UNIT-1

FLUID POWER SYSTEMS AND FUNDAMENTALS

PART-A
1. Name any four desra!"e #$ara#%ers%#s of $ydrau"# &um&s.
'MAY()UNE-*++,-
Pumps should provide safe and maximum system working pressure.
They should have high volumetric and overall efficiency.
They should be compact and also have higher power to weight ratio.
They should possess the variable displacement control
*. Name any four dra.!a#/s of f"ud &o.er sys%ems.'APR(MAY-*++0-
Hydraulic fluid leakage poses many problems to the operations as well as
operators.
Flammable hydraulic fluids may possess fire hazards thus limiting the
upper level of working temperature.
Hydraulic elements require special treatments to protect them against
rustcorrosiondirt etc. otherwise the contaminated elements may impair
the system operation.
Hydraulic fluids may pose problems if it disintegrates due to ageing and
chemical deterioration.
1. Defne f"ud &o.er.'NO2(DE3-*++0-
Fluid power is defined as the technology that deals with generationcontrol and
transmission of power using pressurized fluids.
4. 5o. do you #"assfy dre#%on #on%ro" 6a"6es7'NO2(DE3-*++08
!ased on the number of ports present the "#$%s are classified as
Two way valve
Three way valve
1
Four way valve
0. Defne 6s#os%y and !u"/ modu"us of a $ydrau"# f"ud.'MAY()UNE-
*++9-
2s#os%y:&t may be defined as the shearing force required to move two plane
surfaces relative to one another with a film of fluid between them.
;u"/ Modu"us:&t is the measure of compressibility of a fluid.&t is the reciprocal
of compressibility.
9. <6e %$e e=&resson used %o de%ermne %$e .a"" %$#/ness and nsde
dame%er of a $ydrau"# #ondu#%or.'MAY()UNE-*++9-
'all Thicknesst()"
o
*"
i
+,-
&nside diameter of a hydraulic conductor
'here "
o
( #onductor outside diameter
.( /equired pipe flow area
>. Defne fr#%on fa#%or.'NO2(DE3-*++0-
Friction factor is a dimensionless number required to calculate the energy losses
due to friction in the pipe.
For laminar flow the friction factor f is a function of /eynolds number
only where as for turbulent flow f is a function of /eynolds number as well as
the relative roughness of the pipe.
?. Dfferen%a%e &ressure #om&ensa%ed and non-&ressure #om&ensa%ed
&um&s.'NO2(DE3-*++9-
&n pressure compensated pumpthe pump flow can be made to zero.0uch a pump
has its own protection against excessive pressure build up..lso there is no
power waste and reduced fluid heading.whereas non*pressure compensated
pumps are hydraulically unbalanced and cause undesirable side load on the
bearing side of the pump.
2
1>. Under .$a% #ond%ons &neuma%# sys%ems are &referred. 'AU-
NO2(DE3-*+1*-
Pneumatic systems are often used instead because pneumatic pressure is usually
cheaper to obtain since most industrial facilities already have compressed air
available. 0ince many systems does not require extremely high forces and only
need to make movements from one position to another and doesn%t need to stop
in between pneumatics is the easier and cheaper way to go
1?. Ls% %$e &rmary fun#%ons of $ydrau"# f"ud7 'AU-NO2(DE3-*+1*-
To transmit fluid power efficiently to perform useful work.
To lubricate the moving parts to minimize wear and friction.
To absorb carry and dissipate the heat generated with in the system.
To seal the close clearances between mating parts against leakage.
To prevent the rusting or corrosion.
To rapidly settle and separate the insoluble contaminants and abrasion.
1,. S%a%e Pas#a"@s "a. .%$ an ndus%ra" e=am&"e 'AU-MAY()UNE-*+1*-
Pascal%s law states that the pressure generated at any point in a confined fluid
acts equally in all directions.
.pplications1 !ramah%s hydraulic press and .ir to hydraulic pressure booster.
*+. <6e Dar#y@s eAua%on %o #a"#u"a%e $ead "oss n &&e. 'AU-MAY()UNE-
*+1*B*+14-
H
2
(f323$
-
"3-g
*1. Ls% %$e a&&"#a%ons of f"ud &o.er n aCr#u"%ure and a6a%on
ndus%res. 'AU-MAY()UNE-*+11-
.griculture1 Hydraulically driven farm equipments
.viation1 Hydraulic retractable landing wheels
3
**. 3om&are $ydrau"# and &neuma%# dr6es for au%oma%on 'AU-
MAY()UNE-*+1*-
S.No 5ydrau"# Sys%em Pneuma%# sys%em
4 &t employs a pressurized liquid
as a fluid
&t employs a compressed gas usually
air as a fluid.
- Hydraulic systems are
designed as closed system
Pneumatic systems are usually
designed as open system.
5 0ystem get slow down if
leakage occurs
2eakage does not affect the system
much more.
6 $alve operations are difficult 7asy to operate the valves
8 Heavier in weight 2ight in weight
9 Pumps are used to provide
pressurized liquid.
#ompressors are used to provide
compressed gas.
: 0ystem is unsafe to fire
hazards
0ystem is free from fire hazards
; .utomatic lubrication is
provided
0pecial arrangements are made for
lubricating the parts.
*1. Wr%e %$e &ro#edure %o #a"#u"a%e %$e &ressure dro& n $ydrau"# #r#u%s.
