CSC162 Manual - Pseb

C:\Pmsbp\CSC 162 dt 13.10.
2007
CSC-162 Numerical Transmission Line
Protection Equipment Manual
C:\Pmsbp\CSC 162 dt 13.10.2007
CAUTION
1) This manual applies only to CSC-162
2) Please read the manual carefully and with the specification of the
installation, adjustment, testing, operation and maintenance.
3) To prevent damage to equipment, dont plug-hot-plug any unit of the
equipment, touching the chips and components in printed circuit board.
4) Please use the testing equipment and devices which comply with the
relevant standards for test and detection.
5) If any abnormity occurred in the equipment or unusual maintenance
needed, promptly contact with the agents or our service hotline.
6) The operation password is: 8888.
WARNING
1) During hot-line operation of equipment ,certain parts of this equipment are
under high voltage. Severe personal injury or significant equipment
damage could result from improper behavior.
2) Only qualified personnel should work on this equipment or in vicinity of the
equipment. These persons must be familiar with warning & service
procedure described in this manual, as well as with safety regulations.
3) Prerequisites to proper & safety operation of the equipment are proper
storage, setup, installation, operation & maintenance of the equipment.
4) In particularly cases, the general rules & safety regulations according to
relating standards(e.g. IEC, National standards or other International
standards) for work with high voltage equipment must be observed.
COPYRIGHT
All rights reserved.
Registered trademark

are registered trademark of Beijing Sifang automation co., ltd.
C:\Pmsbp\CSC 162 dt 13.10.2007
CONTENTS
1. Introduction................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Application................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Features ....................................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Functions..................................................................................................................... 2
2. Design .......................................................................................................................... 5
2.1 Mechanical structure.................................................................................................. 5
2.2 Dimensions.................................................................................................................. 6
3. Technical data ............................................................................................................. 7
3.1 General data ................................................................................................................ 7
3.2 Function data..............................................................................................................11
4. Hardware functions .................................................................................................. 12
4.1 Hardware arrangements........................................................................................... 12
4.2 Operations of complete units.................................................................................. 12
5. Protection functions................................................................................................. 15
5.1 Whole structure of protection program.................................................................. 15
5.2 The protection basic elements................................................................................ 15
5.3 Monitoring function .................................................................................................. 24
5.4 Other logic of pilot protection................................................................................. 28
5.5 Pilot protection.......................................................................................................... 30
5.6 Four zones distance protection .............................................................................. 34
5.7 Zero-current protection............................................................................................ 37
5.8 Direction over current protection ........................................................................... 39
5.9 Over voltage protection............................................................................................ 40
5.10 Undervoltage protection........................................................................................... 40
5.11 Breaker failure protection........................................................................................ 41
5.12 Autoreclose ............................................................................................................... 42
5.13 Broken Conductor Function .................................................................................... 46
6. Installation and commissioning.............................................................................. 47
6.1 Unpacking & repacking............................................................................................ 47
6.2 Mounting.................................................................................................................... 47
6.3 Check before power on............................................................................................ 47
7. Operation ................................................................................................................... 48
7.1 Safety precautions.................................................................................................... 48
7.2 Dialog with the equipment ....................................................................................... 49
7.3 Setting the functional parameters........................................................................... 53
7.4 Annunciations........................................................................................................... 62
7.5 Testing and commissioning .................................................................................... 65
7.6 Commissioning using primary tests....................................................................... 74
7.7 Putting the equipment into operation..................................................................... 76
8. Maintenance .............................................................................................................. 77
8.1 Routine checks ......................................................................................................... 77
8.2 Relacing the back-up battery................................................................................... 77
C:\Pmsbp\CSC 162 dt 13.10.2007
8.3 Fault tracing............................................................................................................... 77
8.4 Repairs....................................................................................................................... 77
8.5 The notices during operation.................................................................................. 77
8.6 Manipulation after replacing software or CPU....................................................... 78
8.7 Manipulation after replacing software or MASTER module................................. 78
8.8 Manipulation after replacing input or output module........................................... 78
8.9 Manipulation after replacing AC module................................................................ 78
8.10 Several illuminations................................................................................................ 79
9. Storage....................................................................................................................... 80
10. Ordering.83
10.1 Selection and ordering data.84
10.2 Ordering data84
10.3 Accessories..85
11. Appendix.................................................................................................................... 85
A Terminal diagram................................................................................................................. 85
B Communication Protocol Tables........................................................................................ 86
CSC-162 Numerical Transmission Line Protection Equipment Manual
1
1. Introduction
1.1 Application
CSC-162 numerical transmission lines protection equipment applicable to 132kV
and lower voltage transmission lines. The product consists of primary protection
namely 4 zones distance protection, 1 stage Definite time and Inverse time zero
current protection, 1 stage Definite time and Inverse time over-current protection, 2
stages over-voltage protection, 2 stages under-voltage protection, circuit breaker
failure protection and three phase auto-re-close etc, as shown in Table.1-1.
Table.1-1 Main function and arrangement
Main function and arrangement
Type
4 zones phases-
Phase distance and
ground distance
protection
Definite
time and
Inverse
time
zero Seq
current
Over
voltage
and
Under
voltage
Definite
time and
inverse
time over
current
Circuit
breaker
failure
Three
phase
Auto-
Re-close
CSC-161/2
1.2 Features
The equipment has characteristics as follows:
The microprocessor combined 32 bits DSP with MCU, high performance
hardware system ensures the parallel real-time calculation in all components of the
equipment.
Protective functions, man-machine interface and also communications functions
are completely independent in equipment. This improves the reliability and makes
debugging installation, maintenance easier.
Internal module is designed in such a way that a comprehensive real-time self-
monitoring is performed.
Dual A/D sampling in analog circuit, performing real time self-testing.
Latest checking methods are used which can detect coil performance in
energized circuit. Therefore failure of the relay is identified easily The equipment
provides periodical automatic testing.
Disturbance recorder with larger capacity, (memory up to 4M bytes), can record
more than 5 records. Optional event format or wave format is provided when the
records need to be printed. Fault wave disturbance records can be easily
2
extracted through serial port or Ethernet port and saved in COMTRADE format
1000 event records which are date and time tagged are stored in non volatile
memory to ensure that the data are not lost when DC supply fails.
The relay can record protection operating process, logic flow and various
calculated values. Our CSPC software can be used for viewing the above and also
the recorded fault data and for analyzing disturbance records via RS-232 serial
port on the relay front fascia
2-channel high speed reliable electric Ethernet ports (optional optical fiber
Ethernet ports), 2-channel Lon-Works ports, RS-485 port and series printing port
are provided; the user can select any of these according to the requirements. The
protocol supports IEC60870-5-103, IEC61850 or CSC-2000 of Sifang Company,
for interface with substation automatization system and protection management
information system.
Liquid crystal display with backlit is provided to display various messages such
as current, voltage, power, frequency, Strip State, setting zones etc. The menu is
easy to operate. Four shortcut keys are set to finish operation with one key for
local operator.
1.3 Functions
Tele-Protection scheme (distance protection)
Distance protection is the primary protection for transmission line. Relay is suitable
for 2 types of channel aided schemes viz, permissive under reach mode and
permissive over reach mode. It consists of directional distance element, directional
zero-sequence and negative-sequence element. Directional distance element
consists of directional phase to earth distance element and phase to phase
distance element.
Distance protection (Z)
Both phase to phase distance protection and phase to earth distance protection
are provided in CSC-162 Distance protection protects the transmission line and
has a backup protection for the power system. This protection has four settable
zones; in addition, every zone can be enabled or dis-enabled via binary settings.
When VT fuse fails , distance scheme is blocked, thereby avoiding the mal-
operation.The distance characteristic is polygonal.
Power swing blocking (PSB)
In 150ms after the abrupt current startup element operates, or when power swing
startup element or zero-current startup element operates, the executing program
will directly go into the logic part of power swing blocking.
For asymmetric faults detection element, Zero-sequence and negative-sequence
current can distinguish fault from swing. The criterion is described as below.
|I0|>m1|I1| or I2>m2|I1|
3
For three-phase fault detection element, the method distinguishing fault from
power swing:
1. Within time
, if R < K R
Min
(180
0
, T
ZMAX
, ) is satisfied, it is determined that
fault occurs in power system.
2. Within time
, if R K R
Min
(180
0
, T
ZMAX
, ) is satisfied, it is determined that
swing occurs in power system.
Zero-current protection (3I0)
This protection function is a backup protection for the transmission lines and the
power system. The protection is one stage definite time 3I0>. The zero-current
protection Function can be enabled via binary settings.
Inverse time zero current protection (3I0_INV)
The directional element of inverse time zero current protection can be enabled or
disabled via binary settings. Its characteristic equation is as shown below;
Id - fault current.
T0_factor - Time factor of inverse time zero-current.
N0 - Index of inverse time zero-current.
3I0_INV - current setting of inverse time zero current.
T0_INV - delay time setting of inverse time zero current which can meet the
requirement that inverse time zero current co-operates with different protection.
Inverse curves can be obtained according to the following setting
N0=0.02 and T0_factor=0.14 Standard inverse (IEC Standard)
N0=1 and T0_factor=13.5 Very inverse
N0=2 and T0_factor=80 Extremity inverse.
Over current protection (OC)
This protection function is a backup protection for the transmission lines and the
power system. The protection is one stage definite time I>. The over-current
protection Function can be enabled via binary settings.
Inverse time over current protection (OC_INV)
The directional element of inverse time over current protection can be enabled or
disabled via binary settings. Its characteristic equation is as shown below;
Id - fault current.
Toc_factor - Time factor of inverse time over current.
Noc - Index of inverse time over current.
T0_INV
1 )
_ 0 3
(
_ 0
0
+
=
N
INV I
Id
factor T
T
Toc_INV
1 )
_
(
_
+
=
Noc
INV Ioc
Id
factor Toc
T
4
Ioc_INV - current setting of inverse time over current.
Toc_INV - delay time setting of inverse time over current which can meet the
requirement that inverse time over current co-operates with different protection.
Inverse curves can be obtained according to the following setting
Noc=0.02 and Toc_factor=0.14 Standard inverse (IEC Standard)
Noc=1 and Toc_factor=13.5 Very inverse
Noc=2 and Toc_factor=80 Extremity inverse.
Over voltage protection Uph-e> (OV)
The protection comprises 2 stages Uph-e >. The phase voltage is measured
directly at the VT. The overvoltage protection function can be enabled via binary
settings.
Under voltage protection Uph-e< (UV)
The protection comprises 2 stages Uph-e <. The phase voltage is measured
directly at the VT. The undervoltage protection Function can be enabled via binary
settings.
Circuit breaker failure protection (CBF)
In the event of a fault on the transmission line, the transmission line can remain on
line if the circuit breaker is defective and could suffer substantial damage.
Breaker failure protection evaluates current component. Current component
include a maximum current I>.It can be started by internal protective tripping or
external via binary input.
Auto-reclose (AR)
CSC-162 protection system has three-phase auto-reclose. For any fault on the
line, all the three poles will be tripped, and all the three poles will be re-closed.
This function can be enabled via binary settings.
Broken Conductor
CSC-162 relay has broken conductor function, if the necessary condition are
satisfied, relay can give alarm and trip output.
On-load measurement
The on-load measured values generated in the unit such as current, voltage,
phase angle, etc. can be displayed at the LCD or by means of a PC.
5
2. Design
2.1 Mechanical structure
The enclosure for equipment is 19 inches in width and 4U in height according
to IEC 60297-3.
The equipment is flush mounting with panel cutout and cabinet.
Connection terminals to other system on the rear.
The front panel of equipment is aluminum alloy by founding in integer and
overturn downward. LCD, LED and setting keys are mounted on the panel.
There is a serial interface on the panel suitable for connecting a PC.
Draw-out modules for serviceability are fixed by lock component.
The modules can be combined through the bus on the rear board. Both the
equipment and the other system can be combined through the rear interfaces.
Fig.2-1 CSC-162 protection equipment view
6
2.2 Dimensions
Dimension drawings for CSC-162 are shown in Fig.2-2.
Fig.2-2 flush-mounted enclosure of 162 with panel cutout (dimensions in mm)
7
3. Technical data
3.1 General data
Analog input and output
Nominal Frequency 50 Hz
Current Inputs
Rated current IN 1 A or 5 A
Current Overload Capability per Current Input
Thermal (rms.) 2 IN continuously
10 x IN for 10s
70 x IN for 1s
Voltage Inputs
Rated Voltage UN 110/3
Voltage Overload Capability in Voltage Path per Input
Thermal (rms.) 1.2 UN continuously
1.4 UN 10s
3.1.1 Power supply
Voltage Supply ( to be mentioned before Purchase order)
Rated auxiliary voltage UDC 110V DC 220V DC
Permissible voltage ranges 88V~121V 176V~242V
3.1.2 Binary inputs and outputs
Binary inputs
Variant Quantity
CSC-161/2 19
Rated voltage range 110V/ 220V DC
Binary outputs
Variant Trip contacts Quantity Alarm contacts Quantity
CSC-161/2 48 NO contacts 16 NO contacts
Rated voltage range 110V/ 220V DC
3.1.3 Communications interfaces
Operator Interface
local Connection type RS-232 Ethernet RS-485
Medium of connection Electric Electric electric
Type of connector DB25 RJ45 twisted-pair
Type of data transfer Serial Serial serial
Speed of communication 9600bps 10/100Mbps 9600bps~38400bps
Dielectric level III III III
Maximum cable length 10m 110m 1.2km
8
Functions supported by
this port
RS-232:Print
setting, fault
report,
waveform report
See setting,
fault report,
waveform
report
see setting, fault
report, waveform
report
Rear port for
substation automation
2 Ethernet 2 RS-485
Communication protocol
CSC2000 or IEC 60870-5-
103 or IEC 61850
CSC2000 or IEC 60870-
5-103 or IEC 61850
Medium of connection Either optics or electric Electric
Type of connector RJ45 Twisted-pair
Speed of
communication
10/100Mbps 9600bps~38400bps
Dielectric level III III
Maximum cable length 110m 1.2km
Note: Optical port is optional by order.
3.1.5 Other general data
Other General data of the equipments see table 3.
Table 3 General data of the equipments
No. Item Class/rated According
to standards
Note
1 Environment conditions
1.1 Ambient temperature -10C~+55C
1.2 Extreme range of
ambient temperature
-25C~+70C
1.3 Atmospheric pressure 80 -110kPa
1.4 Operative ranges of
auxiliary energizing
quantities
(80% -110% )U
N
1.5 Relative humidity 75%
1.6 Storage temperature -10C ~ +40C
IEC 60255-
61988 (GB/T
14047-1993
IDT )
2 Rated parameters
2.1 Rated value of voltage 110V or 220V
2.2 Rated value of current 1A or 5A
2.3 Rated value of
frequency
50Hz
3 Burden
3.1 rated burden
AC current
circuit 1VA
AC voltage circuit
0.5A
DC power supply
circuit: 50W
DL/T 478-2001
Specific
rating
defined by
Manufacturer
in IEC
60255-6
1988
9
4 Thermal property
4.1 Thermal of short and
long time
AC current circuit
2 In -continuously
10 x IN for10s
70 x IN for1s
AC voltage circuit
1.2 UN-continuously
1.4 UN for10s
DL/T 478-2001
5 Electrical insulation
5.1 Insulation resistance 100M IEC 60255-5
2000
(GB/T 14598.3
-2006,IDT)
5.2 Insulation resistance in
dry heat
1.5M DL/T 478-2001 No defined
in IEC60255-
5
5.3 Dielectric voltage AC 2kV U
i
63V
1kV U
i
<63V
500V was
defined for
less then
63V in IEC
60255-5
5.4 Impulse voltage 5kV U
i
63V
1kV U
I
<63V
IEC 60255-5
2000
(GB/T 14598.3
-2006
,IDT
6 Mechanical property
6.1 Vibration 1 class IEC60255-21-1
(GB/T 11287-
2000
,IDT)
6.2 Shock 1 class
6.3 Bump 1 class
IEC60255-21-2
(GB/T 14537-
1993,IDT)
7 EMC
7.1 Burst disturbance 3 class
common mode
2.5kV,
differential mode
1.0kV
IEC 60255-22-1
(GB/T
14598.13-
1998,IDT)
IEC 61000-4-12
Add 100kHz
harsh more
IEC60255-
22-1
7.2 ESD disturbance 4 class

contact -
8kV
IEC 60255-22-2
(GB/T 14598.14
-1998,IDT)
IEC 61000-4-2
Harsh more
3 class of
IEC 60255-
22-2
7.3 Radiated
electromagnetic
disturbance
3 class 10V/m IEC 62505-22-3
(GB/T 14598.9
-2002,IDT)
10
IEC 61000-4-3
7.4 Fast burst disturbance 4 class
communication
port --2kV
others ports--4kV
IEC60255-22-4
(GB/T14598.10
-1996,IDT)
IEC 61000-4-4
Harsh more
3 class of
IEC 60255-
22-4
7.5 Surge disturbance 4 class
communication
port --2kV
others ports--4kV
IEC 60255-22-
5,
IEC 61000-4-5
Harsh more
3
Class of IEC
60255-22 -5
7.6 Conducted disturbance
of RF
3 class 10V IEC 60255-22-6
IEC 61000-4-6
7.7 Power frequency
magnetic field
disturbance
5 class 100A/m IEC 61000-4-8 No defined
in IEC60255-
22
7.8 Pulse frequency
magnetic field
disturbance

