12: Polyphase Filters

12: Polyphase Filters

Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 1 / 10
Heavy Lowpass ltering
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 2 / 10
Filter Specication:
Sample Rate: 20 kHz
Passband edge: 100 Hz (
1
= 0.03)
Stopband edge: 300 Hz (
2
= 0.09)
Heavy Lowpass ltering
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 2 / 10
Filter Specication:
Sample Rate: 20 kHz
Passband edge: 100 Hz (
1
= 0.03)
Stopband edge: 300 Hz (
2
= 0.09)
Passband ripple: 0.05 dB ( = 0.006)
Heavy Lowpass ltering
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 2 / 10
Filter Specication:
Sample Rate: 20 kHz
Passband edge: 100 Hz (
1
= 0.03)
Stopband edge: 300 Hz (
2
= 0.09)
Passband ripple: 0.05 dB ( = 0.006)
Stopband Gain: 80 dB ( = 0.0001)
Heavy Lowpass ltering
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 2 / 10
Filter Specication:
Sample Rate: 20 kHz
Passband edge: 100 Hz (
1
= 0.03)
Stopband edge: 300 Hz (
2
= 0.09)
Passband ripple: 0.05 dB ( = 0.006)
Stopband Gain: 80 dB ( = 0.0001)
This is an extreme lter because the cutoff frequency is only 1% of the
Nyquist frequency.
Heavy Lowpass ltering
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 2 / 10
Filter Specication:
Sample Rate: 20 kHz
Passband edge: 100 Hz (
1
= 0.03)
Stopband edge: 300 Hz (
2
= 0.09)
Passband ripple: 0.05 dB ( = 0.006)
Stopband Gain: 80 dB ( = 0.0001)
This is an extreme lter because the cutoff frequency is only 1% of the
Nyquist frequency.
Symmetric FIR Filter:
Heavy Lowpass ltering
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 2 / 10
Filter Specication:
Sample Rate: 20 kHz
Passband edge: 100 Hz (
1
= 0.03)
Stopband edge: 300 Hz (
2
= 0.09)
Passband ripple: 0.05 dB ( = 0.006)
Stopband Gain: 80 dB ( = 0.0001)
This is an extreme lter because the cutoff frequency is only 1% of the
Nyquist frequency.
Symmetric FIR Filter:
Design with Remez-exchange algorithm
Order = 360
0 1 2 3
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
M=360
(rad/s)
Heavy Lowpass ltering
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 2 / 10
Filter Specication:
Sample Rate: 20 kHz
Passband edge: 100 Hz (
1
= 0.03)
Stopband edge: 300 Hz (
2
= 0.09)
Passband ripple: 0.05 dB ( = 0.006)
Stopband Gain: 80 dB ( = 0.0001)
This is an extreme lter because the cutoff frequency is only 1% of the
Nyquist frequency.
Symmetric FIR Filter:
Design with Remez-exchange algorithm
Order = 360
0 1 2 3
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
M=360
(rad/s)
0 0.05 0.1
-80
-60
-40
-20
0

1

2
(rad/s)
Maximum Decimation Frequency
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 3 / 10
If a lter passband occupies only a small fraction
of [0, ], we can downsample then upsample
without losing information.
0 1 2 3
-60
-40
-20
0

1

2

Maximum Decimation Frequency

12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 3 / 10
If a lter passband occupies only a small fraction
of [0, ], we can downsample then upsample
without losing information.
0 1 2 3
-60
-40
-20
0

1

2

Maximum Decimation Frequency

12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 3 / 10
If a lter passband occupies only a small fraction
of [0, ], we can downsample then upsample
without losing information.
0 1 2 3
-60
-40
-20
0

1

2

Downsample: aliased components at offsets of

2
K
are almost zero because of H(z)
Maximum Decimation Frequency
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 3 / 10
If a lter passband occupies only a small fraction
of [0, ], we can downsample then upsample
without losing information.
0 1 2 3
-60
-40
-20
0

1

2

Downsample: aliased components at offsets of

2
K
are almost zero because of H(z)
Upsample: Images spaced at
2
K
can be
removed using another low pass lter
0 1 2 3
-60
-40
-20
0
= 2 /4

