1

Selection and Application of Lightning Protection Device in the Indoor Information

System
Lightning protection laboratory of signal and communication research institute academy of railway sciences
Researcher: QIU Chuan-rui
Abstract: This article provides us information about selections and installments of SPD in low voltage power system
of standards of International Electro-technical Commission (IEC), American Standards (AS), Britain standards,
Australian Standards and so on and discusses differences between partial standards at present in our country and
above-mentioned standards, which arouse colleges interests towards these differences research.
1 Preface
Indoor information system for lightning protection devices are divided into two parts, lightning protection
devices connected with power cable and lightning protection devices connected with signal lines (signal lines is
defined as circuits transmitting information, including analog telecommunication lines and data transmitting line and
radio antenna and feed lines and so on), that is, lightning protection of Surge Protective Device of electricity and
electrical equipments. We must consider the following factors in selecting SPD for electricity and electrical devices.
1.1 In choosing Surge Protective Device for power equipments, we also consider the following factors except
parameters of nominal discharge current (In) of SPD, maximum continuous operating voltage (Uc)
a) Installment location of SPD---- different installation location categories should choose different nominal
discharge current (In) of SPD, according to coordination principles of SPD.
b) Level of voltage protection (Up) of SPD----According to coordination principles of SPD and the rated
impulse withstand level of protected devices, we should select different voltage protection level (Up) of
SPD.
c) The rated impulse withstand voltage level (Uw) of protected equipments ----Selection of different voltage
protection level of SPD ,according to the rated impulse withstand voltage levels of protected devices, can not
only reach coordination of SPD, but also reach achieve consummate insulation coordination.
1.2 In selecting SPD for electrical devices, we also have to consider following factors except that we must consider
parameters of SPD for telecommunication and signal webs nominal discharge current (I
n
), maximum continuous
operating voltage (Uc) and so on (standards at home and abroad called SPD for telecommunication and signal
web-net as protectors, while scientific terms in the national standards and scientific and technical department call it
protector).
a) The voltage protective level (Up) of protectors ----we select appropriate protectors according to withstand
overvoltage capacity of protected electrical devices (the rated impulse withstand voltage level(U
w
)
b) Transmitting frequency f
G
of protected devices (analog equipments) or data transmitting speed (digital
equipments) ---- selected protectors should be within the scope of transmitting frequency f
G
or data
transferring speed of protected devices (bit/s), inserting losses (a
e)
of protectors should be not sure to be equal
with requests of concerned standards towards system insertion losses.
c) The peculiar impedance of protected equipments of circuit ports ---- peculiar impedances of protectors should
be in accordance with the peculiar impedance of ports of protected devices which avoid producing signals
refraction and reflection after protectors involve in circuits.
This article only discusses primarily and deletes relevant parts of protectors for telecommunication system due to
great divergences of selection and application of SPD in low-voltage power supply system at home.
2. Discourses about sources and types of damages to a structure
2.1 Discourses on sources and types of damages to a structure of IEC standards
2


Lightning may bring about damages towards constructions and all things within constructions. International
electro-technical commission(IEC) 52305-1standards point out that the lightning current is the source of
damage(reference: PROTECTION AGAINST LIGHTNING Part 1: General principles originalities 5.1.2
P15).Lightning affecting a structure can cause damage to the structure itself and to its occupants and contents,
including failure of internal systems he damages and failures may also extend to the surroundings of the structure and
even involve the local environment. The scale of this extension depends on the characteristics of the structure and on
the characteristics of the lightning flash.
The influence of lightning on constructions may lead to three basic sorts of damage: D1: injuries of living beings due
to touch and step voltages---this is the influence on humans. D2 lightning currents effect, including physical
damages (fire, exploration, mechanical destruction, chemical release) due to lightning current effects including
sparking---this is the influence on objects and non-electricity. D3: failure of internal systems due to Lightning
Electromagnetic Impulse (LEMP). This is the influence on objects and electricity. Therefore, the influence of
lightning on constructions can be divided into influence on humans and on objects. The influence on humans refers to
damages on human bodies due to the touch voltage and step voltage that coupling with resistivity and inductivity
while influence on objects refers to damages of the construction itself and damages of public facilities connecting
with constructions. However, these damages are also divided into influence on electricity and electrical equipments
and influence on nonelectrical equipments. Influence on nonelectrical devices includes blazing lightning arc itself or
resistance thermal(overheat conductors)produced by lightning current in the conductors and immediate physical
damage, fire, and or explosion caused by discharges of erosive ARC (molten mental); coupling resistivity and
inductivities and fire and or explosion induced by overvoltage flashes at the partial lightning current channels; the
influence on electricity and electrical equipments is the failure of internal systems and abnormal operation due to
Lightning Electromagnetic Pulse (LEMP).Electromagnetic compatibility can be defined as capabilities that
equipments or systems can work normally in the electromagnetic condition and cant produce too electromagnetic
interference towards anything of circumstance. However, only lightning protection of electricity and electrical
equipments can be linked with Electromagnetic Comp-abilities. Typical modes of Electromagnetic Compatibility
comprise of source of interference (here it refers to the Lightning Electromagnetic Impulse), coupling mechanism
(here it refers to lightning on incoming channels), potentially susceptible equipment (here it refers to the electricity
and electrical equipments). Lightning electromagnetic impulse protection for electricity and electrical equipments
conforms to definitions and typical modes of the electromagnetic compatibility.
IEC62305-1 lists four kinds of sources and types of damages to a structure depending on the position of the point
of strike relative to the structure considered. S1: flashes to the structure S2: flashes near the structure, S3: flashes to
the services connected to the structure, S4: flashes near the services connected to the structure. Flashes of S1and S3
are faced with constructions, so it can be understood as flashes to the structure while S2 and S4 all have implications
of flashes near the and it refers to flashes near the structure. It refers to lightning flash near the structure towards
ground construction connecting with services. Lightning flashes between thunderstorm cells in clouds and discharge
between the two charge centers in lightning.
Whats meaning of lightning flashes near the structure of IEC? IEC 61312-1: Mr. Hasse, chief editor, has said in
the 3.1th chapter Atmosphere Overvoltage of his writing OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTION IN THE LOW
VOLTAGE SYSTERM in 1995 that surges of atmospheric origin are basically due to either a direct lightning
strike, close-up lightning strike or a remote lightning strike. In the case of a direct strike, lightning strikes the
protected building; but in the case of a close-up strike lightning strikes an extended system or a line (e.g. a pipeline,
data or power transmission line) leading directly into the protected system. However, in the case of a remote strike,
for example, the overhead line is struck.Reflected surges (traveling waves) are produced in transmission lines by
cloud-to-cloud lightning, and overvoltage is induced by lightning in the surrounding area. He said, in the 3.1.1
th
3


Direct Lightning Strike and Close-up Lightning Strike , Lightning between thunderstorm cells in clouds generates
conducted surge voltages and currents on power lines and on other wide-ranging line system due to interfering
electromagnetic radiation. In the two passages, the first passage discusses reflected surges are produced in
transmission lines by cloud-to-cloud lightning, the second passage discusses surges are produced in power lines or
other wide-ranging circuit by lightning flashes between thunderstorm cells in clouds.
2.2 Discourses about sources and types of damage to a structure in other international standards
Lightning flashes in the research of LEMP has also cloud-to-cloud lightning flashes besides lightning flash to
earth. The cloud-to-cloud lightning flashes are not called as lighting stroke according to the definition of lighting
stroke. As a matter of fact, all standards, whether IEC standards, Britain Standard, France Standard, Australian
Standard, Canadian Standard or not, believes that lighting sources and types of damages to a structure for
electricity and electrical devices includes flashes to earth, cloud-to-cloud lighting and flashes between thunderstorm
cells in clouds and makes specific definitions towards lighting stroke. Lightning stroke refers to single electrical
discharge in a lightning flash to earth. (Reference: IEC 3.1 62305-1 P9; 3.1.1 6651-1999 BS P1; 1.5.31 1768-2005
AS)
In describing sources and types of damages to a structure for telecommunication devices, International
Telecommunication Union ITU-K K11 Overvoltage and Over-current protection principles recommend as follows:
1.1.1Direct lightning strikes: Such strikes may cause currents of some thousands of amperes to flow along wires or
cables for some microseconds. Physical damage may occur and overvoltage surges of many kilovolts may apply
stress to the dielectrics of line plant and terminal equipments.1.1.2 Close-up lightning strikes: Lightning currents
flowing from cloud to earth or cloud to cloud cause overvoltage in overhead or underground lines near to the strike.
The area affected may be large in districts of high earth resistivity. ITU points out lightning sources and types of
damages to a structure for telecommunication system has direct lightning and close-up lightning strikes on circuits or
terminal devices, however, close-up lightning strikes includes lightning flash to earth and cloud-to-cloud lightning.
2.3 Conclusions of sources and types of damages to a structure
ITU and IEC dont consider these four kinds of categories of S1, S2, S3 and S4 all indicate direct lightning
(flashes), not included lightning flashes between thunderstorm cells in clouds and flashes between thunderstorms
among clouds. The first picture is from the third chapter atmospheric overvoltage of Mr. Hasses writings
Low-voltage Overvoltage Protection System, which explains reasons of lighting surge.
In the picture illustration of 2b shows that cloud-to-cloud lightning is also one of main reasons of surge due to
lightning discharges. In the picture surge inducing from lightning flashes includes electrostatic induce and magnetic
induce and disseminate with travelling wave to the two directions, which is a way of devices stricken by thunder and
lightning. Nearly all writings on explanations of power line stricken by lightning and telephone line mechanism all
refer to influence of cloud-to-cloud lightning on power lines and telecommunication lines. Drawn in the first picture
is middle-voltage power line. As a matter of fact, telecommunication lines strike by lighting electromagnetic impulse
waves caused by flashes is frequent. Mr. Hasse said in his writing Overvoltage Protection in Low Voltage System
that damage distances of lightning flashes towards electrical system devices can reach 1km, even 3km (Reference:
P28) while many low thunder and cloud to earth in the summer is not enough 1km, so influences of Lightning
electromagnetic Impulse caused by lightning current on electrical devices at the time of cloud-to-cloud lightning are
imaginable. Among lighting protection theories of electricity and electrical devices, it is a truth that cloud-to-cloud
lightning and lightning between thunderstorm cells in clouds have been regarded as sources and types of damage to a
structure.
4


