This study examines whether severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) represent an independent risk factor for mortality beyond the BODE index, a multidimensional grading system for COPD prognosis. The researchers analyzed data from 185 COPD patients, calculating their BODE scores and recording exacerbation frequency over one year. Severe exacerbations appeared as an independent risk factor for increased mortality risk after adjusting for BODE score. However, a combined e-BODE index adding exacerbations to BODE did not significantly improve its predictive capacity. Interestingly, a simplified BODEx index replacing the exercise component of BODE with exacerbations showed similar predictive performance without loss of information.
This study examines whether severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) represent an independent risk factor for mortality beyond the BODE index, a multidimensional grading system for COPD prognosis. The researchers analyzed data from 185 COPD patients, calculating their BODE scores and recording exacerbation frequency over one year. Severe exacerbations appeared as an independent risk factor for increased mortality risk after adjusting for BODE score. However, a combined e-BODE index adding exacerbations to BODE did not significantly improve its predictive capacity. Interestingly, a simplified BODEx index replacing the exercise component of BODE with exacerbations showed similar predictive performance without loss of information.
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This study examines whether severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) represent an independent risk factor for mortality beyond the BODE index, a multidimensional grading system for COPD prognosis. The researchers analyzed data from 185 COPD patients, calculating their BODE scores and recording exacerbation frequency over one year. Severe exacerbations appeared as an independent risk factor for increased mortality risk after adjusting for BODE score. However, a combined e-BODE index adding exacerbations to BODE did not significantly improve its predictive capacity. Interestingly, a simplified BODEx index replacing the exercise component of BODE with exacerbations showed similar predictive performance without loss of information.
This study examines whether severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) represent an independent risk factor for mortality beyond the BODE index, a multidimensional grading system for COPD prognosis. The researchers analyzed data from 185 COPD patients, calculating their BODE scores and recording exacerbation frequency over one year. Severe exacerbations appeared as an independent risk factor for increased mortality risk after adjusting for BODE score. However, a combined e-BODE index adding exacerbations to BODE did not significantly improve its predictive capacity. Interestingly, a simplified BODEx index replacing the exercise component of BODE with exacerbations showed similar predictive performance without loss of information.
a , Lourdes Sa nchez Sa nchez b , Miguel Perpina Tordera c , Pilar Roma n Sa nchez d a Hospital General de Requena, Unidad de Neumologa, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Paraje Casablanca s/n., 46340 Requena, Valencia, Spain b Centro de Salud de Lliria, Valencia, Spain c Hospital La Fe, Servicio de Neumologa, Valencia, Spain d Hospital General de Requena, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Requena, Valencia, Spain Received 1 August 2008; accepted 4 December 2008 Available online 7 January 2009 KEYWORDS Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); Exacerbations; Hospitalizations; Mortality; Prognostic value Summary Objectives: 1) To determine whether severe exacerbation of COPD is a BODE index indepen- dent risk factor for death; 2) whether the combined application of exacerbations and BODE (e-BODE index), offers greater predictive capacity than BODE alone or can simplify the model, by replacing the exercise capacity (BODEx index). Methods: A prospective study was made of a cohort of COPD patients. In addition to calcula- tion of the BODE index we register frequency of exacerbations. An analysis was made of all- cause mortality, evaluating the predictive capacity of the exacerbations after adjusting for the BODE. These variables were also used to construct two new indexes: e-BODE and BODEx. Results: The study included 185 patients with a mean age of 71 9 years, and FEV 1 % 47 17%. Severe exacerbation appeared as an independent adverse prognostic variable of BODE index. For each new exacerbation the adjusted mortality risk increased 1.14-fold (95% CI: 1.04e1.25). However, the e-BODE index (C statistic: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.67e0.86) didnt improve prognostic capacity of BODE index (C statistic: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.66e0.84) (p ZNS). An interesting nding was that BODEx index (C statistic: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.65e0.83) had similar prognostic capacity than BODE index. * Corresponding author. Tel.: 34 96 233 96 88; fax: 34 96 233 97 88. E-mail address: [email protected] (J.J. Soler-Cataluna). 