IT202

C Programming

Study Guide
Version 2.0
© 2006 by Global Business Unit – Higher Education
Informatics Holdings Ltd
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IT202
C Programming

Study Guide

Version 2.0
Revised in June 2006

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a

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The developer is wholly responsible for the contents, errors and omission.
TABLE OF CONTENTS IT202

CHAPTER 1: INTODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING

Objectives 1-1
1.1 Values in C 1-2
1.1.1 Numeric Values 1-2
1.1.2 Character Values 1-2
1.2 Variables in C 1-2
1.3 Data Types and Declaration 1-3
1.3.1 Declaration 1-3
1.3.2 Data Types 1-4
1.4 Arithmetic Expressions 1-5
1.4.1 Integer Arithmetic 1-6
1.5 Assignment 1-7
1.6 Sample Programs 1-8
1.7 Programming Exercise 1-10
1.8 Revision Exercise 1-13

CHAPTER 2: BUILDING SIMPLE C PROGRAM

Objectives 2-1
2.1 Output 2-2
2.1.1 Conversion Codes 2-2
2.1.2 Size Modifiers 2-3
2.2 Input 2-3
2.2.1 Conversion Codes 2-4
2.2.2 Prompts 2-4
2.2.3 Flushing the Input Stream 2-5
2.3 Sample Programs 2-6
2.4 Programming Exercise 2-9
2.5 Revision Exercise 2-12

CHAPTER 3: THE ITERATION STRUCTURE

Objectives 3-1
3.1 Structured Programming 3-2
3.2 Conditions 3-2
3.2.1 Relational and Equality Operators 3-2
3.2.2 Logical Operators 3-3
3.3 The if and else Statement 3-5
3.4 The switch Statement 3-6
3.5 Sample Programs 3-7
3.6 Programming Exercise 3-18
3.7 Revision Exercise 3-23

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TABLE OF CONTENTS IT202

CHAPTER 4: ITERATION

Objectives 4-1
4.1 The Iteration Structure 4-2
4.1.1 Pretest Loops 4-2
4.1.2 Posttest Loops 4-3
4.2 Accumulating and Counting 4-3
4.3 Counter-Controlled Loops 4-4
4.4 Nested Loops 4-5
4.5 Sample Programs 4-6
4.6 Programming Exercise 4-15
4.7 Revision Exercise 4-18

CHAPTER 5: FUNCTIONS

Objectives 5-1
5.1 Why Function are Used in C 5-2
5.2 The Structure of Functions 5-3
5.2.1 The Function Definition 5-3
5.2.2 Calling the Function 5-4
5.2.3 Function Prototype 5-4
5.2.4 Local Variables 5-5
5.2.5 Functions that Return a Value 5-6
5.2.6 Using Arguments to Pass Data to a Function 5-7
5.2.7 Passing Multiple Arguments 5-7
5.2.8 External Variables 5-8
5.3 Sample Programs 5-10
5.4 Programming Exercise 5-16
5.5 Revision Exercise 5-19

CHAPTER 6: ARRAYS

Objectives 6-1
6.1 Array Declaration 6-2
6.2 The Variable Defined Array 6-3
6.3 Sample Programs 6-4
6.4 Programming Exercise 6-10
6.5 Revision Exercise 6-13

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CHAPTER 7: STRING

Objectives 7-1
7.1 String Variables 7-2
7.2 String Input 7-3
7.3 String Output 7-4
7.4 String Manipulation 7-5
7.5 Character Classification 7-6
7.6 Sample Programs 7-7
7.7 Programming Exercise 7-15
7.8 Revision Exercise 7-18

CHAPTER 8: FILES

Objectives 8-1
8.1 Opening Files 8-2
8.1.1 Files Modes 8-2
8.1.2 Binary versus Text Files 8-3
8.2 Closing a File 8-3
8.3 Character Access to Files 8-3
8.4 Finding The End of A File 8-4
8.5 Sample Programs 8-5

CHAPTER 9: Record-Based Data

Objectives 9-1
9.1 Structures 9-2
9.1.1 Definition and Declaration 9-2
9.1.2 The sizeof a Structure 9-4
9.2 Accessing Structures 9-4
9.3 Arrays of Structure 9-5
9.4 Files and Structure 9-5
9.5 Sample Programs 9-7

CHAPTER 10: PROJECT GUIDELINES 10-1

APPENDIX A: LESSON PLAN A-1

APPENDIX B: REVISION EXERCISE ANSWERS B-1

APPENDIX C: PROGRAMMING EXERCISE SOLUTIONS C-1

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING IT202

Chapter 1 – Introduction To C Programming

Objectives

Students would learn how to form a simple C program and expose to C language step
by step. Additionally, students would know fundamentals of C language.

• Understand what is variable in C

• Know what is data type, and the data types available in C language
• Know how to declare different variable with appropriate data type
• Know and learn how arithmetic operators are used in C program
• Know how to interpret C arithmetic operation in C
• Learn how to display messages and values on screen

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING IT202

1.1 Values in C
There are two types of values in C known Integral and Real numbers. Due to different
storage space is required for different values, students have to know the type of values in
order to declare some memory spaces to store them.

1.1.1 Numeric Values

There are two categories of numeric values: real numbers, those allow decimal points;
and integral, or whole numbers. In C, decimal numbers in either category can be
expressed exactly as we do in normal math.

1.1.2 Character Values

Character value consists of a letter or other character surrounded by single quotes. A
character is a one-byte space in memory in which the character constants, such as ‘a’ or
‘X’, can be stored. The type name for character is char. Some characters in ASCII are not
on the keyboard and therefore would be difficult to show in character notation. In C, we
represent these characters with special characters, each of which consists of a backslash
(\) followed by a printable character. Even though two characters are shown within the
quotes but they are stored as a single character. The following is a list of special
characters in C.

\0 Null (absence of character)

\a Audible alarm (alarm)
\b Backspace
\f Form feed
\n New line
\r Carriage return
\t Horizontal tab
\v Vertical tab
\’ Apostrophe (single quote)
\” Quote (double quote)
\? Question mark
\\ Backlash

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1.2 Variables in C
Variables represent some segment of memory location in computer. Different values
placed in the storage depend on the value type. Variable should be declared prior to
storage of any values. When declaring variables in C, rules must be followed, such as:

• Use alpha characters such as A though Z or a through z, numeric characters such

as 0 though 9.

• Spacing in a variable name is not allowed. If the variable name contains more
than one word, there should be underscore in place of the space. For example,
gross pay should be GrossPay, gross_pay or Gross_Pay.

• Variable name must begin with an alpha character or an underscore, not a

number. For example, Farley and _Age are valid variable names, but 2bad and
2Bad are not valid variable names.

• C is case-sensitive; upper- and lowercase characters are not treated the same. For
example, Total, total, and TOTAL would be considered as three different variable
names. For readability, many C programmers capitalized the first character of
each word in the variable and limit the use of the underscore.

• Reserve words are not allowed. The C compiler looks for certain key words,
words with special meanings, when it compiles the program. They are treated as
reserved words – set aside for use by the compiler. A list of ANSI C’s 32
reserved words is shown in Table 1-1:

Table 1-1 C’s Reserved Words

auto double int struct

break else long switch

case enum register typedef

char extern return union

const float short unsigned

continue for signed void

default goto sizeof volatile

do if static while

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1.3 Data Types and Declarations

Data type is some reserve words used to specify the values whether they are integral, real,
character, etc. Different storage space would be allocated depends on the Data Type.
Declaration is a process of reserving storage area in order to store different values
temporary.

1.3.1 Declaration

Whenever we use a value or a variable, we will declare it and its data type. Variables
must be explicitly declared before they are used. Each declaration statement in C
language must end with a semicolon. A declaration performs a number of functions such
as (i) it directs C as to how to store the value, (ii) it allocates memory to the value or
variable, and the type of declaration tells the computer how much memory required, and
(iii) it initializes a variable by assigning a meaningful value to that space in memory.
There is various way of declaring variables, and the following are some examples of
variable declaration.

Example:

int GrossPay;

int NetPay = 0; declaration & initialization

int Value1, Value2, Value3;

int Range1 = 1, Range2 = 100;

1.3.2 Data Types

Integral Data Type

Integral data types allow only integral, or whole, numbers with no decimal points.
Integral data type can be singed or unsigned. The signed integral data type means that the
value may be either positive or negative. Generally, we do not need to specify whether a
variable is singed because by default it is so. The unsigned data type means the number
may only be positive.

Additionally, integral data type may be either short or long, whereby it tells the computer
the size of the integral number. In most of the cases, short is 16 bits and long is 32 bits.
There are different ranges of value allowed for short and long integral numbers; Figure

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1-1 shows all the ranges. The following are some examples of integral variable
declaration.

Example:

int CurrentPage, LastPage;

short Age;

unsigned Value = 100;

unsigned long LargeNumbers;

signed short SmallValues;

Floating-Point Data Type

Real numbers, those with decimal points, are stored as floating-point data types. For
floating-point values, the computer stores the mantissa and the exponent. The memory
space allocated to the number is fixed, depending on the data type we declare, and is
divided between mantissa and exponent.

There are three different floating-point data types: float, double, and long double. These
data types are differ from each other in terms of the size. Generally, a float is 32 bits, a
double is 64 bits, and a long double is 80 bits. Unlike integral data types, floating-point
data types always allow positive or negative values, and so cannot have unsigned or
signed. When declaring a long double, to be sure to state long double, not just long,
because that would default to a long int. There are different ranges of value allowed for
floating-point data types as shown in Figure 1-1. The following are some examples of
floating-point variable declaration.

Example:

float WageRange = 12.78;

double Area, Volume;

long double Humongous;

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Figure 1-1 Data Types and Their Range

1.4 Arithmetic Expressions

In C, an expression is anything that can be simplified into a single value, such as
formulas. An arithmetic expression consists of values and/or variables connected by
arithmetic operators, which tell the computer how to combine the values. Many
expressions, such as 12 + 9 / 3, have more than one operator. There are strict rules about
which operation is to be done first no matter where it occurs in the expression. The rules
involve precedence, a hierarchy or ranked order of operations that dictates the types of
operations that are to be performed before other types; and associativity rules, which
dictates order if two operations have the same level of precedence. Table 1-2 shows the
arithmetic operators in precedence, highest first, and their associativity.

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Table 1-2 Arithmetic Operators in Precedence

Level Type Associativity Operator Symbol Example
1 Unary Right to left Negate - -4
Plus + +4
2 Multiplicative Left to right Multiply * 3*3
Divide / 10 / 5
Remainder % 7%5
3 Additive Left to right Add + 10 + 9
Subtract - 10 – 9
4 Assignment Right to left Equals = A = 10

1.4.1 Integer Arithmetic

C performs its arithmetic to the data types on which it is currently operating. If the data
types in a particular operation are integer then the result will also be integer. When
dividing an integer by an integer the result will be an integer – a truncated version of
what a floating-point division would yield. The result of the expression 3 /2 is 1, not 1.5.
Since both 3 and 2 are integers, an integer calculation will be done, producing an integer
result. There is not a round-off but a truncation; the result is not 2, but 1.
The remainder (or modulus) operator - % symbol, is valid only with positive integers.
The result of is the remainder after dividing the value before the operator by the value
after the operator. The result of the expression 5 % 3 is 2 because 5 divided by 3 is 1 with
a remainder of 2. The following are more examples of remainder operation in C.

Example:
13 % 3 = 1
1%5=1
1%3=1
8%3=2
14 % 1002 = 14

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1.5 Assignment
As mentioned earlier, variables identify spaces in main memory. These spaces are
variable because they can contain various and changeable values. Putting a value into one
of these spaces is known as assignment. We usually refer to “assigning a value to a
variable,” but technically, we are writing a value into the memory space identified by the
variable.

Sometime, we must also make assignments as part of our program. For example, we wish
to store the results of calculation in variable, but all of them follow this fundamental rule:

A variable may have only ONE value at a time

We may assign many different values to a variable, but each time we do, we write to the
memory space reserved for that variable. The standard assignment operator is the equal
sign (=). The following are some valid assignment statements:

Example:

x =17;

x = (y + 4) / 10;

Total = GrossPay + OvertimeAmount;

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1.6 Sample Programs

Program 1-1
#include <stdio.h>
void main(void)
{
int a;
a = 10;

printf(“The value in a is %i\n”, a);

}

Output
The value in a is 10.

Program 1-2
#include <stdio.h>
void main(void)
{
printf(“Here is the character %c\n”, ‘X’);
printf(“and the numbers %i and %g\n”, 100, 235.654);
printf(“Now we print %i as a number\n”, ‘X’);
}

Output
Here is the character X
And the numbers 100 and 235.654
Now we will print 88 as a number

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Program 1-3

#include <stdio.h>
void main(void)
{
int a, b;
a =30;
b = 10;

printf(“The value in a is: %i\n”, a);

printf(“The value in b is: %i\n”, b);
printf(“The addition result is: %i\n”, a+b);
printf(“The subtraction result is: %i\n”, a-b);
}

Output
The value in a is: 30
The value in b is: 10
The addition result is: 40
The subtraction result is: 20

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING IT202

1.7 Programming Exercise

1. Write a program to give some information about yourself. It should produce

something like the following:

NAME: your name

MAJOR:
OTHER COMPUTER COURSE TAKEN:
OCCUPATION:

2. Write a program to find the average of the four values 4, 42, 16.7, and .0045.

Variables:
v1, v2, v3, v4
Average

Output
The four numbers are:
4 42 16.7 0.0045
The average is:
15.676126

3. Write a program that produces a bill and coin breakdown for an amount of
money. Initialize the amount in the float variable known as dollars and use the
cents variable to keep track of the amount not yet converted to bills and coins.
You will have to make use of integer arithmetic and the remainder in this
program.

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING IT202

Variables
dollars (float)
cents (int)

Output
The coin breakdown for 7.73 dollars is:
Dollar bills: 7
Fifty cents: 1
Twenty cents: 1
Ten cents: 0
Five cents: 0
One cents: 3

4. There are 12 inches in a foot. Write a program in which you initialize the integer
variable inches to a value, say 46, assign the number of feet to feet, and print the
result.

Variables
Inches, feet

Output
56 inches is 3.83333 feet

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING IT202

1.8 Revision Exercise

1. Of the following, which are invalid variable names? Why are they invalid?
i. Gnash
ii. union
iii. 9Times
iv. too_many

2. Explain why are the following declarations are invalid?

i. Unsigned float zip = 46;
ii. Double Dip;
iii. Short stuff, pants = 12.6;
iv. Long double disaster

3. In the C you use, in what data types of the following values be stored? In what
data types could they actually fit?
i. 91
ii. 45
iii. 48652
iv. 16.25

4. What are the values and data types of the following expression?
i. 7/4
ii. 9 / 2. + 25 / 3
iii. 6 + 4.8 / 2 * 3
iv. 25 % 5 + 12.5 * 2 / 5

5. If x = 5 and y = 2 and both are integers, what are the values of the following
expressions?
i. x % y + 14.6 / y
ii. y = 1. * x / 2 + 3.5
iii. y=y*x
iv. y = 16.2 * x / 3

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING IT202

6. Briefly describe the following

i. Which characters can be used in C variable names? What can the name
start with?
ii. Are books and BOOKS the same variable?
iii. What does the data type say about a value or variable?
iv. What does a declaration do in a program?
v. Which data types are integral? Which are floating-point?
vi. What characters do we use at the end of numbers to declare values as
unsigned? Long? Unsigned long? Float? Long double?
vii. How do we put a quote mark in string value?
viii. How does C interpret two string values separated only by whitespace?

7. State whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE.

i. All single statements in C can extend over several lines in the

program.
ii. Variable names in C are not case-sensitive.
iii. Name and name would refer to the same variable.
iv. Variable names should never be identical to any of C’s reserved
words.
v. The initialization of a variable in a declaration is optional.
vi. If a value has no decimal point, it is integral.
vii. An unsigned int cannot be zero.
viii. There are no string variables in C.
ix. The associativity rule applies when two operations are on the same
precedence level.
x. + has higher precedence then -.

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CHAPTER 2: BUILDING SIMPLE C PROGRAM IT202

Chapter 2 – Building Simple C Program

Objectives
In chapter two students would learn more functions such as printf( ) and sanf( ). The
chapter enables students to expose to two basic functions of C for message displaying and
data entry.

• Understand how to prompt messages on the screen for data entry purposes
• Learn how to capture data by incorporating the scanf( ) function
• Understand why and when to include appropriate Conversion Codes in C program
• Understand and appreciate the purpose of Size Modifiers in C program
• Create simple data entry program to capture input temporary

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CHAPTER 2: BUILDING SIMPLE C PROGRAM IT202

2.1 Output
Output in C means display messages and values on screen. The printf( ) function is used
to produce output. When use the printf( ) function to display something, appropriate
Conversion Code should be included depends on the type of values to be displayed. The
Size Modifiers enables a programmer to format the output for variable.

2.1.1 Conversion Codes

Conversion codes in C are used to reserve space in the output for some other values to
print – the value of a variable or expression, and to show how those values should be
converted to characters and printed. All conversion codes begin with a % symbol and
with a type specifier. A list of conversion codes for printf( ) is found in Table 2-1. The
following example illustrates how conversion code is used.

Example:
void main(void)
{
int x = 100;
printf(“The value in variable x is: %i”, x);
}
Explanation:

All the characters in the format are printable except the conversion code %i, which
reserves space for an integer value to print. The format requires a value to fill in that
space, so C takes the value of x, and puts it there.

Table 2-1: Data Type Specifiers for printf( )

Specifier Data Type Sample Output
c char “%c”, ‘A’ A
d int “%d”, 123 123
i int “%i”, 345 345
f float or double “%f”,123.45 123.450000
g float or double “%g”, 123.45 123.45
“%g”, 123.00 123

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2.1.2 Size Modifiers

Size modifier normally appears before the type specifier. We may set the minimum width
of a print field by putting a number before the type specifier, if one exists. The format of
the size modifier with width and precision is as below:

%[width][.precision][size] type

Example:

Statement Output

“%4i”, 123 *123

“%04i”, 123 0123

“%8.2f”, 12.34 ***12.34

“%.2f”, 1223.24 1223.24

“%1.2f”, 1234.23 1234.23

“%5.1f”, 12.3678 *12.4

Note: * denote space

The width parameter is the minimum width. If the value to be printed has more
characters than the minimum, the entire value will be printed. By default, fields with
specified widths will be right-justified, that is, line up on the right side. They will be
padded with leading spaces. In addition to the width, the precision parameter comes after
the width if there is one, before the size modifier if there is one, and always starts with a
decimal point. The precision parameter for floating point data type specifies the number
of digits after the decimal point; the value will be rounded to that number of digits. The
width is the minimum width of the entire field, inclusive of signs (negative or positive),
decimal points, and digits after the decimal point.

2.2 Input
The input in C enables user to enter values for e.g. data entry. The function enables
programmer to prompt for data entry during program execution. Appropriate Conversion
Codes should be specified in order to display the required value. Consider the following
example:

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Example:

scanf(“control string”, location, location, …., location)

or

scanf(“%f %i”, &a, &b);

Explanation:

The scanf( ) function takes input characters and then divide them into sets of characters
to convert to appropriate data types for the locations. The ampersands (&) in front of the
variable a, and b is the locations in main memory – the memory addresses of a, and b.

2.2.1 Conversion Codes

When the scanf( ) function executes, it matches the character in the input stream with the
characters in the control string. A single conversion code in the control string will match
input characters following the steps below:

1. Leading white space characters (spaces, tabs, and newlines) are skipped (except
for type specifier c). A previous scanf( ) will leave a newline in the input stream.

2. Subsequent characters will be taken for conversion and assignment up to the first
character that is inappropriate for the data type.

For example, if the input characters are ***46.8\n (the * indicates a space), a %i
conversion code would skip the three spaces and store the value 46 at the memory
location of the variable, leaving the characters .8\n for the next match. The conversion
stopped there because a decimal point is not an appropriate character for an integer
conversion.

2.2.2 Prompts

The printf( ) before each scanf( ) is known as prompt. The printf( ) exist to display
something on the screen to tell the person at the keyboard what to type in.

