting an exterior point (point not on the traverse). Chapter 19. SurvNET 1397 100,101,2-7,101,100 In the above example loop with exterior reference and angle balance list, point 100 is the backsight point and point 101 is the rst occupied point. If the closing angle 7-101-101 was not collected the list would be entered as follows ' 100,101,2-7,101' GPS Loop Closure: - GPS loop closures can be computed using this option. A,E,F,A In the above example GPS loop, closure will be computed from the GPS loop going from A-E-F-A. After the closure, .CLS, le has been created the preprocessing project settings need to be updated to include the closure le in the project. Following is a view of the settings screen that denes a closure le to be used in preprocessing. Notice that the check box 'Compute Traverse Closure' is checked and a closure le has been entered in the edit box eld. Notice that the 'Edit/Create' button can be used to edit an existing closure le or create a new closure le. Chapter 19. SurvNET 1398 When the data is processed, the closure reports will appear in the RPT and ERR les. Traverse Closures will show the error of closure with and without angles balanced. Following is an example of a closed loop traverse report: Traverse Closures ================= Traverse points: 103-118,43-44 Traverse starting and ending on different points; Compute angle closure. Compute vertical closure. BS IP FS Angle FS H. Dist. FS V. Dist. 103 104 105 173-07'48.5'' 310.4916 -7.7483 104 105 106 167-48'21.5'' 253.4909 5.6306 105 106 107 200-52'46.0'' 381.4896 8.4879 106 107 108 149-09'05.5'' 410.5470 -16.6830 107 108 109 080-42'36.5'' 245.5728 9.4221 108 109 110 174-21'17.5'' 175.3846 -5.6971 109 110 111 201-42'21.5'' 367.0014 -11.8161 110 111 112 171-52'54.5'' 237.7806 7.5346 111 112 113 192-32'53.5'' 368.8396 -7.0329 112 113 114 171-30'59.0'' 338.0024 -19.1945 113 114 115 184-54'03.5'' 344.5005 16.3157 114 115 116 149-20'19.5'' 353.8455 7.5562 115 116 117 202-19'01.5'' 390.1117 -9.9180 116 117 118 112-36'32.0'' 293.9931 2.0060 117 118 43 146-06'36.5'' 411.3674 -7.7112 118 43 44 270-04'01.5'' Chapter 19. SurvNET 1399 Closing Az: S 47-39'47.8''W Computed Closing Az: S 47-39'51.3''W Total angular error: 000-00'03.5'' Angular error per point: 000-00'00.2'' Correct Ending Coordinates, North: 1400952.0140 East: 2241884.7010 Ending Coordinates, North: 1400951.7962 East: 2241884.8180 Error, N: -0.2178 E: 0.1170 Total: 0.2472 Brg: N 28-14'34.6''W Distance Traversed: 4882.4190 Closure: 1:19751 Correct Ending Elevation: 948.1710 Ending Elevation: 948.1221 Elevation Error: -0.0489 Closure After Angle Adjustment 103 104 105 173-07'48.3'' 310.4916 -7.7483 104 105 106 167-48'21.3'' 253.4909 5.6306 105 106 107 200-52'45.8'' 381.4896 8.4879 106 107 108 149-09'05.3'' 410.5470 -16.6830 107 108 109 080-42'36.3'' 245.5728 9.4221 108 109 110 174-21'17.3'' 175.3846 -5.6971 109 110 111 201-42'21.3'' 367.0014 -11.8161 110 111 112 171-52'54.3'' 237.7806 7.5346 111 112 113 192-32'53.3'' 368.8396 -7.0329 112 113 114 171-30'58.8'' 338.0024 -19.1945 113 114 115 184-54'03.3'' 344.5005 16.3157 114 115 116 149-20'19.3'' 353.8455 7.5562 115 116 117 202-19'01.3'' 390.1117 -9.9180 116 117 118 112-36'31.8'' 293.9931 2.0060 117 118 43 146-06'36.3'' 411.3674 -7.7112 118 43 44 270-04'01.3'' Closing Az: S 47-39'47.8''W Computed Closing Az: S 47-39'47.5''W Total angular error: 000-00'00.2'' Angular error per point: 000-00'00.0'' Correct Ending Coordinates, North: 1400952.0140 East: 2241884.7010 Ending Coordinates, North: 1400951.7752 East: 2241884.8397 Error, N: -0.2388 E: 0.1387 Total: 0.2762 Brg: N 30-08'45.6''W Distance Traversed: 4882.4190 Closure: 1:17679 Following is an example of a GPS loop closure report. Chapter 19. SurvNET 1400 Traverse Closures ================= GPS Loop Points: A,E,F,A GPS Loop Closure; Misclosure, X: -0.0323 Y: -0.0162 Z: -0.0105 Closure error: 0.0376 Perimeter: 20229.3858 Precision: 1:537594 GPS Loop Points: C,F,D,B,C GPS Loop Closure; Misclosure, X: -0.0121 Y: -0.0101 Z: 0.0002 Closure error: 0.0158 Perimeter: 41332.9807 Precision: 1:2622216 GPS Loop Points: F,D,B,F GPS Loop Closure; Misclosure, X: -0.0022 Y: -0.0044 Z: 0.0097 Closure error: 0.0109 Perimeter: 30814.5047 Precision: 1:2833226 Following is a view of the closure le that created the above GPS closure report. The 'Vert. Closure', and 'Angle Closure' toggles serve no purpose with GPS loop closures. Chapter 19. SurvNET 1401 SurvNet provides the ability to generate reports that give the surveyor the information needed to determine if his survey is within ALTA positional tolerances. It is required that the user dene which points are to be included in the ALTA testing. The points to be included for ALTA testing are dened in an .Alt le. There are two options in the FILE menu that are used to create and edit the ALTA, .alt, les: Open ALTA, Rel. Err. Ellipse File New ALTA, Rel. Err. Ellipse File After choosing the ALTA le to be created or edited the following dialog box is displayed. The above dialog box allows the user to dene the points to be included in the ALTA report processing. There are two sections in the .RPT le created through the ALTA reporting. The following report shows the sections of the ALTA report generated by the data in the dialog box. The rst section of the report displays only the relative error ellipses between points. The point sequences used in this section come from the list on the right hand side of the above dialog box. The second section of the report performs an ALTA tolerance test and displays only those connections that fall outside of the ALTA tolerances (as set in the ADJUSTMENT tab of the SETTINGS dialog box). The program rst checks the specic point sequences dened by the list on the right side of the dialog Chapter 19. SurvNET 1402 box. The program then checks all the connections between all the points listed on the left hand side of the dialog box. When adding points to either section, you can choose the option to Allow graphic pt. pick. This option is only available if you run the ALTA dialog from the FILE menu (as opposed to from the Settings dialog). A graphic window will pop up and you can pick the points graphically that you want to include in the ALTA report. There can be many connections to check if the point list on the left hand side of the dialog box has a lot of points. The user can limit the number of sequences to be displayed that fail the ALTA test by entering a number in the ''Max. Connections to display'' eld. Notice that you can enter points based on descriptions in the left hand list box. If you wished to check con- nections between all points with TP, EIP, MON descriptions, enter the descriptions in the edit eld and press the 'Add' button. If TP, EIP, and MON represented traverse points, existing iron pipes and monuments then ALTA testing would be performed on those point types. After you have created the .ALT point le you need to set a few project settings. These settings dene the ALTA tolerances, specify the .ALT le to be used, and dene the type of reporting to be generated. The 'Adjustment' tab sheet within the project 'Settings', has a relative error ellipse section where the ALTA report settings are located. All the ALTA reporting settings reside within the Relative Error Ellipse box. Note: You do not have to ''Enable sideshots for relative error ellipses'' to get an ALTA report on sideshots that are selected for the report. All points selected for the ALTA report will automatically be included in the computational process. The 'Rel. Err. Points File:' check box must be checked, and an .ALT le must be chosen to get an ALTA report. The .ALT le denes which points will be included in the ALTA reporting. See the previous discussion on the creation of the .ALT le if you are unsure of how to create an .ALT le. Check the 'Include ALTA tolerance report' check box to create the ALTA tolerance checking report section. If an .ALT le has been chosen then the relative error section of the report will always be generated. Next make sure the appropriate tolerance and PPM has been dened. The ALTA standards dene their positional standard as .07 plus 50 PPM. Additionally, the ALTA standards require that the computations be performed to a Chapter 19. SurvNET 1403 95% condence. The condence interval is set in the 'Condence Interval:' edit eld. After the project has been processed the ALTA/Relative Error portion of the report is displayed in the report window under its own tab. The following is a sample ALTA report: Relative Error and ALTA Tolerances ================================== Alta Tolerance Report ,Specific Connections, 95% Confidence Interval Actual Allowable Ratio Sta. Sta. Dist. Semi Major Semi Major Actual/Allowable Semi Minor Max. Err. Az. 27 500 204.4590 0.0384 0.0802 0.4790 0.0332 N 17-50'50.2''E 500 502 66.8572 0.0415 0.0733 0.5658 0.0310 S 86-04'58.5''E 34 36 237.9748 0.1340 0.0819 1.6364 0.1340 N 00-00'00.0''E All the connections between the following points were checked. 500,501,502,503,504,505,506,507,508,509,510,511,512,513,514,515,516,517,518,519,520,521,522,523,524,525,526,527,528,529, 530,531,532,533,534,535,536,537,538,539,540,541,542,543,544,545,546,547,548,549,600,601,602,603,604,605,606,607,608,609, 610,611,612,613,614,615,616,617,618,619,620,621,622,623,624,625,626,627,628,629,630,631,632,633,634,635,636,640,641,642, 645,646,647,648,649,650,651,652,653,654,655,656,657,658,659,660,670,671,672,673,674,675,676,677,678,679,680,681,682,683, 684,685,686,687,688,689,690,691,692,693,694,695,696,700,701,702,703,704,706,712,713,714,715,716,717,718,719,720,721,722, 723 From the above points the following connections exceeded the tolerance of 0.070 + 50 PPM. at the 95% CI. Alta Tolerance Report ,All Connections, 95% Confidence Interval Actual Allowable Ratio Sta. Sta. Dist. Semi Major Semi Major Actual/Allowable Semi Minor Max. Err. Az. 642 692 416.9231 0.1709 0.0908 1.8814 0.1046 S 79-32'05.0''E 641 642 491.5046 0.1759 0.0946 1.8597 0.1064 S 78-49'09.6''E 640 642 632.6614 0.1775 0.1016 1.7463 0.1053 S 74-34'49.3''E 642 673 529.6088 0.1680 0.0965 1.7412 0.1003 S 79-00'20.2''E 642 650 704.7900 0.1793 0.1052 1.7037 0.1038 S 82-47'35.7''E 640 647 538.1392 0.1640 0.0969 1.6925 0.1074 S 51-54'59.1''E 616 640 449.6151 0.1555 0.0925 1.6813 0.1039 S 48-04'33.5''E 640 646 840.1672 0.1791 0.1120 1.5994 0.1169 S 22-41'37.8''E 541 642 163.9307 0.1234 0.0782 1.5775 0.0599 S 87-42'15.2''E 547 642 646.1891 0.1607 0.1023 1.5705 0.0959 S 82-55'56.5''E Chapter 19. SurvNET 1404 If the Ratio Actual/Allowable is 1.0 or less, the positional tolerance of the two points have passed the ALTA standards. The rst part of the report shows the SPECIFIC connections as specied in the ALT le. The second part shows the ALL CONNECTIONS as specied in the ALT le. It is preceded by the list of selected points. All possible combinations of connections between these points are calculated. Based on the setting Maximum Connections to Display in the ALT le, that number of connections are shown, beginning with the largest Ratio Actual to Allowable. Only the connections that fail the ALTA standards will be shown. If all the points ''pass'' the ALTA standards, no points will be shown and you will see the message: All connection combinations passed the tolerance test. Settings Menu The project settings are set by selecting Settings > Project from the menu, or pressing the SE icon on the tool bar. The project settings dialog box has six tabbed windows, Coordinate System, Input Files, Preprocessing, Adjustment, Standard Errors, and Output Options. Following is an explanation of the different project settings tabbed windows. Notice that there are two buttons at the lower left of the dialog box. The 'Save Project' button can be used to store the current settings to the active project. If there is no active project then the user will be prompted for a new project le name. Projects can also be saved using the 'File/Save Project' menu option from the main menu. The 'Save as Default' button can be used to save the current project settings as the default settings whenever a new project is created. Default project settings can also be dened using the 'File/Save Project as default' menu option from the main menu. Chapter 19. SurvNET 1405 Coordinate System The Coordinate System tab contains settings that relate to the project coordinate system, output units, the adjustment model and other geodetic settings. You can select either the 3D model or the 2D/1D mathematical model. If you choose 2D/1D mathematical model you can choose to only perform a horizontal adjustment, a vertical adjustment or both. In the 3D model both horizontal and vertical are adjusted simultaneously. The 3D model requires that you choose a geodetic coordinate system. Local, assumed coordinate systems cannot be used with the 3D model. GPS vectors can only be used when using the 3D model. If using the 2D/1D mathematical model you can select Local (assumed coordinate system), or a geodetic coordinate system such State Plane NAD83, State Plane NAD27, UTM, or a user-dened coordinate system as the coordinate system. When using the 3D model you cannot use a local system. Select the 'Horizontal Units for' output of coordinate values (Meters, US Feet, or International Feet). In the 3D model both horizontal and vertical units are assumed to be the same. In the 2D/1D model horizontal and vertical units can differ. The 'Horizontal unit' setting in this screen refers to the output units. It is permissible to have input units in feet and output units in meters. Input units are set in the 'Input Files' tabbed screen. If you choose SPC 1983, SPC 1927, or UTM, the appropriate zone will need to be chosen. The grid scale factor is computed for each measured line using the method described in section 4.2 of NPAA Manual NOS NGS 5, ''State Plane Coordinate System of 1983'', by James E. Stem. If using the 2D/1D model and you select a geodetic coordinate system, you have a choice as to how the elevation factor is computed. You can choose to either enter a project elevation or you can choose to have elevations factors computed for each distance based on computed elevations. In order to use the 'Compute Elevation from Raw Data' all HI's and foresight rod heights must be collected for all points. If you choose a geodetic coordinate systemand are using the 2D/1Dmodel you will want to select ''Project Elevation'' if any of your raw data measurements are missing any rod heights or instrument heights. There must be enough information to compute elevations for all points in order to compute elevation factors. For most survey projects it is sufcient to use an approximate elevation, such as can be obtained from a Quad Sheet for the project elevation. Geoid Modeling If you are using either the 3D or the 2D/1D adjustment model using SPC 1983 or UTM reduction you must choose a geoid modeling method. A project geoid separation can be entered or the GEOID99 or GEOID03 grid models can be used. The project must fall within the geographic range of the geoid grid les in order to use GEOID99 or GEOID03 models. Geoid modeling is used as follows. Entering a 0.0 value for the separation is the method to use if you wish to ignore the geoid separation. In the 2D, 1D model it is assumed that elevations entered as control are entered as orthometric heights. Since grid reduction requires the data be reduced to the ellipsoid, the geoid separation is used to compute ellipsoid elevations. The difference between using geoid modeling and not using geoid modeling or using a project geoid separation is insignicant for most surveys of limited extents. In the 3D model it is also assumed that elevations entered as control are orthometric heights. Since the adjustment is performed on the ellipsoid, the geoid separation is used to compute ellipsoid elevations prior to adjustment. After the adjustment is completed the adjusted orthometric elevations will be computed from the adjusted ellipsoid elevations and the computed geoid separation for each point. Geoid modeling is especially important for projects covering large extents. If you incorporate GPS vector data from an OPUS solution into your project it will be necessary to use geoid modeling, otherwise your results will be poor. If you choose the GEOID99 or GEOID03 modeling option, geoid separations are computed by interpolation with data points retrieved from geoid separation les. The geoid separation les should be found in the primary the Chapter 19. SurvNET 1406 installation directory. Grid les have an extension of .grd. These les should have been installed during the instal- lation of SurvNet. These les can be downloaded from the Carlson/C&G website, carlsonsw.com, if needed. The geoid les used by SurvNet are not in the same format as the geoid les available from NGS. The geoid les used by SurvNet must come from Carlson/C&G, either installed during installation or downloaded from the Carlson website. If you choose to enter a project geoid separation the best way to determine a project geoid separation is by using the GEOID03 option of the NGS on-line Geodetic Toolkit. Enter a latitude and longitude of the project midpoint and the program will output a project separation. Working With User-dened Coordinate Systems SurvNet allows the creation of user-dened geodetic coordinate systems (UDP). The ability to create user-dened coordinate system allows the user to create geodetic coordinate systems based on projections that are not explicitly supported by SurvNet. A SurvNet user-dened coordinate system consists of an ellipsoid, and a map projection,. The ellipsoid can be one of the explicitly supported ellipsoids or a user-dened ellipsoid. The supported map projections are Transverse Mercator, Lambert Conformal Conic with 1 standard parallel, Lambert Conformal Conic with 2 standard parallels, Oblique Mercator (NGS), and Double Stereographic projection. User-dened coordinate systems are created, edited, and attached to a project from the Project Settings 'Coordinate System' dialog box. To attach an existing UDP le, * .udp, to a project use the 'Select' button. To edit an existing UDP le or create a new UDP le use the 'Edit' button. The User-dened Oblique Mercator projection used by SurvNet uses the Oblique Mercator projection formulas published in the NGS document ''State Plane Coordinate System of 1983' by James Stem. This implementation of the Oblique Mercator projection uses the convention of the False North and East being the natural origin, as opposed to the origin being the center of the projection. The following dialog box is used to create the user-dened coordinate system. The ellipsoid needs to be dened and the appropriate map projection and projection parameters need to be entered. The appropriate parameter elds will be displayed depending on the projection type chosen. Chapter 19. SurvNET 1407 Test - Use the 'Test' button to enter a known latitude and longitude position to check that the UDP is computing correct grid coordinates. Following is the test UDP dialog box. Enter the known lat/long in the top portion of the dialog box then press 'Calculate' and the computed grid coordinates will be displayed in the 'Results' list box. Load -Use the 'Load' to load the coordinate system parameters from an existing UDP. Save - Use the 'Save' button to save the displayed UDP. The 'Save' button prompts the user to enter the UDP le name. OK - Use the 'OK' button to save the UDP using the existing le name and return to the 'Coordinate System' dialog box. Cancel - Use the 'Cancel' button to return to the 'Coordinate System' dialog box without saving any changes to the UDP le. If you need to dene an ellipsoid chose the 'User-Dened' ellipsoid option. With the user-dened ellipsoid Chapter 19. SurvNET 1408 you will then have the option to enter two of the ellipsoid parameter. Input Files Raw Data Files: Use the 'Add' button to insert raw total station les into the list. Use the 'Remove' button to remove raw les from the list. All the les in this list are included in the least squares adjustments. Having the ability to choose multiple les allows one to keep control in one le and measurements in another le. Or different les collected at different times can be processed all at one time. If you have multiple crews working on the same project using different equipment, you can have ''crew-specic'' raw data les with standard error settings for their particular equipment. Having separate data les is also a convenient method of working with large projects. It is often easier to debug and process individual raw les. Once the individual les are processing correctly all the les Chapter 19. SurvNET 1409 can be included for a nal adjustment. You can select C&G (.CGR) raw les, Carlson (.RW5) les or SDMS (.PRJ) les for processing. You cannot select different le types. For example, you cannot select both .CGR and .RW5 les in the same project to be processed at the same time. Notice that you have the ability to highlight multiple les when removing or adding les Carlson RW5 les can contain GPS vector records. If you wish to use the vectors from the RW5 le, check the ''Include any GPS Vectors'' box. You can also select RW5 les containing vectors in the GPS vector Files area. Level Raw Files: Differential and Trig level les can be entered and processed. There are two type of level le supported by SurvNET: .TLV les - this is the new Carlson level le. It can contain Trig-Level and/or Differential-Level data. This is the le created by SurvCE version 2.0 or higher. .LEV les - this is Carlson's old level le format. It can contain single-wire or three-wire differential-level data. You can view/edit these les by pressing the ''Edit'' button next to the level le input eld. Under the tools menu pull down, you have the option to convert level les from other formats to either a TLV or LEV format. GPS Vector Files: GPS vector les can be entered and processed. Both GPS vector les and total station raw les can be combined and processed together. You must have chosen the 3D mathematical model in the Coordinate System tab in order to include GPS vectors in the adjustment. Currently, the following GPS vector le formats are supported. ASCII (StarNET) Ashtech / Thales: Thales les typically have .obn extensions and are binary les. Carlson RW5 les containing GPS vector records GeoLab (.IOB) LandXML, ( * .xml) Leica: Leica les are ASCII les. NGS G-File NGS G-File from an OPUS report StarNet ASCII GPS: See below for more information on StarNet format. These les typically have .GPS extensions. Topcon (.tvf): Topcon .tvf les are ASCII les. Topcon (.xml): Topcon also can output their GPS vectors in XML format which is in ASCII format. Trimble Data Exchange Format (.asc): These les are in ASCII format Trimble data collection (.dc): These les are ASCII. Trimble LandXML (.jxl) The following is a typical vector record in the StarNet ASCII format. GPS vectors typically consist of the 'from' and 'to' point number, the delta X, delta Y, delta Z values from the 'from' and 'to' point, with the XYZ deltas being in the geocentric coordinate system. Additionally the variance/covariance values of the delta XYZ's are included in the vector le. G0 'V3 00:34 00130015.SSF G1 400-401 4725.684625 -1175.976652 1127.564218 G2 1.02174748583350E-007 2.19210810829205E-007 1.23924502584092E-007 G3 6.06552466633441E-008 -5.58807795027874E-008 -9.11050726758263E-008 Chapter 19. SurvNET 1410 The GO record is a comment. The G1 record includes the 'from' and 'to' point and the delta X, delta Y, and delta Z in the geocentric coordinate system. The G2 record is the variance of X,Y, and Z. The G3 record contains the covariance of XY, the covariance ZX, and the covariance ZY. Most all GPS vector les contain the same data elds in varying formats. Use the 'Add' button to insert GPS vector les into the list. Use the 'Delete' button to remove GPS vector les from the list. All the les in this list will be used in the least squares adjustments. All the GPS les in the list must be in the same format. If the GPS le format is ASCII you have the option to edit the GPS vector les. The Edit option allows the editing of any of the ASCII GPS les using Notepad. Typically, only point numbers would be the elds in a GPS vector le that a user would have need to edit. The variance/covariance values are used to determine the weights that the GPS vectors will receive during the adjustment and are not typically edited. For a variety of reasons it is common for GPS vector data collected