5 class 1000A/m IEC 61000-4-9 No defined
in IEC60255-
22
7.9 Damped oscillatory
magnetic disturbance
5 class 100A/m IEC 61000-4-10 Actual up to
120A/m No
defined
in IEC 60255
-22
7.10 interruptions in auxiliary
energizing quantities
50ms GB/T 8367-
1987
(eqv IEC60255-
11
IEC 61000-4-11
7.11 Electromagnetic
emission
limits
IEC 60255-25
(GB/T14598.16
-2002,IDT)
8 safety
8.1 Insulation cooperation Clearance
And creepage
Distance
IEC 60255-
5:2000
GB 16836-1997
8.2 Maximum temperature
of material
According with the
Standard
GB 16836-1997
8.3 Flammability of
insulation materials
V 0 class IEC 60950
GB 16836-1997
8.4 Protection against
Electric shock
I class IEC 60536
GB 16836-1997
11
9 Trip relay contact
9.1 Capacity of contact cut
out
50W
9.2 Current of long time 5A
3.2 Function data
3.2.1 Tele protection for Distance protection
Operation time: permission mode: 40ms.
3.2.2 Distance relay
a) Resistance setting range: 0.01 - 40(5A), 0.01 - 200(1A).
Reactance setting range: 0.01 - 60(5A), 0.01 - 300(1A).
b) Transient overreaching of zone 1 of distance relay: 5%
c) Operating time of zone 1 of distance relay: 30ms when fault occurs within 0.7
times setting value
d) Measuring tolerance of fault locator (not including errors caused by external
factors): +3% when fault current is greater than 0.01 In at earth fault, error will
become bigger when fault occurs with greater path fault resistance.
3.2.3 Zero-sequence element
a) Setting range: 0.1In -20In.
b) Transient overreaching of Zero-sequence current: 5%
c) Forward direction-operating zone of zero-sequence power directional element:
18 arg (3I0/3U0) 180
3.2.4 Over current relay
a) Setting range: 0.1In - 20In.
b) Measuring tolerance: 3%
c) Forward direction-operating zone of zero-sequence power directional element:
-90 arg (U/I) 30
3.2.5 Over-voltage relay
a) Setting range: 1V - 120V.
3.2.6 Under-voltage relay
a) Setting range: 1V - 60V.
3.2.7 Auto re-closure
a) Angle error of synchronization check: 3
b) Voltage error of synchronization check: 0.7 Un 3%
c) Measuring tolerance of low voltage detector: 0.3 Un 3%
3.2.8 Time element
a) Setting range: 0s - 10s error grade: 0.01s
b) Measuring tolerance of Setting: 1.5% or 20ms
12
4. Hardware functions
4.1 Hardware arrangements
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
AC CPU MASTER DI DO1 DO2 DO3 DO4 POWER
Alternating
current
R
e
l
a
y
M
a
n
a
g
e
D
i
g
i
t
a
l

I
n
p
u
t
D
i
g
i
t
a
l

O
u
t
p
u
t
1
D
i
g
i
t
a
l

O
u
t
p
u
t
2
D
i
g
i
t
a
l

O
u
t
p
u
t
3
D
i
g
i
t
a
l

O
u
t
p
u
t
4
45 20 40 20 20 20 20 20 35
Fig.4-1 Arrangement diagram of the CSC-162system modules
4.2 Operations of complete units
CSC-162is configured with 9 modules as shown in Fig.4-1 including AC module,
CPU module, MASTER module, DI module, DO1 module, DO2 module, DO3
module, DO4 module, POWER module.
4.2.1 Alternating Current module (AC)
The AC module functions are to transform the secondary signals of voltage and
current transformers in power system into electric weak signals, and perform
isolation and anti-interference. The AC modules of CSC-162are the same, the
wiring terminal at rear panel is X3. There are 9 analog signal transformers in CSC-
161/2, used respectively to transform U
A,
U
B,
U
C,
U
X,
I
A,
I
B,
I
C
3I
0
and IN. There are
two types of current transformer: Rated current 5A with linearity range 500mA -
150A and rated current 1A with linearity range 100mA - 30A (please indicate
clearly when order the product). Please pay attention that IN is the polarity
terminal while IN is not. Rated phase value of voltage transformer is fixed to
110/
3
V.
4.2.2 CPU module (CPU)
Combined DSP with MCU, the 32-bit microprocessor with 1M bytes flash memory
and 64 bytes RAM is employed to run programs in chip completely, and keep the
data bus in a chip. There is a CPU module in the CSC-162system. CPU1 performs
sampling, A/D transform, transmission analog data and input information,
judgment of the protection theory, fault recorder and software and hardware self-
testing etc.
13
In order to backup data and test A/D by the protection itself, every AC analog
circuit is divided to two channels to be sampled two analog quantities such as Ia
and IaR for the current of phase A, Ib and IbR for the current of phase B. The
analog quantities with postfix R such as IaR and IbR etc. are used to backup.
4.2.3 Management module (MASTER)
This module is a management and communication module, and its wiring
terminal is X3 at rear panel. It carries out communication and information
exchange between the protection system and external equipments such as MMI,
a PC, monitor and control system, engineer station, RTU and printer etc, and
transmits remote metering, remote signaling, SOE, event reports and record data.
According to requirement, double LON net ports, three electric Ethernet ports
(optional optical Ethernet interface) and double RS485 ports can be set in master
module to meet different substation automation system and RTU. In addition,
time synchronization by GPS function can be also set to meet time regulation
with network mode or impulse mode. A series printer port is also reserved.
Note: Two groups of optical Ethernet can be selected according the user
requirement.
4.2.4 Digital Input module (DI)
The input module 1 wring terminal at rear panel is X6. It is used to connect the
input signals and alarm signals such as the auxiliary contacts of the circuit
breaker (CB) etc.
Each of input modules has two groups input circuits and self-testing circuits, so all
input circuits can be performed real time self-testing. The power supply of 24V
energizing input module can be input directly, another group input need to be
connected, 220V or 110V power can be used.
4.2.5 Digital Output module (DO)
CSC-162is developed 4 DO module .The wiring terminal of DO1 module at rear
panel is X7, that of DO2, 3 and 4 module is X8, X9 and X10 respectively. DO
modules mainly provide tripping contacts, pickup breaker failure protection,
pickup auto reclosure and alarm contacts etc, which can be output directly from
modules with great performance against interference. CARR SEND-1 CH-1 on
output X8 is speedy contacts, which is used to cooperate with communication
interface device and energized by 24V. CARR SEND-2 CH-1can be can be
energized by 220V or 110V.
14
4.2.6 Power supply module (POWER)
The power supply module with DC inverters module wiring terminal at rear panel
is X11. Its input power is DC 220V or 110V (indication when ordered), and its
outputs are five groups power supplies.
1. + 24V two groups provided: Power for inputs and outputs module
2. 12V: Power for A/D
3. + 5V: Power for all CPU
15
5. Protection functions
5.1 Whole structure of protection program
Software of CPU protection includes main program, sampling interruption service
routine and fault detection routine.
Main program is running under normal operation to perform hardware self-testing,
setting solidified and transmission reports upward etc. Sampling interruption service
program is active in a sampling interval time to implement data sampled, wave
record and fault detected by abrupt current etc. Whenever the fault detector elements
operate, fault detection program is executed to run all protection logic and judge CT
circuit open or not etc. If any abnormal element is detected, a relevant alarm signal
and report will be given.
For the general alarm signals (ALARM II), only the signal is sent out to clue the
operator to examine and repair. For the serious alarm signal threatening the
protection security and reliability (ALARM I), once the signal is sent out, the
protection output circuit is blocked.
When fault occurs in power system, fault detection program does not return to the
main program until it has finished all relevant protection functions required to meet
the conditions of the whole reset.
5.2 The protection basic elements
5.2.1 Startup element
Startup element main function is to detect faults, start the protection relay and
energize positive power supply for the output relay. Once startup element operates, it
does not reset until the all activated conditions return to normal reset mode.
Startup element includes current abrupt startup, zero-sequence current startup, the
loss of static stability startup, low-voltage startup element in weak-source and
autoreclose startup element. The fault detection program is picked up and the
positive power supply for the output relay is energized when any startup element
operates.
5.2.1.1 Abrupt current of phase-phase element I
Abrupt current phase-phase element is the main startup element that can sensitively
detect most of faults. Its criterion is as follows
i> I_abrupt
Or 3i0> I_abrupt
where i= || i
K
- i
K-T
|-| i
K-T
- i
K-2T
|| means AB,BC or CA, K is the
current sampling timingT=24 samples per cycle (K-T) is the sampling timing
before one cycle from timing K, (K-2T) the sampling timing before two cycles
from timing K,
3i0 is abrupt zero-current value,
I_abrupt is the setting value of abrupt current.
The abrupt current element operates when any phase-to-phase abrupt current
i or zero-sequence abrupt current 3i0 continuously exceed the setting I_abrupt.
16
5.2.1.2 Zero-sequence current startup element
Besides abrupt current startup element, zero-sequence current element is also able
to overcome the inadequate sensitivity problem of abrupt current startup element at
faults with high resistance (up to 100 for 220kV, up to 300 for 500kV). As an
auxiliary startup element, it operates with 30ms delay. Its criterion is as follows:
3I0 > 0.9*I
0set
Where 3I0 is three times zero-sequence current,
I
0set
is the minimal value of the following values
(1) The setting value of the zero-sequence current,
(2) The setting value of inverse time zero current,
5.2.1.3 The static stability detector
To ensure the proper operation during loss of static stability state, the loss of static
stability detector is considered
Its operating conditions are described as below.
(1) All currents of phase A, B and C are bigger than the current setting of I_PS
and the abrupt current elements have not operated.
(2) All impedances of phase-to-phase AB, BC and CA enter into zone of distance
relay, and the abrupt current elements have not operated.
Any of the above conditions has been validated for 30ms, power system is regarded
in the loss of static stability state, then, the startup element operates, the protection
program is switched to power swing blocking module, at the same time, Z
STARTUP or I_PS STARTUP and RELAY STARTUP are reported.
5.2.1.4 Lower voltage startup element (detailed in weak-source part)
When one end of the protected line is weak-source system, lower voltage can be
used to startup protection for permission mode. Its criterion: Single-phase voltage is
less than 30V or phase-to-phase voltage is less than 50V and the relay receives
signal.
5.2.1.5 Auto re-close startup element
Protection tripping and the contacts of CB can cause autoreclose. Detailed in
autoreclose part 5.16.
5.2.2 Phase selector
Using integrated phase selector detect various fault types, phase selector can pick
out the faulted phase for selective-phase tripping.
Abrupt current phase selector is used at the beginning of fault after abrupt current
startup, later; sequence fault components phase selector is used. Both abrupt-
current phase selector and sequence fault components phase selectors are not
applicable to weak-source system and feeder terminal line where low voltage phase
selector is employed.
17
5.2.2.1 Abrupt current phase selector
Abrupt current phase selector employs phase-to-phase differential current I
AB
, I
BC
and I
CA
to detect the faulted phase by comparing the value of these currents.
The amplitude of phase-to-phase differential current I
AB
, I
BC
and I
CA
at different
faults are shown in Tab.5-1 below.
(Where + means the bigger one, ++ the biggest one, means the smaller one)
Table.5-1
Phase
Slected
I
A B C AB BC CA ABC
IAB + + ++ + + ++
IBC + + + ++ + ++
ICA + + + + ++ ++
IAB, IBC and ICA can be sorted into the biggest, the bigger and the smaller, then
the fault selection result can be implemented according to Tab.5-1.

5.2.2.2 Sequence current phase selector
Steady state sequence current phase selector mainly uses the angle relation of zero-
and negative- sequence current to detect the fault phase with an additional method
based on phase-to-phase impedance.
Theoretical analysis have demonstrated that, compared with phasor I
0
a, I
2
a locates
at area of -30~+30when A-phase earth fault occurs or BC-phase earth fault does
with a smaller resistance, furthermore, I
2
a lags behind I
0
a close to 90 with the
resistance increasing. Six phasor areas can be divided according to the angle
relation of I
2
a/I
0
a as shown in Fig.5-1.

I
0a
+30
0
- 30
0
+90
- 90
0
0
+150
- 150
0
0
AN, BCN
ABN
CN, ABN
CAN
BN, CAN
BCN
Fig.5-1 Phasor areas of steady state sequence phase selector
1. +30~ -30 conforms to AN or BCN
2. +90~ +30 conforms to ABN
3. +150~ +90 conforms to CN or ABN
4. -150~ +150 conforms to CAN
5. -90~ -150 conforms to BN or CAN
6. -30~ -90 conforms to BCN

18
Corresponding phase-to-phase faults are affirmed directly in the above areas of (2),
(4) and (6). On the other hand, in phasor areas of (1), (3) and (5), there are single-
phase and phase-to-phase both fault types which are always independent to each
other and can be differentiated by phase-to-phase impedance calculation. If phase-
to-phase impedance is bigger than its setting, then phase-to-phase fault is
impossible, single-phase-ground fault can be confirmed, otherwise phase-to-phase
fault will be done.

