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    Neacyndi) .: Early Medieval Period

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    The southern tip of ancient Kerala was part of the kingdom of Pandyas, which had a major trading port called Nelcynda. Over time, the region came under the control of various dynasties like the Pandyas, Cheras, and Cholas. In the last few centuries BCE, Kerala's coasts became famous for trading spices like black pepper with Greeks, Romans, Chinese, Arabs, and others. Major ports included Muziris, Berkarai, and Nelcynda. Traders from West Asia and Southern Europe established coastal settlements in Kerala and traded with the local people. Small communities of Jews, Christians, and Muslims also immigrated and integrated with local society.

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    Neacyndi) .: Early Medieval Period

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    scribd388
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    The southern tip of ancient Kerala was part of the kingdom of Pandyas, which had a major trading port called Nelcynda. Over time, the region came under the control of various dynasties like the Pandyas, Cheras, and Cholas. In the last few centuries BCE, Kerala's coasts became famous for trading spices like black pepper with Greeks, Romans, Chinese, Arabs, and others. Major ports included Muziris, Berkarai, and Nelcynda. Traders from West Asia and Southern Europe established coastal settlements in Kerala and traded with the local people. Small communities of Jews, Christians, and Muslims also immigrated and integrated with local society.

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    The southern tip of ancient Kerala was part of the kingdom of Pandyas, which had a major trading port called Nelcynda. Over time, the region came under the control of various dynasties like the Pandyas, Cheras, and Cholas. In the last few centuries BCE, Kerala's coasts became famous for trading spices like black pepper with Greeks, Romans, Chinese, Arabs, and others. Major ports included Muziris, Berkarai, and Nelcynda. Traders from West Asia and Southern Europe established coastal settlements in Kerala and traded with the local people. Small communities of Jews, Christians, and Muslims also immigrated and integrated with local society.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    79 views1 page

    Neacyndi) .: Early Medieval Period

    Uploaded by

    scribd388
    The southern tip of ancient Kerala was part of the kingdom of Pandyas, which had a major trading port called Nelcynda. Over time, the region came under the control of various dynasties like the Pandyas, Cheras, and Cholas. In the last few centuries BCE, Kerala's coasts became famous for trading spices like black pepper with Greeks, Romans, Chinese, Arabs, and others. Major ports included Muziris, Berkarai, and Nelcynda. Traders from West Asia and Southern Europe established coastal settlements in Kerala and traded with the local people. Small communities of Jews, Christians, and Muslims also immigrated and integrated with local society.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 1

    southern tip was in the kingdom of Pandyas,

    [35]
    which had a trading port sometimes identified in ancient Western sources as Nelcynda (or
    Neacyndi).
    [36]
    At later times the region fell under the control of the Pandyas, Cheras, and Cholas. Ays and Mushikas were two other remarkable
    dynasties of ancient Kerala, whose kingdoms lay to the south and north of Cheras respectively.
    [37][38]
    In the last centuries BCE the coast became famous among the Greeks and Romans for its spices, especially black pepper. The Cheras had trading links
    with China, West Asia, Egypt, Greece, and the Roman Empire. In the foreign-trade circles the region was identified by the name Male or Malabar.
    [39]
    Muziris, Berkarai, and Nelcynda were among the principal ports at that time.
    [40]
    The value of Rome's annual trade with India as a whole was estimated
    at no less than 50,000,000 sesterces;
    [41]
    contemporary Sangam literature describes Roman ships coming to Muziris in Kerala, laden with gold to
    exchange for pepper. One of the earliest western traders to use the monsoon winds to reach Kerala may have been Eudoxus of Cyzicus, around 118 or
    166 BCE, under the patronage of Ptolemy VIII, a king of the Hellenistic Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt. Various Roman establishments in the port cities of
    the region, such as a temple of Augustus and barracks for garrisoned Roman soldiers, are marked in the Tabula Peutingeriana: the only surviving map of
    the Roman cursus publicus.
    [42][43]
    Merchants from West Asia and Southern Europe established coastal posts and settlements in Kerala.
    [44]
    Jewish connection with Kerala started as early
    as 573 BCE.
    [45][46]
    Arabs also had trade links with Kerala, possibly started before the 4th century BCE, as Herodotus (484413 BCE) noted that
    goods brought by Arabs from Kerala were sold to the Jews at Eden.
    [40]
    They intermarried with local people, and from this mixture the large Muslim
    Mappila community of Kerala are descended.
    [47]
    In the 4th century, some Christians also immigrated from Persia and joined the early Syrian Christian
    community who trace their origins to the evangelistic activity of Thomas the Apostle in the 1st century.
    [48][49]
    Mappila was an honorific title that had been
    assigned to respected visitors from abroad; and Jewish, Syrian Christian, and Muslim immigration might account for later names of the respective
    communities: Juda Mappilas, Nasrani Mappilas, and Muslim Mappilas.
    [50][51]
    According to the legends of these communities, the earliest Christian
    churches,
    [52]
    mosque,
    [53]
    and synagogue (1568 CE)
    [54]
    in India were built in Kerala. The combined number of Muslims, Christians, and Jews was
    relatively small at this early stage. They co-existed harmoniously with each other and with local Hindu society, aided by the commercial benefit from such
    association.
    [47]
    Early medieval period
    Much of history of the region from the 6th to the 8th century is unknown.
    [30]
    A Second Chera Kingdom ( c. 8001102), also known as Kulasekhara
    dynasty of Mahodayapuram, was established by Kulasekhara Varman, which at its zenith ruled over a territory comprising the whole of modern Kerala
    and a smaller part of modern Tamil Nadu. During the early part of Kulasekara period, the southern region from Nagerkovil to Thiruvalla was ruled by
    Ay kings, who lost their power in the 10th century and thus the region became a part of the Kulasekara empire.
    [55][56]
    During Kulasekhara rule, Kerala
    witnessed a flourishing period of art, literature, trade and the Bhakti cult of Hinduism.
    [57]
    A Keralite identity, distinct from the Tamils, became linguistically

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