with GPS equipment to have point names that do not match the point names used in the total station data. Generally the easiest way to handle this situation is to rst convert the GPS data into the StarNet ASCII .format using the 'Tools/Convert GPS le to ASCII' menu option. Once the le has been converted to ASCII it is straightforward to change the G1 records using any text editor to reect the correct point numbers. Supplemental Control File: The supplemental control le option allows the user to designate an additional coordi- nate le to be used as control. The supplemental control les can be from a variety of different le types. Carlson SQLite ( * .crdb) C&G numeric ( * .crd) C&G alphanumeric ( * .cgc) Carlson numeric( * .crd) Carlson alphanumeric( * .crd) Autodesk Land Desktop ( * .mdb) Simplicity ( * .zak) ASCII P,N,E,Z,D,C ( * .nez) ASCII P,Lat,Long,Ortho,D,C ( * .txt) CSV ASCII NEZ with std. errors SDMS (.ctl) control le Note: You should never use the same le for supplemental control points and for nal output. Least squares considers all points to be measurements. If the output le is also used as a supplemental control le then after the project has been processed all the points in the project would now be in the control le and all the points in the le would now be considered control points if the project was processed again. The simplest and most straight-forward method to dene control for a project is to include the control coordinates in a raw data le. Preprocessing The Preprocessing tab contains settings that are used in the preprocessing of the raw data. Chapter 19. SurvNET 1411 Apply Curvature and Refraction Corrections: Set this toggle if you wish to have the curvature refraction correction applied. Curvature/refraction primarily impacts vertical distances. Tolerances: When sets of angles and/or distances are measured to a point, a single averaged value is calcu- lated for use in the least squares adjustment. You may set the tolerances so that a warning is generated if any differences between the angle sets or distances exceed these tolerances. Tolerance warnings will be shown in the report (.RPT) and the (.ERR) le after processing the data. Extended Angle Sets & Distance Report: If you check this box, you will get an expanded tolerance re- port. You will see a list of angles, distances, zenith angles and vertical differences that were averaged to get the single measurement used in the adjustment. If the list exceeds the tolerance settings, you will also see a warning. This will make for a much longer report. Below is a sample of the extended report: ========================================= Horizontal Angle: IP: 122, BS: 142, FS: 123 265-29'23.0'' 265-29'21.0'' Average: 265-29'22.0'' ========================================= Distance: From: 104, To: 103 Vert. Ang. Slope Dist. Horiz. Dist. Vert. Dist. 090-37'11.0'' 324.8900 324.8710 -4.3718 090-37'06.0'' 324.8900 324.8711 -4.3640 089-01'54.0'' 324.9150 324.8685 4.4032 089-01'50.0'' 324.9150 324.8684 4.4095 090-37'03.0'' 324.8900 324.8712 -4.3592 090-37'10.0'' 324.8900 324.8711 -4.3703 089-03'59.0'' 324.9200 324.8768 4.3864 089-04'05.0'' 324.9200 324.8769 4.3769 Average 089-50'02.2'' 324.8878 324.8719 -4.3802 Chapter 19. SurvNET 1412 Vertical Distance from 104 to 103 exceeds tolerance: Low: 4.3592, High: 4.4095, Diff: 0.0502 ========================================= Horz./Slope Dist Tolerance: This value sets the tolerance threshold for the display of warnings if the dif- ference between highest and lowest horizontal distance exceeds this value. In the 2D model it is the horizontal distances that are being compared. In the 3D model it is the slope distances that are being compared. Vert. Dist Tolerance: This value sets the tolerance threshold for the display of a warning if the difference between highest and lowest vertical difference component exceeds this value (used in 2D model only). Angle Set Spread Display: You can choose either individual angle spreads or SET angle spreads. If you choose individual, all the angles will be compared and a high and low will be determined. If you choose SETS, we will treat a SET (two angles) as a single angle by averaging them prior to comparing to another SET. If you only turn one SET of angles, there will be no tolerance check. If you turn 4 SETS of angles, the tolerance will be calculated from four angles. Horz. Angle Tolerance: This value sets the tolerance threshold for the display of a warning if the differ- ence between the highest and lowest horizontal angle exceeds this value (or highest and lowest SET depending on the previous setting). Vert. Angle Tolerance: This value sets the tolerance threshold for the display a warning if the difference between the highest and lowest vertical angle exceeds this value (used in 3D model only). Compute Traverse Closures: Traditional traverse closures can be computed for both GPS loops and total station traverses. This option has no effect on the computation of nal least squares adjusted coordinates. This option is useful for surveyors who due to statutory requirements are still required to compute traditional traverse closures and for those surveyors who still like to view traverse closures prior to the least squares adjustment. This option is used to specify a previously created closure le. To use this option the user has to rst create a traverse closure le. The le contains a .cls extension. The traverse closure le is a le containing an ordered list of the point numbers comprising the traverse. Since the raw data for SurvNet is not expected to be in any particular order it is required that the user most specify the points and the correct order of the points in the traverse loop. Both GPS loops and angle/distance traverses can be dened in a single traverse closure le. More details on creating the traverse closure les follow in a later section of this manual. Pt. Number Substitution String: This option is used to automatically renumber point names based on this string. Some data collectors do not allow the user to use the same point number twice during data collection. In least squares it is common to collect measurements to the same point from different locations. If the data collector does not allow the collection of data from different points using the same point number this option can be used to automatically renumber these points during processing. For example you could enter the string '=' in the Pt. Number Substitution String. Then if you shot point 1 but had to call it something else such as 101 you could enter '=1' in the description eld and during preprocessing point 101 would be renumbered as point '1'. With small projects it may be just as easy to edit the raw data. Adjustment Chapter 19. SurvNET 1413 Maximum Iterations: Non-linear least squares is an iterative process. The user must dene the maximum number of iterations to make before the program quits trying to nd a converging solution. Typically if there are no blunders in the data the solution will converge in 2-5 iterations. Convergence Threshold: During each iteration corrections are computed. When the corrections are less than the threshold value the solution has converged. This value should be somewhat less than the accuracy of the measure- ments. For example, if you can only measure distances to the nearest .01' then a reasonable convergence threshold value would be .005'. Condence Interval: This setting is used when calculating the size of error ellipses, and in the chi-square testing. For example, a 95% condence interval means that there is a 95% chance that the error is within the tolerances shown. Enable sideshots for relative error ellipses: Check this box if you want to see the error ellipses and relative error ellipses of sideshots. This checkbox must be set if you want to use the ''relative error ellipse inverse'' function with sideshots. When turned off this toggle lters out sideshots during the least squares processing. Since the sideshots are excluded from the least squares processing error ellipses cannot be computed for these points. When this toggle is off, the sideshots are computed after the network has been adjusted. The nal coordinate values of the sideshots will be the same regardless of this setting. Large numbers of sideshots slow down least squares processing. It is best to uncheck this box while debugging your project to avoid having to wait for the computer to nish processing. After the project processes correctly you may turn on the option for the nal processing. Note: If you wish to get statistics on certain selected sideshots, you can create an ALT le with the selected points. This will force them to be included in the calculation process - even if you have ''Enable sideshots for relative error ellipses'' unchecked. Relative Err. Points File: The ALTA standards require that surveyors certify to the relative positional error between points. Relative error ellipses are an accepted method of determining the relative positional error required by the ALTA standards. The points that are to be included in the relative error checking are specied by the user. These Chapter 19. SurvNET 1414 points are dened in an ASCII le with an extension of .alt. To select an .alt le for relative error checking use the 'Select' button and then browse to the le's location. There is a section later in the manual that describes how to create and edit the .alt le. Include ALTAtolerance report: Turn this toggle on if you wish to include the ALTAtolerance section of the report. Allowable Tolerance, PPM: These elds allow the user to set the allowable error for computations. Typically the user would enter the current ALTA error standards, i.e. 0.07' & 50 PPM. See the later section in this manual for more detailed information on creating and interpreting the ALTA section of the report. Standard Errors Standard errors are the expected measurement errors based on the type equipment and eld procedures being used. For example, if you are using a 5 second total station, you would expect the angles to be measured within +/- 5 seconds (Reading error). The Distance Constant, PPM settings, and Angle Reading should be based on the equipment and eld pro- cedures being used. These values can be obtained from the published specications for the total station. Or the distance PPM and constant can be computed for a specic EDM by performing an EDM calibration using an EDM calibration baseline. Survey methods should also be taken into account when setting standard errors. For example, you might set the target centering standard error higher when you are sighting a held prism pole than you would if you were sighting a prism set on a tripod. The settings from this dialog box will be used for the project default settings. These default standard errors can be overridden for specic measurements by placing SE records directly into the Raw Data File (see the above section on raw data les). If the report generated when you process the data shows that generally you have consistently high standard residuals for a particular measurement value (angles, distances, etc.), then there is the chance that you have selected standard errors that are better than your instrument and methods can obtain. (See explanation of report le). Failing the Chapter 19. SurvNET 1415 chi-square test consistently is also an indication that the selected standard errors are not consistent with the eld measurements. You can set the standard errors for the following: Distance and Angle Standard Errors Distance Constant: Constant portion of the distance error. This value can be obtained from published EDM specications, or from an EDM calibration. Distance PPM: Parts per million component of the distance error. This value can be obtained from published EDM specication, or from an EDM calibration. Horizontal Angle Pointing: The horizontal angle pointing error is inuenced by atmospheric conditions, optics, experience and care taken by instrument operator. Horizontal Angle Reading: Precision of horizontal angle measurements, obtain from theodolite specs. Vertical Angle Pointing: The vertical angle pointing error is inuenced by atmospheric conditions, optics, experi- ence and care taken by instrument operator. Vertical Angle Reading: Precision of vertical angle measurements, obtain from theodolite specs. Instrument and Target Standard Errors Target Centering: This value is the expected amount of error in setting the target or prism over the point. Instrument Centering: The expected amount of error in setting the total station over the point. Target Height: The expected amount of error in measuring the height of the target. Instrument Height: The expected amount of error in measuring the height of the total station. Control Standard Errors Direction (Bearing / Azimuth): The estimated amount of error in the bearing / azimuth (direction) found in the azimuth records of the raw data. North, East, Elev: The estimated amount of error in the control north, east and elev. You may want to have different coordinate standard errors for different methods of obtaining control. Control derived from RTK GPS would be higher than control derived from GPS static measurements. GPS Standard Errors Instrument Centering: This option is used to specify the error associated with centering a GPS receiver over a point. Vector Standard Error Factor: This option is used as a factor to increase GPS vector standard errors as found in the input GPS vector le. Some people think that the GPS vector variances/covariances as found in GPS vector les tend to be overly optimistic. This factor allows the user to globally increase the GPS vector standard errors without having to edit the GPS vector le. A factor of 0 should be the default value and results in no change to the GPS vector standard errors as found in the GPS vector le. The maximum value allowed is 10. Differential Leveling Standard Errors These setting only effect level data and are not used when processing total station or GPS vector les. Avg, Dist. To BS/FS: This option is used to dene the average distance to the backsight and foresight during leveling. Rod Reading Error per 100 ft./m: This option is used to dene the expected level reading error. Collimation Error: This is the expected differential leveling collimation error in seconds. Standard Error Denition Files The Standard error settings can be saved and then later reloaded into an existing or new project. Creating libraries of standard errors for different types of survey equipment or survey procedures is convenient method of creating Chapter 19. SurvNET 1416 standards within a survey department that uses a variety of equipment and performs different types of surveys. Standard error library les, * .sef les, can be created two ways. From the 'Settings/Standard Errors' dialog box the 'Load' button can be used to import an existing .sef le into the current project. A .sef le can also be created from the existing project standard errors by using the 'Save As..' button. Standard error les, .sef les, can also be managed from the main 'Files' menu. Use the 'Edit Standard Error File' menu option to edit an existing standard error le. Use the 'New Standard Error File' option to create a new standard error le. After choosing one of the menu options and choosing the le to edit or create, the following dialog box will be shown. Set the desired standard errors and press the 'OK' button to save the standard error le. Chapter 19. SurvNET 1417 These settings apply to the output of data to the report and coordinate les. Display Precision These settings determine the number of decimal places to display in the reports for the following types of data. The display precision has no effect on any computations, only the display of the reports. Chapter 19. SurvNET 1418 Coordinates (North, East, Elevation) - Chose 0-4 decimal places. Distances - Chose 0-4 decimal places Directions (Azimuths or Bearings) - nearest second, tenth of second, or hundredth of second. Format These settings determine the format for the following types of data. Direction - Choose either bearings or azimuth for direction display. If the angle units are degrees, bearings are entered as QDD.MMSSss and azimuths are entered as DDD.MMSSss. If the angle units are grads, bearings are input as QGGG.ggggg and azimuths are input as GGG.ggggg. Coordinate Display - Choose the order of coordinate display, either north-east or east-north. Null Elevation - Choose the value for null elevations in the output ASCII coordinate NEZ le. The Null Elevation eld defaults to SurvNet's value for NO ELEVATION,of -999999999.0 . Angle Display - Choose the units you are working int, degrees or gradians. ASCII NEZ Output These settings determine the type and format of the output NEZ le. An ASCII .NEZ and .OUT les are always created after processing the raw data. The .OUT le will be a nicely formatted version of the .NEZ le suitable for printing. The .NEZ le will be an ASCII le suitable to be input into other programs. There are a variety of options for the format of the .NEZ le. Following are the different ASCII le output options. P,N,E,Z,CD,DESC (xed columns); - Point,north,east,elev.,code,desc in xed columns separated by commas. P,N,E,Z,CD,DESC; Point,north,east,elev.,code,desc separated by commas. P N E Z CD DESC (xed columns); Point,north,east,elev.,code,desc in xed columns with no commas. P N E Z CD DESC; Point,north,east,elev.,code,desc in xed columns with no commas. P,N,E,Z,DESC (xed columns); Point,north,east,elev., desc in xed columns separated by commas. P,N,E,Z,DESC; Point,north,east,elev., desc separated by commas. P N E Z DESC (xed columns); Point,north,east,elev., desc in xed columns with no commas. P N E Z DESC; Point,north,east,elev.,code,desc separated by spaces. P,E,N,Z,CD,DESC (xed columns); - Point,east,north,elev.,code,desc in xed columns separated by commas. P,E,N,Z,CD,DESC; Point,east,north,elev.,code,desc separated by commas. P E N Z CD DESC (xed columns); Point,east,north,elev.,code,desc in xed columns with no commas. P E N Z CD DESC; Point,east,north,elev.,code,desc in xed columns with no commas. P,E,N,Z,DESC (xed columns); Point,east,north,elev., desc in xed columns separated by commas. P,E,N,Z,DESC; Point,east,north,elev., desc separated by commas. P E N Z DESC (xed columns); Point,east,,northelev., desc in xed columns with no commas. P E N Z DESC; Point,east,north,elev.,code,desc separated by spaces. CSV ASCII with std. errors (This format is useful as it can be used as a supplemental control input le type option, where the coordinate standard errors output for one project can be used as input for another project.) Chapter 19. SurvNET 1419 You can also set the output precision of the coordinates for the ASCII output le. This setting only applies to ASCII les, not to the C&G or Carlson binary coordinate les which are stored to full double precision. * N/E Precision: number of places after the decimal to use for North and East values (0 -> 8) in the output NEZ ASCII le. * Elevation Precision: number of places after the decimal to use for Elevation values (0 -> 8) in the output NEZ ASCII le. Coordinate File Output If you want to write the calculated coordinates directly to a Carlson or C&G coordinate le, check the ''Write to Coordinate File'' box and select the le. You can choose the type of Carlson/C&G le to be created when you 'select' the le to be created. You may wish to leave this box unchecked until you are satised with the adjustment. Following are the different available coordinate output le options. * NOTE: If coordinate points already exist in the CRD le, and they have different values, before a point is written, you will be shown the NEW value, the OLD value, and given the following option: Cancel: Cancel the present operation. No more points will be written to the Carson/C&G le. Overwrite: Overwrite the existing point. Notice that if you check the 'Do Not Ask Again' box all further duplicate points will be overwritten without prompting. Do not Overwrite: The existing point will not be overwritten. Notice that if you check the 'Do Not Ask Again' box Chapter 19. SurvNET 1420 all further duplicate points will automatically not be overwritten - only new points will be written. Scaled Coordinate File This feature allows you to output to a second, ''Scaled'' coordinate le. The main purpose of this feature is to create a GROUND based coordinate le when working on a SPC system. First check the ''Create Scaled/Ground NEZ File'' checkbox to turn the feature ON. Select the TYPE coordinate le you wish to output to and select the le. If your project is based on a SPC system, you will have the following scaling options: To Ground. Use avg. computed combined SF Manually enter SF If you select the rst option, the combined scale factor is calculated for each of the points and then the total is averaged. The inverse of this scale factor will be used to calculate the coordinates of the SCALED coordinate le. This will give you GROUND coordinates for the project. If you wish, you may also manually enter the desired scale factor. If your project is based on a Local or Assumed coordinate system, you will only have the option to manually enter the scale factor as the scale factors cannot be calculated. Next you will enter the point number you wish to SCALE around: Pt. to Scale Next you have the following TRANSLATION options: Use current NE values Enter new NE values Enter translation values The rst option will use the current coordinates of the SCALE POINT, all other coordinate points will be scaled around this point. The second option allows you to enter NEW coordinate values for the SCALE POINT. All the points will rst be translated so that the SCALE POINT has the values entered here and then they will be scaled around the SCALE POINT. The third option allows you to directly enter the delta-north and delta-east translation values. All the points will rst be translated and then scaled. If the Scaled Coordinate le exists when you process the project, you will see the following warning dialog box: Chapter 19. SurvNET 1421 If you pick OK the points in the Scaled File will be overwritten. If you Cancel no point will be written to the Scaled File. Process Menu When you select Process >Network Adjustment from the menu, or select the NETWORK ICON on the tool bar, the raw data will be processed and adjusted using least squares based on the project settings. If there is a problem with the reduction, you will be shown error messages that will help you track down the problem. Additionally an .err le is created that will log and display error and warning messages. The data is rst preprocessed to calculate averaged angles and distances for sets of angles and multiple distances. For a given setup, all multiple angles and distances to a point will be averaged prior to the adjustment. The standard error as set in the Project Settings dialog box is the standard error for a single measurement. Since the average of multiple measurements is more precise than a single measurement the standard error for the averaged measurement is computed using the standard deviation of the mean formula. Non-linear network least squares solutions require that initial approximations of all the coordinates be known before the least squares processing can be performed. So, during the preprocessing approximate coordinate values for each point are calculated using basic coordinate geometry functions. If there is inadequate control or odd geometric situ- ations SurvNet may generate a message indicating that the initial coordinate approximations could not be computed. The most common cause of this problem is that control has not been adequately dened or there are point number problems. Side Shots are separated from the raw data and computed after the adjustment (unless the ''Enable sideshots for relative error ellipses'' toggle is checked in the adjustment dialog box). If side shots are ltered out of the least squares process and processed after the network is adjusted, processing is greatly speeded up, especially for a large project with a lot of side shots. If the raw data processes completely, a report le, .RPT, a .NEZ le, an .OUT le, and an .ERR le will be created in the project directory. The le names will consist of the project name plus the above le extensions. These different les are shown in separate windows after processing. Additionally a graphic window of the network is displayed. .RPT le: This is an ASCII le that contains