5.2.2.3 Low voltage phase selector
Low voltage phase selector mainly meets phase selection of the relay fixed at weak-
source end where both of the above phase selectors can not select faulted phase. If
VT circuit does not open, low voltage phase selector can be put into operation. Its
criterion is as below.
a) Any one of phase voltage is less than 30V and other two phases voltage are
larger than 50V, then the single phase with lower voltage is decided.
b) If phase-to-phase voltage is less than 30V phase-to-phase fault is decided.
5.2.3 Distance element
Distance protection consists of measuring unit and directional unit.
5.2.3.1 Operating characteristics of distance element
Every zone of the distance element is of the polygonal characteristics as shown in
Fig.5-2. For 4 zones phase-to-phase distance relay, RSET and XSET of zone 1, 2,3
and 4 is respectively set to R1_pp, R2_pp, R3_pp, R4_pp, X1_pp, X2_pp, X3_pp
and X4_pp. For 4 zones phase-to-ground distance relay, RSET and XSET of zone 1,
2, 3 and 4 is respectively set to R1_pe, R2_pe, R3_pe, R4_pe, X1_pe, X2_pe,
X3_pe and X4_pe.
Where XSET is set according to the protected range and RSET is set according to
avoiding load impedance (under general instance), which meets different
requirements to enhance the resistive tolerance to high path fault resistance for short
line and to improve the ability of avoiding load impedance for long line. The
reactance line of polygon is inclined to an obliquitous angle 7(as shown in Fig.5-2)
to enhance the ability to prevent the relay from overreaching at forward external
faults.
When fault occurs after reclose or manual close, based on the characteristics shown
in Fig.5-2, the impedance operating characteristics includes a small rectangle area at
the center of coordinates as shown in Fig.5-3. This is called impedance-offset
characteristics that can ensure that faults near the bus can be reliably cleared. Zone
3 of distance element has offset characteristics when three-phase fault occurs.
19
Fig.5-2 Fig.5-3
Fig.5 operating characteristics of polygonal distance protection
The values in the small rectangle operation area are shown in Tab.5-2.
Tab.5-2
Setting
X is set as X
SET
/2, if X
SET
1
X is set to 0.5(In=5A) or 2.5 (In=1A), if X
SET
>1
Setting The minimum among 8 times the above X and

R
SET
/4
Where X
SET
is the reactance setting of relevant elements, R
SET
is the resistance
setting of relevant elements.
5.2.3.2 Measuring unit of distance element
Based on differential equation arithmetic, measuring element calculates relevant
circuit impedance value with real-time voltage and current.
For single-phase-to-ground impedance:
U
=L
*

) 3 (
0
dt
I K I d
X
+
+R
*(I
+Kr3I
0
), = A, B, C.
For phase-to-phase impedance: U
=L
dt
dI
+ R
, =AB, BC, CA.

Where Kx = (X
0
-X
1
)/ (3X
1
), Kr = (R
0
-R
1
)/ (3R
1
).
Measuring resistance R and reactance X (X =L=2fL) at relay location can be
obtained by means of calculating the above differential equations.
5.2.3.3 Directional unit of distance element
Special directional elements are set to resolve dead zone for distance protection
when fault occurs near the bus. For symmetric fault, the memory voltage that is the
pre-fault voltage is used to compare phasor with post-fault current to detect direction.
For asymmetric fault near the bus, negative-sequence directional element is taken as
directional element of distance relay. The operating conditions for distance relay are
as below: The forward directional element operates, and measuring impedance lies
within the setting polygon area.
20
5.2.4 Zero-sequence directional unit
Zero-sequence current directional unit is composed of forward and reverse
directional elements whose operation areas are shown in Fig.5-4. The threshold of
forward directional element can be set while that of reverse directional element can
not, whose sensitivity is automatically higher than forward element, and threshold is
0.625 times that of the forward element.
Area of forward directional element is 18 arg (3
.
I 0/3
.
U 0) 180
Area of reverse directional element is -162 arg (3
.
I 0/3
.
U 0) 0
18
81
81
3U0
lm
forward
reverse
Fig.5-4 Operation area of zero-sequence current directional element
a Criterion of forward directional element is as below.
Directional element lies in the forward directional operation area and 3I0>3I0
SET
.
Where 3I0SET are the setting of inverse time zero-sequence current, and the setting
values of of zero-sequence current 3I0.
b) Criterion of reverse directional element is as below.
Directional element lies in the reverse directional operation area and
3I0>0.625*3I0
SET
.
The zero-sequence directional element employs the 3U0 that is obtained by software
summing three-phase voltage.
5.2.5 Negative-sequence directional element
Negative-sequence directional element is taken as condition of enabling impedance
directional element for asymmetric faults. Operation area is shown in Fig.5-5.
Area of forward directional element is 18 arg (3
.
I 2/3
.
U 2) 180,
Area of reverse directional element is -162 arg (3
.
I 2/3
.
U 2) 0.
21
18
81
81
3U2
lm
forward
reverse
Fig.5-5 Operation area of negative-sequence directional element
5.2.6 Opening element of power swing blocking
Power system is impossible to begin swing within 150ms after sudden-charge current
startup element operating, therefore, during this time, all distance relays are settled
to take on action, and power swing block need not be enabled. After the setting of
T_PS NO BLOCKING, all distance relays are settled to take on action, and power
swing block need not be enabled. After 150ms or the protection startup by loss of
static stability or zero-sequence current, the distance relay must be enabled by fault
detector to prevent mistake trip during power swing.
Fault detectors for power swing blocking are different for asymmetric faults and
three-phase fault.
5.2.6.1 Asymmetric faults detection element
Zero- and negative-sequence current can distinguish fault from swing. The criterion
is described as below.
|I
0
|>m
1
|I
1
| or I
2
>m
2
|I
1
|
Where m
1
and m
2
ensure that, during power swing, the mal-operation of the distance
protection is not caused when external fault occurs under the most disadvantageous
conditions of power system but asymmetric faults detection element can be operates
when internal asymmetric fault occurs.
When power swing happens, I
0
and I
2
are close to zero, it is impossible for the above
formula to come into being. When power swing and external fault occur, the smaller
fault component current at the relay location cant meet the above formula. When
power swing and internal fault occur, I
0
and I
2
will be big enough to meet the above
formula. To keep the protection from mistake trip caused by the imbalance output of
zero- and negative-sequence current when the external fault is removed, the
protection has to operate in a certain short time delay.
22
5.2.6.2 Three phase fault detection element
a) During power swing, measuring resistance or measuring impedance at the
relay location is continuously changing with time, and sometimes the change is
slow, sometimes the change is intensive, the change rate is decided by swing
period and the machine angle
. Curve 1 and curve 2 in Fig.5-6-(a) are the

trajectories of measuring resistance changing with time, where Rf is load
resistance component and Tz is swing period. Whether the trajectory of
measuring impedance is a line or a circular arc on R-X plane during power
swing, is decided by electromotive force of both terminals equivalent system, as
shown in Fig.5-6-(b).
R
jX
0
Rm( t )
R
f
0
t
Tz
Zm
a
b
1 2
(a) Measuring resistance Rm. changing with time (b) the track of measuring
impedance on R-X plane
Fig.5-6 The trajectory of measuring impedance during power swing
t O
R
f
R
k
Rm( t )
t 1 t 2 t 3
Fig.5-7 The trajectory of pre- and post-fault measuring resistance changing with
time
b) When fault occurs on the protected line, resistance component of measuring
impedance maybe changes due to electric arc elongated, but analysis and
calculation show that changing rate of arc resistance is far less than that of
resistance corresponding to the possibly biggest swing period noted up to the
present. After short circuit, measuring resistance is resistance RK of short
circuit, whose value hardly changes or almost keeps invariability, as shown in
23
Fig.5-7. The rule of measuring impedance is also similar.
Contrasting Fig.5-6 with Fig.5-7, it can be seen that power system is determined to
be in the swing state if measuring resistance is always changing and exceeds a
threshold value in a period of time. Therefore, the least change of resistance is
looked over during power swing. It can be known from analyzing Fig.5-6 that the
instance of the least change of measuring resistance occurs in the following
conditions.
(1) near
=180
(2) the biggest swing period T
ZMAX
.
And then, enlarge this part track of resistance change to be shown in Fig.11.
180
2 /
min
R
m
R
t
TZMAX swing curve
Fig.5-8The instance of the least change of measuring resistance
It can be known from Fig.5-8 that a minimum changing resistance R
Min
(180
0
, T
ZMAX
, ) is
obtained corresponding to a time
, in this way, for any swing period and any time period
, all
exist: R R
Min
(180
0
, T
ZMAX
, ). Therefore, consider error and protection margin, take the
following formula as criterion detecting swing.
R KR
Min
(180
0
, T
ZMAX
, ) (1)
Reliable coefficient K is a less than 1. Surely, also consider equivalent system impedance
S
Z for
(1). And, for a different regulated time , the corresponding R
Min
(180
0
, T
ZMAX
, ) can be
calculated.
Concluding the above analysis, we can reason the method distinguishing fault from power swing:
1. Within time
, if R < KR
Min
(180
0
, T
ZMAX
, ) is satisfied, it is determined that fault occurs
in power system.
2. Within time
, if R KR
Min
(180
0
, T
ZMAX
, ) is satisfied, it is determined that swing occurs
in power system.
When fault occurs, it is possible that formula (1) is satisfied due to time
too small, however,
can be increased to relax the restrained condition R < KR

Min
(180
0
, T
ZMAX
, ), and to make
use of it to identify fault gradually.
c) When fault suddenly occurs on the protected line, if the angles between two
sources do not reach 180, or three-phase fault occurs outside the swing center, the
magnitude and angle of pre- or post-fault impedance must have great sudden
change. Based on this characteristic, distance element can be enabled quickly when
three-phase fault occurs in power system without serious swing or under the
conditions that swing does not occur after protection pickup for 150ms.
24
5.3 Monitoring function
5.3.1 Software monitoring
5.3.1.1 Loss of measure voltage detection
Interruptions in the secondary circuits of voltage transformers is detected and
reported by the device. Two criteria are set to detect VT circuit opened and both of
them have delay time. Only under normal operation and without any element startup,
they are put into operating. Hardly does the circuit-opened detector stop operating
when any startup element operates, and it is not enabled until all system reset.
Criterion a: The sum of three phase voltages is not equal to
zero,
. . .
c b a
U U U + + >7V(r.m.s)
This is used to detect one phase or two phases circuit open.
Criterion b: When VT is connected to bus, if any phase voltage U
a
, U
b
or U
c
is
less than 8V, VT fuse fail is confirmed
When VT is connected to line, if any phase voltage Ua, Ub or Uc is less than
8V, and any phase current is larger than 0.04In or circuit breaker (CB) is in the
closed state, VT fuse fail is confirmed
The additional current condition of criterion b is to avoid undesired alarms before CB
is switched on when VT is on the line side. The additional condition which CB is in
the closed state is to avoid that the system can be unable to give an alarm in case of
loss of voltage for three phases when the line current is too small (for example, CB
lying at another terminal of the line is off).
When VT circuit is opened, VT Fail is reported, and all distance units, negative
sequence directional unit, abrupt directional element, directional over current unit and
zero current unit with direction are forbidden to operate. Measure voltage will be
continuously supervised in order that each element can be automatically put into the
operation again as soon as the voltage returns to the normal.
VT Fail judge logic is shown below in Fig.5-9:
25
Relay startup
3U0 >7V
NO DI CB
OPEN
1
OR1
&
AND2
&
AND1
VT_bus
1
OR2
Relay test
Ia(b,c) >
0.04In
Ua(b,c) < 8V
&
AND3
&
AND4
&
AND5
VT FAIL
Fig.5-9 VT Fail judge logic
5.3.1.2 CT failure/current unbalance
To prevent the relay from wrong trip, interruptions in the secondary circuits of current
transformers is detected and reported by the device. When the zero-sequence
current is always larger than the setting value of 3I0 for 12s, CT Fail will be reported
and zero-sequence current protection will be blocked.
5.3.1.3 Check Phase-sequence for voltage and current
In normal condition of power system, whether AC circuits of three phases are
connected in right sequence or not can be distinguished by phasor comparison of
three phases current and voltage. If they are in abnormal sequence, 3-PH SEQ Err
will be reported.
26
5.3.1.4 Check 3I0 polarity
By comparing value and phasor of calculation 3I0 (I
A
+ I
B
+ I
C
) with that of 3I0 external
connected, whether the polarity of external 3I0 is connected in reverse or not can be
differentiated, if it is in reverse, 3I0 Reverse will be reported.
5.3.1.5 Check the third harmonic of voltage
If the third harmonic voltage exceeds 4V, Harmonic Alarm will be reported with 10s
delay time, but the protection is not blocked.
5.3.1.6 Line reference voltage check
Under the auto-reclose condition of three-phase mode, if there is current through line
or not, input of auxiliary tripping contact of CB, which indicates CB is in the close
state. The following methods can check the line voltage in good condition.
When AR_check Sync or AR_check low U is set for automatic reclosure modes, if
the voltages between both sides of CB can not meet the setting synchronism
condition, which is confirmed with 14s delay time, SYN Voltage Err is reported. The
system supervises extractive voltage on real time.
5.3.1.7 Check auxiliary contact of circuit breaker (CB)
If there is input signal of auxiliary contact of CB, and corresponding phase has
current, which is confirmed with 2s-delay time, CB Open Err is reported.
5.3.1.8 Check for the illogicality of setting
a) In function of pilot protection such as< POR mode > and < PUR mode >, if both
modes are put into operation at the same time, Pilot FUNC Alarm is alarmed.
b) In function of automatic recolsure of equipment, if any two kinds of modes are put
into operation at the same time among < AR_No check >, < AR_check low U > and <
AR_check Sync >, AR FUNC Alarm is alarmed.
c) Choose VT mode, If two kinds of modes are put into operation at the same time <
VT_line >and < VT_bus>, VT Choice Alarm is alarmed. If for < VT_line >and <
VT_bus> is not put into operation, relay is put into operation for < VT_bus>.
d) In function of distance protection, Z4 put into operation, if two kinds of modes are
put into operation at the same time < Reverse_Z4 >and < Forward_Z4 >, Z4 Choice
Alarm is alarmed.
5.3.1.9 Check of the CSC-162relay system
a) CPU module check. CPU module performs self-testing to its memories, analog
channels and program during power on, parts of the above are checked by itself in
real time during the system running. If any of them is confirmed to be incorrect, alarm
will be given, and the protection will be blocked.
27
b) The sampled data can be checked with each other in real time due to the
redundancy of double A/D channel for one analog quality. If the difference between
two channels exceeds the setting limit, one of the double channels is regarded as
fault one.
c) Each I/O module performs self-testing during power-up and real-time self-tests.
Self-testing checks input channel, output channel, memories and code areas etc.
Self-testing of input channel is performed by bit changing simulation. Self-testing of
output channel includes coil tests and outer circuit tests. The tests are very thorough
with wide range, if any failure is confirmed, alarm is given.
d) Real-time self-testing of communication ports. CPU module and MASTER module
perform real-time self-tests of communication among all kinds of function modules.
When interrupt communication is detected, alarm is given.
e) MASTER module performs self-testing at power-up and real-time self-testing that
check memories, program areas and relevant communication with the outside. If any
abnormal event is detected, alarm will be given. The setting and strap messages
stored in this module are checked with each other.
f) Real-time supervision for DC power supply.
g) CRC checks for the setting etc.
5.3.2 switch-on-to-fault protection (SOTF)
The input of auxiliary tripping contact of CB lasts 10s, later I operates, and then the
system regards this condition as manual closure of the CB. If no fault is detected, 1s
later, the whole system resets. If fault is detected, instantaneous trip function put into
operation.
Distance relay use impedance element to detect fault, zero-current relay operates
with 100ms delay, when fault occurs during switch-on-to-fault.
When switch-on-to-fault line occurs, if the binary setting of distance relay is enabled,
the distance relay will accelerate to operate. Six loops of impedance will be
calculated, if any of them is located in the area of operating characteristics with offset
region, the distance relay trips with no delay time.
5.3.3 Tripping after automatic reclose
If the fault still exists after automatic reclose, then the protective elements will re-trip
the circuit breaker.
The equipment requires three auxiliary tripping contacts of segregated phase
respectively as three binary inputs. For 3/2 bus connection scheme, each phase
tripping contacts of two breakers must be series at first, and then the series contacts
of each phase are connected to the corresponding binary input of the equipment.
When the equipment has detected CB opened, and any phase current is larger than
0.1In(three-phase reclose mode) or the input of auxiliary tripping contact disappears,
the equipment thinks that line has reclosed.
28
5.3.4 The conditions of relay reset
When all the following conditions have been meet for 5s, the whole relay resets from
fault dealt program.
a) Six loops of impedance are outside the 4 zone of impedance.
b) Zero-current is less than the setting of zero-current startup value.
c) All three-phase currents are less than the setting I_PS of loss of static
stability.
5.4 Other logic of protection
5.4.1 Logic after tripping
After tripping commands sent out, the current of tripping phase is in the supervision.
When tripping phase has not current, the protection system considers that CB has
been opened. If tripping phase always has current, the system output three-phase
trip signal with 150ms delay. After this, if any phase current lasts 150ms, three-phase
final tripping command is issued. Later, if CB still in close state lasts 5s, three-phase
final tripping failure alarm will be sent out, and the whole relay will reset.
Trip command will be withdrawal as soon as fault is cleared. To ensure that CB trips
reliably, withdrawal command is impossible to be considered within 40ms after trip
command sent out.
When there is no current flowing through three phases for 12s after the output of
three-phase trip command, the program routine jumps to the whole relay reset. The
delay time of 12s is to believe that the most setting delay time for three-pole
autoclosure is impossible larger than 10s.
After tripping command output, the sending signal command (for permissive mode)
does not return until tripping command has been withdrawal for 120ms in order to
ensure the tele protection of both terminals to operate reliably.
5.4.2 Reverse directional elements
Impedance directional element is set forward directional element. The threshold of
forward directional element can be set while that of reverse directional element need
not whose sensitivity is automatically higher than forward element.
The usage of the reverse directional element is as follows.
a) Tele protection sends signal with 40ms-delay time when the directional elements
change from reverse direction to forward direction. It prevents relay wrong tripping
when zero-sequence or negative-sequence power reversing flow during external
faults cleared.
b) In the protection logic for weak-source system, only all the forward and reverse
directional elements do not operate, the send signal element using low-voltage
could be put into operation.
29
5.4.3 Protection schemes for feeder
If one side of the line is feeder, when forward fault for the relay at feeder side occurs,
the fault characters are no longer same as that of two side source system. To
perform selective tripping function for a line with feeder, feeder tripping of pilot
protection must be put into operation.
If feeder function is enabled, CSC-162can fit the following conditions.
When internal faults occur, the local relay sends out permissive signal (permissive
mode) in order that the relay at power source side trips quickly. The relay at weak-
source side can correctly perform selective trip.
Phase selector of the relay at weak-source end can meet the phase-selection
requirements for line faults, and the relay can correctly perform selective trip. Even if
faults occur on load terminal line, the relay can either send out tripping command
quickly and exactly or select fault phase correctly.
5.4.4.1 Logic of low-voltage pickup
When abrupt current startup element does not pick up, if feeder function is enabled,
relay starts up under the following conditions.
a) Voltage is lower than 30V.
b) Receiving signal.
After pickup, the feeder relay will send signal (for permissive mode) quickly, and
extend the signal 120ms to ensure the relay at power source side to trip quickly.
5.4.4.2 The relay trip logic at feeder
At feeder side, if the relay have picked up and the following conditions are satisfied,
the relay of permissive mode sends permissive signal. If the setting of the relay at
feeder is enabled, the relay can trip after confirming permissive signal.
c) At least one phase voltage or phase-phase voltage is less than 30V.
d) Both the forward and reverse directional elements do not operate.
e) Pickup time is less than 200ms.
f) Receiving permissive signal for 5ms.
5.5 Tele protection schemes for Distance protection
It is applicable to two kinds of communication modes: permissive under reach
mode (PUR) and permissive over reach mode (POR).