Maximum Decimation Frequency

12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 3 / 10
If a lter passband occupies only a small fraction
of [0, ], we can downsample then upsample
without losing information.
0 1 2 3
-60
-40
-20
0

1

2

Downsample: aliased components at offsets of

2
K
are almost zero because of H(z)
Upsample: Images spaced at
2
K
can be
removed using another low pass lter
0 1 2 3
-60
-40
-20
0
= 2 /4

To avoid aliasing in the passband, we need

2
K

2

1
K
2

1
+
2
0 1 2 3
-60
-40
-20
0
= 2 /7

Maximum Decimation Frequency

12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 3 / 10
If a lter passband occupies only a small fraction
of [0, ], we can downsample then upsample
without losing information.
0 1 2 3
-60
-40
-20
0

1

2

Downsample: aliased components at offsets of

2
K
are almost zero because of H(z)
Upsample: Images spaced at
2
K
can be
removed using another low pass lter
0 1 2 3
-60
-40
-20
0
= 2 /4

To avoid aliasing in the passband, we need

2
K

2

1
K
2

1
+
2
Normally place the centre of the transition band
at the intermediate Nyquist frequency.
0 1 2 3
-60
-40
-20
0
= 2 /7

Maximum Decimation Frequency

12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 3 / 10
If a lter passband occupies only a small fraction
of [0, ], we can downsample then upsample
without losing information.
0 1 2 3
-60
-40
-20
0

1

2

Downsample: aliased components at offsets of

2
K
are almost zero because of H(z)
Upsample: Images spaced at
2
K
can be
removed using another low pass lter
0 1 2 3
-60
-40
-20
0
= 2 /4

To avoid aliasing in the passband, we need

2
K

2

1
K
2

1
+
2
Normally place the centre of the transition band
at the intermediate Nyquist frequency.
0 1 2 3
-60
-40
-20
0
= 2 /7

We must add a lowpass lter to remove the images:

Polyphase decomposition
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 4 / 10
For our lter: original Nyquist frequency = 10 kHz and transition band
centre is at 200 Hz so we can use K = 50.
Polyphase decomposition
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 4 / 10
For our lter: original Nyquist frequency = 10 kHz and transition band
centre is at 200 Hz so we can use K = 50.
For convenience, zero-pad h[n] to order M

= RK 1.
M = 360
Polyphase decomposition
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 4 / 10
For our lter: original Nyquist frequency = 10 kHz and transition band
centre is at 200 Hz so we can use K = 50.
For convenience, zero-pad h[n] to order M

= RK 1.
M = 360 R = 8
Polyphase decomposition
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 4 / 10
For our lter: original Nyquist frequency = 10 kHz and transition band
centre is at 200 Hz so we can use K = 50.
For convenience, zero-pad h[n] to order M

= RK 1.
M = 360 R = 8 M

= 399
Polyphase decomposition
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 4 / 10
For our lter: original Nyquist frequency = 10 kHz and transition band
centre is at 200 Hz so we can use K = 50.
For convenience, zero-pad h[n] to order M

= RK 1.
M = 360 R = 8 M

= 399
H(z) =

m=0
h[m]z
m
Polyphase decomposition
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 4 / 10
For our lter: original Nyquist frequency = 10 kHz and transition band
centre is at 200 Hz so we can use K = 50.
For convenience, zero-pad h[n] to order M

= RK 1.
M = 360 R = 8 M

= 399
H(z) =

m=0
h[m]z
m
=

K1
m=0
h[m]z
m
+

2K1
m=K
h[m]z
m
+
Polyphase decomposition
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 4 / 10
For our lter: original Nyquist frequency = 10 kHz and transition band
centre is at 200 Hz so we can use K = 50.
For convenience, zero-pad h[n] to order M

= RK 1.
M = 360 R = 8 M

= 399
H(z) =

m=0
h[m]z
m
=

K1
m=0
h[m]z
m
+

2K1
m=K
h[m]z
m
+
=

K1
m=0

R1
r=0
h[m+Kr]z
mKr
Polyphase decomposition
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 4 / 10
For our lter: original Nyquist frequency = 10 kHz and transition band
centre is at 200 Hz so we can use K = 50.
For convenience, zero-pad h[n] to order M