the statistical and computational results of the least squares processing. .NEZ le: This le is an ASCII le containing the nal adjusted coordinates. This le can be imported into any program that can read ASCII coordinate les. The format of the le is determined by the setting in the project settings dialog box. .OUT le: The .OUT le is a formatted ASCII le of the nal adjusted coordinates suitable for display or printing .ERR le: The .ERR le contains any warning or error messages that were generated during processing. Though some warning messages may be innocuous it is always prudent to review and understand the meaning of the Chapter 19. SurvNET 1422 messages. The following is a graphic of the different windows displayed after processing. Notice that with the report le you can navigate to different sections of the report using the Tabs at the top of the window. If you have ''Write to Carlson/C&G.CRD'' checked in the output options dialog, the coordinates will also be written to a .CRD le. GPS vector networks can be adjusted with the current version of SurvNet. This chapter will describe the processing of a simple GPS network. Following is a graphic view of the GPS network that is to be adjusted. Points A and B are control points. The red lines represent measured GPS vectors. Most GPS vendor's software can output GPS vectors to a le as part of the post processing of GPS data. Chapter 19. SurvNET 1423 When processing GPS vectors certain project settings are important. In the following settings dialog box notice that the 3D-model has been chosen, and SPC 1983 with an appropriate zone has been chosen. The 3-D model and a geodetic coordinate are required when processing GPS vectors. Though it is not require for GPS processing it is in most cases appropriate to chose to do geoid modeling, especially if the project covers a large extents. The following settings dialog box shows the raw les used in processing GPS les. A GPS vector le must be chosen. GPS vector les from various GPS vendors are currently supported. Select the vector les to be processed: Chapter 19. SurvNET 1424 Coordinate control for the network can be in one of several les. The control can be located in the GPS vector le itself. More typically, the control points can be regular coordinate records in the .RW5 or the .CGR le. The also can be entered as 'Supplemental Control' in one of the available formats. When the control coordinates are in the raw data le or supplemental coordinate le, the coordinates are expected to be grid coordinates. If the control coordinates are found in the GPS vector le, they are assumed to be Earth centered XYZ. Very often the point numbering convention used in the GPS data collection is different than the point number convention used when collecting total station data. If the point numbers in the GPS le differ from the total station point number it is easy to rst convert the native GPS format le to a ASCII .GPS using the 'Tools/Convert GPS le to ASCII' menu option. The .GPS ASCII les can easily be edited to ensure point numbers are consistent between GPS and total station data. It is not unusual to have different distance units for GPS, total station data, and control data. Often the GPS vector data is in metric units but the total station raw le is in US Feet. So, the distance units must be specied for the different raw data types. In the Preprocessing Settings dialog box the only important setting is the 'Compute Traverse Closures:' options. If GPS loop closures need to be computed, the loop point numbers need to be entered into a closure le. See the chapter on traverse closures to see how to create closure les. There are two GPS standard errors elds in the Standard Errors Settings dialog box. The GPS vector XYZ standard errors and covariances do not need to be dened as project settings since they are typically found in the GPS vector data les. The Instrument centering standard error is the estimated error in centering the GPS unit over the survey point. The 'vector Std. Err. Factor' can be used to globally increase the variance/covariances found in the GPS les without having to edit the GPS le itself. . Chapter 19. SurvNET 1425 Processing a Total Station and a GPS Vector Network Processing a GPS vector network together with conventional total station data is similar to processing a GPS network by itself. The only difference in regards to project settings is that a raw data le containing the total station data needs to be chosen as well as a GPS vector le. The project must be set up for the 3D model and a geodetic coordinate system needs to be chosen. The total station must contain full 3D data, including all rod heights and instrument heights measured. Following is a view of the Input Files Settings dialog box showing both a GPS vector le and a total station raw data le chosen in a single project. It is not uncommon to have different distance units for GPS data and total station data, so make sure the correct units are set for data types. One of the most common problems for new users in combining GPS and total station data is not collecting HI's and rod heights when collecting the total station data. Since the 3D model is being used complete 3D data needs to be collected. The 'Preprocess, compute unadjusted coordinates' option allows the computation of unadjusted coordinates. If there are redundant measurements in the raw data, the rst angle and distance found in the raw data is used to compute the coordinates. If a state plane grid system has been designated the measurements are reduced to grid prior to the computation of the unadjusted coordinates. If the point is located from two different points the initial computation of the point will be the value stored. Chapter 19. SurvNET 1426 A variety of blunder detection tools are available that gives the user additional tools in analyzing his survey data, and detecting blunders. The standard least squares adjustment processing and its resulting report can often be used to determine blunders. No blunder detection method can be guaranteed to nd all blunders. So much depends on the nature of the network geometry, the nature of the measurements, and the intuition of the analyst. Generally, the more redundancy there is in a network the easier it is to detect blunders. There are three different methods that can be used to track down blunders in a network or traverse. Option 1) Preprocess the raw data: The 'Preprocess the raw data' option validates the raw data. It displays angle and distance spreads as well as checks the validity of the raw data. Traverse closures are computed if specied. It also performs a ''K-Matrix'' analysis. The ''K-Matrix'' analysis compares the unadjusted, averaged measurements with the computed preliminary measurements (measurements calculated from the preliminary computed coordinates). This method will catch blunders such as using the same point number twice for two different points. The report will be sent to the ERR le. The ERR le will contain the tolerance checks, closures and the K-Matrix analysis. Following is an example of the report created using the 'Preprocess the raw data' option. Notice that the rst section of the report shows the angle and distance spreads from the multiple angle and distance measurements. The second part of the report shows the 'K-matrix analyses. Additionally there is a 'Point Proximity Report' section that reports pairs of different points that are in close proximity to each other which may indicate where the same point was collected multiple times using different point numbers. The 'Preprocess the raw data' option is one of the simplest and effective tools in nding blunders. Time spent learning how this function works will be well spent. If the project is not converging due to an unknown blunder in the raw data this tool is one of the most effective tools in nding the blunder. Many blunders are due to point numbering errors during data collections, and the 'K-matrix' analysis and 'Point Proximity' search are great tools for nding this type blunders. ===================================== Chapter 19. SurvNET 1427 LEAST SQUARES ADJUSTMENT ERROR REPORT ===================================== Tue Mar 21 16:04:32 2006 Input Raw Files: C:\data\lsdata\cgstar\CGSTAR.CGR Output File: C:\data\lsdata\cgstar\cgstar.RPT Checking raw data syntax and angle & distance spreads. Warning: Missing Vert. Angle. Assumption made as to whether it is direct or reverse. 1 5.00 180.00050 4 Warning: Missing Vert. Angle. Assumption made as to whether it is direct or reverse. 1 5.01 145.54300 2 H&T Horizontal Angle spread exceeds tolerance: IP: 1, BS: 5, FS: 2 Low: 109-19'10.0'' , High: 109-19'17.0'' , Diff: 000-00'07.0'' Horizontal Angle spread exceeds tolerance: IP: 2, BS: 1, FS: 6 Low: 190-32'02.0'' , High: 190-32'10.0'' , Diff: 000-00'08.0'' K-Matrix Analysis. Distance: From pt.: 4 To pt.: 5 Measured distance: 309.61 Initial computed distance: 309.65 Difference: -0.04 Distance: From pt.: 12 To pt.: 3 Measured distance: 144.63 Initial computed distance: 144.66 Difference: -0.03 Distance: From pt.: 5 To pt.: 6 Measured distance: 348.51 Initial computed distance: 523.29 Difference: -174.79 Angle: IP: 4 BS: 3 FS: 5 Measured angle: 093-02'11.5'' Initial computed angle: 093-01'45.1'' Difference: 000-00'26.4'' Angle: IP: 12 BS: 11 FS: 3 Measured angle: 140-39'24.5'' Initial computed angle: 140-40'32.6'' Difference: -000-01'08.1'' Angle: IP: 5 BS: 4 FS: 1 Measured angle: 117-30'42.5'' Initial computed angle: 117-31'16.4'' Difference: -000-00'33.9'' Angle: IP: 5 BS: 4 FS: 6 Measured angle: 145-30'34.0'' Initial computed angle: 079-39'46.4'' Difference: 065-50'47.6'' Chapter 19. SurvNET 1428 Point Proximity Report: Points 3 and 30 are within 0.05 of each other. The problem with the above project was that point 6 was accidentally used twice for two separate side shots. Because of the point numbering problem the project would not converge, using the regular least squares processing. The 'Preprocess the raw data.' option was then used. Notice in the K-matrix section the distance from 5 to 6 shows a difference of 174.79' and the angle 4-5-6 shows a difference of 065-50'47.6''. Then notice that the other listed differences are in the range of .02' for the distances and less than a minute for the angles. This report is clearly pointing out a problem to point 6. Note the point proximity report section. During data collection point number 30 was used as the point number when the point was previously collected as point 3. In the rst section of the report notice that there are several warnings concerning whether a horizontal angle reading was collected in direct or reverse reading. The preprocessing software uses the vertical angle reading to determine the angle face of the horizontal angle reading. If the vertical angle is missing the program makes its best guess as to whether the angle was collected in direct or reverse face. Since all horizontal angle spreads in the report are reasonable, the preprocessing software must have made the correct determination. Option 2) Float one observation: This option is useful in nding a single blunder, either an angle or distance, within a network or traverse. If there is more than a single blunder in the network then it is less likely that this method will be able to isolate the blunders. If the standard least squares processing results in a network that will not converge then this blunder detection method might not work. Use the 'Preprocess the raw data' blunder detection method if the solution is not converging. Also this method will only work on small and moderately sized networks. This method performs a least squares adjustment once for every non-trivial measurement in the network. So for large networks this method may take so long to process that it is not feasible to use this method. With this method an adjustment is computed for each non-trivial individual angle and distance measurement. Consecutively, a single angle or distance is allowed to oat during each adjustment. The selected oated angle or distance does not ''constrain'' the adjustment in any way. If there is a single bad angle or distance, one of the adjustment possibilities will place most of the error in the ''oat'' measurement, and the other measurements should have small residuals. The potentially bad angle or distance is agged with a double asterisk ( ** ). Since an Chapter 19. SurvNET 1429 adjustment is computed for each measurement this method my take a long time when analyzing large data les. The adjustments with the lowest reference variances are selected as the most likely adjustments that have isolated the blunder. You have the choice to view the best adjustment, or the top adjustments with a maximum of ten. In the above example we asked to see the top 5 choices for potential blunders. The results are shown in the ERR le. Following is a section of the report generated where an angular blunder was introduced into a small traverse. Notice the ' ** ' characters beside the angle measurements. In this report the two most likely adjustments were displayed. The blunder was introduced to angle 101-2-3. Angle 101-2-3 was chosen as the 2nd most likely source of the blunder, showing that these blunder detection methods though not perfect, can be a useful tool in the analysis of survey measurements. Notice how much higher the standard residuals are on the suspected blunders than the standard residuals of the other measurements. Adjusted Observations ===================== Adjusted Distances From Sta. To Sta. Distance Residual StdRes. StdDev 101 2 68.780 -0.006 0.608 0.008 2 3 22.592 -0.006 0.573 0.008 3 4 47.694 -0.002 0.213 0.008 4 5 44.954 -0.001 0.069 0.008 5 6 62.604 0.005 0.472 0.009 6 7 35.512 0.006 0.539 0.008 7 101 61.704 0.003 0.314 0.009 Root Mean Square (RMS) 0.005 Adjusted Angles BS Sta. Occ. Sta. FS Sta. Angle Residual StdRes StdDev(Sec.) 7 101 2 048-05'06'' -5 0 21 101 2 3 172-14'33'' -2 0 27 2 3 4 129-27'44'' -222 * 7 56 ** 3 4 5 166-09'59'' 11 0 25 4 5 6 043-12'26'' 22 1 21 5 6 7 192-11'52'' 12 0 25 6 7 101 148-38'19'' 8 0 25 Root Mean Square (RMS) 85 Adjusted Azimuths Occ. Sta. FS Sta. Bearing Residual StdRes StdDev(Sec.) 101 7 N 00-00'00''E 0 0 4 Root Mean Square (RMS) 0 Statistics ========== Solution converged in 2 iterations Degrees of freedom:3 Reference variance:0.78 Standard error unit Weight: +/-0.88 Passed the Chi-Square test at the 95.00 signicance level 0.216 <= 2.347 <= 9.348 Adjusted Observations ===================== Adjusted Distances From Sta. To Sta. Distance Residual StdRes. StdDev Chapter 19. SurvNET 1430 101 2 68.781 -0.005 0.473 0.009 2 3 22.592 -0.005 0.512 0.009 3 4 47.690 -0.006 0.586 0.009 4 5 44.950 -0.005 0.523 0.009 5 6 62.605 0.006 0.607 0.009 6 7 35.512 0.006 0.560 0.009 7 101 61.708 0.006 0.614 0.009 Root Mean Square (RMS) 0.006 Adjusted Angles BS Sta. Occ. Sta. FS Sta. Angle Residual StdRes StdDev(Sec.) 7 101 2 048-05'22'' 11 0 24 101 2 3 172-11'03'' -213 * 7 58 ** 2 3 4 129-31'23'' -3 0 29 3 4 5 166-09'48'' 1 0 26 4 5 6 043-12'11'' 6 0 21 5 6 7 192-11'50'' 10 0 27 6 7 101 148-38'24'' 13 0 27 Root Mean Square (RMS) 81 Adjusted Azimuths Occ. Sta. FS Sta. Bearing Residual StdRes StdDev(Sec.) 101 7 N-00-00'00''E -0 0 5 Root Mean Square (RMS) 0 Statistics ========== Solution converged in 2 iterations Degrees of freedom:3 Reference variance:0.89 Standard error unit Weight: +/-0.94 Passed the Chi-Square test at the 95.00 signicance level 0.216 <= 2.675 <= 9.348 The blunder is most likely in the measurement containing the largest residual and standard residual. The observation marked with ** is the observation that oated. It is also most likely the measurement containing the blunder. Option 3) Re-weight by residuals & std err: Chapter 19. SurvNET 1431 This method is capable of detecting multiple blunders but one is more likely to nd the blunders if there is a high degree of redundancy (network of interconnected traverses). The higher the degree of freedom the more likely this method will nd the blunders. This method will not work if the standard least squares processing will not converge. Use the 'Preprocess the raw data' blunder detection method if the network is not converging. First, select the number of adjustments or passes you wish to make. Each time an adjustment is completed, the measurements will be re-weighted based on the residuals and standard errors. Hopefully, after three or four passes, the blunders will become obvious. The results are shown in the ERR le, look for the measurements with the highest standard residuals. These measurements are more likely to contain blunders. The theory behind this method is that after processing, the measurements with blunders are more likely to have higher residuals and computed standard errors. So, in the next pass the measurements are reweighted based on the computed residuals, with less weight being assigned to the measurements with high residuals. After several passes it is likely that the measurements with the blunders have been reweighed such that they have little effect on the network. As a rule of thumb three or four passes are usually sufcient. Following is a section of the report showing the results of the 'Reweight by residuals & std. err.'. This report was generated using the same data used in the earlier example. Notice that it has agged the same two angle measurements. The 'Reweight by residuals & std. err.' method performs a new adjustment for each pass. So, this method will take longer than the standard least squares adjustment, but does not take near as long to complete processing as the 'Float one Observation' method for larger networks. Adjusted Observations ===================== Adjusted Distances From Sta. To Sta. Distance Residual StdRes. StdDev 101 2 68.778 -0.009 0.827 0.014 2 3 22.588 -0.010 0.942 0.015 3 4 47.694 -0.002 0.208 0.009 4 5 44.954 -0.001 0.077 0.006 5 6 62.608 0.010 0.919 0.016 6 7 35.517 0.011 1.040 0.016 7 101 61.705 0.004 0.398 0.011 Root Mean Square (RMS) 0.008 Adjusted Angles BS Sta. Occ. Sta. FS Sta. Angle Residual StdRes StdDev(Sec.) 7 101 2 048-05'07'' -4 0 21 Chapter 19. SurvNET 1432 101 2 3 172-13'19'' -77 * 2 65 2 3 4 129-29'56'' -91 * 3 64 3 4 5 166-09'44'' -3 0 24 4 5 6 043-12'05'' 0 0 9 5 6 7 192-11'40'' -0 0 19 6 7 101 148-38'10'' -1 0 20 Root Mean Square (RMS) 45 Adjusted Azimuths Occ. Sta. FS Sta. Bearing Residual StdRes StdDev(Sec.) 101 7 N 00-00'00''E 0 0 2 Root Mean Square (RMS) 0 Statistics ========== Solution converged in 1 iterations Degrees of freedom:3 Reference variance:1.77 Standard error unit Weight: +/-1.33 Passed the Chi-Square test at the 95.00 signicance level 0.216 <= 5.322 <= 9.348 The blunder is most likely in the measurement containing the largest residual and standard residual Tools Menu Inverse Buttons - The 'Inverse' button is found on the main window (the button with the icon that shows a line with points at each end). You can also select the Tools->Inverse menu option. This feature is only active after a network has been processed successfully. This option can be used to obtain the bearing and distance between any two points in the network. Additionally the standard deviation of the bearing and distance between the two points is displayed. The Relative Error Ellipse Inverse button is found on the main window (the button with the icon that shows a line with an ellipse in the middle). You can also select the Tools > Relative Error Ellipse menu option. This feature is only active after a network has been processed successfully. This option can be used to obtain the relative error ellipse between two points. It shows the semi-major and semi-minor axis and the azimuth of the error ellipse, computed to a user-dene condence interval. This information can also be used to determine the relative precision between any two points in the network. It is the relative error ellipse calculation that is the basis for the ALTA tolerance reporting. If the 'Enable sideshots for relative error ellipses' toggle is checked then all points in the project can be used to compute relative error ellipses. The trade-off is that with large projects processing time will be increased. Chapter 19. SurvNET 1433 If you need to certify as to the ''Positional Tolerances'' of your monuments, as per the ALTA Standards, use the Relative Error Ellipse inverse routine to determine these values, or use the specic ALTAtolerance reporting function as explained later in the manual. For example, if you must certify that all monuments have a positional tolerance of no more than 0.07 feet with 50 PPM at a 95 percent condence interval. First set the condence interval to 95 percent in the Settings/Adjustment screen. Then process the raw data. Then you may inverse between points in as many combinations as you deem necessary and make note of the semi-major axis error values. If none of them are larger than 0.07 feet + (50PPM * distance), you have met the standards. It is however more convenient to create a Relative Error Points File containing the points you wish to check and include the ALTA tolerance report. This report takes into account the PPM and directly tells you if the positional tolerance between the selected points meets the ALTA standards. Convert GPS/Total Station Files The purpose of this option is to convert GPS vector les that are in the manufacturers' binary or ASCII format into the StarNet ASCII le format. The advantage of creating an ASCII le is that the ASCII le can be edited using a standard text editor. Being able to edit the vector le may be necessary in order to edit point numbers so that the point numbers in the GPS le match the point numbers in the total station le. There is also a tool to convert Trimble Data Exchange total station data to either the Carlson RW5 format or the C&G CGR format. Chapter 19. SurvNET 1434 The following dialog box is displayed after choosing this option. First choose the le format of the GPS vector le to be converted. Next use the 'Select' button to navigate to the vector le to be converted. If you are converting a Thales le you have the option to remove the leading 0's from Thales point numbers. Next, use the second 'Select' button to select the name of the new ASCII GPS vector le to be created. Choose the 'Convert' button to initiate the le conversion. Press the 'Cancel' button when you have completed the conversions. The le created will have an extension of .GPS. Following are the different GPS formats that can be converted to ASCII. Ashtech/Thales: The Ashtech/Thales GPS vector le is a binary le and is sometimes referred to as an 'O' le. Notice that you have the option to remove the leading 0's from Thales point numbers, by checking the ''Remove leading 0's from Thales point numbers'' check box. Carlson RW5: Carlson SurvCE version 2.0 or higher can store GPS vectors in the RW5 raw data le. Unlike other vector les, these vectors are Antenna to Antenna so the rod height information must be obtained from the RW5 le. This allows you to edit rod heights and re-process the vectors. Additionally, RW5 vectors are always in meters, regardless of the job units. LandXML (.XML): The landXML format is an industry standard format. Currently SurvNet will only import LandXML survey point records. The conversion does not currently import LandXML vectors. GeoLab IOB Format: GeoLab's vector format. Leica: The Leica vector le is an ASCII format typically created with the Leica SKI software. This format is created by Leica when baseline vectors are required for input into 3rd party adjustment software such as SurvNet. The SKI ASCII Baseline Vector format is an extension of the SKI ASCII Point Coordinate format. NGS G-File: The NGS G-File is the format used National Geodetic Survey in their processing software. NGS G-File from an OPUS report: Every OPUS report contains a G-File section. The vectors making up this G-le are the vectors from the control points to the computed. point making up the OPUS solution. These OPUS vectors can be extracted and then combined with other GPS or total station data to create a larger SurvNet project. If the OPUS vector data is used in a SurvNet project it is important to use Geoid modeling since the control points making up the OPUS solution typically cover a large extents. Chapter 19. SurvNET 1435 Topcon (.TVF): The Topcon Vector File is in ASCII format and typically has an extension of .TVF Topcon (.XML): The Topcon XML le is an ASCII le. It contains the GPS vectors in an XML format. This format is not equivalent to LandXML format. Trimble Data Collection (.dc): The Trimble .dc format is an ASCII le. It is typically output by Trimble's data collector. It contains a variety of measurements including GPS vectors. This option only converts GPS vectors found in the .DC le. Trimble Data Exchange Format (.ASC): The Trimble TDEF format is an ASCII le. It is typically output by Trimble's ofce software as a means to output GPS vectors for use by 3rd party software. The Trimble Data Exchange le can also contain traverse data. The conversion dialog will give you the option to create either an RW5 or CGR le with the traverse data, along with the GPS le containing the vector data. Trimble LandXML ( * .jxl): Trimble vector les in Land XML format. Convert Level Files The purpose of this option is to convert differential level les from digital levels into C&G/Carlson differential level le format. At present the only level le format that can be converted are the level les downloaded from the Topcon digital levels. Chapter 19. SurvNET 1436 EDM Calibration The EDM Calibration program allows a surveyor to enter and process the raw data collected on an EDM calibration baseline. The purpose of an EDM calibration is to determine if the EDM is measuring within standards. The program performs a statistical analysis of that data as outlined in ''Use of Calibration Base Lines'', by Charles J. Fronczek, NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NGS-10. The NGS document can be downloaded from the NGS website. NGS maintains a webpage on EDM Calibration Base Lines. The manual and other information on EDM calibrations can be found at http://geodesy.noaa.gov/CBLINES/calibration.shtm. Following is the main EDM Calibration dialog box. NGS publishes the EDM calibration data in metric units. SurvNet's EDM calibration program currently expects the data to be collected in meters. The basic ow of this program is to rst ll out the lower portion of the dialog box which contains different text elds, EDM constant values, and the optional Atmospheric Corrections settings. Next, ll out the grid in the upper portion of the dialog box. This grid contains the eld data collected and also the published distances between monuments of the baseline. After this information has been lled out use the 'Compute' button The program will then display the result of the calibration in the window in the lower portion of the dialog box as follows. Chapter 19. SurvNET 1437 After the le is processed the results can be stored as an ASCII text le. Use the 'Save Output' or the menu option ''File/Save Results File As...''