'AU-MAY()UNE-*+11-
<P(w
oil
3H
2
H
2
( 96323$
-
/e3"3-g
w
oil
( 0pecific gravity3w
water
*4. Name %$e dfferen% %y&es of f"ud &o.er sys%ems. 'AU-APR(MAY-*+11-
Hydraulic power system
Pneumatic power system
4
*0. <6e any four m&or%an% &ro&er%es of $ydrau"# f"uds. 'AU-APR(MAY-
*+11-
=ood lubricity
0table viscosity characteristics
High bulk modulus and degree of incompressibility
=ood heat dissipation capability.
*9.<6e %$e ad6an%aCes of f"ud &o.er sys%em.DN(D-*+11E
7ase and accuracy of control
>ultiplication of force
#onstant force or torque
0implicitysafetyeconomy
*>.Dra. %$e sym!o" of &ressure re"ef 6a"6e.DN(D-*+11E
*?.W$a% s %$e m&or%an#e of Reyno"ds num!er7DM()-*+14E
&f /eynolds number )/e+?-@@@then the flow in pipes is laminar.
&f /eynolds number )/e+A6@@@then the flow in pipes is turbulent.
&f /eynolds number is between -@@@ and 6@@@ then the flow in pipes is
unpredictable
PART-;
5
1. E=&"an %$e ad6an%aCes of f"ud &o.er7DAPR(MAY- *++?BMAY()UNE-
*++,E
Ad6an%aCe of f"ud &o.er
&t is reckoned that the future industries will depend largely upon automation to
increase productivity. The activities associated with automation include remote
and direct control of production operations manufacturing process and
materials handling. &n this regard the fluid power is considered as the muscle of
automation because it offers many advantage as shown below.
FEase and a##ura#y of #on%ro":
'ith the use of simple levels and or push buttons the fluid power system can
facilitate easy starting stopping speeding up or slowing down and positioning
force that provide any desired power.
FMu"%&"#a%on of for#e:
The fluid power system can multiply force )in the order of 4@B- to 4@B8 times+
easily and efficiently.
F3ons%an% for#e or %orAue:
The fluid power system is the only system which can provide constant force or
torque irrespective of variations in speed whether the work output moves a few
millimeters per min several meters per minor thousands of revolutions per min.
FSm"#%yGsafe%yGe#onomy:
'hen compared to electrical and mechanical system generally the fluid power
system uses fewer moving parts. ThatCs why they are simple to maintain and
operate as s result it also maximizes safety compactness and reliability.
Fo%$er !enef%s:
0ome of the other advantages of using the fluid power system include1
i+ High power to weight ratio.
ii+ &nstant reversal of motion with accuracy is possible.
iii+ .utomatic protection against overloads.
iv+ &nfinitely variable control)of output force output torque and output
speed+.
v+ /equires lesser space.
6
vi+ /elatively smooth and quiet operation.
vii+ =reater efficiency)about ;8*D@+ and economy due to low friction
losses.
viii+ 2ow inertia and ease of shock absorption)during actuator
motionreversalstartand stop+
*.Des#r!e %$e a&&"#a%ons of f"ud &o.er sys%em and "s% %$e man
#om&onen%s reAured for a &o.er &a#/ .%$ #r#u%. Ls% ou% %$e
a&&"#a%on of f"ud &o.er.DAPR(MAY-*++?BN(D-*+11E
S.NO INDUSTRY(FIELD APPLI3ATIONS
4 >anufacturing industry Hydraulic presses pneumatic hand
tools hydraulic and pneumatic
fixtures automatic and semi*
automatic operating machines such as
machines with hydraulic feed
pneumatic driveautomatic andexing
machine hydraulic driven die casting
machinehydraulic feed
macineautomatic lathe with air*
operated equipmenthydraulically
operated shaving machinecutting
machinedrilling machine ect.
- .utomobile industry 'elding equipments using hydraulic
controls hydraulic brakes automotive
transmissionspower steeringpower
breaksair conditioning
lubricationwater coolentand gasoline
pumping systems.
5 Eaval industry Fluid power used for cargo
handlingwinchespropellerpitch
controlsubmarine control system
operating of shipboard aircraft
elevators and drive systems for radar
7
and sonar.
6 .griculture industry Hydraulic and pneumatic diven
elevator conveyors for use in
harvesting of grainsfluid power
driven farm equipments.
8 .viation and .erospace industry Hydraulic activated landing gears
cargo doorsgear drives and flight
controls drives such as rudders
ailerons and elevator for the
aircraftfluid powered missile
launching system.
9 >echatronics field Fluid logic componentsservo*
controlled pneumatic actuators in
robotics and tactile sensingfluid
power used for operating various
mechatronics elements such as a
spindle drives automatic tool
clamping tool magazines and
automatic tool charges ect..
: #onstruction field Fluid power driven earth moving
equipmentsfluid power drivers brush
drive used for cleaning roadsfloors
etcF
Man #om&onen%s reAured for a &o.er &a#/:
Tank,/eservoirGFilterGHydraulic pumpG>otorGPressure regulatorGPipingG$alves
and actuators.
Wor/nC:
5o. does a $ydrau"# #y"nder DA#%ua%orE .or/7
8
The schematic arrangement of the hydraulic cylinder is shown in fig.&t