= RK 1.
M = 360 R = 8 M

= 399
H(z) =

m=0
h[m]z
m
=

K1
m=0
h[m]z
m
+

2K1
m=K
h[m]z
m
+
=

K1
m=0

R1
r=0
h[m+Kr]z
mKr
=

K1
m=0
z
m

R1
r=0
h
m
[r]z
Kr
where h
m
[r] = h[m+Kr]
Polyphase decomposition
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 4 / 10
For our lter: original Nyquist frequency = 10 kHz and transition band
centre is at 200 Hz so we can use K = 50.
For convenience, zero-pad h[n] to order M

= RK 1.
M = 360 R = 8 M

= 399
H(z) =

m=0
h[m]z
m
=

K1
m=0
h[m]z
m
+

2K1
m=K
h[m]z
m
+
=

K1
m=0

R1
r=0
h[m+Kr]z
mKr
=

K1
m=0
z
m

R1
r=0
h
m
[r]z
Kr
where h
m
[r] = h[m+Kr]
Polyphase decomposition
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 4 / 10
For our lter: original Nyquist frequency = 10 kHz and transition band
centre is at 200 Hz so we can use K = 50.
For convenience, zero-pad h[n] to order M

= RK 1.
M = 360 R = 8 M

= 399
H(z) =

m=0
h[m]z
m
=

K1
m=0
h[m]z
m
+

2K1
m=K
h[m]z
m
+
=

K1
m=0

R1
r=0
h[m+Kr]z
mKr
=

K1
m=0
z
m

R1
r=0
h
m
[r]z
Kr
where h
m
[r] = h[m+Kr]
Example:
h
0
[r] =

h[0] h[50] h[350]

h
1
[r] =

h[1] h[51] h[351]

Polyphase decomposition
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 4 / 10
For our lter: original Nyquist frequency = 10 kHz and transition band
centre is at 200 Hz so we can use K = 50.
For convenience, zero-pad h[n] to order M

= RK 1.
M = 360 R = 8 M

= 399
H(z) =

m=0
h[m]z
m
=

K1
m=0
h[m]z
m
+

2K1
m=K
h[m]z
m
+
=

K1
m=0

R1
r=0
h[m+Kr]z
mKr
=

K1
m=0
z
m

R1
r=0
h
m
[r]z
Kr
where h
m
[r] = h[m+Kr]
Example:
h
0
[r] =

h[0] h[50] h[350]

h
1
[r] =

h[1] h[51] h[351]

This is a polyphase implementation of the lter H(z)

Polyphase decomposition
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 4 / 10
For our lter: original Nyquist frequency = 10 kHz and transition band
centre is at 200 Hz so we can use K = 50.
For convenience, zero-pad h[n] to order M

= RK 1.
M = 360 R = 8 M

= 399
H(z) =

m=0
h[m]z
m
=

K1
m=0
h[m]z
m
+

2K1
m=K
h[m]z
m
+
=

K1
m=0

R1
r=0
h[m+Kr]z
mKr
=

K1
m=0
z
m

R1
r=0
h
m
[r]z
Kr
where h
m
[r] = h[m+Kr]
Example:
h
0
[r] =

h[0] h[50] h[350]

h
1
[r] =

h[1] h[51] h[351]

This is a polyphase implementation of the lter H(z)