20 kV

L1
L2
L3
PEN
R
st
2c
1a
1b
1
2a
2b
2a
2b
2c
20 kV

L1
L2
L3
PEN
R
st
2c
1a
1b
1
2a
2b
2a
2b
2c

L1
L2
L3
PEN
R
st
2c
1a
1b
1
2a
2b
2a
2b
2c
2a
2b
2a
2b
2a
2b
2c
2a
2b
2c


3. Values of sources and types of damages to a structure
3.1 Lightning in low-voltage power supply system
International Electro-technical Commission (IEC) Standard introduces concepts of lightning protection zone
(LPZ) when they analysis and deals with influences of lightning electromagnetic impulse on the electricity and
electrical equipments within constructions. According to the lightning threatens, they have defined as the following
lightning protection zones (LPZ)
External layer zone
LPZ0 zone is such zone in which it suffers lightning electromagnetic damages that dont weaken; meanwhile, it
suffers surge damage caused by lightning currents. LPZ0 is also divided into
LPZ0
A
zone: Space of direct lightning strike and total lightning electromagnetic field damage. The circuit suffers
surge damage caused by total lightning current
LPZ0
B
: Spaces of protection against direct lightning but suffer damage of total lightning electromagnetic field.
Circuit suffers surge and surge damages caused by partial lightning current.
Internal layer zone (direct lightning protection zone)
LPZ1: surges in the circuit restrict through sub-current and SPD at the interface Lightning electromagnetic field
energies weaken by space shield.
LPZ2.n: surges in the circuit are limited by sub-current and SPD at the interface forward. Lightning
electromagnetic weaken further by space shield.
LPZ is realized by LPMSs installation (lightning protection measure system). For example, SPDs installation
coordination and or magnetic shield can stipulate appropriate LPZ, according to area sequences and categories and
withstand capacity of protected devices from small partial zone (extending to engine cases with installation of single
1Lightning directly stroke or nearby lightning strike:
Lightning strike in the external systems, such as the protection framework
(industrial installations.) Cable and waited.
1a In inrush current grounding resistance Rst caused voltage drop.
1b Closed loop sensors have overvoltage
Hit the pressure and
overhead power lines

Conduction overvoltage
traveling wave - As the
cloud of discharge or
nearby overhead lines
generated by lightning
sensors.
Lightning Road and the
surrounding field
Power supply system
Figure 1: Overvoltage protection of low voltage system plans 3.1-generated
Lightning discharge the reasons for the surge

5


device) to big whole zone (finally extending to a total constructive space.)
3.1.1 Lightning current values of prospective overload parts at the interface between LPZ0
A
and LPZ01 of IEC
3.1.1.1 Lightning current distributions of simple mathematic modes estimations
During a variety of lightning protection zones, LPZ0A zone is the
unprotected zone, so lightning current in this zone is the biggest.
Lightning current values of SPDs expecting part at the interface of
LPZ0A /LPZ01 zones gain highly concerns. Then, how to consider
SPDs lightning current values of expecting parts at the interface of
LPZ0
A
/LPZ01 zones
The 3.4.1.1--- general rules in the first part of lightning
Electromagnetic Impulse protection in the IEC 61312-1 has following
remarks: external conducting components (that invading in the
construction from ground), power line, communication line should
calculate partial lightning current of lightning equipotential bonding
points



When particular case cant carry out calculation, we can
suppose 50% of total lightning current flow in the grounding
devices considered LPS of constructions, 50% i, that is, i distributes among various facilities(external conductance
components and power line and telecommunication line)(diagram 2). i
v
flowing in every kind of devices is i
s
/n.
Among then, n is quantities of the above facilities. i
v in
every core strand of unshielded cables is the quotient of cable
current i
1
and cable core strands quantities m, that is, i
v
= i
1
/m.
The mode of diagram 2 is a simple mode. In this mode, 50% of total lightning current may inflow to earth in the
construction earth system and 50% left may inflow out construction through indoor facilities and flow in the ground.
Indoors facilities There are three kinds of indoor facilities in the picture and reasons are following: 1) Ordinary
structure cant only have power line----a kind of indoors facilities and they should keep in touch with outside, toilet
and mental pipes. Therefore, three kinds of indoors facilities are drawn in the picture which are direct to ground or
ground by SPD. Every kind of current of facilities distribution is a sixth of total current and it occupies 16% of total
\current. Indoor power line has at least two lines: phase line and neutral line, at that time lightning current of every
power line occupies 8.4% of total lightning current. In the worst condition, there are only two indoor lines in the
modes of picture and lightning current spared by each power line installing SPD enjoys 25% of whole lightning
current. This kind of calculative methods used in power system can be found in Mr. Hasses writing Overvoltage
Protection of Low Voltage System (the second edition).It said in the 92th page that lightning current releases not only
earth-termination system at that time, but also some parts can flow from external ground into supply system of LPZ.
These systems connect shielding layer in the entrance (plurals in the original text----writers note) with shielded layers
of lightning protection zone 1. If planners dont make any detailed calculations, it can be based on DIN VDE
0185-103(It is similar with IEC61312-1---writer note)Suppose 50% lightning current must release through external
supply system. We can suppose further that lightning current evenly distributes in all metals and electrical circuit
systems. If electrical circuit system includes multi-core (such as outer conductor of cables and protective conductors,
power supply lines or multi-core communication lines), we also suppose partial lighting current distributes evenly in
various conductors and cores in the circuit system. In the picture 3, Dr. Hasse drew four external supply systems
(power supply, communication and inlet and outlet mental nipples) and every system share 12.5% of total lightning

100%

50%
50%
i
s

i
i

i
i

i
i



i

External mine
device

With such
potential link


Enter building
facilities


Grounding
devices


Picture 2 (IEC 61312-1s picture 13) lightning current
distributions between constructions and indoor facilities (IEC
442/94)
6


current. He also drew a cable with four cores, in which every conductor shares 3.1% of total lightning current. But he
didnt consider situations of shielded cables. Dr. Peter also said that to the worst case, shielding layer is also regarded
as conductor. This case must determine distribution of current one by one (Note: it is related to distributed and
transfer resistors). The case shielding layer is also regarded as conductor is very popular because all outer
conductors components into constructions should make lighting equipotential bonding at the interface among LPZ0
A
,
LPZ0B and LPZ1.He said in 3.4.1.1 that for shield cables, the current will flow along the shield. (Origin in P19), that
is, shielding layer of shielding cable also share partial lightning current. This is in accordance with discourses of Dr.
Hasse.
3.1.1.2 Situations of partial lightning current expecting methods when circuit is regarded as non-shielded cables
Discourses of 3.1.1.1 should regard as cursory qualitative analysis, and whose actual case is relatively complex,
but it can estimate values of lightning distributions with similar method. Appex of IEC 62305-1 should provide a
specific and scientific calculative method.
When lightning strokes strike constructions, lightning current will conduct directly to earth in the ground terminal
system, external conductance components and indoor facilities or through SPD among circuits. If I
f
are partial
lightning current flowing through every external conductor components or circuit, then
I
f
= k
e
I 1
k
e
is the coefficient related with quantities of parallel routes, equivalent ground impedance of ground components
and equivalent ground impedance of earth-termination system. It can get with following calculations
Underground equipments
) (
2
1
2 1 1
Z
Z
n n Z Z
Z
k
e

(2)
Surface devices:
) (
1
2
1 2 2
Z
Z
n n Z Z
Z
k
e

(3)
Z: equivalent ground impedance of ground terminal system
Z
1
equivalent ground impedance of underground external components or circuit (table 1)
Z
2
ground resistors of overload circuit. If grounding resistors of grounding point is unpredicted, we can employ the
value of Z
1
of table 1, which is relative to the value of grounding point.
Note: supposed the value of the above formula is the same as every grounding point, otherwise, it need more
complex expressions.
n
1
total quantities of underground external components or circuits
n
2
total quantities of surface external components or circuits
I: corresponding lighting current values considered LPS ratings








7




Figure 4 IEC 61312-3 plans B.1 lightning current distribution of
the basic model
Diagram 1 equivalent ground impedance Z and Z
1
calculated by soil resistivity

m
Z
1

Equivalent ground impedance values concerned with LPS
I II III IV
100
200
500
1 000
2 000
3 000
8
11
16
22
28
35
4
6
10
10
10
10
4
6
10
15
15
15
4
6
10
20
40
60
NoteListed values are equivalent ground impedances of buried conductors on the impulse condition10/350s
Supposed Z=Z1=Z2 and n
2
= 0n
1
= 1, as a kind of appropriately calculations, we also the acknowledge tentative of
2.2.1
k
e
= 0,5 4
When constructions strike by direct lightning, 50% lightning current will flow in the external components or circuit
k
e
= 0,5 / (n
1
+ n
2
) 5
This is in accordance with hypothesis describing particular cases are impossible to count in the 3.4.1.1 of IEC
61312-1. This kind of hypothesis is different from reality. From (2) and (3), k
e
is concerned with construction
protection rating and earth resistance ratings. Generally speaking, the higher protective ranks, the more lightning
current peak values we should consider, meanwhile, the more current raises, the more the front steepness.
Therefore, inductance of circuit cant ignore. At the same time, the more ground resistance rate, the more influence of
lighting current peak value on impulse grounding resistor. Take = 3 000 m as example, constructions of class I
protection, partial lighting current ratio of external components or circuit spared is more smaller than constructions of
class III protective
3.1.1.3 Situations of circuit as shielded cables
As the above mentioned, shield layers of shielded
cable will share partial lightning current. IEC
62305-1 appendix E provides calculative methods of
sharing current per core. k

e
calculate based on k
e
The ratio can be calculated that every line shares
lightning current in n conductors calculates
according to parallel circuit subcurrent as follows:
k

e
= k
e
R
s
/ (n R
s
+
R
c
) (6).

