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DOWN WIND CONCENTRATION CALCULATIONS

Release Rate 4.183 kg/sec
Elevation of Release 33 m
Wind Speed 4.5 m / sec
atmosphere condition night "day" or "night"
Molecular Weight 166 gm/mole
VESSEL PHYSICAL EXPLOSION
Volume of Vapour Space in Vessel 4 m3
Burst Pressure 1.50E+06 Pa
Cp/Cv for gas 1.4
FIRE AND EXPLOSION CONSEQUENCES
Fuel Involved: cyclohexane
Quantity of Fuel: 1000 lb
Heat of Combustion for cyclohexane : 20000 BTU/lb
Caution This Spreasheet should not be used for purposes other than CHEE 470
without a complete review of the calculation methods and tables
Down Wind Concentrations for Toxic Release or Flammability
Calculations per "Chemical Engineering Aug 1998"
Instructions: 1. Go to "input" sheet and enter release information
2. In this sheet under the yellow "concentration" column enter desired concentrations for analysis
3. Read Downwind distance fromthis sheet
Release Rate 4.183 kg / s from Input Sheet
Velocity 4.5 m / s from Input Sheet
Molecular Weight 166 gm/mole from Input Sheet
Density Air 1205 gm/cu m from Input Sheet
Atmospheric Stability night night or day from Input Sheet
Release Elevation 33 m from Input Sheet
Release Type Continuous
Material Buoyancy neutral
Ground Type Urban
Comment Concentration Calculated Downwind Distance
ppm vol mg / m3 ug/m^3 m miles
100 690 6.90E+05 208 0.13
EPRG 3 60 414 4.14E+05 269 0.17
EPRG 2 5 34 3.45E+04 1,125 0.70
3 21 2.07E+04 1,633 1.01
Odour Threshold 0.05 0 3.45E+02 32,442 20.16
0.25 2 1.72E+03 10,020 6.23
Calculation of Energy Release from a Bursting Vessel
(Does not include the effects of the gas or liquid burning/exploding)
Volume of Vapour Space in Vessel 4 m3
Burst Pressure 1500000 Pa
Cp/Cv for gas 1.4
Atmospheric Pressure 1.01E+05 Pa
Energy = 8,054,580 Joules
Note: 40 to 80% of the energy calculated above is usually converted to Blast Wave Pressure
Conversion Efficiency 80%
Energy from Blast = 6,443,664 Joules
Energy from Blast 6,107 BTU
TNT energy 1120 cal/gm
2016 BTU/lb
Explosion TNT equivalent 3.0 lb of TNT
Damage Caused by The Explosion Distance From Centre of Explosion (ft)
Large glass windows which are already under strain are broken 990
Loud Noise. Sonic boom glass failure 743
Typical pressure for glass failure 217
95% probability of no serious damage 120
large and small windows very likely to shatter 80
large and small windows are l00% shattered 312
Minor damage to house structures 62
Partial demolition of houses, made uninhabitable 47 1 psi overpressure
Steel frame of clad building slightly distorted 39
Non-reinforced concrete or cinder walls start to shatter 29
Non-reinforced concrete or cinder walls completely shattered 22
Lower limit of serious structural damage 27
Steel frame building distorted and pulled from foundations 22
Rupture of oil storage tanks begins 22
Rupture of oil storage tanks is complete 19
Wooden Utility poles snapped 16
Nearly complete destruction of houses (lower range) 16
Nearly complete destruction of houses (upper range) 13
Loaded trainwagons overturned 13
Loaded train boxcars completely demolished 12
Probable total destruction of buildings 11
Limit of crater lip 3
Lethality (low) 4
Lethality (high) 3
lung damage (low) 6
lung damage (high) 6
ear drum rupture 16
Overpressure at any distance
Choose Distance: 500
Overpressure at this Distance: 0.059
Note: 40 to 80% of the energy calculated above is usually converted to Blast Wave Pressure
Distance From Centre of Explosion (ft)
1 psi overpressure
Fireball Estimate Size and Damage/Injuries
Use this sheet to estimate the potential injury from a fireball
These Calculations are relevant to a fireball which has not reached detonation
Caution This Spreasheet should not be used for purposes other than CHEE 470
without a complete review of the calculation methods and tables
ref: - "Industrial Explosion Prevention and Protection"; Frank T. Bodurtha
- "Loss Prevention In The Process Industries"; Lees; Vol 2
Fire Ball Size
mass of fuel = 454 kg