0954-6111/$ - see front matter 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2008.12.005 avai l abl e at www. sci encedi r ect . com j our nal homepage: www. el sevi er . com/ l ocat e/ r med Respiratory Medicine (2009) 103, 692e699 Conclusions: Severe exacerbations of COPD imply an increased mortality risk that is indepen- dent of baseline severity of the disease as measured by the BODE index. The combined appli- cation of both parameters (e-BODE index) didnt improve the predictive capacity, but on replacing exacerbation with exercise capacity the multidimensional grading system is simpli- ed without loss of predictive capacity. 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. At present, chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) is the fourth most common cause of death in the world and the future perspectives are equally discouraging. 1,2 Therefore, we urgently need to adopt preventive and therapeutic strat- egies designed torevert this trend. Akey element inthis sense is the study of the causes of death and particularly the asso- ciated risk factors. Traditionally it has been accepted that the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV 1 ) and its accel- erated decrease over time is one of the best predictors of mortality. 3,4 For decades, this fact conditioned the thera- peutic objective in patients with COPD. However, with the exception of smoking cessation, very few interventions have been able to slow the loss of lung function and improve the prognosis. 5,6 Incontrast, wenowknowthat COPDis a complex chronic inammatory disease with multiple dimensions e some of which also have important prognostic implications. Celli et al. 7 developed a multidimensional index that inte- grates these principal prognostic determinants: the BODE [body mass index (BMI), airow obstruction, dyspnea and exercise capacity] index. This score showed to be more effective than FEV 1 as a prognostic variable, 7 and unlike the latter, it contains a number of dimensions that can be modiedesuchas dyspnea, exercisetoleranceandevenBMI. 8 Acute exacerbations (AECOPD) are among the prognostic factors that have generated most interest in recent months. 9 However, the BODE index does not include such events. In an observational study of 304 patients, our group found severe exacerbations to be an independent prognostic factor of the baseline severity of the disease. The frequency of exacer- bations was adjusted for different confounding variables, including FEV 1 , BMI, age, gas exchange or comorbidity. However, the 6-minute walking distance test (6MWD) was not used in this cohort, and no measurements were made of dyspnea; as a result, the model could not be adjusted for the BODE index, and this raised questions regarding interaction between the two prognostic factors. The main objective of the present study was to deter- mine whether severe AECOPD is a BODE index independent risk factor for death. In turn, the secondary objectives were: 1) to determine whether the combined application of both parameters, exacerbations and BODE (e-BODE index), offers greater predictive capacity than BODE alone; and 2) to explore whether exacerbations can simplify the model, by replacing the 6MWD with the registry of severe exacer- bations (BODEx index). Method Patients A prospective study was made of a cohort of 185 COPD outpatients. The subjects were included between January 1999 and June 30, 2004. The diagnosis and classication of COPD was carried out according to the latest Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) criteria, and was based on the current or past smoking history (>10 pack-year) and postbronchodilator FEV 1 / forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio <70%. 