R
S
ohm resistors of per length in the shield
layer
R
c
ohm resistors of per length in the internal
conductors
The formula ignores mutual inductances between
8


cores and shielded layers and may underestimate effect on transfering lightning current of shielded layers. But it can
calculate lightning currrent distribution between shielded layers of common low-voltage power cables and core lines.
For example, when power distribution cables employ four armour copper cables with 35mm
2
nominal section ,
resistance per core is 0.524/km, the tape armoring resistor is 1.9/km. Put it in the (6) formula to calculate,
k

e
=0.234 k
e
. The result is lower than the stipulation of GB50057 stipulated that lightning current per SPD is 30% of
partial lightning current flowing in the cable.
3.1.1.4 Factors that influence lightning current distributions in low-voltage power supply system
The third section of Appendix B of Requirements of Surge Protective Devices in Lightning Electromagnetic
Impulse Protection of IEC 61312-3 provides information about influences of lightning current distribution in
low-voltage power supply system. After we analysis modes of picture 4 and picture 5, we reach conclusions that
1) There is influence of lengths of cables for power distribution on time characteristics of partial lightning
current through circuit. Because front of lightning is steep. The longer circuits, the stronger the inherent
impedance of circuits on prolonging of fronts
2) There is influence of lengths of distributor line cable on current distribution among conductors. The longer
circuits, the less effects of impedance of power distribution transformer decrease, in contrary, the main
effect is circuit equivalent impedance, Therefore, shared current per phase line and neutral line in the long
circuits.











9


3) Influences of grounding system.
Grounding resistors in the
transformer system and
grounding resistors in the user
system (constructions) are the
most key factors of lightning
current distribution in the
supply circuit. It is the second
and third formula that can
reckon influence of ground
system. It proposes through
analysis that it is not
determined through grounding
in the transformer system and
user system, but through
lightning current distribution in
the supply circuit in the
IEC62066: 2002 Basic Information of Surge Overvoltage in the Low-voltage Alternating Current System.
10/350s, 200kA analog direct lightning strike are analyzed with this mode. This example only shows
distribution relationships of lightning current in the low-voltage power supply system. Therefore, it doesnt
consider other grounding services systems of external service system, such as signal lines, mental pipes and mineral
gas pipes


From picture 7, the longer circuits, the less lightning current distributes in the power distribution system.
Picture 6 and picture 9 is respectively lightning current distribution sketch when the power distribution
cable is 50ml and 500m. In picture 6, current distributed in three phase lines is the same, while current

Figure 7 IEC 61312-3 plans B.3 lightning current distribution model of the basic circuit diagram

Figure 6 IEC 61312-3 plans B.5 cable length of 50 m lightning current distribution
Lightning buildings of the
lightning current, 10/350, 200 kA

Lightning buildings, buildings
grounding the lightning current
distribution system

Lightning buildings, distribution online
distribution of the total EC current mine

10


distributed in neutral lines is two times as many as phase lines. When the power distribution cable is 500m,
lightning current nearly distributes between neutral lines and phase lines, which represents influences of
impedance of transformer for power distribution (that is, grounding impedance of distances) decrease with
cable lengths, even no influence. It evenly distributes internal current within cables.


Diagram 8 is a different current distribution diagram of grounding impedance of transformers when cable
length is 100m.The lower broken lines is current distribution when impedance of grounding resistance of
transformers is 0.3and grounding resistance of constructions is 3while the higher broken lines is current
distributions when grounding impedance of transformer is 3and grounding impedance of constructions is
3. From the example, relative relationships between grounding impedance of construction and distance
grounding impedance of power lines (transformer) influence current distribution.
From the picture, half of all lightning current earths in nearly earthing system of construction and power
system when grounding impedance of transformer and construction are 3, that is, R
ES
=R
ET
. However,
when grounding impedance of transformer is rather low, for example, R
ES
=3and R
ET
=0.3lighting
current of earthing system distributes
10% of total lightning current.
The above examples are relatively
extreme. In reality, divergences of
grounding impedance of construction
and transformer adopted synthetically
earthing system cant be so great. There
is a point to note, when we analysis
influences of analog lightning current
of 10/350s wave-shape on current
distribution in the earthing system of
construction and earthing system of
power distribution, we find lightning
current of earthing system of
Figure 8 IEC 61312-3 plans B.6 cable
length of 100 m, grounding impedance
transformer different lightning current
distribution diagram


Figure 9 IEC 61312-3 plans B.4 cable length of 500 m lightning current distribution map
11


construction is far more than that in the earthing system of power distribution. This is because inductance of
supply circuit cant be ignored due to steep front and big di/dt within front time of analog lighting current,
current distribution changes with time and wave-shapes will change slowly and resistors only operate and
wave-shape changes gently until front end time of analog lightning current. Hence, current distribution is
often a constant.
3.1.1.4 Influence of neutral lines grounding.
Different countries has different neutral line
earthing, so it can be presuppose that lightning
current is different from dispersions among
possible paths. Mansoor and Martzloff, two
Americans, provide several kinds of earthing
practices in the power distribution system in
Dispersion of Lightning Current among Multiple
Paths in Low-voltage System. Figure 10 is TN-C-S
system mode about grounding of neutral lines of
every construction. Due to no SPD among neutral
lines loop, pressures of SPD relieve connecting
with conductors. Picture 2 shows that secondary
transformers for power distribution represent
radiate configuration towards three users. Suppose
10/350s waveforms100kA current strikes a construction, its earthing impedance values are as the
following picture, in which it also marks lightning current peak values of three conductors out
constructions. The above mentioned, it is relative values of impedance that determine lightning current
quantities through power supply system. Although current shared by neutral lines and phases lines is not big,
it produces enough plus pressure drops at the entrance of users. In the mode, we suppose earthing resistance
of transformers is 5, earthing resistance between constructions is 10. If neutral lines of power supply
distribution system have multiple earthing and many earth-terminations, then, relative impedance of neutral
lines is lower than those of phase lines, so it reduces SPDs pressures of emanative paths.
3.1.1.5 Descriptions and conclusions on expectant partial lightning current of SPD at the interface of LPZ0
A
/LPZ01
zones of IEC 62305.
As above mentioned, expectant shared partial lightning current at the interface of LPZ0A zone and LPZ01 zone are
restricted by various elements, and it can not simply illustrate as that and external conductance components share
respectively 50%. Therefore, we should escape this kind of description. IEC61312-1especially points out when
moiety theory is adopted on the basis that it is impossible to count particular cases. As a matter of fact, it is
estimated in most cases. Meanwhile, it is the same as above literature illustrations. Each workgroup of IEC illustrate
various elements that influence SPD expectant shared partial lightning current at the interface of LPZ0
A
/LPZ01 in the
future. Following standards in the future should describe completely towards these considerations of IEC.
E.1.2 of appendix E in the
IEC 62305-1 FDIS POSTROMA concludes factors which influence lightning current distribution within current
lines. We bring forward that partial lightning shared in the detailed computation of SPD at the interface of
LPZ0
A
/LPZ01 zone must attach importance to peak values of this kind of surge and waveforms.
(1) Cable lengths may influence current distributions and waveform characteristics due to L/R ratio.
(2) Impedance differences of neutral lines and phase lines can influence current of circuits conductors. For example,
several points grounding of neutral lines(N),then, impedance of N is lower than L1L2 and L3, as a result, 50%

Figure 10: lightning current radiation-shaped structure in the dissipation
12


currents trans-flux N lines and residual 50% distribute on the other three lines( 17% per line). If impedances of N,
L1, L2, and L3 are the same, about 25% current distribute per lines.
(3) Different transformers impedance influence current distributions (If transformers are protected by SPD, influence
can be ignored.)
(4) Relationships between grounding resistance of transformers and load side devices influence current distribution.
(the lower the impedance of transformers, the more surge current through low-voltage system are )
(5) Parallel users decrease effective impedance in low-voltage system, so lightning current may increase in the
system.

This is the totally same as above analyses.

The E.2 of appendix E of IEC 62305-1 FDIS POSTROMA provides surge connecting constructions with public
facilities. When lightning strikes public facilities connecting with constructions, that is, damage sources (S3)
---flashes to the services connected to the structure, public facilities suffer damage greatly. Mr. Hasse said in the page
94 of his writing Overvoltage Protection of Low Voltage System that direct lightning striking public facilities may
have more lightning current to invade LPZ1 zone boundary through single supply system.
Table 2 is table E3 of appendix 3 of IEC 62305-1 FDIS POSTROMA, so we can select values of I
imp
according to
table 3 while preferred values of I
imp
are related to lightning protection levels (LPL).
LPL
Low voltage system Telecommunication circuits
direct lightning stroke and indirect
lighting stroke to service
Lightning
stroke near the
structure
Direct lighting stroke and
indirect lightning stroke to
service
Lighting
stroke near
the structure
Damage source
waveform(10/3
50s) of
S3(lightning
direct stroke)
[kA]
Damage sources
waveform(8/20s
)of S4(indirect
lighting stroke
[kA]
Damage
sources
waveform
(8/20s )of
S2(S1induce
current):[KA]
Damage
sources
waveform
(10/350s) of
S3
( lightning
direct
stroke) [kA]
S4(indirect
lightning
stroke)
testing with
5/300s
Prediction with
8/20s [kA]
Damage
sources
waveform
(8/20s)of
S2 (induce
current)
8/20
[kA]
III and
IV
5 2.5 0.1 1 0.01(0.05) 0.05
I and II 10 5 0.2 2 0.02(0.1) 0.1
Supposed shielding layer resistance of shielded cables is equal with resistances of parallel conductors of all public
facilities. As for, values of over-current of shield lines, values of table 2 should plus 0.5.Generally speaking,
electricity and electrical devices should consider according to protection ranks III and IV, therefore, direct lightning
predicting current of power supply system is 5kA (10/350s).If it is 4-core power cable, current per core should be
5/4 kA, and expectant current of direct lightning in the telecommunication circuit is 1kA (10/350s). If
telecommunication cable is ten couple twisting lines,then, current of per core is 1/20kA.
3.2 Discources about expectant lightning current of power supply system in the other international standards
3.2.1 Discourses about American standard
American standards IEEE Std C62.41.1
TM
2002 IEEE Guide for Surge Environment in Low-voltage(1000V and
less) AC Power Circuits, IEEE Std C62.41.2
TM
2002 IEEE Recommended Practice on Characterization of Surge in
Low-voltage (1000V) AC Power Circuits, IEEE Std C62.45
TM
-2002 IEEE Recommended Practice on Surge Test of
Device in Low-voltage (1000V) AC Power Circuits are called as Lightning protection of Companions. Among them,
13


