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Equality: M×N N×P M×P

This document defines key concepts and operations for matrices including: - Equality, addition, subtraction and scalar multiplication of matrices - The zero and identity matrices - Properties of matrix multiplication such as it being non-commutative and requiring the inner dimensions of the matrices to be equal - How to evaluate functions using matrices by replacing variables with matrices - Factoring and solving equations with matrices

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Jocelyn Gania
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77 views5 pages

Equality: M×N N×P M×P

This document defines key concepts and operations for matrices including: - Equality, addition, subtraction and scalar multiplication of matrices - The zero and identity matrices - Properties of matrix multiplication such as it being non-commutative and requiring the inner dimensions of the matrices to be equal - How to evaluate functions using matrices by replacing variables with matrices - Factoring and solving equations with matrices

Uploaded by

Jocelyn Gania
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Equality

Two matrices are equal if and only if


The order of the matrices are the same
The corresponding elements of the matrices are the same
Addition
Order of the matrices must be the same
Add corresponding elements together
Matrix addition is commutative
Matrix addition is associative
Subtraction
The order of the matrices must be the same
Subtract corresponding elements
Matrix subtraction is not commutative (neither is subtraction of real numbers)
Matrix subtraction is not associative (neither is subtraction of real numbers)
Scalar Multiplication
A scalar is a number not a matrix!
The matrix can be any order
Multiply all elements in the matrix by the scalar
Scalar multiplication is commutative
Scalar multiplication is associative
Zero Matrix
Matrix of any order
"onsists of all #eros
$enoted by capital O
Additive %dentity for matrices
Any matrix plus the #ero matrix is the original matrix
Matrix Multiplication
A
m&n
& '
n&p
( "
m&p
The number of columns in the first matrix must be equal to the number of
rows in the second matrix! That is the inner dimensions must be the same!
The order of the product is the number of rows in the first matrix by the
number of columns in the second matrix! That is the dimensions of the
product are the outer dimensions!
Since the number of columns in the first matrix is equal to the number of rows
in the second matrix you can pair up entries!
)ach element in row i from the first matrix is paired up with an element in
column j from the second matrix!
The element in row i column j of the product is formed by multiplying these
paired elements and summing them!
)ach element in the product is the sum of the products of the elements from
row i of the first matrix and column j of the second matrix!
There will be n products which are summed for each element in the product!
See a complete example of matrix multiplication!
Matrix multiplication is not commutative
Multiplication of real numbers is!
The inner dimensions may not agree if the order of the matrices is changed!
Do not simply multiply corresponding elements together
Since the order (dimensions) of the matrices don*t have to be the same there
may not be corresponding elements to multiply together!
Multiply the rows of the first by the columns of the second and add!
There is no matrix division
There is no defined process for dividing a matrix by another matrix!
A matrix may be divided by a scalar!
Identity Matrix
Square matrix
Ones on the main diagonal
+eros everywhere else
$enoted by %! %f a subscript is included it is the order of the identity matrix!
% is the multiplicative identity for matrices
Any matrix times the identity matrix is the original matrix!
Multiplication by the identity matrix is commutative although the order of the
identity may change
%dentity matrix of si#e ,
%
,
(
-.
.-
%dentity matrix of si#e /
%
/
(
-..
.-.
..-
Properties o Matrices
Property Example
"ommutativity of Addition A 0 ' ( ' 0 A
Associativity of Addition A 0 ( ' 0 " ) ( ( A 0 ' ) 0 "
Associativity of Scalar Multiplication (cd) A ( c (dA)
Scalar %dentity -A ( A(-) ( A
$istributive c (A 0 ') ( cA 0 c'
$istributive (c 0 d) A ( cA 0 dA
Additive %dentity A 0 O ( O 0 A ( A
Associativity of Multiplication A ('") ( (A') "
1eft $istributive A (' 0 ") ( A' 0 A"
2ight $istributive ( A 0 ' ) " ( A" 0 '"
Scalar Associativity 3 "ommutativity c (A') ( (cA) ' ( A (c') ( (A') c
Multiplicative %dentity %A ( A% ( A
Properties o !eal "umbers that aren#t Properties o Matrices
$ommutativity o Multiplication
4ou can not change the order of a multiplication problem and expect to get the
same product! A'5'A
4ou must be careful when factoring common factors to ma6e sure they are on
the same side! A70'7 ( (A0')7 and 7A 0 7' ( 7(A0') but A7 0 7'
doesn*t factor!
Zero Product Property
8ust because a product of two matrices is the #ero matrix does not mean that
one of them was the #ero matrix!
Multiplicative Property o Equality
%f A(' then A" ( '"! This property is still true but the converse is not
necessarily true! 8ust because A" ( '" does not mean that A ( '!
'ecause matrix multiplication is not commutative you must be careful to
either pre9multiply or post9multiply on both sides of the equation! That is if
A(' then A" ( '" or "A ( "' but A"5"'!
There is no matrix division
4ou must multiply by the inverse of the matrix
Evaluating a %unction using a Matrix
"onsider the function f(x) ( x
,
9 :x 0 / and the matrix A
A (
-,
/:
The initial attempt to evaluate the f(A) would be to replace every x with an A to get
f(A) ( A
,
9 :A 0 /! There is one slight problem however! The constant / is not a
matrix and you can*t add matrices and scalars together! So we multiply the constant
by the %dentity matrix!
f(A) ( A
,
9 :A 0 /%!
)valuate each term in the function and then add them together!
A
,
(
-,
;
-,
(
< -.
/: /: -=,,
9: A ( 9:
-,
(
9: 9>
/: 9-,9-?
/% ( /
-.
(
/.
.- ./
f(A) (
< -.
0
9: 9>
0
/.
(
?,
-=,, 9-,9-? ./ /@
%actoring Expressions
Some examples of factoring are shown! Simplify and solve li6e normal but remember
that matrix multiplication is not commutative and there is no matrix division!
,7 0 /7 ( =7
A7 0 '7 ( (A0')7
7A 0 7' ( 7(A0')
A7 0 =7 ( (A0=%)7
A707' does not factor
Solving Equations
A system of linear equations can be written as A7(' where A is the coefficient
matrix 7 is a column vector containing the variables and ' is the right hand side!
Ae*ll learn how to solve this equation in the next section!
%f there are more than one system of linear equations with the same coefficient matrix
then you can expand the ' matrix to have more than one column! But each right hand
side into its own column!
Matrix Multiplication
Matrix multiplication involves summing a product! %t is appropriate where you need
to multiply things together and then add! As an example multiplying the number of
units by the per unit cost will give the total cost!
The units on the product are found by performing unit analysis on the matrices! The
labels for the product are the labels of the rows of the first matrix and the labels of the
columns of the second matrix!

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