consists of a movable piston connected to the output shaft and two parts . and
!.&f a liquid is pumped through port .then the piston will move up and if a
liquid is pumped through port !then the piston will move down.Hbviously
when the pressurized liquid is pumped at one side of the piston.Then the non*
pressurized liquid on the other side of the piston must be retrieved back to the
liquid tank.
Wor/nC of %$e %o%a" $ydrau"# sys%em:
The total hydraulic system for the task moving a weight)'+ by a
distance )"+ is shown in fig.The parts enclosed in the dotted*lined box are
common to an area of the plant which have many linear and rotary hydraulic
actuators.&n these casewe use only one linear hydraulic actuator.
.# induction motor)>+ drives the hydraulic pump)P+so that the fluid
is pumped from the tank at the required pressure.The fluid circulated into the
system should be clean to reduce the wear of the pump and cylinderhence a
filter is used immediate to the storage tank.0ince the pump delivers constant
volume of fluid for each revolution of the shaftthe fluid pressure rises
indefinitelyuntil a pipe or pump itself fails.To avoid thissame kind of pressure
regulator is used to spill out the excess fluid back to the tank.
#ylinder movement is controlled by a 5 position control valve.Hne side of
the valve is connected to a pressurized fluid line and the fluid retrieval lineGand
the other side of the valve is connected to a Port . and port ! of the
cylinder.0ince the hydraulic circuit is a closed onethe liquid transferred from
the storage tank to one side of the pistonand the fluid at the other side of the
piston is retrieved back to the tank.
9
10
5.E=&"an %$e .or/nC &rn#&"e of $ydrau"# sys%em .%$ nea% s/e%#$ and
%s ad6an%aCe7.'NO2(DE3-*++9G*++>G*+11BM()-*+14-
;as# #om&onen%s of a $ydrau"# sys%em:
Reser6orDor %an/EBPum&BPrme mo6erB2a"6esBA#%ua%orBF"ud %ransfer
&&nC.
Wor/nC:
5o. does a $ydrau"# #y"nder DA#%ua%orE .or/7
The schematic arrangement of the hydraulic cylinder is shown in fig.&t
consists of a movable piston connected to the output shaft and two parts . and
!.&f a liquid is pumped through port .then the piston will move up and if a
liquid is pumped through port !then the piston will move down.Hbviously
when the pressurized liquid is pumped at one side of the piston.Then the non*
pressurized liquid on the other side of the piston must be retrieved back to the
liquid tank.
Wor/nC of %$e %o%a" $ydrau"# sys%em:
The total hydraulic system for the task moving a weight)'+ by a
distance )"+ is shown in fig.The parts enclosed in the dotted*lined box are
common to an area of the plant which have many linear and rotary hydraulic
actuators.&n these casewe use only one linear hydraulic actuator.
.# induction motor)>+ drives the hydraulic pump)P+so that the fluid
is pumped from the tank at the required pressure.The fluid circulated into the
system should be clean to reduce the wear of the pump and cylinderhence a
filter is used immediate to the storage tank.0ince the pump delivers constant
volume of fluid for each revolution of the shaftthe fluid pressure rises
indefinitelyuntil a pipe or pump itself fails.To avoid thissame kind of pressure
regulator is used to spill out the excess fluid back to the tank.
#ylinder movement is controlled by a 5 position control valve.Hne side of
the valve is connected to a pressurized fluid line and the fluid retrieval lineGand
the other side of the valve is connected to a Port . and port ! of the
11
cylinder.0ince the hydraulic circuit is a closed onethe liquid transferred from
the storage tank to one side of the pistonand the fluid at the other side of the
piston is retrieved back to the tank.
Ad6an%aCes:
2arge load #apacityGHigh accuracy and precisionG0mooth movementG.utomatic
lubricating provision to reducen wearG"ivision and distribution of hydraulic
power is simple and easierG2imiting and balancing of hydraulic power are easy
to perform.
4.W%$ nea% s/e%#$ des#r!e %$e .or/nC &rn#&"e of &neuma%# &o.er
sys%em7'NO2(DE3-*++9BN(D-*+11-
Pneuma%# &o.er sys%em
;as# #om&onen%s of a &neuma%# sys%em:
/eservoir)or air tank+G#ompressorGPrime moverG$alvesG.ctuatorGFluid*transfer
piping.
12
Wor/nC:
The total pneumatic system for the task of lifting a weight )'+ by a
distance)"+ is shown in fig.The parts enclosed in dotted*lined box are common
to an area of the plantwhich may have many linear and rotary actuators.&n this
case we use only one linear hydraulic actuator.
.ir is drawn from the atmosphere through the air filter and raised to the
required pressure by an air compressor..ir contains significant amount of water
vapour and also the air temperature is raised considerably by the compressor.0o
the air must be cooled before using it in the systemwhich results in
condensation.