30
5.5.1 Pilot protection logic for permissive mode
5.5.1.1 Overreach permissive
CSC-162pilot protection logic for overreach permissive mode is shown in Fig.5-10.
When internal fault occurs, the startup elements and zone 2 can operate, permissive
signal is sent out to the remote to permit the remote trip. If it is external fault that
occurs on line, the forward directional element of one end of the line operates and
does not receive permissive signal while that of another end of the line does not
operate and receive permissive signal, therefore, both ends cant trip.
a) Internal fault
<Startup element>operates, relay trip for meeting following condition.
1) Instantaneous trip if Zone 1 Operation
2) Zone 2 + permission Signal from Remote end for 5ms.
Zone 2 operates that permissive signal is sent out to the remote.
b) External Fault
Because the directional element near fault detects reverse direction, it does not send
permissive signal to the remote. Although the remote relay can send signal, it cannot
receive the remote permissive signal, therefore, both of two sides do not trip.
c) Power flow reversing for external fault
The method to resolve this problem for the relay is that the relay sends signal with
40ms delay time when the directional element operates from the reverse to the
forward to avoid the period in which both sides are forward direction, and then both
sides trip after sending signal is confirmed with 15ms delay when internal fault occurs
again.
d) Protection schemes for feeder
The binary setting Feeder_FUNC is enabled.
1. For feeder end, abrupt current startup element cannot operates, the logic of the
low voltage is startup:
If the relay at feeder end receives the remote permissive signal and <low voltage
element> operates, relay startup.
2. For feeder end, abrupt current startup element operates, the operating logic of
the relay is as below.
Within 200ms after protection pickup, if <low voltage element> operates, both the
forward and reverse directional element at feeder end do not operate, and the
permissive signal has been received for 5ms, (sending signal) lasted for 120ms to
ensure the relay at power source end trips quickly, feeder end can also trip.
e) The protection is not picked up, receives the remote signal < CARR
RECEIVED > and there are < CB OPEN >, (send signal) can be done for 200ms to
ensure the remote pilot protection operates reliably.

31

Relay
startup
&
AND-2
Zone 2
operation
Delay time
5ms
Relay reset
&
AND-1
&
AND-4
CARR Send
signal
&
AND-5
Trip three
phase
Single fault
Multiphase
fault
&
AND-6
&
AND-7
Trip three
phase
Three
phase fault
&
AND-8
Permenent
trip
&
AND-3
Low voltage
CARR
Received
&
AND-9
OR-2
|0 120|
CB OPEN
&
AND-
11
|0 200|
OR-1
Fig.5-10 CSC-162pilot protection for overreach permission mode logic
5.5.2.2 Under reach permissive
CSC-162pilot protection logic for under reach permissive mode is shown in Fig.5-11.
When internal fault occurs, the startup elements and zone 1 can operate, permissive
signal is sent out to the remote to permit the remote trip. If it is external fault that
occurs on line, the forward directional element of one end of the line operates and
does not receive permissive signal while that of another end of the line does not
operate and receive permissive signal, therefore, both ends cant trip.
a) Internal fault
<Startup element>operates, relay trip for meeting following condition.
1) Instantaneous trip if Zone 1 Operation
2) Zone 2 + permission Signal from Remote end for 5ms.
Zone 1 operates that permissive signal is sent out to the remote.

32
b) External Fault
Because the directional element near fault detects reverse direction, it does not send
permissive signal to the remote. Although the remote relay can send signal, it cannot
receive the remote permissive signal, therefore, both of two sides do not trip.
c) Power flow reversing for external fault
The method to resolve this problem for the relay is that the relay sends signal with
40ms delay time when the directional element operates from the reverse to the
forward to avoid the period in which both sides are forward direction, and then both
sides trip after sending signal is confirmed with 15ms delay when internal fault occurs
again.
d) Protection schemes for feeder
The binary setting Feeder_FUNC is enabled.
(1) For feeder end, abrupt current startup element cannot operates, the logic of
the low voltage is startup:
If the relay at feeder end receives the remote permissive signal and <low voltage
element> operates, relay startup.
(2) For feeder end, abrupt current startup element operates, the operating logic of
the relay is as below.
Within 200ms after protection pickup, if <low voltage element> operates, both the
forward and reverse directional element at feeder end do not operate, and the
permissive signal has been received for 5ms, (sending signal) lasted for 120ms to
ensure the relay at power source end trips quickly. Feeder end can also trip.
e) The protection is not picked up, receives the remote signal < CARR
RECIEVED > and there are < CB OPEN >, (send signal) can be done for 200ms to
ensure the remote pilot protection operates reliably.
33

Relay
startup
&
AND-2
Zone 1
operation
Delay time
5ms
Relay reset
&
AND-1
&
AND-4
CARR Send
signal
&
AND-5
Trip three
phase
Single fault
Multiphase
fault
&
AND-6
&
AND-7
Trip three
phase
Three
phase fault
&
AND-8
Permenent
trip
&
AND-3
Low voltage
CARR
Received
&
AND-9
OR-2
|0 120|
CB OPEN
&
AND-
11
|0 200|
OR-1
Zone 2
operation
Fig.5-11 CSC-162pilot protections for under reach permission mode logic
Pilot direct trip function
The pilot protection has input of B/LBB OPTD, it will give output Direct trip send
for 200ms. If it has input of Direct trip RECV, it will give output Direct trip RECV.
Direct trip
RECV
B/LBB OPTD
Direct trip
RECV
0 200
Direct trip
send
Input Output
34
5.6 Four zones distance protection
The distance relay consists of 4 zones phase-to-phase and 4 zones phase-to-earth
distance elements, which is applied to remove phase-to-phase fault and single
phase-to-earth fault.
Zone 1, zone 2, zone 3 and zone 4 of distance relay are controlled respectively to be
on or off by the binary setting. Zone 4 of distance relay can be set to operate in
forward or reverse direction.
5.6.1 Some introductions of the program logic of the distance protection
5.6.1.1 Power swing blocking
After the abrupt current startup element operates, the protection switches the
executing program to the fault processed part, the distance measurement element is
instantaneously opened for 150ms. Within 150ms, zone 1, zone 2, zone 3 and zone
4 of distance relay are fixedly put into operation. The abrupt current startup element
operates after 150ms , or when the loss of static stability startup element or zero-
current startup element operates, before the setting of T_PS NOBLOCKING, the
executing program will directly go into the logic part of power swing blocking. In this
period, four zones of distance relay must be enabled by fault detector of power swing
blocking, that is, asymmetry faults are detected by asymmetry fault detector, three
phase fault is detected by the impedance change rate detector (dR/dt)
Four zones of distance relay are controlled by the setting to be selected whether they
are blocked during power swing. If the setting is set off, four zones of distance relay
are put into operation without blocking all the time during power swing.
During power swing, there is a special program module to detect whether power
swing quiets down or not, that is, if all zero-current elements, Power swing current
detection element and six impedances of four zones of distance relay dont operate,
after 5s, the whole system resets.
5.6.1.2 Loss of Potential Measurement
The distance relay exits after loss of measure voltage, and at the same time, the
measure voltage of VT is monitored continually. Once the voltage comes to the
normal, the distance relay will be automatically put into operation again.
35
5.6.2 Function of the distance relay as shown in Tab.5-4
Tab. 5-4
Item
Zone
binary setting
Z_PS
blocking
Trip mode trip control
Zone 1
Blocked /
unblocked
Three phase trip
the setting of
Z1_FUNC
Zone 2
Blocked /
unblocked
Trip_no AR
the setting of
Z2_FUNC
Zone 3
Blocked /
unblocked
Trip_no AR
the setting of
Z3_FUNC
Zone 4
Blocked /
unblocked
Trip_no AR
the setting of
Z4_FUNC
5.6.3The scheme logic of distance protection
The scheme logic of distance protection is shown in Fig.5-12.
a) The measure element is enabled to operate for 150ms after abrupt current
startup, if the calculated impedance lies in zone 1 of the distance relay:
Whether zone 1 of the relay is blocked during power swing or not is controlled
by the setting Z1_PS blocking. If the setting Z1_PS blocking is set to
off, power swing blocking is disabled,. If the setting Z1_PS blocking is set
to on, power swing blocking is enabled, distance relay are opened through
detecting fault. Relay startup reclose after Zone 1 trip.
b) If the calculated impedance lie in the operating area of zone 2:
Whether zone 2 is blocked during power swing or not is controlled by the
setting Z2_PS blocking. If the setting Z2_PS blocking is set to off, power
swing blocking is disabled. If the setting Z2_PS blocking is set to on,
power swing blocking is enabled. Relay dont startup reclose after Zone 2 trip
with delay time.
c) Fault occurs in the range of zone 3:
with delay time.
d) Fault occurs in the range of zone 4:
with delay time. Zone 4 can be select Reverse_Z4 or Forward_Z4,
Reverse_Z4 mainly apply to blocking mode.
36
Four zones distance relay dont consider power swing blocking after abrupt
current startup for the setting T_PS NOBLOCKING.
e) Permanent trip for three-phase fault:
Relay will permanent trip for three-phase fault.
f) Switch-on-to- fault: If any impedance lies in the area of zone 1, zone 2, zone
3, relay permanent trip immediately.

Current
change
startup
&
AND-3
I_PS start
up
Zone 1 -pe
Zero-
sequence
current
startup
&
AND-4
&
AND-6
Trip three
phase
Single fault
&
AND-9
Trip three
phase
Three
phase fault
&
AND-
10
Permenent
trip
Zone 2
Forward
direction
&
AND-
11
Zone 4
SOTF
OR-4
OR-6
|150 0|
OR-1
Fault detect
swing
unblocking
VT fail
Zone 1 -pp
Z1(2,3,4)_PS
blocking
&
AND-2
OR-2
OR-3
&
AND-1
&
AND-5
Zone 3
OR-7
|T2 0|
|T3 0|
|T4 0|
&
AND-8
&
AND-
12
Fig.5-12 Distance protection logic
37
5.7 Zero-current protection
5.7.1 Configuration and principle
One stage directional definite time and inverse time zero current protection are set
during three-phase operation. Directional element of zero current protection is fixed.
Zero current is controlled to be on or off by the setting of 3I0_FUNC, and inverse
time zero current protection is controlled to be on or off by the setting of 3I0_INV
FUNC, Directional element of inverse time zero current protection is controlled to be
on or off by the setting of 3I0_INV DIR.
5.7.2 Inverse time zero current protection
The directional element of inverse time zero current protection can be on or off via
the setting of 3I0_INV FUNC. Its characteristic is written as below:
Where: Id fault current.
T0_factor time coefficient of inverse time zero current.
N0 Index setting of inverse time zero current.
3I0_INV current setting of inverse time zero current.
T0_INV delay time setting of inverse time zero current which can meet the
requirement that inverse time zero current co-operates with different protection.
Inverse curves can be obtained according to the following setting:
N0 =0.02 and T0_factor =0.14 Standard inverse (IEC Standard)
N0 =1 and T0_factor =13.5 Very inverse
N0 =2 and T0_factor =80 Extremity inverse.
5.7.3 Some explain about the program of zero current protection
a) The polarity of 3U
0
The protection system employs the self-count 3U0 which is obtained by the sum
of three phase voltages by means of software for the zero-sequence directional
element to detect direction. If VT circuit is open, zero protection with directional
element exits automatically.
b) CT circuit open
To prevent sensitive zero current from maloperation caused by CT circuit open,
the character that the zero-sequence voltage is zero in case of CT open can be
employed to block zero-current directional protection which may maloperate by
zero- sequence directional element. Zero current will last for a long time as CT
circuit is open, if zero current is larger than the setting of 3I
0
continuously for
12s, CT Fail will be reported, and every stage of zero protection will be
blocked.
T0_INV
1 )
3I0_INV
(
T0_factor
N0
+
=
Id
T
38
5.7.4 Function of zero current protection as shown in Tab.5-5
Tab.5-5
Item
stage
Directional
element controlled
by setting
Tripping mode
controlled by setting
Output
control
Definite time of
zero current
fixed with direction Permanent trip
the setting of
3I0_FUNC
Inverse time of
zero current
the
setting3I0_INV
DIR is on or off
Permanent trip
the setting of
3I0_INV
FUNC
5.7.5The scheme logic of zero-current protection
The scheme logic of zero-current protection is shown in Fig.5-13.
After the abrupt current startup element or zero current assistant startup element
operate, the protection system goes into the executing program to the fault
processed. Definite time zero current and inverse time zero current are put into
operation under three-phase operation.