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2.2.3 Flushing the Input Stream

If the person at the keyboard is not careful to give responses that fit the control string in
the scanf( ), there is a chance that extra characters will be left in the input stream waiting
to be converted by the next scanf( ). Consider the following example:

Sample program run:

Enter an integer: 1.23
Enter a float: Integer: 1. Float: 0.23000

In the sample program run, 1.23 was typed in as the integer. The scanf( ) converted to the
first inappropriate character, the decimal point, and assigned the value 1 to the next
variable (of the float type). At that point, the input stream contained .23. The next scanf()
found characters in the stream, and they were appropriate for a float, so without waiting
for any further input, it converted them and assigned the value 0.23 to the next variable
(of the float type). To clean up some of the problems we may encounter from characters
left in the input stream, we can empty the stream with the following statement:

while (getchar( ) != ‘\n’);

OR

fflush(stdin);

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2.3 Sample Programs

Program 2-1

#include <stdio.h>
#define FEET_METER 3.2808

void main(void)
{
char letter = ‘A’;
int meters = 2;
float feet = 25.8;

printf(“The character %c can also be interpreted as the number %i\n”,

letter, letter);
printf(“At %f feet per meter, %i meters is %g feet.\n”,
FEET_METER, meters, meters * FEET_METER);
printf(“%f feet is %g meters.\n”, feet, feet / FEET_METER);
}

Output
The character A can also be interpreted as the number 65.
At 3.280800 feet per meter, 2 meters is 6.5616 feet.
25.799999 feet is 7.86394 meters.

Program 2-2

#include <stdio.h>

void main(void)
{
long eastville = 322536, westport = 643, gotham = 6445821;

printf(“Eastville had %6li people.\n”,eastville);

printf(“Westport has %6li people.\n”, westport);
printf(“Gotham has %6li people.\n”, gotham);
}

Output
Eastville has 322536 people.
Westport has 643 people.
Gotham has 6445821 people.

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Program 2-3

#include <stdio.h>

void main(void)
{
float x = 1.2345;
int y = 1;

printf(“Number positions: 123456\n”);

printf(“The value of x is %6.2f\n”, x);
printf(“The value of x is %6.2f\n”, x);
printf(“The value of y is %6.2i\n”, y);
}

Output
Number positions: 123456
The value of x is 1.23
The value of x is 1.2
The value of y is 01

Program 2-4
#include <stdio.h>

void main(void)
{
float food, drink, tip, total, tax, bill;

printf(“Food total: ”);

scanf(“%f”, &food);
printf(“Beverages: ”);
scanf(“%f”, &drink);
printf(“Tip: ”);
scanf(“%f”, &tip);
total = food + drink + tip;
tax = total * 0.06;
printf(“Tax: %6.2f\n”, tax);
bill = total + tax;
printf(“Please pay: %6.2f\n”, bill);
}

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Output
Food total: 34.82
Beverages: 16.75
Tip: 6
Tax: 3.45
Please pay: 61.02

Program 2-5

#include <stdio.h>

void main(void)
{ int i;
long l;
float f;
double d;

printf("Enter values for an int and a long: ");

scanf("%i %li", &i, &l);
printf("Your int is %i and long is %li.\n\n", i, l);

printf("Now, enter values for a float and a double: ");

scanf("%f %lf", &f, &d);
printf("Your float is %f and double is %f.\n\n", f, d);

printf("Enter more values for a float and a double: ");

scanf("%f %f", &f, &d);
printf("Your float is %g and double is %g.\n", f, d);
}

Output
Enter values for an int and a longl: 524 79735
Your int is 524 and long is 79735

Now, enter values for a float and a double: 12.345 12.34567890123

Your float is 12.345000 and double is 12.345679

Enter more values for a float and a double: 98.765 98.7654321

Your float is 98.765 and double is 12.3457

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CHAPTER 2: BUILDING SIMPLE C PROGRAM IT202

2.4 Programming Exercise

1. Write a program that accepts two numbers from the keyboard and prints the
following information.

Variables
first
second

Output
First number? 7
Second number? 2
The second number goes into first 3 times
with a remainder of 1.
The quotient is 3.5.

2. Write a program to print out a customer bill for Ajax Auto Repair. The parts and
labor charges are input and a 6 percent sales tax is charged on parts but not on
labor. Your program should display the following information.

Variables
Parts
Labor
SalesTax
Total

Output
PARTS? 104.50
LABOR? 182.15
AJAX AUTO REPAIR
SERVICE INVOICE
PARTS $104.50
LABOR 182.15
SALES TAX 6.27
TOTAL $292.92

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3. Write a program that will accept keyboard input of various coins and return the
total value.

Variables
input ( value from keyboard)
total (to accumulate the value of the inputs)

Output
Fifty cents? 3
Twenty cents? 2
Ten cents? 1
Five cents? 2
One cents? 3
Your total is: $ 1.93.

4. Write a program that accepts a number of seconds from the keyboard and
converts it into days, hours, minutes, and seconds. Use integer arithmetic and the
remainder operator.

Variables
seconds

Output
How many seconds? 106478
Days: 1
Hours: 5
Minutes: 34
Seconds: 38

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CHAPTER 2: BUILDING SIMPLE C PROGRAM IT202

5. Ajax would like a program to compute an employee’s paycheck. The employee’s

gross pay is the hours worked times the hourly pay. Income tax withholding,
FICA tax, payroll savings plan, retirement, and health insurance are subtracted
from the gross pay. From time to time the various rates for these deductions
change, so the values should be put in #define directives.

Constants

FIT_RATE 15% of gross pay

FICA_RATE 6.2% of gross pay
SAVINGS_RATE 3% of gross pay
RETIREMENT_RATE 8.5% of gross pay
HEALTH_INS $3.75 of employee

Variables

Hours
HourlyPay
GrossPay
FIT Federal income tax witholding
FICA Social security tax witholding
Savings Payroll savings
Retirement
NetPay Gross pay less deductions

Output

HOURS? 40
HOURLY PAY? 7.50

GROSS PAY: $300.00

FEDERAL INCOME TAX: $45.00

FICA: $18.60
PAROLL SAVINGS: $ 9.00
RETIREMENT: $25.50
HEALTH INSURANCE: $ 3.75

NET PAY: $198.15

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CHAPTER 2: BUILDING SIMPLE C PROGRAM IT202

2.5 Revision Exercise

1. Write the printf( ) conversion codes to provide the proper output from the values
given. The vertical bar ( | ) shows the whole field including spaces (* denotes a
space). If vertical bars are not given, no width should be specified.

a. 46 |46*|
b. 8.046 |**8.05|
c. 73.28 |73.3*|
d. 86425 |*086425|
e. 214 214.00
f. ‘C’ 67
g. 67 C
h. 35.6 |***35.600|

2. Show the output of these values given the printf( ) conversion codes (use * to
denote space).

a. ‘A’ %3i
b. ‘A’ %c
c. 4.26 %6.1f
d. 425 %g
e. 381.67 %3.1f
f. 16 %4.3i
g. 1.2345 %.2f
h. 52 %5i

3. Briefly describe the following:

a. What is the purpose of a conversion code in either printf( ) or scanf( )?

b. What character begins a conversion code and what character ends it?
c. What is a size modifier in a conversion code, and what are the possible ones
for printf( ) and scanf( )?
d. What is a width parameter in a conversion printf( ) code?
e. What is the precision parameter in a scanf( )?

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CHAPTER 2: BUILDING SIMPLE C PROGRAM IT202

f. What is a prompt, and how do we display one?

g. How can we empty the input stream?

4. State whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE.

i. All conversion codes begin with an ‘*’.
ii. When inputting integer data into an int variable using %i, blanks are
not skipped.
iii. When inputting char data into a char variable using %c, blanks are not
skipped.
iv. printf( ) and scanf( ) have control strings.
v. It is not possible to print a floating-point number without printing a
decimal point.
5. Fill in the blanks with most appropriate word.
i. The directive __________ establishes a character replacement for a C
program.
ii. The %c conversion code is best used for printing __________ data.
iii. The notation ________ means the address of the variable a.

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CHAPTER 3: THE SELECTION STRUCTURE IT202

Chapter 3 – The Selection Structure

Objectives

The Selection Structure in C enables decisions to be incorporated. Students would

learn and appreciate the purpose of including Selection Structure in C program.
Additionally, students would expose to various Selection Structure programs in C.

• Understand the concept and purpose of Selection Structure in C

• Know how to incorporate decision making in C program
• Learn if, switch reserve words in C and how to include them in program
• Appreciate the importance and know the application of Selection Structure in C
program

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CHAPTER 3: THE SELECTION STRUCTURE IT202

3.1 Structured Programming

The technique of structured programming simplifies the programming process by using
only three types of programming patterns, called control structures, to build programs. By
using them in various combinations you can write any program. The three structures are:

Sequence. A sequence structure is one operation after another. This is the structures been
demonstrated in the previous chapter’s program.

Selection. A selection structure is a choice between sets of operations. There will be some
sample programs on Selection structure in this chapter.

Iteration. An iteration structure is a repetition of a set of operations, which would be

discussed on next chapter.

3.2 Conditions
A condition enables the computer to perform certain tasks base on the outcome of
evaluation. The statements execution would not be in any sequence whereby some
statements might not be executed. Execution is normally base on the outcome of
conditions – true or false. A condition contains one or more comparisons that relate one
to another. Comparisons can be achieved by incorporating Relational operators and
Logical operators in a condition. A condition in C typically consists of one or more
comparisons that relate one value to another.

Example:

x + 10 > 20

Explanation:
The above example condition compares the value of the expression x + 10 with the value
of 20. An expression is anything that reduces to a single value. The comparison operator,
> tells the computer how the comparison should be made.

3.2.1 Relational and Equality Operators

The comparison operator comes from one of two categories: relational operators and
equality operators. The relational operators have higher precedence than equality
operators. Table 3-1 shows a list of relational and equality operators. The equal operator
(==) is not the same as the assignment operator (=).

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Table 3-1: Relational, Equality, and Logical Operators

Operator Symbol Example
Unary – Right-to-left associativity
Logical NOT ! !(a > b)
Relational – Left-to-right associativity
Greater > a+b>c–3
Less < x<y
Greater or equal >= Total >= 1000
Less or equal <= Cost <= 20
Equality – Left-to-right associativity
Equal == value == y
Not equal != NewAmount != OldAmount
Logical – Left-to-right associativity
AND && Value1 && Value2
OR || Value1 || Value2

3.2.2 Logical Operators

Conditions can consists of one or more comparison. Multiple conditions can be tied
together with two or more logical operators – AND (&&) and OR (||). The AND (&&)
operator is higher in precedence than OR (||) operator. Both of them however, are lower
than comparison operators, but higher than assignment operator. Order of evaluation can
be adjusted any way we want by using parameters.

AND Operator
If the comparison on both sides is true, then the whole condition is true. If even one
comparison is false, then the whole condition is false.

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CHAPTER 3: THE SELECTION STRUCTURE IT202

C1 && C2 Result
True True True
True False False
False True True
False False False

Example:

Conditions Result
2 + 7 != 38 / 2 False
16 % 3 < 22 == 6 / 3 >= 2 True
9 >- 7 + 3 && 7 % 3 == 1 True

OR Operator
By using the OR ( | | ) operator, if either or both of the comparisons are true, then the
whole condition is true. Both comparisons would have to be false for the whole condition
to be false.
C1 || C2 Result
True True True
True False True
False True True
False False False

Example:
Conditions Result
6 > 2 || 25 / 5 == 4 True
7 <= 9 || 6 > 5 && 7 == 2 True
(7 <= 9 || 6 > 5) && 7 == 2 False

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CHAPTER 3: THE SELECTION STRUCTURE IT202

NOT Operator
The NOT operator acts on only one expression. The logical NOT operator makes what
was true false, and what was false true.

3.3 The if and else Statement

A selection structure in C is represented by if statement. Referring to Figure 3-1 and
Figure 3-1. The selection structure shown in Figure 3-1 has one task/statement to be
performed. In contrast the structure shown in Figure 3-2 contain few tasks/statements to
be performed base on the outcome of the condition evaluation. In a selection structure, if
a condition produce a true outcome, the immediate statement(s) would be performed.
However, if a condition produce a false outcome, the statement(s) after the else clause
would be performed.

Figure 3-1: Selection structure with one task/statement

if (condition) if (condition)
statement; OR statement;
else
statement;

Figure 3-2: Selection structures with more than one tasks/statements

if (condition) if(condition)
{ {
statement; statement;
statement; OR statement;
} }
else
{
statement;
statement;
}

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CHAPTER 3: THE SELECTION STRUCTURE IT202

3.4 The switch Statement

Apart from if statement, a selection structure in switch statement is an alternative method.
The switch statement simplifies the selection structure especially when there are multiple
branches for statement execution. However, the switch statement has some limitations
such as it only allow integral expressions or any other integral value and the case
statement only evaluates integral value such as int or char. Figure 3-3 shows a basic
structure for the switch statement.

Figure 3-3: Switch structure

switch (integral_expression)
{
case integral_value:
statement;
statement;
………
break;
case as many as are necessary;
default:
statement;
statement;
}

The integral_expression following the switch key word must evaluate to some integral
data type, char or int; floating-point results are not allowed. The value of the expression
becomes a case value to be matched to the possible case identifiers within the statement
block following the switch. For example, if the integral_expression evaluated to 6, the
switch would look for case 6:.

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3.5 Sample Programs

Program 3-1

#include <stdio.h>
#define SECRET 10

void main(void)
{ int guess;

printf("What's your guess? ");

scanf("%i", &guess);
if (guess == SECRET)
printf("You guessed that ");
printf("the secret number was %i.\n", SECRET);
}

Output
What’s your guess? 10
You guessed that the secret number was 10.

What’s your guess? 42

The secret number was 10.

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CHAPTER 3: THE SELECTION STRUCTURE IT202

Program 3-2

#include <stdio.h>

#define SECRET 0.1

#define ACCEPT 0.01
void main(void)
{ float guess;

printf("What's your guess? ");

scanf("%f", &guess);
if (guess >= SECRET - ACCEPT && guess <= SECRET + ACCEPT)
printf("You guessed that ");
printf("the secret number was %g.\n", SECRET);
}

Output
What’s your guess? 0.1
You guessed that the secret number was 0.1.

What’s your guess? 0.15

The secret number was 0.1.

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CHAPTER 3: THE SELECTION STRUCTURE IT202

Program 3-3
#include <stdio.h>

void main(void)
{ float weight, price = .2;

printf("Enter weight of apple: ");

scanf("%f", &weight);
printf("Eve's ");
if (weight > 10)
{ printf("Premium ");
price = price + .1;
}
else
{ printf("Juicy ");
}
printf("Apple. $%4.2f.\n", price);
}

Output

Enter weight of apple: 9.2

Eve’s Juicy apple. $0.20.

Enter weight of apple: 10.1

Eve’s Premium apple. $0.30.

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CHAPTER 3: THE SELECTION STRUCTURE IT202

Program 3-4

#include <stdio.h>
void main(void)
{ float weight, price = .2;

printf("Enter weight of apple: ");

scanf("%f", &weight);
printf("Eve's ");
if (weight > 10)
{ printf("Premium ");
price = price + .1;
}
else
{ if (weight > 8)
{ printf("Juicy ");
}
else
{ if (weight > 6)
{ printf("Snack ");
price = price - .05;
}
else
{ printf("Cooking ");
price = price - .1;
}
}
}
printf("Apple. $%4.2f.\n", price);
}

Output

Enter weight of apple: 12

Eve’s Premium apple. $0.30.

Enter weight of apple: 7.5

Eve’s Snack apple. $0.15.

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CHAPTER 3: THE SELECTION STRUCTURE IT202

Program 3-5
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <ctype.h>

void main(void)
{
float Amt=0, TaxRate;
char Code;

gotoxy(5,10);
printf("Enter your country code [S/M/I]: ");
scanf(" %c", &Code);
gotoxy(5,11);
cprintf("Enter your purchase amount: ");
scanf("%f", &Amt);
if (toupper(Code) == 'S')
{
gotoxy(38,10);
printf("Singapore (8% tax rate)\n");
TaxRate = 0.08;
}
else
if(toupper(Code) == 'M')
{
gotoxy(38,10);
printf("Malaysia (6% tax rate)\n");
TaxRate = 0.06;
}
else
if(toupper(Code) == 'I')
{
gotoxy(38,10);
printf("Indonesia (3% tax rate)\n");
}
else
{
gotoxy(38,10);
printf("Invalid code\n");
}
gotoxy(5,14);
printf("Tax amount: %.2f", Amt * TaxRate);
gotoxy(5,15);
printf("Amount payable: %.2f", Amt + Amt * TaxRate);
}

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CHAPTER 3: THE SELECTION STRUCTURE IT202

Output
Enter your country code [S/M/I]: S Singapore (8% tax rate)
Enter your purchase amount: 100
Tax amount: 8.00
Amount Payable: 108.00

Enter your country code [S/M/I]: M Malaysia (6% tax rate)

Enter your purchase amount: 100
Tax amount: 6.00
Amount Payable: 106.00

Enter your country code [S/M/I]: I Indonesia (3% tax rate)

Enter your purchase amount: 100
Tax amount: 3.00
Amount Payable: 103.00

Program 3-6
#include <stdio.h>
void main(void)
{
int Age;

printf("Enter your age (1-99 only): ");

scanf("%i", &Age);
if(Age > 1)
if(Age < 99)
printf("Valid age!\n");
else
printf("Invalid age!\n");
}

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CHAPTER 3: THE SELECTION STRUCTURE IT202

Output
Enter your age (1-99 only): 125
Invalid age!

Enter your age (1-99 only): -1

Invalid age!

Enter your age (1-99 only): 18

Valid age!

Program 3-7

#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>

void main(void)
{
char Gender;

printf("Enter your gender [F/M]: ");

scanf(" %c", &Gender);
if(toupper(Gender) != 'M' && toupper(Gender) != 'F')
printf("Inavlid entry!\n");
else
if(toupper(Gender) == 'F')
printf("\Female");
else
printf("\nMale");
}

Output
Enter your gender [F/M]: F
Female

Enter your gender [F/M]: M

Male

Enter your gender [F/M]: O

Invalid entry!

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CHAPTER 3: THE SELECTION STRUCTURE IT202

Program 3-8
#include <stdio.h>
void main(void)
{
char Gender;

printf("Enter your gender [F/M]: ");

scanf(" %c", &Gender);
switch(Gender)
{
case 'm':
case 'M':
printf("male!\n");
break;
case 'f':
case 'F':
printf("Female!\n");
break;
default:
printf("Inavlid entry!\n");
}
}

Output
Enter your gender [F/M]: F
Female

Enter your gender [F/M]: M

Male

Enter your gender [F/M]: O

Invalid entry!

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CHAPTER 3: THE SELECTION STRUCTURE IT202

Program 3-9
#include <stdio.h>
void main(void)
{
int Choice;
float Value1, Value2;

printf("Enter value 1: ");

scanf("%f", &Value1);
printf("Enter value 2: ");
scanf("%f", &Value2);
printf("\n1. Multiply");
printf("\n2. Divide");
printf("\n3. Subtract");
printf("\n4. Add");
printf("Enter your choice [1-4]: ");
scanf("%i", &Choice);
switch(Choice)
{
case 1:
printf("\nThe result is: %g", Value1*Value2);
break;
case 2:
printf("\nThe result is: %g", Value1/Value2);
break;
case 3:
printf("\nThe result is: %g", Value1-Value2);
break;
case 4:
printf("\nThe result is: %g", Value1+Value2);
break;
}
}

Output
Enter value 1: 40

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CHAPTER 3: THE SELECTION STRUCTURE IT202

Enter value 2: 30
1. Multiply
2. Divide
3. Subtract
4. Add
Enter your choice [1-4]: 1
The result is 1200

Enter value 1: 40
Enter value 2: 30
1. Multiply
2. Divide
3. Subtract
4. Add
Enter your choice [1-4]: 3
The result is 10

Enter value 1: 40
Enter value 2: 30
1. Multiply
2. Divide
3. Subtract
4. Add
Enter your choice [1-4]: 4
The result is 70

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CHAPTER 3: THE SELECTION STRUCTURE IT202

Program 3-10
#include <stdio.h>
void main(void)
{ float price;
char grade;

printf("Enter grade of apple: ");

scanf(" %c", &grade);
printf("Eve's ");
switch (grade)
{ case 'P':
case 'p':
price = .3;
printf("Premium ");
break;
case 'J':
case 'j':
price = .2;
printf("Juicy ");
break;
case 'S':
case 's':
price = .15;
printf("Snack ");
break;
default:
price = .1;
printf("Cooking ");
}
printf("Apple. $%4.2f.\n", price);
}

Output

Enter grade of apple: P

Premium Apple $0.30.