The compressed air is stored in the reservoirwhich has a water outlet at
the bottom of the reservoir and a pressure switch)P0&+ to control the pressure of
the compressed air)by controlling the motor+.Pressure switch stops the motor
when the required pressure is attained and starts the motor when the pressure
falls down the mark.
13
The outlet of the reservoir is connected to a component called F./.2.
)Filter*/egulator*2ubricator+ unitwhich does the following activities1
4.Filters the tiny foreign particles from the compressed air
-./egulates the pressure Iust before entering the system
5.2ubricates the compressed air for the pneumatic cylinders.
The cylinder movement is controlled by the pneumatic valve.one side of
the pneumatic valve is connected to the compressed air line and silencers for the
exhaust air and the other side of the valve is connected to port . and port ! of
the cylinder.
Ad6an%aCes:
2ight density of air and hence low inertia effect of pneumatic componentsG2ight
system weightG#omparatively easy operation of valvesGPower losses and
leakages are lessG2ow cost.
0.Enumera%e and !ref"y ds#uss %$e &ro&er%es and fa#%ors #onsdered for
se"e#%on of o"s(Ls% ou% %$e some &ro&er%es of f"ud.'NO2(DE3-
*++9G*++>BM()-*+14-
P$ys#a" &ro&er%es of F"ud:
"ensityG$iscosityG#apillarityG#avitationG#ompressibility and !ulk
modulus
Dens%y:
The density of a fluid is that quantity of a matter contained in the unit volume of
the substance.
The density can be expressed as different types
Mass Dens%y:
>ass density also known as specific mass or simply density is defined as mass
of the fluid per unit volume.
Formula1
Jnits1 )E,m
5
+
14
"imensionG >2
*-
T
*-
Typical value1 '
water
(D.;434@
5
E,m
5
'
oil
(4-.@: E,m
5
WeC$% dens%y:
&t is also known as specific weightis defined as the weight per unit volume.
WHIFC
S&e#f# Cra6%y:
&t is also known as relative densityis defined as the ratio of mass density of a
fluid to mass density of a standard fluid.
S&e#f# 6o"ume:
&t is defined as the reciprocal of mass density.
2s#os%y:
3on#e&%:
$iscosity is the most important property of the fluid.$iscosity is the
measure of the ability of a fluid to flow.&t is measured of the fluidinternal
resistance to shear or flow as a definite temperature and pressure.
Defn%on:
$iscosity is defined as the shearing force required to move two plane
surface relative to one another with a film of fluid between them.
A!so"u%e 6s#os%y or 3oeff#en% of dynam# 6s#os%y:
This law states that the shear stress on a fluid element is directly
proportional to the shear strain.The constant of proportionality is called the co*
efficient of viscosity
Jnema%# 2s#os%y:
15
&t is defined as the ratio of dynamic viscosity to mass density.
2s#os%y nde=:
The viscosity index of a liquid is a number indicating the effect of a change in
temperature on viscosity.
3o$eson and Ad$eson:
3o$eson:&t means intermolecular attraction between molecules of the same
liquid.&t enables a liquid to resist small amount of tensile stresses.#ohesion is an
tendency of the liquid to remain as one assemblage of particles
Ad$eson:&t means the attraction between the molecules of a liquid and the
molecules of a solid boundary surface in contact with the liquid.This property
enables the liquid to stick to another body.
Surfa#e Tenson:
. liquidbeing unable to expand freelywill form an interface with a second
liquid or gas.>olecules deep within the liquid repel each other because of their
close packing.>olecules at the surface are less dense and attract each
other.'hen half of their neighbours are missing the mechanical effect is that
surface is in tension.
3a&""ar%y:
#apillarity is a phenomenon by which a liquid )depending upon its
specific gravity rises into a thin glass tube above or below its general level.
The phenomenon is due to the combined effects of cohesion and adhesion
of liquid particles.
3a6%a%on:
'hen the liquid pressure is dropped below the vapour pressure due to
flow phenomenonthen there will be local boiling and a cloud of vapour bubbles
will formthis phenomenon is known as cavitation.
#avitation causes serious damage in almost any component in a hydraulic
system.#avitation cn affect the performance of hydraulic machinery such as
pumpsturbines and propellers.
3om&ress!"%y:
16
.ll fluids are compressible to some extent.#ompressibility of a liquid causes the
liquid to act much like stiff spring.
3oeff#en% of #om&ress!"%y:
&t is defined as the fractional change in unit volume of liquid per unit change of
pressure.
#ompressibility
'here <$(#hange in volume
$(Hriginal volume
<P(#hange in pressure
=enerally it is desirable to have the hydraulic fluid which has the
minimum compressibility.That is fluid with minimum compressibility
will be more stiffer.
;u"/ modu"us:
/eciprocal of the compressibility