Permenent
trip
3I 0> 3I 0
SOTF
| T0 |
OR-3
&
Forward
direction
VT fail
CT fail
|12s 0|
CT fail
ALARM
&
&
3I0
3I0_INV DIR
&
|T_INV |
3I0 FUNC
3I0_INV FUNC
Fig.5-13 zero current protection logic
39
5.8 Direction over current protection
5.8.1 Configuration and principle
This protection function is a backup protection for the transmission line and the
power system. The protection comprises one stage definite time over current and
inverse time over current. The over current protection function can be applied to via
binary settings.
Each phase current is compared with the setting value Ioc_pe after numerical
filtering. Currents above the associated pickup value are detected and signaled. The
protection is blocked by directional element. Directional element is 90 connection
mode. Current of each phase is controlled by corresponding directional component.
Following figure (Fig.5-14) is over current directional element(current lags and angle
of voltage is positive).
directional element
I U
A I
A
U
BC
B I
B
U
CA
C I
C
U
AB
Forward -90 arg (U/I) 30
I
U
30
forward
Fig.5-14 over current directional
After expiry of the associated time delays Toc_pea trip command is issued. The
function can be operation via a binary setting OC_FUNC ,and inverse time over
current protection is controlled to be on or off by the setting of OC_INV_FUNC,
Directional element of inverse time over current protection is controlled to be on or
off by the setting of OC_INV DIR.. The over current function is permanent trip.
5.8.2 Inverse time over current protection
The directional element of inverse time over current protection can be on or off via
the setting of OC_INV FUNC. Its characteristic is written as below-
40
Where-Id fault current.
Toc_factor time coefficient of inverse time over current.
Noc Index setting of inverse time over current.
OC_INV current setting of inverse time over current.
Toc_INV delay time setting of inverse time over current which can meet the
requirement that inverse time over current co-operates with different protection.
Inverse curves can be obtained according to the following setting-
Noc =0.02 and Toc_factor =0.14 Standard inverse (IEC Standard)
Noc =1 and Toc_factor =13.5 Very inverse
Noc =2 and Toc_factor =80 Extremity inverse.
The following figure (Fig.5-15) shows the logic diagram for over current.
Permenent
trip
I > I oc_pe
| Toc |
&
Forward
direction
VT fail
&
&
I
OC_INV DIR
&
| T_INV |
OC FUNC
OC_INV FUNC
Note: I is phase current of Ia, Ib, Ic. Fig.5-15 Over current logic
5.9 Over voltage protection
The relay comprises 2 stages over voltage function. The phase voltage is measured
directly at the VT. The over voltage Function can be applied to via binary settings.
Each phase voltage is compared with the setting value OV1_pe after numerical
filtering. Voltages above the associated pickup value are detected and signaled.
After expiry of the associated time delays Tov1_pea trip command is issued. The
following figure (Fig.5-16) shows the logic diagram for first stage over voltage. The
stage can be operation via a binary setting OV1_FUNC. Two stages over voltage is
permanent trip.
Toc_INV
1 )
_
(
_
+
=
Noc
INV Ioc
Id
factor Toc
T
41
Permenent
trip
U>OV1_pe
Tov2_pe
U>OV2_pe
Tov1_pe
OV1_FUNC
OV2_FUNC
&
&
Note: U is phase voltage of Ua,Ub,Uc.
Fig.5-16 Over voltage logic
5.10 Under voltage protection
The protection comprises 2 stages under voltage. The phase voltage is measured
directly at the VT. The under voltage protection Function can be applied to via binary
settings.
Each phase voltage is compared with the setting value UV1_pe after numerical
filtering. Voltages under the associated pickup value are detected and signaled.
After expiry of the associated time delays Tuv1_pea trip command is issued. The
following figure (Fig.5-17) shows the logic diagram for first stage under voltage. The
stage can be operation via a binary setting UV1_FUNC. Two stages under voltage is
permanent trip.
VT fail
U<UV1_pe
&
I>0.1In
Initiate AR
Tuv1_pe
&
U<UV2_pe
&
Tuv2_pe
Permenent
trip
UV1_FUNC
UV2_FUNC
&
&
Note: U is phase voltage of Ua,Ub,Uc.
Fig.5-17 Under voltage logic
5.11 Breaker failure protection
In the event of a fault on the transmission line, the transmission line can remain on
line if the circuit breaker is defective and could suffer substantial damage. The
breaker failure protection Function can be applied to via binary settings of CBF_
FUNC.
If the breaker failure protection is intended to be initiated by internal protective
tripping or external via binary input, to connect binary inputs of START CBF 3-PH to
the device. Fig.5-18 shows the operating principle. When the trip signal appears from
42
any internal or external protection and at least one current is larger than I_CBF, the
breaker failure protection is initiated and the corresponding delay time T_CBF is
START 3-PH CBF. When three-phase circuit breaker failure start up, single-phase
circuit breaker failure will be started up.
Relay trip
DI of Start CBF
3-PH
1
IA>I_CBF
IB>I_CBF
IC>I_CBF
&
T_CBF
3P_CBF startup
CBF_ FUNC
1
Fig.5-18 Circuit Breaker Failure Protection logic Figure
5.12 Autoreclose
5.12.1 Autoreclose mode
CSC-162protection system is provided with autoreclose whose performance is only
to close the circuit breaker but not to select fault phase and trip.
CSC-162protection system only have three phase autoreclose mode. In CSC-
162relay you can setup control word AR_3p modeto enable auto re-close.
AR_3p mode-if three phase trip, and relay then reclose regardless of the fault types,
whether single-phase fault or multi-phase fault.
CSC-162have 4 checking modes of reclose : AR_No check, AR_check Sync,
AR_check low U and AR_CB3, you can select any one of them by control word to
enable it , if you select one checking mode ,conditions must be satisfied ,so
autoreclose can perform.
5.12.2 Voltage and synchronism check
When all three phases of the circuit breaker are open, three kinds of check mode are
provided as below.
a. Synchronism check: If the line voltages and bus bar voltages are larger than
the value of have voltage setting, and meet the synchronous conditions,
synchronizing reclose can be performed.
b. Low voltage check: If the line voltages are checked to be less than the value of
no-voltage setting, reclose can be performed. If the line voltages and bus bar
voltages are all larger than the value of voltage setting, the check mode is
automatically turned to synchronism check to reclose.
c. No check: Whatever the line voltage and bus bar voltage are, autoreclose is
43
performed.when relay only enable AR_3p mode,and dont select any reclose
mode of AR_No check, AR_check low U and AR_check Syn,then relay think
it is in AR_No check mode .
Note : (1)The threshold of low voltage check is 17V of rated voltage and that of
voltage check is 40V of rated voltage, the angle of synchronism check
can be set.
(2)The voltage phases of synchronism check or low voltage check need
not be set, as the protection system can automatically identify, that is to
say, if autoreclose check mode is set to synchronism check or no-voltage
check, the voltage phases is identified according to the voltage from the
bus and line. When CB is closed, if the voltage phases whose voltage
can be satisfied with synchronism check cant be found, SYN Voltage
Err is alarmed, and A-phase voltage is regarded as the synchronism
voltage.
The voltages provided for the relays are always from the bus VT, so the
reference voltage is referred to the voltage at terminal Ux for low voltage
check or synchronism check.
(3) When three check modes of autoreclose are all disenabled, the faceplate
of LCD displays: check mode: No check.
5.12.3 Charge and discharge of autoreclose
To avoid repetitious autoreclose, a special timer with charging interval for the setting
T_Reclaim is set to perform the function of charge and discharge. Only after charge
has been finished, autoreclose is enabled while charge is not finished, autoreclose is
disenabled.
a) The charge time counter starts when the following conditions are satisfied.
(1) There is no input of CB OPEN.
(2) The startup elements of autoreclose do not operate.
(3) No input of blocking autoreclose.
b) The charge time counter is reset when the following conditions are satisfied.
(1) External signals of blocking reclose are received.
(2) Discharge is performed when the reclose command is output.
(3) There is no input of CB OPEN or INITIATE 3PH A/R when charge is not
finished.
(4)During autoreclose startup, the opened phase has current.
5.12.4 Autoreclosure pickup
Two kinds of pickup mode are set by relay internal trip, digital input of other relay trip
or the auxiliary contacts of CB.
a) Auto re-close startup caused by other relay trip
Input terminal INITIATE 3PH A/R. The relay must return immediately after a
successful tripping and reclosure is started after the contacts return from the close
position.
b) Internal tripping signals have pick up autoreclose, therefore, the input terminal
44
for INITIATE 3PH A/R which need not be connected again from external contacts.
Only distance zone 1 and pilot relay operate to startup reclose. Other relays operate
to block AR.
c) Autoreclose shot caused by the auxiliary contacts of CB
Autoreclose shot caused by the auxiliary contacts of CB is mainly considered for CB
occasional mal-open. The CB occasional mal-open of three-phase can be set by the
control word to decide whether to pick up reclose or not.
In addition, no accelerated contacts are given after successful reclose caused by the
auxiliary contacts of CB.
5.12.5 Reclose
When autoreclose is picked up, the following functions are performed before reclose
signal output.
a) Continue to detect the digital input of A/R BLOCK. If it is received, time
counter of charging will be cleared, and the program of autoreclose will
be reset.
b) Voltage check is performed according to the setting of voltage and
synchronism check, if voltage condition is not satisfied, the counter of
time delay of autoreclose is cleared.
c) If reclose command is sent out, autoreclose module is reset in 4s.
When autoreclose is picked up, the discharging conditions are satisfied,
autoreclose module is reset immediately and reclose is disabled.
If it is caused by unsatisfied synchronism conditions or the others that reclose can
not be performed successfully, autoreclose model will be reset with a certain time
delay. Under three-phase autoreclose mode, it is the setting delay of three-phase
autoreclose +12s.
The voltages provided for the CSC-162protection system are always from the bus
VT, so the reference voltage is referred to the voltage at terminal Ux for no-
voltage check or synchronism check. If the line voltages and bus voltages are all
larger than the value of voltage setting, the check mode is automatically turned to
synchronism check.
5.12.6 Blocking AR condition
Relay will block reclose when any conditions occur, at the same time, it gives output
of AR Lockout Alarm.
a) Distance zone 1 operates when equipment has digital input of CARRIER
FAIL.
b) Distance zone 1 or pilot operates when the fault occur again after reclosing .
c) Distance zone 1 or pilot operates when equipment has digital input of A/R
BLOCK .
45
5.12.8 Both series of autoreclose operating at the same time
The CB closed state are detected according to trip and current, when two series of
autoreclose are set for one breaker and both of them are put into operation, it is
impossible for the second autoreclose to take place.
5.12.9The scheme logic of autoreclose
The scheme logic of auto reclose is shown in Fig.5-19.
AR_3p mode on , if the three-phase occasional mal-tripping occurs, whether starting
the reclose or not is determined by the control word, that is the control word of
AR_CB3,the AR_CB3 is setuped to 1 to enable autoreclose. The AR_CB3 is
setuped to 0 to disenable autoreclose.
Reclose
CB OPEN
INITIATE
3PH A/R from
1 to 0
AR_3p mode
AR_No check
Syn condition meet
A/R BLOCK
Low condition voltage
Distance trip
T3p_AR
&
AR_CB3
&
AR_check Syn
AR_check low U
&
&
Fig.5-19 CSC-162automatic re-close logic
46
5.13 Broken Conductor Function
This function can be enabled by control word of BROKEN COND_FUNC,if the
function is enabled ,and relay will check several conditions to judge Broken
Conductor ,the conditions as below :
1) |Ia-Ib|or|Ib-Ic|or|Ic-Ia| 0.15In
2) I2 > setting value of 3I2_BROKEN COND
3) T > setting value of T_BROKEN COND
4) no CB OEN digital input
Broken Conductor function scheme logic is shown in Fig.5-20.
CB OPEN
|Ia-Ib|or|Ib-Ic|
or|Ic-Ia|>0.15In
I2> 3I2_BROEKN COND
T_BROKEN COND
&
Report&Alarm
BROKEN COND FUNC
Fig.5-20 Broken Conductor Function logic
47
6. Installation and commissioning
6.1 Unpacking & re-packing
When dispatched from the factory, the equipment is packed in accordance with
the guidelines laid down in IEC 60255-21, which specifies the impact resistance
of packaging. This packing shall be removed with care, without force to the
equipment and without the use of inappropriate tools.
The equipment should be visually checked to ensure that there are no external
traces of damage. Verify that the conformity certificates, matched documents,
accessories are consistent with the order requirements, and ensure that the type,
nameplate, numbers of the equipments are perfect and consistent with
encasement sheet.
The transport packing can be re-used for further transport when applied in the
same way. The storage packing of the individual equipments is not suited to
transport. If alternative packing is used, this must also provide the same degree
of protection against mechanical shock, as laid down in IEC 60255-21-1 class 2
and IEC 60255-21-2 class 1.
Before initial energization with supply voltage, the equipment shall be situated in
the operating area for at least two hours in order to ensure temperature
equalization and to avoid humidity influences and condensation.
6.2 Mounting
The equipment ought to be fixed on panel or cabinet, and every connection
bolt of the equipment must be firmed.
Using earthing coppery wires connect the equipment ground and panel
(cabinet) ground with bus line and verify the earthing is reliably.
Checking the connection
The equipment wiring must meet the requirements of wiring scheme.
6.3 Check before power on
Pull out all the modules, check-up whether the mechanical structure accessory on
the board becomes flexible or there are mechanical damages and whether the
wiring is fastness.
Check the man-machine interface is connected with faceplate reliable.
Check the type tag of the equipment on faceplate, the lighting tag, backboard
terminal figure, terminal number tag and nameplate label of the equipment is
intact and right.
Each module withdrawal and insertion are flexible, spaces between module and
plug slot are suitable right, and the insertion depth is satisfied. Verify the lock-up
is reliable. The slice of current connecter for short circuit ought to be opened
reliably when module is inserted.
Test insulation resistance in turn between analog circuits and ground, and the
circuits to each others every resistance must not be less than 100 M.
48
Check with power on
Power supply check
Testing of voltage output value and its stability: Every class output voltage must
be maintained stably as shown in Tab.X when the input voltage of DC power
supply is U
N
.
Tab. V
Rating voltage Permissive range
+5 4.85.2
+12 1113
12 1113
+24 2226
Give alarm after power off
Energized DC power supply, the equipment for loss of power alarm ought to
be excited reliably, and its contacts as X11-c16 and X11-a16 must be opened reliably.
Cut off rating DC power supply, the relay for loss of power alarm ought to be lost
magnetism reliably, and its contacts as X11-c16 and X11-a16 must be closed reliably.
7. Operation
7.1 Safety precautions
During the equipment tests and start-up, the general safety regulations applicable to
electrical systems must be complied with. Failure to comply with these regulations
might cause harm to the working staff and damage to property. All the inspections
and tests must only be carried out by specially trained personnel.
Check the enclosure shell has been grounded reliably and maintain electric
continuity to earth.
The general safety regulations applicable to equipments must be strictly complied
with.
Insert or pull out models must be strictly prohibited during the equipment tests
and operation.
During operation, nobody is allowed to press the keyboard on the panel
optionally.
During operation, nobody is allowed to operate the following commands:
Test DO;
Modification and write settings;
Set up numbers of running CPU;
Change setting zone;
Change address used communication net.
49
7.2 Dialog with the equipment
Setting operation and interrogation of digital protection systems can be carried
out via the integrated membrane keyboard and display panel located on the front
plate. All the necessary operating parameters can be entered and all the information
can be read out from here. For example display, main menu, debugging menu.
Operation is, additionally, possible via interface socket by means of a personal
computer or similar.
7.2.1 Front view of the relay
Front panel adopts little arc streamline and beelines sculpt, and function keys for
MMI are reasonably distributed in faceplate. Panel layout is shown in Figure 7-1.
Run
Oper at i on
Recl ose
Not Used
Not Used
Not Used
Not Used
Al ar m
F1 F2 F3 F4 + -
QUI T
SI O
SET
CSC - 162