fireball dia = 45 meters
Duration of the Fireball
duration = 3.5 sec
Rate Material is Burned
Rate = 131 kg/sec
Heat Release Rate
Heat of Combustion = 20000 BTU/lb
Heat Release Rate = 3.47E+08 BTU/hr
Intensity of Thermal Radiation at any point from the fireball centre
distance from fireball centre = 100 ft
Intensity = 2762 BTU/hr sq ft
Fraction of Heat Release
Fr = 0.3
Thermal Radiation Effects Per tables 16.83, 16.79 ; Lees
Calculated Distance Calculated Distance Dose Dose
Along Ground From Fireball Centre
ft ft kJ / m2 BTU / sq ft
7 7 838 73.8
21 21 580 51.1
"Loss Prevention in Process Industries" pg 16/184, in the case of BLEVE when more than 35% of the liquid involved in the fire flashes, virtually all
the liquid released burns as a fireball.
31 79 125 11.0
105 128 1.6 0.1
26 26 37.5 3.3
30 30 30 2.6
37 37 19 1.7
42 42 15 1.3
These Calculations are relevant to a fireball which has not reached detonation
Caution This Spreasheet should not be used for purposes other than CHEE 470
(carried from Input Sheet)
Dia=5.8(mass kg)^(1/3)
Eqt 16.15.10 ; Lees
from Input sheet
Eqt 16.15.18; Lees
Based on API RP 521
Duration Result Notes
sec
1.43 mortality of 99% of people
10 mortality of 50% of people ref: Lees table 16.79
"Loss Prevention in Process Industries" pg 16/184, in the case of BLEVE when more than 35% of the liquid involved in the fire flashes, virtually all
the liquid released burns as a fireball.
30 1st degree burns First degree burns are the onset of blisters
1 Continuous Exposure to People Okay
1 Damage caused to process equipment
1 spontaneous ignition of wood
1 cable insulation degrades
1 Ignition of wood
First degree burns are the onset of blisters
BLAST DAMAGE DUE TO OVERPRESSURE BY VAPOUR CLOUD EXPLOSION
Use this sheet in the case of an vapour cloud explosion
which has undergone a detonation
Caution This Spreasheet should not be used for purposes other than CHEE 470
without a complete review of the calculation methods and tables
Explosion Efficiency 2%
TNT energy 1120 cal/gm
2016 BTU/lb
Explosion TNT equivalent 198.4 lb of TNT
Damage Caused by The Explosion Distance From Centre of Explosion (ft)
Large glass windows which are already under strain are broken 3989
Loud Noise. Sonic boom glass failure 2995
Typical pressure for glass failure 874
95% probability of no serious damage 485
large and small windows very likely to shatter 322
large and small windows are l00% shattered 1256
Minor damage to house structures 248
Partial demolition of houses, made uninhabitable 191 1 psi overpressure
Steel frame of clad building slightly distorted 158
Non-reinforced concrete or cinder walls start to shatter 118
Non-reinforced concrete or cinder walls completely shattered 90
Lower limit of serious structural damage 107
Steel frame building distorted and pulled from foundations 90
Rupture of oil storage tanks begins 90
Rupture of oil storage tanks is complete 75
Wooden Utility poles snapped 66
Nearly complete destruction of houses (lower range) 66
Nearly complete destruction of houses (upper range) 54
Loaded trainwagons overturned 54
Loaded train boxcars completely demolished 47
Probable total destruction of buildings 44
Limit of crater lip 11
Lethality (low) 16
Lethality (high) 13
lung damage (low) 26
lung damage (high) 23
ear drum rupture 66
Overpressure at any distance
Choose Distance: 500 ft
Overpressure at this Distance: 0.268 psi
THIS SHEET IS FOR INTERNAL CALCULATIONS
Scaled Distance ft / lb ^ (1/3) Overpressure (psi)
ln (distance) ln(psi)
3 1.098612289 70.5 4.255613
4 1.386294361 38 3.637586
5 1.609437912 25 3.218876
10 2.302585093 6 1.791759
20 2.995732274 2 0.693147
33 3.496507561 1 0
81 4.394449155 0.3 -1.20397
200 5.298317367 0.105 -2.25379
300 5.703782475 0.075 -2.59027
650 6.476972363 0.031 -3.47377
=EXP(0.011*LN(D5)^2-2.0765*LN(D5)+6.5166)
=EXP(0.077789*LN(D10)^2-1.929189*LN(D10)+5.78107)
y = 0.0402x
2
-
R =
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
-5 0 5
Overpressure (psi)
Overpressure (psi)
Poly. (Overpressure
(psi))
100