The higher bulk modulusthe less elasticmore stiffer the liquid.Jsually
high bulk modulus values are desirable since they result in more stable
and less elastic system.
ReAured &ro&er%es of a Cood $ydrau"# f"ud:
0table viscosity characteristics
=ood lubricityflammabilitydemulsibility
#ompatibility with system materials.
17
0table physical and chemical properties.
=ood heat dissipation capabilityoxidation stability
High bulk modulus and degree of incompressibility.
.dequate low temperature properties.
2ow volatilitydensityspecific gravitycoefficient of expansion
0imple and ease handling
&nexpensive.
9.;ref"y ds#uss %$e 6arous %y&es of o"s used n &o.er $ydrau"#
sys%ems(E=&"an %$e %y&es of $ydrau"# f"ud .%$ ad6an%aCes and
dsad6an%aCesB'NO2(DE3BAPR(MAY-*++?B*+14-
Eow a days the wide range of hydraulic fluid are used in industriebecause
of the wide vastly different areas of application.The hydraulic fluids have been
classified by many different systemsbased on the different characteristics such
as a physical propertieschemical typesoperating capabilitiesutility or specific
applications.
&t is separated into two classes
4+ Petroleum based on hydraulic oils
-+ Eon petroleum based hydraulic oils
a. 'ater
b. 7mulsions
c. =lycols
d. 'ater glycols
e. Phosphate esters
PETROLEUM OILS:
Des#r&%on:
Petroleum based on hydraulic fluid were among the first liquids employed as
hydraulic or power transmission fluids
The typical petroleum oils includeEaphthenesaromaticsparaffinswax and
olefin
18
Ad6an%aCe:
=ood lubricating characteristics
Protection against rustsludgecorrosion.
2onger life
!etter heat dissipating capability
!etter sealing property
High viscosity index)approximately 4@@+
Dsad6an%aCe:
2ow fire resistance
Tendency to oxidize rapidly.
WATER:
Des#r&%on:
>ost probably water is the least expensive hydraulic available.'ater is treated
with chemicals before being used in a fluid power system.The treatment
removes undesirable contaminants.'ater is also passed through a striner to
remove any solid particles.
Ad6an%aCeB
4. &nexpensive
-. .vailable in abundance
5. &deal fire resistant fluid
Dsad6an%aCeB
4. "oes not posses lubricating property
-. Highly corrosive in nature
EMULSIONS:
Des#r&%on:
7mulsions are water oil mixture.The emulsions are available in to general
type)oil in water and water in oil+ emulsions.
19
Ad6an%aCe:
4. 7mulsion stability
-. Film strengthgood system cooling
5. High viscosity index
Dsad6an%aCe:
4. "epletion of water due to evaporation it will reduce viscosity
-. "emulsification may be regular problem water in emulsion.
<LY3OLS:
Des#r&%on:
The glycols are often by several names such as polyglycolspolyalkaleneglycols
and polyethers.
The glycols are extensively used as base stocks and as a component for
synthetic lubricants and heavy duty brake fluids.
Ad6an%aCe:
4. High flash point
-. $ery good solubility characteristics
5. 'ide range of viscosity
6. High viscosity indices)upto 48@+
Dsad6an%aCe:
4. Poor high temperature oxidation properties
-. Eot good fire resistant
WATER <LY3OLS:
Des#r&%on:
20
'ater glycols contains 58*9@K waterglycol and a water soluble thickener to
improve viscosity.Fire resistant
Ad6an%aCe:
4. !etter fire resistant
-. 2ess expensive
5. #ompatible with most pipe compounds and seals.
Dsad6an%aCeB
4. Fairly low viscosity
-. Poor corrosion resistance
5. Eot suitable for high pressure and loads.
P5OSP5ATE ESTERS:
Des#r&%on:
Phosphate esters result from the incorporation of phosphorous into organic
molecules.!esides as hydraulic fluids they can also be used as a base stock as a
part of the base stock or as an additive.
Ad6an%aCe:
4. 7xcellent lubricant
-. 7xcellent oxidation stability
5. =ood viscosity*temperature characteristics
6. =ood fire resistant property
Dsad6an%aCe:
4. Fairly expensive
-. High acidity causes corrosion and accelerate the rate of hydrolysis
leading to deposit formation
PRO;LEMS:
On mass dens%y G.eC$% dens%y and s&e#f# Cra6%y'APR(MAY-*++0-
21
>. A %an/ %ru#/ #on%ans ,+G+++ "%re of a $ydrau"# f"ud $a6nC a s&e#f#
Cra6%y of +.,.De%ermne %$e f"uds .eC$% dens%yGmass dens%yGs&e#f#
6o"ume and .eC$%
<6en da%a:
$(D@@@@ lit(D@@@@34@
*5
m
5
G0pecific gravity(@.D
So"u%on:
To find weight density)L+1
'
fluid
(w
water
3sp.gravity
'
fluid(D;4@[email protected]
' fluid(;.;-D E,m
5
To fnd mass dens%y:
L (M3g
;.;-D(M3D.;4
M
fluid
(D@@ kg,m
5
To fnd s&e#f# 6o"ume:
0pecific volume(4,M(4,D@@(4.4434@
*5
m
5
,kg
To fnd .eC$%DWE:
'($3L
( D@@@@34@
*5
3;;-D '(:D6.9 NE
ON ;ULJ MODULUS:
?. A 10+ #m
1
sam&"e of o" s #om&ressed n a #y"nder un%" %s &ressure s
n#reased from 1 a%m %o 4+ a%m.If %$e !u"/ modu"us eAua"s 10++ M&a.Fnd
%$e #$anCe n 6o"ume of %$e o".'MAY()UNE-*++9-
<6en da%a:
22
$(58@ cm
5
P4(4atm(4 bar
P-(6@ atm(6@ bar
<P(P4*P-(5D bar(5D34@
8
E,m
-
N(48@@ >pa(48@@34@
9
E,m
-
So"u%on:

