DESIGN AND ANALYSIS WITH FINITE ELEMENT METHOD OF JIB CRANE

Assist. Prof. Gerdemeli I.

1
, Assoc. Prof. Kurt S.
1
, Tasdemir B.
2

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Istanbul Technical University - Turkey
1,2

Abstract: Cranes are transport machines, which generally used in heavy machinery industry, shipyards, seaports, warehouses and
construction sector. There are several factors that have to be taken into consideration when a crane being designed. Most important factors
are; own weight of the crane, the weight of the bulk which has to be transported and the dynamic loads which occur during the movements.
Moreover, for the cranes which operate in open-air, the external loads caused by wind and the other climate conditions have to be
considered. In order to prevent possible accidents which can cause enormous losses after manufacturing, all these factors have to be taken
into account during the design process. That means crane design process requires repetitive strength calculations. During the design
process, time can be saved by handling these calculations with the assistance of Finite Element Method. In this study; results of the
analytical calculation and the results that were obtained by finite element method have been compared. In this way, it has been investigated
the reliability of the finite element method for JIB crane design. As a result, it has been seen that, F.E.M is the most practical and reliable
method which can be utilized during JIB crane design process.

Keywords: JIB CRANE, DESIGN, FINITE ELEMENT METHOD, ANALYSIS

1. Introduction
In this study; J IB cranes, which generally used in ship
manufacturing and maintenance processes, have been analyzed. J IB
cranes can be considered as a combination of gantry cranes and
tower cranes. Because it can move on a rail like a gantry crane, on
the other hand has a boom like a tower crane. J IB cranes consist of
these components from bottom to top: At the bottom there are bogie
groups which collect the crane wheels [1-4]. Legs are the elements
between the bogie groups and the main frame. Over the main frame,
there is a cylindrical part which is called pedestal. Engine room is
placed on this pedestal. In the engine room there are balancing
weight and the required mechanism for the rotation. On the engine
room there are two drums, one for the boom movements and the
other one for lifting the bulk. Also there are two frames on the
engine room, one is called back stay and the other one is called A
frame. These frames are connected with I-beam profiles which are
called arm. And the last part of J IB crane is called boom. Boom has
joints at the bottom and also it is connected to the frames with steel
wire ropes. The crane which was designed during this study is
shown in the figure below (Fig.1).

Fig. 1 JIB crane model.

Crane design process starts with the classification of the crane
according to FEM or DIN standards. The main parameters used in
the classification are the number of load application cycles and the
load spectrum. J IB crane firstly has been classified according to
these standards. And the working group of the J IB crane was
determined as 3
m
according to DIN standards and M6 according to
FEM standards [4].
2. Analytical Analysis of the Jib Crane
J IB crane has been analysed analytically, before it was analysed
with finite element method. Firstly the static balance of the crane
was checked. After that, basic crane elements and their dimensions
have been defined. At the beginning, required wire rope diameters
were calculated for the maximum load. According to these rope
diameters, the pulley and the drum diameters were defined via the
coefficients which were taken from the FEM and DIN tables. Also
the dimensions of the wheels and the rails for the crane were
calculated. After all the dimensions of the J IB crane components
were defined, the required electrical motor powers were calculated.
For a J IB crane, there are four different electrical motors which
have varied capacity. First one is used in bogie group to move the
crane along the rails. And the second one is located in the engine
room, that one is used to rotate the boom around the rotation axis.
The wind and the acceleration loads should be considered for both
of these electrical motors. The third motor works for a drum, which
changes the boom radius. And the last one is used for the other
drum, which lifts the bulk. After all the basic components of the
crane were defined; strength of the J IB crane was calculated
analytically according to FEM and DIN standards. In this section of
the study, stress and deformation of the boom and stress of the
crane main frame were calculated, taking into account the wind,
acceleration and the braking loads. According to these results, crane
model was revised to achieve better strength values.
3. Analysis of the Jib Crane with Finite Element
Method
The next stage of the study includes the analysis of the J IB
crane with finite element method. To be able to analyse the crane by
means of this method, firstly 3D solid model of the crane must be
generated.
3.1 Modelling Of the Crane
Boom, basically consist of two components. The bottom side of
the boom is a box girder and the rest of it is lattice or truss girder.
The box girder is made of sheet metal which has 9 mm thickness.
And the lattice girder consists of pipe profile beams. The lattice
girder has four main beams, and there are support beams between
them which have smaller diameters. The main pipes have 154, 2
mm diameter and 10 mm thickness, while support beams have 73
mm diameter, 10 mm thickness and 51 mm diameter, 8 mm
thickness. These support elements doesnt carry loads, they are used
to hold the main beams together and make the girder more rigid. All
the boom elements are made of St 52 structural steel.
The main frame or the carrier body of the crane is a box girder
like the bottom side of the boom. But the sheet metals used in the
main frame are much thicker than the ones used in booms box
girder. The thickness of the sheet metals, used for the main frames
box girders, change between 20 mm and 24 mm. And as material,
St 37 structural steel was chosen for the main frame of the crane.
In this study SolidWorks 3D design software has been used for
modelling the J IB crane. All the crane components were modelled
one by one, and then they were combined in the assembly module
of the software.
3.2 Analysis of the Crane Using ANSYS FEA
Software
The models, which were generated via SolidWorks CAD
software, were transferred to ANSYS finite element analysis
software and they were prepared for the analysis. For defining the
problem, firstly the models were meshed in ANSYS software.
Boom model consists of 486.661 elements and 353.298 nodes.
Components of the boom were modelled as surface bodies or shell
elements to reduce the element and node number of the model.