Enter grade of apple: s

Snack Apple $0.30.

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CHAPTER 3: THE SELECTION STRUCTURE IT202

3.6 Programming Exercise

1. Write a program to compare two numbers with executions similar to the

following.

Variables
Number1, number2

Outputs
Enter two numbers 48 52.33
52.33 is greater than 48.

Outputs
Enter two numbers 88 88
They are equal.

2. Adams County (country code A) has a 7 percent sales tax rate; the rest of the state
a 6 percent rate. Write a program to print out the amount owed on purchase
including sales tax, given the amount of the purchase and the county.

Variables
Purchase
County
TaxRate

Outputs
AMOUNT OF PURCHASE? 100
COUNTY? A
TOTAL BILL: 107.00

AMOUNT OF PURCHASE? 100

COUNTY? D
TOTAL BILL: 106.00

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CHAPTER 3: THE SELECTION STRUCTURE IT202

3. Write a program to assign grade points according to a letter score. An A is 4 grade

points; B is 3; C is 2; D is 1; and F is 0. Use the else if construct.

Variables
grade
grade_points

Output
Letter grade: B
Grade point: 3

Letter grade: D
Grade point: 1

4. The Ace Courier Service charges $10 for the first pound or fraction thereof and $6
per pound for anything over one pound. Write a program that figures the charges.

Variables
weight

Output
WEIGHT: .7
CHARGE: 10

WEIGHT: 2.5
CHARGE: 19

WEIGHT: 4.2
CHARGE: 29.2

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CHAPTER 3: THE SELECTION STRUCTURE IT202

5. Social security (FICA) tax is currently 7.65 percent of earnings up to $50.00 for
the year. Write a program that accepts earnings for the current week and previous
earnings up to the current week, and returns the amount of FICA tax to be
withheld.

Variables
CurrentEarnings
PrevEarnings

Output
This week’s pay? 700
Previous pay? 12600
FICA to withhold: $53.55

This week’s pay? 1850

Previous pay? 50200
FICA to withhold: $15.30

6. Write a program that prompts the user to enter two positive integers, and then
tests whether the larger integer is exactly divisible by the smaller one. In the
process, check the input values are both valid (greater than zero), and establish
which of them is the larger.

Variables

value1
value2

Output

Enter two integer values: 20 30

30 is larger than 20
30 is not divisible by 20

Enter two integer values: -1 30

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CHAPTER 3: THE SELECTION STRUCTURE IT202

Invalid value(s) entered!

Enter two integer values: 40 20

40 is larger than 20
40 is divisible by 20

7. The ABC Insurance Company determines auto insurance rates based on a driver’s
age, the number of tickets in the last three years, and the value of a car. The base
rate is 5 percent of the value of the car. Drivers under 25 years of age pay 15
percent over the base, and drivers from 25 through 29 pay 10 percent over. A
driver with one ticket pays 10 percent over the rates already figured. Two tickets
draws a 25 percent extra charges; three tickets adds 50 percent; and drivers with
more than three tickets are refused. Write a program to show a driver’s insurance
premium.

Variables

Declare any appropriate variables

Outputs

DRIVER’S AGE? 35
NUMBER OF TICKETS? 1
VALUE OF CAR? 10000
PREMIUM: $550

DRIVER’S AGE? 29
NUMBER OF TICKETS? 2
VALUE OF CAR? 15000
PREMIUM: $1031.25

DRIVER’S AGE? 19
NUMBER OF TICKETS? 3
VALUE OF CAR? 850
PREMIUM: $73.3125

3.7 Revision Exercise

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CHAPTER 3: THE SELECTION STRUCTURE IT202

1. In mathematics, we might state a range from x as 1 < x < 5. Show how we should
write the following range expression in C.

i. 1<x<5
ii. 16 ≥ x ≥ -7
iii. 22.6 ≥ x ≥ 12.03
iv. 36 < x ≤ 115

2. If a = 1, b = 2, and c = 3, are the following conditions true or false?

i. a>= c – b
ii. b / 2 == a | | c< 3
iii. b < c – 2 | | a * 3 >= c && b > a
iv. 5 | | !b && c

3. With traffic lights, R (for red) means “Stop”, Y means “Caution”, and G means
“Go”. Any other color letter means “Weird”. Given the statement below, write the
program segment that prints what the color letter means. Use else if construct.

printf(“Color letter:”);
scanf(“ %c”, &color);

4. What is the difference in these two program segments? What value of x is

produced if its initial value is 2?

if(x > 0) if(x > 0)

x = x + 2; x = x + 2;
else if (x > 2) if (x > 2)
x = x + 4; x = x + 4;

5. Briefly describe the following.

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CHAPTER 3: THE SELECTION STRUCTURE IT202

i. How do we put more than one statement inside an if branch?

ii. Must a selection structure have an else branch?
iii. What is the different between = and ==?
iv. Are braces required around the true and false branches?
v. What is the difference between nested ifs using the else if construct and
sequential ifs?
vi. What are the three logical operators and what is their precedence?

6. Using the following C code to answer questions (i) to (iii).

int x = -1;
if (x * 30 / 10 > 5 – 6 * x)
x = x * 10;
else
x = x + 10;

i. What would be contained in x after executing the above segment of codes?

ii. If “int x = -1” is replaced with “int x = -10”, what would be contained in x
after executing the above segment of codes?
iii. If “x = x * 10” is replace with “x = ++(++x) * 10”, and “ x = x + 10’ is
replaced with “x = ++(++x) * 10”, what would be contained in x after the
execution.

7. Fill in the blanks with most appropriate word(s).

i. Enclosing something within something else is called ___________.

ii. A(n) ___________ must evaluate to either true or false.

iii. Multiple comparisons are tied together with __________.

iv. The tree control structures are ________, ___________ and _________.

v. A program that uses human language rather than a computer language is said
to be written in _____________.

vi. One operation after another is called the _______________ structure.

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CHAPTER 3: THE SELECTION STRUCTURE IT202

vii. The __________ structure determines which of several alternatives will be

executed.

viii. A condition typically consists of one or more comparisons that compare one
value to another. A comparison has the form ___________.

ix. The logical AND operator is the ___________symbol in C.

x. The logical NOT operator is the ___________ symbol in C.

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CHAPTER 4: ITERATION IT202

Chapter 4 – Iteration
Objectives
The Iteration Structure in C enables some operations to be repeated until certain
conditions are fulfilled or no longer valid. It saves the programmer’s time in repeating
similar codes/statements/instructions in a program. Additionally, the Iteration Structure
simplifies and organizes lengthy programs. At the end of this lesson, students would have
achieved the following objectives.

• Understand the concept and purpose of Iteration Structure in C

• Know how to incorporate repetition in C programs
• Understand the concept of pretest and posttest loops in C
• Learn and appreciate the while, do…while reserve words in C and how to include
them in C program
• Appreciate the importance of Iteration Structure in C program

4-1
CHAPTER 4: ITERATION IT202

4.1 The Iteration Structure

The Iteration Structure is also known as loop or repetition. In C, a loop enables
certain operations/tasks/instructions to be repeated. Those operations/tasks/instructions
are repeated base on condition(s) outcome – true or false. There are two types of loops in
C known as pretest and posttest loops. A pretest test loop as shown in Figure 4-1
evaluates the outcome of condition(s) prior to tasks/operations. In contrast a posttest loop
as shown in Figure 4-2 would enable tasks/operations to be performed at least once prior
to the condition(s) evaluation.

4.1.1 Pretest Loops

A pretest loop begins with the keyword while. The general form of this configuration is
shown in Figure 4-1. Condition is enclosed in parenthesis; each statement in the block is
indented one level and ends with a semicolon; and there is no semicolon after the block’s
closing brace. The C compiler requires the punctuation. The indentation and line endings
are for program readability.

Figure 4-1: Pretest Loop

while (condition) while (condition)

statement; {
OR statement;
statement;
}

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4.1.2 Posttest Loops

The body in posttest loop would be executed once no matter what. The posttest loops
begins with a do and has general form as shown in Figure 4-2. There is semicolon at the
end of condition.

Figure 4-2: Posttest Loop

do{
statement;
statement;
} while (condition);

4.2 Accumulating and Counting

Accumulating adds or multiplies few values together. Accumulating is quite common in
loops especially in finding out total value for a range of values entered. Counting keeps
track of number of times certain operations or instruction executed. A counter variable is
normally declared to count by adding 1 each time the operation is performed.

Accumulating
Total = Total + value; Total = Total * value;
OR OR
Total += value; Total *= value;

Counting
++times; or
times++; or
times = times + 1; or
times += 1;

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4.3 Counter-Controlled Loops

A counter-controlled loop allows some operations to be executed for a fix number
of times continuously without any interruption. In a counter-controlled loop there are five
essential elements such as (i) initialization, (ii) test/condition, (iii) body, (iv) counter and
(v) the end part. A typical counter-controlled loop’s structure is shown in Figure 4-3.

Figure 4-3: Counter-controlled loop

for (initialization; test; counter)

{
statement;
statement;
…… ……
}

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4.4 Nested Loops

A loop within another is known as nested loop. When there is any nested loops
the inner once would always be executed and repeated prior to the outer once. Figure 4-4
is the structure of a nested loop.

Figure 4-4: Nested Loop

for (initialization; test; counter)

for (initialization; test; counter)
{
statement; Inner loop

statement;
…… ……
}
statement;
statement;
….. …. ..

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4.5 Sample Program

Program 4-1

#include <stdio.h>

void main(void)
{ float price;
short quantity;
char answer;

printf("Do you wish to enter a purchase (Y/N)? ");

scanf(" %c", &answer);
while (answer == 'Y' | | answer == 'y')
{ printf("Enter 'price quantity': ");
scanf("%f %hi", &price, &quantity);
printf("The total for this item is $%6.2f.\n", price * quantity);
printf("Another (Y/N)? ");
scanf(" %c", &answer);
}
printf("Thank you for your patronage.\n");
}

Output
Do you wish to enter a purchase (Y/N)? y
Enter ‘price quantity’: 1.98 6
The total for this item is $11.88
Another (Y/N)? Y
Enter ‘price quantity’: 4.29 15
The total for this item is $ 64.35
Another (Y/N)? n
Thanks you for your patronage.

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Program 4-2

#include <stdio.h>

void main(void)
{ float price;
short quantity;
char answer;

do
{ printf("Enter 'price quantity': ");
scanf("%f %hi", &price, &quantity);
printf("The total for this item is $%6.2f.\n", price * quantity);
printf("Another (Y/N)? ");
scanf(" %c", &answer);
}while (answer == 'Y' | | answer == 'y');
printf("Thank you for your patronage.\n");
}

Output
Enter ‘price quantity’: 2.45 12
The total for this item is $29.40
Another (Y/N)? Y
Enter ‘price quantity’: .99 4
The total for this item is $ 3.96
Another (Y/N)? n
Thanks you for your patronage.

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Program 4-3

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main(void)
{
int Choice;
float Value1, Value2;
do{
clrscr( );
printf("Enter value 1: ");
scanf("%f", &Value1);
printf("Enter value 2: ");
scanf("%f", &Value2);
printf("\n1. Multiply");
printf("\n2. Divide");
printf("\n3. Subtract");
printf("\n4. Add");
printf("\n5. Quit");
printf("\nEnter your choice [1-5]: ");
scanf("%i", &Choice);
switch(Choice)
{
case 1:
printf("\nThe result is: %g", Value1*Value2);
break;
case 2:
printf("\nThe result is: %g", Value1/Value2);
break;
case 3:
printf("\nThe result is: %g", Value1-Value2);
break;
case 4:
printf("\nThe result is: %g", Value1+Value2);
break;
case 5:
printf("\nThank you");
break;
default:
printf("\nInvalid choice!");
}
}while (Choice != 5);
}
Output
Enter value 1: 40

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Enter value 2: 30
1. Multiply
2. Divide
3. Subtract
4. Add
5. Quit
Enter your choice [1-4]: 1
The result is 1200

Enter value 1: 40
Enter value 2: 30
1. Multiply
2. Divide
3. Subtract
4. Add
5. Quit
Enter your choice [1-4]: 3
The result is 10

Enter value 1: 40
Enter value 2: 30
1. Multiply
2. Divide
3. Subtract
4. Add
5. Quit
Enter your choice [1-4]: 5
Thank you.

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CHAPTER 4: ITERATION IT202

Program 4-4

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#define Code 999

void main(void)
{
int Password, Valid, Try=1;

do{
clrscr( );
gotoxy(8,10);
printf("Enter password: ");
scanf("%i", &Password);
if(Password != 999)
{
printf(“Invalid!”);
Valid = 0;
Try += 1;
}
else
Valid = 1;
} while (!Valid && Try <= 3);
if(Try > 3)
printf("\n\n\tMaximum 3 try only!");
else
printf("\n\n\tAccess approved.");
}

Output
Enter password: 111
Invalid!

Enter password: 222

Invalid!

Enter password: 333

Invalid!
Maximum 3 try only!
Program 4-5

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CHAPTER 4: ITERATION IT202

#include <stdio.h>

void main(void)
{ float price;
float total = 0;
short quantity;

printf("Enter 0 0 to quit.\n");
printf("Enter 'price quantity': ");
scanf("%f %hi", &price, &quantity);
while (price != 0)
{ printf("The total for this item is $%6.2f.\n", price * quantity);
total += price * quantity;
printf("Enter 'price quantity': ");
scanf("%f %hi", &price, &quantity);
}
printf("Your total is $%6.2f.\n", total);
}

Output

Enter 0 0 to quit.
Enter ‘price quantity’: 6.35 8
The total for this item is $50.80.
Enter ‘price quantity’: 2.50 10
The total for this item is $25.00.
Enter ‘price quantity’: 0 0
Your total is $75.80.

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Program 4-6

#include <stdio.h>

void main(void)
{ float price;
float total = 0;
short quantity, items = 0;

printf("Enter 0 0 to quit.\n");
printf("Enter 'price quantity': ");
scanf("%f %hi", &price, &quantity);
while (price != 0)
{ printf("The total for this item is $%6.2f.\n", price * quantity);
total += price * quantity;
items += 1;
printf("Enter 'price quantity': ");
scanf("%f %hi", &price, &quantity);
}
printf("Your total is $%6.2f for %hi different items.\n", total,items);
}

Output

Enter 0 0 to quit.
Enter ‘price quantity’: 22.95 3
The total for this item is $68.85.
Enter ‘price quantity’: 7.29 8
The total for this item is $58.32.
Enter ‘price quantity’: 15 4
The total for this item is $60.00.
Enter ‘price quantity’: 0 0
Your total is $187.17 for 3 different items.

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Program 4-7

#include <stdio.h>

void main(void)
{ int count;

for (count = 1; count <= 3; count += 1)

printf("%i\n", count);
printf("Finished, but why is the count %i?\n", count);
}

Output
1
2
3
Finished, but why is the count 4?

Program 4-8

#include <stdio.h>

void main(void)
{ int n, count, factorial;

printf("Enter a positive integer: ");

scanf("%i", &n);
printf("Integer Factorial\n", n);
for ( ; n >= 1; --n)
{ printf(" %3i ", n);
factorial = 1;
for (count = 1; count <= n; ++count)
factorial *= count;
printf("%i\n", factorial);
}
}

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Output
Enter a positive integer: 5
Integer Factorial
5 120
4 24
3 6
2 2
1 1

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CHAPTER 4: ITERATION IT202

4.7 Programming Exercise

1. Write a program to assign a letter grade given a numeric score: 90 or above is an a;

80, B; 70, C; 60, D; and below 60, F. The program should continue to accept until a
negative number is input. The program should continue to accept values until a
negative number is input. The program should print how many of each letter grade
were assigned after the input is completed. Use else if construct in construct in your
program.

Variables
score (score input)
a_s, b_s, c_s, d_s, f_s (counters for letter grades)

Output
SCORE? 92
THE GRADE IS A
:
SCORE? –1
2 A’s
2 B’s
1 C’s
0 D’s
1 F’s

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2. Write a program to create a multiplication table for all combinations of two numbers
from 1 to 8.

Variables
Multiplier
Multiplicand

Output

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
3 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24
4 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32
5 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
6 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48
7 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56
8 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64

3. Write a program that iterates through the odd numbers less than 30, and outputs the
square of each number.

Variable
x

Output
1 9 25 49 81 121 169 225 289 361 441 529 625 729 841

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4. Create a program that loops 30 times, but only outputs numbers that are not divisible
by 3 or 5. Decide on the most appropriate form of loop, and use an if statement inside
it.

Variable
x

Output
3 5 9 10 12 15 18 21 24 25 27 30

5. Write C codes to accept two integer values and display the multiplication result on the
screen. Your program should iterate until user enter two negative values.

Variable
x, y

Output
Enter two integer values: 10 2
The multiplication result is 20

Enter two integer values: 10 -2

The multiplication result is -20

Enter two integer values: -10 -2

End of run.

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6. Write a C program that produces the following patterns using 2 for loops.

Variables
x, y

Output

1 1
2 2 1
3 3 2 1
4 4 3 2 1
5 5 4 3 2 1
6 6 5 4 3 2 1
7 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

7. Write a program to produce the following output. Use nested for loops.

Variables
x, y

Output

1
1 2
1 2 3
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3
1 2
1

4.8 Revision Exercise

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1. Rewrite these while loops using the for statements.

x = 14; y = 65;
While (x >= 3) while (y <= 85)
{ {
printf(“%i\n”, x); printf(“%i\n”, y);
x -= 5; y += 5;
} }

2. Rewrite these for statements using while loops.

for (x = 250; x >= 100; x -= 50)

printf(“%i\n”, x);

for (y = 1226; y <= 1426; y += 2)

printf(“%i\n”,y);

3. What will be the output be from the following program segment?

for (a = 1; a <= 5; ++a)

{
printf(“%i”, a);
for (b = a; b >= 1; --b)
printf(“%i”, b);
printf(“\n”);
}
printf(“%i %i\n”, a, b);

4. Which of the following code segment is functionally equivalent to the statement

below?
y += a * c++;

a. y += a * ++c;
b. y = (y + a) * c; c++;

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c. y = y + a * c; c++;
d. c++; y = y + a * c;
e. none of the above

5. Use the following code to answer questions (i) to (x).

int t = 0; b = 0; s = 0; z = 0;
scanf(“%i”, &t);
{
s += t;
++z;
scanf(“%i”, &t);
}
b = s / z;

i. Which of the variable is called an accumulator variable?

ii. Which of the variable is called a counter variable?
iii. Which of the variable is tested against a sentinel?
iv. Is it necessary to initialize t to zero in the code?
v. –1 is known as what?
vi. Is it necessary to initialize z to zero in the code?
vii. Is it necessary to initialize b to zero in the code?
viii. Is it necessary to initialize s to zero in the code?
ix. All for loop can be rewritten as a while loop.
x. All for loop counter variables must be incremented/decremented with
either ++ or --.

6. How does accumulation work?

7. Why is initialization of an accumulator variable important?

8. How does counting differ from accumulation?

9. What five elements are necessary in a counter-controlled loop?

10. Rewrite the following for statements using while loop.

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for (x = 20; x >= 100; x -= 50)

printf(“%d\n”, x);

11. State the output produce by the following C codes.

int x = 1;
for (x=11, x >= 1; x -= 3)
printf(“%4i”, x * x);

12. Given the following C program, indicate the output produce.

void main( void)

{ int i = 0, x = 0;

for (i = 1; i < 20; i *= 2)

{
x++;
printf(“%4i ”, x);
}
printf(“\nx = %i”, x);
}

13. Rewrite the following while loops using for statement.

x = 14;
while (x >= 3)
{
printf(“%d”, x);
x -= 5;
}

x = 65;
while (y <= 85)
{
printf(“%d”, y);
x += 5; }
14. Answer questions (i) through (iii) by using the following C codes.

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#include <stdio.h>
main( )
{
int a, b;
for (a = 1; a < 3; ++a)
for (b = 1; b <= 3; b++)
printf(“%4d”, a+b);
}

i. Indicate what would be the final value stored in variable a?

ii. Indicate what would be the final value stored in variable b?

iii. Indicate the output produce by the program.