Split H(z) into K lters each of order R 1
Downsampled Polyphase Filter
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 5 / 10
H(z) is low pass so we downsample
its output by K without aliasing.
Downsampled Polyphase Filter
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 5 / 10
H(z) is low pass so we downsample
its output by K without aliasing.
The number of multiplications per input
sample is M + 1 = 361.
Downsampled Polyphase Filter
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 5 / 10
H(z) is low pass so we downsample
its output by K without aliasing.
The number of multiplications per input
sample is M + 1 = 361.
Note that H
0
(z) to H
10
(z) are of order
7 while the rest are of order 6.
Downsampled Polyphase Filter
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 5 / 10
H(z) is low pass so we downsample
its output by K without aliasing.
The number of multiplications per input
sample is M + 1 = 361.
Note that H
0
(z) to H
10
(z) are of order
7 while the rest are of order 6.
Using the Noble identities, we can move
the resampling back through the adders
and lters. H
m
(z
K
) turns into H
m
(z)
at a lower sample rate.
Downsampled Polyphase Filter
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 5 / 10
H(z) is low pass so we downsample
its output by K without aliasing.
The number of multiplications per input
sample is M + 1 = 361.
Note that H
0
(z) to H
10
(z) are of order
7 while the rest are of order 6.
Using the Noble identities, we can move
the resampling back through the adders
and lters. H
m
(z
K
) turns into H
m
(z)
at a lower sample rate.
We still perform 361 multiplications but
now only once for every K input
samples.
Downsampled Polyphase Filter
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 5 / 10
H(z) is low pass so we downsample
its output by K without aliasing.
The number of multiplications per input
sample is M + 1 = 361.
Note that H
0
(z) to H
10
(z) are of order
7 while the rest are of order 6.
Using the Noble identities, we can move
the resampling back through the adders
and lters. H
m
(z
K
) turns into H
m
(z)
at a lower sample rate.
We still perform 361 multiplications but
now only once for every K input
samples.
Multiplications per input sample = 7.2 (down by a factor of 50 ) but v[n]
has the wrong sample rate ().
Polyphase Upsampler
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 6 / 10
To restore sample rate: upsample and
then lowpass lter to remove images
Polyphase Upsampler
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 6 / 10
To restore sample rate: upsample and
then lowpass lter to remove images
We can use the same lowpass lter,
H(z), in polyphase form:

K1
m=0
z
m

R1
r=0
h
m
[r]z
Kr
Polyphase Upsampler
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 6 / 10
To restore sample rate: upsample and
then lowpass lter to remove images
We can use the same lowpass lter,
H(z), in polyphase form:

K1
m=0
z
m

R1
r=0
h
m
[r]z
Kr
Polyphase Upsampler
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 6 / 10
To restore sample rate: upsample and
then lowpass lter to remove images
We can use the same lowpass lter,
H(z), in polyphase form:

K1
m=0
z
m

R1
r=0
h
m
[r]z
Kr
This time we put the delay z
m
after
the lters.
Polyphase Upsampler
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 6 / 10
To restore sample rate: upsample and
then lowpass lter to remove images
We can use the same lowpass lter,
H(z), in polyphase form:

K1
m=0
z
m

R1
r=0
h
m
[r]z
Kr
This time we put the delay z
m
after
the lters.
Multiplications per output sample = 361
Polyphase Upsampler
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 6 / 10
To restore sample rate: upsample and
then lowpass lter to remove images
We can use the same lowpass lter,
H(z), in polyphase form:

K1
m=0
z
m

R1
r=0
h
m
[r]z
Kr
This time we put the delay z
m
after
the lters.
Multiplications per output sample = 361
Using the Noble identities, we can move
the resampling forwards through the
lters. H
m
(z
K
) turns into H
m
(z) at a
lower sample rate.
Polyphase Upsampler
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 6 / 10
To restore sample rate: upsample and
then lowpass lter to remove images
We can use the same lowpass lter,
H(z), in polyphase form:

K1
m=0
z
m

R1
r=0
h
m
[r]z
Kr
This time we put the delay z
m
after
the lters.
Multiplications per output sample = 361
Using the Noble identities, we can move
the resampling forwards through the
lters. H
m
(z
K
) turns into H
m
(z) at a
lower sample rate.
Multiplications per output sample = 7.2
(down by a factor of 50 ).
Complete Filter
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 7 / 10
The overall system implements:
Complete Filter
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 7 / 10
The overall system implements:
Need an extra gain of K to compensate for the downsampling energy loss.
Complete Filter
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 7 / 10
The overall system implements:
Need an extra gain of K to compensate for the downsampling energy loss.
Filtering at downsampled rate requires 14.4 multiplications per input
sample (7.2 for each lter). Reduced by
K
2
from the original 361.
Complete Filter
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 7 / 10
The overall system implements:
Need an extra gain of K to compensate for the downsampling energy loss.
Filtering at downsampled rate requires 14.4 multiplications per input
sample (7.2 for each lter). Reduced by
K
2
from the original 361.
H(e
j
) reaches 10 dB at the
downsampler Nyquist frequency of