Fig. 2 Mesh detail of the boom.
After the meshing process, the load combinations and the
boundary conditions were defined for the model. Firstly, two
springs were defined for representing the wire ropes. One of the
springs, which represent the wire rope that hoists the boom, was
defined with a high spring constant for limiting the displacement of
the boom. And the second spring was defined to represent the wire
rope which lifts the bulk. This second spring was defined with a
preload which equals to % 25 of the maximum load that desired to
be lifted.
Except the wire ropes, joints of the boom have to be defined as
a boundary condition during the pre-process. One degree of
freedom was defined for these joints which take place at the bottom
section of the boom. For these joints, all the movements along X, Y,
Z axis and the rotations about Z and Y axis were constrained but,
only the rotation about X axis was allowed. After this preparation
process, only standard earth gravity was defined as an external load
to analyse the stress and displacement which were caused by own
weight of the boom. According to this first analysis it has been seen
that, maximum stress (65-70 MPa) and displacement (105, 33 mm)
caused by own weight, occur at the middle section of the boom.


Fig. 3 Springs for representing the wire ropes.
Furthermore, a secondary scenario was applied to the boom
model, for analysing the behaviour of the boom under maximum
load combination. For this purpose, the bulk desired to be lift (40
tons), standard earth gravity, wind loads and the loads caused by
acceleration were defined as external loads to the model. Figure 4
illustrates the loads applied to the model in this stage of the study.



Fig. 4 JIB crane model.
The software was runned with these boundary conditions and
the load combinations mentioned above. According to this analysis,
stress occurred at the middle section of the boom changes between
175 MPa and 190 MPa; and the stress occurred at the bottom
section of the boom changes between 90 MPa and 120 MPa. The
stress distribution of the boom is shown in Figure 5.


Fig. 5 Result of the stress analysis under maximum external load.
After the stress and displacement analysis of the boom; the
main frame of the crane was analysed using ANSYS software as
well. Analysis of the main frame started with meshing process of
the model. Main frame consists of sheet metals and has a simple
geometry compared to the boom. As a result it can be meshed much
easier and quicker according to the boom. The model of main frame
of the crane consists of 84.997 elements and 169.675 nodes. Figure
6 illustrates the mesh detail of the main frame.


Fig. 6 Mesh detail of the main frame.
Afterwards the meshing process, the boundary conditions and
external loads were defined for the main frame of the crane. Firstly
the model was fixed from the joints where the bogie groups were
connected to. And then, weight of the engine room and the
components which were located on the engine room were applied
on the model. Also the wind load and the loads which were caused
by the acceleration were defined for the model. On the other hand,
standard earth gravity was defined for taking into account the effect
of the own weight of the main frame. And finally the bending
moment, which was caused by the weight of the boom and bulk and
the lateral loads were applied on the model. All the boundary
conditions and the loads defined for the main frame are shown in
Figure 7.