. to save the results. First, you will be prompted for an output le name. The input data can also be stored. Once stored it can be opened and processed again. Following is the entire output with a brief explanation of the results. Comments about the results are in- serted in bold. EDM Calibration Report Observed Data EDM Type: Date: Time: Prism description: Weather description: Comment: Atmosphere Correction: OFF Constants: Refrector: 0.000 EDM: 0.000 From From From To . To To Observed Published Sta. Elev. HI Sta. Elev. HI Temp. Pressure Slope Dist. Dist. STA 0 47.494 1.576 STA 150 44.631 1.552 0.0 0.0 150.0326 150.0008 STA 0 47.494 1.576 STA 400 41.497 1.537 0.0 0.0 400.0229 399.9772 STA 0 47.494 1.576 STA 1100 41.431 1.519 0.0 0.0 1100.0203 1100.0001 STA 150 44.631 1.570 STA 1100 41.431 1.519 0.0 0.0 950.0081 949.9991 STA 400 41.497 1.583 STA 1100 41.431 1.519 0.0 0.0 700.0265 700.0226 STA 400 41.497 1.580 STA 150 44.631 1.480 0.0 0.0 249.9946 249.9764 STA 400 41.497 1.580 STA 0 47.494 1.526 0.0 0.0 400.0260 399.9722 The above section shows the input. The input consists of the observed slope distances and the measured HI's. The from and To elevations are published data from the data sheet from NGS on the particular baseline being Chapter 19. SurvNET 1438 observed. The published distances are also published data from the data sheet from NGS. In this example atmospheric pressure was turned off so the temperature and Pressure elds are irrelevant. Results Null Hypothesis, HO: EDM scale error and EDM constant error = 0.0 If the scale error and the EDM constant are 0.0 then the edm is without error. So the purpose of the statistical test is to test how close to 0.0 are the results. Scale Error (ppm): -0.00000044 Constant Error: -0.0032 The two above lines show the values for the computed scale error and constant error. Scale Standard Error: 0.00000403 Constant Standard Error: 0.0026 The two above lines show the values for the computed standard errors of the scale error and constant error. Reference Variance: 0.0000126 Scale t-Value: -0.1096 Constant t-Value: -1.2110 Degrees of Freedom: 5 Critical t-Value at the 1 percent confidence level: 4.0320 Cannot reject the H0 for the scale error. (The scale factor is 0.0) Cannot reject the H0 for the constant error. (The constant is 0.0) The above lines show the nal results of the statistical test. Since the test determined that we cannot reject the null hypothesis, this edm is in good working order. EDM Calibrations and Atmospheric Corrections The atmospheric correction algorithms used in the edm calibration are from the NGS manual. To use this method both dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperature needs to be measured, or the vapor pressure, e, and the dry bulb temperature needs to be measured. Refer to the NGS documentation for a detailed explanation of the atmospheric corrections that they use. Chapter 19. SurvNET 1439 It is probably most common to turn atmospheric correction off in the calibration program, and turn atmospheric correction ON on the EDM (total station). When atmospheric correction is turned off in the calibration program the user does not need to enter the temperature into the grid or any of the other atmospheric values. If atmospheric corrections are turned OFF then the grid input columns 'Temp.(dry bulb)', 'Pressure, (mm of Hg)', and 'Temp. (wet bulb)' will not be displayed since they are not needed. Constants can be entered for both the EDM and the reector. These values are added to the observed dis- tances during processing. Typically they are set to 0.0. The following text elds have no effect on any computations and are simply comments that can be used to document the calibration. Entering Data Into the EDM Calibration Grid Blank data records are inserted into or deleted from the grid using the following tool bar. The rst button deletes the current highlighted record. The second button inserts a new blank record before the current highlighted record. The third button inserts a new blank record after the current highlighted record. Chapter 19. SurvNET 1440 Alternately the 'Edit' menu options could be used to delete and insert new data records. Following is a brief explanation of the elds that make up the grid. From Sta. - This eld represents the station name where the EDM is located. Any name can be used, but you must be consistent and used the same name whenever you occupy or measure a distance to the station. From HI. - This eld represents the height of instrument of the from station. It should be in the same units as the measurements. If horizontal distances are being entered into the grid then all the HI elds should be set to a constant value such as 0.0. From Elev. - This eld represents the elevation of the station. This value is published as part of the base- line calibration sheets obtained from NGS. If horizontal distances then all the Elevation elds should be set to a constant. To Sta. - This eld represents the station name where the prism is located. Any name can be used, but you must be consistent and used the same name whenever you occupy or measure a distance to the station. To HI. - This eld represents the height of instrument of the to station. It should be in the same units as the distance measurements. If horizontal distances are being entered into the grid then all the HI elds can be set to a constant value such as 0.0. To Elev. - This eld represents the elevation of the station where the prism is located. This value is pub- lished as part of the baseline calibration sheets obtained from NGS. If horizontal distances then all the Elevation elds should be set to a constant. Observed S. Dist. This is the measured slope distance. This can be a measured horizontal distance. If it is a horizontal distance then all the HI's and elevations should be set to a constant value. Published Dist. This eld represents the published distance between the From and To station. This value is published as part of the baseline calibration data obtained from NGS for the particular baseline being observed. Temp. (dry bulb) This eld is only present if atmospheric corrections are turned on. Chapter 19. SurvNET 1441 Temp. (wet bulb) This eld is only present if atmospheric corrections are turned on. Pressure. (mm of Hg) This eld is only present if atmospheric corrections are turned on. Edit Output Files You can edit any of the output les created by SurvNET processing: Report File (.RPT) NEZ File (.NEZ - ASCII coordinate le) Formatted NEZ File (.OUT - ASCII coordinate le) Error File (.ERR) - le containing list of processing errors). SurvNET will use Microsoft Notepad as the editor. Edit Level Files If you have a .TLV or .LEV level le in your project, this option will run the Carlson Level Editor program and automatically load the level le for editing. View Menu Graphics SurvNet provides a window that graphically displays the survey network. Additionally the user is able to display error ellipses, and GPS vectors. The user has much control over how the network is displayed. The graphic tool is a useful tool in debugging networks since the raw data can be displayed prior to adjustment. If there are problems with the raw data the graphics often reect the problem. The actual graphics cannot be output or saved. The graphics can be shown independent of whether the project has been processed. The following snapshot shows a view of the graphic window. The graphic window can be accessed using the eye icon on the main tool bar. A project must be opened before the graphic window can be displayed. The graphics window will only display error ellipses after the project has been processed. The tool bar in the graphics window contains buttons that allow the user to pan, zoom in, zoom out, zoom extents, and zoom to a window. Additionally there is a button that allows the user to navigate to points in the .CGR raw data editor. Also, there are buttons that will refresh the graphic, and change the graphic settings. Chapter 19. SurvNET 1442 Pan: Use this button to pan the graphics. Zoom in: Use this button to zoom in on the graphics. Zoom out: Use this button to zoom out on the graphics. Zoom extent: Use this button to zoom to the extents of the graphics Zoom to window: Use this button to zoom to the extents of a user picked window. Pick Point. This button allows the user to navigate within the .CGR raw editor from the graphics window. Currently this button serves no purpose when working with .RW5 data.. Settings: This buttons is used to change the graphic display settings. Refresh: This button will refresh the graphic view. Graphics are generated from the saved raw data le. If you make changes to the raw le in the raw editor you must save the le before the changes will be reected in the refreshed graphic screen. Following is a description of the options in the graphics setting dialog box, which is accessed using the tool bar button. Points Options Chapter 19. SurvNET 1443 These settings determine how the different type control points are displayed in the graphics window. Different graphic settings can be applied to standard control points, xed control points and oating control points. The symbol node display can be controlled as to symbol type, symbol color, symbol size. The control point name can be displayed and its size set from this setting dialog box. The graphic pick radius denes a search radius. This radius is used when navigating the .CGR editor using the graphic window. You can pick a point graphically and the cursor in the editor will go to the next eld containing that point number. The radius is dened in terms of the distance units of the raw data le. Trav/SS's Options These settings determine how the network line work will be displayed for total station raw data. There are settings for traverse data, side shot data, and azimuth control. The program considers any point that has only a single angle and distance to it a side shot. The user can control the color of the traverse lines. The symbol node display can be controlled as to symbol type, symbol color, symbol size. The point name can be displayed and its size set from this setting dialog box. Error Ellipses Options These settings determine how the error ellipses will be displayed in the graphic window. Error ellipses will only be Chapter 19. SurvNET 1444 displayed if there is a successful least squares adjustment. The display of the error ellipses is relative. The program automatically determines a default relative error ellipse size. The user can modify the visual size of the error ellipses using the track bar in the following dialog box. The user can also control the color of the error ellipse from the following dialog box. GPS Options The settings in the following dialog box determine how GPS vectors will be displayed in the graphic window. The user can control the color of the GPS vector lines. The symbol node display can be controlled as to symbol type, symbol color, symbol size. The GPS point names can be displayed and their size set from this setting dialog box. Toolbars Many of the most commonly used functions can be accessed using the toolbar. Following is an explanation of the buttons found in the toolbar in the order they are shown. Create New Project - New project Icon. Chapter 19. SurvNET 1445 Open an Existing Project - Open le Icon. Save the Current Project - Disk Icon. Print One of the Reports - Printer Icon. Settings -Wrench Icon. This icon initiates the SETTINGS->STANDARD ERRORS tab. Data Collector Transfer Program - This icon will initiate either the C&G Data Collector Transfer/Conversion program or the Carlson SurvCom program. The C&G program allows you to transfer data from the data collector, or convert the data collector le to a .CGR le format. It supports all major data collectors. The Carlson program connects specically to the Carlson SurvCE data collector. Edit Raw Data - This icon can be used to start either the .RW5 raw data editor or the .CGR raw data editor. If your project has multiple raw data les, you will be shown a list and asked to select the le you wish to edit. The appropriate editor will be called depending on what type raw les are dened in the project settings. If no raw le or project has been specied the default raw editor as dened in the Settings menu will be executed. Any changes you make in the editor need to be saved before returning to SurvNet for processing. Process Network - Icon that looks like a traverse network. Inverse - Icon has a line with points on each end.. Relative Error Ellipses - Icon has a line with points on each end and an ellipse in the middle. Graphics - Icon that looks like an eye. This icon is active once a project has been opened. Help - Icon that looks like a question mark. This icon will take you to the SurvNET help feature. Raw Traverse Data SurvNet works equally well for both Carlson users and C&G users. The primary difference between the two users is that a Carlson user will typically be using an .RW5 le for his raw data and a C&G user will typically be using a .CGR as the source of his raw data. SurvNet is capable of processing either C&G (.CGR) raw data les, Carlson (.RW5) raw data les or SDMS (.PRJ) raw data les. If the raw data is in another format, you can use our conversion tools to create one of the supported formats. Measurement, coordinate, elevation and direction (Brg/Az) records are all recognized. Scale factor records in the .CGR le are not processed since SurvNet calculates the state plane scale factors automatically. The menu option 'Global Settings' displays the following dialog box. If the 'Use Carlson Utilities' is chosen then the .RW5 editor will be the default raw editor and Carlson SurvCom will be the default data collection transfer program. If the 'Use C&G Utilities' is chosen then the C&G .CGR editor will be the default raw editor and C&G's data collection transfer program will be the default data collection transfer program. Chapter 19. SurvNET 1446 Standard errors are estimated errors that are assigned to measurements or coordinates. Astandard error is an estimate of the standard deviation of a sample. A higher standard error indicates a less accurate measurement. The higher the standard error of a measurement, the less weight it will have in the adjustment process. Although you can set default standard errors for the various types of measurements in the project settings of SurvNet, standard errors can also be placed directly into the raw data le. A standard error record inserted into a raw data le controls all the measurements following the SE record. The standard error does not change until another SE record is inserted that either changes the specic standard error, or sets the standard errors back to the project defaults. The advantage of entering standard errors into the raw le is that you can have different standard errors for the same type measurement in the same job. For example, if you used a one second total station with xed backsights and foresights for a portion of a traverse and a 10 second total station with backsights and foresights to hand held prisms on the other portion of the traverse, you would want to assign different standard errors to reect the different methods used to collect the data. Make sure the SE record is placed before the measurements for which it applies. If you do not have standard errors dened in the raw data le, the default standard errors in the project settings will be applied to the entire le. Carlson Raw Data Editor: The raw data editor can be accessed from the tool bar icon. Following is an image of the .RW5 editor. Refer to the Carlson raw editor documentation for guidance in the basic operation of the editor. The following documentation only deals with topics that are specic to the .RW5 editor and SurvNet. Chapter 19. SurvNET 1447 You can insert or Add Standard Error records into the raw data le. Use the INSERT or ADD menu option and select Standard Errors, or pick the SE buttons on the tool bar. Use the 'Add' menu option to insert standard error records into the raw les. SEc - Control Standard Errors You can set standard errors for Northing, Easting, Elevation, and Azimuth using the 'Control Standard Error' menu option. Azimuth standard errors are entered in seconds. The North, East and Elevation standard errors affect the PT (coordinate) and EL (elevation) records. You can hold or x the North, East and Elevation xed by entering a ''!'' symbol. You can allow the North, East and Elevation to FLOAT by entering a ''#'' symbol. You can also assign the North, East and Elevation actual values. If you use an '' * '' symbol, the current standard error values will revert to the project default values. North East Elevation Azim ! ! ! (Fix all values) # # # 30.0 (Allow the N., E. & Elevation to Float) Chapter 19. SurvNET 1448 0.01 0.01 0.03 5.0 (assign values) * * * * (return the standard errors back to project defaults) When you x a measurement, the original value does not change during the adjustment and all other measurements will be adjusted to t the xed measurements. If you allowa value to oat, it will not be used in the actual adjustment, it will just be used to help calculate the initial coordinate values required for the adjustment process. Placing a very high or low standard error on a measurement accomplishes almost the same thing as setting a standard error as xed or oat. The primary purpose of using a oat point is if SurvNet cannot compute preliminary values, a preliminary oat value can be computed and entered for the point. Direction records (Reference azimuths) cannot be FIXED or FLOAT. You can assign a low standard error (or zero to x) if you want to weight it heavily, or a high standard error to allow it to oat. Example: North East Elev Azim CSE ! ! ! PT 103 1123233.23491 238477.28654 923.456 PT 204 1124789.84638 239234.56946 859.275 PT 306 1122934.25974 237258.65248 904.957 North East Elev Azim CSE * * * PT 478 1122784.26874 237300.75248 945.840 The rst SEc record containing the '!' character and sets points 103, 204, and 306 to be xed. The last SEc record contains the ' * ' character. It sets the standard errors for point 478 and any other points that follow to the project settings. The Azimuth standard error was left blank. MSE - Measurement Standard Errors You can set the standard errors for distances, horizontal angle pointing, horizontal angle reading, vertical angle pointing, vertical angle reading, and distance constant and PPM. ''Distance'' - distance constant and measurement error, can be obtained from EDM specs, or from performing an EDM calibration on an EDM baseline, or from other testing done by the user. ''PPM'' - Parts per Million, obtain from EDM specs, or from performing an EDM calibration on an EDM baseline, or from other testing done by the user. ''Pointing'' - total station horizontal angular pointing error in seconds. This value is an indication of how accurately the instrument man can point to the target. For example, you may set it higher in the summer because of the heat waves. Or you may set it higher for total stations running in Robotic Mode because they cannot point as well as a manual sighted total station. ''Reading'' - total station horizontal angular reading error in seconds. If you have a 10 second theodolite, enter a reading error of 10 seconds. ''V.Pointing'' - total station vertical angular pointing error in seconds. This value is an indication of how accurately the instrument man can point to the target. For example, you may set it higher in the summer because of the heat waves. ''V.Reading'' - total station vertical angular reading error in seconds. If you have a 10 second theodolite, enter a reading error of 10 seconds. Example: Distance Point Read V.Point V.Read PPM MSE 0.01 3 3 3 3 5 Chapter 19. SurvNET 1449 You can enter any combination of the above values. If you do not want to change the standard error for a particular measurement type, leave it blank. If you use an '' * '' symbol, the standard error for that measurement type will return to the project default values. SSE - Setup Standard Errors These standard errors are a measure of how accurately the instrument and target can be setup over the points. ''Rod Ctr'' is the Target Centering error. This value reects how accurately the target prism can be set up over the point. ''Inst Ctr'' is the Instrument Centering error. This value reects how accurately the instrument can be set up over the point. ''Ints Hgt'' is the Instrument Height error. This value reects how accurately the height of the instrument above the mark can be measured. ''Rod Hgt'' is the Target Height error. This value reects how accurately the height of the prism above the mark can be measured. Example: TargCtr InstCtr HI TargHgt SSE 0.005 0.005 0.01 0.01 You can enter any combination of the above values. If you do not want to change the standard error for a particular measurement type, leave it blank. If you use an '' * '' symbol, it will return the standard error to the project default values. C&G Raw Data Editor: You can set standard errors for control, measurements and instrument setup using the Insert->Standard Error menu option: Chapter 19. SurvNET 1450 This will open a Standard Error dialog box: This dialog allows you to create three types of standard error records: Control, Measurement, and Setup. You need only enter the values for the standard errors you wish to set. If a eld is left blank no standard error for that value will be inserted into the raw data le. You can hold the North, East and Elevation xed by entering a ''!'' symbol (as shown above). If you want to x a point, you can press the Set Fixed Point button and it will place a ''!'' symbol in each eld. You can allow the North, East and Elevation to FLOAT by entering a ''#'' symbol. You can also assign the North, East and Elevation actual values. If you use an '' * '' symbol (or press the ''Set Project Defaults'' button), the current