the 4.2
th
section( Lightning Surge) of the fourth chapter (origins of surge voltage and surge current) in IEEE
C62.41.1
TM
-2002 describes surge in the low-voltage power distribution system.
Lightning surge can be described with two kinds of different scenarios.
Scenario flashes dont strike directly on constructions .It has two kinds of coupling mechanisms.
Direct or indirect lightning stroke coupling into electrical power system, and effects on the outer lines
entrance of relative constructions.
Electrical magnetic field through constructions and coupling into constructions.
Scenario In the rare situation, flashes directly strike on constructions(or strike on
ground near the construction. There are several coupling mechanisms
surges couple directly into a.c electrical power system
surges induce couple into a.c electrical power system
SPD act due to arises of ground at the entrance of facilities
Scenario was proposed by the standard had described and had mature protection measures before 2002.
Installation places of SPD for power supply protection are location category C, location category B and location
category A. (Note: Many standards, such as American standard and British standard BS6651:1999 Code of Practice
for Protection of Structures against Lightning, Australian Standards AS1768-2004(Draft) Lightning Protection adopt
same installation location of SPD, that is, concepts of installation location categories select different nominal
discharge current of SPD, consequently, lightning current in power supply system is related with installation location.
Hence, installation location of SPD will discuss in detail as follows.)
The A2.1 Injection of surges [Scenario ] of appedix A Detailed Database of IEEE Std C62.41.1
TM
2002 are as
follow:
Terminals of Overhead conductors of secondary power distribution system strike by lightning, lightning current
will look for several grounding points to form grounding pathway. Figure 2(Figure 11 in the articlewriters)
describes the kind of situation. In the picture, suppose lightning current per first side conductor is 100kA, and first
arrester on the electric rods will transfer lightning current into underground through multiple grounding of neutral
lines. In the picture, lightning current are divided into several grounding paths and impedances between current and
parallel paths are in inverse proportion. Figures in the picture are designed at random in order to illustrate problems.
Values of 100kA are selected according to the following analyses.
Most lightning strike directly on a point near power line or on the power circuit. Frequencies and peak values of
direct lightning are from amperes (low values) to 20kA (middle values), even surpass abnormally 100kA. Parameters
of Lightning Flashes, published in the 41
th
periodical of ELECTRA in 1975, and Lighting Parameters for
Engineering Application, published in the 69
th
periodical of RLEDTRA first describe distribution frequency pictures
about current peak values of three typical lightning affairs, such as first negative lighting stroke, subsequent lightning
stroke and positive cloud-to- ground. The picture is also adopted by IEC 62305-1(writers note: the picture is picture
A.5 Cumulative Frequency Distribution of Lightning Current parameters of Appendix A 81/216/CDV in IEC 62305.
Only 5% negative lightning stroke current can surpass 100kA in the picture. Flashes frequency is correlative to
geographical location. According to situation of local constructions, lightning strike points determine by forward
streamer. In the most places of America, if there is no high trees or constructions, typical expectant lightning stroke
probabilities is within class k. Therefore, Scenarios in the picture 2, as for a rod, probabilities of lightning strike is
once per 1000 years, but there are millions of rods in America.Therefore, in these scenarios, lightning current in the
14


grounding conductors may induce surge voltage near its phase lines. Picture B1, current will sub-current in the
arrestors which is between phases and grounding lines at the entrance constructions.
Actually, some rods often suffer lightning strikes and spread electrical wire. Martzloff and Crouch in the report
Surge Protection Coordination of Uptown in Low-voltage Circuit in the Canadian power-line technology conference
and reports Lightning Protection of Uptown in Low-voltage Circuit towards General Electric Company . According
to laboratory simulation, current produce by 8/20s generators, only 30kA stream to grounding conductors. Data
(Picture A.3 to Picture A.6 of the standard---writer note) from A1.1.2 of IEEE Std C62.41.1
TM
2002 lodge from the
above reports. Although current only refer to grounding conductors(neutral lines) of power system grounding, the test
is still regarded as Scenario . Results of the test point out that mono-polar current in the grounding conductors
produce ringing voltage towards neutral lines (grounding lines) in the phase line.
Therefore, rated current of secondary arrestor per line at the entrance of construction per line is 10kA, lightning
current in the phase lines will conduct ground line of constructions and produce clamping voltage between phase line
among construction and grounding lines. On the other hand; lightning strikes directly phase lines at the entrance of
constructions, which will produce higher voltage. But this situation happens rarely.

The above is Scenario. There are Scenario in the statement Trilogy of IEEE. Among the standard, Scenario
is described as the typical surges impinging the building and Scenario as the typical surges exiting the
building. Writers believe that before Trilogy was
proposed , IEEE only consider situations that lightning
current flow from external constructions to within
constructions and introduce electronic and electrical
devices and electromagnetic field through constructions
and inductive coupling into constructions. But among
three new published lightning protection standards, they
also consider lightning flashes directly strike
construction and lightning current flow out construction
and disperse in the earth through earth electrodes (it not
only emphasizes earth devices)within constructions. The
situation belongs to Scenario . But the standard
illustrates with many words that lightning flashes strike
directly constructions in the rare occasions. (There are
hardly testing data when lightning strikes directly
construction, surge current flow in many paths in the
earthing system of construction in the recent
publications and two guarding reports towards lightning current themselves, but guarding reports towards possible
lightning current paths) More importantly, we must note that testing values of these lightning stroke currents are
not testing values of currents or charges in the circuit of low-voltage power system.
The section propose especially a idea with in the page 29, that is, when IEEE,ITU and IEC determine lightning
current parameters, all of them to determine analog lightning waveform with the 41th and 69
th
information of
bilingual magazines ELECTRA in the CIGRE.
At last, lightning parameters adopting IEC differ greatly from IEEE, ITU. There are 46 pages to list many
information, such as recording testing and calculation, discussion of database in the Appendix A detailed data of
IEEE Std C62.41.1
TM
2002.
This standard also expresses reservations that whether every construction must consider situations of Scenario

Picture 11: Picture 2 of Dispersion of lightning current
in IEEE Std C62.41.1
TM
2002 among multiple paths
15


and lay emphasis on repeatedly the fact that lightning is small probability event, while lightning is in a measure.
Therefore, civilian constructions and industrial constructions must determine whether it will deal with according to
situations of Scenario after risks and investing analysis are carried out. Although it dealt with according to
Scenario , SPD for power supply in civilian constructions and industrial constructions is a little bit differences
from Scenario .
3.2.2 Discourses about Britain Standard
It has following discourses in the 4.2 Lightning Characteristic in the Britain Standard BS6651-1999 Code for
practice of Lightning Protection of Buildings.
A range given by various lightning parameters is terser and easier than average values to detail lightning. A
significant section of Lightning flashes occurring damages is return stroke. The current range of return strokes is
from 2000A to 200000A and lightning frequency distribution probabilities can be represented by so-called
log-normal distribution as follows:
1% lighting current surpass 200000A;
10% lightning current surpass 80000A; 50% lightning current surpass 28000A;
90% lightning current surpass 8000A; 99% lightning current surpass 3000A;
Most ground current emits from negative charges centers of lightning, therefore, flash current from lightning
current stream to earth are negative current. Few lightning stroke emit from positive charges centers among
lightning. However, the two kinds of polar current are one-way current, arising times of negative flash stroke
current is less than 10s (But positive flash stroke are a bit longer.)Then, current reduce to lower values. For
example, simple single lightning strikes reduce to the lower within 100s or less time.
Some flashes include twice or more times lightning strike. These lightning strokes occur like lighting stroke at the
interval of 50ms to100ms one by one. Little flash is multiplex lightning beyond 10 times and discharge lasting times
reach 1s.
The following Current peak values i
max
and lightning current anabatic speed are regarded as the strictest
situation in order to design Lightning Protection System(LPS).
i
max
=200kA
[di/dt]
max
=200 kA/s
3.2.3 Requirements of Australian Standards and New Zealand Standards
Impulse current waveforms is 8/20s stipulated in the fifth section Protection of Persons and Equipment Within
Buildings of Lightning protection of Australian Standards AS 1w768-1991 and New Zealand Standards NZS
1768-1991 and have detailed illustrations in the valuable appendix D---wave shapes for assessing the susceptibility
of equipment to transient overvoltage due to lightning. Now we translate in the following. There are three common
waveforms to represent transient phenomenon in the power circuit. They are 1.2/50s single polar impulse wave,
8/20s single polar impulse wave and 0.5s100Hz ringing wave. To selection and installation of SPD for power
devices, this standard provides suggestions in table D1 of page 85 and table D4 of page 87 (The table D4of this
standard is the same as picture 12 of the passage, so it deletes.)