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CHAPTER 5: FUNCTION IT202

Chapter 5 – Function
Objectives
Functions in C enable program segments to be grouped as modules. The introduction
of function simplifies and organizes C program’s structure. There are some reasons and
advantages of using functions in C. Functions would enable (i) modularity to be
implemented easily, (ii) increase program’s readability by grouping of some similar
tasks, (iii) improve debugability where errors are easily identified and isolated, (iv)
allows repeatability where some segment of codes could be repeated without repeating
retyping, and (v) enables reusability where new programs are written by using as much
code as possible from old programs. At the end of this chapter, students would have
learned what is function and how to include functions in program as follow.

• Understand the concept of functions in C

• Learn and include function prototype and function definition in C program
• Know what is global/external and local variables, when to include them in C
program
• Appreciate the purpose of parameter passing and how it works in C program
• Learn and understand how to incorporate functions in program for validation
check

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5.1 Why Functions are used in C?

Avoiding unnecessary repetition of code

Suppose you have a section of code in your program that calculates the square root of a
number, you don’t want to have to write the same instructions all over again. Instead, in
effect, you want to jump to the section of code that calculates square roots and then jump
back again to the normal program flow when you are done. In this case, a single section
of code can be used many times in the same program. The saving of code is illustrated in
Figure 5-1.

Figure 5-1: Code savings using functions

Stand-alone program
main( )
{
…..
…..
…..

…..
Code written twice
if function not used
…..
…..
…..

Calling program
main( )
{
…… func( )
…… {
Code written
…….
func( ); only once if
…….
…… function used
…….
…… }
func( );
…..
…..
}

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CHAPTER 5: FUNCTION IT202

Program organization

By using the idea of subroutine, make it easier to organize programs and keep track of
what they were doing. If the operation of the program could be divided into separate
activities and each activity placed in a separate subroutine, each subroutine could be
written and checked out more or less independently. Separating the code into modular
functions also made programs easier to design and understand.

Independence

By making subroutines as independent from the main program and from one another
possible. For instance, subroutines were invented that had their own “private” – that is,
variables that couldn’t need to worry about accidentally using the same variable names in
different subroutines; the variables in each subroutine were protected from inadvertent
tampering by other subroutines. Thus is was easier to write large and complex programs.

5.2 The Structure of Functions

There is three program elements involved in using a function: the function definition, the
call to the function, and the function prototype.

5.2.1 The Function Definition

The function itself is referred to as function definition. The definition starts with a line
that includes the function name, among other elements.

Example:
Function definition, note that
void func(void ) there is NO semicolon at the end.
{
statement;

statement;
…..

….
}

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Explanation:

Take note that the declarator doesn’t end with a semicolon. It is not a program statement;
it tells the compiler that a function is being defined. The function definition continues
with the body of the function: the program statements that do the work. The body of the
function is enclosed in braces. In the above example, the func is a user-defined function
name.

5.2.2 Calling the Function

As with the C library functions we have seen, such as printf( ) and getche( ), our user-
written function func( ) is called from main( ) simply by using its name, including the
parentheses following the name. The parentheses let the compiler know that you are
referring to a function and not to a variable or something else. Calling a function like this
is a C statement, so it ends with a semicolon.

Example:

void main( )

…..
Function call, note that
func( ); there is a semicolon at
the end.
…..

….

5.2.3 Function Prototype (Declaration)

The function prototype (declaration) is a third function related element. The function
prototype looks very much like the declarator line at the start of the function definition,
except that it ends with a semicolon. A function is declared in a similar way at the
beginning of a program before it is called. The function declaration tells the compiler the
name of the function; the data type the function returns and data types of the function’s
arguments. In our example, the function returns nothing and takes no arguments; hence
there are two voids.

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Example:
Function prototype, note
void func(void ); that there is semicolon at
the end.

The key thing to remember about the prototype is that the data type of the return value
must agree with that of the declarator in the function definition, and the number of
arguments and their data types must agree with those in the function definition.

A function declares a function

A function call executes a function

A function definition is the function itself

5.2.4 Local Variables

We could declare variables in our function, these variables are known as local variables,
whereby they are only known within the function, and other functions are not allowed to
access them. A local variable will be visible to the function it is defined in, but not to
others. A local variable used in this way is known as automatic variable, because it is
automatically created when a function is called and destroyed when the function returns.
The length of time a variable lasts is called lifetime.

Example:
void func(void)

{ Local variables which

are visible within func
int x, y; only
……
……

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5.2.5 Functions that Return a Value

A function that uses no arguments but returns a value is a slightly more complicated kind
of function: one that returns a value. When the function is called, it gets a certain piece of
information and returns it to you. The function getche( ) operates in just this way, when it
is called – without giving it any information – and it returns the value of the first
character typed on the keyboard.

Example:

int funct(void);
void main(void)
{ int y;
….
….
y = funct( );
….
}

int funct(void)
{ int x;
…
…
return (x);
}

The return statement has two purposes. First, executing it immediately transfers control
from the function back to the calling program. Second, whatever is inside the parentheses
following return is returned as a value to the calling program. The return statement need
not be at the end of the function; as soon as it’s encountered, control will return to the
calling program. The return statement can also be used without a value following it, and
no value would be returned to the calling program. The return statement can only be used
to return a single value.

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5.2.6 Using Arguments to Pass Data to a Function

The mechanism used to convey information to a function is the argument. In the function
definition, a variable name could be placed in the parentheses. This ensures that the value
included between parentheses in the main program is assigned to the variable between
parentheses in the function definition. This is shown schematically in Figure 5-2.

Figure 5-2: Passing a value to a function

The value of 10 is assigned to the

variable x in the function
void main(void)
{
……
…… 10 void funct(int x)
{
funct(10); ……
……
……. ……
……. }
}
Function
Calling program

5.2.7 Passing Multiple Arguments

We can pass as many arguments as we like to function. The process of passing two
arguments is similar to one. The value of the first actual argument in the calling program
is assigned to the first formal argument in the function, and the value of the second actual
argument is assigned to the second formal argument, as shown in Figure 5-3.

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Figure 5-3: Multiple arguments passed to function

10
20
void main(void)
{
……
…… void funct(int x, int y)
{
funct(10, 20); ……
……
……. ……
……. }
}
Function
Calling program

The first actual argument is assigned to the first formal

argument; the second actual argument is assigned to the
second formal argument.

5.2.8 External Variables

Sometimes, it is desirable to use a variable known to all the functions in a program, rather
then just one. This is true when many different functions must read or modify a variable,
making it clumsy or impractical to communicate the value of the variable from function
to function using arguments and return values. In this case, we use an external variable,
or sometimes also known as global variable. The use of external variables should be
limited, due to some reasons such as, first, external variables are not protected from
accidental alteration by functions that have no business modifying them. Second, external
variables use memory less efficiently than local variables.

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Example:

#include <stdio.h>

void func1(void);

void func2(void); External variables that could be

accessed in func1 and func2.
int x, y;

void main(void)

…..

…..

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5.3 Sample Program

Program 5-1

#include <stdio.h>

void info(void);

void main(void)
{ double gross, tax;
int dependents;

printf("Dependents (including employee)? ");

scanf("%i", &dependents);
info( );
printf("Write the check!\n");
}

void info(void)
{ int emp_id, emp_num, dept;

printf("Employee ID? ");

scanf("%i", &emp_id);
emp_num = emp_id / 10;
printf("Employee #%i in the ", emp_num);
dept = emp_id % 10;
switch (dept)
{ case 1:
printf("Information Systems");
break;
case 2:
printf("Accounting");
break;
default:
printf("Manufacturing or other");
}
printf(" department.\n");
}

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CHAPTER 5: FUNCTION IT202

Program 5-2
#include <stdio.h>

void info(void);
double gross_pay(void);
void main(void)
{ double gross, tax;
int dependents;

printf("Dependents (including employee)? ");

scanf("%i", &dependents);
info();
gross = gross_pay();
printf("Write the check!\n");
}

double gross_pay(void)
{ double hours, rate, gross;

printf("Hours? ");
scanf("%lf", &hours);
printf("Rate? ");
scanf("%lf", &rate);
gross = hours * rate;
printf("Gross pay: %7.2f\n", gross);
return gross;
}

void info(void)
{ int emp_id, emp_num, dept;

printf("Employee ID? ");

scanf("%i", &emp_id);
emp_num = emp_id / 10;
printf("Employee #%i in the ", emp_num);
dept = emp_id % 10;
switch (dept)
{ case 1:
printf("Information Systems");
break;
case 2:
printf("Accounting");
break;
default:
printf("Manufacturing or other");
}
printf(" department.\n");

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Program 5-3

#include <stdio.h>

void Sub(void); // function prototype/declaration

void main(void)
{
printf("\nThis message was displayed in the Main function");
Sub( );
printf("\nBack to Main function again");
}

void Sub(void) // function definition

{
printf("\n Hi this message is in the Sub function");
}

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Program 5-4

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

float Value1, Value2; // global variables (for all the functions to access)

void Display(void); // function prototype/declaration

void Enter(void);
float Calculate(float, float);

void main(void)
{
float Result; // local variable (access within main( ) only)

Display( );
Enter( );
Result = Calculate(Value1, Value2);
printf("\n\tThe addition result is: %g",Result);
}

void Display(void) // function definition

{
gotoxy(8,10);
printf("Enter 1st value: ");
gotoxy(8,11);
printf("Enter 2nd value: ");
}

void Enter(void) // function definition

{
gotoxy(32,10);
scanf("%f", &Value1);
gotoxy(32,11);
scanf("%f", &Value2);
}

float Calculate(float x, float y) // definition

{
return x + y;
}

5 - 13
CHAPTER 5: FUNCTION IT202

Program 5-5

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <ctype.h>

char Gender, Mode; // global variables (for all the functions to access)

int Validate(char,char, char);

void enterGender(void);
void enterMode(void);

void main(void)
{
enterGender( );
enterMode( );
printf("\n\tBye!");
}

void enterGender(void)
{
int Okay;

do{
gotoxy(10,10);
printf("Enter gender [F/M]: ");
gotoxy(35,10);
scanf(" %c", &Gender);
Okay = Validate(Gender,'F', 'M');
if (!Okay)
{
gotoxy(10, 15);
printf("Invalid!");
getch( );
gotoxy(10, 15);
clreol( ); // clear end of line at col 10, row 15
}
}while (!Okay);
}

void enterMode(void)
{
int Okay;

do{
gotoxy(10,11);

5 - 14
CHAPTER 5: FUNCTION IT202

printf("Enter payment mode [C/N]: ");

gotoxy(35,11);
scanf(" %c", &Mode);
Okay = Validate(Mode, 'C', 'N');
if (!Okay)
{
gotoxy(10, 15);
printf("Invalid!");
getch( );
gotoxy(10, 15);
clreol( ); // clear end of line at column 10, row 15
}
}while (!Okay);
}

int Validate(char Field, char x, char y)

{
if (toupper(Field) != toupper(x) && toupper(Field) != toupper(y))
return 0;
else
return 1;
}

5 - 15
CHAPTER 5: FUNCTION IT202

5.4 Programming Exercise

1. Create a function whose job is to print a page heading. It should print the next
page number passed to it. Use the following driver – Main( ) function segment –
to test your function.

Driver
void main(void)
{
int p;
for (p = 1; p <= 5; ++p)
page(p);
}

Function and variable

page( )
Page_no (int)

Output

Major document Page 1

Major document Page 2

5 - 16
CHAPTER 5: FUNCTION IT202

2. Write a program that accepts any number from the keyboard and tells you whether
it is a nonnegative integer. The number should be sent to the function int_test( ),
which returns either the integer value, or –1 if the number is negative, or zero if it
is nonnegative but not an integer. Inputs should continue until zero is input.

Functions and variables

main( )
input (from keyboard)
integer (return from the function)

int_test( )
value (from main( ) function)
result (value to return)

Output
Your number: 48
The number is 48,
Your number: -14.3
The number is negative
Your number: 12.562
The number is not an integer
Your number: 0

3. Write a program to make change in coins. The main( ) function should accept
input of the purchase and amount tendered, and the change( ) function should
print the number of dollars, fifty cents, twenty cents, ten cents and one cent.

Functions and variables

main( )
purchase
tendered
change(amount)
cents -- convert from the float amount to the int cents.

5 - 17
CHAPTER 5: FUNCTION IT202

Output

Purchase: 2.50
Amount tendered: 4
Dollars: 1
Fifty cents: 5
Twenty cents: 0
Five cents: 0
One cents: 0

4. Write a simple calculator so that you can input an expression with two values
separated by an operator and the computer will print out the proper result. Your
calculator should include the ^operator for exponentiation. All calculations should
be done in an appropriate function (the function will be small) and the results
printed in main( ).

Functions and Variables

main( )
op --- operator
x, y --- Values for calculation

add( )
subtract( )
multiply( )
divide( )
exponentiation( )
a, b ---- Local variables for each function return

Output
Enter expression (q to quit): 50 + 45.20
95.20

5 - 18
CHAPTER 5: FUNCTION IT202

5.5 Revision Exercise

1. What is a function definition?

2. What does a function call do?
3. Describe the actions of the return statement.
4. What does the return type or declaration void mean?
5. Differentiate between the terms “lifetime” and “visibility”.
6. Differentiate between the terms “local” and “global”.
7. Differentiate between the terms “internal” and “external”.
8. State the output produce by the following C program.

#include <stdio.h>
int funct (int);

void main(void)
{
int x;
for (x = 1; x < 10; ++x)
printf(“%4i”, funct(x));
}
int funct(int y)
{
return y * y;
}

9. The following program accepts two numeric values and displays the
multiplication result on the screen. Calculate( ) is a user-defined function that
performs multiplication and returns the result to main program body. Answer
questions (i) through (v) by using the following C program

#include <stdio.h>

void main(void)
{
int v1, v2, v3;
printf("Enter value 1 and value 2 ");
scanf("%i %i", &v1, &v2);
v3 = Calculate(v1, v2);

5 - 19
CHAPTER 5: FUNCTION IT202

printf("Result = %i ", v3);

}

i. There are how many argument(s) in Calculate( )?

ii. What is the appropriate data type for the argument(s) in Calculate( )?
iii. Write out the function declaration for Calculate( ).
iv. Write a complete function definition for the Calculate( ) function.
v. Suppose the values entered for v1 and v2 are 10 and 20 respectively, the
multiplication result would be 20. State the variable that holds this result in
the main program body.

10. Answer questions (i) to (v) by using the following C program segment

#include <stdio.h>
int funct (int);

void main(void)
{
int a, x;
for (x = 1; x < 10; ++x)
{
a = funct(x);
printf(“%4i”, a);
}
}

int funct(int y)
{
return y * y;
}

i. There is one argument found in the user-defined function – funct. (TURE/

FALSE)
ii. The first value stored in variable a is 1. (TURE/ FALSE)
iii. The user-defined function – funct will iterate for 10 times. (TURE/ FALSE)
iv. The statement ++x could also be written as x = x + 2. (TURE/ FALSE)
v. The statement %4i would display 4 zeros in front of each number displayed
on the screen. (TURE/ FALSE)

5 - 20
CHAPTER 5: FUNCTION IT202

11. Use the following C code to answer questions (i) through (x).

double F(float x, unsigned n)

{
int i = n;
double t = 1;
for (; i >= 1; --i)
t *= x;
return t;
}

i. The above function has ____ argument(s).

ii. If n is 2 and x is 3.0, what would get returned by the above function?

iii. How many times does the loop in the above code executed?

iv. The number that F returns is of type ______.

v. If n is 1, then the function always return x (TRUE/FALSE).

vi. If x is –2.0 and n is 2, F would return _____.

vii. The variable(s) ____ is/are local to function F.

viii. F computes the factorial of x(TRUE/FALSE).

ix. F computes the same thing as the pow( ) function (TRUE/FALSE).

x. If n is –1 and x is 10, what would be returned by t?

12. Choose the best answer for each of the situation described below function
definitions.

i. A function called sample generates and returns an integer quantity.

a. void sample(void)
b. char sample(int quantity)
c. int sample(void)

5 - 21
CHAPTER 5: FUNCTION IT202

ii. A function called root accepts two integer arguments and returns a
floating-point result.

a. float root(int a, b)
b. float root(int a, int b)
c. void root(void)

iii. A function called convert accepts a character and returns another

character.

a. void convert(char a)
b. int convert(char)
c. char convert(char a)

iv. A function called process accepts an integer and two floating-point

quantities (in that order), and returns a double-precision quantity.

a. double process(float a, float b, int c)

b. double process(float a, b, int c)
c. double process(int a, float a, float c)

v. A function called value accepts two double-precision quantities and a

short-integer quantity (in that order). The input quantities are processed to
yield a double-precision value which is displayed as a final result.

a. void value(double a, double b, short i)

b. double value(double a, b, short i)
c. printf((double(double a, b, short i))

5 - 22
CHAPTER 6: ARRAYS IT202

Chapter 6 – Arrays
Objectives
Array is a consecutive storage location in computer’s memory that stores similar type of
data. The array implementation and application is important if a list of elements/items or
records were to be manipulated. At the end of this chapter, students would have learned
what is array and how to include array in program as follow.

• Understand the concept of arrays in C

• Learn how to declare single dimensional array of different types and store data
into them
• How to manipulate the values stored in arrays
• Appreciate the purpose of array and array application such as Searching

6-1
CHAPTER 6: ARRAYS IT202

6.1 Array Declaration

Array is a consecutive storage location in computer’s memory that stores similar type of
data. Array is something like a table or list that hold a group of items/elements of the
same type. A name is normally assigned to an array and the required slots would be
defined in the array’s declaration. The following example shows how an array with 10
slots that stores only integer values are declared. Additionally, array could be initialized
to some values prior to operations or manipulation as below.

Array Declaration

int SalesArray[10];

Array Initialization

int SalesArray[10 = {0};

Once an array is declared, individual slot could be used for storage and these slots are
referenced via index. The first slot starts at zero for example if an array contain ten slots
the last slot’s index would be nine. The following Figure 6-1 represents the organization
of array and the indices.

Figure 6-1: Array declared with 10 slots without any initialization

?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Indices (0 – 9)

Each slot in the array could be referred by specifying the array name and the index. For
example, the statement SalesArray[2] would refer to third slot’s stored value (if any).

6-2
CHAPTER 6: ARRAYS IT202

6.2 The Variably Defined Array

In some situations, it is important for us to access different elements, essentially
different variables, by changing the index. The advantage of using variably defined
variable in the array index is, it would reduce/simplifies the array operations. Consider an
array with hundred elements, and if the value of each element were to be
displayed/printed, individual access would require the same /statement code to be
repeated hundred times in a program. This would not happen if the index were declared
variably. Consider the following example of codes for displaying all the elements in the
array namely SalesArray.