standard error value will return to the project default values. In the above example, a Control Standard Error record (SEc) will be created: Below are some sample values for control standard errors: North East Elevation Azim ! ! ! (Fix all values) Chapter 19. SurvNET 1451 # # # 30.0 (Allow the N., E. & Elevation to Float) 0.01 0.01 0.03 5.0 (assign values) * * * * (return the standard errors back to project defaults) When you x a measurement, the original value does not change during the adjustment and all other measurements will be adjusted to t the xed measurements. If you allowa value to oat, it will not be used in the actual adjustment, it will just be used to help calculate the initial coordinate values required for the adjustment process. Placing a very high or low standard error on a measurement accomplishes almost the same thing as setting a standard error as oat or xed. The primary purpose of using a oat point is if SurvNet cannot compute preliminary values, a preliminary oat value can be computed and entered for the point. Direction records (reference azimuths) cannot be FIXED or FLOAT. You can assign a low standard error (or zero to x) if you want to weight it heavily, or a high standard error to allow it to oat. MSE - Measurement Standard Errors You can set the standard errors for distances, horizontal angle pointing, horizontal angle reading, vertical angle pointing, vertical angle reading, and distance constant and PPM. ''Distance'' - distance constant and measurement error, can be obtained from EDM specs, or from performing an EDM calibration on an EDM baseline, or from other testing done by the user. ''PPM'' - Parts per Million, obtain from EDM specs, or from performing an EDM calibration on an EDM baseline, or from other testing done by the user. ''Pointing'' - total station horizontal angular pointing error in seconds. This value is an indication of how accurately the instrument man can point to the target. For example, you may set it higher in the summer because of the heat waves. Or you may set it higher for total stations running in Robotic Mode because they cannot point as well as a manual sighted total station. ''Reading'' - total station horizontal angular reading error in seconds. If you have a 10 second theodolite, enter a reading error of 10 seconds. ''V.Pointing'' - total station vertical angular pointing error in seconds. This value is an indication of how accurately the instrument man can point to the target. For example, you may set it higher in the summer because of the heat waves. ''V.Reading'' - total station vertical angular reading error in seconds. If you have a 10 second theodolite, enter a reading error of 10 seconds. Example: Chapter 19. SurvNET 1452 You can enter any combination of the above values. If you do not want to change the standard error for a particular measurement type, leave it blank. If you use an '' * '' symbol, the standard error for that measurement type will return to the project default values. The following SEm record will be created: SSE - Setup Standard Errors These standard errors are a measure of how accurately the instrument and target can be setup over the points. ''Targ Ctr'' is the Target Centering error. This value reects how accurately the target prism can be set up over the point. ''Inst Ctr'' is the Instrument Centering error. This value reects how accurately the instrument can be set up over the point. ''HI'' is the Instrument Height error. This value reects how accurately the height of the instrument above the mark can be measured. ''Targ Hgt'' is the Target Height error. This value reects how accurately the height of the prism above the mark can be measured. Example: Chapter 19. SurvNET 1453 You can enter any combination of the above values. If you do not want to change the standard error for a particular measurement type, leave it blank. If you use an '' * '' symbol, it will return the standard error to the project default values. The following SEs record will be created: There are several other features available in both the Carlson and C&G editors that are useful to SurvNet. Insert Coordinate records from le - when inputting control into a raw data le, it is more convenient to read the control point directly from a coordinate le than it is to manually key them in. The ''Insert Coordinates'' function allows you to select points in a variety of manner making it easy to select just control points. For example, you can select points by description, code, point blocks, point number, etc. Chapter 19. SurvNET 1454 Data ON/OFF records - when trying track down problems, sometimes it is convenient to remove certain sections of raw data prior to processing. The editors have a special record (DO record) that will turn OFF or ON certain areas of data. For example, when you insert a DO record all data following that record will be turned OFF (it will be shown in a different color). When you insert another DO record further down, the data following it will be turn back ON. It is simply a toggle. In the example below, the instrument setup at point 106 backsighting 105 was turned OFF. Chapter 19. SurvNET 1455 On the SurvNET toolbar, the one with the network, and eye icons, you can press the ''remove data on/offs'' icon and all DO records will be removed from the raw data le, showing the data as it originally existed. Graphics and the C&G Editor -When using the C&G editor the graphics window can be used to navigate within the raw data. To use this feature initiate the graphics window from the C&G Editor. Press the graphic 'Pick Point' button then pick the desired point in the graphic window. The text editor cursor should move to the next record that contains that point number. Chapter 19. SurvNET 1456 If there is more than one point number within the search radius the following dialog box is displayed so that the desired point can be chosen. One of the benets of least squares is the ability to process redundant measurements. In terms of total station data, redundant measurement is dened as measuring angles and/or distances to the same point from two or more different setups. It is required that the same point number be used when locating a point that was previously recorded. However, Chapter 19. SurvNET 1457 since some data collectors will not allow you to use the same point number if the point already exists, the following convention for collecting redundant points while collecting the data in the eld is used. If you begin the point description with a user dened string, for example a ''='' (equal sign) followed by the original point number, we will treat that measurement as a redundant measurement to the point dened in the description eld. The user dened character or string is set in the project settings dialog. For example, if point number 56 has the description ''=12'', we will treat point number 56 as a shot to point number 12, not point 56. Make sure the Preprocessing Settings dialog box has the Pt. Number Substitution String set to the appropriate value. Alternately, the point numbers can be edited after the raw data has been downloaded from the data collector. Supplemental Control Files In order to process a raw data le, you must have as a minimum a control point and a control azimuth, or two control points. Control points can be inserted into the raw data le or alternately control points can be read from coordinate les. Control points can be read from a variety of coordinate le types: Carlson SQLite (.CRDB) C&G or Carlson numeric (.CRD) les Chapter 19. SurvNET 1458 C&G Alphanumeric coordinate les ( * .cgc) Carlson Alphanumeric coordinate les ( * .crd) MS Access Database (LDT) ( * .mdb) Simplicity coordinate les ( * .zak) ASCII (.NEZ) le ASCII latitude and longitude (3D model only) CSV ASCII NEZ with std. errors. SDMS (.clt) control le ASCII (.NEZ) le Typically the standard errors for the control points from a supplemental control le will be assigned from the NORTH, and EAST standard errors from the project settings dialog box. The option 'CSV ASCII NEZ with std.' is the exception. With this option the standard errors are eld within the le. In the ASCII .NEZ le, the coordinate records need to be in the following format: Pt. No., Northing, Easting, Elevation, Description<cr><lf> 103, 123233.23491, 238477.28654, 923.456, Mon 56-7B<CR><LF> Each line is terminated with carriage-return <CR> and line-feed <LF> characters. ASCII latitude and longitude (3D model only) In the ASCII latitude and longitude le, the records need to be in the following format: Pt. No., Latitude (NDDD.mmssssss), Longitude (WDDD.mmssssss), Elevation (Orthometric), Descrip- tion<cr><lf> FRKN,N35.113068642,W083.234174724,649.27<CR><LF> Each line is terminated with carriage-return <CR> and line-feed <LF> characters. CSV ASCII NEZ with std. errors. In the CVS ASCII .NEZ with std. errors le, the coordinate records need to be in the following format: This format is typically created as an output NEZ option. The typical use of this format is if the control for a project was initially created as a project. Then the points from that projects can be used as supplemental control for subsequent projects and the actual standard errors of the control will be used. Pt. No., Northing, Easting, Elevation, Std. Err. N, Std. Err. E, Std. Err. Z,Description<cr><lf> 504 ,204015.23528803,786760.95695104,876.15662064, 0.002, 0.003, 0.004, ,1<CR><LF> Each line is terminated with carriage-return <CR> and line-feed <LF> characters. The major advantage of putting coordinate control points in the actual raw data le is that specic standard errors can be assigned to each control point (as described in the RAW DATA section above). If you do not include an SE record the standard error will be assigned from the NORTH, EAST, and ELEVATION standard errors from the project settings dialog box. Warning: SurvNET will not allow the supplemental control le and the nal output le to be the same le. This is because ALL points in the supplemental control le are treated as CONTROL. If you were allowed to output to the Control File, after you processed the data ALL the points would then be considered CONTROL the next time you process. Chapter 19. SurvNET 1459 SurvNET Editor Please refer to topic on Carlson or CGEditor raw editor. Data Collector Transfer Please refer to the Carlson or CG data collector transfer topic Example Projects On the installation disk there are a variety of different least squares projects one can use to become familiar with least squares and SurvNet. These projects are located in the C&G/Carlson application folder under the \Data\SurvNet\ subdirectory. When you open a project for review, you will need to check the project settings - input data les tab to see if the data les are listed. If they are not, you will have to re-select them. Simple Traverse with Traverse Closure This project is located in \Data\SurvNet\2DTraverse. The name of the project is Traverse. This project illustrated a basic loop traverse with two control points and a known azimuth for control. This project also illustrates how to obtain traditional closure information as part of the least squares report. The program uses the 2D/1D model and uses a local coordinate system. Traverse using State Plane Coordinates This project is located in \Data\SurvNet\SPCTraverse. The name of the project is TravSPCUSFt. This project illustrated a basic network with three GPS control points for control. This project is computed using the SPC83 NC Grid coordinate system. The project is set up to generate traditional loop closure data. The program uses the 2D/1D model. No elevations are computed or adjusted as there were no HI's or rod readings collected. Notice, that the project uses two raw data les. One le contains the raw angle & distance data. The other raw data le contains the control for the project. Network with ALTA Reporting The ALTA reporting project is located in \Data\SurvNet\ALTARpt. The name of the project is ALTARpt. This project illustrates how to perform ALTA tolerance testing on points within a network. GPS Network with GPS Loop Closures The GPS network project is located in \Data\SurvNet\GPSNetwork. The name of the project is GPSOnly. This project is a simple GPS network. In addition to the least squares computation and report, GPS loop closures were generated for various GPS loops for this project. Level Network The differential leveling project is located in \Data\SurvNet\LevelNetwork. The name of the project is network1. This project is a simple differential leveling network. Chapter 19. SurvNET 1460 Basic 3D Project The basic 3D adjustment project is located in \Data\SurvNet\3DNetwork. The name of the project is pg08. This project is a simple four point example network. Notice in the raw data that all set up records have an HI and all FS readings have valid rod heights. Also note that there are valid vertical angles for every slope distance. Since the 3D model is a true one process 3 dimensional adjustment, you must enter all valid slope distances and vertical angles. Be aware that you cannot just enter a horizontal distance and a vertical angle of 90 from reduced eld notes when adjusting using the 3D model. 3D Project Combining Total Station and GPS Vectors The total station raw data combined with GPS vectors example is located in \Data\SurvNet\GPSandTtlSta. The name of the project is GPSandTtlSta. This project illustrates a 3D model adjustment that combines both GPS vectors and data from a total station. Since there is GPS data the 3D model must be used. Notice that the GPS vectors are in meters but the total station data is in US feet and the output coordinates are in US feet. Always make sure your units are correct for each data type especially when using the 3D model. Resection The total station raw data combined with GPS vectors example is located in \Data\SurvNet\Resection. The name of the project is Resect. This project illustrates an angle and distance resection. There is no real difference in a resection project than any other angle and distance network in terms of how the data is collected or how the project is set up. Network Processing Reports Report File: A report le consisting of the project name with an .RPT extension is generated after successfully processing the raw data. The report le will be shown in a text window so you can analyze the data. You can pick the ''Printer'' icon if you want a hardcopy. The following sections review some example results from several different types of adjustments. 2D-1D Local Coordinate System The following explanations should be used in conjunction with the report at the end of the explanatory text. Project Settings The rst section of the report displays the project settings at the time the project was processed. Tolerances The second section of the report displays warning and error messages generated during the preprocessing of the raw data. The primary messages displayed will be warnings when multiple angles, horizontal distances, and vertical differences exceed the tolerance settings as set in the project settings. The low and high measurement and the difference are displayed. It is prudent to pay attention to any messages generated in this section of the report. Some warnings may be innocuous but it is prudent to check and understand all warning messages. Unadjusted Observations The next four sections list the reduced and averaged, but unadjusted measurements that make up the net- work. Multiple measurements of the same angle or distance are averaged to a single measurement. The standard error of multiple averaged measurements is less than the standard error of a single measurement. When multiple Chapter 19. SurvNET 1461 measurements are used, the standard error for the averaged measurement will be computed using the average of the mean formula. The rst of the four sections is a list of the control coordinates used in the network adjustment. These coordinates could have been read from the .CGR raw data le, or from the .CRD or .NEZ supplemental coordinate le. Notice that the standard errors for the control points are displayed. The second of the four measurement sections shows the distances and distance standard errors used in the adjustment. These distances are horizontal distances computed from all slope distance and vertical angles for that distance, including all foresight and backsight distances. The standard error settings used to calculate the nal distance standard error include the distance standard error, the PPM standard error, the target centering standard error and the instrument centering standard errors. The techniques and formulas used to calculate the nal distance standard error are found in section 6.12 of the textbook ''Adjustment Computations, Statistics and Least Squares in Surveying and GIS'', by Paul Wolf and Charles Ghilani. The third of the four measurement sections shows the angles and angle standard errors used in the adjustment. These angles are the averaged angle value for all the multiple angles collected. The standard error settings used to calculate the nal angle standard error include the pointing standard error, the reading standard error, the target centering standard error and the instrument centering standard errors. The techniques and formulas used to calculate the nal angle standard error are found in section 6.2 of the textbook ''Adjustment Computations, Statistics and Least Squares in Surveying and GIS'', by Paul Wolf and Charles Ghilani. The fourth of the four measurement sections shows the azimuths and azimuth standard errors used in the adjustment. Azimuths can only be dened as a direction record in the .CGR raw data le. Adjusted Coordinates If the adjustment of the network converges the next section displays a list of the nal adjusted coordinates and the computed standard X, Y standard error. An interpretation of the meaning of the X, Y standard error, is that there is a 68% probability that the adjusted X, Y is within plus or minus the standard error of the X, Y of its true value. The next section displays the error ellipses for the adjusted coordinates. The error ellipse is a truer representation of the error of the point than the X, Y standard error. The error ellipses are calculated to the condence interval as dened in the settings screen. In this report the error ellipse axis is larger than the X, Y standard errors since the error ellipses in this report are calculated at a 95% probability level as set in the Settings screens. The maximum error axis direction is along the axis of the semi-major axis. The direction of the minimum error axis direction is along the semi-minor axis and is perpendicular to the semi-major axis. If a point is located from a variety of stations, you will most likely see that the error ellipse will approach a circle, which is the strongest geometric shape. Adjusted Observations The next three sections list the adjusted horizontal distance, horizontal angle, and azimuth measurements. In ad- dition to the adjusted measurement the, residual, the standard residual and the standard deviation of the adjusted measurement is displayed. The residual is dened as the difference between the unadjusted measurement and the adjusted measurement. The residual is one of the most useful and intuitive measures displayed in the report. Large residuals in relation to the standards of the survey are indications of problems with the data. The standard residual is the a priori standard error divided by the residual of a measurement. The a priori standard errors are the standard errors of the measurements as displayed in the unadjusted measurement section. A standard residual of 1 indicates that the adjustment applied to the measurement is consistent with the expected adjustment to the measurement. One or a few measurements having high standard residuals, in relation to the rest of the standard residuals, may be an indication of a blunder in the survey. When all standard residuals are consistently large there is likely an inconsistency in the a priori standard errors and the adjustments being made to the measurements. In other words the standard errors dened for the project are too small, in relation to the survey methods used. The standard deviation of the measurement means that there is a 68% probability that the adjusted measurement is within plus or minus the standard deviation of the measurement's true value. Additionally, the root mean square of each measurement type is displayed. The root mean square is dened as the Chapter 19. SurvNET 1462 square root of the average of the squares of a set of numbers. Loosely dened, it is as an average residual for that measurement type. Statistics The next section displays some statistical measures of the adjustment including the number of iterations needed for the solution to converge, the degrees of freedom of the network, the reference variance, the standard error of unit weight, and the results of a Chi-square test. The degree of freedom is an indication of how many redundant measurements are in the survey. Degree of freedom is dened as the number of measurements in excess of the number of measurements necessary to solve the network. The standard error of unit weight relates to the overall adjustment and not an individual measurement. A value of one indicates that the results of the adjustment are consistent with a priori standard errors. The reference variance is the standard error of unit weight squared. The chi-square test is a test of the ''goodness'' of t of the adjustment. It is not an absolute test of the accuracy of the survey. The a priori standard errors which are dened in the project settings dialog box or with the SE record in the raw data (.CGR) le are used to determine the weights of the measurements. These standard errors can also be looked at as an estimate of how accurately the measurements were made. The chi-square test merely tests whether the results of the adjusted measurements are consistent with the a priori standard errors. Notice that if you change the project standard errors and then reprocess the survey the results of the chi-square test change, even though the nal adjusted coordinates may change very little. Sideshots The next section displays the computed sideshots of the network. Sideshots are ltered out of the network adjustment as part of the preprocessing process if the 'Enable Sideshots for Error Ellipses' toggle is off. Least squares adjustment requires a lot of computer resources. Sideshots are ltered out to minimize the computer resources needed in a large network adjustment. The sideshots are computed from the nal adjusted network points. The results of the side shot computations are the same whether they are reduced as part of the least squares adjustment or from the nal adjusted coordinates. VERTICAL ADJUSTMENT REPORT The next part of the report displays the results of the vertical adjustment. In the 2D/1D model the horizontal and the vertical adjustments are separate least squares adjustment processes. As long as there are redundant vertical measurements the vertical component of the network will also be reduced and adjusted using least squares. The rst section displays the vertical benchmarks used in the vertical adjustment. Next, is listed the points that will be adjusted as part of the vertical adjustment. The following section displays the measurements used in the adjustment. The measurements consist of the vertical elevation difference between points in vertical adjustment. The lengths between these points are used to determine the weights in the vertical adjustment. Longer length lines are weighted less in the vertical adjustment than shorter length lines. The next section displays some statistics about the vertical control: Number of unknown elevations, number of routes, number of xed and non-xed benchmarks, and degrees of freedom. The next section displays the adjusted elevations and the computed standard deviations of the computed elevations. Following the adjusted elevation section is a section displaying the nal adjusted elevation difference measurements and their residuals. Finally, the computed side shot elevations are displayed. State Plane Reduction Report le: When reducing to a state plane coordinate system, there is additional information displayed in the report le. First, notice the heading of the report. The heading indicates that the project is being reduced into the North Carolina zone of the 1983 State Plane Coordinate System. The heading shows that the