16



Figure 11 (Hasse, and other papers Figure 2) arrester demand (Original arrester is
Arrester used the word; the word translated into existing GB "MOA")
LPZLightning Protection District
nEnter the target for protection of the external conductive system
mEach external conductive system of internal wire


Table 3 Table 1 of AS 1768-1991/NZS 1768
Installation positions(Reference:
Picture 4)

Waveforms
Voltage or current
peak values

Load categories
Categories Descriptions
A Long user circuit
and outlet
0.5s100Hz
ringing wave
6kV
200A
High impedance
Low impedance
B Main power
subsystem and short
user circuit and user
centers
1.2/50s
8/20s
0.5s100H
ringing wave
6kV
3 kA
6kV
500A
High
Low
High
Low
C Overload lines of
External facilities
into constructions
1.2/50s
8/20s
8/20s
6kV
20 kA
70 kA
High impedance
Low impedance
High exposure and high
dangerous sites, such as
telecommunication
station of peaks

3.3 Conclusions
According to stipulations of IEC 62305-1, expectant values of surge over-current in the public facilities. If
considered Class Iand II protective level Iof construction, partial lightning current in the power line are10kA
(10/350s wave-shapes simulation) while high exposure and high dangerous site stipulated by Australia has not been
100kA (10/350s wave-shapes simulation, which is publicized at home when expectant values of surge over-current
caused by lighting of public facilities are in the strictest situation. For example, telecommunication station in the
peak of mountain is 70kA (8/20s wave-shapes simulation).
4. Differences of setting SPD at the interface of LPZ0
A
/LPZ1zone and LPZ0
B
/LPZ1 zone
IEC have specific stipulation on selection and installation position of SPD for power supply. The fifth chapter
Arrangement of SPDs within the
Lightning Protection Zones of the third
part Requirements of Surge Protective
Devices of Protection against Lightning
Electromagnetic Impulse IEC
61312-3:2000 stipulates that SPD install
based on sequences and select based on
requirements of through points. The
6.1
th
section (Transition from LPZ0
B
to
LPZ) of the sixth chapter Performance
Requirements of SPD believes that
circuits through LPZ0
A
will share partial
lightning current. The 6.2 Transitions
from LPZ0
B
to LPZ of standards infers
to the fact magnetic field caused by
lightning current doesnt consider direct
17


lightning stroke and has no rein. The situation should imitate induction effect with 8/20s waveforms surge current
(Categories ) or appropriate hybrid according to IEC 61643-1
From the above mentioned, SPD are treated variably furnish interfaces of LPZ0
A
/LPZ1 and LPZ0
B
/LPZ1. Dr. Peter
Hasse, one of organizers of IEC 61312 standards, together with his colleagues Johanned W Iesinger, Dr. Peter
Zahlmann, Dr. Wolfgang Zischank, published Overvoltage Protection even in Case of a Direct Lightning Stroke,
According to EMC in the No. SD27/E of DEHN in Dec. 1993. It provided two pictures. The picture 2 of the original
picture is Requirements of Arresters. From the above picture, LPZ0zone in the picture is developed into LPZ0
A
zone
in the IEC 61313-1 (1995-01) and LPZ0/E is LPZ0
B
zone. Illustrations in the literature discourses that partial
lightning current in the supply system or partial current of conductors are diverged by appropriate arrestors(surge
protective devices) at the interface of LPZ0 and LPZ1. Lightning current arrester in the a.c power conductors or
telecommunication conductors can be accomplished. Disturbance in the system of the Lighting protection zone 0/E
results from lightning magnetic field. If there is no analyses, we can suppose disturbance per conductor can be
illustrated with 1.2/50s open impulse voltage (10kV) and 8/20s short-circuit impulse current (picture 11). While
the disturbance can be limited by overvoltage arrester and overvoltage values of lightning protection zone 1 dont
exceed allowable values.
LPZ0/E zone is also marked as the LPZ0
B
zone in the page 91 of picture 4.1.3.1.5a (Interface at lightning
protection zone boundaries) of Sir. Hasses writing Overvoltage Protection of Low-voltage System (2000-02) in
Michael Faraday House in London.
Table 4 the table 4.1.3.2a of Mr. Hasses writing ---Overvoltage protection in low voltage system
Interface of lightning zone 0
A
/1 0
B/
1 1/2
Arrester test values (per
conductor)
[1/n m] 100kA
10/350s
[1/n m] 25kA
0.25/100s
[1/n m] 200A
0.5s
Hybrid
10 kV
Hybrid
6kV
Note: Hybrid, u 1.2/50s open voltage; i 8/20s short-circuit current; u
max
/ i
max
=2, typical testing sequence:
0.10.20.51256 or kV
n: circuit system numbers of protection targets grounding; m: arrestor numbers of installation per circuit
Dr. Hasse believes that partial lightning current at the interface of LPZ0
A
and LPZ1 are different from partial
lightning current at the interface of LPZ0
B
and

LPZ1.Therefore, there are several points to refer to selections of SPDs
of Class tests and Class tests at the interface of LPZ0
B
and LPZ1 in the second publication of Overvoltage
Protection of Low-voltage System (Mr. Hasses writing). Table 4.1.3.2a (table 4) --- Arrestor typical Testing Values at
the entrance of circuit of the lightning protection zone of page 99 illustrates exactly that difference of setting SPD
between at the interface of LPZ0
A
/ LPZ1 and LPZ0
B
/LPZ1.
From the above mentioned, selections of SPD at the interface of LPZ0
A
/LPZ1 zone and LPZ0
B
/LPZ1 have great
differences. IEC stipulates that SPD is installed Classtests at the interface of LPZ0
A
/LPZ1in the alternating current
power distribution circuit while SPD is installed Classtests at the interface of LPZ0
B
/LPZ1in the alternating power
distribution. It doesnt conform to stipulations of IEC standards that SPD settings at the interface of
LPZ0
A
/LPZ1zone are not distinguished while products of Class tests employ at the interface of LPZ0
A
/LPZ1zone
or LPZ0
B
/LPZ1zone. We will discuss installation positions of SPD in low-voltage power supply system in the IEC
62305-4, in which SPD at the interface of LPZ0
A
/LPZ1zone is different from SPD at the interface of LPZ0
B
/LPZ1
5. Installation positions of SPD in the low-voltage power supply system
18


Installation positions of SPD in the low-voltage power supply system are very significant. In principle, SPD in
the low-voltage power supply system installs at the interface of LPZ0
A
/LPZ01, LPZ0
B
/LPZ01, and LPZ1/LPZ1.
But it is not easy, how to determine interfaces of
lightning protection zones. Moreover, some cables
are truncated in order to install SPD at the interface
of lightning protection zones. Therefore, we cant
understand invariably SPD must be installed at the
two interface of lightning protection zones. Some
standards dont easily operate, because original
intentions of IEC are not understood fully, some
standards are reflected uneasy operation on the spot.
In the following, installation positions of SPD in
low-voltage power system have no divergences
between IEC and American, British, Australian,
Canadian and Southern African Standards.



5.1 Stipulations in the American Standards
American standards adopt principles of location
categories. Installation positions of SPD in
low-voltage power distribution system are defined
as three installation positions, that is, three location categories Category ACategory BCategory C and sketch of
Figure 12 (Figure 9 in originality )and text illustrations in the 7.7
th
sections Location Categories of IEEE
C62.41.1
TM
2002.
Category C---- entrances of external constructions and devices, overhead lines from rods to constructions, electricity
meters and frontals of distribution boards and cable tunnels into constructions.
Category B-----feeding and short brand circuit, the distribution board, factory feeding lines, illumination system for
construction.
Category A----- long brand circuit, power socket, power sockets that are away from 10m with Categories B, and
power sockets that are 20m far away from Categories C.
As for low-voltage devices, the shed of location categories B and location categories C may be electricity
meter or main circuit-breakers (reference: the 230-70
th
in the National Electric Code ANSI/NFPA 70-1990). When
we provide current for users transformers with high voltage, we can employ secondary side transformer.
5.2 Stipulations in the British Standards
There are some following remarks in the C.13.1.3 Categories Location of Appendix C lightning Protection
Recommendation against Construction with Electric Device in the British Standard BS6651-1999 Code of Practice
for Protection of Structures against Lightning
SPD installing the following positions are classified into Category C:
The C.13.2 also provides peak values of testing waveforms of SPD for power supply about various installation
categories: As for tested SPDs, different installation categories and testing of system level can select appropriate
testing values between C.8 and C.10.


Figure 12 low-voltage distribution system SPD installation locations
19


Surge Protective Device installing the following positions can
be classified into Category C:
a) Supply distribution board for input power source, switchgear
(Power supply introduces from power supply bureaus,
high-voltage or low-voltage transformers or other constructions
into power distribution devices within the construction)
b) Load distribution board for output power source, switchgear
(Power supply transfers from constructions into other
constructions, external illumination devices or water pump).
c) Outer lines constructions
SPD installing the following positions are classified into
Categories B
a) Load power distribution lines system, distribution boards
for input power supply or switchgear and supply sockets or
fuses.
b) Internal electrical apparatus that no pass through power
sockets or disconnectors.
c) Load power sockets or fuses that are far away from less
20m power cables lengths among
Location Categories C. Load power sockets or disconnectors and load protectors of power sockets or
disconnectors that are far away from 20m power cables among location categories C.
Note: It should be no Location Categories A when small construction that power lines distances between power
sockets and Location Categories C is less than 20m
The C.13.2 also provides testing waveform peak values of SPD for power supply of various location
categories:
As for tested SPD, different location categories and different testing of system exposure level can select
appropriate testing electrical level from table C.8 to C.10.
Generators of installation categories C and categories B are combinative waveform generators, which can
produce 1.2/50s voltage waveforms and 8/20s current waveforms (Reference C.13.7). As for Category A, a
non-inductance output resistor should be added to have appropriate values. Waveforms of short-circuit current
should be less than 8/20s.
The standard not only stipulates installation positions of SPD in low-voltage power supply system, but also
provides voltage values of various installation points.Reference: table 5, 6, 7
5.3 Stipulations of Australian and New Zealand standards
Location categories of SPD in the picture D4 are provided in the of the Appendix D Wave-shapes for Assessing
the Susceptibility of Equipment to Transient Overvoltage due to Lightning in the Australian and New Zealand AS
1768-1991/NZS 1768-1991. Picture 4 is the same as picture 12 of the passage, because both are from Picture 4
Location Categories of IEEE C62.41-1980. But there is a passage to illustrate in the following of D4, we translate as
follows now:
Categories A----Power sockets and long users circuit; power sockets that are 10m far away from Categories B;
power sockets that are 20m far away from Categories C
Categories B----Main power brand system, short users circuits and users centers; power brand system of factories,
power sockets connecting with devices, illumination system of commercial buildings
Categories C----external constructions and entrances of facilities; overhead lines from electric rod into entrances of
Table 5 table C.8Category A BS6651
power supply
Systematic exposure
categories
Peak
voltage
Peak current
Low
middle
high
2kV
4kV
6kV
500A
333.3A
166.7A

Table 6: table C.9---Category B in BS6651
power supply
Systematic
exposure
categories
Peak voltage Peak current
low
middle
high
2kV
4kV
6kV
1kA
2kA
3kA