( *@.D4 cm
5
K decrease in volume

( @.-9K
Highly incompressible
,. Wr%e s$or% no%es on %$e fo""o.nC 'AU-NO2(DE3-*+1*-
1. Lamnar and Tur!u"en% f"o.
*. Dar#y-.es!a#$ eAua%on
Lamnar and Tur!u"en% f"o.:
23
Lamnar f"o.
. laminar flow is one in which paths taken by the individual particles do
not cross one another and move along well defined paths.
The laminar flow is characterized by the fluid flowing in smooth layers of
laminate.This type of flow is also known as streamline or viscous flow because
the particles of fluid moving in an orderly manner and retaining the same
relative positions in successive cross*sections.
E=am&"es:
Flow of oil in measuring instruments
Flow of blood in veins and arteries
/ise of water in plants through their roots.
Tur!u"en% f"o.
. Turbulent flow is that flow in which fluid particles move in a zigzag way.
The turbulent flow is characterized by continuous small fluctuations in the
magnitude and direction of the velocity of the fluid particles.
3auses: The turbulence in the fluid may cause
4. >ore resistance to flow.
24
-.=reaterenergy loss
5.&ncreased fluid temperature due to greater energy loss.
E=am&"es:
High velocity flow in a pipe of large size. Eearly all fluid flow problems
encountered in engineering practice have a turbulent character
*.Dar#y-.es!a#$ eAua%on
The maIor energy lossesi.e the energy losses due to friction in the pipe can be
calculated by using "arcy%s equation.
The "arcy%s equation for the loss of head due to friction in pipes is as follows1
H
2
(f323$
-
"3-g
'here H
2(
2oss of head due to friction in pipe
f(Friction factor
2(2ength of pipe in m
"(&nside diameter of the pipe in m
$(.verage velocity of liquid in m,s
=(.cceleration due to gravity in m,s
-
Fr#%on "osses n Lamnar f"o.
For laminar flow the friction factor is Of% is function of /eynolds number only
and is given by