Figure 7-1 Panel layout of CSC-161/2
7.2.2 Member of keyboard and display panel
The member of keyboard and display panel is externally arranged similar to a
pocked calculator. Figure 7.1 illustrates the front view.
The significance of the keys is explained in detail in the following.
SET
Confirmation key, used to setup or confirm
QUI T
Press this key for loop display. Current screen can be fixed to be displayed
(there is a key mark on the right corner of screen, viz. orientating current screen),
press again to cancel orientating function. Press this key during menu operation to
cancel current operation to return the upper menu. Press this key to return normal
display state to operate other key.
50
, , , : Selecting key, used to select menu on display panel. Use
and to move cursor, and : to change content.
RESET
: Used to reset LED of signal and output , return to loop display state.
Four shortcut keys and two function keys under LCD
<<F1>> Press one time, prompt Print the latest event report?
YES NO
If select YES, prompt Format of printed record wave Graph Data to select
graph format or data format to print.
Another function of key <<F1>> Press <F1> to turn screen page downward
to view set values.
<<F2>> Press one time, prompt Print set values of current setting zone?
Another function of key <<F2>> Press <F2> to turn screen page upward to
view set values.
<<F3>> Press one time, prompt Print sampled data?
<<F4>> Press one time, prompt Print device information and status?
<<+>> Function key The number of setting group +1.
Press one time, prompt Select setting zone to switch:
Current setting zone:xx; Switch setting zone: xx.
<<>> Function key, The number of setting group -1.
Press one time, prompt Select setting zone to switch:
Current setting zone:xx; Switch setting zone: xx.
SIO jack: 9-pin jack to connect external PC is dedicated interface of debugging
program CSPC.
7.2.3 LEDs Explanation
LED of CSC-162is fixed.
From up to down, the left side of LCD of CSC-162are < Run >, <Operation >,
<Reclose>, <Not Used>, <Not Used>, <Not Used>, <Not Used>, and <Alarm>
light in turn.
(1) < Run >: Lit green under normal operation, flash when protection startup..
(2) <Operation >, Lit red LED after tripping.
(3) <Reclose>, Only for auto re-closure of CSC-161/2, lit red after operation
(4) (5) (6) (7) <Not Used>
(8)<Alarm>, This is not lit under normal operation. When alarm II (abnormal
alarm) is issued, this light is lit constantly and only the corresponding
protections are out of service, power supply for protection output is not blocked.
51
When alarm I (serious alarm) is issued, this light flash and all protections are
out of service, power supply for protection output is blocked.
7.2.4 Menu structure
Loop display of screen panel in sequence is: year-month-day, hour: minute:
second, Ia, Ib, Ic, 3I0, Ua, Ub, Uc,Ux, P, Q and phasor angle, enabled, current setting
zone, channel state.
Panel display includes loop display, main menu, debugging menu for leaving
factory and window of initiative transporting report.
Main menu has 10 terms in total as shown in Tab.7.1-1. Press SET to enter into
main menu during loop display. Default operation password is 8888.
Tab.7.1-1
Main
menu
Sub-menu 1 Sub-menu 2 Explanation
AI Ia, Ib, Ic, 3I
0
,IN,Ua, Ub, Uc, Ux, IaR, IbR, IcR, 3I
0
R Select CPU
number at first
Status voltage of input 1, voltage of input 2, and output
voltage
Display magnitude
Version Display device type and version of CPU
Equipcod Device type and version, factory, I/O, Master MMI and
CPU
Provide for debug
worker and
engineer to view
DI RESET, CB OPEN, A/R BLOCK, INITIATE 3PH A/R,
B/LBB OPTD, CARR RECEIVED, DIRECT TRIP
RECV, CARRIER FAIL, START CBF 3-PH, REM
ACCESS BLK, RELAY TEST
Display current
state of inputs
open or close
Measure Ia,Ib,Ic,3I
0
,IN,Ua,Ub,Uc,Ux IaR,IbR,IcR,3I
0
R Display magnitude
and phasor
OpStatus
Impen.Z Z
a
,Z
b
,Z
c
,Z
ab
,Z
bc
,Z
ca
Complex number,
display magnitude
ProtSet Press SET select setting zone - press SET to display
all setting
Input password
firstly
ProtContWd Binary settings can set 1 or 0.
EquipPara System parameter NOT USED
BayName: Can input actual line name Setup with ISN or
CSPC
Setup address of 485 series ports
10H ~ ABH
Ethernet 1:
CommAddr
Ethernet 2:
can not be set to
0, if connected
with protocol of
CSN, extension
address of
Ethernet 2 is:
10.10.6.124
Time Made Network mode, pulse mode,IRIG-
B
Optional network
mode, pulse
based on GPS
Settings
CommPara
BaudR485 9600, 19200, 38400 Use UP or DOWN
to select
52
Latest Rpt Press SET to view
Last 6 Rpts Press SET to view
EventRpt
QueryRpt by Date Ditto
Last 6 Rpts Ditto AlarmRpt
Latest Rpt Ditto
Last 6 Rpts Ditto
StartRpt
Last 6 Rpts Ditto
Query
Report
Log
Manual
Reset
Receive reset command to reset SOE SOEReset
Automatic
Reset
Receive reset command to reset SOE
automatically in 10s
Reset mode can
be selected
V1.20 Protocol Protocol
V1.10 Protocol
CSC2000 used,
This option need
not be set if the
relay
communicates
with IEC60870-5-
103
RecPrt
Setup
Setup for record print: Setup for analog
quantities print, such as voltage and current.
Setup for I/O print, such as trip and
command etc.
SetPrint
Print
Mode
Print record automatically, print binary
setting, mode of record print Data or
Graph
to be selected,
not to be
selected
103Type Display current type: F2H Set function
coding of
IEC60870-5-103
Setup
ModifyPW Password can be modified Password of
leaving factory:
8888
ProtSet Please select setting zone
EquipPara None
Report EventRpt, StartRpt, AlarmRpt ,Log
Setup Print Equipment Setup
Status Analog input, version, digital input, system state,
system code, strap state
AI Analog input
Version CPU version
Equipcode Equipment code
DI Digital input
PrtMeasure Print Measure Data
Print
PrtSample Print Sampling Data, select CPU number at first
Connect the
printer
Test DO
ALARM I, ALARMII, 3-Phase Trip, Permanent Trip,
Initiate 3PH A/R,CARR Send CH-1, Direct Trip Send,
CARR Fail Alarm, AR TO Close CB, U/V_O/V-1,
U/V_O/V-2, Start 3-PH CBF, AR Lockout Alarm, VT
Fail, SOTF Alarm, CARR Received, Direct Trip RECV,
Weak End Infeed, PSB Alarm
Input password at
first
Current Year month day hour minute sec Set Time
Set Year month day hour minute sec
Modify with the
key of UP DOWN
LEFT RIGHT
53
Contrast Test effect Modify contrast with key of UP and DOWN
SimuReSig Simu Alarm, Simu Trip, Simu connt, Simu
DI,TransRecData, Simu MST Alarm
Use or to
select
SwSetGrp Switch setting zone
ViewDrift Ia,Ib,Ic,3I
0,
Ua, In, Ub,Uc,Ux, IaR, IbR, IcR, 3I
0
R
AdjDrift Ia,Ib,Ic,3I
0,
0
R
ViewScale Ia,Ib,Ic,3I
0,
0
R
AdjScale Ia,Ib,Ic,3I
0,
0
R
Testing
PrtSample Print sampled data of nominated CPU
Input password at
first
Contrast LCD Contrast Regulation Modify with the
key of UP DOWN
Press QUIT+SET to enter into debugging menu for leaving factory. Input debugging
password, the menu is presented with 8 categories. Select one category to press
SET, more notation is given as shown in Tab.7.1-2.
Tab.7.1-2
Name Function Remarks
Setup CPU
CPU1, CPU2CPU8 Use UP or DOWN
View memory
View CPU: MASETR
View type: EEPROM
Original address: 0000000
View length: 32
Press SET
Clear
configuration
Prompt Are you sure to clear
configuration?
Press SET to YES,
QUIT to NO
Configure
system
Prompt Are you sure to configure? Press SET to YES,
QUIT to NO
System option
Standard interface mode, display of
channel info menu, clear configuration of
setting character, clear configuration of
main arrangements, big liquid crystal
mode, new protocol of CSC2000,
communication with CSN/2, print mode of
LON network, LON2 configured, LON1
configured, 485-1 configured, 485-2
configure, record of state quantity taking
byte as unit, transport event of 103
protocol with ASDV1, prohibit transporting
2000 report for Ethernet 1, prohibit
transporting 2000 report for Ethernet 2
Confirmed with and
Setup Panel
LED
LED 1 run, LED 2LED 8 LED 2LED 8, Set
holding or not holding
with key of UP or
DOWN
Setup Panel
back-light
Back-light always on
Setup delay of back-light 00: 05 :00
Confirmed with and
Use UP and DOWN to
change time
7.3 Setting the functional parameters
Settings of All relays function are listed in a same setting list. The printed setting
sheet consists of two parts setting list and communication parameters.
54
7.3.1 Setting and calculation
The setting procedure can be ended at any the time by the key SET or QUIT. If
you press the key SET, the display shows the question choose setting zone. The
range of setting zone is from 0 to 31. Confirm with the setting zone-key SET those
new settings shall be come valid now. If you press the key QUIT instead, all
alterations which have been changed since the last. Thus, erroneous alterations can
be made ineffective.
7.3.1.1 Protection setting
The following is the settings of CSC-162
a) Setting sheet is shown in Tab.7-3.
Tab.7-3
NO. Abbr.
(LCD Display)
Meaning
Unit Setting range
1. I_abrupt Abrupt current A 0.01~20
2
I_PS
Through current detect
power swing
A 0.5~100
3
Kx
Zero-sequence reactance
compensation factor
No 0~8
4
Kr
Zero-sequence resistance
compensation factor
No 0~8
5
Km
Zero-sequence reactance
compensation factor for
double line
No 0~8
6
X_line
Positive reactance of whole
line
0.01~200
7
R_line
Positive resistance of
whole line
0.01~200
8
Line length Line length
km 0.1~999
9
U_PRIMARY Primary rated voltage
kV 100~800
10
CT_PRIMARY Primary rated current
kA 0.3~5
11 CT_SECOND
ARY
Secondary rated current
A 1 or 5
12
R1_pe
Zone 1 Resistance of earth
distance
0.01~200
13
X1_pe
Zone 1 Reactance of earth
distance relay
0.01~300
14
R2_pe
Resistance of earth
element
0.01~200
15
X2_pe
Reactance of earth
distance relay for Z2
0.01~300
16
R3_pe
Resistance of earth
element
0.01~200
17
X3_pe
Reactance of Z3 earth
distance relay
0.01~300
18
R4_pe
Resistance of Ground
element
0.01~200
55
19
X4_pe
Reactance of Z4 ground
distance relay
0.01~300
20
T2_pe
Delay time of Z2 ground
distance relay
s 0~10
21
T3_pe
distance relay
s 0~10
22
T4_pe
distance relay
s 0~10
23
R1_pp Resistance of phase-phase
0.01~200
24
X1_pp
Reactance of 1st ph-ph
distance relay
0.01~300
25
0.01~200
26
X2_pp
Reactance of 2nd ph-ph
distance relay
0.01~300
27
0.01~200
28
X3_pp
Reactance of 3rd ph-ph
distance relay
0.01~300
29
0.01~200
30
X4_pp
Reactance of 4th ph-ph
distance relay
0.01~300
31
T2_pp
Delay time of 2nd ph-ph
distance relay
s 0~10
32
T3_pp
Delay time of 3rd ph-ph
distance relay
s 0~10
33
T4_pp
Delay time of 4th ph-ph
distance relay
s 0~10
34 T_PS
NOBLOCKING
Time Power Swing no
blocking
s 0.5~25
35
3I0 zero-sequence current
A 0.1~100
36
T0
Delay time of zero-
sequence current
s 0~10
37
3I0_INV
Current of inverse time
zero- sequence current
relay
A 0.05~100
38
T0_factor
Time factor of inverse time
zero-current
no 0.01~1000
39
N0
Index of inverse time zero-
current
No 0.01~8
40
T0_INV
Delay of inverse time zero-
current
s 0~10
41
_AR
Phase angle for
synchronization check
(auto re-closure)
(degre
e)
10~50
42
T3p_ AR
delay time of 3-phase
reclosure
s 0~10
43
T_Reclaim
Reclaim Time (auto re-
closure)
s 5~25
44
OV1_pe 1st stage Over voltage
V 1~120
45
OV2_pe 2nd stage Over voltage
V 1~120
46
Tov1_pe
1st stage Over voltage
Delay time
s 0~60
56
47
Tov2_pe
2nd stage Over voltage
Delay time
s 0~60
48
UV1_pe 1st stage Under voltage
V 1~60
49
UV2_pe 2nd stage Under voltage
V 1~60
50
Tuv1_pe
1st stage Under voltage
Delay time
s 0~60
51
Tuv2_pe
2nd stage Under voltage
Delay time
s 0~60
52
Ioc_pe Over current
A 0.05~100
53
Toc_pe Over current Delay time
s 0~10
54
Ioc_INV
Current of inverse time
over current relay
A 0.05~100
55
Toc_factor
Time factor of inverse time
over current
no 0.01~1000
56
Noc
Index of inverse time over
current
No 0.01~8
57
Toc_INV
Delay of inverse time over
current
s 0~10
58
I_CBF
Startup Current of Breaker
FAIL
A 0.1~100
59
T_CBF Delay time of I_BF
s 0~2
60 3I2_BROKEN
COND
Negative sequence current
of Broken Conductor
A 0.2~10
61 T_BROKEN
COND
Delay time of Broken
Conductor
s 1~10
b) Binary setting
The following Binary setting can be set on or off.
Tab.7-4
NO. Name Setting describe
1. VT_line Connect to line VT
2. VT_bus Connect to bus VT
3. CBF_FUNC Operating mode breaker FAIL protection
4. OC_FUNC Operating mode over current protection.
5.
OC_INV FUNC
Operating mode inverse time over current
protection.
6. OC_INV DIR Directional element of inverse time over current
7. OV1_FUNC Operating mode Vph-e > over voltage protection
8.
OV2_FUNC
Operating mode Vph-e >> over voltage
protection
9.
UV1_FUNC
Operating mode Vph-e < Under voltage
protection
10.
UV2_FUNC
Operating mode Vph-e << Under voltage
protection
11. BROKEN COND_FUNC Broken Conductor function enabled
12. Feeder_FUNC Weak-source function enabled
13. PUR mode Permissive Under reach mode enabled
57
NO. Name Setting describe
14. POR mode Permissive Over reach mode enabled
15. Z1_FUNC Operating mode first zone distance protection
16. Z2_FUNC Operating mode second zone distance protection
17. Z3_FUNC Operating mode third zone distance protection
18. Z4_FUNC Operating mode fourth zone distance protection
19. Reverse_Z4 Fourth zone distance relay is settable for reverse
20. Forward_Z4 Fourth zone distance relay is settable for forward
21.
Z1_PS blocking
Blocking first zone distance relay when power
swing
22.
Z2_PS blocking
Blocking second zone distance relay when power
swing
23.
Z3_PS blocking
Blocking third zone distance relay when power
swing
24.
Z4_PS blocking
Blocking fourth zone distance forward relay when
power swing
25. 3I0_FUNC Operating mode zero current protection.
26.
3I0_INV FUNC
Operating mode inverse time zero current
protection.
27. 3I0_INV DIR Directional element of inverse time zero current
28. AR_3p mode Operating mode three-phase reclose protection.
29. AR_No check Automatic reclosure without checking
30. AR_check low U Automatic reclosure lower voltage check enabled
31.
AR_check Sync
Automatic reclosure synchronization check
enabled
32.
AR_CB3
Reclosing caused 3-pole occasional opened
enabled
7.3.1.2 Explanation of part settings
1) The setting values are all secondary values if there is no special note.
Impedance setting is set according to positive impedance of line. Zero-
sequence current is 3I0.
2) I_abrupt: 0.2In is commonly recommended.
3) In general, the primary value of settings I_abrupt, I_PS must be consistent
of both sides of one line. However, for some special instance, if the sensitivity
difference between protections of both sides is too large, the settings of both
sides may also be different.
4) I_PS: Set by avoiding the maximum load current.
5) Reactance compensation factor: Calculated based on the actual line
parameters, setting value ought to be less than or close to calculation value.
KX = (X0-X1 ) / 3X1
6) Resistance compensation factor: Calculated based on the actual line
parameters, setting value ought to be less than or close to calculation value.
58
KR = (R0- R1) / 3R1
7) Mutual inductance factor: Calculated based on the actual line parameters,
setting value ought to be less than or close to calculation value. X0m is zero
sequence mutual inductance reactance with the double lines. 3X1 is positive
reactance that protection equipment locates the line.
Km= X0m/ 3X1
8) Line positive reactance and resistance: Set according to secondary values of
actual line parameters.
9) Line length: Equal to actual length.
10) Primary rated voltage: Set to be actual rated primary voltage of VT, unit is kV.
Secondary rated voltage need not to be set, which is considered as 110V for
the protection.
11) Primary rated current: Set to be the rated primary current whose unit is kA.
12) Secondary rated current: There are two specifications of rated secondary
current, 1A or 5A.
13) Zone 1 Resistance of earth distance: Set to avoid load impedance. its set
setting, whose basic principle is that it is set according to ground fault with
25 path resistance near bus for short line and not being larger than half
setting of 1
st
zone ground reactance for long line. The detail calculation is
shown as below.
R1 = min{R1-pe, max{ X1_pe /2, 25/LZ+ R_line }, 8 X1_pe }
Where:
R1: Actual setting of ground resistance
R1_pe: Set setting of 1
st
zone ground resistance
X1_pe: Set setting of 1
st
zone ground reactance
LZ: Convert coefficient of primary impedance and secondary impedance.
Compare between ratio of VT and that of CT. Resistance 25 is referred to
the primary value.
R_line: resistance component of positive impedance of full line
14) Reactance of 1st ground distance relay: according to 0.8~0.85 times of
positive reactance of full line, it must be lessened properly for lines with
mutual inductance.
15) Zone 2 Resistance of earth distance and Zone 3 Resistance of earth
distance: Set to avoid load impedance.
16) Reactance and delay time of 2nd ground distance relay: Set to be satisfied
with sensitivity and the matched requirements for terminal faults that protect
equipment locate line.
17) Reactance and delay time of 3rd ground distance relay: Set to be satisfied
59
18) Reactance and delay time of 4th ground distance relay: Set to be satisfied
19) Zone 1 Resistance of earth distance: Set to avoid load impedance. As the
setting range of ph-ph resistance component is usually set to be rather large
due to avoiding load impedance, resistance setting employed by 1
st
zone ph-
ph distance relay is lessened relatively on the basis of its set setting, whose
basic principle is that it is set according to ph-ph fault with 15 path
resistance near bus for short line and not being larger than half setting of 1
st
zone ph-ph reactance for long line. The detail calculation is shown as below.
Rx = min{ R1_pp, max{ X1_pp/2, 15/LZ+ R_line }, 8 X1_pp }
Where, R1 actual used setting of 1
st
zone ph-ph resistance
R1_ppset setting of ph-ph resistance
X1_ppset setting of 1
st
zone ph-ph reactance
LZ: Convert coefficient of primary impedance and secondary impedance.