Grading system
exposed
The peak
voltage
Peak current
Low
In
High
6kV
10kV
20kV
3kA
5kA
10kA

Table 7, BS6651 C.10-leader in the installation
category C (Power)
20


constructions, cables between
AS 1768-1992 and NZS1768-1991 were revised in 2004. There is no any modification in the DR 02359 revised
documents published in 2003. We found there is no change about table D1 and picture 4 in Page 139and 140 between
the DR 02359 document and documents in 1991.
5.4 Requirements of selections and location positions of SPD in low-voltage power distribution system in the IEC
5.4.1 Requirements of relative standards of the 81th technological committee in IEC
Recently, the 81th technological committee (TC 81) of IEC will employ past lightning protection standards
instead of IEC 62305 to ration past lightning protection standards.
Principles of location categories are also adopted in Part 4: Protection against Lightning ---Electrical and Electronic
Systems within Structures in IEC 62305-4. But there are some discourses in Appendix D.1.2 Selection with Regard
to Location and to of Discharge Current Appendix D Selection and Installation of a Coordinated SPD Protection of
Landers (62305-4-v24-lnd FDIS) of IEC in June 31th, 2004
The appendix of IEC 62305-1 stipulates SPD should share expectant discharge current in the installation points.
Selections of SPD depend upon withstand capacities. SPD for power supply is classified by IEC 61643-1while SPD
for telecommunication system is classified by IEC 61643-21.
Installation positions of SPD are as follows:
Entrance of construction (at the interface of LPZ1, that is, on main board of power circuit) .
External lines
As for SPD for I
imp,(
10/350 typical waveforms, that is, SPD of class I tests),impulse current I
i mp
of SPD should
be recommended expectant (partial)lightning current (typical 10/350 surge)of installing points after LPL is
selected according to appendix E.1 or item E.
SPD tested with I
n(
8/20 typical waveforms, that is, SPD of class II test)
When failure risks that external lines caused by LPZ0
B
or S1 and S3 can be ignored, it can adopt the categories.
It should be required expectant surge of installing points of nominal discharge current I
n
of SPD according to the
appendix E.1 and E.2 of IEC 62305-1.
b) Near the protected devices (at the LPZ or higher interface, that is, at the SB or SA)
SPD tested by I
n
(8/20 typical waveform
,
that is SPD tested by Class II tests) should be required that
nominal discharge current I
n
of SPD should select expectant surge(Typical 8/20 current waveforms) of
installing points determined by LPL(lightning protection level) according to Appendix E.3 of IEC
62305-1.
SPD tested by combinative waves (8/20 typical current waveforms, that is, SPD tested by Class III tests
When open circuit voltage U
oc
is selected

by combinative operators, corresponding short-circuit current include
expectant surge of installing points of LPL (lightning protection level) determined by appendix E.3 of IEC
62305-1
Appendix D.2.1Location Position of SPD of IEC 62305-4 also stipulates that it must be in accordance with D.1.2,
which influences in the following factors:
1) Protections should have effect on given damage sources, such as
2) Protections should be close to entrances of the external line into constructions, thus, it can conduct to ground
through surge over-current.
In the first place, the more SPD should be near to the entrance of constructions, the more SPD can protect
devices (economic benefits). In the second place, tests must be carried out. The more SPD is close to protected
devices, the better the protective effect is (technological benefits).
Two criterions are not sometimes sufficed. D.1.2. selects the second criterions, that is, installs on MB, SB, SA.
It differs from 6.4.7 that SPD should install near the ends of shielded circuits in the GB 50057-94(2000).
21


Stipulations of IEC easily operate while it is not too definite for installing specific location of SPD near the ends
of shielded circuits.
The seventh chapter SPD system of the 81/212/CD in IEC 62305-4 explains location categories as follows: If
you are interested, you can find the originality in the 89 page of the document:
SPD should withstand discharge current that their installation points may happen. There are some following
installation points in the SPD systems.
Main Board (MB) The location is at the interface of LPZ1orLPZ0
A
/LPZ1 or LPZ0
B
/LPZ1
Sub Board (SB) (or llll). The location is at the interface of LPZ1/LPZ2 or higher levels.
SA: The position is electrical devices or terminals of electrical devices.
Although there are no specific explanations in the following 62305-4-v24-lnd FDIS, basic ideas of IEC is
specific and uniform.
Installation position categories of IEC are as follows
1) Main distribution board (MB): It is similar to Categories C of British, American and Australian standards.
When external lines at the entrance of MB may introduce by overhead lines, it should be near the interface
of LPZ0
A
and LPZ1 with lightning protection zones; When it may not introduce by overhead lines, it should
be near the interfaces of LPZ0
B
and LPZ1 Sub-branch distribution board (SB): It is similar to Categories B
of British, American and Australian standard. Lighting protection zone is used to explain near LPZ 1 and
LPZ 2 or internal LPZ1.
2) Sub-branch distribution board (SB): It should be near the interface of LPZ1and LPZ2 zone or within LPZ1
zone.
3) SA: It should be near the interface of LPZ1and LPZ2 or within LPZ2 zone with the concepts of lightning
protection zones, which is similar to Categories A of British Standard, American Standard and Australian
Standard. We reach the conclusion that to describe installation locations and selections of SPD with
location categories is easier to operate than installation on interface of lightning protection zones.
Conclusion: SPD of classtests is installed at the interface of LPZ0
A
/LPZ01in the alternating power distribution
circuit while SPD of class tests is installed at the interface of LPZ0
B
/LPZ01LPZ0
B
/LPZ01zones in the
alternating power distribution circuit.
There are two kinds of cases about MB positions, one is circuit introduces in LPZ1 zone from LPZ0
A,
other is circuit introduces in LPZ1 zone from LPZ0
B
. The following description illustrates selections of SPD
from LPZ0
A
into

LPZ1in the Appendix C SPD Coordination, page 73, of 81/238/CDV and translates as
follows:
Lines incoming from LPZ0
A
(where direct strike are possible) carry partial lightning currents. At the
interface LPZ0
A
to LPZ1, therefore, SPD (class I test) are needed to divert these current.
Lines incoming from LPZ0
B
(where direct strikes are excluded, whereas full electromagnetic field exist)
carry only induced surge. In this case at the interface LPZ0
B
to LPZ1 the induced effects should be simulated
by means of either a surge current with a wave-shape 8/20 (class test) or an adequate combination wave test
(class test) according to IEC61643-1.
From the above remark, we have expounded in detail about selection principles and installment position of
SPD in low-voltage power distribution system.
5.4.2 Related standards requests of the 37A sub-technology commission (SC37A) in IEC
IEC 61643-1(2002-01) and IEC w61643-12(2002-02) is a couple of standards. IEC 61643-1 is about performance
requirements and testing methods of SPD for power voltage. Therefore, it stipulates testing methods of various
specifications of SPD, including tests of the strictest categories (SPD of class tests) and tests of common
categories(SPD of class tests ). However, IEC 61643-12 Low-voltage Surge protective devices - part 12Surge
22


protective devices connected to low-voltage power distribution system- Selection and application principles are a
kind of selection principles of SPD in low-voltage power distribution system. The 6.1.5 Choice of the Location of the
SPD Depending on the classes of Test of the sixth chapter Application of SPDs in Low-voltage Power Distribution
Systems in IEC 61643-122002-02points out that we can select SPD for class tests, class tests and class
tests according to lightning intensities incoming from constructions. The consideration of surge intensities is one of
key factors of selecting SPD. Classtests and class tests are appropriate to install near protected devices.
From the above, we find that SPD at the entrance of constructions can select class tests, class tests and
class tests, which represents SPD tested by class tests is not an exclusive selection. It is in accordance
with that Lines incoming from LPZ0
B
(where direct strikes are excluded, whereas full electromagnetic field
exists) carry only induced surge. Hence, between LPZ0
A
and

LPZ1 should install with SPD tested by class
tests. Lines incoming from LPZ0
A
(where direct strike are possible) carry partial lightning currents. At the
interface LPZ0
A
to LPZ1, therefore, SPD (class I test) are needed to divert these current. However, Lines
incoming from LPZ0
B
(where direct strikes are excluded, whereas full electromagnetic field exist) carry only
induced surge. In this case at the interface LPZ0
B
to LPZ1 the induced effects should be simulated by means of
either a surge current with a wave-shape 8/20 (classtest) or an adequate combination wave test (class test)
according to IEC61643-1.
That is to say, when overhead lines introduces from
constructions, SPD tested by class w tests installs at the MB,
while ground cables introduces from constructions, SPD is
installed at the MB tested by Class tests, even class
tests. Three instances are wholly given in Referent Appendix
G Application Example to understand the stipulation. One is
power protection for civil buildings, the other is protection
for power supply of industrial buildings, wand another is
power protection of wireless mountainous base station.
Original tests is introduced in the test due to long original
tests, readers can be found in the 175-183 of IEC 61643-12
2002-02.
The civil construction instance G1 of Appendix G.
MVs transmitting electrics is 10km high-voltage
overhead lines, while LVs is that after high voltage
transmit into low voltage (230/440), low-voltage
overhead lines transmit electric 1km, then introduce
constructions with 200m ground cables. Ng=2
time/km
2
/year in the. Constructions are located in plain
areas and have protective measures. Over-current
protectors install at the entrance of power lines, MB in
the ground floor, and SB in the first floor. Grounding
resistors of constructions is 50, grounding modes in the
supply system is TT and there are washing machines,
computers, alarms, video cassette recorders and TV
Figure 14 (Original plans G.3)