1 Patients previ- ously diagnosed with bronchial asthma, bronchiectasis, cystic brosis, upper airways obstruction or bronchiolitis related to systemic pathology were excluded. All included patients were required to be in a stable phase of the disease, i.e., without exacerbation in the month preceding the study. The study was approved by local ethic committee. Protocol Age, sex, smoking history, comorbidity, BMI, 6MWD, forced spirometry and arterial blood gases data were collected in all patients. The BODE index was calculated in all patients using the score proposed by Celli et al. 7 BMI was calculated by dividing patient body weight (kg) by the square of height (m 2 ). Dyspnea was assessed using the modied Medical Research Council scale. 10 FEV 1 was determined by forced spirometry (Vmax Spectra, SensorMedics Corporation, USA), following the guidelines established by the Spanish Society of Pneumology and Chest Surgery (SEPAR). 11 The FEV 1 and FVC results are expressed as percentages of the adult reference values. 12 Postbronchodilator FEV 1 was used as airow limitation index, because it is regarded as a better predictor of mortality than prebronchodilator FEV 1 . 3 The 6MWD was performed according to ATS guidelines. 13 We used the best of two 6MWD separated by at least 30 min. Comorbidity was quantied according to the index of Charlson et al. 14 Exacerbations All exacerbation episodes requiring hospital management (emergency visits or admissions) (AECOPD) during the previous year to inclusion were collected. We have an informatic system where all hospital contacts are regis- tered. A prospective collection was also made of all exac- erbation episodes requiring hospital management during the rst year of follow-up. The patients were divided into three groups according to the recorded frequency of severe AECOPD: Group A (patients with no severe AECOPD); Group B (patients with one or two severe AECOPD); Group C (patients with 3 or more severe AECOPD). Severe AECOPD was dened as any sustained increase in respiratory symp- tomatology vs the patient baseline situation, requiring modication of habitual medication and hospital care (emergency visit or admission). 15 Exacerbation and BODE index in COPD 693 e-BODE index (BODE plus exacerbation) To construct the e-BODE index we used the 10 categories previously described by Celli et al. 7 adding three further possibilities according to the frequency of severe exacer- bations. The absence of severe AECOPD was scored as 0, the presence of 1e2 severe AECOPD episodes received 1 point, and cases with three or more severe AECOPD were scored as 2. Thus, the e-BODE presents a score range of between 0 and 12 points. This score was divided into quartiles as follows: quartile 1 Z0e2 points, quartile 2 Z3e4 points; quartile 3 Z5e6 points; and quartile 4 Z7e12 points. BODEx index The methodology for developing this simplied index involved replacing the four categories of the walking test (0e3 points) with the three categories generated by the exacer- bations (0, 1 or 2 points). The score range for this index is therefore between 0 and 9 points. The following quartiles were considered: quartile 1 Z0e2 points; quartile 2 Z3e4 points; quartile 3 Z5e6 points; and quartile 4 Z7e9 points. Statistical analysis Descriptive statistics were used to describe the study population at baseline. The comparison of means among the three study groups was based on analysis of variance (ANOVA), with chi-square testing and Bonferroni correction for the comparison of proportions. All-cause mortality was evaluated. We rst conducted univariate analyses based on the Cox proportional hazards model using each of the potential predictors of respiratory mortality as indepen- dent variables, and survival status as the dependent vari- able. 16 Survival curves for AECOPD groups were estimated by the KaplaneMeier product limit method and compared with the log-rank test. 17 Multivariate analysis was also based on the Cox proportional model. An interaction term between the variables and time was introduced in the model to analyze risk proportionality. To compare the capacity of predicting all-cause mortality of the exacer- bations, BODE index, e-BODE index and BODEx index, we obtained ROC Type II curves and estimated the C statistics for each one in those patients with a follow-up of over 5 years. The null value for the C statistic is 0.5, with a maximum of 1.0 (higher values being better). 18 A method developed by Halney and McNeil was used to compare ROC curves derived from the same cases. 19 All statistical anal- yses were carried out using a statistical software package (SPSS for Windows, version 11.5; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). A p-value of <0.05 was considered to be signicant. Results Subject characteristics A total of 185 men were included in the study. The baseline characteristics of the patients are shown in Table 1. An increasing frequency of exacerbations was associated with older age, a higher dyspnea score, a lower predicted FEV 1 %, shorter distance in the 6MWD and higher BODE score. Comorbidity and BMI were similar in all groups. The mean follow-up was 36 24 months. In 110 cases (59.5%), follow- up lasted over 5 years. Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the patients (n Z185). Global sample (n Z185) Groups of AECOPD A (n Z102, 55.1%) B (n Z48, 25.9%) C (n Z35, 18.9%) p-value Age (years) 71 9 69 9 72 8 74 8 0.027 BMI (kg/m 2 ) 28.1 5.2 28.4 5.6 27.8 4.6 27.8 4.8 0.738 Current smoking (%) 33 (17.8) 16 (15.7) 10 (20.8) 7 (20.0) 0.337 Pack-year 62 36 58 31 71 41 60 40 0.121 Charlson index 0.80 0.96 0.67 0.87 1.00 1.23 0.91 0.74 0.105 Dyspnea (MMRC) 2.12 1.01 1.92 0.93 2.10 1.09 2.71 0.92 <0.001 PaO 2 64 12 66 10 62 15 61 11 0.022 PaCO 2 44 7 43 6 44 8 44 6 0.322 FEV 1 (I) 1.17 0.44 1.25 0.52 1.15 0.32 0.99 0.26 0.072 FEV 1 % (predicted) 47.9 15.5 50.0 18.2 45.8 11.5 44.2 9.6 0.003 GOLD classic, n (%) 0.002 Stage I 10 (5.4) 9 (8.8) 1 (2.1) e Stage II 53 (28.6) 37 (36.3) 12 (25.0) 4 (11.4) Stage III 60 (32.4) 34 (33.3) 13 (27.1) 13 (37.1) Stage IV 62 (33.5) 22 (21.6) 22 (45.8) 18 (51.4) 6MWD (m) 379 111 398 117 361 106 348 91 0.032 BODE index 3.5 2.1 3.0 2.0 3.7 2.4 4.5 1.6 <0.001 AECOPD (n) 1.43 2.41 e 1.42 0.50 5.63 2.65 <0.001 Admissions (n) 0.56 1.03 e 0.60 0.64 2.05 1.41 <0.001 AECOPD: acute exacerbations of COPD requiring hospital care. BMI: body mass index. MMRC scale: score on the modied Medical Research Council (MMRC) dyspnea scale; Stage IeIV: GOLD criteria stratication. 6MWD: 6-minute walking distance test. Values are expressed as the mean standard deviation. 694 J.J. Soler-Cataluna et al. Univariate survival analysis The overall median survival was 63 months (95% CI: 48e77 months). A total of 71 (38.4%) deaths were recorded. The survival probability after 3, 5 and 7 years was 67%, 52% and 42%, respectively. Forty-three deaths (60.6%) were due to respiratory causes, 15 patients (21.1%) died of cardiovas- cular disease, 4 (5.6%) of malignant disease, and 7 (9.9%) of other diseases. In two cases (2.8%) the cause of death was not known. Nineteen patients were lost in the course of the 5-year follow-up period (follow-up rate: 89.7%). Table 2 reects the prognostic inuence of the variables included in the univariate analysis. All of the BODE components, with the exception of BMI, were associated to an increased mortality risk. For each unit increase in the BODE index, the mortality risk increased 33% (HR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.20e1.48), and for each new severe AECOPD the risk increased 17% (HR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.09e1.26). There was a moderate but signicant correlation between AECOPD during the rst year of follow-up and the previous year to inclusion into the study (r Z0.37, p <0.001). The C statistic for the BODE index in quartiles was 0.75 (95% CI: 0.66e0.84) vs 0.70 (95% CI: 0.60e0.80) for the AECOPD during the rst year of follow-up and 0.67 (95% CI: 0.57e 0.78) for the severe exacerbations that were registered during the previous year. Multivariate survival analysis Table 3 shows the regression model for exacerbations adjusted for age, comorbidity, blood gases and BODE index. Severe AECOPD suffered during the previous year to inclu- sion appeared as an independent adverse prognostic vari- able e with an adjusted mortality risk 2.24-fold greater who presented one or two severe exacerbations and 2.80- fold greater for patients three or more severe AECOPD, than for patients without AECOPD. The severe exacerbations during the rst year of follow- up appeared as an independent adverse prognostic factor (HR: 1.04, 95% CI: 0.54e2.01 for group B and HR: 2.66, 95% CI: 1.37e5.16 for group C, p Z0.007) only if we excluded of the previous exacerbations of the model. For each new exacerbation the adjusted mortality risk increased 1.14- fold (95% CI: 1.04e1.25). No signicant interaction was observed between the BODE index and the prognostic effect of AECOPD. The risk proportionality test proved nonsignicant. Hazard ratios were unchanged over time. e-BODE index Fig. 1 shows the survival curves according to e-BODE quartiles adjusted by the other variables. Forty-seven (25.3%) of the patients were allotted to quartile 1 (0e2 points), 63 (33.9%) to quartile 2 (3e4 points), 40 (21.5%) to quartile 3 (5e6 points), and 36 (19.3%) to quartile 4 (7e12 points). Table 4 shows the death hazard ratios for e-BODE, after adjusting the model for age, comorbidity and blood gases. For each unit increase in this combined index, the adjusted mortality risk increased 