elevation factor is computed based on a project elevation of 250 feet: Chapter 19. SurvNET 1463 =============================== LEAST SQUARES ADJUSTMENT REPORT =============================== Mon May 08 10:16:16 2006 2D Geodetic Model. Input Raw Files: C:\data\lsdata\cgstar\CGSTAR.CGR Output File: C:\data\lsdata\cgstar\cgstar.RPT Curvature, refraction correction: ON Maximum iterations: 10 , Convergence Limit: 0.002000 Local Coordinate System, Scale Factor: 1.000000 Horizontal Units: US Feet Confidence Interval: 95.00 Default Standard Errors: Distance: Constant 0.010 ,PPM: 5.000 Horiz. Angle: Pointing 3.0'' ,Reading: 3.0'' Vert. Angle: Pointing 3.0'' ,Reading: 3.0'' Total Station: Centering 0.005 ,Height: 0.010 Target: Centering 0.005 ,Height: 0.010 Azimuth: 5'' Coordinate Control: N:0.010, E:0.010, Z:0.030, Horizontal Angle spread exceeds tolerance: IP: 1, BS: 5, FS: 2 Low: 109-19'10.0'' , High: 109-19'17.0'' , Diff: 000-00'07.0'' Horizontal Angle spread exceeds tolerance: IP: 2, BS: 1, FS: 6 Low: 190-32'02.0'' , High: 190-32'10.0'' , Diff: 000-00'08.0'' Horizontal Angle spread exceeds tolerance: IP: 2, BS: 1, FS: 3 Low: 096-03'48.0'' , High: 096-03'56.0'' , Diff: 000-00'08.0'' Horizontal Angle spread exceeds tolerance: IP: 3, BS: 2, FS: 4 Low: 124-03'50.0'' , High: 124-03'56.0'' , Diff: 000-00'06.0'' Horizontal Angle spread exceeds tolerance: IP: 5, BS: 4, FS: 10 Low: 039-26'35.0'' , High: 039-26'45.0'' , Diff: 000-00'10.0'' Horizontal Angle spread exceeds tolerance: IP: 10, BS: 5, FS: 11 Low: 241-56'23.0'' , High: 241-56'35.0'' , Diff: 000-00'12.0'' Horizontal Angle spread exceeds tolerance: IP: 11, BS: 10, FS: 12 Low: 114-56'20.0'' , High: 114-56'34.0'' , Diff: 000-00'14.0'' Horizontal Angle spread exceeds tolerance: IP: 12, BS: 11, FS: 3 Low: 140-39'18.0'' , High: 140-39'31.0'' , Diff: 000-00'13.0'' Chapter 19. SurvNET 1464 Horizontal Angle spread exceeds tolerance: IP: 5, BS: 4, FS: 1 Low: 117-30'35.0'' , High: 117-30'50.0'' , Diff: 000-00'15.0'' Horizontal Distance from 2 to 3 exceeds tolerance: Low: 324.15, High: 324.20, Diff: 0.04 Vertical Distance from 2 to 3 exceeds tolerance: Low: 6.62, High: 8.36, Diff: 1.74 Vertical Distance from 3 to 4 exceeds tolerance: Low: 11.46, High: 11.51, Diff: 0.05 Horizontal Distance from 12 to 3 exceeds tolerance: Low: 144.64, High: 144.66, Diff: 0.02 HORIZONTAL ADJUSTMENT REPORT ============================ Unadjusted Observations ======================= Control Coordinates: 1 Observed Points, 0 Fixed Points, 0 Approx. Points Sta. N: E: StErr N: StErr E: 1 658428.26 2150182.70 0.01 0.01 Distances: 14 Observations From Sta. To Sta. Dist. StErr 1 5 290.45 0.01 1 2 292.21 0.01 2 6 52.39 0.01 2 3 324.19 0.01 3 4 275.60 0.01 3 20 134.66 0.01 20 21 116.07 0.01 21 22 50.12 0.01 4 5 309.65 0.01 5 10 129.99 0.01 10 11 126.01 0.01 10 15 10.00 0.01 11 12 129.43 0.01 12 3 144.65 0.01 Angles: 15 Observations BS Sta. Occ. Sta. FS Sta. Angle StErr (Sec.) 5 1 2 109-19'13.5'' 7.7 1 2 6 190-32'06.0'' 26.2 1 2 3 096-03'52.0'' 7.3 2 3 4 124-03'53.0'' 7.8 2 3 20 185-23'56.0'' 12.8 3 20 21 180-15'26.0'' 17.6 20 21 22 183-26'45.0'' 31.2 3 4 5 093-02'11.5'' 7.5 4 5 10 039-26'40.0'' 10.4 Chapter 19. SurvNET 1465 5 10 11 241-56'29.0'' 15.6 5 10 15 056-23'10.0'' 125.0 10 11 12 114-56'27.0'' 15.5 11 12 3 140-39'24.5'' 15.3 12 3 2 325-54'30.0'' 9.5 4 5 1 117-30'42.5'' 7.7 Azimuths: 1 Observations Occ. Sta. FS Sta. Bearing StErr (Sec.) 1 2 N 45-00'00.0''E 5.0 Adjusted Coordinates ==================== Adjusted Local Coordinates Sta. N: E: StErr N: StErr E: 1 658428.26 2150182.70 0.02 0.02 2 658634.88 2150389.32 0.02 0.02 5 658554.12 2149920.92 0.03 0.02 3 658887.03 2150185.59 0.02 0.03 4 658863.61 2149910.99 0.03 0.03 20 658999.28 2150111.19 0.03 0.04 21 659096.31 2150047.49 0.04 0.05 10 658657.11 2150000.25 0.03 0.03 11 658636.21 2150124.52 0.03 0.03 12 658742.89 2150197.81 0.03 0.03 Adjusted Coordinates Error Ellipses, 95% CI Sta. Semi Major Semi Minor Max. Error Az. Axis Axis 1 0.05 0.05 S 29-26'39.4''E 2 0.07 0.07 N 45-00'00.0''E 5 0.08 0.07 N 10-58'28.2''E 3 0.10 0.07 N 84-37'31.0''E 4 0.11 0.07 N 51-23'12.0''E 20 0.13 0.10 N 84-24'17.5''E 21 0.17 0.12 N 72-01'17.5''E 10 0.09 0.07 N 43-35'54.5''E 11 0.09 0.08 N 54-43'51.1''E 12 0.08 0.08 N 79-48'07.2''E Adjusted Observations ===================== Adjusted Distances From Sta. To Sta. Distance Residual StdRes. StdDev 1 5 290.46 0.01 1.42 0.01 1 2 292.21 -0.00 0.40 0.01 2 3 324.17 -0.01 1.62 0.01 3 4 275.59 -0.01 1.11 0.01 3 20 134.66 -0.00 0.00 0.02 20 21 116.07 -0.00 0.00 0.02 4 5 309.65 0.01 0.64 0.01 5 10 130.00 0.01 0.97 0.01 Chapter 19. SurvNET 1466 10 11 126.01 0.00 0.16 0.01 11 12 129.44 0.01 0.98 0.02 12 3 144.66 0.01 0.94 0.02 Root Mean Square (RMS) 0.01 Adjusted Angles BS Sta. Occ. Sta. FS Sta. Angle Residual StdRes StdDev(Sec.) 5 1 2 109-19'19.2'' 5.7 0.7 9.9 1 2 3 096-03'43.4'' -8.6 1.2 9.2 2 3 4 124-03'48.1'' -4.9 0.6 10.1 2 3 20 185-23'56.0'' -0.0 0.0 21.5 3 20 21 180-15'26.0'' 0.0 0.0 29.7 3 4 5 093-02'12.8'' 1.3 0.2 9.3 4 5 10 039-26'37.1'' -2.9 0.3 14.4 5 10 11 241-56'27.5'' -1.5 0.1 21.2 10 11 12 114-56'39.8'' 12.8 0.8 21.8 11 12 3 140-39'40.8'' 16.3 1.1 20.3 12 3 2 325-54'33.8'' 3.8 0.4 13.2 4 5 1 117-30'56.6'' 14.1 1.8 9.9 Root Mean Square (RMS) 8.1 Adjusted Azimuths Occ. Sta. FS Sta. Bearing Residual StdRes StdDev(Sec.) 1 2 N 45-00'00.0''E 0.0 0.0 8.4 Root Mean Square (RMS) 0.0 Statistics ========== Solution converged in 2 iterations Degrees of freedom:6 Reference variance:2.84 Standard error unit Weight: +/-1.68 Failed the Chi-Square test at the 95.00 significance level 1.237 <= 17.023 <= 14.449 Sideshots ========= From To Bearing Dist. N E StDev. N StDev. E 2 6 N 55-32'06.0''E 52.39 658664.53 2150432.52 0.02 0.02 21 22 N 29-50'09.6''W 50.12 659139.78 2150022.56 0.04 0.05 10 15 N 86-00'28.6''W 10.00 658657.80 2149990.27 0.03 0.03 LEAST SQUARES VERTICAL ADJUSTMENT REPORT Mon May 08 10:16:16 2006 2D Geodetic Model. Input Raw Files: C:\data\lsdata\cgstar\CGSTAR.CGR Output File: C:\data\lsdata\cgstar\cgstar.RPT Curvature, refraction correction: ON VERTICAL BENCHMARKS Station Elevation Std. Error 1 569.8500 FIXED Chapter 19. SurvNET 1467 POINTS TO BE ADJUSTED Station 2,5,3,4,10,11,12 MEASUREMENT SUMMARY From To Elev. Diff. StdErr (unadjusted) 1 5 7.5040 0.0162 1 2 7.5659 0.0163 2 3 6.9843 0.0162 3 4 -11.4907 0.0161 4 5 4.3557 0.0165 5 10 2.2639 0.0150 10 11 1.0931 0.0150 11 12 0.3828 0.0150 12 3 3.3590 0.0153 STATISTICAL SUMMARY Total Unknown Elevations:7 Total Elev. Routes:9 Total Fixed BM's:1 Total non-fixed BM's:0 Degrees of freedom:2 ADJUSTED ELEVATIONS Station Adjusted Elev Standard Dev. 2 577.4336 0.02463 5 577.3363 0.02462 3 584.4355 0.02907 4 572.9625 0.03072 10 579.6004 0.03286 11 580.6935 0.03575 12 581.0764 0.03469 ADJUSTED MEASUREMENT SUMMARY From To Elev. Diff. Residuals Std. Dev. (adjusted) 1 5 7.4863 -0.0177 0.025 1 2 7.5836 0.0177 0.025 2 3 7.0019 0.0177 0.025 3 4 -11.4730 0.0177 0.024 4 5 4.3738 0.0181 0.024 5 10 2.2641 0.0001 0.024 10 11 1.0932 0.0001 0.024 11 12 0.3829 0.0001 0.024 12 3 3.3591 0.0001 0.025 Vertical Sideshots Station Elevation 7 577.6338 20 571.7662 Chapter 19. SurvNET 1468 21 581.2509 22 580.1399 15 579.6004 2D-1D State Plane Coordinate System Note: highlighted explanatory text is found within the report text. =============================== LEAST SQUARES ADJUSTMENT REPORT =============================== Tue Mar 21 17:37:27 2006 2D Geodetic Model. Input Raw Files: C:\data\lsdata\cgstar\CGSTAR.CGR Output File: C:\data\lsdata\cgstar\cgstar.RPT Curvature, refraction correction: ON Maximum iterations: 10 , Convergence Limit: 0.002000 1983 State Plane Coordinates, zone:3200 North Carolina Elevation factor computed from project elevation,250.000000. Elevation Units: US Feet Horizontal Units: US Feet Condence Interval: 95.00 Project Geoid Height: 0.00 Default Standard Errors: Distance: Constant 0.010 ,PPM: 5.000 Horiz. Angle: Pointing 3.0'' ,Reading: 3.0'' Vert. Angle: Pointing 3.0'' ,Reading: 3.0'' Total Station: Centering 0.005 ,Height: 0.010 Target: Centering 0.005 ,Height: 0.010 Azimuth: 5'' Coordinate Control: N:0.010, E:0.010, Z:0.030, Horizontal Angle spread exceeds tolerance: IP: 1, BS: 5, FS: 2 Low: 109-19'10.0'' , High: 109-19'17.0'' , Diff: 000-00'07.0'' Horizontal Angle spread exceeds tolerance: IP: 2, BS: 1, FS: 6 Low: 190-32'02.0'' , High: 190-32'10.0'' , Diff: 000-00'08.0'' Horizontal Angle spread exceeds tolerance: IP: 2, BS: 1, FS: 3 Low: 096-03'48.0'' , High: 096-03'56.0'' , Diff: 000-00'08.0'' Horizontal Angle spread exceeds tolerance: IP: 3, BS: 2, FS: 4 Low: 124-03'50.0'' , High: 124-03'56.0'' , Diff: 000-00'06.0'' Horizontal Angle spread exceeds tolerance: IP: 5, BS: 4, FS: 10 Low: 039-26'35.0'' , High: 039-26'45.0'' , Diff: 000-00'10.0'' Chapter 19. SurvNET 1469 Horizontal Angle spread exceeds tolerance: IP: 10, BS: 5, FS: 11 Low: 241-56'23.0'' , High: 241-56'35.0'' , Diff: 000-00'12.0'' Horizontal Angle spread exceeds tolerance: IP: 11, BS: 10, FS: 12 Low: 114-56'20.0'' , High: 114-56'34.0'' , Diff: 000-00'14.0'' Horizontal Angle spread exceeds tolerance: IP: 12, BS: 11, FS: 3 Low: 140-39'18.0'' , High: 140-39'31.0'' , Diff: 000-00'13.0'' Horizontal Angle spread exceeds tolerance: IP: 5, BS: 4, FS: 1 Low: 117-30'35.0'' , High: 117-30'50.0'' , Diff: 000-00'15.0'' Horizontal Distance from 2 to 3 exceeds tolerance: Low: 324.15, High: 324.20, Diff: 0.04 Vertical Distance from 2 to 3 exceeds tolerance: Low: 6.62, High: 8.36, Diff: 1.74 Vertical Distance from 3 to 4 exceeds tolerance: Low: 11.46, High: 11.51, Diff: 0.05 Horizontal Distance from 12 to 3 exceeds tolerance: Low: 144.64, High: 144.66, Diff: 0.02 HORIZONTAL ADJUSTMENT REPORT ============================ Unadjusted Observations ======================= Control Coordinates: 1 Observed Points, 0 Fixed Points, 0 Approx. Points Sta. N: E: StErr N: StErr E: 1 658428.26 2150182.70 0.01 0.01 The rst distance listing in the Unadjusted Observation section of the report shows the unadjusted horizontal ground distances Distances: 14 Observations From Sta. To Sta. Ground Dist. StErr 1 5 290.45 0.01 1 2 292.21 0.01 2 6 52.39 0.01 2 3 324.19 0.01 3 4 275.60 0.01 3 20 134.66 0.01 20 21 116.07 0.01 21 22 50.12 0.01 4 5 309.65 0.01 5 10 129.99 0.01 10 11 126.01 0.01 10 15 10.00 0.01 Chapter 19. SurvNET 1470 11 12 129.43 0.01 12 3 144.65 0.01 Angles: 15 Observations BS Sta. Occ. Sta. FS Sta. Angle StErr (Sec.) 5 1 2 109-19'13.5'' 7.7 1 2 6 190-32'06.0'' 26.2 1 2 3 096-03'52.0'' 7.3 2 3 4 124-03'53.0'' 7.8 2 3 20 185-23'56.0'' 12.8 3 20 21 180-15'26.0'' 17.6 20 21 22 183-26'45.0'' 31.2 3 4 5 093-02'11.5'' 7.5 4 5 10 039-26'40.0'' 10.4 5 10 11 241-56'29.0'' 15.6 5 10 15 056-23'10.0'' 125.0 10 11 12 114-56'27.0'' 15.5 11 12 3 140-39'24.5'' 15.3 12 3 2 325-54'30.0'' 9.5 4 5 1 117-30'42.5'' 7.7 Grid Azimuths: 1 Observations Occ. Sta. FS Sta. Bearing StErr (Sec.) 1 2 N 45-00'00.0''E 5.0 There is a new section displaying the reduced unadjusted grid distances. The grid factor, the eleva- tion factor, and the combined factor used to reduce the ground distance to a grid distance are included in the listing: Grid Distances: 14 Observations From Sta. To Sta. Grid Dist. Grid Factor Z Factor Combined Factor 1 5 290.41 0.99988685 0.99998804 0.99987490 1 2 292.18 0.99988686 0.99998804 0.99987491 2 6 52.38 0.99988689 0.99998804 0.99987494 2 3 324.15 0.99988692 0.99998804 0.99987497 3 4 275.57 0.99988695 0.99998804 0.99987500 3 20 134.65 0.99988697 0.99998804 0.99987501 20 21 116.06 0.99988700 0.99998804 0.99987504 21 22 50.11 0.99988701 0.99998804 0.99987506 4 5 309.61 0.99988691 0.99998804 0.99987495 5 10 129.97 0.99988688 0.99998804 0.99987493 10 11 125.99 0.99988689 0.99998804 0.99987494 10 15 10.00 0.99988690 0.99998804 0.99987494 11 12 129.41 0.99988690 0.99998804 0.99987495 12 3 144.63 0.99988694 0.99998804 0.99987498 Average Combined Scale Factor: 0.99987497 There is a new section displaying the reduced unadjusted horizontal angles with the t-T correction ap- plied. The t-T correction is generally a small correction. For most surveys of limited size the correction is negligible. The t-T correction is displayed in seconds. Grid Horizontal Angles: 15 Observations BS Sta. Occ. Sta. FS Sta. Angle StErr (Sec.) t-T Chapter 19. SurvNET 1471 5 1 2 109-19'13.5'' 7.7 0.0 1 2 6 190-32'06.0'' 26.2 0.0 1 2 3 096-03'52.0'' 7.3 0.0 2 3 4 124-03'53.0'' 7.8 -0.0 2 3 20 185-23'56.0'' 12.8 -0.0 3 20 21 180-15'26.0'' 17.6 -0.0 20 21 22 183-26'45.0'' 31.2 -0.0 3 4 5 093-02'11.5'' 7.5 -0.0 4 5 10 039-26'40.0'' 10.4 0.0 5 10 11 241-56'29.0'' 15.6 0.0 5 10 15 056-23'10.0'' 125.0 0.0 10 11 12 114-56'27.0'' 15.5 0.0 11 12 3 140-39'24.5'' 15.3 0.0 12 3 2 325-54'30.0'' 9.5 0.0 4 5 1 117-30'42.5'' 7.7 0.0 Adjusted Coordinates ==================== Adjusted Grid Coordinates Sta. N: E: StErr N: StErr E: 1 658428.26 2150182.70 0.02 0.02 2 658634.86 2150389.30 0.02 0.02 5 658554.11 2149920.95 0.03 0.02 3 658886.98 2150185.59 0.02 0.03 4 658863.56 2149911.03 0.03 0.03 20 658999.20 2150111.20 0.03 0.04 21 659096.23 2150047.51 0.04 0.05 10 658657.08 2150000.27 0.03 0.03 11 658636.18 2150124.52 0.03 0.03 12 658742.85 2150197.81 0.03 0.03 In the Adjusted Coordinates section of the report there is a new section displaying the latitude and longitude of the nal adjusted points. Additionally the convergence angle, the grid factor, the elevation factor, and the combined factor are displayed for each point: Adjusted Geographic Coordinates Sta. Latitude Longitude Conv. Ang. Grid Factor Z Factor Combined Fact. 1 35-33'29.13143''N 78-29'42.16576''E 000-17'29.2'' 0.99988684 0.99998804 0.99987488 2 35-33'31.16445''N 78-29'39.65237''E 000-17'30.7'' 0.99988689 0.99998804 0.99987493 5 35-33'30.38930''N 78-29'45.32617''E 000-17'27.4'' 0.99988687 0.99998804 0.99987491 3 35-33'33.66835''N 78-29'42.10255''E 000-17'29.2'' 0.99988695 0.99998804 0.99987500 4 35-33'33.45055''N 78-29'45.42733''E 000-17'27.3'' 0.99988695 0.99998804 0.99987499 20 35-33'34.78212''N 78-29'42.99610''E 000-17'28.7'' 0.99988698 0.99998804 0.99987503 21 35-33'35.74495''N 78-29'43.76102''E 000-17'28.3'' 0.99988701 0.99998804 0.99987505 10 35-33'31.40380''N 78-29'44.35979''E 000-17'27.9'' 0.99988690 0.99998804 0.99987494 11 35-33'31.19087''N 78-29'42.85714''E 000-17'28.8'' 0.99988689 0.99998804 0.99987493 12 35-33'32.24222''N 78-29'41.96349''E 000-17'29.3'' 0.99988692 0.99998804 0.99987496 Adjusted Coordinates Error Ellipses, 95% CI Sta. Semi Major Semi Minor Max. Error Az. Axis Axis 1 0.05 0.05 N 17-17'30.9''E 2 0.07 0.07 N 45-00'00.0''E 5 0.08 0.07 N 10-58'14.5''E Chapter 19. SurvNET 1472 3 0.10 0.07 N 84-37'33.3''E 4 0.11 0.07 N 51-23'11.9''E 20 0.13 0.10 N 84-24'34.6''E 21 0.17 0.12 N 72-01'28.4''E 10 0.09 0.07 N 43-35'55.4''E 11 0.09 0.08 N 54-43'48.7''E 12 0.08 0.08 N 79-47'56.6''E Adjusted Observations ===================== Adjusted Distances From Sta. To Sta. Distance Residual StdRes. StdDev 1 5 290.43 0.01 1.42 0.01 1 2 292.17 -0.00 0.40 0.01 2 3 324.13 -0.01 1.62 0.01 3 4 275.56 -0.01 1.11 0.01 3 20 134.65 0.00 0.00 0.02 20 21 116.06 0.00 0.00 0.02 4 5 309.61 0.01 0.64 0.01 5 10 129.98 0.01 0.97 0.01 10 11 126.00 0.00 0.16 0.01 11 12 129.42 0.01 0.98 0.02 12 3 144.64 0.01 0.94 0.02 Root Mean Square (RMS) 0.01 Adjusted Angles BS Sta. Occ. Sta. FS Sta. Angle Residual StdRes StdDev(Sec.) 5 1 2 109-19'19.2'' 5.7 0.7 9.9 1 2 3 096-03'43.4'' -8.6 1.2 9.2 2 3 4 124-03'48.1'' -4.9 0.6 10.1 2 3 20 185-23'56.0'' -0.0 0.0 21.5 3 20 21 180-15'26.0'' -0.0 0.0 29.7 3 4 5 093-02'12.8'' 1.2 0.2 9.3 4 5 10 039-26'37.2'' -2.8 0.3 14.4 5 10 11 241-56'27.5'' -1.5 0.1 21.2 10 11 12 114-56'39.8'' 12.9 0.8 21.8 11 12 3 140-39'40.8'' 16.3 1.1 20.3 12 3 2 325-54'33.8'' 3.8 0.4 13.2 4 5 1 117-30'56.6'' 14.1 1.8 9.9 Root Mean Square (RMS) 8.1 Adjusted Azimuths Occ. Sta. FS Sta. Bearing Residual StdRes StdDev(Sec.) 1 2 N 45-00'00.0''E -0.0 0.0 8.4 Root Mean Square (RMS) 0.0 Statistics ========== Solution converged in 2 iterations Degrees of freedom:6 Reference variance:2.84 Standard error unit Weight: +/-1.69 Failed the Chi-Square test at the 95.00 signicance level 1.237 <= 17.037 <= 14.449 Chapter 19. SurvNET 1473 Sideshots ========= From To Bearing Dist. N E StDev. N StDev. E 2 6 N 55-32'06.0''E 52.38 658664.50 2150432.48 0.02 0.02 21 22 N 29-50'09.6''W 50.11 659139.69 2150022.58 0.04 0.05 10 15 N 86-00'28.6''W 10.00 658657.77 2149990.30 0.03 0.03 GPS Network Note: The following section shows the report generated by the least squares adjustment of the GPS network. Explanations of the report are included in the report section and are in bold text. =============================== LEAST SQUARES ADJUSTMENT REPORT =============================== Mon May 08 13:03:02 2006 3D Geodetic Model. Input Raw Files: C:\data\lsdata\3dModel\gpsOnly\control.cgr GPS File: C:\data\lsdata\3dModel\gpsOnly\chapt16.gps Output File: C:\data\lsdata\3dModel\gpsOnly\gpsOnlyl.RPT Traverse File: C:\data\lsdata\3dModel\gpsOnly\gpsLoops.cls Curvature, refraction correction: OFF Maximum iterations: 10 , Convergence Limit: 0.002000 1983 State Plane Coordinates, zone:4803 Wisconsin South Horizontal Units: Meters Condence Interval: 95.00 Project Geoid Height: 0.0000 Default Standard Errors: Distance: Constant 0.010 ,PPM: 5.000 Horiz. Angle: Pointing 10.0'' ,Reading: 3.0'' Vert. Angle: Pointing 3.0'' ,Reading: 3.0'' Total Station: Centering 0.005 ,Height: 0.010 Target: Centering 0.010 ,Height: 0.010 Azimuth: 5'' Coordinate Control: N:0.001, E:0.001, Z:0.030, GPS: Centering:0.000, Vector Err. Factor:1.0 3-DIMENSIONAL ADJUSTMENT REPORT =============================== The following section shows the unadjusted measurements that make up the network. The control coordinates are displayed rst followed by the GPS vectors. The control coordinates are displayed as lati- tude/longitude, SPC Grid XYZ, and geocentric XYZ. If geoid modeling is set both ellipsoid and orthometric elevations are displayed, ellipsoid elevation in the latitude/longitude section and orthometric elevation in the SPC section. The GPS vector section shows the unadjusted delta XYZ, variances and covariances of the vectors. Unadjusted Observations ======================= Control Coordinates: 0 Observed Points, 2 Fixed Points, 0 Approx. Points Sta. Latitude Longitude Z (Ellip.) StErr N: StErr E: StErr Z: Chapter 19. SurvNET 1474 A 43-15'46.28901''N 89-59'42.16399''W 1382.62 FIXED FIXED FIXED B 43-23'46.36261''N 89-54'00.75701''W 1235.46 FIXED FIXED FIXED Grid XYZ Sta. N: E: Z (Geoid): StErr N: StErr E: StErr Z: A 140291.2060 600402.2380 1382.62 FIXED FIXED FIXED B 155110.5390 608083.9250 1235.46 FIXED FIXED FIXED Geocentric XYZ Sta. X: Y: Z: StErr X: StErr Y: StErr Z: A 402.3510 -4652995.3008 4349760.78 FIXED FIXED FIXED B 8086.0316 -4642712.8473 4360439.08 FIXED FIXED FIXED GPS Vectors: 13 Observations From Sta. Delta X Variance Delta X Covariance XY To Sta. Delta Y Variance Delta Y Covariance XZ Delta Z Variance Delta Z Covariance YZ A 11644.223 0.001969 -1.916E-005 C 3601.217 0.001875 1.904E-005 3399.255 0.001965 -1.904E-005 A -5321.716 0.0004316 -4.2E-006 E 3634.075 0.0003838 4.32E-006 3173.665 0.000401 -4.2E-006 B 3960.544 0.000461 -4.46E-006 C -6681.247 0.0005092 4.14E-006 -7279.015 0.0004504 -4.46E-006 B -11167.608 0.00054 -5.5E-006 D -394.520 0.0005442 5.7E-006 -907.959 0.000534 -5.44E-006 D 15128.165 0.0002922 -2.86E-006 C -6286.705 0.0003228 2.68E-006 -6371.058 0.0002616 -2.88E-006 D -1837.746 0.0002462 -2.38E-006 E -6253.853 0.0002554 2.44E-006 -6596.670 0.0002566 -2.42E-006 F -1116.452 0.0001495 -1.58E-006 A -4596.161 0.0001319 1.76E-006 -4355.906 0.0001523 -1.62E-006 F 10527.785 0.0005134 -4.5E-006 C -994.938 0.0004326 4.8E-006 -956.625 0.0004794 -4.54E-006 F -6438.136 0.0001889 -1.84E-006 E -962.069 0.0001992 2.08E-006 -1182.230 0.0001765 -1.78E-006 Chapter 19. SurvNET 1475 F -4600.379 0.0001866 -1.98E-006 D 5291.779 0.0001975 1.8E-006 5414.431 0.0002408 -1.98E-006 F 6567.231 0.0001329 -1.3E-006 B 5686.293 0.0001493 1.38E-006 6322.392 0.000121 -1.28E-006 B -6567.231 0.0001103 -1.26E-006 F -5686.303 0.0001495 1.22E-006 -6322.381 0.0001326 -1.26E-006 A 1116.458 0.0001324 -1.6E-006 F 4596.155 0.0001622 1.8E-006 4355.914 0.0001875 -1.64E-006 The optional Traverse Closure section shows the GPS loop closures for the GPS loops dened in the closure, .CLS le. Traverse Closures ================= GPS Loop Points: A,E,F,A GPS Loop Closure; Misclosure, X: -0.0323 Y: -0.0162 Z: -0.0105 Closure error: 0.0376 Perimeter: 20229.3858 Precision: 1:537594 GPS Loop Points: C,F,D,B,C GPS Loop Closure; Misclosure, X: -0.0121 Y: -0.0101 Z: 0.0002 Closure error: 0.0158 Perimeter: 41332.9807 Precision: 1:2622216 GPS Loop Points: F,D,B,F GPS Loop Closure; Misclosure, X: -0.0022 Y: -0.0044 Z: 0.0097 Closure error: 0.0109 Perimeter: 30814.5047 Precision: 1:2833226 Following are the nal adjusted coordinates. Included in the report are point grid factor, elev. factor and the combined factor. Following the adjusted coordinates are the error ellipses, followed by the adjusted measurements section. Adjusted Geographic Coordinates Adjusted Grid Coordinates, (Meters) Sta. N: E: Z (Geoid): StErr N: StErr E: StErr Z: C 145233.5553 612043.7117 1103.10 0.0062 0.0062 0.0060 Chapter 19. SurvNET 1476 E 145091.9380 595081.6888 914.98 0.0053 0.0053 0.0052 D 154179.9383 596919.0552 894.01 0.0051 0.0050 0.0052 F 146611.7860 601518.4564 1024.24 0.0029 0.0027 0.0028 Adjusted Geocentric Coordinates, (Metric) Sta. X: Y: Z: StErr X: StErr Y: StErr Z: C 12046.5807 -4649394.0824 4353160.06 0.0062 0.0062 0.0060 E -4919.3403 -4649361.2195 4352934.45 0.0053 0.0053 0.0052 D -3081.5836 -4643107.3693 4359531.12 0.0050 0.0051 0.0052 F 1518.8008 -4648399.1451 4354116.69 0.0027 0.0029 0.0028 Adjusted XYZ Coordinates Error Ellipses, 95% CI Sta. Semi Major Semi Minor Max. Error Az. Elev. Axis Axis C 0.0161 0.0159 S 25-49'31.6''E 0.0157 E 0.0138 0.0137 S 29-24'51.2''E 0.0136 D 0.0133 0.0130 S 11-30'48.4''E 0.0135 F 0.0074 0.0070 S 05-18'52.7''E 0.0073 Adjusted Observations ===================== GPS Vectors: 13 Observations From Sta. Delta X Residual StdRes StdDev To Sta. Delta Y Residual StdRes StdDev Delta Z Residual StdRes StdDev A 11644.2435 0.0203 0.4581 0.0062 C 3601.2230 0.0065 0.1502 0.0062 3399.2795 0.0245 0.5521 0.0060 A -5321.7125 0.0039 0.1894 0.0053 E 3634.1005 0.0251 1.2810 0.0053 3173.6781 0.0129 0.6429 0.0052 B 3960.5330 -0.0112 0.5219 0.0062 C -6681.2418 0.0049 0.2181 0.0062 -7279.0098 0.0050 0.2378 0.0060 B -11167.6067 0.0009 0.0406 0.0050 D -394.5281 -0.0077 0.3288 0.0051 -907.9606 -0.0013 0.0568 0.0052 D 15128.1644 -0.0003 0.0194 0.0063 C -6286.7131 -0.0077 0.4275 0.0064 -6371.0592 -0.0009 0.0573 0.0061 D -1837.7566 -0.0107 0.6844 0.0056 E -6253.8502 0.0032 0.2006 0.0057 -6596.6687 0.0010 0.0619 0.0057 F -1116.4498 0.0025 0.2079 0.0027 A -4596.1557 0.0053 0.4606 0.0029 -4355.9139 -0.0077 0.6259 0.0028 Chapter 19. SurvNET 1477 F 10527.7799 -0.0053 0.2318 0.0061 C -994.9372 0.0005 0.0223 0.0061 -956.6272 -0.0026 0.1175 0.0060 F -6438.1411 -0.0047 0.3391 0.0050 E -962.0744 -0.0050 0.3507 0.0051 -1182.2367 -0.0062 0.4631 0.0050 F -4600.3844 -0.0057 0.4188 0.0047 D 5291.7758 -0.0027 0.1889 0.0048 5414.4321 0.0010 0.0615 0.0050 F 6567.2308 -0.0003 0.0220 0.0027 B 5686.2978 0.0052 0.4292 0.0029 6322.3917 -0.0000 0.0037 0.0028 B -6567.2308 0.0003 0.0248 0.0027 F -5686.2978 0.0055 0.4474 0.0029 -6322.3917 -0.0110 0.9511 0.0028 A 1116.4498 -0.0079 0.6903 0.0027 F 4596.1557 0.0004 0.0321 0.0029 4355.9139 -0.0002 0.0128 0.0028 The nal section displays a variety statistical measures, followed by sideshots if there are any. Side shots would be a point that has only a single GPS vector going to or from the point. Statistics ========== Solution converged in 2 iterations Degrees of freedom:27 Reference variance:0.26 Standard error unit Weight: +/-0.51 Failed the Chi-Square test at the 95.00 signicance level 14.573 <= 6.927 <= 43.195 GPS Vectors and Total Station Following is a report generated from a project that combined GPS vectors and total station data. Notice that the report is very similar to the GPS vector only project report. Explanations of the report are included in the report and are in bold, normal text. =============================== LEAST SQUARES ADJUSTMENT REPORT =============================== Mon May 08 15:08:39 2006 3D Geodetic Model. Input Raw Files: C:\data\lsdata\3dModel\GPSCombined\rawCombined.cgr GPS File: C:\data\lsdata\3dModel\GPSCombined\VectorJob.gps Output File: C:\data\lsdata\3dModel\GPSCombined\gpsCombined2D.RPT Curvature, refraction correction: OFF Chapter 19. SurvNET 1478 Maximum iterations: 10 , Convergence Limit: 0.000200 1983 State Plane Coordinates, zone:0202 Arizona Central Horizontal