K
.
0 0.05 0.1
-80
-60
-40
-20
0

1

2
/50
(rad/s)
Complete Filter
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 7 / 10
The overall system implements:
Need an extra gain of K to compensate for the downsampling energy loss.
Filtering at downsampled rate requires 14.4 multiplications per input
sample (7.2 for each lter). Reduced by
K
2
from the original 361.
H(e
j
) reaches 10 dB at the
downsampler Nyquist frequency of

K
.
Spectral components >

K
will be aliased
down in frequency in V (e
j
).
0 0.05 0.1
-80
-60
-40
-20
0

1

2
/50
(rad/s)
Complete Filter
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 7 / 10
The overall system implements:
Need an extra gain of K to compensate for the downsampling energy loss.
Filtering at downsampled rate requires 14.4 multiplications per input
sample (7.2 for each lter). Reduced by
K
2
from the original 361.
H(e
j
) reaches 10 dB at the
downsampler Nyquist frequency of

K
.
Spectral components >

K
will be aliased
down in frequency in V (e
j
).
For V (e
j
), passband gain (blue curve)
follows the same curve as X(e
j
).
0 0.05 0.1
-80
-60
-40
-20
0

1

2
/50
(rad/s)
0 1 2 3
-80
-60
-40
-20
0

1
(downsampled)
Complete Filter
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 7 / 10
The overall system implements:
Need an extra gain of K to compensate for the downsampling energy loss.
Filtering at downsampled rate requires 14.4 multiplications per input
sample (7.2 for each lter). Reduced by
K
2
from the original 361.
H(e
j
) reaches 10 dB at the
downsampler Nyquist frequency of

K
.
Spectral components >

K
will be aliased
down in frequency in V (e
j
).
For V (e
j
), passband gain (blue curve)
follows the same curve as X(e
j
).
Noise arises from K aliased spectral
intervals.
0 0.05 0.1
-80
-60
-40
-20
0

1

2
/50
(rad/s)
0 1 2 3
-80
-60
-40
-20
0

1
(downsampled)
Complete Filter
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 7 / 10
The overall system implements:
Need an extra gain of K to compensate for the downsampling energy loss.
Filtering at downsampled rate requires 14.4 multiplications per input
sample (7.2 for each lter). Reduced by
K
2
from the original 361.
H(e
j
) reaches 10 dB at the
downsampler Nyquist frequency of

K
.
Spectral components >

K
will be aliased
down in frequency in V (e
j
).
For V (e
j
), passband gain (blue curve)
follows the same curve as X(e
j
).
Noise arises from K aliased spectral
intervals.
Unit white noise in X(e
j
) gives passband
noise oor at 69 dB (red curve) even
though stop band ripple is below 83 dB
(due to K 1 aliased stopband copies).
0 0.05 0.1
-80
-60
-40
-20
0

1

2
/50
(rad/s)
0 1 2 3
-80
-60
-40
-20
0

1
(downsampled)
Upsampler Implementation
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 8 / 10
We can represent the upsampler
compactly using a commutator.
Upsampler Implementation
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 8 / 10
We can represent the upsampler
compactly using a commutator.
H
0
(z) comprises a sequence of
7 delays, 7 adders and 8 gains.
Upsampler Implementation
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 8 / 10
We can represent the upsampler
compactly using a commutator.
H
0
(z) comprises a sequence of
7 delays, 7 adders and 8 gains.
We can share the delays between
all 50 lters.
Upsampler Implementation
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 8 / 10
We can represent the upsampler
compactly using a commutator.
H
0
(z) comprises a sequence of
7 delays, 7 adders and 8 gains.
We can share the delays between
all 50 lters.
We can also share the gains and
adders between all 50 lters and
use commutators to switch the
coefcients.
Upsampler Implementation
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 8 / 10
We can represent the upsampler
compactly using a commutator.
H
0
(z) comprises a sequence of
7 delays, 7 adders and 8 gains.
We can share the delays between
all 50 lters.
We can also share the gains and
adders between all 50 lters and
use commutators to switch the
coefcients.
We now need 7 delays, 7 adders and 8 gains for the entire lter.
Downsampler Implementation
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 9 / 10
We can again use a commutator.
The outputs from all 50 lters are
added together to form v[i].
Downsampler Implementation
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 9 / 10
We can again use a commutator.
The outputs from all 50 lters are
added together to form v[i].
We use the transposed form of
H
m
(z) because this will allow us
to share components.
Downsampler Implementation
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 9 / 10
We can again use a commutator.
The outputs from all 50 lters are
added together to form v[i].
We use the transposed form of
H
m
(z) because this will allow us
to share components.
Downsampler Implementation
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 9 / 10
We can again use a commutator.
The outputs from all 50 lters are
added together to form v[i].
We use the transposed form of
H
m
(z) because this will allow us
to share components.
We can sum the outputs of the
gain elements using an
accumulator which sums blocks
of K samples.
w[i] =