Without variably defined variables

printf(“%i”,SalesArray[0]);
printf(“%i”,SalesArray[1]);
…… ……. ….
…… ……. ….

printf(“%i”,SalesArray[98]);
printf(“%i”,SalesArray[99]);

With variably defined variables

for (idx = 0; idx <= 99; ++idx)

printf(“%i”,SalesArray[idx]);

6-3
CHAPTER 6: ARRAYS IT202

6.3 Sample Program

Program 6-1

#include <stdio.h>

#define DAYS_IN_WEEK 6

void main(void)
{ short sales[DAYS_IN_WEEK] = {3806, 28, 4522, 1183, 47, 12};
short day;

for (day = 1; day <= DAYS_IN_WEEK; ++day)

printf("Sales for day %hi =%5hi\n", day, sales[day - 1]);
}

Output
Sales for day 1 = 3806
Sales for day 2 = 28
Sales for day 3 = 4522
Sales for day 4 = 1183
Sales for day 5 = 47
Sales for day 6 = 12

6-4
CHAPTER 6: ARRAYS IT202

Program 6-2

#include <stdio.h>

#define FLEET 5

int truck_in(void);

void main(void)
{ float weights[FLEET] = {0};
int truck;
int tot_trucks = 0;
float tot_weight = 0;
truck = truck_in();
while (truck) { printf("Weight? ");
scanf("%f", &weights[truck - 1]);
truck = truck_in();
}
printf("\nShipping Report\n");
printf(" Truck Weight\n");
for (truck = 1; truck <= FLEET; ++truck)
if (weights[truck - 1])
{ printf(" %5i %6.1f\n", truck, weights[truck - 1]);
++tot_trucks;
tot_weight += weights[truck - 1];
}
printf(" ----- ------\n");
printf("Total %5i %6.1f\n", tot_trucks, tot_weight);
}

int truck_in(void)
{ int truck;

do
{ printf("Truck (1 to %i, 0 to quit)? ", FLEET);
scanf("%i", &truck);
}while (truck < 0 || truck > FLEET);
return truck;
}

6-5
CHAPTER 6: ARRAYS IT202

Output

Truck (1 to 5, 0 to quit)? 7
Truck (1 to 5, 0 to quit)? 4
Weight? 1825.8
Truck (1 to 5, 0 to quit)? 72
Weight? 883.5
Truck (1 to 5, 0 to quit)? 1
Weight? 829.4
Truck (1 to 5, 0 to quit)? 0

Shipping Report
Truck Weight
1 829.4
2 883.5
3 1825.8
------- ---------
Total 4 3538.7

6-6
CHAPTER 6: ARRAYS IT202

Program 6-3
#include <stdio.h>
#define SIZE 5

void main(void)
{
int List[5]={0}, idx;

for (idx = 0; idx < SIZE; ++idx)

{
printf("\nEnter an integer value %i: ", idx);
scanf("%i", &List[idx]);
}
printf("\nList");

for (idx = 0; idx < SIZE; ++idx)

{
printf("\n%i", List[idx]);
}
}

Output
Enter an integer value 1: 67
Enter an integer value 2: 58
Enter an integer value 3: 67
Enter an integer value 4: 48
Enter an integer value 5: 98
List
67
58
67
48
98

6-7
CHAPTER 6: ARRAYS IT202

Program 6-4
#include <stdio.h>
#define SIZE 5

void main(void)
{
int List[5]={0}, idx, Target, Found;

for (idx = 0; idx < SIZE; ++idx)

{
printf("\nEnter an integer value %i: ", idx);
scanf("%i", &List[idx]);
}

printf("Enter an integer value to search: ");

scanf("%i", &Target);

idx = 0;
do{
if (Target == List[idx])
{
printf("\nTarget %i found at index %i", Target, idx);
Found = 1;
}
else
Found = 0;
++idx;
} while (!Found && idx < SIZE);
if (!Found)
printf("\nNot found");
}

Output
Enter an integer value 1: 67
Enter an integer value 2: 58
Enter an integer value 3: 67
Enter an integer value 4: 48
Enter an integer value 5: 98
Enter an integer value to search: 48
Target 48 found at index 3.

6-8
CHAPTER 6: ARRAYS IT202

Program 6-5
#include <stdio.h>
#define SIZE 5

void main(void)
{
int List[5]={0}, idx ;

for (idx = 0; idx < SIZE; ++idx)

{
printf("\nEnter an integer value %i: ", idx);
scanf("%i", &List[idx]);
}

printf("\n\nData\tData * 2");
printf("\n----\t--------");
for (idx = 0; idx < SIZE; ++idx)
printf("\n%i\t%i", List[idx], List[idx] * 2);
}

Output
Enter an integer value 1: 67
Enter an integer value 2: 58
Enter an integer value 3: 97
Enter an integer value 4: 48
Enter an integer value 5: 98

Data Data * 2
------ -----------
67 134
58 116
97 194
48 96
98 196

6-9
CHAPTER 6: ARRAYS IT202

6.4 Programming Exercise

1. Write a program to input a set of five numbers and print them out in the reverse
order of input. Put both the input and printing in loops.

Variables
a[ ]
x

Output
Input five numbers:
0? 235
1? 256.23
2? 458
3? 265.12
4? 5

Here they are: 5 265.12 458 256.23 235

6 - 10
CHAPTER 6: ARRAYS IT202

2. Write a program that accepts input of five values from the keyboard and prints out
the values and their difference from the mean (average) value.

Variables
Value[ ]
Mean
Count

Output
Enter 5 values separated by space.
46.2 12.6 32.654 6 25.44
Number Value Difference
1 46.20 21.62
2 12.60 -11.98
3 32.65 8.08
4 6.00 -18.58
5 25.44 0.86

3. Write a program to accept five integral values into an array namely List, at the
end of data entry, the program will prompt user to enter a value to search from the
array. Your program should display appropriate message notifying the user
whether the search element is found in the array.

Variables
List[ ]
Target, counter

Output
Enter value[0]: 10
Enter value[1]: 20

6 - 11
CHAPTER 6: ARRAYS IT202

Enter value[2]: 35
Enter value[3]: 12
Enter value[4]: 8

Enter a value to search from the array: 8

8 was found at index 4

Enter a value to search from the array: 100

100 was not found in the array

6 - 12
CHAPTER 6: ARRAYS IT202

6.5 Revision Exercise

1. How is an indexed variable similar to any other variable?

2. How does an indexed variable differ from a normal variable?

3. What is an array?

4. Why do we use array?

5. What is the first index value for any indexed variable in C?

6. In the array declaration float stuff[10]; how many elements are allocated and
what is the index of the last allocated variable?

7. Given the declaration float stuff[5] = {1.1, 2.2, 3.3}; what will be the value of
stuff[1]? Of stuff[3]? Of stuff[5]?

8. Of what data type is an index for question 7?

9. Answer questions (i) through (v) regarding an array called fractions.

i. Define a symbolic constant SIZE to be replaced with the replacement text

10.
ii. Declare an array fractions with SIZE elements of type float and initialize
the elements to 0.
iii. Name the fourth element from the beginning of the array.
iv. Name the last element from the beginning of the array.
v. Name the first element from the beginning of the array.

10. Given the following array’s declaration statements, indicate whether valid or
invalid.

i. char a[10] = “Alice”;

ii. char a[ ] = “Alice”;
iii. char a[10] = ‘A’, ‘l’, ‘i’, ‘c’, ‘e’;
iv. char a[10] = {0};
v. char a[5] = “Alice”;

6 - 13
CHAPTER 6: ARRAYS IT202

11. State whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE.

i. C checks for subscripts that are out of range of an array’s declared size.

ii. Negative subscripts are allowed in C.

iii. The end of an array can easily be tracked through the use of a sentinel value.

iv. Unlike other variables, arrays must be initialized when they are declared.

v. When using subscripted variables, the subscript can be any non-negative

integral values.

vi. Individual elements of an array are stored contiguously.

12. Fill in the blanks for the following statements.

i. We refer to a set of subscripted variables as a(n) _______________.

ii. Given the declaration float y[100[; the highest value subscript for y would
be ________.

iii. Given the declaration float x[80[; the lowest value subscript for x would be
________.

iv. A(n) __________ arranges a list of values in order.

v. A(n) __________ operation begins with a list of values in order (sorted),

and adds one more to the list.

13. Choose the best answer for the following statements.

i. The process of placing the elements of an array into either ascending or

descending order is called.

a. Sorting
b. arranging
c. placing

6 - 14
CHAPTER 6: ARRAYS IT202

ii. When referring to an array, the position number contained within

parenthesis is called a ______.

a. number
b. value
c. subscript

iii. The elements if an array are related by the fact that they ____.

a. are integers
b. contain values
c. have same name and type

6 - 15
CHAPTER 7: STRING IT202

Chapter 7 – String
Objectives
String in C is a list of alphanumeric characters declared as a character array. In chapter
7, students will learn how to incorporate string variables in C programs. Additionally,
students would learn how to manipulate string variables such as character conversion,
format string output, and validation check of string characters. At the end of this lesson,
students would be able to achieve the following objectives.

• Understand the concept of string variables in C programs

• Learn how to incorporate string variables in C programs
• Know how to manipulate string variables such as character conversion, formatting,
and validation check.
• Know and appreciate when should string variables be included and the purpose of
using string variables

7-1
CHAPTER 7: STRING IT202

7.1 String Variables

A string variable in C is simply a list of characters declared as array. When declaring
string variables, sufficient storage space should be allocated. The string variables’ storage
space normally requires a NULL (‘\0’) character at the end of it. C will automatically
assign a NULL character at the end of a string variable. The following examples show
how string variables are declared and being initialized.

Example – Declaration:

char Name[10];

Example – Initialization:

char Name[10] = { ‘P’, ‘E’, ‘T’, ‘E’, ‘R’};

char Name[10] = “Peter”;
char Name[ ] = “Peter”;

Once a string variable is declared, characters could be stored in the allocated storage
space. Each character would be accessed/referenced via index. The first character starts at
zero and the last character is always a NULL character. The following Figure 7-1
represents the organization of a string variable for the first initialization example above.

Figure 7-1: String variable initialization

P E T E R ‘\0’ ‘\0’ ‘\0’ ‘\0’ ‘\0’

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Indices (0 – 9)

7-2
CHAPTER 7: STRING IT202

7.2 String Input

A string variable could be used to store any ASCII characters. There are two ways of
capturing value into string variable, the scanf( ) and gets( ) function. The main different
between the two functions is the scanf( ) function requires data specifier while the other
does not.
scanf (“%s”, Name);

OR

gets(Name);

The scanf( ) function takes a set of characters from the input stream (from the current
position to the next whitespace and write them beginning at the address name. It will also
add a null at the end of the characters to maintain C’s concept of string.

If a character array (string variable) has 10 elements/slots for storage, we can effectively
store only 9 characters. If user enter a 15-characters to the array, it overflows the space
allocated and will mess up something else. We can limit the number of characters that will
be converted by putting a width modifier in front of the s type code.

Example:

char product[9];

scanf(“%9s”, product);

Explanation:

The above scanf( ) example will stop conversion at the first whitespace or a maximum of
9 characters. If it reaches the maximum, characters left over remain in the stream.
Whitespace is the default delimiter for scanf( ), which means that inputting a single string
with whitespace in it is not possible. If there might be two-word product names, such as
Blue Swan, we would have to use something other than scanf( ). In this case, we may use
gets( ).

The gets( ) function does not limit the number of characters assigned to the string.
Typically, scanf( ) leaves newline in the input stream after finishes. When gets( ) executes
and you are expecting the program to stop while you enter something. The gets( ) sees the
newline, which it interprets as an empty string – perfectly acceptable to it – and it assigns

7-3
CHAPTER 7: STRING IT202

the empty string to the input field. It is important to be sure that the input buffer is empty
before the call to gets( ), this could be done through flushing the input stream as below:

Example:
char Name[30];
:
:
fflush(stdin);
gets(Name);

7.3 String Output

A string variable’s content could be displayed by using either the printf( ) or puts()
function. The %s conversion code outputs an entire string. Its argument must be an
address of an array of chars. The content in a string variable could also be manipulated
such as format the display to the required length or spaces, for example, by including the
required width and precision.

printf (“%s”, Name);

printf(“%20s”, Name);
printf(“%-20s”, Name); /* left justification */
printf(“%20.10”, Name); /* width = 20, no. of characters to print = 10

OR

puts(Name);

7-4
CHAPTER 7: STRING IT202

7.4 String Manipulation

There are various string functions available for manipulation purpose. Those functions are
available in the string.h header file. The following are some commonly used string
functions.

strlen( ) – it returns the number of characters in the string.

Char Name[40] = ”Peter”;

printf (“String size is: %i”, strlen(Name));

strcpy( ) - copies a string from location to another.

char Destination[40];
char Source[40] = “Peter”;
strcpy(Destination, Source);

strncpy( ) – enable maximum number of characters to be copied only.

char Destination[40];
char Source[40] = “Peter”;
strncpy(Destination, Source, 20);

strcat( ) – concatenates strings, puts one string at the end of another.

char First[40] = “Peter”;

char Second[40] = “Pan”;
printf(“%s”, strcat(First, Second));

7-5
CHAPTER 7: STRING IT202

strcmp( ) – compares two strings and return a positive value if the first string is greater
than the second string, zero if both strings are equal, or negative value if first string is less
than second string.

char First[40] = “Peter”;

char Second[40] = “Pan”;
if( strcmp(First, Second) == 0)
printf(“They are equal”);

strncmp( ) – compares only up to maximum characters specified.

char First[40] = “Peter”;

char Second[40] = “Pan”;
if( strncmp(First, Second, 3) == 0)
printf(“The first three characters are equal”);

7.5 Character Classification

As mentioned earlier, string is merely collection of characters (character array). Each
character stored in a string variable can be manipulated individually such as from
lowercase to uppercase, etc. There are various character classification functions available
in ctype.h header file.

isalnum( ) – returns nonzero if the character is alphanumeric: 0-9, A-Z, or a-z.

isalpha( ) – returns nonzero if the character is alphabetic: A-Z or a-z.
iscntrl( ) – returns nonzero if the character is a control code: ASCII 1-31.
isdigit( ) – returns nonzero if the character is a decimal digit: 0-9.
isgraph( ) – returns nonzero if the character is printable, not including space.
islower( ) – returns nonzero if the character is lowercase: a-z.
isprintf( ) - returns nonzero if the character is printable. Including space.
ispunct( ) - returns nonzero if the character is punctuation.
isspace( ) - returns nonzero if the character is whitespace: space, form feed (\f), newline
(\n), return (\r), horizontal tab (\t), or vertical tab (\v).
isupper( ) - returns nonzero if the character is uppercase: A-Z.
isxdigit( ) - returns nonzero if the character is a hexadecimal digit: 0-9, A-F.
7.6 Sample Program

7-6
CHAPTER 7: STRING IT202

Program 7-1

#include <stdio.h>

#define LENGTH 10

void out_string(char string[]);

void main(void)
{ char product[LENGTH];
float price;

printf("Enter price and product: ");

scanf("%f %s", &price, product);
printf("The price of a ");
out_string(product);
printf(" is %.2f.\n", price);
}

void out_string(char string[])

{ int index = 0;

while (string[index] != '\0')

{ printf("%c", string[index]);
++index;
}
}

Output
Enter price and product: 12.98 widget
The price of a widget is 12.98

Enter price and product: 12.98, widget

The price of a , is 12.98

Program 7-2

7-7
CHAPTER 7: STRING IT202

#include <stdio.h>
#define LENGTH 10

void in_line(char line[], int max);

void out_string(char string[]);

void main(void)
{ char string[LENGTH];

printf("Your input> ");

in_line(string, LENGTH);
while (string[0] != '\0')
{ printf(" Stored: ");
out_string(string);
printf("\nYour input> ");
in_line(string, LENGTH);
}
}
void in_line(char line[], int max)

{ int index = 0;

line[index] = getchar();
while (line[index] != '\n'&& index < max - 1)
{ ++index;
line[index] = getchar();
}
if (line[index] != '\n')
while (getchar() != '\n');
line[index] = '\0';
}

void out_string(char string[])

{ int index = 0;

while (string[index] != '\0')

{ printf("%c", string[index]);
++index;
}
}

7-8
CHAPTER 7: STRING IT202

Output
Your input> Hi there
Stored: Hi there

Your input> How are you?

Stored: How are

Program 7-3

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <ctype.h>

void main(void)
{
char Name[40];
int idx;

printf("\nEnter your name [max 40]: ");

fflush(stdin);
gets(Name);
Name[0] = toupper(Name[0]);
for (idx = 1; Name[idx] != '\0'; ++idx)
{
if(isspace(Name[idx - 1]))
Name[idx] = toupper(Name[idx]);
else
Name[idx] = tolower(Name[idx]);
}
printf("\nAfter conversion: %s", Name);
}

Output
Enter your name [max 40]: rosemary reis
After conversion: Rosemary Reis

7-9
CHAPTER 7: STRING IT202

Program 7-4

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <ctype.h>

void main(void)
{
char Name[40];
int idx=0, strSize, Valid;

printf("\nEnter your name [max 40]: ");

fflush(stdin);
gets(Name);
strSize = strlen(Name);
do{
if (isalpha(Name[idx]) || isspace(Name[idx]))
Valid = 1;
else
Valid = 0;
++idx;
}while (Valid && idx < strSize);
if(!Valid)
printf("Name field contain invalid character!");
else
printf("Your name is: %s", Name);
}

Output
Enter your name [max 40]: rosemary 123
Name contain invalid character!

Enter your name [max 40]: rosemary reis

Your name is rosemary reis

7 - 10
CHAPTER 7: STRING IT202

Program 7-5

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <ctype.h>

void main(void)
{
char Text[20] = "C PROGRAMMING";

printf("\n*%s*", Text);
printf("\n*%20s*", Text);
printf("\n*%-20s*", Text);
printf("\n*%5.3s*", Text);
printf("\n*%8.3s*", Text);
printf("\n*%8.5s*", Text);
printf("\n*%8.6s*", Text);
}

Output

* C P R O G R A M M I N G *
* C P R O G R A M M I N G *
* C P R O G R A M M I N G *
* C P *
* C P *
* C P R O *
* C P R O G *

7 - 11
CHAPTER 7: STRING IT202

Program 7-6

#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>

void main(void)
{ int in;

do
{ printf("Type a letter and <enter>: ");
in = getchar( );
getchar( );
}while (!isalpha(in));
puts("Finally, an alpha character!");
}

Output

Type a letter and <enter>: 5

Type a letter and <enter>: 8
Type a letter and <enter>: \
Type a letter and <enter>: d
Finally, an alpha character!

7 - 12
CHAPTER 7: STRING IT202

Program 7-7

#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>

void main(void)
{ char string[ ] = "23 skidoo.";
int chr = 0;

while(string[chr] != '\0')
{ if (isalpha(string[chr]))
printf("'%c'is alpha\n", string[chr]);
else
printf("'%c'is not alpha\n", string[chr]);
++chr;
}
}

Output

‘2’ is not alpha

‘3’ is not alpha
‘ ’ is not alpha
‘s’ is alpha
‘k’ is alpha
‘i’ is alpha
‘d’ is alpha
‘o’ is alpha
‘o’ is alpha
‘.’ is not alpha

7 - 13
CHAPTER 7: STRING IT202

Program 7-8

#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>

void main(void)
{ char string[] = "mYRnA H. bALthAZaR, III";
int chr;

printf("Before: %s\n", string);

string[0] = toupper(string[0]);
for (chr = 1; string[chr] != '\0'; ++chr)
if (string[chr - 1] == '')
string[chr] = toupper(string[chr]);
else
string[chr] = tolower(string[chr]);
printf("After : %s\n", string);
}

Output

Before: mYRnA H. bALthaZar, III

After: Myrna H. Balthazar, Iii

7 - 14
CHAPTER 7: STRING IT202

7.7 Programming Exercise

1. Write a function to return a nonzero if the character is a vowel(a, e, i, o, u – upper

or lower case), or zero if it is not a vowel. Test the function in a program that
allows input of string – gets( ) and a single character output – putchar( ) of the
characters in the string with the vowels highlighted as shown.

main( ) isvowel( )
string character
pos (character position in string) result

Output

Aloysius Washington
<A>l<o>ys<i><u>s W<a>sh<I>ngt<o>n

2. In the ASCII code, an uppercase letter has a value 32 less than the corresponding
lowercase letter. Write a program that will allow you to input any string and print
in all uppercase. The function caps( ) should make the actual changes in the string.
Do not use any string function.

Functions and Variables

main( )

string[ ]

caps( )
string[ ], sub

Output
Your input? How are you?
The output: HOW ARE YOU?

Your input? Please pay $23.90

The output: PLEASE PAY $23.90

7 - 15
CHAPTER 7: STRING IT202

3. Write a program to compare two strings, the program should print out which string
is greater or that they are equal.

Variables:
String1
String2

Outputs
FIRST STRING? ABNER
SECOND STRING? CRUMP
CRUMP IS GREATER THAN ABNER

FIRST STRING? NORBERT

SECOND STRING? Nancy
Nancy IS GREATER THAN NORBERT

FIRST STRING? MARY

SECOND STRING? MARY
MARY EQUALS MARY

4. Good people all have last name begin with the letter G through L; all the others are
normal. Write a program that differentiates the good people from normal people.

Variable
Name

Outputs
Name? Annie
Annie is a normal person

7 - 16
CHAPTER 7: STRING IT202

Name? Gary
Gary is a good person

Name? Ben
Ben is a normal person

Name? Lawrence
Lawrence is a normal person

7 - 17
CHAPTER 7: STRING IT202

7.8 Revision Exercise

1. How can we establish our own delimiters using scanf( )?

2. What two functions can we use to display strings?

3. What does the precision parameter do in printf( )?

4. What function returns the number of characters in a string?

5. What two functions will copy characters from one location to another? How do
they differ?

6. What two functions concatenate one string to another? How do they differ?

7. What two functions compare two strings? How do they differ? How are the
comparisons made?

8. Fill in the blanks with most appropriate word(s).

i. A string value or literal is enclosed in ________.

ii. Each character in memory takes up ________ byte(s).

iii. A string is really just a (n) ____________.

iv. The conversion code “%[^#@]s” would tell scanf to _______________.