35% (HR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.21e1.51, p <0.0001). The C statistic for the e-BODE index was 0.77 (95% CI: 0.67e0.86). BODEx index The index combining BMI, FEV 1 %, dyspnea and exacerba- tions also showed an independent predictive value for mortality, after adjusting the model for age, Charlson index and blood gases (Table 5, Fig. 2). For each point increase in the BODEx index, the adjusted mortality risk increased 44% (HR: 1.44, 95% CI: 1.25e1.66, p <0.001). The C statistic for the BODEx index was 0.74 (95% CI: 0.65e0.83). Table 2 Predictors of mortality: univariate analysis. Hazard ratio (crude) 95% CI p-value Age (years) 1.07 1.04e1.11 <0.001 Cumulative smoking (pack-year) 0.99 0.99e1.01 0.430 Comorbidity index 1.35 1.04e1.76 0.024 BMI (kg/m 2 ) 21 1.24 0.54e2.88 0.606 Dyspnea (MMRC scale) <0.001 0e1 e e 2 1.52 0.63e3.62 3 3.33 1.47e7.57 4 5.10 1.97e13.17 FEV 1 (% predicted) 0.031 65 e e 50e64 1.47 0.58e3.74 36e49 2.23 0.96e5.19 35 2.99 1.30e6.87 6MWD (m) <0.001 350 e e 250e349 2.75 1.58e4.78 150e249 2.44 1.26e4.72 <149 8.18 3.13e21.38 BODE quartiles <0.001 Quartile 1 e e Quartile 2 1.62 0.80e3.25 Quartile 3 3.28 1.66e6.49 Quartile 4 5.93 2.82e12.47 AECOPD groups (previous year to inclusion) <0.001 Group A e e Group B 1.96 1.05e3.63 Group C 2.96 1.70e5.13 AECOPD groups (rst year of follow-up) <0.001 Group A e e Group B 1.77 0.99e3.17 Group C 3.76 2.14e6.50 BMI: body mass index. 6MWD: 6-minute walking distance test. AECOPD: acute exacerbations of COPD requiring hospital care. Group A: No AECOPD; Group B: patients with one or two AECOPD (emergency visits or hospitalizations); Group C: patients with 3 or more AECOPD. Exacerbation and BODE index in COPD 695 Comparison among all indexes Fig. 3 shows the ROC Type II curves corresponding to exacerbations and the BODE, e-BODE and BODEx indexes. The best result corresponded to the combined e-BODE index, followed by the original BODE index, BODEx index and nally the frequency of exacerbations. However, we didnt observe statistical differences in C statistic when comparing BODE index vs exacerbation alone during the previous year or rst year of follow-up, e-BODE index or BODEx index. Discussion The present study conrms the idea that severe exacer- bations of COPD (emergency visits or admission) are an important and independent indicator of poor patient prognosis. Indeed, even after adjusting for a multidimen- sional severity scale such as the BODE index, the mortality risk is maintained if the patient suffers severe exacerba- tions. In the case of patients with a recent history of frequent exacerbations the mortality risk were near triple (HR: 2.80, 95% CI: 1.43e5.48), after adjusting the model for Table 3 Predictors of mortality: multivariate analysis for exacerbation frequency. Adjusted model for age, comor- bidity, blood gases and BODE index. Hazard ratio (adjusted) 95% CI p-value Age (years) 1.07 1.03e1.12 <0.001 Charlson index 1.04 0.77e1.41 NS PaO 2 (mmHg) 1.02 0.99e1.04 NS PaCO 2 (mmHg) 1.07 1.02e1.11 0.003 BODE quartiles 0.001 Quartile 1 e e Quartile 2 1.15 0.48e2.76 Quartile 3 2.32 0.98e5.50 Quartile 4 4.30 1.72e10.75 AECOPD groups (previous year to inclusion) 0.010 Group A e e Group B 2.24 1.05e4.79 Group C 2.80 1.43e5.48 AECOPD groups (rst year of follow-up) NS Group A e e Group B 0.86 0.44e1.70 Group C 1.78 0.87e3.65 CI: condence interval. p-value: level of signicance. AECOPD: acute exacerbations of COPD requiring hospital care. Group A: No AECOPD; Group B: patients with one or two AECOPD (emergency visits or hospitalizations); Group C: patients with 3 or more AECOPD. Figure 1 Survival curves by e-BODE index (BODE index plus exacerbation frequency) in patients with COPD, adjusted by confounding variables. The scores range from 0 to 12 points, the highest quartile the highest mortality. Table 4 Predictors of mortality: multivariate analysis for e-BODE index. Adjusted model for age, comorbidity and blood gases. Hazard ratio (adjusted) 95% CI p-value Age (years) 1.07 1.03e1.11 <0.001 Charlson index 1.10 0.83e1.44 NS PaO 2 (mmHg) 1.00 0.98e1.02 NS PaCO 2 (mmHg) 1.05 1.01e1.09 0.016 e-BODE quartiles <0.001 Quartile 1 e e Quartile 2 1.59 0.56e4.50 Quartile 3 3.22 1.22e8.48 Quartile 4 9.71 3.36e28.10 CI: condence interval. p-value: level of signicance. Table 5 Predictors of mortality: multivariate analysis for BODEx index. Adjusted model for age, comorbidity and blood gases. Hazard ratio (adjusted) 95% CI p-value Age (years) 1.09 1.05e1.13 <0.001 Charlson index 1.12 0.83e1.51 NS PaO 2 (mmHg) 1.00 0.98e1.03 NS PaCO 2 (mmHg) 1.05 1.01e1.10 0.016 BODEx quartiles <0.001 Quartile 1 e e Quartile 2 1.52 0.66e3.53 Quartile 3 3.16 1.37e7.30 Quartile 4 5.86 2.42e14.17 CI: condence interval. p-value: level of signicance. 