Units: Meters Condence Interval: 95.00 Project Geoid Height: -30.000 Default Standard Errors: Distance: Constant 0.002 ,PPM: 5.000 Horiz. Angle: Pointing 0.6'' ,Reading: 0.0'' Vert. Angle: Pointing 2.0'' ,Reading: 3.0'' Total Station: Centering 0.001 ,Height: 0.002 Target: Centering 0.001 ,Height: 0.002 Azimuth: 5'' Coordinate Control: N:0.010, E:0.010, Z:0.030, GPS: Centering:0.001, Vector Err. Factor:10.0 3-DIMENSIONAL ADJUSTMENT REPORT =============================== Notice that in this example geoid modeling was used. Notice that the ellipsoid elevation is displayed with the latitudes and longitudes. Orthometric elevations are displayed with the SPC83 grid coordinates. Unadjusted Observations ======================= Control Coordinates: 0 Observed Points, 2 Fixed Points, 0 Approx. Points Sta. Latitude Longitude Z (Ellip.) StErr N: StErr E: StErr Z: 17 32-58'09.73116''N 112-47'13.55718''W 179.384 FIXED FIXED FIXED 12 33-04'44.24403''N 112-54'36.04569''W 194.299 FIXED FIXED FIXED Grid XYZ Sta. N: E: Z (Geoid): StErr N: StErr E: StErr Z: 17 218691.215 131994.035 209.384 FIXED FIXED FIXED 12 230946.179 120618.775 224.299 FIXED FIXED FIXED Geocentric XYZ Sta. X: Y: Z: StErr X: StErr Y: StErr Z: 17 -2074605.540 -4938403.868 3451206.784 FIXED FIXED FIXED 12 -2082621.133 -4927852.115 3461405.389 FIXED FIXED FIXED Notice that in the 3-D model distances are not reduced to horizontal or grid. Slope distances are re- duced to mark to mark distances. A Mark to mark distance is the computed slope distance from the monument to monument. Mark to Mark Slope Distances: 8 Observations From Sta. To Sta. Dist. StErr 13 51 4013.947 0.022 51 52 2208.268 0.013 52 53 2202.068 0.013 53 18 2714.298 0.016 51 15 1601.219 0.010 52 15 2499.608 0.015 52 16 2639.678 0.015 53 16 2859.648 0.016 Notice that in the 3-D model distances vertical angles are considered as separate measurements. Ver- Chapter 19. SurvNET 1479 tical angles have also been converted to mark to mark vertical angles. Mark to Mark Vertical Angles: 8 Observations From Sta. To Sta. Vertical Ang. StErr (Sec.) 13 51 090-04'46.6'' 3.6 51 52 090-14'33.0'' 3.6 52 53 089-43'23.7'' 3.6 53 18 089-58'21.3'' 3.6 51 15 090-27'52.0'' 3.6 52 15 090-05'53.1'' 3.6 52 16 090-07'37.0'' 3.6 53 16 090-20'24.0'' 3.6 Horizontal Angles: 8 Observations BS Sta. Occ. Sta. FS Sta. Angle StErr (Sec.) 12 13 51 067-58'23.5'' 0.8 13 51 52 160-18'01.7'' 0.9 51 52 53 213-47'22.1'' 0.9 52 53 18 198-52'17.3'' 0.9 13 51 15 240-35'47.0'' 0.9 51 52 15 320-50'46.2'' 0.9 51 52 16 142-02'01.5'' 0.9 52 53 16 061-14'43.7'' 0.9 GPS Vectors: 8 Observations From Sta. Delta X Variance Delta X Covariance XY To Sta. Delta Y Variance Delta Y Covariance XZ Delta Z Variance Delta Z Covariance YZ 12 -507.728 6.64E-005 7.231E-005 13 -5749.936 0.0002136 -1.914E-005 -8484.249 7.969E-005 -6.468E-005 12 5291.644 4.281E-005 4.478E-005 16 -4337.804 0.0001497 -1.252E-005 -3048.755 5.397E-005 -4.592E-005 13 4725.685 0.0001066 6.211E-005 15 -1175.977 0.0002265 -5.722E-005 1127.564 0.0001289 -9.329E-005 13 5799.369 5.779E-005 5.987E-005 16 1412.130 0.0001984 -1.63E-005 5435.492 7.569E-005 -6.123E-005 15 3797.625 0.0001611 0.0001685 17 -3625.824 0.001025 -8.94E-005 -2841.898 0.0003411 -0.000365 16 2723.952 6.601E-005 6.098E-005 17 -6213.925 0.0001595 -3.951E-005 -7149.837 0.0001187 -8.61E-005 16 3983.996 4.166E-005 3.668E-005 Chapter 19. SurvNET 1480 18 -2884.461 9.022E-005 -2.464E-005 -1679.646 6.868E-005 -4.835E-005 17 1260.043 3.331E-005 2.912E-005 18 3329.461 7.695E-005 -1.931E-005 5470.192 6.021E-005 -4.279E-005 Adjusted Geographic Coordinates Adjusted Grid Coordinates, (Meters) Sta. N: E: Z (Geoid): StErr N: StErr E: StErr Z: 13 220822.407 122293.821 205.469 0.011 0.006 0.007 51 222914.991 125719.002 200.982 0.013 0.008 0.028 52 224634.004 127105.001 191.980 0.011 0.009 0.028 53 225289.986 129206.984 202.983 0.011 0.008 0.032 18 225217.062 131920.203 204.850 0.008 0.005 0.007 15 222134.510 127117.007 188.195 0.013 0.008 0.011 16 227273.259 127147.034 186.643 0.007 0.004 0.006 Adjusted Geocentric Coordinates, (Metric) Sta. X: Y: Z: StErr X: StErr Y: StErr Z: 13 -2083128.851 -4933602.055 3452921.136 0.006 0.011 0.007 51 -2079539.552 -4933856.880 3454699.821 0.008 0.013 0.028 52 -2077907.135 -4933512.881 3456146.639 0.009 0.011 0.028 53 -2075836.064 -4933996.021 3456717.919 0.008 0.011 0.032 18 -2073345.496 -4935074.401 3456676.978 0.005 0.008 0.007 15 -2078403.158 -4934778.040 3454048.691 0.008 0.013 0.011 16 -2077329.484 -4932189.930 3458356.627 0.004 0.007 0.006 Adjusted XYZ Coordinates Error Ellipses, 95% CI Sta. Semi Major Semi Minor Max. Error Az. Elev. Axis Axis 13 0.030 0.013 N 20-10'14.1''E 0.019 51 0.036 0.019 N 21-18'08.4''E 0.071 52 0.029 0.020 N 29-51'55.4''E 0.072 53 0.030 0.021 N 19-08'38.0''E 0.083 18 0.022 0.010 N 26-26'36.4''E 0.018 15 0.034 0.020 N 17-51'28.5''E 0.028 16 0.021 0.009 N 22-55'33.0''E 0.014 Adjusted Observations ===================== Adjusted Mark to Mark Distances From Sta. To Sta. Distance Residual StdRes. StdDev 13 51 4013.941 -0.005 0.244 0.013 51 52 2208.258 -0.011 0.803 0.010 52 53 2202.072 0.004 0.281 0.011 53 18 2714.316 0.018 1.146 0.011 51 15 1601.218 -0.001 0.072 0.008 52 15 2499.610 0.002 0.145 0.008 52 16 2639.683 0.005 0.357 0.008 53 16 2859.656 0.008 0.469 0.008 Root Mean Square (RMS) 0.008 Adjusted Angles Chapter 19. SurvNET 1481 BS Sta. Occ. Sta. FS Sta. Angle Residual StdRes StdDev(Sec.) 12 13 51 067-58'22.4'' -1.1 1.3 0.4 13 51 52 160-18'02.3'' 0.6 0.7 0.7 51 52 53 213-47'22.2'' 0.1 0.1 0.7 52 53 18 198-52'17.5'' 0.2 0.2 0.9 13 51 15 240-35'46.5'' -0.5 0.5 0.9 51 52 15 320-50'47.2'' 1.0 1.2 0.7 51 52 16 142-02'01.5'' -0.0 0.0 0.8 52 53 16 061-14'43.4'' -0.3 0.4 0.7 Root Mean Square (RMS) 0.6 Adjusted vertical angles From Sta. To Sta. Vertical Ang. Residual StdRes StdDev(Sec.) 13 51 090-04'55.5'' -9.0 * 2.5 1.4 51 52 090-14'36.5'' -3.5 1.0 2.9 52 53 089-43'25.0'' -1.2 0.3 3.1 53 18 089-58'22.0'' -0.7 0.2 2.4 51 15 090-27'53.0'' -1.0 0.3 3.4 52 15 090-05'52.9'' 0.2 0.1 2.3 52 16 090-07'39.9'' -2.9 0.8 2.1 53 16 090-20'24.9'' -0.9 0.2 2.3 Root Mean Square (RMS) 3.6 GPS Vectors: 8 Observations From Sta. Delta X Residual StdRes StdDev To Sta. Delta Y Residual StdRes StdDev Delta Z Residual StdRes StdDev 12 -507.7297 -0.0022 0.267 0.0061 13 -5749.9259 0.0102 0.699 0.0109 -8484.2524 -0.0037 0.409 0.0072 12 5291.6464 0.0028 0.430 0.0045 16 -4337.7947 0.0096 0.785 0.0074 -3048.7649 -0.0095 1.298 0.0055 13 4725.6931 0.0085 0.818 0.0080 15 -1175.9849 -0.0083 0.549 0.0115 1127.5557 -0.0086 0.754 0.0100 13 5799.3676 -0.0014 0.185 0.0060 16 1412.1252 -0.0048 0.339 0.0107 5435.4912 -0.0010 0.116 0.0073 15 3797.6184 -0.0067 0.524 0.0083 17 -3625.8277 -0.0034 0.107 0.0128 -2841.9072 -0.0093 0.505 0.0109 16 2723.9438 -0.0081 0.999 0.0045 17 -6213.9378 -0.0129 1.022 0.0074 -7149.8428 -0.0061 0.562 0.0055 16 3983.9875 -0.0082 1.268 0.0054 18 -2884.4705 -0.0092 0.965 0.0079 -1679.6485 -0.0024 0.290 0.0069 Chapter 19. SurvNET 1482 17 1260.0437 0.0003 0.049 0.0052 18 3329.4673 0.0063 0.719 0.0079 5470.1943 0.0021 0.276 0.0069 Statistics ========== Solution converged in 3 iterations Degrees of freedom:27 Reference variance:1.32 Standard error unit Weight: +/-1.15 Passed the Chi-Square test at the 95.00 signicance level 14.573 <= 35.620 <= 43.195 Vertical Adjustment ========================================= LEAST SQUARES VERTICAL ADJUSTMENT REPORT ========================================= Tue Mar 21 17:37:27 2006 2D Geodetic Model. Input Raw Files: C:\data\lsdata\cgstar\CGSTAR.CGR Output File: C:\data\lsdata\cgstar\cgstar.RPT Curvature, refraction correction: ON FIXED VERTICAL BENCHMARKS Station Elevation 1 569.8500 POINTS TO BE ADJUSTED Station 2,5,3,4,10,11,12 MEASUREMENT SUMMARY From To Elev. Diff. (unadjusted) StdErr 1 5 7.5040 0.0145 1 2 7.5659 0.0145 2 3 6.9843 0.0145 3 4 -11.4907 0.0146 4 5 4.3557 0.0145 5 10 2.2639 0.0143 10 11 1.0931 0.0143 11 12 0.3828 0.0143 12 3 3.3590 0.0144 ADJUSTED ELEVATIONS Station Adjusted Elev Standard Dev. 1 569.8500 0.00000 2 577.4336 0.02465 5 577.3363 0.02465 3 584.4355 0.02915 4 572.9628 0.03070 10 579.6003 0.03341 11 580.6935 0.03641 Chapter 19. SurvNET 1483 12 581.0764 0.03519 STATISTICAL SUMMARY Total Unknown Elevations:7 Total Elev. Routes:9 Total Fixed BM's:1 Total non-fixed BM's:0 Degrees of freedom:2 ADJUSTED MEASUREMENT SUMMARY From To Elev. Diff. Residuals (adjusted) 1 5 7.4863 -0.0177 1 2 7.5836 0.0177 2 3 7.0019 0.0177 3 4 -11.4728 0.0179 4 5 4.3735 0.0178 5 10 2.2641 0.0001 10 11 1.0932 0.0001 11 12 0.3829 0.0001 12 3 3.3591 0.0001 Vertical Sideshots Station Elevation 20 571.77 21 581.25 22 580.14 15 579.60 Chapter 19. SurvNET 1484 Index plus-0.5in 2 Point - 2 Point Intersect, 752 2 Tangents, Arc Length, 289 2 Tangents, Chord Length, 289 2 Tangents, Degree of Curve, 290 2 Tangents, External, 290 2 Tangents, Mid-Ordinate, 289 2 Tangents, Radius, 288, 729 2 Tangents, Tangent Length, 290 2 Tangents, Through Point, 291 2D Align, 225 2D Polyline, 29, 53, 54, 5660, 111, 126, 132, 134 136, 277, 278, 280, 405, 804, 807, 846, 847 2D Scale, 216, 217 2D-1D Local Coordinate System, 1461 2D-1D State Plane Coordinate System, 1469 3 Point, 286, 296, 759 3-Radius Curve Series, 294 3D Entity to 2D, 249 3D Polyline, 29, 119, 201, 203, 235, 245247, 281 285, 333, 667, 668, 713, 804, 805, 807, 808, 810, 812, 981, 1017, 1031, 1044, 1078 3D Polyline by Slope on Surface, 246 3D Polylines, 119, 235, 246 3D Viewer Window, 258, 264, 265, 390, 982, 995, 1019 4 Sided Building, 57, 728 AASHTO, 786 Add Culvert to Polyline, 968 Add Intersection Points, 233 Add Point by Two Slopes, 235 Add Points At Elevation, 246 Add Polyline Arcs, 234 Add Polyline Vertex, 234 Add Prex/Sufx To Text, 223 Add Zig to Polyline, 968 Adjoiner Text, 68, 935, 937 Align by Two Pairs of Points, 439 Align Points, 434, 443, 458 All topo items, 1315 Alphanumeric, 46, 391, 421, 434, 579, 587, 1170, 1459 Angle/Distance, 69, 455, 896, 922 Angle Balance, 511, 534, 536, 707 Angle Info, 348, 349 Angle Mode, 352, 389, 393, 739, 1143 Angles Right, 1237 Annotate Menu, 905 Annotation, 3, 25, 312314, 317, 321325, 692, 729, 871, 919, 926, 959, 974, 1070, 1072, 1073, 1323 Annotation Defaults, 906, 914, 940, 954 Aperture Object Snap, 416 Append Another Raw File, 545 Arc Length, 281, 285, 289, 291, 786, 795, 906, 939, 1372, 1373 Arcview, 1099 Area/Layout Menu, 817, 879 Area by Closed Polylines, 825 Area by Interior Point, 825 Area by Lines & Arcs, 824, 825 Area Defaults, 818, 821, 823825, 828, 832, 871, 895, 896 Area Label Defaults, 732, 827 Area Radial from Curve, 839 Area Summary, 1233 Area Table Defaults, 828, 829, 871 Arrowhead, 327, 467, 471, 977 ASCII File, 48, 105, 106, 430, 1107, 1108, 1116, 1149, 1150, 1154 ASE, 33, 197, 1277 Attach Image to Entity, 1104 Attribute Denitions, 901 Attribute Layers, 668 Attribute Layout ID, 424, 464, 668 Audit, 192 Audit Links, 1096 Authorizing Carlson Software, 10 Auto Annotate, 19, 114, 233, 689, 871, 913, 916, 917, 919, 921, 923, 950 AutoCAD Overview, 160 Auto Create Points, 1292, 1293 Auto Lines, 1338 Auto Map, 1271, 1281 Automatic Point Numbers, 424 Auto Point Number, 1338 Auto Point Plot, 1338 Auto Tablet On, 391 Azimuth-Distance with Leader, 932 Backsight, 88, 393, 511, 527, 529, 541543, 546548, 556, 559, 561, 565, 734, 735, 739, 742, 763, 764, 1132, 1164, 1175, 1177, 1325, 1351, 1362, 1367, 1390 Barscale, 944 Bearing-Bearing Intersect, 745, 746, 752, 1212 Bearing-Distance Intersect, 749, 1213 1485 Bearing-Distance with Leader, 931 Bearing & 3D Distance, 344 Bearing Annotation, 909 Bearing Area Cutoff, 840 Bearing with Leader, 930 Benchmark, 504, 556, 561, 754, 755, 1163 Best Fit, 1238, 1239, 1323, 1338 Best Fit Centerline, 781 Best Fit Circle, 779, 781 Best Fit Curve, 294 Best Fit Line by Average, 782, 783 Best Fit Line by Least Squares, 783 Best Fit Point, 778 Best Fit Transformation, 1301 Blips, 232, 343 Block Explode, 204 Bold Curve Leader, 331 Border, 12471249 Boundaries, 306, 1383 Boundary, 3, 19, 29, 306, 332, 699, 727, 729, 730, 769, 825, 875, 879, 1003, 1139, 1281 Boundary Polyline, 3, 133, 332, 699, 981 Break, 111, 130132, 135, 154, 206, 209, 210, 222, 238, 729, 758, 896, 10621064 Break, At Selected Point, 210 Break, Select Object, 2nd Point, 210 Break, Select Object, Two Points, 210 Break at Intersection, 209 Break by Crossing Polyline, 208 Breakline, 675, 986, 1005, 1008, 1009 Breaklines, 981, 985, 986, 1005, 1027, 1028, 1256 Breakpoint Descriptions, 1047 Break Polyline at Specied Distances, 209 Brg-Dist w/Leader, 69 Bubble Cul-de-Sac, 1236 Buffer Offset, 202, 203, 819, 990 Building Dimensions, 66, 114, 934, 936 Building Offset Extensions, 761, 762 Building Pad, 872, 873 Cadastral Automated Plat Drafting (CAPD), 729 Calculate Horizontal, 1225 Calculate Offsets, 18, 297, 813 Calculator, 345, 346 Callout Leader, 330, 331 Calls, 12641266, 1281, 1284, 1317, 1334 Call Table, 1268, 1269 Carlson File Types, 25 Carlson Points, 215, 453, 480 Carlson Registration, 12 Carlson Settings Explorer, 399 Centerline, 19, 26, 124, 178, 182, 278, 280, 297, 299, 390, 711, 715, 716, 781, 785, 786, 788, 789, 793, 797799, 801, 804, 806812, 814 816, 826, 847, 990, 1046, 1047, 1049, 1070, 1077, 1079 Centerline Conversion, 816 Centerline Conversions, 816 Centerline File, 364, 702, 715, 718, 798, 799, 808, 810, 904 Centerline ID, 799, 990 Centerline Menu, 785 Centerline Report, 798, 799 CGCogo, 1209 CGDos Drawings, 11261128 CGDraw, 1244, 1257, 1259, 1265 CGEditor, 13401345, 1349, 1356, 1358, 1359, 1362, 1363, 1371, 1373, 1377, 1378, 1381, 1383, 1384, 1387, 1460 CGFile, 1110, 1114, 1119, 1121, 1129, 1130, 1211 CGMngmt, 1284 CG Options, 1317 CG Snap, 1339 CGSurvey Module, 1109 CGTools, 1317 CGTopo, 1314, 1332 CGTrav, 1131, 1134, 1202, 1204, 1206, 1209 Change Attribute Style, 212 Change Block/Inserts Resize, 215 Change Block/Inserts Rotate, 214 Change Block/Inserts Substitute, 214 Change Colors, 213 Change Elevations, 156, 211, 434, 442 Change Layer, 61, 156, 272 Change Point LayerColor, 473 Change Polyline Elevation, 241 Change Polyline Linetype, 55, 60, 61, 965, 966, 969, 970 Change Polyline Width, 240 Change Properties, 210, 211 Change Style, 212 Change Text Font, 220 Change Text Oblique Angle, 221 Change Text Size, 221 Change Text Width, 221 Channel Sample, 25 Check Elevation Range, 241, 282 Check Lot Network Parameters, 887 Chord Bearing, 347, 690, 1270 Chord Length, 288, 289, 292, 940 Circle, 286, 295, 448, 449, 482, 546, 547, 681, 761, 780, 844, 1358 CLAYER, 16, 270, 427 Cleanup Lot Linework, 844, 845 CL File, 230, 798, 804, 808, 10471049, 1077, 1079 Clipboard, 188, 189, 199, 561 Index 1486 Close, 168, 185, 186, 206, 237, 240, 244, 252, 278, 281, 285, 320, 504, 653, 654, 729, 737, 806, 822, 825, 828, 836, 861, 864866, 895, 901, 919, 934, 1031, 1074, 10921094, 1099, 1113, 1126, 11891191, 1193, 1194, 1200 1202, 1261, 1272, 1309, 1343, 1345, 1346, 1350, 1354, 1355 Close Current, 1309 Closed Polylines, 17, 131 Close Map Check File, 1126 Close Raw File, 1126 Closure, 2, 39, 528, 531, 551, 565, 589, 625631, 636, 639, 640, 646, 690, 705, 707709, 725727, 896, 897, 1131, 1132, 1134, 1195, 1198, 1204, 1325, 1389, 1395, 1397, 1398, 1400, 1401, 1425, 1460, 1476 Closure by Point Numbers, 705 Closure Error, 725, 824, 897 Coal Sections, 397 Code Denitions, 652, 664 COGO Menu, 731 Color by Elevation, 1019 Combined Transformations, 1297 Command Entry, 16 Compare Points, 18, 434, 444, 445 Compass, 19, 550553, 727, 729, 822, 1188, 1324 Compass Polyline Adjustment, 726, 729 Composite Bed Qualities by Density, 396 Compound Curve, 786788 Compound or Reverse, 293 Conguration, 25, 28, 399, 401, 402, 413, 855, 1171, 1249, 1327, 1329, 1331, 1391 Congure, 388, 411, 413, 421, 422, 433, 445, 456, 461, 480, 509, 700, 821, 828, 834, 855, 906, 923, 935937, 949, 1045, 1187, 1188, 1295 Congure Carlson, 376 Consolidate Area Table, 835 Contour Elevation Label, 997 Contour from TIN File, 994 Contour ID, 996 Contours, 147, 155, 240, 394, 411, 986, 987, 989, 990, 996999, 1008, 1017, 1020, 1022, 1027, 1039, 1041, 1314, 1316, 1324 Convert C&G to Carlson Points, 478 Convert CAICE KCM to Carlson CRD, 480 Convert Carlson Points to Ashtech GIS, 480 Convert Carlson Points to C&G, 478 Convert Carlson Points to Eagle Point, 481 Convert Carlson Points to Land Desktop, 477 Convert Carlson Points to Simplicity, 478 Convert Carlson Points to Softdesk, 480 Convert Civil 3D to Carlson Points, 476 Convert CRD to Land Desktop MDB, 475 Convert CRD to TDS CR5/Convert TDS CR5 to CRD, 475 Convert Eagle Point to Carlson Points, 481 Convert Geodimeter to Carlson Points, 480 Convert Land Desktop MDB to Carlson Points, 476 Convert Land Desktop to Carlson Points, 477 Convert LDD Contours, 1038, 1039 Convert Leica to Carlson Points, 479 Convert Old CG Dos Cross Section File to New For- mat, 1129 Convert Old CG Dos Level File to New Format, 1129 Convert Old CG Dos Raw File to New format, 1129 Convert Old CG Dos Template File to New Format, 1130 Convert PacSoft CRD to Carlson CRD, 480 Convert Simplicity to Carlson Points, 479 Convert Softdesk to Carlson Points, 477 Convert Surveyor1 to CRD, 475 Convert to SurvCE FCL le, 1309 Coordinate File, 26, 295, 364, 390, 425, 429, 433, 436, 450, 456, 492, 494, 527, 528, 543, 559, 561, 593, 597, 676, 679, 722, 755, 765, 784, 812, 865, 1015, 1026, 1079, 1110, 1138, 1148, 1149, 1257, 1284, 1285, 1287, 1318, 1342, 1353, 1377, 1378, 13801382, 1420 Coordinate Files, 11111114, 1125, 1126, 1135, 1297, 1313, 1381, 1384 CooRDinate File Utilities, 434 Coordinate File Utilities, 211, 353, 354, 421, 422, 426, 435, 446, 456, 477, 479481, 735 Coordinate Grid, 1248, 1249 Coordinate Leader, 1278 Coordinates, 1266, 1302, 1353, 1389, 1391, 1400, 1418, 1454, 1460, 1462, 1466, 1469, 1472, 1474, 1476, 1477, 1479, 1481 Coordinate Transformation, 18, 27, 435, 437, 1301, 1303 Coords From Station Offset, 1219 Copy Coordinates, 1303 Copy Entity to Layer, 1334 Copy Polyline Section, 200 Copy To Layer, 200 Crandall, 2, 1194, 1198, 1325 CRD File, 226, 341, 390, 422, 434437, 442, 456, 462, 477, 479481, 497, 499, 505, 506, 513, 676, 786, 815, 824, 897 Create, 1250, 1263, 1292, 1293, 1305, 1309, 1311, 1421, 1445 Create Links, 1095, 1098, 1107 Create Point Group From Station Offset, 1221 Create Points from Entities, 746, 748 Create Point Table, 945, 946 Create Polyline ID Labels, 239 Create StarNet File, 1206 Index 1487 Crosshairs, 411 Crossing Breaklines, 991 Cross Sections, 713 CSTYLE, 16 Cul-de-Sacs, 847, 1234, 1323, 1338 Current Information, 1110 Current Query, 1090 Curve, 12701272, 1275, 1276, 1281, 1311, 1312, 1320, 1323, 1324, 1326, 1338, 13711374, 1385 Curve - Arrow, 17, 327, 328 Curve Between Tangents, 1226 Curve Calc, 296, 1225 Curve Edit Mode, 792 Curve Info, 347, 389, 730 Curves, 1225, 1227, 1228, 12301233 Curve Table, 802, 917, 947951, 953958, 1256 Custom, 7, 26, 33, 172, 217, 260, 305, 385, 424, 668, 670, 961, 1307 Custom Label Formatter, 960 Custom Label Formatter AD, 921 Cut Sheet, 18, 711, 713, 714, 717, 722, 763 Database File Utilities, 1106, 1107 Data Collectors, 486, 487, 514, 1144, 1148 Data Collector Transfer, 1135, 1141, 1164, 1188, 1446, 1460 Data Depot, 371, 377 Data Link, 311, 314 Deed Correlation, 693, 694 Deed Description, 18, 27, 36, 125 Deed Linework ID, 692 Deed Reader, 690, 692, 709 Dene GIS Features, 1084, 1085 Dene Lot Attributes, 901 Dene Note File Prompts, 11051107 Dene Strata, 396, 397 Delete, 1251, 12871289, 1295, 1308, 1314, 1344, 1411 Delete Labels, 1316 Delete Layer, 155, 405 Delete Points, 434, 442 Delete Table Elements, 955 Delta Angle, 293, 908, 916, 918, 939, 940, 961, 1034 Densify Polyline Vertices, 231 Depth Contours, 1024 Description for Points, 435, 443 Descriptions, 1337, 1352, 1361, 1372, 1376, 1381 Description Tables, 1304, 1305, 1309, 1310, 1319 Design Centerline, 786, 788, 798 Design Lot, 889 Design Pad Template, 3, 28, 1030, 10331038, 1078 Design Road Prole, 1078 Design Template, 1031 Digitize Areas, 827 Direct-Reverse Settings, 543, 544 Discussion Groups, 30 Display-Edit File, 349 Display Centerline Stations, 1221 Display Last Report, 349 Display Order, 269, 385 Display Precision, 592, 1418 Distance-Bearing with Leader, 932 Distance-Distance Intersect, 748, 1213 Distance Between Two Entities, 815 Distance with Leader, 931 Divide Along Entity, 757 Divide Between Points, 757 Dozer, 27, 186 Dozer Push, 26 Dragline, 26, 28 Draw, 12711274, 1277, 1279, 1304, 1306, 1308, 1316, 1317, 1322, 1323, 1328, 1329 Draw-Locate Points, 425, 442, 453, 648, 689, 733 737, 981 Draw 3D Grid File, 1018, 1021 Draw Barscale, 118, 944, 945 Draw Box Around Text, 297, 990, 999 Draw By Example, 325 Draw Centerline File, 797, 990 Draw End Point Leaders, 923 Draw Field to Finish, 647652, 655657, 664, 666, 669, 676, 981, 991 Draw Grid, 937, 1054, 1056, 1057, 1060 Drawing Block, 334 Drawing Cleanup, 189, 191 Drawing Explorer, 13, 181, 360363, 377, 389 Drawing Inspector, 342344, 422 Drawing Settings, 1244, 12561258, 1268, 1270 Drawing Setup, 13, 20, 36, 46, 47, 55, 75, 120, 176, 181, 183, 184, 186, 268, 312, 316318, 322, 325, 331, 351, 352, 354, 356, 388391, 409, 410, 427, 428, 450, 670, 698, 703, 727, 729, 732, 733, 745, 748, 749, 766768, 803, 809, 818, 819, 900, 906, 910, 911, 942, 949, 953, 961, 969, 973, 1029, 1039, 1098 Draw Legend, 941943 Draw Lot Setback, 851 Draw Mapcheck, 1252, 1253 Draw Menu, 276 Draw North Arrow, 943, 1058 Draw Perimeter, 822 Draw Pipe, 679, 1070, 1075 Draw Polyline Blips, 232 Draw Polyline File, 187 Draw Prole, 19, 27, 356, 1045, 1053, 1058, 1074, 1076, 1077 Draw Standard Item, 310, 311, 315 Index 1488 Draw Text On Arc, 961 Draw Text on Tangent, 963, 964 Draw Triangular Mesh, 995, 1039 Drop C&G Attributes, 1281 Duplicate Points, 190, 434, 443 Dynamic Annotation Note, 923 Eagle Point, 163, 481, 653, 655 Eagle Point Coding, 653 Earth Curvature, 531, 548, 550 Edit, 12501252, 12871289, 1291, 1302, 1304 1306, 1309, 1311, 1313, 1314, 1324, 1343, 1349, 1351, 13611363, 1371, 13731376, 1378, 1383, 1384, 1390, 1392, 1398, 1407, 1410, 1411, 1417, 1441, 1442, 1446, 1447, 1450, 1456 Edit-Process Level Data, 556 Edit-Process Raw Data File, 486, 509, 563, 689, 705, 707 Edit Area Table Properties, 832 Edit Coordinates (CGEditor), 1291, 1292 Edit Map Check File, 1202 Edit Menu, 196, 517, 561 Edit Multiple Pt Attributes, 463 Edit Point, 143, 422, 429, 449 Edit Point Attributes, 390, 422, 461, 462 Edit Points, 452, 676, 693 Edit Polyline Section, 236 Edit Polyline Vertex, 235, 236 Edit Process SDMS File, 562 Edit Raw File, 1134, 1135 Edit Symbol Library, 403 Edit Table, 947, 958, 1107 Edit Table Properties, 951 Edit Table Values, 955 Edit Text, 218 Edit Text on Arc or Tangent, 964 Elevate 2D Polylines, 848 Elevation Difference, 733, 739, 1020, 1060, 1063 Elevations, 1337, 1391, 1468, 1484 Elevation Zones, 1019 Empty Print File, 1130 End Areas, 26 Enter-Assign Point, 736, 738 Enter and Assign, 125, 427 Enter Deed Description, 688, 696 Entities to Polylines, 186, 230, 797 Entity Insertion Point Rotate, 216 Erase, 1277 Erase by Closed Polyline, 198 Erase by Layer, 197 Erase Links, 1096, 1097 Erase Outside, 199 Erase Point Attributes, 112, 468 Erase Points, 453 Erase Select, 197 Erase Sub-Areas Hatch, 877 Erase Surface from DWG, 1314, 1315 Example Projects, 1460 Existing File, 369 Exit Drawing Standards, 325 Explode Carlson Points, 474 Export Coordinates to ASCII, 1114 Export DWG File with Esri MSC, 1101 Export GIS Data to SurvCE, 1100 Export Google Earth File, 184, 186, 1030 Export LandXML File, 177 Export Lot File to MDB Database, 903 Export Lot File To Old SurvCADD, 903 Export RoadXML File, 181 Export SHP File, 1099 Export Text, 437 Export Text/ASCII File, 431, 434, 437, 451 Export Topcon Grid or TIN File, 1039 Extend, 3, 29, 54, 5660, 111, 112, 126, 205208, 278280, 283285, 417, 418, 588, 1072, 1412 Extend Arc, 205 Extend by Distance, 206, 207 Extended Entity Data, 194 Extend To Edge, 205 Extend to Intersection, 205 Extract Project Archive, 378 Extrapolate, 247, 398, 1016, 1022, 1023, 1047 Extrapolate Grid, 1019 Extrapolation, 1016 Fence Diagram, 26 Ferm Codes, 26 Field to Finish, 2, 15, 26, 35, 107110, 119, 123, 148 150, 152, 279, 283, 301, 302, 317, 424, 462, 485, 544, 649, 652, 655 Field to Finish Inspector, 685, 686 File Editor, 556558, 560, 563 File Menu, 166, 512, 560, 1343, 1373, 1394 Fillet, 29, 129, 227, 245, 248, 846 Fillet 3D Polyline, 245 Find Bad Angle, 544, 1198, 1324 Find Lot Name, 888 Find Point, 345 Fit Polylines, 1262 Fit Structure, 858, 859, 862, 863, 865867, 869, 1262 Fit Text Inside Arc, 964 Fit Text Outside Arc, 964 Fix Coords, 1295 Fix Label Overlaps, 924 Fix Point Attribute Overlaps, 469, 472 Flip Last Label, 928 Index 1489 Flip ON/OFF, 928 