9. State whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE.

i. There is no difference between how C interprets ‘x’ and “x”.

ii. There is no difference between how C interprets ‘x’ and ‘X’.

iii. There is no difference between how C interprets ‘x’ and “X”.

iv. A null will be stored at the end of x, given the declaration – char x[3] = {‘1’,
‘2’};

v. The automatic declaration of x – char x[10] will automatically put zeros

throughout x.

vi. A string variable control string can be sent to scanf as its first argument.

7 - 18
CHAPTER 7: STRING IT202

vii. C issues an error if you assign characters beyond the memory locations
allocated for an individual string.

viii. The strlen( ) function returns the number of characters in its argument, and
does not count the null.

7 - 19
CHAPTER 8: FILE IT202

Chapter 8 – File
Objectives
So far all the data captured is temporary held in computer’s memory, and once power
is off, the data lost too. In this chapter, students would learn how to keep and store data
into a data file. There is various file manipulation techniques would be covered in this
chapter. At the end of the chapter students would learn the following.

• Understand the concept of file in C

• Learn how to declare file variables and various types of file
• Know how to write data and retrieve data from a text file
• Learn how to delete data from a text file
• Create simple application program for file handling such as adding, searching,
viewing and deleting of data

8-1
CHAPTER 8: FILE IT202

8.1 Opening Files

Opening a file in C means telling C that the type of file variable should be used to stored
data. Prior to opening a file, a file variable must be declared. A file could be declared as
FILE type and open using the fopen( ) function.

Declaring a File Variable

FILE *StudentFile;

Opening File

FILE *StudentFile;
StudentFile = fopen(“c:\\Data\\Student.Dat”, “a+”);

8.1.1 File Modes

In the Declaring File Variable example, the StudentFile is the file pointer, and it is a user-
defined name. In the second example- Opening File, the fopen( ) function takes two
arguments – the data file name and the file modes. There are three types of file modes
available in C.

“r” – Opens an existing file with file position indicator at the beginning of the file.

“w” – Creates a new, empty file with the file position indicator at the beginning. If
there is any data exist in the file, it would be erased.

“a” – Opens an existing file or, if the file does not exist, creates a new one. The file
position indicator would be placed at the end.

All the above file modes could be issued in conjunction with a plus “+” symbol to indicate
the file is for both writing and reading operations.

8-2
CHAPTER 8: FILE IT202

8.1.2 Binary versus Text Files

Test file try to match the internal storage of data in C to the typical formatting of text for
the operating system being used. The possible adjustments are in the line endings and en-
of-file indications.
Binary files are most assume nothing about the operating system and don’t make any
special adjustments or translations. What is in the program or main memory will be
written to the file verbatim. The binary file mode can be declared by including a b in the
mode string either the second or last position. For example, “rb+” or “rb”, or “wb”, and so
forth.

8.2 Closing a File

The act of closing a file writes the contents of the current buffer, if it has changed, into the
appropriate place in secondary memory storage, making changes permanent, and
deallocations the memory space for both the file buffer and the file description. The
fclose( ) function closes a file.

Closing a File

FILE *StudentFile;
….. …
….. …
fclose(StudentFile);

8.3 Character Access to Files

Character access to files also known as formatted access. The fprintf( ) function is
normally used in character access, it transfers the data to a file. The fprintf( ) function
have the same meaning as printf( ). The difference is that instead of the characters
appearing on the screen, they will be written to the file at the location of the file position
indicator. The file must be opened in some mode that will allow writing to it – “w”, “wb”,
”a”, ”ab”, or anything with a plus sign in it such as “rb+”. To retrieve a file’s content, the
scanf( ) function is used.

8-3
CHAPTER 8: FILE IT202

Writing to File - text file

fprintf(StudentFile, “%s %i\n”, Name, Age);

Both the scanf( ) and fscanf( ) have the same arguments, parameters, and return values,
but fscanf( ) has an additional argument – the pointer to the file description. Both scanf( )
and fscanf( ) have an additional conversion code that is of limited use in the keyword
input of scanf( ). When writing to a text file, some delimiters were included, the slashes,
to separate values in the file. We can use those delimiters to tell a scanf( ) string
conversion when to stop reading characters. Instead of using %s for a string conversion,
we will use the %[] code. Inside the brackets we will put a caret (^) followed by any
characters we want to be recognized as delimiters – those that end a string conversion. For
example, %[^,-] will end a string conversion at either a comma or dash, whichever comes
first. Whitespace, the usual default delimiter, becomes just another character when use
%[].

Retrieving from File (text file)

fscanf(StudentFile, “%s %i%*c”, Name, & Age);

Example:

fprintf(StudentFile, “%s/ %i\n”, Name, Age);

… …
… …
fscanf(StudentFile, “%[^/]%*c %i%*c”, Name, &Age);

8.4 Finding The End of A File

The feof( ) function checks to see if the end-of-file indicator is set. In almost all cases, this
indicator is set by an attempt to read or beyond the end of the file.

Finding End of The File

if (feof(StudentFile))
printf(“End of the file”);

8-4
CHAPTER 8: FILE IT202

8.5 Sample Program

Program 8-1 (Adding)

#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>

void main(void)
{
char Name[40];
int ID=0;
char Gender;
float Amt;
FILE *sfile;

if ((sfile = fopen("c:\\stud.dat", "a+")) == NULL)

ID = 1;
else
{
do{
fscanf(sfile,"%i %[^/]%*c %c %f%*c", &ID, Name, &Gender, &Amt);
}while (!feof(sfile));
ID += 1;
}

printf("Student ID: %04i", ID);

printf("\nName: ");
fflush(stdin);
gets(Name);
printf("Gender: ");
scanf(" %c", &Gender);
printf("Amount: ");
scanf("%f", &Amt);
printf("\nRecord saved!");
fprintf(sfile,"%i %s/ %c %.2f\n", ID, Name, Gender, Amt);
fclose(sfile);
}

8-5
CHAPTER 8: FILE IT202

Program 8-2 (Disaply)

#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>

void main(void)
{
char Name[40];
int ID;
char Gender;
float Amt;
FILE *sfile;

if ((sfile = fopen("c:\\stud.dat", "a+")) == NULL)

printf("File Empty!");
else
{
while (!feof(sfile))
{
fscanf(sfile,"%i %[^/]%*c %c %f%*c", &ID, Name, &Gender, &Amt);
if (feof(sfile))
break;
printf("%04i %s %c %.2f\n", ID, Name, Gender, Amt);
}
}
printf("\nEnd of file, press any key to exit.");
fclose(sfile);
}

8-6
CHAPTER 8: FILE IT202

Program 8-3 (Searching)

#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <string.h>

void main(void)
{
char Name[40], Target[40];
int ID, Found = 0;
char Gender;
float Amt;
FILE *sfile;

if ((sfile = fopen("c:\\stud.dat", "r")) == NULL)

printf("File Empty!");
else
{
printf("Enter Name to search: ");
fflush(stdin);
gets(Target);
while (!feof(sfile)&& Found == 0 )
{
fscanf(sfile,"%i %[^/]%*c %c %f%*c", &ID, Name, &Gender, &Amt);
if (strcmp(Target, Name)== 0)
Found = 1;
}
if (Found)
{
printf("ID: %04i\n", ID);
printf("Name: %s\n", Name);
if (toupper(Gender) == 'F')
printf("Gender: Female\n");
else
printf("Gender: Male\n");
printf("Amount: %.2f\n", Amt);
}
}
fclose(sfile);
}

8-7
CHAPTER 8: FILE IT202

Program 8-4 (Deleting)

#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <string.h>

void main(void)
{
char Name[40], Target[40];
int ID, Found = 0;
char Gender;
float Amt;
FILE *sfile, *temp;

temp = fopen("c:\\temp.dat", "w");

if ((sfile = fopen("c:\\stud.dat", "r")) == NULL)
printf("File Empty!");
else
{
printf("Enter Name to delete: ");
fflush(stdin);
gets(Target);
while (!feof(sfile))
{
fscanf(sfile,"%i %[^/]%*c %c %f%*c", &ID, Name, &Gender, &Amt);
if (feof(sfile))
break;
if (strcmp(Target, Name)!= 0)
fprintf(temp, "%i %s/ %c %f\n", ID, Name, Gender, Amt);
else
{
Found = 1;
printf("ID: %04i\n", ID);
printf("Name: %s\n", Name);
if (toupper(Gender) == 'F')
printf("Gender: Female\n");
else
printf("Gender: Male\n");
printf("Amount: %.2f\n", Amt);
}
}
if (!Found)
printf("Record not found!\n");
}
printf("\nRecord deleted.");
fclose(sfile);
fclose(temp);
remove("c:\\stud.dat");
rename("c:\\temp.dat", "c:\\stud.dat");
}

8-8
CHAPTER 9: Record-based Data IT202

Chapter 9 – Record-Based Data

Objectives
When data is manipulated in records that group individual but related values, it is used to
have a mechanism that holds each record together. In this chapter we shall look at a
mechanism. At its conclusion, you should understand:

• The characteristics of C’s method for accessing records

• How these records are defined, declared, initialized, and accessed
• How to use records in conjunction with files

9-1
CHAPTER 9: Record-based Data IT202

9.1 Structures
A structure is a complex data type made up of other data types. For example, we could
combine the three strings (char arrays) for name, address, and phone number into one
structure. We may access the entire structure – move it into secondary storage, for
example; or we could access an individual member of the structure – change the address,
for example.

9.1.1 Definitions and Declarations

Structures are data types that we make up ourselves. Their components are the existing
data types. Working with a structure requires a step that is already done for us with the
standard data types – providing a structure definition, where we tell C the makeup of the
structure. The general format of the definition is as below:

struct tag
{
member definitions
}

The tag is the name of new data type. It is equivalent of float or int and is used in much
the same way – we will declare variables of that data type to be used in the program. In
the member definitions we will define each of the individual variables that make up the
structure.

Example:

struct emp_record
{
char name[40];
int age;
float basicPay;
};

The above example with tag of emp_record contains definitions of a 30-element char
array referred to as name, an int referred to as age and a float referred to as basicPay.
Take note that there is a semicolon after the closing brace. Any valid data type can be a
member of a structure. The structure definition only tells C the makeup of the structure. It

9-2
CHAPTER 9: Record-based Data IT202

does not allocate memory. To use the new data type, we will have to declare variables of
that type. The following is an example of the declaration:

Example:

struct emp_record staff;

The above example allocates memory space for the variable staff of data type
emp_record. The key word struct must be included whenever we refer to a structure data
type. Structure tags are defined externally, outside of a function, are visible globally, in
fact, the structure can be declared anywhere in the program. It is often a good idea to
define structure externally, where they are visible to all functions. C also allows us to both
define and declare structures in the same statement. The overall general form is as below:

struct tag
{
member definitions
} names;

Example:

struct emp_record
{
char name[40];
int age;
float basicPay;
}full_time, part_time;

9.1.2 Initializations

We may also explicitly initialize structures at the time of their declarations. The important
criterion for initializations is that the values are listed in the exact same order as the
members in the structure. The entire definition, declaration, and initialization could be
contained in one statement. Please take note that no initialization should be made in a

9-3
CHAPTER 9: Record-based Data IT202

definition as a definition of structure allocates no memory space and sets up no variables.

The following is an example of a structure initialization:

Example:

struct emp_record full_time = {“Richard Brandon”, 35, 3500.00};

9.1.3 The sizeof a Structure

The result of a sizeof operation is the number of bytes in the expression or data-type name
following sizeof. If data-type names are used, they must be enclosed in parentheses.
Defining a structure defines a data type, and we can declare variables of that data type.
The sizeof operator will give us the number of bytes in the structure data type or variable.

9.2 Accessing Structures

Structures are most often accessed – read or assigned – by accessing individual members.
Since we may have many variables of the same structure type and each of these variables
will have the same member names, we must tie the member name to the specific structure
variable with a member operator, a dot (.). Consider the following example:

Example:

struct emp_record
{
char name[40];
int age;
float basicPay;
}full_time, part_time;
:
:
printf(“Employee’s name: %s”, full_time.name);
printf(“Employee’s age: %i”, full_time.age);
:
:

9-4
CHAPTER 9: Record-based Data IT202

9.3 Arrays of Structures

We may declare an array of structure base on the number of records that we would like to
store. The following example shows how we could declare an array of structures:

Example:

struct emp_record staff[4];

To access the basicPay of the second staff in the array we would refer to staff[1].basicPay.
To access the third character of the name member of the second staff we would refer to
staff[1].name[2]. The array may be initialized by putting a block of values after the
declaration, the following is an example of the initialization:

Example:

struct emp_record staff[4] =

{{ “Barzoom”, 20, 2300},
{ “LaRue”, 30, 2300},
{ “Annie”, 20, 2000},
{ “Peter”, 25, 2800}};

9.4 Files and Structures

A structure can be viewed as a fixed-length object stored at an address in memory. This
kind of description fits perfectly with the operation of fread( ) and fwrite( ). We can easily
move structures to and from files by passing either function the address of the structure,
the number of bytes in the structure (which we can get using sizeof), and the number
structures. The following example shows how fread( ) and fwrite( ) functions are used
with structures:
Example – fwrite( ):

struct emp_record staff;

FILE *emp;
:
:

9-5
CHAPTER 9: Record-based Data IT202

fwrite(&emp, sizeof staff, 1, emp);

:
:

Example – fread( ):

struct emp_record staff;

FILE *emp;
:
:
while(fread(&emp, sizeof staff, 1, emp) == 1)
:
:

9-6
CHAPTER 9: Record-based Data IT202

9.5 Sample Program

Program 9-1
#include <stdio.h>

#define NAME_CHRS 30

struct employee_rec
{ char name[NAME_CHRS];
int dependents;
float pay_rate;
};

void main(void)
{ struct employee_rec full_time = {"Beulah Barzoom", 4, 12.63};

printf("Employee's name: %s.\n", full_time.name);

printf("Dependents: %i.\n", full_time.dependents);
printf("Change pay rate from %.2f to > ", full_time.pay_rate);
scanf("%f", &full_time.pay_rate);
printf("Confirm new pay rate: %.2f.\n", full_time.pay_rate);
}

Output
Employee’s name: Beulah Barzoom.
Dependents: 4.
Change pay rate from 12.63 to > 14.25
Confirm new pay rate: 14.25

9-7
CHAPTER 9: Record-based Data IT202

Program 9-2

#include <stdio.h>
#define TAX_RATE .16 /* General tax rate */
#define DEP_REDUCTION .02 /* Reduction for each dependent */
#define NAME_CHRS 30
struct employee_rec
{ char name[NAME_CHRS];
int dependents;
float pay_rate;
};

void main(void)
{ struct employee_rec employee;
float hours, gross, tax;
double net;

printf("Employee name: ");

gets(employee.name);
while (employee.name[0] != '\0') /* Stop at empty string */
{ printf("Hours, pay rate, other dependents: ");
scanf(" %f %f %i",
&hours, &employee.pay_rate, &employee.dependents);
gross = hours * employee.pay_rate;
tax = (TAX_RATE - DEP_REDUCTION * employee.dependents) * gross;
net = gross - tax;
printf(" Pay to: %s $**%.2f**\n", employee.name, net);
while (getchar( ) != '\n'); /* Flush stream */
printf("Employee name: ");
gets(employee.name);
}
}

9-8
CHAPTER 9: Record-based Data IT202

Output

Employee name: Maynard Freebisch

Hours, pay rate, other dependents: 36 10.83 2
Pay to: Maynard Freebisch $**350.89**

Employee name: Gilda Garfinkle

Hours, pay rate, other dependent: 44 15.25 4
Pay to: Gilda Garfinkle $**630.74**

Employee name:

9-9
CHAPTER 9: Record-based Data IT202

Program 9-3

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define CHRS 30

struct employee_rec
{ char name[CHRS];
int dependents;
float pay_rate;
};
void main(void)
{ struct employee_rec employee;
FILE *employ;

if ((employ = fopen("EMPLOYEE.DAT", "wb")) == NULL) /* Open file */

{ printf("Cannot open file.\n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
printf("Employee name: "); /***************** Input and write to file */
gets(employee.name);
while (employee.name[0] != '\0') /* Empty string */
{ printf("Pay rate, other dependents: ");
scanf(" %f %i", &employee.pay_rate, &employee.dependents);
fwrite(&employee, sizeof employee, 1, employ);
while (getchar() != '\n');
printf("Employee name: ");
gets(employee.name);
}
fclose(employ);
}

9 - 10
CHAPTER 9: Record-based Data IT202

Output

Employee name: Maynard Freebisch

Pay rate, other dependents: 10.83 2

Employee name: Gilda Garfinkle

Pay rate, other dependents: 15.25 4

Employee name: Beulah Barzoom

Pay rate, other dependents: 12.63 4

Employee name: LeRoy LaRue

Pay rate, other dependents: 9.50 –1

Employee name:

9 - 11
CHAPTER 9: Record-based Data IT202

Program 9-4

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

#define CHRS 30

struct employee_rec
{ char name[CHRS];
int dependents;
float pay_rate;
};

void main(void)
{ struct employee_rec employee;
float hours, gross, tax;
double net;
FILE *employ;

if ((employ = fopen("EMPLOYEE.DAT", "rb")) == NULL) /* Open file */

{ printf("Cannot open file.\n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
while (fread(&employee, sizeof employee, 1, employ) == 1) /* Pay */
{ printf("Hours for %s: ", employee.name);
scanf(" %f", &hours);
gross = hours * employee.pay_rate;
tax = (.16 - .02 * (employee.dependents + 1)) * gross;
net = gross - tax;
printf(" Pay to: %s $**%.2f**\n", employee.name, net);
}
fclose(employ);
}

9 - 12
CHAPTER 9: Record-based Data IT202

Output

Hours for Maynard Freebisch: 36

Pay to: Maynard Freebisch $**350.89**

Hours for Gilda Garfinkle: 44

Pay to: Gilda Garfinkle $**630.74**

Hours for Beulah Barzoom: 39

Pay to: Beulah Barzoom $**463.02**

Hours for LeRoy LaRue: 3

Pay to: LeRoy LaRue $**23.94**

9 - 13
CHAPTER 10: PROJECT GUIDELINES IT202

Student Information
Project Proposal

• One copy of project proposal consists of the cover page and the proposal
details (refer to appendix D) should be submitted on lesson 4.
• Marks will be awarded to project proposal approved by project supervisor.
• No project development should be started without obtaining the approval
of project proposal from respective supervisor/lecturer.

Documentation Format (Project Documentation and Project Proposal)

• All documents (proposal and final project documentation) should be type

written using word processor.
• The cover page (refer to appendix E) should contain student’s particulars.
• The final project documentation should be bound properly with diskette
attach in the back cover of the project.
• Any hand written material found in final project documentation will result
in marks deduction.
• Standard font style of Times New Roman
• Font size of 12 (except Program Listing)
• Line spacing of 1.5 (except Program Listing)
• Start each chapter/part on new page.
• The content page should show all the relevant chapters/pages clearly.
• MUST have continuos and type written page numbers.

Dateline and Submission

• The dateline for project proposal submission is on lesson 4 and final

documentation on lesson 14.
• Late submissions will cause 10 marks to be deducted per day.
• Items to be submitted on lesson 14:
One copy of the original final project documentation (no photocopy
project documentation is acceptable)
The approved project proposal
One copy of the source program, and EXE version on diskette
• The submitted project will not be returned to students. Students are
required to keep a copy for own references.

Backup

• Students should always backup their program and documentation.

• Students should always make use of Virus Scan software to scan their
diskette to prevent diskette from infecting by viruses.

10- 1
CHAPTER 10: PROJECT GUIDELINES IT202

Integrity and Plagiarism

• Any project is found copied form either classmates or outside sources will
not be marked.
• Lecturers have the right not to accept any project is found lacking of
substance or copy from some other sources.

Sample Project

There won’t be any sample project to be given to students. Students are required
to develop their project according to the stated project specification. There is no
specific format to the project. The most important criterion is to produce all the
required parts in their project.

Project Presentation

There will be twenty percent on Project Presentation, and each student MUST
pass the Project Presentation/Viva (with minimum score of ten marks) in order to
pass this unit. Failures to do so will resultant a fail grade for this module.