696 J.J. Soler-Cataluna et al. age, comorbidity, blood gases, exacerbations during the rst year of follow-up and BODE index (Table 3). On combining both prognostic factors (frequency of exacer- bations and BODE index) in the form of the e-BODE index, the mortality risk predictive capacity didnt show a signi- cant improvement (C statistic for BODE index 0.75 vs 0.77 for e-BODE index, p ZNS). The most remarkable nding was that registry of the severe exacerbations allows simplication of the BODE index, since on replacing the 6MWD with the frequency of exacerbations (thus forming the BODEx index), the predictive capacity was similar to BODE index (C statistic of the BODEx index: 0.74 vs 0.75 for the BODE index, p ZNS) (Fig. 3). Severe exacerbations, i.e., those requiring hospital care (visits to the emergency service or admissions to hospital) are an independent mortality risk factor. In a recent study involving 304 male patients with a mean predicted FEV 1 % of 46 17%, our group found that as the frequency and severity of exacerbations increases, mortality risk also increases e this effect moreover being independent of other classical prognostic factors such as patient age, FEV 1 , BMI, PaO 2 , PaCO 2 or comorbidity. 9 The consequences of this observation are relevant, since the prevention of severe exacerbations could have benecial effects the survival of these patients. However, before accepting these results, it is necessary to contrast the prognostic importance of COPD exacerbations with new studies involving adjustment of the predictive model for new and potent prognostic dimensions such as the BODE index. 7 Different studies have revealed a somewhat bidirectional relationship between this index and exacerbations. 20e22 In effect, as the severity of the disease increases, and the BODE index therefore rises, so does the frequency of exacerbations. Ong et al., 20 in a study of 127 COPD patients with a mean FEV 1 of 43.7%, found the BODE index to be useful for predicting hospital admission risk e its predictive capacity being even greater than that of the COPD staging system as dened by the GOLD. Similar results have been obtained recently by a Spanish group. 21 In the opposite sense, it has been reported that with the appearance of new exacerbations, the BODE index undergoes longitudinal deterioration. Cote et al., 22 in a study of 205 consecutive patients prospectively followed-up during two years, showed that moderate exacerbations induce longitudinal deterioration of the BODE index e the latter worsening an average of 1.38 points during exacerbation, and remaining altered an Figure 2 Survival curves by BODEx index (BODE index with exercise capacity replaced by exacerbation frequency) in patients with COPD, adjusted by confounding variables. The scores range from 0 to 9 points, the highest quartile the highest mortality. 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0,0 0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 S e n s i t i v i t y 1- Specificity ROC Type II curves 0.60 0.80 0.000 0.051 0.70 Exacerbation (1st year) 0.67 0.86 0.000 0.046 0.77 e-BODE 0.66 0.84 0.000 0.048 0.75 BODE 0.65 0.83 0.000 0.048 0.74 BODEx 0.57 0.78 0.002 0.052 0.67 Exacerbation (previous year) 95%CI p-value SE C Parameter C-statistics Exacerbation frequency (previous year) BODE index BODEx index e-BODE index Exacerbation frequency (1st year) Figure 3 Comparative ROC Type II curves and C statistics value for exacerbation frequency (during the previous year to inclusion and during the rst year of follow-up), BODE index, BODEx index and e-BODE index as predictors of mortality in patients with COPD. The sensitivity and specicity of e-BODE was the highest, but there were not statistical differences between ROC curves. Exacerbation and BODE index in COPD 697 average of 0.8 and 1.1 points above the baseline score after one and two years, respectively. These changes are not seen in patients without exacerbations. These results point to an important association between the BODE index and COPD exacerbations; consequently, any prognosis predic- tive model should include both variables. This was done in the present study, adjusting the predictive capacity of exacerbations to the BODE index. Here again, the frequency of severe exacerbations was seen to constitute an independent adverse prognostic factor, even with respect to the above multidimensional severity index (Table 3). These results conrm the prognostic importance of COPD exacerbations, and thus stress the need for preventive measures. Only male patients were included in our study and therefore we cannot advance the same results for a female COPD populations. The BODE index includes four classical prognostic factors of the disease, i.e., BMI, FEV 1 , dyspnea and the 6MWD test. This multidimensional approach has been shown to offer a greater predictive capacity than the classical criterion still in use for classifying patients, i.e., FEV 1 . 