Flip Selected Labels, 933 Flip Text, 114, 222, 651, 803, 810, 819, 916, 918, 961, 1057 Flood Note, 409 Flow Leader, 331 Footprint Creator, 852, 855 Four Way Control, 773 Freeze ALL Layers, 1336 Freeze Layer, 17, 64, 116, 139, 155, 272, 273, 453 Freeze Layer By Pick, 273 Freeze Points, 453, 454 General Commands, 162, 733737 General Information, 1209 Geodetic Double Break, 767 Geodetic Double Proportion Line Division, 766 Geodetic Middle Break, 768 Geodetic Single Proportion Line Division, 766 Geodetic Traverse, 765 Geodimeter, 480, 486, 505507, 514, 555, 1184 Geologic Column, 26 GIS Database Settings, 1084, 1086, 1095 GIS File, 424 GIS Inspector, 1087 GIS Inspector Settings, 1087, 1088 GIS Links, 24 GIS Menu, 1083 GIS Query/Report, 1089 Global Edit, 1246, 1247 Global Reannotate, 933 GLO Corner Proportioning, 765, 773, 774 GPS Network, 1474 GPS Vectors and Total Station, 1478 Grant Boundary Adjustment, 727, 728 Graphic Scale, 1258, 1259 Grid File, 237, 240, 247, 362, 364, 389, 425, 531, 713, 993, 1017, 1020, 1022, 1023, 1035, 1040 Grid File Utilities, 26, 187, 1016 Guard Rail, 970 Hatch, 304306, 387, 872, 874877, 894, 895, 941, 942, 988, 1044 Hatch Sub-Areas, 876, 877 HEC-2, 26 Highlight Crossing Plines, 242 Highlight Depression Contours, 987, 996 Highlight Index Contours, 996 Highlight Non-Tangent Polylines, 242 Highlight Unclosed Polylines, 244 Hinged Area, 3, 133, 837 Horizontal Axis Elevations, 1059 Hydrograph, 26 Identify Area Descriptions, 836 Identify Sub-Area, 876 Image Adjust, 253, 254 Image Clip, 253 Image Frame, 252 Image Inspector, 1102 Import ASCII File into Coordinates, 1125 Import GIS Data from SurvCE, 1100 Import Google Earth File, 184, 1029 Import Google Earth Surface, 1028, 1029 Import LandXML File, 175 Import Lot File From MDB Database, 902 Import MrSID Images, 1103 Import RoadXML File, 180 Import SHP File, 1097, 1098 Import Text/ASCII File, 2, 15, 48, 430, 434, 437, 648, 730 Import Xref to Current Drawing, 173 Indicated, 1055 Input-Edit Centerline File, 788 Input-Edit GIS Data, 678, 1086, 1091 Input-Edit Point, 429, 445 Input-Edit Prole File, 1049 Input-Edit ROW Offsets, 877 Inquiry Menu, 339 InRoads, 664 Insert, 337, 389, 417, 450, 452, 477, 510, 527, 571, 576, 577, 653, 671, 712, 955, 991, 993, 994, 1018, 1073, 1128, 1201, 1344, 1350, 1351, 1353, 1355, 1371, 1373, 1375, 1378, 1384, 1450, 1454 Insert Multi-Point Symbols, 301 Insert Symbols, 62, 63, 299, 301 Installing Carlson Software, 5 Instruction Manual and Program Conventions, 25 Interior Point, 132, 139, 140, 821 Intermediate Contours, 1315 Interpolate Points, 757759 Intersections, 19, 127, 146, 744, 846, 847, 991, 993, 1064, 1214, 1237, 1249, 1338 Intersections/Cul-de-sacs, 12341236 Intersects, 1211, 1212, 1217, 1218 Interval Along Entity, 758 Interval Between Points, 758 Introduction, 1, 1389 Inverse, 732, 734736, 739, 760, 824, 1210, 1433, 1446 Inverse with Area, 43, 822, 824 Irregular Boundary Adjustment, 768 Isolate Layer, 17, 273, 274, 425 Isolate Layers, 56, 57 Issuing Commands, 161 Item Standards Manager, 314, 405 Item Standards Manager - Best Practices, 322 Index 1490 Join, 190, 223, 225, 247, 248, 660 Join 3D Polyline, 246 Join Nearest, 3, 17, 126, 230, 247, 797, 990, 1078 Join Text Entities, 224 Label Angle, 947, 948, 952, 970, 973 Label Arc, 114, 115, 939, 959, 960 Label Contours, 989, 13151317 Label Coordinates/Elevation, 971, 972 Label Curb Flow Elevations, 974 Label Elevations, 1056 Label Elevations Along Pline, 976 Label Elevations Along Polyline, 977 Label GIS Polyline: Closed Polyline Data, 1093 Label GIS Polyline: Closed Polyline Image, 1091 Label GIS Polyline: Open Polyline Data, 1094 Label Last Area, 827 Label Lat/Long, 729, 730 Label LatLong, 973 Label Offset Distances, 976 Label Station-Offset, 807 Label Sub-Areas, 877 Label Zeros, 426, 650 Land Development Desktop, 190 Latitude/Longitude, 733 Layer and Style Defaults, 16 Layer by Description, 425 Layer Control, 270, 1330, 13351337 Layer ID, 341 Layer Inspector, 342 Layer Library, 405407 Layer Report, 342 LDD, 190, 475, 476, 565, 1329, 1389 Leaders, 1277 Leader With Text, 328, 329 Least squares, 88, 565, 566, 587, 608, 1390, 1391, 1411 Legal Description Writer, 698700, 896 Legend Denition, 73, 74, 941, 943 Leica, 20, 479, 480, 486, 500504, 514, 516, 561, 565, 586, 599, 600, 1081, 1082, 1175, 1410, 1435 Lesson 1: Entering a Deed, 36 Lesson 2: Making a Plat, 45 Lesson 3: SurvNET, 81 Lesson 4: Field to Finish for Faster Drafting, 104 Lesson 5: Intersections and Subdivisions, 123 Lesson 6: Contouring, Break Lines and Stockpiles, 146 License Agreement, 5, 11, 30, 31 Limit Polylines, 396 Line, 277, 279, 281, 283285, 288291, 302, 310 313, 317, 319, 320, 322324, 342, 344, 348, 352, 382, 390, 393, 396, 406, 410, 411, 430, 434, 441, 451, 471, 491, 504, 519, 544546, 551, 650, 651, 654, 655, 661, 665, 670, 674 676, 688, 689, 692, 699, 701, 704, 729, 730, 735, 737, 738, 741, 742, 746, 749, 782, 784, 786789, 792795, 801, 802, 807, 813, 815, 821825, 828, 837839, 841, 842, 844846, 854, 871, 874, 884, 892, 895, 906, 907, 909, 911922, 926, 930, 934937, 942, 946953, 955958, 965970, 976, 982, 986, 987, 993, 995, 1011, 1012, 1014, 1016, 1047, 1055, 10581060, 10651067, 1070, 1074, 1075, 1077, 1079, 1088, 1120, 1123, 1180, 1181, 1192, 1201, 1209, 1226, 12341238, 1240, 1241, 12451249, 1253, 1256, 1261, 1264, 1265, 1267, 1269, 1270, 1272, 1273, 1280, 1283, 1306, 1314, 1321, 1323, 1327, 1328, 1334, 1338, 1371, 1372 Line by Angle-Distance, 760 Line On/Off, 737, 742 Lines, 1339, 1372, 1437 Lines and Polylines, 12591263 Lines by Codes, 1261 Lines by Description, 1260 Lines by Point Number, 1259 Line Table, 950, 952, 953 Line Type Scaler, 56 Line Up Text, 224 Linework Intersection Points, 745 Link Points with Coordinate File, 422 Links Manager, 441 LISCAD, 503, 504 LisCad, 479 List, 340, 352, 362, 405, 418, 422, 429, 430, 437, 442, 448, 449, 452, 457, 458, 460, 487, 491, 655, 685, 698, 706, 730, 739, 763, 945, 1039, 1085, 1141, 1142, 1296, 1300, 1308, 1319, 1396 List Elevation, 157, 344 List Points, 49, 428, 429, 434, 442, 651 Load Saved Report, 350 Locate by Azimuth, 743 Locate by Bearing, 743, 749, 750 Locate by Delta, 743 Locate by Line Bearing, 742 Locate by Turned Angle, 742 Locate on Real Z Axis, 124, 423, 426, 746 Locate Point, 15, 18, 29, 50, 51, 124, 424, 427, 469, 509, 650, 729, 744, 1107 Lock Layers, 274 Lot File, 19, 139, 144, 146, 698, 886, 889894, 897, 901, 903, 904 Lot File by Closed Linework, 892 Lot File by Interior Text, 139, 892 Lot File by Pick Interior, 891 Index 1491 Lot File to Centerline, 904 Lot Inspector, 897 Lot Layout, 130132, 135, 842, 843, 845, 846 Lot Manager, 893, 894 Lot Network - Assign Lot Type, 888 Lot Network Boundary, 875 Lot Network Hinged Area, 885 Lot Network Inspector, 887, 888 Lot Network Labels, 886 Lot Network Linework, 883 Lot Network Output To Lot File, 889 Lot Network Renumber Lots, 888 Lot Network Report, 886 Lot Network Road Network, 878 Lot Network Settings, 870, 879, 885, 887, 888 Lot Network Sliding Side Area, 885 Lot Network Subdivide Area, 883 Main Contours, 1314 Make 3D Grid File, 1014, 1019, 1020, 1034 Manhole, 73, 109, 322, 1073, 1074, 1177, 1178, 1294 Manual Storage, 1293 Map Check by Pnts, 708 Mapcheck by Screen Entities, 709 Map Points from, 437 Maps, 184, 1017 Maptech, 515 Max Samples, 393, 395 Measured, 504, 617, 618, 1428 Menu System Overview, 1394 Merge Tables, 957 MicroStation, 186188 Middle Ordinate Solution, 1227, 1323, 1338 Minimum Frontage, 881, 884, 887 Mirror, 29, 228, 863, 865, 869, 870, 927, 928 Mirror and Flip Selected Labels, 927 Mirror Selected Labels, 927 Mortgage Block, 409 Mouse Click Settings, 402 Move, 199, 206, 219, 220, 277, 323, 357, 405, 422, 434, 441, 442, 452, 461, 466, 467, 471, 472, 698, 719, 789, 818, 829, 832, 837, 851, 866, 867, 870, 894, 895, 898, 920, 921, 923, 925, 928930, 942, 977, 1000, 1005, 10081012, 1088, 1102, 1105, 1250, 1266, 1267, 1278 1280, 1288, 1365 Move Calls, 1266 Move Label Along Contour, 999 Move Label with Leader, 928 Move Point Attributes, 113, 115 Move Point Attributes Single, 466 Move Point Attributes with Leader, 467, 472 Move Points, 461 Move Text with Leader, 219 Multi-Draw, 1254 Multi-Point Symbols, 301, 304 Multiple Offsets, 202 NAD83, 1243, 1320, 1406 National Geodetic Survey, 437, 599, 1435 Nearest Found, 334, 649, 660 Network Processing Reports, 1461 New, 167, 168, 175, 212, 215, 240, 248, 253, 270, 280, 284, 306, 315, 424, 433, 439, 441, 448, 455457, 504, 512, 513, 539, 561, 564, 590, 601, 625, 626, 631, 648, 712, 727, 737, 747, 766, 769, 831, 862, 883, 975, 1006, 1086, 1097, 1104, 1107, 1111, 1138, 1175, 1274, 1277, 1296, 1298, 1299, 1304, 1318, 1327, 1342, 1343, 1345, 1349, 1371, 1377, 1384, 1389, 1395, 1396, 1402, 1445 New Area Table, 831 Nikon, 486, 504, 505, 515, 555, 1187, 1188 Nodes, 425, 1026 North Arrow, 40, 71, 118, 1058 Note File, 712, 1107 Numeric, 46, 390, 391, 731, 900, 1110, 1138, 1169, 1281, 1377 Numeric Pad COGO, 755 Object Data, 397 Object Linking, 192, 390 Obtaining Technical Support, 30 Occupy Point, 734, 739 Off, 1339, 1355, 1356, 1361, 1366, 1372, 1375, 1376, 1380, 1381 Offset 3D Polyline, 244 Offset Cutoff, 187, 191, 1053, 1099 Offset Dimensions, 67, 118, 934936 Offset Point Entry, 297, 811 Offset Proles, 1047 Offsets & Intersections, 846, 847 Offset to Area, 202 Offset To Layer, 201 OLE objects, 382, 384 One Way Control, 769 Open, 168, 192, 206, 244, 258, 381, 390, 421, 434, 435, 476, 478, 479, 502, 511513, 553, 558, 560, 563, 601, 625, 631, 712, 865, 866, 894, 988, 994, 999, 1035, 1039, 1045, 1051, 1052, 1054, 1087, 1102, 1107, 1112, 1113, 1115, 1126, 1134, 1135, 11921194, 1197, 1201, 1202, 1204, 1209, 1233, 1254, 1302, 1314, 1341, 1343, 1345, 13481350, 1354, 1355, 1371, 13751379, 1384, 1395, 1402, 1445, 1446 Open Dos Drawing, 1127 Opening Closing and Saving, 1111 Index 1492 Overview Draw Standard Items, 310 Ownership, 27 Page Setup, 169, 382 Pan, 258, 259, 278, 283, 390, 472, 522, 623, 686, 741, 742, 789, 919, 1045, 1088, 1357, 1443 Parking, 850 PC, PT, Center, 287 PC, PT, Tangent, 287 PC, Radius, Arc Length, 288 PC, Radius, Chord, 288 PCMCIA card, 504 PC Point, 288 PDMODE, 477 PDSIZE, 389, 422 Perpendicular Intersect, 750, 846, 1214 Pick Current Layer, 1337 Pick Intersection Points, 744 Pick Layers to Freeze, 1335 Pick Layers to Thaw, 1335 Pick Layers to turn Off, 1336 Pick Layers to turn On, 1336 Pipe Polylines, 1074 Pipe Size, 27, 1053 PI Points, 789, 792, 802, 807 Pivot Point Rotate by Bearing, 215 Place Calls, 12641266, 1334 Place Camera Symbol/Image, 1103 Place Image by World File, 309, 1103 Place Labels, 1315 Plot, 169173, 228, 245, 246, 271, 296, 329, 352, 382, 383, 405, 441, 689, 842, 975, 1016, 1023, 1039, 1058, 1079, 1234, 1256, 1272, 1277, 1294, 1308, 1322, 1331 Plot Points and Symbols, 1257, 1258, 1260 Plot Points on Screen, 1257 Plot Preview, 169 Point Code, 1337, 1382 Point Defaults, 36, 37, 50, 279, 283, 299, 423, 424, 464, 473, 648, 735, 736, 743, 750, 758, 759, 765, 769, 771773 Point Description, 38, 39, 345, 427, 442, 474, 475, 736, 737, 742, 744, 757, 761, 810, 896, 975, 1063, 1249, 1257, 1260, 1261 Point Entity, 464, 676 Point Entity Grouping, 193 Point Group Manager, 447, 449, 452, 699, 1048 Point Groups, 1310, 1312 Point ID, 341, 441, 681, 1146, 1147, 1169, 1206, 1219, 1232, 1249, 12731276, 1296, 1307, 1317, 1340, 1352, 1366, 1367, 1376, 1377, 13791381 Point Label, 1279, 1307 Point Layer, 667, 761 Point Manager, 1284, 1287, 1288, 1291 Point Notes, 531, 651, 814 Point Number Report, 434, 443 Point Object Snap, 393, 415 Point on Arc, 756 Point Protect, 176, 179, 184, 430, 446, 493, 495, 496, 498, 499, 502, 505, 506, 530, 735 Point Range, 27, 436, 491 Points, 1339, 1345, 1352, 1358, 13781380, 1382 1384, 1401, 1403, 1414, 1423, 1429, 1434, 1443, 1465, 1470, 1474, 1476, 1479 Points and Lines, 1340 Points Menu, 421 Points on Arc, 1227 Points on Centerline, 812, 1079 Points on Line, 1223 Polygon Processor, 27 Polyline by Nearest Found, 333 Polyline File, 186188 Polyline Info, 348 Polyline Report, 725 Polylines by Point, 1261 Polyline to Centerline File, 797, 799 Polyline to Deed File, 726 Polyline to Lot File, 890 Polyline to RW5 File, 726 Polyline to Special Line, 966, 969 Polyline to Tree Line, 967 Pre-calculated grids, 27 Preferences, 378, 385, 414 Print View Print File, 1130 PRO, 15, 27, 3134, 176, 211, 356, 370, 714, 717, 729, 730, 1045, 10471051, 1066, 1077 1082, 11611163 Process Deed File, 696, 697, 726 Process Menu, 1422 Process Only Strata with Beds, 396 Product Overview, 2 Prole Conversions, 10801082 Prole from Grid or Triangulation Surface, 1047 Prole from Points on Centerline, 1048 Prole from Surface Entities, 1046 Prole to 3D Polyline, 1078 Prole To Points, 1078 Project Explorer, 13, 358, 360, 361, 363365, 369 Projections, 20 Project Setup, 401 Properties and Layers, 164 Properties Manager, 228, 270, 271 Properties Toolbar, 165, 270 Property lines, 61 Purge, 194, 195, 342, 369 Query, 1280, 1281, 1323 Index 1493 Quick Keys, 16, 29 Quick Prole, 1044, 1045 Quick Traverse, 1131, 1132, 1323, 1325, 1326, 1338 Radial Stake Out, 1238 Radial Stakeout, 762, 764, 1237 Radius Point, 281, 285, 291293, 347, 689, 725, 804, 1272 Railroad, 296, 940, 1079 Railroad Curves, 810 Railroad Curve Table, 951 Raster Image, 307 Raw File On/Off, 737 Raw Traverse Data, 1446 re-Associate Coord. le, 1281, 1282 Reactors, 192 Reame, 28 Reannotate, 924 Recover, 192 Redo, 197, 1343 Redraw, 256 Reduce Direct-Reverse, 544 Reduce Map Check File, 1202 Reduce Polyline Vertices, 187, 191, 231, 391, 881 Reduce Traverse, 1188, 1189, 1202 Reduce Vertices, 3, 987 Refresh Screen, 1283, 1284 Regen, 256 Registration, 10, 13 Remove Area Table Rows, 834 Remove Duplicate Polylines, 237 Remove Groups, 193 Remove Points from Screen, 1258 Remove Polyline Arcs, 237, 240 Remove Polyline Segment, 111, 154, 238 Remove Polyline Vertex, 238, 729 Remove Reactors, 192, 924 Remove Spaces From Text, 224 Remove XData, 194 Renumber Points, 442, 445, 474, 1289, 1296 repackaged, i Replace Text, 22, 225 Replot Descriptions, 975 Report Formatter, 2224, 26, 28, 243, 350, 361, 364, 390, 397, 401, 406, 429, 460, 513, 532, 558, 684, 687, 697, 715, 719, 720, 723, 798, 814, 815, 822, 825, 886, 896, 942, 1002, 1021, 1090 Report Grade Elevation, 814, 815 Report Log, 389 Report Sub-Area, 876 Rescale Drawing, 410 Resection, 752754, 1461 Residuals, 27, 295, 541, 606, 614, 779, 780, 784, 1468, 1484 Resize, 522 Resize Point Attributes, 469 Restore Due North, 268, 730, 947 Restore Layer, 56, 57, 64, 274, 275 Restore World View, 269 Reverse Calls, 1266 Reverse Polyline, 131, 132, 230, 797, 842 Right-of-Way Crossing Table, 898 Right-of-Way Easements, 1234 Right of Way, 785, 789, 791, 884, 901, 1323 Rigid Body Transformation, 440 Road Design, 27, 28, 714, 879, 1031 Roadside Ditch, 27 Roadways, 12341237 Rotate by Pick, 216 Rotate Points, 267, 422, 434, 443, 456, 1298 Rotate Text, 219, 937 Runoff, 27 Save, 168, 169, 174176, 193, 197, 261, 264, 271, 274, 308, 328, 358, 379, 381, 382, 388, 389, 401, 413, 420, 441, 449, 464, 475, 483, 504, 512, 513, 517, 561, 581, 584, 601, 648, 664, 694, 697, 705, 712, 789, 796, 798, 810, 821, 834, 882, 894, 899, 900, 902, 913, 922, 940, 942, 947, 961, 972, 989, 1006, 1045, 1051, 1054, 1077, 1090, 1091, 1093, 1094, 1105, 1112, 1114, 1116, 1175, 1227, 1231, 1287, 1288, 1343, 1349, 1371, 1395, 1405, 1408, 1438, 1446 Save/Load Tablet Calibration, 413 Save/Restore Layer State, 274 Save As, 169, 358, 405, 558, 561, 590, 648, 664, 694, 697, 857, 942, 955, 1006, 1113, 1114, 1343, 13601363, 1382, 1417 SB-Slope, 28 Scale, 218, 220, 226228, 259, 261, 305, 309, 312, 316325, 338, 352354, 389391, 410413, 424, 427, 434, 442, 443, 459461, 467471, 513, 527, 531, 536, 537, 540, 548, 550, 567, 594, 602, 667, 668, 670, 681, 728, 732, 733, 803, 809, 819, 820, 876, 900, 906908, 911 913, 917, 923, 930, 934, 935, 938, 940, 944, 966, 969, 974, 977, 983, 987, 989, 998, 999, 1005, 1052, 1055, 1056, 1058, 1060, 1110, 1202, 1208, 1259, 1299, 1308, 1319, 1330, 1332, 1350, 1353, 1421, 1422, 1439, 1446, 1464, 1471 Scale Point Attributes, 52, 468, 469 Scale Points, 459 Screen Pick Point, 442 SDPS, 397 Index 1494 Seam Stacking, 395 Search Published Control, 482 Section File, 713, 1129, 1130, 1135, 1313, 1341, 1342, 1375 Section Subdivision, 764 SEDCAD, 26 Select by Area, 251 Select by Block, 251 Select by Elevation, 250 Select by Filter, 249 Select by Length, 252 Selection of Items, 163 Select Similar, 252 Sequential Numbers, 137, 325, 844 Set/Reset X-Hairs, 411 Set Active Area Table, 832 Set Back Measure-Move, 851 Set Coordinate File, 421, 433, 509, 786 Set CRD File for Lot Files, 903 Set Current, 1309, 1337 Set Data Directory, 15 Set Default, 1309, 13601362, 1382 Set Drawing Standards Data Source, 314 Set Layer, 272 Set Line Type, 1244, 1245 Set Linework Angles To Nearest Second, 845 Set Linework Intersections To Perpendicular, 846 Set Lot File, 889 Set Point Elevations by 3D Polylines, 724 Set Point Elevations by Surface Model, 724 Set Polyline Origin, 240 Set Project/Data Folders, 356, 360 Set Table Position, 950 Settings File Manager, 401 Settings Menu, 351, 1345, 1350, 1359, 1371, 1373 1375, 1378, 1381, 1386, 1405 Setting Up a Project, 13 Set UCS to World, 413 Setup DOS Dwg, 1128 Sewer, 28, 60, 264, 322, 358, 1050, 1052, 1072, 1074 Sewer Network, 1071 Sewer Structure, 28, 324 Shade, 262, 662 SHP File, 1099 Shrink-Wrap Entities, 332 Side Shots, 736, 738, 740, 1196, 1198, 1422 Sight Distance, 537, 1052 Size Lot by Frontage, 885 Sketch, 969 Sketch Tree Line, 969 Sliding Side Area, 3, 135, 136, 838 Slope Distance, 507, 547, 548, 556, 561, 643, 739, 740, 754, 763, 1177, 1479 Slope Zone Analysis, 1039 Smart Prompting, 1086, 1087 SMI, 26, 486, 499, 515, 554, 786, 11841187 Smoothing, 261, 987, 1039 Smooth Polyline, 57, 232, 675 Snap Tolerance, 234, 781 Softdesk, 398, 477, 480, 514, 816, 10801082 Sokkia/SDR, 496, 497, 554, 1081 Sokkia G, 486, 498 Solar Observations, 774 Special Leader, 3, 70, 329 Special Line, 19 Special Line/Entity, 969 Spiral, 297, 702, 787, 790, 792795, 801, 802, 1228, 1230, 1231 Spiral Curve, 296 Spiral Curve Design, 1228 Spiral Curve Stakeout, 1230 Spiral In, 793 Spirals, 786 Spline, 127, 190, 1263, 1324 Split Bed by Parameters, 396 Split Table, 956 Split Text into Two Lines, 222 Spot Elevations, 19, 1026 Spot Elevations By Surface Model, 1025 SQL, 391, 421, 434, 436, 1084, 1392, 1411, 1458 SRVPNO, 340, 473, 668, 991 Stack Label Arc, 69, 70, 939 Stage-Storage, 394 Stake-Out, 1237, 1238 Stakeout Horizontal, 1231 Standard Align, 226 Standard Copy, 199 Standard Cul-de-Sac, 1236, 1237 Standard Explode, 203 Standard Offset, 201 Standard Report Viewer, 20, 44, 49, 142, 347, 349, 429, 532, 534, 700, 726, 955 Starting Survnet, 1392 Start Point Number, 424 Startup Wizard, 13, 15, 36, 45, 46, 104, 105, 123, 144, 389, 391 State Plane, 353, 438, 460, 538, 539, 582, 594, 609, 638, 642, 646, 1407, 1463 Station-Offset, 810, 812, 1221, 1279, 1280 Station/Elevation, 1070 Station Offset, 1218, 12201222 Station Offset From Coords, 1222 Station Polyline/Centerline, 798, 799, 802 Stockpile, 156, 158, 159, 1001 Store Project Archive, 377, 378 StrataCalc, 26, 397 Strata Isopach Maps, 26 Strata Quantities, 28 Index 1495 Superelevation, 28 Surface 3D FlyOver, 265 Surface 3D Viewer, 264 Surface Entities, 261, 981 Surface Inspector, 28 Surface Manager, 1007, 1012, 1014, 1035 Surface Menu, 980 Surface Model, 230, 263, 266, 282, 724, 1030, 1035, 1047, 1078 SurvCE, 18, 26, 28, 353, 486, 487, 490, 492, 494, 498, 512, 515, 539, 540, 556, 567, 586, 601, 655, 668, 678, 711713, 1100, 1101, 1106, 1107, 11561159, 1309, 1310, 1391, 1410, 1435, 1446 SurvCOGO, 515, 555 Survey Menu, 485 Surveyors Assistant, 486 Survey Text Defaults, 64, 66, 67, 114, 118, 934937 SurvNET, 562, 582, 595, 1324, 1341, 1345, 1354 1356, 1358, 1370, 1388, 1389, 13911393, 1395, 1410, 1442, 1446, 1456, 1459 SurvNET Editor, 1460 SurvStar, 486, 1105 Switch Bearing/Azimuth Quadrant, 926 Symbol Library, 17, 28, 299, 316, 422, 424, 670 Symbol Size, 62, 63, 118, 389, 482, 942, 966, 993, 1247, 1308, 1329 System Requirements, 4 System Variable Editor, 418 Table Defaults, 946, 950 Table Header, 900, 916, 917, 949, 950 Tables, 1266, 1268, 1269 Tablet Calibrate, 411 Tablet Calibration, 411413 Tag Area Descriptions, 836 Tag Hard Breakline Polylines, 1027 Tag Sub-Area, 875877 Tang, PC, Radius, Chord Length, 292 Tang, PC, Radius, Delta Angle, 293 Tangent, PC, Radius, Arc Length, 291 Tangent, PC, Radius, Tangent Length, 292 Tangent Between Curves, 1232 Tangent Intersect, 751, 1215 Tangent Line from Circles, 760 Tangent Out Bearing, 688 TDS, 2, 430, 486, 498, 499, 509, 515, 517, 558, 655, 816, 1160, 1164 TDS CR, 475 Technical Support, 30 Template Database, 10861089 Template Point Centerline, 797 Template Point Prole, 714 Temporary Erase, 199 Terramodel, 816, 1082 Text, 1277, 1278, 1316, 1321, 1323, 1328, 1358, 1381 Textbox, 975 Text Enlarge/Reduce, 42, 120, 218, 221 Text Explode To Polylines, 186, 223 Text on Arc, 1250 Text Plot Size, 47, 120 Text Size, 43, 65, 67, 68, 219, 325, 522, 819, 830, 831, 833, 834, 877, 942, 946, 947, 952, 1246, 1251, 1267, 1270 Text Style, 17, 76, 321, 324, 354, 730, 803, 809, 819, 830, 831, 833, 834, 900, 909, 911913, 934, 935, 946, 947, 951, 952, 962 Thaw/On All Layers, 274 Thaw ALL Layers, 1336 Thaw Layer, 17, 64, 156, 273, 454 Thaw Points, 454 Three Way Control, 772 TIF le, 309, 310, 1103, 1104 Tin, 1314, 1332 T Intersections, 1234 Title Block, 3, 39, 47, 71, 116, 407, 938 Toolbars, 403, 601, 1445 Tools Menu, 1433 Topographic Settings, 1314, 1315 Transformations, 1297, 1300, 1301, 1303, 1304 Transit, 535, 543, 689, 707, 1134, 1324, 1326 Translate Layers, 193 Translate Points, 267, 434, 443, 454, 461, 1297 Traverse, 734739, 863, 11311134, 1164, 1168, 1174, 1188, 1189, 11921198, 12001203, 1206, 1317, 1325, 1326, 1345, 1350, 1353 1355, 1360, 1392, 13981401, 1413, 1425, 1427, 1460, 1474, 1476 Triangle Solutions, 778 Triangulate &Contour, 981, 983, 993, 995, 996, 1000, 1027, 1039, 1042, 1078 Triangulation, 20, 26, 28, 176, 364, 393, 395, 398, 713, 718, 982, 983, 985, 986, 995, 1000, 1001, 10141016, 1020, 1039, 1042, 1047, 1048, 1242 Triangulation File Utilities, 1002, 1004 Trim, 29, 204, 224, 227, 430, 486, 496, 515, 558, 561, 565, 586, 599, 600, 655, 816, 1034, 1035, 1084, 1102, 1389, 1410, 1434, 1436 Trimble, 20, 180, 181 Trim by Point Symbol, 43, 472, 473 Trim Linework Through Text, 298 Turn OFF ALL Layers, 1336 Turn ON ALL Layers, 1337 Tutorials, 35 Twist, 18, 112114, 214, 216, 219, 269, 389, 468, 469, 810, 819, 947 Twist Point Attributes, 18, 113, 468 Index 1496 Twist Screen: Line Pline or Text, 268 Twist Screen: Standard, 267 Twist Screen: Surveyor, 268 Twist To 3D View, 269 Two Surface Volumes, 10191023, 1034 Two Way Control, 770, 771 Undo, 197, 204207, 236, 253, 273, 277, 279281, 283, 285, 313, 328, 441, 446, 456, 458, 517, 688690, 741, 786, 787, 823, 889, 890, 1051, 1343 Unequal Radius, 896 Units Control, 413 Universal Transverse Mercator, 437, 776 Unix, 374 Untag Area Descriptions, 837 Untag Hard Breakline Polylines, 1027 Untag Sub-Area, 875 Update Drawing from CRD File, 435, 442 Update Point Table, 946 Using the Carlson Software Manual, 2 Variable Offset, 201 Ventilation, 27 Vertical Adjustment, 1483 Vertical Angle, 507, 520, 529, 543, 548, 589, 643, 736, 739, 742, 743, 1177, 1326, 1351, 1416, 1480 Vertical Angle Mode, 424 Vertical Curve, 1218 Vertical Curve Design, 1232 View, 3, 17, 20, 22, 27, 29, 39, 40, 43, 44, 53, 56 61, 64, 75, 7779, 92, 108, 110, 112, 116, 130, 139, 155, 156, 162, 166, 172174, 194, 255, 257, 258, 260, 264, 265, 267269, 271 275, 307, 308, 355, 377, 390, 391, 399, 532, 533, 686, 700, 717, 721, 786788, 876, 894, 919921, 925, 938, 1018, 1019, 1021, 1028, 1029, 1035, 1058, 1104, 1121, 1130, 1131, 1144, 1267, 1296, 1327, 1340, 1344, 1350, 13561358, 1371, 1375 View Menu, 255, 1344, 1373, 1442 Viewpoint 3D, 266, 269, 985, 1018, 1019, 1038 Visual COGO, 738, 741 Visual Map Check, 1204 Volume, 3, 157, 158, 483, 1000, 1002, 1019, 1020, 10221025, 1034, 1078 Volumes By Layer, 1023 Volumes By Triangulation, 1000 Web Site, 30 What is New, 17 White Solid Behind Text, 298 Wild, 63, 122, 147, 190, 427, 430, 433, 504, 554, 717, 1081, 1082, 1170, 1174, 1175 Wildsoft, 442, 503, 504, 514 Windows Calculator, 1340 Write Block, 336 Write Polyline File, 186, 223 X Intersections, 1235 Xref Manager, 173, 174 Y Intersections, 1235 Zeiss, 432, 515 Zero Thickness, 396 Zone Polylines, 187 Zoom - Center, 256 Zoom - Dynamic, 256 Zoom - Extents, 257 Zoom - Previous, 256 Zoom - Window, 256 Zoom IN, 257 Zoom OUT, 257 Zoom Points, 257 Zoom Selection, 257 Zoom to Point ID, 1340 Index 1497