Basic Project Requirements

All the project documentation and program should clearly indicate the file
implementation process. Candidates may either choose to implement text file or
binary file in the program. Should there is any absent of file implementation will
resultant a “D” grade regardless the quality of the project documentation.

All codes in program should be written using standard C language, should there is
any other language found in the program such as C++, or Object Oriented, etc will
resultant a “D” grade to be awarded.

Candidates must include basic file manipulation process such as Add, Delete,
Search and Delete of records in the project’s program. Failures to do so will
resultant a “D” to be awarded.

10- 2
CHAPTER 10: PROJECT GUIDELINES IT202

Project Guidelines
Students are required to document their projects based on the Suggested Table of
Content. On Lesson 14, students are required to submit only ONE original copy
on documentation and a soft copy of program. Students are reminded that the
submitted project will not be returned and students are expected to photocopy one
own reference.

Suggested Table of Contents

1. Current System
2. New System
3. Specification

3.1 Input Specification

3.2 Screen Design
3.3 CRT Forms
3.4 Processing & Validations

4. Program Listing
5. Testing
5.1 Test Log
5.2 Test Cases
5.3 Test Log

6. Implementation
6.1 User Manual

7. Conclusion
7.1 Strengths
7.2 Weaknesses
7.3 Enhancements

10 - 3
CHAPTER 10: PROJECT GUIDELINES IT202

1. Current System

Provide some background information about the types of problem

currently faced in a company. A detail description on all the problems
encountered by the user. Why there is a need to implement a new system,
and who initiated this project. Students may approach this by identifying
problematic areas in the company and why they need to change the manual
or automated system to a new system.

2. Proposed New System

Outline the proposed new system. Students may approach this by looking
into functions available in the proposed system. Detail description on
features available in the new system. Students are reminded to substantiate
that the proposed new system is able to solve existing problems faced by
the users.

3. Program Specification

3.1 Input Specification

In this section, students have to show all of the input variables that are
used in program. Information such as Item Name, Description, Data Type
and Size should be described in detail.

3.2 Screen Design

The Screen Design section is a diagrammatic representation of all the

screens in the program. Links among different screens are clearly shown.
For example, the Main Menu links to individual screens such as Data
Entry, Edit etc.

3.3 CRT Form

The CRT is used to draw individual screen as stated in the Screen Design
section. The CRT form will be distributed on the first lesson, students are
required to make some copies depends on the number of screens in Screen
Design section. The objective of using CRT form is allow the required co-
ordinate (such column and row number) to be viewed during coding.
When draw the CRT Form, try to use pencil so as to facilitate changes. A
copy of standard CRT Form is available in Appendix C.

Standard should be adopted when preparing CRT form, the following is

the required standard:

X - alphanumeric field
9 - numeric field

10- 4
CHAPTER 10: PROJECT GUIDELINES IT202

For example:

CRT Form
Add New Student

Name: xxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Age: 99
Date of Birth: 99/99/99
Gender: x (F-female / M-male)
Address: xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Save the record (Y/N)? x

3.4 Processing & Validation

In this section, it shows all the data processing activities involved in the program.
This can be details like how data are validated, the algorithm used for certain data
processing tasks, for e.g. checking data entry for gender type, update the quantity
field of the master file record, print a subtotal at the end of the report, calculate the
average of a set of numeric values. These are the program requirements that your
program should reflect. The following are some possible checking or validations
that you may include in the Processing Requirement section.

Suggested Types of Validation

1. Format check - the acceptable entry in terms of characters, digits etc.

normally applicable to alphanumeric or alphabetic field.
2. Emptiness - where the entry for a particular field is compulsory, normally
applicable to all the fields.
3. Uniqueness - where no duplication/similar entry is allowed, normally
applicable to key field such NRIC, Identification NO. etc.
4. Size check - where a particular field entry should not exit the stated size,
normally applicable to alphanumeric and alphabetic fields.
5. Range check - where the entry of a particular field should be within
specific range, normally applicable to numeric fields.

Suggested Calculation

10 - 5
CHAPTER 10: PROJECT GUIDELINES IT202

1. Formulas used to derive certain results

Suggested Update Processes

1. Updating of files - how related file(s) is updated.

For example:

Name

1. The acceptable entry for name is purely letters of alphabet, otherwise error
message "Invalid! Accept letters of alphabet from A to z only." will be
displayed.
2. The maximum size allowed for name field is 20, otherwise error message
"Invalid! The maximum number of characters allowed is 20 only" will be
displayed.

3. The name field should have data entry, otherwise error message "Invalid! You
must enter the name" will be displayed.

Payment_amount

1. The acceptable payment amount range from 350.00 to 5,000.00, otherwise

error message "Invalid! Accept payment amount range from $350.00 to
$5,000.00 only" will be displayed.
2. The Payment_amount will be updated to a field known as YTD in the Student
Master file by the following algorithm:

Locate the related record in the Student Master file

YTD = YTD + Payment_amount

4. Program Listing

A copy of an updated error-free program listing should be included in this section.

Students are reminded that good habits like giving comments, using meaningful
identifier names, good program layout with proper indentation. These attributes
will increase the ease of maintenance at later stage. Try to avoid very long
module. A long module should be broken down into smaller modules with each
performing a single subtask. All these features will help to improve the readability
of the program.

5. Program Testing

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CHAPTER 10: PROJECT GUIDELINES IT202

5.1 Test Plan

A proper Test Plan should be produced to test the program. Students may adopt
Top-down or Bottom-up testing strategy. Testing begins at the menu level while
Bottom-up testing focuses on individual program and follow by the menu level.
An outline of the total number of test cases included must be outlined here, for
example:

Test case Objectives

1 To check for the correct activation of first
option in the main menu

5.2 Test Cases and Results

All test cases outlined in the test plan previously are carried out with the actual
running of the program. This section of the testing documentation should include
further elaboration of each test case. Each test case should have the following
components:

Test Case : 1

Objective : Explain the purpose of this test case

Test Data : Show actual test data used in this test case

Expected Test Result : Explain the expected output you expect the program
to produce if the test data are used

Actual Test Result : This should be produced by your program in actual

testing environment. You should capture and print
out the screen to support your testing activities.

Attach this copy below the test case as an Actual

Test result. DO NOT add anything to the print out.

Conclusion : Write a short conclusion as to whether any

programming error has been discovered.

How to capture the actual test result:

1. Press ALT+PRINTSCREEN keys simultaneously to capture the screen
2. Switch to MS Word immediately and PASTE the screen.
3. If output screen in DOS mode, press ALT+ENTER to switch the screen to
window size before capture the screen.

10 - 7
CHAPTER 10: PROJECT GUIDELINES IT202

6. User Manual

Students are required to document user instructions showing the user'

s step by step
usage of different functions of the program. There must be enough coverage on
each function outlined.

The students should include some printed copy of screen capture when guiding
the users with step by step instructions. This gives the users a better idea of how
the screen would look like and the ways to respond to such screens. The user
manual must be detail enough for a non-computer literate to operate and no
computer jargon should be included.

7. Conclusion

7.1 Program weaknesses

Briefly explain the weaknesses of the program. You may comment on the
performance of the program.

7.2 Program Strengths

Include some comments on the strengths of the program. Specify in what ways it
benefits users.

7.3 Program Enhancements

Include some suggestions that would help to enhance the performance of the
program in the future.

10- 8
CHAPTER 10: PROJECT GUIDELINES IT202

Recommended reference text

Title Author Publisher

The Art of Programming - Steven C. Lawlor West Publishing
Computer Science with C Company
C How to program H.M. Deitel / P.J. Deitel Prentice Hall
Programming with C Byron Gottfried Mc Graw Hill
C Programming Using Turbo C++ Robert Lafore SAMS Publishing

10 - 9
CHAPTER 10: PROJECT GUIDELINES IT202

Assessments

75% A Outstanding good performance, showing insight, creative

(70-100) thinking or flair in excess of the normal expectations for good
sound works. Well organised, clear and accurate
documentation. Does not have to be perfect but flaws and
omissions should be minor in relation to the quality of work
taken as a whole.

65% B Very good performance, showing some insight, creative

(60-69) thinking or flair in excess of the normal expectations for a
sound performance. Close to a “A” performance but falling
short in some significant respect. When the work is
considered as a whole some shortcomings cannot be
overlooked.

55% C A sound performance. Competent and appropriate response

(50-59) to the task. Significant shortcomings and not serious enough
to gravely weaken the whole work.

45% D A fair attempt. Some acceptable elements achieved, but the

(40-49) work may lack organisations and lack coherence as a whole,
or have other important weaknesses.

35% (Fail) A borderline failure. The minimum standard expected.

(35-39)
25% (Fail) Not up to the minimum standard, but some credit earned.
(15-34)
<15% (Fail) Unacceptable work or not submitted.
(0-15)

10- 10
CHAPTER 10: PROJECT GUIDELINES IT202

Appendix D

Project Title:

Software Requirement:

Hardware Requirement:

Abstract:

Project status: Reject/Pending/Refinement/Accept

Date of Approval:
Approved by:
Signature:

10 - 11
CHAPTER 10: PROJECT GUIDELINES IT202

Appendix E

Cover Page

Student Name: Lecturer/Supervisor Name:

Student Number: Student Contact Number:

Class Code: Center Code: 0101

Subject Name: C Programming Country: Singapore

Subject Code: IT202

10- 12
APPENDIX A: LESSON PLAN IT202

Unit Code: IT202 - C Programming

Release date: September 2002
LESSON NO. TOPICS COVERAGE ACTIVITIES
1. Introduction to C Discuss Key terms
Theory Forming a C program, variables, and concepts.
data types and declarations,
arithmetic expressions,
assignment and simple output.
2. Building a C program Practical
Practical Developing a style, directives, streams, output and
input.
3. Theory on Selection structure & Iteration Practical
Theory structure
Conditions, if statement, switch statement, loops in C,
counter controlled, nested loops.
4. Practical exercises on Selection structure & Practical
Practical Iteration structure
5. Function Practical
Practical External variables, recursion and existing Functions.
6. Arrays Practical
Practical Indexed variable names, array declaration, array
functions and applications.
7. Strings Practical
Practical String Values, variables, assignments, input & output,
string manipulation, Character classification and
conversion.
8. Files input and output Practical
Practical File identifiers, buffered input and output, opening
files, closing a file, character access to files.
9 Online Test Practical
10. Record-based Structure Practical
Practical Structures in C, Records, Array of records
11. Progress test
Theory
12. Project development work Practical
Practical
13. Project development work Practical
Practical
14. Project submission Practical
Theory

Reference book

The Lesson Plan and Study Guide was developed base the following reference book:
Title: The Art of C Programming
Author: Steven C. Lawlor
Publisher: ITP (1996)

A-1
APPENDIX B: Revision Exercise Answers IT202

Revision Exercise
Chapter 1
1.

i. Gnash is a valid variable name

ii. Union is an invalid variable name because it is a reserve word
iii. 9Times is an invalid variable name because cannot begin with a digit
iv. too_many is a valid variable name

2.

i. not a valid declaration because there is no such variable type as unsigned float
ii. not a valid declaration because there is no such variable type as Double (it’s capitalization)
iii. valid declaration
iv. not a valid declaration because semicolon missing

3.

i. 91 - int
ii. 45 - int
iii. 48652 – long int
iv. 16.25 – float/double

4.

i. 1 (int)
ii. 12.5 (float/double)
iii. 13.2 (float/double)
iv. 5.0 (float/double)

5.

i. 8.3
ii. 6
iii. 10
iv. 27

6.
i. A-Z, upper- or lowercase, 0-9, and underscore. A name can start with anything but a number.
ii. No, C is case-sensitive
iii. Whether it is represented by straight binary or exponential notation, and how many bits it
occupies

B- 1
APPENDIX B: Revision Exercise Answers IT202

iv. Directs C how to store values in the variable, allocates space in memory, and, possibly,
initializes the variable
v. Char and int (with the possible modifiers signed, unsigned, short, and long) are integral; float,
double, and long double are floating point.
vi. U, L, UL, F and L again for long double, but the decimal point differentiates it from a long
int.
vii. We must use the special character \”
viii. As one continuous string value

7.

i. true
ii. false
iii. false
iv. true
v. true
vi. true
vii. false
viii. There are no string variables in C.
ix. true
x. false

Chapter 2
1.
i. %-3i
ii. %6.1f
iii. %5.1f
iv. ^%06li
v. %.2f
vi. %i/%d
vii. %c
viii. %9.3E

B- 2
APPENDIX B: Revision Exercise Answers IT202

2.

i. |*65|
ii. |A|
iii. |***4.3|
iv. |425|
v. |381.7|
vi. |*016|
vii. |1.23|
viii. |***52|

3.

i. The first argument to the printf( ) function is the control string that defines the format of the
output line. Subsequent arguments provides values to fill the spaces left in the format.
ii. Conversion code begin with a %a and end with a type specifier.
iii. Size modifiers further define the data type of the type specifier. The modifiers h and l
preceding i specify short or long ints, and L preceding f specifies long double. With scanf( ),
lf specifies a double.
iv. The width parameter specifies a minimum width for the field for printf( ).
v. Precision for printf( ) states the number of decimal places for a floating-point field (or
significant digits for a %g field) and the minimum number of digits with leading zero fill for
integral fields.
vi. Prompts are reminders displayed on the screen before inputs. They are displayed using printf(
).
vii. while (getchar( ) != ‘\n’); or fflush(stdin) are used to flush the input stream of unexpected or
unwanted characters.

4.

i. false
ii. false
iii. true
iv. true
v. false

B- 3
APPENDIX B: Revision Exercise Answers IT202

5.

i. define
ii. char
iii. &a

Chapter 3
1.
i. (1 < x && x < 5)
ii. (16 >= x && x >= -7)
iii. (22.6 >= x && x >= 12.03)
iv. (36 < x && x <= y && y < 115)

2.

i. true
ii. true
iii. true
iv. true

3.

if(color == ‘r’)
printf(“stop”);
else if(color == ‘y’)
printf( “caution”);
else if (color == ‘g’)
printf(“go”);
else
printf(“weird”);

B- 4
APPENDIX B: Revision Exercise Answers IT202

4.

The two segments don’t do the same thing. In the first code statement, the second if can never be true since
it is part of the else which only gets executed if x <= 0. In the second code segment the second if is always
true when the first one is true, so it is redundant. In both segments the segment if (x > 2) could be taken out
(int the second case { } would have to be added however, to keep the functionality the same). If x’s initial
value were 2, x would get 4 in the first segment and in the second segment x would get 8.

5.

i. By enclosing the statements within braces

ii. No, if the false branch is to take no action
iii. The = operator makes an assignment; the == operator makes a comparison.
iv. Only if there is more than one statement in the branch.
v. The entire set of nested ifs is one structure; if it is set up using else if, only one branch will
execute. Sequential ifs are separated structures, and many may execute.
vi. Logical operators, in order of precedence, are not (!), and (&&), and or (||).

6.
i. 9
ii. 0
iii. 10

7.
i. nested
ii. condition
iii. logical operators
iv. sequence, selection & iteration
v. Pseudocode

vi. sequence

vii. selection

viii. expression comparison_operator expression

ix. &&
x. !

B- 5
APPENDIX B: Revision Exercise Answers IT202

Chapter 4
1.
for (x = 14; x >= 3; x -= 5)
printf(“%d\n”, x);

for (y = 65; x <= 85; x += 5)

printf(“%d\n”, y);

2.
x = 250.0;
while (x >= 100)
{
printf(“%f\n”, x);
x -= 50;
}

y = 1226;
while (y <= 1426)
{
printf(“%f\n”,yx);
x -= 2;
}

3.
11
221
3321
44321
554321
6 0

4.
a. y = y + a * c; c++;

5.

B- 6
APPENDIX B: Revision Exercise Answers IT202

i. both s and z
ii. z
iii. t
iv. not necessary
v. sentinel value
vi. yes
vii. yes
viii. yes
ix. true
x. false

6.
An accumulation process adds (or multiplies, or whatever) the value of a variable to some other values and
stores the result in the original variable.

7.

If the accumulator variable contains garbage before the accumulation, it will contain garbage after.

8.

Counting is accumulation, but with difference that it adds the same value each time instead of different
values.

9.

Any counter-controlled loop must contain an initialization, a test, a body, a counter and end.

10.

x = 20;
while (x >= 100)
{
printf(“%d\n”, x);
x -= 50;
}

B- 7
APPENDIX B: Revision Exercise Answers IT202

11.

1 2 3 4 5

x=5

12.

for (x = 14; x >= 3; x -= 5)

printf(“%d”, x);

for (y = 65; y <= 85; x += 5)

printf(“%d”, y);

13.

i. 3

ii. 4

iii. 2 3 4 3 4 5

Chapter 5

1.

The function definition starts with the declaration of its return types, its name, and initialized local
variables, and it contain all of the code that makes the function operate.

2.

The function call passes values to a function and sets the function in operation.

3.

The return statement ceases execution of the function, passes the value of the expression (if any) back to
the calling point to substitute for the call, and continues program execution at the calling point.

4.

A void return type means that no value being returned by a function. A void declaration means that no
variables are being declared to be initialized by passed values. In other words, the function call can have no
arguments.

B- 8
APPENDIX B: Revision Exercise Answers IT202

5.

The lifetime of a variable is the part of the program in which memory is allocated for that variable. The
visibility of a variable (or functions) is the part of the program in which the variable can be accessed (or
function called) by name.

6.

Global lifetime or visibility is from declaration throughout the entire program. Local is within only a
certain section, such as within one function.

7.

Internal is within a function; external is outside of any function. Internal declarations are local; external
declarations are global.

8.

1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81

9.

i. two

ii. int

iii. int Calculate(int, int); or int Calculate(int x, int y);

iv. int Calculate(int x, int y)

{
return (x * y);
}

v. v3

10.
i. true

ii. true
iii. false
iv. false
v. false

B- 9
APPENDIX B: Revision Exercise Answers IT202

11.

i. two
ii. 0
iii. n times
iv. double
v. FASLE
vi. 0
vii. n, t, i
viii. FALSE
ix. TRUE
x. 0

12.
i. c
ii. b
iii. c
iv. c
v. a

Chapter 6

1.

An indexed variable, like any other variable, has its own name, its own value, and its own place in memory.

2.

Changing the index, changes the element or variable referred to.

3.

An array is a set of indexed elements of the same data type. In C all the elements will be contiguous in
memory.

B- 10
APPENDIX B: Revision Exercise Answers IT202

4.

One reason for using arrays is to create a large number of variables. Another is so that we can change the
variable name in our program by changing the value of the index.

5.

Indexed variable sets in C always start with the index zero.

6.

Ten variables are allocated with; the last index being 9, that is, stuff[9].

7.

stuff[1] will be 2.2. Since only stuff[0], stuff[1], and stuff[2] have initialization values, stuff[3] will be
zero, stuff[5], while we can actually access it, is beyond the end of the array, so its value is garbage.

8.

An index will be an integral data type. If a floating-point value is given, it is truncated to an integer.

9.

i. #define SIZE 10
ii. float fractions[SIZE] = {0};
iii. fractions[3];
iv. fractions[9];
v. fractions[0];

10.

i. valid
ii. valid
iii. invalid
iv. valid
v. invalid

B- 11
APPENDIX B: Revision Exercise Answers IT202

11.

i. FALSE
ii. FALSE
iii. TRUE
iv. FALSE
v. TURE
vi. TRUE

12.

i. array

ii. 99

iii. 0

iv. sort

v. insert

13.
i. a

ii. c

iii. c

Chapter 7

1.

By using the brackets and the caret indicating the characters that are not acceptable in the conversion.

2.

printf( ), using the %s conversion code, or puts( ).

B- 12
APPENDIX B: Revision Exercise Answers IT202

3.

It states the maximum number of characters that will print in a field.

4.

strlen( )

5.

strcpy( ) copies a string from one address to another, including the terminating null. strncpy( ) does the
same, but will not exceed a maximum number of bytes, even if the null is not copies.

6.

strcat( ) copies a string from one address to the end of a string at another address. strncat( ) does the same,
but will not copy more than a maximum number of bytes.

7.

strcmp( ) and strncmp( ) compare bytes a position at a time from each address given. The comparison is
made according to the numeric value of the ASCII codes. The comparison stops at the first difference or, in
the case of strncmp( ), at a maximum number of bytes.