H
2
( 96323$
-
/e3"3-g
25
The above equation is known as the Hagen Ppoiseuille equationwhich is valid
only for laminar flow.
Fr#%ona" "osses n Tur!u"en% F"o.
The friction factor Of% for turbulent flow is a function of /eynolds number
as well as the relative roughness of the pipe.
The relative roughness is defined as the pipe inside surface roughness)Q+
divided by the inside diameter of the pipe )"+
1+. W$a% s moody daCram7E=&"an %$e m&or%an% #$ara#%ers%#s of %s.
'AU-NO2(DE3-*+1*-
To determine the value of the friction factor for use in "arcy%s equationwe use
the moody diagram.7ach curve represents values of friction factor as a function
of /eynolds number for a given value of relative roughness.Thusif we know
the /eynolds number and relative roughness.
The following important characteristics should be noted about the moody
diagram.

&t is plotted on logarithmic paper because of the large range of values

encountered for f and E
/

.t the left end of the chart)/e?-@@@+ the straight line curve gives the
relationship for laminar flow1f(96,E
/

Eo curves are drawn in the critical zone )-@@@

?
E
/
?6@@@+because it is
not possible to predict whether the flow is laminar or turbulent in this
region.

For /eynolds numbers greater than 6@@@each curve plotted represents a

particular value of Q,".For intermediate values of Q,"interpolation is
required.

Hnce complete turbulence is reached)region to the right of the dashed

line+increasing values of E
/
have no effect on the value of f.
11. E=&"an %$e Pas#a"@s "a. .%$ e=am&"e.'AU-MAY()UNE-*+1*B*+14-
26
La.: Pascal%s law states that the pressure generated at any point in a confined
fluid acts equally in all directions.
;rama$@s $ydrau"# &ress:
&n a hydraulic press a small input force is applied to generate a large output
force. That is the hydraulic press amplifies the hydraulic force in the hydraulic
systems.
Wor/nC
#onsider two oil containers both in cylindrical form and connected together
contain some oil. !oth the cylinders have a piston having different diameters
says "
4
and "
-
respectively where "
4
is smaller than "
-
.
&f a force F
4
is applied to the small*diameter piston then this will produce
an oil pressure P
4
at the bottom of the piston4.Eow this pressure is transmitted
through the oil to the large*diameter piston -.!ecause the piston has a larger
area the pressure at the piston - will be P
-
.Eow this pressure P
-
will push up the
piston to create an output force F
-
'e know that pascals lawP
4
(P
-

27
.
4
(.rea of the smaller piston (
.
-
(.rea of the larger piston (
0ince .
-
A.
4
therefore F
-
will be higher than F
4
.&n otherwordsthe hydraulic
press amplifies the hydraulic force.
5ydrau"# )a#/:
To lift the load F- by a distance s-the piston P4 must displace specific quantity
of liquid by moving by a distance s4
$olume of oil displaced$
4
(s
4
..
4
$
-
(s
-
..
-
0ince the displacement volume is identical$
4
($
-
s
4
..
4
(s
-
..
-