K1
r=0
u[Ki r]
Downsampler Implementation
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 9 / 10
We can again use a commutator.
The outputs from all 50 lters are
added together to form v[i].
We use the transposed form of
H
m
(z) because this will allow us
to share components.
We can sum the outputs of the
gain elements using an
accumulator which sums blocks
of K samples.
Now we can share all the
components and use
commutators to switch the gain
coefcients.
w[i] =

K1
r=0
u[Ki r]
Downsampler Implementation
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 9 / 10
We can again use a commutator.
The outputs from all 50 lters are
added together to form v[i].
We use the transposed form of
H
m
(z) because this will allow us
to share components.
We can sum the outputs of the
gain elements using an
accumulator which sums blocks
of K samples.
Now we can share all the
components and use
commutators to switch the gain
coefcients.
We need 7 delays, 7 adders, 8
gains and 8 accumulators in total.
w[i] =

K1
r=0
u[Ki r]
Summary
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 10 / 10
Filtering should be performed at the lowest possible sample rate
reduce lter computation by K
actual saving is only
K
2
because you need a second lter
downsampled Nyquist frequency max (
passband
) +

2
Summary
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 10 / 10
Filtering should be performed at the lowest possible sample rate
reduce lter computation by K
actual saving is only
K
2
because you need a second lter
downsampled Nyquist frequency max (
passband
) +

2
Polyphase decomposition: split H(z) as

K1
m=0
z
m
H
m
(z
K
)
each H
m
(z
K
) can operate on subsampled data
combine the ltering and down/up sampling
Summary
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 10 / 10
Filtering should be performed at the lowest possible sample rate
reduce lter computation by K
actual saving is only
K
2
because you need a second lter
downsampled Nyquist frequency max (
passband
) +

2
Polyphase decomposition: split H(z) as

K1
m=0
z
m
H
m
(z
K
)
each H
m
(z
K
) can operate on subsampled data
combine the ltering and down/up sampling
Noise oor is higher because it arises from K spectral intervals that
are aliased together by the downsampling.
Summary
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 10 / 10
Filtering should be performed at the lowest possible sample rate
reduce lter computation by K
actual saving is only
K
2
because you need a second lter
downsampled Nyquist frequency max (
passband
) +

2
Polyphase decomposition: split H(z) as

K1
m=0
z
m
H
m
(z
K
)
each H
m
(z
K
) can operate on subsampled data
combine the ltering and down/up sampling
Noise oor is higher because it arises from K spectral intervals that
are aliased together by the downsampling.
Share components between the K lters
multiplier gain coefcients switch at the original sampling rate
need a new component: accumulator/downsampler (K : )
Summary
12: Polyphase Filters
Heavy Lowpass ltering
Maximum Decimation
Frequency
Polyphase decomposition
Downsampled Polyphase
Filter
Polyphase Upsampler
Complete Filter
Upsampler
Implementation
Downsampler
Implementation
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2013-3816) Polyphase Filters: 12 10 / 10
Filtering should be performed at the lowest possible sample rate
reduce lter computation by K
actual saving is only
K
2
because you need a second lter
downsampled Nyquist frequency max (
passband
) +

2
Polyphase decomposition: split H(z) as

K1
m=0
z
m
H
m
(z
K
)
each H
m
(z
K
) can operate on subsampled data
combine the ltering and down/up sampling
Noise oor is higher because it arises from K spectral intervals that
are aliased together by the downsampling.
Share components between the K lters
multiplier gain coefcients switch at the original sampling rate
need a new component: accumulator/downsampler (K : )
For further details see Harris 5.