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Data and Expressions
Data and Expressions
Let's explore some other fundamental programming
concepts
Chapter 2 focuses on:
Character Strings
Primitive Data
The Declaration And Use Of Variables
Expressions And Operator Precedence
Data Conversions
Accepting Input From The User
2-2
Outline
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Character Strings
Variables and Assignment
Primitive Data Types
Expressions
Data Conversion
Interactive Programs
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Character Strings
A string of characters can be represented as a string
literal by putting double quotes around the text:
Examples:
"This is a string literal."
"123 Main Street"
"X"
Every character string is an object in Java, defined by the
String class
Every string literal represents a String object
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The println Method
In the Lincoln program from Chapter 1, we
invoked the println method to print a character
string
The System.out object represents a destination
(the monitor screen) to which we can send output
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System.out.println ("Whatever you are, be a good one.");
object method
name
information provided to the method
(parameters)
The print Method
The System.out object provides another service as
well
The print method is similar to the println
method, except that it does not advance to the next
line
Therefore anything printed after a print statement
will appear on the same line
See Countdown.java (page 63)
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String Concatenation
The string concatenation operator (+) is used to append
one string to the end of another
"Peanut butter " + "and jelly"
It can also be used to append a number to a string
A string literal cannot be broken across two lines in a
program
See Facts.java (page 65)
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String Concatenation
The + operator is also used for arithmetic addition
The function that it performs depends on the type of the
information on which it operates
If both operands are strings, or if one is a string and one
is a number, it performs string concatenation
If both operands are numeric, it adds them
The + operator is evaluated left to right, but parentheses
can be used to force the order
See Addition.java (page 67)
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Escape Sequences
What if we wanted to print a the quote character?
The following line would confuse the compiler because
it would interpret the second quote as the end of the
string

System.out.println ("I said "Hello" to you.");

An escape sequence is a series of characters that
represents a special character
An escape sequence begins with a backslash character
(\)

System.out.println ("I said \"Hello\" to you.");


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Escape Sequences
Some Java escape sequences:
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See Roses.java (page 68)
Escape Sequence
\b
\t
\n
\r
\"
\'
\\
Meaning
backspace
tab
newline
carriage return
double quote
single quote
backslash
Outline
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Character Strings
Variables and Assignment
Primitive Data Types
Expressions
Data Conversion
Interactive Programs
Variables
A variable is a name for a location in memory
A variable must be declared by specifying the variable's
name and the type of information that it will hold
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int total;
int count, temp, result;
Multiple variables can be created in one declaration
data type
variable name
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Variable Initialization
A variable can be given an initial value in the declaration
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When a variable is referenced in a program, its
current value is used
See PianoKeys.java (page 70)
int sum = 0;
int base = 32, max = 149;
Assignment
An assignment statement changes the value of a variable
The assignment operator is the = sign
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total = 55;
The value that was in total is overwritten
You can only assign a value to a variable that is
consistent with the variable's declared type
See Geometry.java (page 71)
The expression on the right is evaluated and the
result is stored in the variable on the left
Constants
A constant is an identifier that is similar to a variable
except that it holds the same value during its entire
existence
As the name implies, it is constant, not variable
The compiler will issue an error if you try to change the
value of a constant
In Java, we use the final modifier to declare a constant
final int MIN_HEIGHT = 69;
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Constants
Constants are useful for three important reasons
First, they give meaning to otherwise unclear literal values
For example, MAX_LOAD means more than the literal 250
Second, they facilitate program maintenance
If a constant is used in multiple places, its value need only be
updated in one place
Third, they formally establish that a value should not change,
avoiding inadvertent errors by other programmers
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Outline
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Character Strings
Variables and Assignment
Primitive Data Types
Expressions
Data Conversion
Interactive Programs
Primitive Data
There are eight primitive data types in Java
Four of them represent integers:
byte, short, int, long
Two of them represent floating point numbers:
float, double
One of them represents characters:
char
And one of them represents boolean values:
boolean