28
The output force is greater than the input force but the output movement will
be lesser than the input movement.
Ar-%o-5ydrau"# &ressure !oos%er:
Use:&t is a device used for converting compressed air into the higher hydraulic
pressurewhich is required for operating hydraulic cylinders.0uch device can be
found in various applications such as booster*powered riveting pressureand
booster*powered clamps on milling machines.
3ons%ru#%on:
.ir*to*hydraulic pressure booster arrangement which is commonly employed to
clamp workpiece to a machine tool table.
Wor/nC:
29
&f the air piston )having a area .
4
+ is subIected to air pressure P
4
then the air will
produce a force F
4
on the hydraulic cylinder piston.&f the area of the hydraulic
piston is .
-
0uch that .
-
??.
4
then the hydraulic discharge oil pressure will be
P
-
Eow as per Pascal%s lawthis oil pressure P
-
will be used for clamping a
workpiece to a machine tool table.
The pressure ratio of an air to hydraulic pressure can be calculated by using the
relation.
Pressure ratio(
Pressure Transfer:
Pressure P
4
produces force F
4
on the area .
4
'hich is transferred through the
piston rod to the other end with force F
-
acting on area .
-
and producing
pressure P
-
.
'e know thatP(F,.
F
4
(P
4
3.
4
and F
-
(P
-
3.
-
)F
4
(F
-
+
1*. Wr%e s$or% no%es on "osses n &&es.'AU-MAY()UNE-*+1*-
30
'hen liquid flows in a pipe there will be some energy loss. This loss of energy
may be classified as follows.
4.>aIor energy loss*loss due to friction
-.>inor energy loss
These losses are due to
4.2osses in valves and pipe fittings
-.0udden enlargement,contraction of pipe.
5.!end in pipe.
6..n obstruction in pipe.
11. Des#r!e %$e 6arous "osses n &&eG 6a"6es and f%%nCs n $ydrau"#
sys%ems.'AU-APR(MAY-*+11-
Losses n &&es:
2osses in pipes are due to the friction i.e. rubbing action between the
boundary surface and fluid. This friction builds up the heat and results in energy
loss. &n addition to this pressure drop may occur during the flow. &n hydraulic
systems pressure drop should be kept as low as possible to obtain high
transmission efficiency. This may be done by increasing the design value of
diameter of one pipe to some extent. &n other words large diameter pipes
reduces the pressure drop across the flow.
Friction may occur due to rubbing of fluid particles and rubbing action between
the boundary surface and fluid. This generates excessive heat and results in
premature wear of parts.Hencehydraulic systems are usually designed for
laminar flow condition as losses are minimum in that condition. For this low
velocity should be maintained.
Losses n 6a"6es and f%%nCs:
>inor losses occur as the fluid undergoes sudden expansions or
contractions or as the fluid flows through the pipe fittings valves and bends.
For many fluid power applications maIority of energy losses are due to change
in cross*section of the flow path and the change in flow direction which are
usual in these valvesfittingsteeselbows and bends. Hence the nature of flow
31
through these devices and ancillary components is very complex to
predict.Howeversome experimental techniques are used for determining the
losses occurred in such types of flow1 Jsing these techniques head losses are
found to be proportional to the square the velocity of the fluid.
. constant is introduced to cancel the proportionality nature and the
constant is named as N factor or loss coefficient of the valve or fitting. This
formula does not hold good under viscous flow.
&t is true that the head loss through the minor losses are equal to the loss
through some length of straight pipe.
Minor H
L
=Major H
L
&n addition to these effects on flow pressure drop on valves may also
affect the flow of fluid. 'ith flow*control valves manufacturers will provide
details of pressure drops at various flow rates in the form of graph. Pressure
drop in check valves depends on the control spring in the valve and will vary
with the quantity of flow. Pressure drop in direction control valves depends on
the flow rate the spool type the flow path the fluid viscosity and temperature.
RE2IEW KUESTIONS:
PART-A:
4.Jnder what conditions pneumatic systems are preferred. 'AU-NO2(DE3-*+1*-.
-.Eame any four desirable characteristics of hydraulic pumps.'AU-MAY()UNE-*++,-
5. 2ist the primary functions of hydraulic fluidR 'AU-NO2(DE3-*+1*-
6.0tate Pascal%s law with an industrial example 'AU-MAY()UNE-*+1*-
8.'hat is the importance of /eynolds number7DM()-*+14E
32
9."raw the symbol of pressure relief valve.DN(D-*+11E
:.=ive the advantages of fluid power system.DN(D-*+11E
;.=ive any four important properties of hydraulic fluids. 'AU-APR(MAY-*+11-
D.Eame the different types of fluid power systems. 'AU-APR(MAY-*+11-
[email protected] the applications of fluid power in agriculture and aviation industries. 'AU-
MAY()UNE-*+11-
44.=ive "arcy%s equation to calculate head loss in pipe. 'AU-MAY()UNE-*+1*B*+14-
4-.Jnder what conditions pneumatic systems are preferred. 'AU-NO2(DE3-*+1*-
45.#ompare hydraulic and pneumatic drives for automation 'AU-MAY()UNE-*+1*-
46.=ive symbol for shuttle valve "#$ and pressure relief valve.'AU-MAY()UNE-*+1*-
PART-;:
4. 'rite short notes on the followingG 2aminar and Turbulent flow and "arcy*weisbach
equation 'AU-NO2(DE3-*+1*-
-.'hat is moody diagramR7xplain the important characteristics of its.'AU-NO2(DE3-*+1*-
5.7xplain the Pascal%s law with example.'AU-MAY()UNE-*+1*-
6."escribe the various losses in pipe valves and fittings in hydraulic systems.'AU-
APR(MAY-*+11-
8.7xplain the advantages of fluid power'APR(MAY-*+11BMAY()UNE-*+11BNO2(DE3-
*+1*-
9. How to select oil for the industrial application. 'AU-NO2(DE3-*+1*-
:.7xplain the working principle of hydraulic system with neat sketch.'NO2(DE3-
*++9G*++>BM()-*+11BN(D-*+11-
;. 7xplain the working principle of pneumatic system with neat sketch.'NO2(DE3-
*++9BMAY()UNE-*+11BN(D-*+11-
D.2ist out the properties of hydraulic fluid.'NO2(DE3-*++9G*++>BMAY()UNE-*+1*-
[email protected] the types of hydraulic fluid with advantages and disadvantages.'NO2(DE3-
*++?BAPR(MAY-*++?BMAY()UNE-*+1*-
33