7 Given the BODE index independent adverse prognostic capacity of COPD exacerbations, our second objective was to deter- mine whether the combined application of both parameters could improve the predictive capacity. We failed to show it perhaps due to the limited sample of our study. The e-BODE index, which incorporates all the BODE index components together with the frequency of recent severe exacerba- tions, yielded a C statistic of 0.77 (95% CI: 0.67e0.86), which is slightly superior to that of the BODE index alone (C statistic of 0.75, 95% CI: 0.66e0.84) and the frequency of past exacerbations considered isolatedly (C statistic of 0.67, 95% CI: 0.57e0.78). However, we didnt nd statis- tical differences when comparing ROC curves using Hanley method. 19 BODE index proposed by Celli et al. 7 showed a similar C statistic of 0.74, which was superior to FEV 1 . Casanova et al., by contrast, showed a C statistic of 0.795 for BODE which also was superior to FEV 1 and inspiratory- to-total lung capacity ratio. 23 In both studies authors didnt use statistical method to compare ROC curves and they accepted absolute values of C statistic as a superiority model for predictive capacity. To assess severe exacerbations frequency we consid- ered three threshold values (0: none; 1: one or two severe exacerbations; and 2: three or more severe exacerba- tions). We feel that this decision is arbitrary but are based on a previous study where patients were divided into the same 3 categories. 9 Other possible approach could be weighted on the hazard ratio for predicting death as previously reported 9 (0: none exacerbations; 2: one or two severe exacerbations; and 4: three or more severe exac- erbations). However, with these scores we obtained similar results. Finally, we decided to employ the present threshold values for severe exacerbations because of similar approach to threshold values proposed by Celli et al. 7 To construct e-BODE index we used previous year exacerbations due to two reasons. First, we considered more easy for clinical practice to collect information about severe AECOPD appeared during last year, and to calculate e-BODE index. If we should use new exacerbations appeared during the rst year of follow-up it would only calculate the score after this follow-up. And second, when both variables were included into the model, only previous year exacerbations were considered signicant. The e-BODE index with new exacerbations was slightly superior (C statistic of 0.80, 95% CI; 0.72e0.88) but not applicable to clinical practice. Although the BODE index has been shown to be superior to FEV 1 , its implantation is proving to be slow and gradual. One of the possible factors limiting its implantation is the need to perform a 6MWD test. Although the test is simple and inexpensive, it requires personnel and time. For this reason we have tried to develop a simplied index (the BODEx index) in which the 6MWD has been replaced by the frequency of exacerbations. The C statistic of this test is similar to BODE index (0.75 vs 0.74) e a fact that opens the possibility of applying this simplied index. We feel that further studies are needed to prospectively validate the predictive capacity of this new index. In conclusion, the frequency of severe exacerbations (AECOPD) is a rst-order prognostic factor that has been shown to be independent even of the BODE index. As the frequency of severe exacerbations increases, the patient prognosis worsens. The adoption of preventive measures to reduce the impact of AECOPD is therefore a priority concern. The combined index of BODE plus exacerbations (the e-BODE index) didnt show to improve the capacity to predict mortality risk in COPD patients, but probably our sample was unpowered to nd statistical differences. Finally, we like to remark that a simplied multidimen- sional version in which the 6-minute walking distance test is replaced by the frequency of exacerbations (i.e., the BODEx index), offers a good predictive capacity. This simplication could improve the implementation of a multidimensional score. Conict of interest statement The authors have no conicts to disclosure. References 1. Rabe KF, Hurd S, Anzueto A, et al. 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