Fig. 7 The external loads applied to the main frame.
With these boundary conditions and the load combinations,
program was runned for the stress analysis of the main frame.
According to this analysis, maximum stress occurs at the triangular
support plates of the legs. The stress value detected at this point
equals to 145 MPa which is under the allowable stress 180 MPa for
St 37 structural steel. And the stress value at the bottom section of
the cylindrical pedestal, changes between 95 MPa and 105 MPa.
The stress distribution of the main frame is illustrated in Figure 8.

Fig. 8 The stress distribution of the main frame.
4. Conculision
At the end of the study, results of the analytical calculation and
the results that were obtained by finite element method have been
compared. According to these comparison results, it has been seen
that, the error margins were between the acceptable boundaries.
This comparison is given in the table below (Table 1).

Table 1. Comparison of the result.
Section / Loading
Type
Analytical
Calculation
Finite Element
Method
Difference
BoomMiddle Sec.
(Self Weight
+Stress)

67,7 MPa 6570 MPa % 0,3
BoomMiddle Sec.
(Self Weight +
Displacement)
106,39 mm 105,33 mm % 1
BoomMiddle
Sec.(Hz)
178,2 MPa 175190 MPa % 2,4
Boom Middle
Sec.(Hz)
101,3 MPa 90120 MPa % 3,6
Cylindrical
Pedestal (Hz)
111,6 MPa 95105 MPa % 10,3

Stress and the deformation results of the boom according to
finite element method were fairly similar to analytical calculations.
But it has been seen that, there was % 10 difference between the
two methods stress values for the cylindrical pedestal. This
relatively big error rate comes from the assumption which made
during the analytical calculation. Because there are support plates
inside the pedestal and they have been ignored during the analytical
calculation.
On the other hand, some spots have been detected in the stress
analysis with finite element method of the boom, which include
high stresses that could not be able to occur in the real system. That
kind of spots takes place in the connection areas of the beams. This
situation illustrates that, finite element method could be inadequate
over some cases and the results should be checked carefully. In this
study, these spots were ignored and the stresses which occur several
elements away from these spots were taken into consideration. As a
result, it has been seen that if it is applied appropriately and the
results could be analysed in the right way, finite element method
gave proper results for stress and deformation analysis.
During the design process of cranes or the similar structures, it
is not enough only systems being safe in terms of strength. The
design must fulfil the minimum safety conditions and should be
light and cheap as well. Therefore, to be able to reach the optimum
design, system should be modified and revised numerous times.
During all these modifications, calculating the system with
analytical method causes design process to take long. In crane
design process and the similar studies which require repetitive
calculations, designers can save time by using finite element
method on condition that checking the reliability of the method for
the model. Constructor can change the model in computer
environment and get the results of the new design via finite element
method without wasting time. And this is the most practical and
reliable way to reach the optimum design in terms of strength,
weight and cost.
References
[1] H.Oztepe, (1999) Material Handling, Istanbul Technical
University Ofset Center, Istanbul.
[2] Imrak C.E, Gerdemeli I. (2011) Course Notes of Material
Handling, Istanbul Technical University Offset Center, Istanbul.
[3] Gerdemeli I. (2012) Course Notes of Material Handling,
Istanbul Technical University Offset Center, Istanbul.
[4] Imrak C.E, Gerdemeli I. (2008) Strength Equations and Finite
Element Modeling of J IB Crane Construction, 5th European
Congress on Computational Methods in Applied Sciences &
Engineering, 30 J une 5 J uly 2008, Venice, Italy.
[5] Zeid, I . (1991) CAD/CAM Theory and Practice, McGraw-Hill,
Delhi.
[6] Gerdemeli I.,Imrak C.E, (2008) Modeling of J IB Crane
Construction Analysis with Finite Element Method, The 13th
International Conference on Problems of Material Engineering,
Mechanics & Design, 26-29 August 2008, Rajecke Teplice,
Slovakia