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Numeric Primitive Data
The difference between the various numeric primitive
types is their size, and therefore the values they can
store:
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Type

byte
short
int
long

float
double
Storage

8 bits
16 bits
32 bits
64 bits

32 bits
64 bits
Min Value

-128
-32,768
-2,147,483,648
< -9 x 10
18


+/- 3.4 x 10
38
with 7 significant digits
+/- 1.7 x 10
308
with 15 significant digits

Max Value

127
32,767
2,147,483,647
> 9 x 10
18
Characters
A char variable stores a single character
Character literals are delimited by single quotes:
'a' 'X' '7' '$' ',' '\n'
Example declarations:
char topGrade = 'A';
char terminator = ';', separator = ' ';
Note the distinction between a primitive character variable, which holds
only one character, and a String object, which can hold multiple
characters
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Character Sets
A character set is an ordered list of characters, with each
character corresponding to a unique number
A char variable in Java can store any character from the
Unicode character set
The Unicode character set uses sixteen bits per
character, allowing for 65,536 unique characters
It is an international character set, containing symbols
and characters from many world languages
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Characters
The ASCII character set is older and smaller than
Unicode, but is still quite popular
The ASCII characters are a subset of the Unicode
character set, including:
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uppercase letters
lowercase letters
punctuation
digits
special symbols
control characters
A, B, C,
a, b, c,
period, semi-colon,
0, 1, 2,
&, |, \,
carriage return, tab, ...
Boolean
A boolean value represents a true or false condition
The reserved words true and false are the only
valid values for a boolean type
boolean done = false;
A boolean variable can also be used to represent any
two states, such as a light bulb being on or off
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Outline
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Character Strings
Variables and Assignment
Primitive Data Types
Expressions
Data Conversion
Interactive Programs
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Expressions
An expression is a combination of one or more operators
and operands
Arithmetic expressions compute numeric results and
make use of the arithmetic operators:
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If either or both operands used by an arithmetic
operator are floating point, then the result is a
floating point
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Division
Remainder
+
-
*
/
%
Division and Remainder
If both operands to the division operator (/) are
integers, the result is an integer (the fractional part
is discarded)
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The remainder operator (%) returns the remainder
after dividing the second operand into the first
14 / 3 equals
8 / 12 equals
4
0
14 % 3 equals
8 % 12 equals
2
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Operator Precedence
Operators can be combined into complex
expressions
result = total + count / max - offset;
Operators have a well-defined precedence which
determines the order in which they are evaluated
Multiplication, division, and remainder are
evaluated prior to addition, subtraction, and string
concatenation
Arithmetic operators with the same precedence are
evaluated from left to right, but parentheses can be
used to force the evaluation order
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Operator Precedence
What is the order of evaluation in the following
expressions?
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a + b + c + d + e
1 4 3 2
a + b * c - d / e
3 2 4 1
a / (b + c) - d % e
2 3 4 1
a / (b * (c + (d - e)))
4 1 2 3
Expression Trees
The evaluation of a particular expression can be
shown using an expression tree
The operators lower in the tree have higher
precedence for that expression
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a + (b c) / d
a
+
/
- d
b c
Assignment Revisited
The assignment operator has a lower precedence
than the arithmetic operators
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First the expression on the right hand
side of the = operator is evaluated
Then the result is stored in the
variable on the left hand side
answer = sum / 4 + MAX * lowest;
1 4 3 2
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Assignment Revisited
The right and left hand sides of an assignment
statement can contain the same variable
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First, one is added to the
original value of count
Then the result is stored back into count
(overwriting the original value)
count = count + 1;
Increment and Decrement
The increment and decrement operators use only one
operand
The increment operator (++) adds one to its operand
The decrement operator (--) subtracts one from its
operand
The statement
count++;
is functionally equivalent to
count = count + 1;
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Increment and Decrement
The increment and decrement operators can be applied
in postfix form:
count++
or prefix form:
++count
When used as part of a larger expression, the two forms
can have different effects
Because of their subtleties, the increment and
decrement operators should be used with care
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Assignment Operators
Often we perform an operation on a variable, and then
store the result back into that variable
Java provides assignment operators to simplify that
process
For example, the statement
num += count;
is equivalent to
num = num + count;
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Assignment Operators
There are many assignment operators in Java, including
the following:
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Operator