Figure 13 (Original plans G.1)
23


indoors. SPD should be selected through risk analyses
when the construction is in the areas of high lightning
flash frequency; there are high-voltage and
low-voltage overhead lines both side of transformers;
there is susceptibility of electric devices, therefore, it
should select SPD.
At last, SPD of the example (Graphic G.1 in the
original test) are as follows: SPD at the MB, I
n
5kA
per line, 8/20 wave-shape (class tests) and U

p
1.5kV while other SPDs, I
n
2kA per line, 8/20
wave-shape (class tests) and U
p
0.8kV
The civil construction instance G1 of Appendix G2: Installed graphics of SPD were only provided in original
text, but selection methods were not provided (selection methods were in the consideration in the original texts).
Mountainous wireless base station examples G.3 of Appendix G: There is direct lightning protection system
(LPS) in the tower; MVs transmission conditions is 10km high-voltage overhead line; LVs transmitting conditions
is 500m low-voltage overhead line into constructions. The area is located in the peak of mountain and is Ng=6
time/km
2
/year. Neutral line grounds at the foot of mountains; while devices grounds PE on the spot; resistance of
protected constructions is 10; grounding resistance of transformers is 10; And grounding mode in the power
supply system is TT.
We believe after risks analysis that SPD tested by class tests should be selected between phase lines and
ground lines, phase lines and neutral lines and neutral lines and ground lines.
Because most lightning current strike on antenna tower during lightning direct strike, withstand current capacity
of SPD should be more than 20kA of class tests. Protection levels of line devices sides SPD should be 1.5kV
while protection levels of line transformers sides should be the same or higher a little (the most is 4kV).
5.5 Discourse on selection and location position of SPD in low-voltage power distribution system
From three illustrations listed by Appendix G of IEC 61643-12, if power supply lines incomes from cable into
constructions, industrial and civil constructions introduce LPZ1 from LPZ0
B
zone while protectors installed at the
MB select SPD tested by class tests, whose nominal current are selected according to preferred values of 5.2 in
IEC 61 643-1 after risks analysis. As for mountainous wireless base stations with high exposure circumstance and
employments of high-voltage and low-voltage overhead transmission line, SPD installed at the MB select SPD tested
by class tests and values of nominal current should be selected according to preferred values of 5.1 in IEC
61643-1.
At last, SPD installs in the example, such as , SPDat the MB per line nominal discharge current I
n
5kA8/20
wave-shapeclass testsThere are some discourses

in 5.5.2.2

I
imp
and I
max
for SPDs according to classand class
testsI
imp
and I
max
of SPD tested by classand testsof IEC as follows. I
imp
and I
max
for SPD according to class
and tests. I
imp
and I
max
and their submultiples are test parameters use in the operating duty test for class and
class tests respectively. They are related to the maximum values of discharge current, which are expected to occur
only very rarely at the location of the SPD in the system. I
max
is associated with

classtests and I
imp
is associated with
classtests. I
max
is used for class

tests
and
I
imp
is used for classtests. There are two points to note about the
passage. Firstly, discharge current occurs at the location of the SPD, the expression very rarely at the location of the
SPD in the system is in the original test. Secondly, I
max
is 20 kA while the amount of charge is 10 coulomb. The
24


amount of charge of single lightning discharge are several coulombs, therefore, it is strictest for SPD.
As a matter of fact, IEC 62305-4, that is, 81/238/CDV is in accordance with IEC 61643-12. Discourses of the
C.1General of Appendix C, in page 73, of IEC 62305-4 are as follows:
Lines incoming from LPZ0
A
(where direct strikes are possible) carry partial lightning currents. At the interface
LPZ0
A
to LPZ1 therefore SPD (class test) are needed to divert these current. Lines incoming from LPZ0
B
(where
direct strikes are excluded, whereas full electromagnetic field exist), carry only induced surge. In this case at the
interface LPZ0
B
to LPZ1the induced effects should be simulated by means of either a surge current with a
wave-shape 8/20 (class test) or an adequate combination wave test (class test) according to IEC w61643-1.It
also represents that overhead lines incoming from constructions can be selected SPD tested by classtests.
5.6 Conclusion
SPD should be installed in MB, SB and SA, these three positions, in low-power system. The three-grade lightning
protection may also install on the three different positions in the past. But some people misunderstands the three
grades lighting protection and didnt install three grade lightning protection on the installment position stipulated by
IEC, American standards, Britain standards and Australian standards discussed in our paper.
6. Coordination in low-voltage power system
6.1 Aims and installation graphics of SPD coordination.
SPDs different installation positions must coordinate energy, whose aims to energy coordination are to avoid
concatenation installation of overload SPD within a system. Therefore, we should select appropriate SPD. Energies
coordination of SPD firstly coordinate with protected devices, that is, Energies coordination of SPD should
coordinate with protected devices, that is, SPD can not protect protected devices, but to damage themselves.
Secondly, multi-accordance of parallel installment SPD will share their stresses according to energies absorption
capacities. If partial energies dispersed in each SPD of total surge current is lower or equal to its energy withstand
capacities, then, energies coordination can reach.
Lightning current shared by SPD depend upon its installation positions and characteristics. Main lightning
threatens have three parts lightning current.
Lightning threatens are mainly composed of three parts lightning current
First short stroke
Sequent long stroke
Long-time stroke
An effective coordination should be considered:1) various characteristics published by manufacturers 2)
threatens suffered of installation location 3)withstand overvoltage(including insulation density) and over-current
capacity of protected devices
First short stroke is a decisive element of coordination among SPD concatenation. If inductance is used as
decoupling components, high current gradient decouples easily.
Single SPD only shares partial lightning current which need determine expectant partial lightning current of SPD
according to methods. IEC recommends that first short lightning stroke current can be imitated by 10350 wave-shapes.
But, partial lighting current or induce current in the system have different waveforms due to multi-reactions between
lightning current and low-voltage devices. Hence, IEC will consider the following impulse testing current (surge) in
order to aims of coordination.
I
10/350
testing current with 10350 waveforms, especially energies coordination for SPD tests. As for power lines, it
is a kind of similar current defined by peak value current and charges used for Class tests IEC 61643-1.
I
8/20
testing current of 820 waveforms. As for the power line, its waveform is used in Class test(IEC 61643-1).
I
CWG
Current(IEC 61000-4-5) waveforms from hybrid generators depend upon overload (1.250open circuit voltage
and 820short circuit current) and used as Class testIEC 61643-1
25


I
RAMP
testing current of 0.1kAs current gradient. It imitates partial lightning stroke current due to interactions
between lightning current and low-voltage devices, which is especially used for decoupling effects of parallel
connections.
Picture 15 shows demonstrations of SPD applications in the power distribution according to concepts of lightning
protection zones. SPD should be selected installations according to given installation positions.
To select SPD and install in the total electricity system within constructions should guarantee that most of lightning
current release to the grounding system at the interface of LPZ 0
A
and LPZ 1. Power lines introduce overhead through
LPZ0
A
zones. SPDis Class of SPD , which installs in MB. SPD installs in SB which is Class . SPD is
Class of SPD, which installs in SA. Once most energies of partial lightning current transfer through the first SPD,
secondary SPD only design to deal with residual threatens of interfaces between LPZ 0
A
and LPZ1 and influences of
internal electromagnetic induces of LPZ1 (in particular, in the nonelectric shield).
Circuit from LPZ 0
A
(It may suffer direct lightning stroke here.) carries partial lightning current. Therefore, SPD (for
example, SPD of Classtests) with I
imp
tests transfers these current at the interface of LPZ 0
A
and LPZ 1.
Circuit from LPZ 0
B
(It excludes direct lightning stroke, but it exits total electrical magnetic field) only carries

induce
surge. In such condition, induction effects at the interface of LPZ 0
B
and LPZ 1 can not only imitate surge current (for
example, SPD of Class test)of 820 waveforms, but also imitate hybrid waveforms(SPD of Class test).
Plus threaten from transitions of LPZ 0 to LPZ 1 and induction effect of electromagnetic field within LPZ 1 depends
upon requirements of SPD at the interface of LPZ 1and LPZ 2. If threatening values are not possible towards detailed
analysis , it can imitate main stresses according to 820 surge current (for example, SPD of Class test) and hybrid
waveforms (for example, SPD of Class tests) according to IEC 61643-1.
26



6.2 Coordination principles
Coordination principles among SPDs adopt one of the following principles:
Coordination of V-I characteristics(no decoupling elements)
This method is appropriate with voltage limiting type SPD (such as MOV or transient suppressors) based on
static V-I characteristic. The method is not sensitive to current waveforms. Although impedance of circuit
has certain intrinsic decoupling, the method needs not decoupling.
Coordination of the triggering type SPD (with no decoupling elements)
In order to the triggered type SPDs coordination, impedance of enough surge withstand capacity is regard as
decoupling elements. Resistors mainly employ in the telecommunication while inductance in the power system. To
coordination effect of inductance, climbing steepness of current dI/dt is also crucial parameter. Decoupling elements
can be achieved not only by independent devices, but also by natural impedance of circuit among SPD concatenation.
Inductance in the circuit is inductance of two parallel conductors. If two conductors phase and ground line) are in the
same cables, inductance is about from 0.5 to 1Hm(it is correlated with wire size); If two conductors separate,
inductance will be higher (it is related to spacing distances of two conductors.)
Coordination of SPD( no decoupling elements)
We can achieve coordination through . Their electrical flip flop circuit must insure that energies withstand
capacities of secondary, SPD dont surpass. Although circuit impedance has some intrinsic decoupling effects, the
method doesnt need decoupling. From practices, because electrical flip flop circuit always damages in advance


Figure 15 IEC 62305-4 plans C.1 - Power Distribution
System Application examples SPD