8.

i. double quotes

ii. 1

iii. array of character

iv. input up to a # or @ is reached

B- 13
APPENDIX B: Revision Exercise Answers IT202

9.

i. FALSE

ii. FALSE

iii. FASLE

iv. TRUE

v. FALSE

vi. TRUE

vii. FALSE

viii. TRUE

B- 14
APPENDIX C: Programming Exercise Solutions IT202

Programming Exercise

Chapter 1

1.
#include <stdio.h>
void main(void)
{
printf(“NAME: Steven\n”);
printf(“MAJOR: Diploma in Informtation Technology\n”);
printf(“OTHER COMPUTER COURSE TAKEN: Web Publishing\n”);
printf(“OCCUPATION: Account Manager\n”);
}

2.
#include <stdio.h>
void main(void)
{ int v1, v2;
float v3, v4;

v1=4;
v2=42;
v3=16.7;
v4=.0045;

printf(“The four numbers are: \n”);

printf(“%d %d %g %g”, v1, v2, v3, v4);
}

3.
#include <stdio.h>
void main(void)
{ float dollars = 7.73;
int cents = 773;

printf(“The coin breakdown for %10.2f dollars is: \n”);

printf(“Dollar bills : %d\n”, cents / 100);
cents = cents – cents / 100 * 100;
printf(“Fifty cents : %d\n”, cents / 50);
cents = cents – cents / 50 * 50;
printf(“Twenty cents : %d\n”, cents / 20);
cents = cents – cents / 20 * 20;
printf(“Ten cents : %d\n”, cents / 10);
cents = cents – cents / 10 * 10;
printf(“Five cents : %d\n”, cents / 5);
cents = cents – cents / 5 * 5;
printf(“Cents : %d\n”, cents / 1);
}

C- 1
APPENDIX C: Programming Exercise Solutions IT202

4.
#include <stdio.h>
void main(void)
{ float feet;
int inches = 46;

feet = inches / 12.0;

printf(“%d inches is %.5ff feet.\n”);
}

Chapter 2

1.
#include <stdio.h>
void main(void)
{ int first, second;

printf(“First number?”);
scanf(“%d”, &first);
printf(“Second number?”);
scanf(“%d”, &second);
printf(“The second goes into the first %d times\n”, first / second);
printf(“with a remainder of %d.\n”, first % second);
printf(“The quotient is %3.1f.\n”, ((float)first / second);
}

2.
#include <stdio.h>
void main(void)
{ int input;
float total = 0.0;

printf(“PARTS?”);
scanf(“%f”, &Parts);
printf(“LABOR?”);
scanf(“%d”, &Labor);
SalesTax = Parts * 0.06;
Total = Parts + Labor + SalesTax;
printf(“\n AJAX AUTO REPAIR\n SALES INVOICE\n”);
printf(“PARTS $%7.2f\n”, Parts);
printf(“LABOR $%7.2f\n”, Labor);
printf(“SALES TAX $%7.2f\n”, SalesTax);
printf(“TOTAL $%7.2f\n”, Total);
}

C- 2
APPENDIX C: Programming Exercise Solutions IT202

3.
#include <stdio.h>
void main(void)
{ int input;
flost total = 0.0;

printf(“Fifty cents?”);
scanf(“%d”, &input);
total = total + input * 0.5;
printf(“Twenty cents?”);
scanf(“%d”, &input);
total = total + input * 0.25;
printf(“Ten cents?”);
scanf(“%d”, &input);
total = total + input * 0.1;
printf(“Five cents?”);
scanf(“%d”, &input);
total = total + input * 0.05;
printf(“One cents?”);
scanf(“%d”, &input);
total = total + input * 0.01;
printf(“Your total is %7.2f”, total);
}

4.
#include <stdio.h>
void main(void)
{ long int seconds;

printf(“\nhow many second?”);

scanf(“%li”, &seconds);

printf(“Days: %2li”, seconds / 86400);

seconds = seconds – seconds / 86400 * 86400;
printf(“\nHours: %2li”, seconds /3600);
seconds = seconds – seconds / 3600 * 3600;
printf(“\Minutes: %2li”, seconds /60);
seconds = seconds – seconds / 60 * 60;
printf(“\nHours: %2li”, seconds);
}

5.
#include <stdio.h>
#define FIT_RATE 0.15
#define FICA_RATE 0.062
#define SAVINGS_RATE 0.03
#define RETIREMENT_RATE 0.085
#define HEALTH_INS 3.75

void main(void)
{ float Hours, HourlyPay, GrossPay, FIT, FICA, Savings, Retirement, NetPay;

C- 3
APPENDIX C: Programming Exercise Solutions IT202

printf(“HOURS?”);
scanf(“%f”, &Hours);
printf(“HOURLY PAY?”);
scanf(“%f”, &HourlyPay);

GrossPay = Hours * HourlyPay;

FIT = FIT_RATE * GrossPay;
Savings = SAVINGS_RATE * GrossPay;
Retirement = RETIREMENT_RATE * GrossPay;
NetPay = GrossPay – FIT – FICA – Savings – Retirement – HEALTH_INS;

printf(“\nGROSS PAY $7.2f\n”, GrossPay);

printf(“\nFEDERAI INCOME TAX $7.2f\n”, FIT);
printf(“\nFICA $7.2f\n”, FICA);
printf(“\nPAYROLL SAVINGS $7.2f\n”, Savings);
printf(“\nRETIREMENT $7.2f\n”, Retirement);
printf(“\nHEALTH INSURANCE $7.2f\n”, HEALTH_INS);
printf(“\n\nNET PAY $7.2f\n”, NetPay);
}

Chapter 3

1.
#include <stdio.h>
void main(void)
{ float number1, number2;

printf(“Enter two number: ”);

scanf(“%f %f”, &number1, & number2);

if (number1 > number 2)

printf(“%f is greater than %f”, number1, number2);
else
if(number1 < number2)
printf(“%f is greater than %f”, number2, number1);
else
printf(“They are equal”);
}

2.
#include <stdio.h>
void main(void)
{ float Purchase, TaxRate;
char County;

printf(“\nAMOUNT OF PURCHASE? ”);

scanf(“%f”, &Purchase);
fflush(stdin);

C- 4
APPENDIX C: Programming Exercise Solutions IT202

printf(“\nCOUNTY? ”);
scanf(“%c”, &County);

if (County == ‘A’)
TaxRate = 0.07;
else
TaxRate = 0.06;
printf(“TOTAL BILL: $%5.2f\n”, Purchase + Purchase * TaxRate);
}

3.
#include <stdio.h>
void main(void)
{ char grade;
int grade_point;

printf(“\nLetter grade: ”);

scanf(“ %c”, &grade);

if (grade == ‘A’ || grade == ‘a’)

grade_point = 4;
else if (grade == ‘A’ || grade == ‘a’)
grade_point = 4;
else if (grade == ‘B’ || grade == ‘b’)
grade_point = 3;
else if (grade == ‘C’ || grade == ‘c’)
grade_point = 2;
else if (grade == ‘D’ || grade == ‘d’)
grade_point = 1;
else if (grade == ‘F’ || grade == ‘f’)
grade_point = 0;
printf(“Grade points %d”, grade_point);
}

4.
#include <stdio.h>
void main(void)
{ float weight;

printf(“\nWEIGHT? ”);
scanf(“%f”, &weight);

if (weight <= 1.0)

printf(“CHARGE: 10\n”);
else
printf(“CHARGE: %1.1f\n”, 10 + (weight – 1.0) * 6.0;
}

C- 5
APPENDIX C: Programming Exercise Solutions IT202

5.
#include <stdio.h>
void main(void)
{ float CurrentEarnings, PrevEarnings;

printf(“\nThis week’s pay? ”);

scanf(“%f”, &CurrentEarnings);
printf(“\nPrevious pay? ”);
scanf(“%f”, &PrevEarnings);

if (PrevEarnings + CurrentEarnings <= 50400.0)

printf(“FICA to withhold: $%04.2f\n”, CurrentEarnings * 0.0765);
else
if (PrevEarnings < 50400.0 && PrevEarnings + CurrentEarnings > 50400.0)
printf(“FICA to withhold: $%04.2f\n”, (50400.0 – PrevEarnings ) * 0.0765);
else
printf(“FICA to withhold: $0.0\n”);
}

6.
#include <stdio.h>
void main(void)
{ int value1, value2;

printf(“\nEnter two different integer values: ”);

scanf(“%d%d”, &value1, &value2);

if(value1 > 0 && value2 > 0)

{
if (value1 > value2)
if(value1 % value2 == 0)
{
printf(“%d is larger than %d\n”, value1, value2);
printf(“%d is divisible by %d\n”, value1, value2);
}
else
{
printf(“%d is larger than %d\n”, value1, value2);
printf(“%d is not divisible by %d\n”, value1, value2);
}
else
if (value2 > value1)
if(value2 % value1 == 0)
{
printf(“%d is larger than %d\n”, value2, value1);
printf(“%d is divisible by %d\n”, value2, value1);
}
else
{

C- 6
APPENDIX C: Programming Exercise Solutions IT202

printf(“%d is larger than %d\n”, value2, value1);

printf(“%d is not divisible by %d\n”, value2, value1);
}
}
else
printf(“Invalid value(s) entered!”);
}

7.
#include <stdio.h>
void main(void)
{ float car_value, premium;
int age, tickets;

printf(“\nDRIVER’S AGE? ”);

scanf(“%d”, &age);
printf(“\nNUMBER OF TICKETS? ”);
scanf(“%d”, &tickets);
printf(“\nVALUE OF CAR? ”);
scanf(“%d”, &car_value);

if (tickets > 3)
printf(“COVERAGE DENIED\n”);
else
{
premium = 0.05 * car_value;
if (age < 25)
premium = premium + 0.15 * premium;
else if (age <= 29)
premium = premium + 0.10 * premium;
if(tickets == 1)
premium = premium + 0.10 * premium;
else if(tickets == 2)
premium = premium + 0.25 * premium;
else if(tickets == 3)
premium = premium + 0.50 * premium;
printf(“PREMIUM: $5.2f\n”, premium);
}
}

Chapter 4

1.
#include <stdio.h>
void main(void)
{ int score, a_s=0, b_s=0, c_s=0, d_s=0, f_s=0;

printf(“\nSCORE? ”);
scanf(“%d”, &score);

C- 7
APPENDIX C: Programming Exercise Solutions IT202

while(score != 0)
{
if (score >= 0 && score <= 100)
{
printf(“THE GRADE IS ”);
if(score >= 90)
{
a_s++;
printf(“A”);
}
else if(score >= 80)
{
b_s++;
printf(“B”);
}
else if(score >= 70)
{
c_s++;
printf(“C”);
}
else if(score >= 60)
{
d_s++;
printf(“D”);
}
else
{
d_s++;
printf(“F”);
}
printf(“\nSCORE?”);
scanf(“%d”, &score);
}
printf(“\n%d A’s\n”, a_s);
printf(“\n%d B’s\n”, b_s);
printf(“\n%d C’s\n”, c_s);
printf(“\n%d D’s\n”, d_s);
printf(“\n%d F’s\n”, f_s);
}

2.
#include <stdio.h>
void main(void)
{ int multiplier, multiplicand;

for(multiplier = 1; multiplier <= 8; multiplier++)

{
for(multiplicand = 1; multiplicand <= 8; multiplicand++)
printf(“%d”, multiplier * multiplicand);
printf(“\n”);
}

C- 8
APPENDIX C: Programming Exercise Solutions IT202

3.
#include <stdio.h>

void main(void)
{ int x;

for(x = 1; x <= 30; x+=2)

printf("%4d\n", x * x);
}

4.
#include <stdio.h>

void main(void)
{ int x;

for(x = 1; x <= 30; x++)

if(x % 3 == 0 || x % 5 == 0)
printf("%4d", x);
}

5.
#include <stdio.h>

void main(void)
{ int x, y;

do{
printf("Enter two integer values: ");
scanf("d%d", &x, &y);
printf("The multiplication result is: %d", x * y);
} while (x > 0 && y > 0);
printf(“End of run.”);
}

6.
#include <stdio.h>

void main(void)
{ int x, y;

for (x = 1; x <= 5; ++x) {

printf("%i", x);
for (y = x; y >= 1; --y)
printf("%4d", y);
printf("\n");
}
}

C- 9
APPENDIX C: Programming Exercise Solutions IT202

7.
#include <stdio.h>

void main(void)
{ int x, y;

for(x = 1; x <= 4; x++) {

for(y = 1; y <= x; y++)
printf("%4d", x);
printf("\n");
}
for(x = 4; x >= 1; x--) {
for(y = 1; y <= x; y++)
printf("%4d", x);
printf("\n");
}
}

Chapter 5

1.
#include <stdio.h>
void page(int page);

void main(void)
{ int p;

for(p = 1; p <= 5; ++p)

page(p);
}

void page(int page)

{
printf(“Major Document\t\tPage %d\n\n”, page);
}

2.
#include <stdio.h>
int int_test(float value);

void main(void)
{ float input;
do
{
printf(“Your number: “);
scanf(“%d”, &input);
if(input)
{
if(!int_test(input))

C- 10
APPENDIX C: Programming Exercise Solutions IT202

printf(“The number is not an integer\n”);

else if(int_test(input) != -1)
printf(“The number is %g\n”, input);
else
printf(“The number is negative\n”);
}
}while(input);
}

int int_test(float value)

{ int result;

if (value < 0.0)

result = -1;
else if ((float)(int)value == value)
result = (int) value;
else
result = 0;
return result;
}

3.
#include <stdio.h>
void change(int amount);

void main(void)
{ float purchase, tendered;
int cents;

printf(“Purchase: “);
scanf(“%f”, &purchase);
printf(“Amount tendered: “);
scanf(“%f”, &tendered);
cents = ((tendered – purchase) * 100.0);
if(((tendered – purchase) * 100.0) – cents > 0.5)
cents++;
change(cents);
}

void change(int amount)

{
printf(“Fifty cents: %d\n”, amount / 50);
amount -= (amount / 50 * 50);
printf(“Twenty cents: %d\n”, amount / 20);
amount -= (amount / 20 * 20);
printf(“Ten cents: %d\n”, amount / 10);
amount -= (amount / 10 * 10);
printf(“Five cents: %d\n”, amount / 5);
amount -= (amount / 5 * 5);
printf(“One cents: %d\n”, amount);
}

C- 11
APPENDIX C: Programming Exercise Solutions IT202

4.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
double add(double a, double b);
double subtract(double a, double b);
double multiply(double a, double b);
double divide(double a, double b);
double exponentiate(double a, double b);

void main(void)
{ char op;
double x, y;

printf(“Enter expression separated with space (q to quit): “);

while(scanf(“%lf %c %lf”, &x, &op, &y))
{
switch(op)
{
case ‘+’:
printf(“ %g\n”, add(x, y));
break;
case ‘-‘:
printf(“ %g\n”, subtract(x, y));
break;
case ‘*‘:
printf(“ %g\n”, multiply(x, y));
break;
case ‘/‘:
printf(“ %g\n”, divide(x, y));
break;
case ‘^‘:
printf(“ %g\n”, exponentiate(x, y));
break;
default:
printf(“ Invalid operator\n”);
}
printf(“Enter expression separated with space (q to quit): “);
}
}

double add(double a, double b)

{
return a + b;
}

double subtract(double a, double b)

{
return a - b;
}

C- 12
APPENDIX C: Programming Exercise Solutions IT202

double multiply(double a, double b)

{
return a * b;
}

double divide(double a, double b)

{
if(b == 0)
{
printf(“ Can’t divide by”);
return 0;
}
else
return a / b;
}

double exponentiate(double a, double b)

{
return pow(a, b);
}

Chapter 6

1.
#include <stdio.h>

void main(void)
{
int a[5], x;

printf("Input five numbers\n");

for(x=0; x<=4; x++)
{
printf("%d", x);
scanf("%d", &a[x]);
}
printf("Here they are: ");
for(x=4; x>=0; x--)
printf("%4d", x);
}

2.
#include <stdio.h>

void main(void)
{
float value[5], mean = 0.0;
int count;

C- 13
APPENDIX C: Programming Exercise Solutions IT202

printf("Enter 5 values separated by whitespace.\n");

for (count = 0; count < 5; +=count)
{
scanf(“%f”, &value[count]);
mean += value[count];
}
mean /= 5;
printf(“\tNumber\t\tValue\t\tDifference\n”);
for (count = 0; count < 5; ++count)
printf(“\t%5d\t\t%8.2f\t\t%8.2f\n”, count + 1, value[count], value[count] – mean);
}

3.
#include <stdio.h>

void main(void)
{
int List[5], counter, target;

for(counter=0; counter<=4; counter++)

{
printf("Enter value[%d]: ", counter);
scanf("%d", &List[counter]);
}
printf("Enter a value to search from the array: ");
scanf(“%d”, &target);

counter = 0;
while(counter <=4 && List[counter] != target)
{
if(List[counter] != target)
counter++;
}
if(List[counter] == target)
printf(“%d was found at index %d”, target, counter);
else
printf(“%d was not found in the array”, target);
}

Chapter 7

1.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#define CHRS 50

int isvowel(char character);

void main(void)
{
char string[CHRS];

C- 14
APPENDIX C: Programming Exercise Solutions IT202

int pos = 0;

gets(string);
while(string[pos] != ‘\0’)
{
if(isvowel(string[pos]))
{
putchar(‘<’);
putchar(toupper(string[pos]));
}
else
putchar(string[pos]);
++pos;
}

int isvowel(char character)

{ int result;

switch(toupper(character))
{
case ‘A’:
case ‘E’:
case ‘I’:
case ‘O’:
case ‘U’:
result = 1;
break;
default:
result = 0;
}
return result;
}

2.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#define CHRS 80

void caps(char string[]);

void main(void)
{
char string[CHRS];

while(printf(“Your input?”), gets(string), string[0] != ‘\0’)

{
caps(string);
printf(“The output: %s\n”, string);
}
}

C- 15
APPENDIX C: Programming Exercise Solutions IT202

void caps(char string[])

{ int pos=0;
while(string[pos] != ‘\0’)
{
string[pos] = toupper(string[pos]);
pos++;
}
}

3.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

void main(void)
{
char string1[20], string2[20];

printf("FIRST STRING:");
fflush(stdin);
gets(string1);
printf("SECOND STRING:");
fflush(stdin);
gets(string2);

if(strcmp(string1, string2) == 0)
printf("%s EQUAL %s", string1, string2);
else if(strcmp(string1, string2) > 0)
printf("%s IS GREATER THAN %s", string1, string2);
else
printf("%s IS GREATER THAN %s", string2, string1);
}

4.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>

void main(void)
{ char initial, name[50];
int x = 0;

printf("Name?");
fflush(stdin);
gets(name);
initial = name[0];

while(name[x] = ‘\0’);
{
if(name[x – 1] == ‘ ’)
initial = name[x];
x++;
}

C- 16
APPENDIX C: Programming Exercise Solutions IT202

if(toupper(initial) >= ‘G’ && toupper(initial) <= ‘L’)

printf(“%s is a good person\n”, name);
else
printf(“%s is a bad person\n”, name);
}

C- 17
 IVC is an interactive system designed exclusively for Informatics students
worldwide! It allows students to gain online access to the wide range of
resources and features available anytime, anywhere, 24hours per day, and
7days a week!

In order to access IVC, students need to log-in with their user ID and
password.

Among the many features students get to enjoy are e-resources, message
boards, and online chat and forum. Apart from that, IVC also allows students to download assignments and
notes, print examination entry cards and even view assessment results.

With IVC, students will also be able to widen their circle of friends via the discussion and chat rooms by getting
to know other campus mates from around the world. They can get updates on the latest campus news,
exchange views, and chat about common interest with anyone and everyone, anywhere.

Among the value-added services provided through IVC are global orientation and e-revision.

Global orientation is where new students from around the world gather at the same time for briefings on the
programmes they undertake as well as the services offered by Informatics.

e-Revision on the other hand is a scheduled live text chat session where students and facilitators meet online to
discuss on assessed topics pre-exams. Students can also post questions and get facilitators to respond
immediately. Besides that, students can obtain revision notes, and explore interactive exam techniques and
test banks all from this platform.

In a nutshell, IVC is there to ensure that students receive the best academic support they can get during the
course of their education pursuit with Informatics. It could give students the needed boost to excel well beyond
expectations.
IVC at a Glance

Screen shot of IVC login page Screen shot of IVC menu

For more information please visit www.informaticseducation.com/ivc