Compare between ratio of VT and that of CT. Resistance 25 is referred to
the primary value.
R_line resistance component of positive impedance of full line
8XX1 the point of intersection created by down bias of impedance
characteristics at the first quadrant and axis R in complex plane.
Note: R1 is obtained by the relay itself calculation according to the above
formula.
20) Reactance of 1st ph-ph distance relay: according to 0.8~0.85 times of
positive reactance of full line, it must be lessened properly for lines with
mutual inductance.
21) Reactance and delay time of 2nd ph-ph distance relay: Set to be satisfied
with sensitivity and the matched requirement for terminal fault that protect
22) Reactance and delay time of 3rd ph-ph distance relay: Set to be satisfied
with sensitivity and the matched requirement for terminal fault that protect
23) Reactance and delay time of 4th ph-ph distance relay: Set to be satisfied with
sensitivity and the matched requirement for terminal fault that protect
24) T_PS NOBLOCKING: Time Power Swing no blocking. Distance trip that it
dont need open condition after relay startup for T_PS NOBLOCKING.
60
25) Current of the zero-current relay: Set to avoid the maximum zero-current at
ground fault of current line end.
26) Settings of inverse time zero-current relay: Standard inverse time curve is
recommended.
27) _AR: The permissive biggest phase differences between bus voltage and
line voltage under synchronization check mode.
28) Current threshold of zero-current auxiliary pickup element need not be set
independently, which is created automatically considering sensitivity
coefficient according to the minimum of the settings of fourth stage of zero-
current and pilot zero-current.
29) I_CBF: Startup Current of Breaker FAIL, The setting is phase current.
7.3.1.3 Explain of binary setting
1) Conditions of enable weak-source function (including weak-source trip): If
one terminal is power source while another one is weak-source, weak-
source function of line protection at weak-source terminal must be enabled,
but that at power source should not be enabled. When both terminals are all
power source, one terminal may be changed into weak-source due to
operation mode changed, then, this terminal needs to be enabled the weak-
source function while the remote should not be enabled that. That is only one
of both terminals is enabled this bit.
2) POR mode: If this bit is set to on, bits Blocking mode and PUR mode
must be set to off. Under this mode, if zone2 of distance act relay need
send permissive signal, close the contacts of sending signal to send
permissive signal, if need to stop sending permissive signal, open the
contacts of sending signal to stop sending permissive signal.
3) PUR mode: If this bit is set to on, bits Blocking mode and POR mode
must be set to off. Under this mode, if zone2 of distance act relay need
send permissive signal, close the contacts of sending signal to send
permissive signal, if need to stop sending permissive signal, open the
contacts of sending signal to stop sending permissive signal.
4) Distance protection function enabled: zone 1, zone 2, zone 3 and zone4 can
separately enabled.
5) Reverse_Z4 and forward_Z4: zone4 of distance can be select act for reverse
direction or forward direction.
6) Power swing Blocking: zone 1, zone 2, zone 3 and zone4 can separately
select to blocking or unblocking during power swing. When the bit is set to
on, distance relay must be enabled by power swing blocking elements after
61
abrupt current startup element has been operating for 150ms or loss of
stability detector operates. If the bit is set to off, zone distance relay is
enabled from startup to whole system reset.
7) Zero protection function enabled: definite time and inverse time zero current
can separately enabled.
8) Inverse time zero-current direction enabled: If this bit is set to on, inverse
time zero-current trip when fault occur at forward direction. If this bit is set to
off, inverse time zero-current can trip whatever fault occurs at forward
direction or inverse direction.
9) Over current protection function enabled: definite time and inverse time over
current can separately enabled.
10) Inverse time over current direction enabled: If this bit is set to on, inverse
time over current trip when fault occur at forward direction. If this bit is set to
off, inverse time over current can trip whatever fault occurs at forward
direction or inverse direction.
11) Bits of no check enabled, lower voltage check enabled and synchronization
check enabled: All of these three modes are autoreclosure check modes, if
anyone of them is set to on, the others must be set to off.
7.3.2 Communication parameters
The communication parameters of CSC-162series system are all the same.
Each meaning of them and their setup methods are shown in Tab.7-5.
Tab.7-5
No. Parameter Range Setup method Remark
01 Current setting zone 00~31 Use <<+>>and << >>
keys on faceplate to modify
current setting zone
number
Current number of setting
zone
02 Device address 10~ABH Enter into menu system
setupcommunication
addressLon network and
485 address
Address range:10~ABH
+03 Baud rate of series
port
9600 Means that baud rate of
RS485 is 9600
(192000 and 38400 can be
set)
04 Bay Name Set actual line name by CSPC program or
ISN on panel
Character numbers of line
name can not be larger
than 30
05 Type of 103 F2H Enter into menu system
setup101 function type
to set IEC60870-5-103
function code
function code of CSC-162
is F2H
06 Time Mode Network
mode, pulse
mode
Enter into menu system
setuptiming mode
Optional network mode,
pulse mode based on GPS
62
No. Parameter Range Setup method Remark
07 Protocol type Communicati
on protocol
V1.20
Communicati
on protocol
V1.10
setupprotocol option
CSC-2000 protocol can be
selected for LON net or
Ethernet. This option need
not be disposed when
information of IEC60870-5-
103 protocol are output
from port 485.
08 SOE reset Manual reset,
automatic
reset
setupSOE reset
Optional manual reset
(receive reset command to
reset SOE) or automatic
reset (reset SOE in 10s)
09 Address of Ethernet
1
***.***.***.***
(net section
1.2.3.4)
setupcommunication
addressEthernet 1
Set according to local
condition, can not be the
same as section 2 or 3
Ethernet 2
10 Address of Ethernet
2
***.***.***.***
(net section
1.2.3.4)
setupcommunication
addressEthernet 2
Set according to local
condition, can not be the
same as section 2 or 3
Ethernet 1. If it is
connected to CSN protocol
switched case to extend
RS-485, address of
Ethernet 2 must be set as:
10.10.6.124
7.4 Annunciations
7.4.1Event reports
Event reports are shown in Tab.7-6.
Tab.7-6
No. Abbr.
(LCD Display)
Meaning
1 Relay Startup Protection startup
2 Z Startup Impedance element startup
3 3I0 Startup Zero-current startup
4 I_PS Startup current startup for Power swing
5 Z1 Trip Zone I distance relay trip
6 Z2 Trip Zone II distance relay trip
7 Z3 Trip Zone III distance relay trip
8 Z4 Trip Zone IV distance relay trip
9 Z Trip_SOTF distance relay speed up trip after switching on to fault (SOTF)
10 RE- Trip NO AR Permanent trip for 3-ph FAIL to trip
11 Fault Location Fault location
12 Z Location Impedance of fault location
13 3I0 Trip zero-current relay trip
14 3I0 Trip_SOTF Zero-current relay speed up trip after switching on to fault (SOTF)
15 Reclose Re-closing operation
16 AR fail FAIL to reclose
17 3P Trip Start AR Reclosing caused by 3-phase tripping (3T)
18 AR_CB(3) Re-closing caused three-pole occasional opened
19 AR_Blk for 3T 3-phase tripping blocking auto re-closing
20 O/V1 Trip 1st stage Over voltage trip
63
21 O/V2 Trip 2nd stage Over voltage trip
22 U/V1 Trip 1st stage Over voltage trip
23 U/V2 Trip 2nd stage Over voltage trip
24 OC Trip Over current trip
25 SYN phase Change Synchronization phase change phase-A(B,C)
26 Start 3-PH CBF Three phase breaker FAIL startup
27 Pilot Trip Pilot protection trip
28 A/R Block Blocking auto reclose
29 Z Send Signal Transmitting signal by pilot impedance
30 CBO Send Signal Transmitting signal by current breaker open(CBO)
31 Weak Send Signal Transmitting signal by pilot protection at Weak feeder (WF)
32 3I0_INV Trip Inverse zero-current trip
33 DI AR_BLK Input of block auto-reclose
34 Direct Trip Send Input of B/LBB OPTD
35 Direct Trip RECV Input of Direct Trip RECV
36 OC Startup Over current startup
37 OC Trip Over current trip
7.4.2 Alarm report
a) Alarm I is shown in Tab.7-7a.
Tab.7-7a
No.
Abbr.
(LCD Display)
Meaning
1 Sample Err Sampling data of analog input (AI) are error.
2 EquipPara Err Equipment parameter is error.
3 ROM Verify Err CRC verification to sum of ROM of CPU is error.
4 Setting Err Setting value is error
5 Set Group Err Pointer of setting group is error
6 DO No Response Digital output (DO) has no response.
7 DO Breakdown Digital output (DO) is of breakdown.
8 DO EEPROM Err EEPROM of digital output (DO) is error.
b) Alarm II is shown in Tab.7-7b.
Tab. 7-7b
No.
Abbr.
(LCD Display)
Meaning
1 DI Comm Fail Communication failure in digital input (DI)
2 DO Comm Fail Communication failure in digital output (DO)
3 Test DO Un-reset Digital output (DO)-test has not been reset.
4 DI Breakdown Digital input (DI) is of breakdown.
5 DI Input Err The input of digital input (DI) is error.
6 NO/NC Discord
2-position input discordance, i.e. status of NC and NO
discord.
7 DI Check Err Self-checking circuit of digital input (DI) is error.
8 DI EEPROM Err EEPROM of digital input (DI) is error.
9 SRAM Check Err SRAM self-checking is error.
10 FLASH Check Err Flash self-checking is error.
11 DI Config Err Digital input configuration is error.
12 DO Config Err Digital output configuration is error.
13 VT Fail Loss of measure voltage
14 Overload line load current more than the setting of I_PS
64
15 CARR Fail Alarm Check input of CARRIER FAIL
16 CT Fail Loss of measure current
17 CB Open Err
Three phase auxiliary contacts of CB is detected, and
phase A has current, this alarm is sent out.
18 SYN Voltage Err
During system normal operation, under synchronism
check for auto-reclose modes, if the voltages between
line and bus can not meet the setting synchronism
condition, alarms.
19 3-PH SEQ Err
If three-phase current or voltage is not positive sequence
during normal operation, this alarms.
20 AI Err
Calibration regulated, input values are not consistent with
basic value. Regulate calibration again.
21 3I0 Reverse Phasor of external 3I0 and self-calculate 3I0 are reverse.
22 Re-Trip Fail
Current exists in 5s after permanent trip is sent out,
alarms.
23 Harmonic Alarm
If 3
rd
harmonic of voltage is excessive during normal
operation, alarms.
24 Pilot FUNC Alarm
If any two kinds of blocking mode, PUR mode and POR
mode are enabled at the same time, alarms.
25 AR FUNC Alarm
Two kinds of synchronization check, no-voltage check
and no-synchronization are enabled at the same time,
alarms.
26 Config Err Replace corresponding CPU module
27 VT Choice Alarm
If two kinds of VT_line, VT_bus are enabled at the same
time, alarms.
28 Z4 Choice Alarm
If two kinds of Reverse_Z4, Forward_Z4 are enabled at
the same time, alarms.
29 Broken Conductor Check line
30 DI_CBF Err Input of START CBF 3-PH is error.
c) Alarm messages of Master module are shown in Tab. 7-8a.
Tab. 7-8a
No. Report Detail Solutions
1 Communication
Fail
Communication
failure
CPU working abnormlity or CAN
network communication error.
Check CPU working status, or
check CAN network on backboard.
2 DevPara Discord Device
parameter
discordance
Solidify parameter once more, and
power on again, this alarm should
disappear
3 SetGroup
Discord
Setting group
discordance
Switch setting zone once more,
and power on again, this alarm
should disappear
4 Setting Discord Setting
discordance
Solidify setting once more, and
disappear
5 Connector
Discord
Connector
discordance
On or off strap once more, and
disappear
6 Write Set Fail Write setting
failure
Write setting again
7 Write Dev Para
Fail
Write device
parameter failure
Write device parameter again
65
No responsion for
summoning CPU
configuration
It is possible that the address of two CPU modules are
the same, one of CPU modules is not inserted or is
connected badly.
Alarm code One of CPU modules is disenabled.
7.4.3 Operating reports
Operating reports are shown in Tab. 7-8b.
Tab. 7-8b
No.
Abbr.
(LCD Display)
Meaning
1 SwSetGroup OK Successful to switch setting group.
2 Write Set OK Successful to write setting values.
3 WriteEquipParaOK Successful to write equipment parameter.
4 WriteConfig OK Successful to write configuration.
5 AdjScale OK Successful to adjust scale of analog input (AI).
6 ClrConfig OK Successful to clear configuration.
7 VT OK VT becoming normality
8 Test DO OK Successful to digital output (DO) drive-test.
9 DI Change Status of digital input (DI) has changed.
10 AdjDrift OK Successful to adjust zero drift of analog input (AI).
11
SYN Phase
Change
Synchronization phase change phase-A(or B, C)
12 A/R Block Blocking reclosing
13 AR_BLK For 3T 3-phase tripping blocking reclosing
14 CBO Stop Signal Stopping signal by circuit breaker open(CBO)
15 CBO Send Signal Transmitting signal by circuit breaker open(CBO)
16 B/LBB OPTD Stopping signal by input of B/LBB OPTD
17 Direct Trip RECV input of Direct Trip RECV
7.5 Testing and commissioning
7.5.1 Analog channel check
Before the device leaves factory, zero drift and calibration have been regulated,
only examination needs in locale. To examine calibration, enter into measuring
quantities or analog quantities menu at first, then enter into analog quantities menu
to do it. If they dont meet requirements, regulate them according to the following
methods. Notice to increase the setting value of startup elements.
7.5.1.1 Zero drift check
To regulate zero drift, disconnect the device with testing instrument or standard
66
source to ensure not any input in AC terminal of the device. Enter into main menu
testingAdjDrift, select all, and confirm it, then zero drift regulation can be
performed. If regulation succeeds, report AdjDrift OK. After this, select main
menutestingViewDrift, current channel must be less than 0.1A (rated value of CT
5A) or 0.02A (rated value of CT 1A), voltage channel must be less than 0.1V.
7.5.1.2 Regulate calibration
Connect input terminals of voltage UA, UB, UC and UX together, and connect UN
and UX together, employ testing instrument with grade 0.5 and the above whose
outputs UA and UN are connected to protection terminals X3-a10 and b10. Current
outputs of testing instrument are connected to protection terminals X3-a1 and b4,
and current terminals of the protection are in series by polarity terminal. Enter into
main menutestingAdjScale, press keys <<up down left right>>and <<SET>> to
select all, set the regulation value to In and 50V, output AC quantities from testing
instrument to the protection system, then confirm these to execute. If fail to operate,
LCD displays analog channel error and the number of error channel. Check whether
connection, standard value and version are right or not.
7.5.1.3 Precision and linearity testing for analog
After finishing calibration and zero drift regulation, measure linear error using
testing instrument with grade 0.5 and the abover, and write down testing result.
Requirements: For secondary rated current 5A of CT, input currents 25A, 10A (the
lasting time of the abover two is unallowed to exceed 10s), 2A, 1A and 0.4A
respectively. For secondary rated current 1A of CT, input currents 5A, 2A, 0.5A, 0.2A
and 0.08A. Supply voltage 60V, 30V, 5V, 1V and 0.4V respectively. Observe LCD
display or enter into main menutestingViewScale, ask that the difference
between LCD display value and external meter is less than 0.1V for 0.4V and 1V of
voltage channel, the others are less than 2.5%, and current channel error is less than
0.02In for 0.08In and 0.2In, the others are less than 2.5%.
7.5.2 Configuration of operation and memory functions
Switch on DC power supply, the setting steps are described as follows to initialize
CPU.
Press QUIT and SET at the same time, enter into debugging menu.
a) Enter into the menu of CPU setup, enable CPU1press the key of SET to
save. And energize the device once again.
67
b) Enter main menu- Set Time, use square keyboard to set clock to current
time. Then return to the normal display LCD screen, observe whether the
running clock is normal or not. Cut off DC power supply for 5 min, then switch
on, check the time and date displayed in LCD screen to conform that the
clock is running and nicety during power turnoff.
c) Enter into main menutestingSwSetGrp, switch to a zone of the most
common use such as zone 00.
d) Enter into main menusettingsprot., write protection setting, the default
written zone is 00.
e) Enter into main menusetupCommAddr
f) Set the address of Lon network and RS-485 port whose range is 10H~ABH
(the address of our device can not be repeated)
g) Examine that the address of Ethernet 1 and that of Ethernet 2are not set
to be 0.
h) Enter into main menusetupBayName, input the actual name and serial
number of line by means of ISN (internal statement number)(as shown at
appendix) on faceplate (or directly input by CSPC program).
i) Enter into main menusetupProtocol to select a kind of time
synchronization mode.
j) If timing mode of minute pulse or that of second pulse is selected, symbol *
is displayed at top right corner of LCD after GPS timing succeeds.
k) Enter into main menu-setup-SetPrint-RecPrt Setup (setup already when
leaving factory, just examine and confirm it), press SET, the following is
displayed.
Select CPU
CSC161/2
Press SET to display the following:
Select record type
Print setup for analog quality(shown
in Tab. 7-9-a)
Print setup for digital input (shown in
Tab. 7-9-b)
Tab. 7-9-a
Analog quality Type B Analog quality Type B Analog quality Type B
Ia
a U
Ia R
Ib
Ub
Ib R
Ic
Uc
Ic R
0 3I
3U0_COUNT
3 0 I R
IN
Ux