Shock Wave Parameters
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1 10 100

O
v
e
r
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

(
p
s
i
)

Scaled Distance ft/lb^1/3
Shock Wave Parameters
y = 0.1313x2 - 2.41x + 6.7238
calc psi % error calc distance % err
66.87397 4.20281 -5.14331 3.083782 -2.79274
37.54225 3.625467 -1.20461 3.969897 0.752572
24.3145 3.191073 -2.74201 4.793759 4.124822
6.797391 1.916539 13.28986 10.13445 -1.34453
2.128037 0.7552 6.401831 20.16179 -0.80896
0.986692 -0.0134 -1.33079 32.71063 0.876889
0.288339 -1.24362 -3.88695 83.10095 -2.59377
0.101255 -2.29011 -3.5663 206.0574 -3.02869
0.067406 -2.69701 -10.1248 280.8878 6.370741
0.034541 -3.3656 11.42376 661.6599 -1.79382
=EXP(0.011*LN(D5)^2-2.0765*LN(D5)+6.5166)
=EXP(0.077789*LN(D10)^2-1.929189*LN(D10)+5.78107)
0.0402x
2
- 0.726x + 3.4877
R = 0.9997
Overpressure (psi)
Poly. (Overpressure
(psi))
1000
Scaled Distance ft/lb^1/3
THIS SHEET IS FOR INTERNAL CALCULATIONS
Vapour Vessel
Cloud Burst
Overpressure Scaled Distance Distance Distance
psi ft / lb^(1/3) ft ft
0.03 684 3989 990
0.04 513 2995 743
0.15 150 874 217
0.3 83 485 120
0.5 55 322 80
0.1 215 1256 312
0.7 43 248 62
1 33 191 47
1.3 27 158 39
2 20 118 29
3 15 90 22
2.3 18 107 27
3 15 90 22
3 15 90 22
4 13 75 19
5 11 66 16
5 11 66 16
7 9 54 13
7 9 54 13
9 8 47 12
10 8 44 11
300 2 11 3
690 100 3 16 4
1380 200 2 13 3
207 30 4 26 6
255 37 4 23 6
34 5 11 66 16
Damage
Large glass windows which are already under strain are broken
Loud Noise. Sonic boom glass failure
Typical pressure for glass failure
95% probability of no serious damage
large and small windows very likely to shatter
large and small windows are l00% shattered
Minor damage to house structures
Partial demolition of houses, made uninhabitable
Steel frame of clad building slightly distorted
Non-reinforced concrete or cinder walls start to shatter
Non-reinforced concrete or cinder walls completely shattered
Lower limit of serious structural damage
Steel frame building distorted and pulled from foundations
Rupture of oil storage tanks begins
Rupture of oil storage tanks is complete
Wooden Utility poles snapped
Nearly complete destruction of houses (lower range)
Nearly complete destruction of houses (upper range)
Loaded trainwagons overturned
Loaded train boxcars completely demolished
Probable total destruction of buildings
Limit of crater lip
Lethality (low) Bodurtha pg 66
Lethality (high)
lung damage (low)
lung damage (high)
ear drum rupture