LPZ 2

LPZ 3

LPZ 1

Power
line

LPZ 0
A


LPZ 0
B


SPD I

SPD II

SPD II



SPD III

SPD III

27


before lightning stroke and cant achieve trigger in advance, so they are not appropriate to popularize at present.
In the actual, there are two kinds of coordination as follows: 1) Coordination of two voltage limiting type SPDs
2) Coordination between voltage switching type SPD and voltage limiting type SPD The two kinds of coordination
should consider influence of waveforms with high steepness of current (for example, 820s or 10350s,
steepness of these two kinds of impulse waves are near to each other, time arising to peak values is 8s(820s),
10s (10350s) )and waveforms with low steepness of current. According to analog testing data provided by
appendix C of IEC 62305-4, coordination between voltage switching type SPD and voltage limiting type SPD, we
request decoupling inductance between two SPD in the power circuit be 8H or 10H with waveforms of 820s or
10350s while 10H or 12H with waveforms of 0.1kAs. Conditions of successful coordination is that SG
must fire before MOV reach values of withstand energies. Supposed we are strict in selecting values in the project,
decoupling inductance adopts 12H0.5H 0.5 to 1H per m. We need cables of 12 m to 24m to reach 12H.
Therefore, when cable diameters are not enough 12m to 24m, it should add decoupling inductance in addition. In
some standards, such as American standard, British standard, Australian standard and New Zealand standard, they
stipulate distances between Categories A and Categories B should be more than 10m, and Categories A and
Categories C should be more than 20m. Mr. Hasse said Overvoltage Protection of Low-voltage System, in the page
180, that inductance of power cable depends upon cabling routes of PE. If cable of protective lines are the same
cables as L1L2L3 and N line, decoupling cables of lightning current arrester of class B and surge arrester of class
C are cables with at least 15m. If protective lines are not the same as L1L2L3 and N line and the length between
protective lines and cable is 1m, then, the length of decoupling cable is at least 5m. Two cables situations here is
which is in accordance with discourses cable inductance is correlated to gap distances between two conductors.
Hence, it is not scientific that circuit lengths between voltage switching type SPD and voltage limiting type SPD
should not be less than 10m while circuit lengths between the voltage limiting type SPD should not be less than 5m
in the 6.4.11 items of GB 50057-942000. Recently, 5m-principle, 10m-principle among some installation principles
of SPD in some articles, whose writers also introduce 30m-principle.What is the basis?
Generally speaking, two voltage limiting type SPD is easier to achieve coordination, therefore, coordination
principles of SPD mainly discuss coordination between voltage switching type SPD and voltage limiting type SPD in
IEC.
Graphic 16 is an elementary circuit diagram of coordination scene that spark gaps and MOV are regarded as
spark gaps and MOV. Graphic 17 explains the basic principle of energies coordination of the voltage switching type
SPD1 with the voltage limiting type SPD2.
These information, the latest is from 2002, represent accuracies of standard testing waveforms of IEEE
selecting 1.2/50s voltage wave, 8/20s current wave, 100 kHz ringing wave as standard surge-testing waveforms ,
10/1000 s long waveforms as additional waveform.
Fire of SG (SPD1) depends upon the sum of residual voltage U
2
of MOV (SPD2) and dynamic voltage drop.
Once voltage U
1
surpasses dynamic fire
voltage, SG will fire
and reach coordination,
which depends on:

Figure 16 Combinative circuits
between SG and MOV
SG

MOV

Decoupling components

Protected Side

Surge

U
1
, I
1
U
DE
, I
DE
U
2
, I
2
SPD1

SPD2

28


Characteristics of MOV
Steepness and peak value of surge
We should consider surge current arising time and peak values( Reference:10350 or 820).

When
inductance
is used for
decoupling
elements, we
should
consider
surge
current
anabatic
times and
peak values
(such as 10
350 or 8
20).The
more the
steepness
di/dt is, the
less the
inductance
of
decoupling. In particular, coordination between SPD( classtest) tested by I
imp
with SPD tested by I
n
should consider
0.1kAs minimum current steepness of lightning current (reference: Appendix C.1 of IEC 62305-1).(These

SPD
coordinate when it can coordinate 10350 lightning current with 0.1kAs minimum steepness.
We should consider the following two kinds of basic complexions.
Non ignitable spark gap
If spark gap (SG) doesnt fire, all surges current will flow MOV. If energies of surge consumption are higher
than energies withstand capacities of MOV, coordination doesnt achieve. If we use inductance as decoupling
elements, the situation is in the worst conditions at the time of 0,1 kA/ minimum current steepness.
Ignitable spark gap
If spark gap fire, lasting times of current from MOV reduce greatly. Before MOV reaches withstand energies
values, SG fire, thus, it will reach accurate energies coordination.
Ignitable spark gaps dont often discharge due to unstable discharge voltage. Because it appears scotoma, MOV
withstands over-voltage to damage. Before it is successful that SG must fire, MOV must achieve withstand energies
values.
Decoupling elements (inductance or resistance) (reference IEC 61643-1)
6.3 Protection distances l
po
due to vibration
Protection distances l
po
refer to circuit maximum lengths between SPD and devices. Within the limitation, SPD
protected effectively devices (it has been considered oscillation phenomenon and capacitance overload.). Because
SPD is in the operation, lines of installation positions of SPD---ground voltage is limited within U
P
. If circuit
W [kJ]
I
SURGE
[kA]
SG



MOV W
max

SG
SG

MO
V
SG
MOV

1,0
0,0
0,2



0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0
17 SG MOV

29


distances between SPD and protected devices are so long that transmit of surge will produce oscillation. When
protected terminal devices are in open modes, Overvoltage of device ends will arise to 2U
P.
Although U
P
U
w
is
selected, it can still damage protected devices. These data depend upon technology of SPD, installation rules and
overload capacitance.
If maximum circuit length is more than 10m or U
P
>

U
w
/2, protective distances should estimate by following
formulas:
l
po
= [U
w
U
p
]/ k (m)
k = 25 V/m
6.4 Protection distances due to induce
When lightning strikes constructions or earth near constructions, it will induce overvoltage in the loop forming
by SPD and protected devices, and it decreases protection of SPD due to it is added U
P.
Dimensions Induce
overvoltage raise with loop (circuit routes include circuit lengths, protective grounding PE and distances of phase
lines, and loop acreages decreases with attenuation of electromagnetic field density (space shield and/or circuit
shield). Protection distances l
pi
are maximum circuit lengths among protected devices. Considered induce
phenomenon, SPD is effective towards protection against protected devices within distances;
Generally speaking, when lightning produces strong magnetic fields, it will endure loop between SPD and
devices, or it can be reduced magnetic field intensity with following ways.
Space shielding of constructions (LPZ1) or rooms (LPZ2 or higher areas)
Circuit shielding (employments of shield cables or cable channels)
If enough shielding are provided, we can ignore protection distances l
pi
.
When long, no circuit shielding, big loop become problems of installation of SPD, we can estimate protection
distances (l
pi
) with following formulas:
l
pi
= [U
w
U
p
]/ h (m)
h = 30000K
S1
K
S2
K
S3
(V/m)
While K
S1
, K
S2
, K
S3
are coefficients of the B.3th items of IEC 62305-2.
K
S1
: Space shielding provided by LPS or other LPZ 0/1 boundary shielding measures
K
S2
: Space shielding provided by LPZ 1/2 or higher areas boundary shielding measures
K
S3
: Characteristics

of internal circuit
6.5 Procedures of installation coordination of SPD
Coordination of SPD installs based on following procedures:
1. SPD
1
is installed in the entrance of constructions.( LPZ1 boundary, for example, MB---installation points)
(The D.1.2 item)
2. Determination of impulse withstand voltage U
w
of internal protected systems
3. Selecting the protective level U
p1
of SPD
1
and effective protective level is U
p1
U
w..

4. Examinations protection distances of l
po/1
and

l
pi/1
. (The

D.2.3and D.2.4 item).
If it meets requirements of 3) and 4), then SPD
1
protects effectively protected devices. Otherwise, it need set
SPD
2
.
5. SPD
2
is installed near protected devices (in the boundary of LPZ2, for example, SBinstallation points).
6. Selection of the protective level
Up2
of SPD
2
makes

effective protection level U
p2
U
w
Same SPDs are ready
to coordinate effectively.
7. Checking protection distances l
po//2
and

l
pi/2

If it meets 6) and 7) requirements, SPD
1
and SPD
2
with energy coordination protected effectively protected
30


devices. Otherwise, we need set SPD
3
around protected

devices (for example, SB---installation points). The
SPD should energies coordinate with first part SPD/
Reference:
[1] IEEE C62.41-1991 IEEE Recommended Practice on Surge Voltage in Low-Voltage AC Power Circuits (Recognized as an
American National Standard) It firstly published in 1980revised and published in1991.
[2] BS 6651-1999 Code of practice for protection of structures against lightning British Standard Publishing Administration
Sep,2000
[3] AS 1768-1991/NZS 1768-1991 Lightning protection Australian Standard and New Zealand Standard Australian Standard
Service Center Sep, 1991
[4] IEC 81/238/ CDVIEC 62305-4 Protection against lightning Part 4: Electrical and electronic systems within structures
[5] IEC 61643-12 2002-02Low-voltage Surge protective devices - part 12Surge protective devices connected to low-voltage
power distribution system- Selection and application principles
[6] IEC 61643-1 2002-01 Surge protective devices connected to low-voltage power distribution system part 1Performance
requirement and testing methods
[7] GB 50057-942000Code for Design of Lightning Protection of Building China Plan Press 2000, Beijing
[8] Overvoltage protection even in case of a direct lightning stroke, According to EMC DR.PETER HASSEDR&PROF
JOHANNED W IESINGERDR PETER ZAHLMANNDR WOLFGANG ZISCHANK published DEHZDec,1993
No.SD27/E
[9] Overvoltage protection of low voltage system Peter HasseMichael Faraday House2000.
[10] IEEE Std C62.41.1
TM
-2002 IEEE Guide on the surge Environment in Low-Voltage (1000V and Less) AC Power Circuits
[11] IEEE Std C62.41.2
TM
-2002 IEEE Recommended Practice on Characterization of surge in Low-Voltage (1000V and Less) AC
Power Circuits
[12] IEEE Std C62.45
TM
-2002 IEEE Recommended Practice on Surge Testing for Equipment Connected to Low-Voltage (1000V
and Less) AC Power Circuits
[13] IEC 61312-3 Protection against lightning electromagnetic impulse- Part 3: Requirements of surge protective devices (SPDs)
[14] DR-02359 AS 1768-1991/NZS1768-1991 Draft for Public Comment
[15] BS 2914:1972 Specification for surge diverters for alternating current power circuit British standard association
[16] ITU-T K12 1988 Characteristics of gsa discharge tubes for the protection of Telecommunications installations International
telecommunication union Tests on power-fed repeaters using solid-state devices
[17] ITU-T K17 1993 Tests on power-fed repeaters using solid-state devices in order to check the arrangements for protection
from external interference International telecommunication union
[18] CCITT (Ch 6, 7 & 8) the protection of telecommunication line and equipment against lightning discharges International
telecommunication union 1978