SYNCHRONOUS

MACHINE MODELS 1
By
Prof. C. Radhakrishna
10/17/2010 10:19 AM 2
CONTENTS
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE MODELS 1
Synchronous Machine Theory and Modelling
Direct and Quadrature Axes
Mathematical Description of a Synchronous Machine
Representation in System Studies
Typical values of standard parameters
Simplifications essential for large-scale studies
Neglect of Stator p Terms
Neglecting the Effect of Speed Variations on Stator Voltages
Simplified model with Amortisseurs Neglected
Constant Flux Linkage Model
Classical Model
Constant Flux Linkage Model Including the Effects of Subtransient Circuits
Summary of Simple Models for Different Time Frames
10/17/2010 10:19 AM 3
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE MODELS 1
Synchronous Machine Theory and Modelling
The power system stability problem is largely one of keeping
interconnected synchronous machines in synchronism.
An understanding of their characteristics and accurate
modeling of their dynamic performance are of fundamental
importance to the study of power system stability.
Direct and Quadrature Axes
Magnetic circuits and all rotor windings are symmetrical with
respect to both polar axis and the inter-polar axis.
The direct (d) axis, centred magnetically in the centre of
the north pole;
The quadrature (q) axis, 90 electrical degrees ahead of the
d-axis.
The position of the rotor relative to the stator is measured
by the angle between the d-axis and the magnetic axis of
phase 'a' winding.
10/17/2010 10:19 AM 4
10/17/2010 10:19 AM 5
10/17/2010 10:19 AM 6
10/17/2010 10:19 AM 7
10/17/2010 10:19 AM 8
10/17/2010 10:19 AM 9
In developing equations of a synchronous machine,
assumptions are made
Representation in System Studies
Mathematical Description of a Synchronous Machine
The swing equation, expressed as two first order differential
equations, becomes
1
( )
2
r
m e D r
d
T T K
dt H
e
e
A
= A
0 r
d
dt
o
e e = A
In the above equations, time t is in seconds, rotor angle is in
electrical radians, and 0 is equal to 2f. We will assume the
variables r, Tm and Te to be in per unit. However, t will be
expressed in seconds and 0 in electrical radians per second.
10/17/2010 10:19 AM 10
10/17/2010 10:19 AM 11
Typical values of standard parameters
Table 1
d q q d q d
X X X X X X
' ' '' ''
> > > > >
0 0 d d d d kd
T T T T T
' ' '' ''
> > > >
0 0 q q q q
T T T T
' ' '' ''
> > >
10/17/2010 10:19 AM 12
Table 1
Parameter Hydraulic Units Thermal Units
Synchronous Reactance
X
d
0.6 1.5 1.0 2.3
X
q
0.4 1.0 1.0 2.3
Transient Reactance
0.2 - 0.5 0.15 0.4
- 0.3 1.0
Subtransient Reactance
0.15 0.35 0.12 0.25
0.2 0.45 0.12 0.25
Transient OC Time Constant
1.5 9.0 s 3.0 10.0 s
- 0.5 2.0 s
Subtransient OC Time
Constant
0.01 0.05 s 0.02 0.05 s
0.01 0.09 s 0.02 0.05 s
Stator Leakage Inductance X
1
0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2
Stator Resistance R
a
0.002 0.02 0.0015 0.005
d
X
'
q
X
'
d
X
''
q
X ''
0 d
T
'
0 q
T
'
0 d
T
''
0 q
T
''
10/17/2010 10:19 AM 13
Simplifications essential for large-scale studies
For stability analysis of large systems, it is necessary to
neglect the following for stator voltage:
The transformer voltage terms, pd and pq
The effect of speed variations.
Neglect of Stator p Terms
The pd and pq terms represent the stator transients.
With these terms neglected, the stator quantities contain
only fundamental frequency components and the stator
voltage equations appear as algebraic equations.
This allows the use of steady-state relationships for
representing the interconnecting transmission network.
Neglecting the Effect of Speed Variations on Stator Voltages
The assumption of per unit r = 1.0 (i.e., r = 0 rad/s) in the
stator voltage equations does not contribute to computational
simplicity in itself.
The primary reason for making this assumption is that it
counterbalances the effect of neglecting pd, pq terms so far as
the low-frequency rotor oscillations are concerned.
10/17/2010 10:19 AM 14
The first order of simplification to the synchronous machine
model is to neglect the amortisseur effects.
It may contribute to reduction in computational effort by
reducing the order of the model and allowing larger integration
steps in time-domain simulations.
Simplified model with Amortisseurs Neglected
For studies in which the period of analysis is small in
comparison to , the machine model is often simplified by
assuming (or
fd
) constant throughout the study period.
This assumption eliminates the only differential equation
associated with the electrical characteristics of the machine.
A further approximation, which simplifies the machine model
significantly, is to ignore transient saliency by
assuming , and to assume that the flux linkage
1q
also remains constant. With these assumptions, the voltage
behind the transient impendence
has a constant magnitude.
Constant Flux Linkage Model:
Classical Model
0 d
T '
q
E
'
d q
X X
' '
=
a d
R jX ' +
10/17/2010 10:19 AM 15
This model offers considerable computational simplicity; it allows
the transient electrical performance of the machine to be
represented by a simple voltage source of fixed magnitude
behind an effective reactance. It is commonly referred to as the
classical model, since it was used extensively in early stability
studies.
Constant Flux Linkage Model Including the Effects of Subtransient
Circuits
Figure 1 Simplified
transient model
This model is used in short-circuit programs for computing the
initial value of the fundamental frequency component of short-
circuit currents. As the rotor flux linkages cannot change
instantaneously, the value is equal to its prefault value. Such a
constant flux linkage model would not be generally acceptable for
stability studies.
10/17/2010 10:19 AM 16
Summary of Simple Models for Different Time Frames
Simple models of the synchronous machine applicable to the three time
frames; subtransient, transient, and steady state.
The subtransient and transient models assume constant rotor flux
linkages, and the steady-state model assumes constant field current.
These models neglect saliency effects and stator resistance and offer
considerable structural and computational simplicity.
Figure 2 Simplified model for
subtransient period
10/17/2010 10:19 AM 17
is the predisturbance value
of internal voltage given by
(a) Subtransient model
0
E
''
0 0 0 t t
E E jX I
'' ''
= +

is the internal voltage
(b) Transient model
0
E
'
0 0 0 t t
E E jX I
' '
= +

10/17/2010 10:19 AM 18
(c) Steady-state model
Figure 3: Simple Synchronous Machine Models
0 0 q t s t
E E jX I = +

q ad fd I
E X i E = =
REFERENCES :
[ 1 ] P.M. Anderson & A.A. Fouad : Power System Control and Stability , 2nd edition, IEEE Press
Power Engineering Series, Wiley-Interscience, 2003.
[ 2 ] K.R. Padiyar : Power System Dynamics : Stability and Control , 2nd edition, BS
Publications, 2002.
10/17/2010 10:19 AM 19
CONCLUSIONS
10/17/2010 10:19 AM 20
THANK
YOU