+=
-=
*=
/=
%=
Example

x += y
x -= y
x *= y
x /= y
x %= y
Equivalent To

x = x + y
x = x - y
x = x * y
x = x / y
x = x % y
Assignment Operators
The right hand side of an assignment operator can be a
complex expression
The entire right-hand expression is evaluated first, then
the result is combined with the original variable
Therefore
result /= (total-MIN) % num;
is equivalent to
result = result / ((total-MIN) % num);
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Assignment Operators
The behavior of some assignment operators depends on
the types of the operands
If the operands to the += operator are strings, the
assignment operator performs string concatenation
The behavior of an assignment operator (+=) is always
consistent with the behavior of the corresponding
operator (+)
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Outline
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Character Strings
Variables and Assignment
Primitive Data Types
Expressions
Data Conversion
Interactive Programs
Data Conversion
Sometimes it is convenient to convert data from one
type to another
For example, in a particular situation we may want to
treat an integer as a floating point value
These conversions do not change the type of a
variable or the value that's stored in it they only
convert a value as part of a computation
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Data Conversion
Conversions must be handled carefully to avoid losing
information
Widening conversions are safest because they tend to go
from a small data type to a larger one (such as a short
to an int)
Narrowing conversions can lose information because
they tend to go from a large data type to a smaller one
(such as an int to a short)
In Java, data conversions can occur in three ways:
assignment conversion
promotion
casting


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Assignment Conversion
Assignment conversion occurs when a value of one type
is assigned to a variable of another
If money is a float variable and dollars is an int
variable, the following assignment converts the value in
dollars to a float
money = dollars
Only widening conversions can happen via assignment
Note that the value or type of dollars did not change

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Data Conversion
Promotion happens automatically when operators in
expressions convert their operands
For example, if sum is a float and count is an int,
the value of count is converted to a floating point value
to perform the following calculation:
result = sum / count;

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Casting
Casting is the most powerful, and dangerous, technique for
conversion
Both widening and narrowing conversions can be
accomplished by explicitly casting a value
To cast, the type is put in parentheses in front of the value
being converted
For example, if total and count are integers, but we want
a floating point result when dividing them, we can cast
total:
result = (float) total / count;
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Outline
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Character Strings
Variables and Assignment
Primitive Data Types
Expressions
Data Conversion
Interactive Programs
Interactive Programs
Programs generally need input on which to operate
The Scanner class provides convenient methods for
reading input values of various types
A Scanner object can be set up to read input from
various sources, including the user typing values on the
keyboard
Keyboard input is represented by the System.in
object

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Reading Input
The following line creates a Scanner object that reads
from the keyboard:
Scanner scan = new Scanner (System.in);
The new operator creates the Scanner object
Once created, the Scanner object can be used to
invoke various input methods, such as:
answer = scan.nextLine();

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Reading Input
The Scanner class is part of the java.util class
library, and must be imported into a program to be used
See Echo.java (page 91)
The nextLine method reads all of the input until the
end of the line is found
The details of object creation and class libraries are
discussed further in Chapter 3
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Input Tokens
Unless specified otherwise, white space is used to
separate the elements (called tokens) of the input
White space includes space characters, tabs, new line
characters
The next method of the Scanner class reads the next
input token and returns it as a string
Methods such as nextInt and nextDouble read data
of particular types
See GasMileage.java (page 92)
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Summary
Chapter 2 focused on:
character strings
primitive data
the declaration and use of variables
expressions and operator precedence
data conversions
accepting input from the user
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