68
Tab. 7-9-b
Name description CSC161/2
Relay Startup Relay startup
Three Phase Trip A-phase trip
Permanent Trip Permanent trip
CARR Send Send signal
CB Open A phase auxiliary contacts of CB,
Reclose Relay Reclose
B/LBB OPTD Input of other relay action
CARR Received signal input
Direct Trip REC Input of direct trip
Initiate 3PH A/R Input of Reclose picked by other relay three-
pole trip
A/R Block Blocking reclose

Start 3-PH CBF Output of Start 3-PH CBF
U/V&O/V-1 Trip Output of the first stage undervoltage or
overvoltage
U/V&O/V-2 Trip Output of the second stage undervoltage or

overvoltage
Note: where means that the corresponding input is selected while is not
selected, blank means none.
Enter into main menu-setup-SetPrint-Print Mode, press SET to display the
following:
Print Mode
AutoPrt RecValue
PrintContWd
RecPrintMode Grap
RelayTestOn,PrtRec X
If Print record automatically is set to , record wave will be printed after fault. If it
is set to , only fault reports will be printed while record wave will not, and record
wave need to be fetched. If Print control word is set to , contents of control word
can be printed, if , contents of control word cannot be printed. Print format of record
data can be set to format of wave or data with <<UP>> and <<DOWN>> keys.
The recommended setup is Print record automatically, Print control word and Print
format of record data set to wave. If the protection operating results have some
questions, suggest that set Print format of record data to data at first, then,
print a record wave again (or use shortcut key F1 to directly print the latest one
of record data), after that, device testing can be followed. This can avoid losing
data, and causing disadvantage for furthermore analysis.
J) Check version of software
Enter into main menuOpStatusEquipCod, write down the device type,
69
version of each software and code of CRC, check the version consistent with the
valid version.
k) Check print function
1) main menuPrintProtSet Enter into this menu, select setting zone to print
setting. The printer ought to print correctly.
2) main menuPrintReport Enter into this menu, select report or operation
record to print, the printer ought to print correctly.
3) Enter into main menuPrintSetup, select such as running state, system
parameters and sampled data print etc respectively to print.
4) Testing print function of shortcut key on front panel: Use shortcut key on the
faceplate to print, the printer ought to print normally.
7.5.3 Configuration of the protective functions
Protection functions of CSC-162are fixed.
7.5.4 Check binary inputs, binary outputs and LED indicators
The function of the binary inputs and outputs represented in the general diagrams
relate to the factory settings. The assignment of the inputs and outputs of the internal
functions can be rear ranged and thus adapted to the on-site conditions.
7.5.4.1Check binary inputs
a) Enter into main menuOpStatusDI, check the current state of each digital
input.
Connect +110V or +220V for X6:c2~c26 terminals and Connect +24V for
X6:a2~a26 terminals shown in Tab.11 as bellow, the corresponding inputs displayed
on the faceplate are valid. If certain input is error, check the corresponding optical
isolator, resistance etc are false welded, welded in reverse, or damaged.
Tab. 11
Name of input description DC voltage Terminals
RESET
Reset signal +24V X6:a26
CB OPEN
Input of circuit breaker open DC + X6: c10
A/R BLOCK
Blocking auto reclose DC + X6: c26
INITIATE 3-PH A/R
Initiate three phase reclose DC + X6: c22
B/LBB OPTD
Input of other relay action DC + X6: c20
CARR RECIEVED
Input of signal DC + X6: c18
DIRECT TRIP RECV
Input of direct trip DC + X6: c24
CARRIER FAIL
Input of carrier fail DC + X6: c16
70
START CBF 3-PH
Input of initiate three phase
circuit breaker failure
DC +
X6: c12
REM ACCESS BLK
Input of blocking remote
control
+24V X6: a22
RELAY TEST
Test relay +24V X6: a24
7.5.4.2Check binary outputs
Enter into main menuTest Do to performs digital output test. When digital
output test is made, the contacts of the corresponding relay ought to operate with
lighting signal while other contacts do not operate. Press button RESET on the
faceplate to reset the drived output. Test results should be consistent with the
following table.
The output test of CSC161/2 is shown in Tab.13
Tab. 13
NO. Item Contacts for
connection
Panel Lights to be in
ON status
To be displayed
on MMI
Conclusion
ALARM I
X9:c22-a22
X9:c24-a24
X6:c30-a30
X6:c32-a32
Flash of Run
lamp
Flash of Alarm
lamp
Test DO OK
ALARM I
1
Power ON of
equipment after OFF
X6:c32-a32
X9:c22-a22
Flash of Alarm
lamp
ALARM II
X9:c26-a26
X9:c28-a28
Flash of Run
lamp
Light-on of
Alarm lamp
Test DO OK
ALARM II
2
Power ON of
equipment after OFF
X9:c26-a26 Light-on of
Alarm lamp
3 3- Phase Trip
X7:a4-a16
X7:c4-c16
X8:c22-a22
X8:c24-a24
X9:c16-a16
Flash of Run
lamp
Light-on of
Operation lamp
Test DO OK
3- Phase Trip
71
connection
ON status
To be displayed
on MMI
Conclusion
Power ON of
equipment after OFF
Operation lamp
Permanent Trip
X7:a4-a16
X7:c4-c16
X7:a4-a18
X7:c4-c18
X8:c22-a22
X8:c24-a24
X9:c16-a16
Flash of Run
lamp
Light-on of
Operation lamp
Test DO OK
Permanent Trip
4
Power ON of
equipment after OFF
Operation lamp
Initiate 3PH A/R
X7:a30-c30
X7:a32-c32
Flash of Run
lamp
Test DO OK
Initiate 3PH
A/R
5
Power ON of
equipment after OFF
N/A
CARR Send CH-1
X8:c2-a2
X8:c4-a4
Flash of Run
lamp
Test DO OK
CARR Send
CH-1
6
Power ON of
equipment after OFF
N/A
Direct Trip Send
X8:c6-a6
X8:c8-a8
Flash of Run
lamp
Test DO OK
Direct Trip
Send
7
Power ON of
equipment after OFF
N/A
CARR Fail Alarm
X8:c26-a26
X8:c28-a28
Flash of Run
lamp
Light-on of
Alarm lamp
Test DO OK
CARR Fail
Alarm
8
Power ON of
equipment after OFF
X8:c26-a26
72
connection
ON status
To be displayed
on MMI
Conclusion
AR TO Close CB
X8:c30-a30
X8:c32-a32
X9:c2-a2
X9:c4-a4
Flash of Run
lamp
Light-on of
Reclose lamp
Test DO OK
AR TO Close
CB
9
Power ON of
equipment after OFF
Reclose lamp
U/V_O/V-1
X10:c26-a26
X10:c28-a28
Flash of Run
lamp
Test DO OK
U/V_O/V-1
10
Power ON of
equipment after OFF
X10:c26-a26
U/V_O/V-2
X10:c30-a30
X10:c32-a32
Flash of Run
lamp
Test DO OK
U/V_O/V-2
11
Power ON of
equipment after OFF
X10:c30-a30
Start 3-PH CBF
X10:c14-a14
X10:c16-a16
X10:c22-a22
X10:c24-a24
Flash of Run
lamp
Test DO OK
Start 3-PH CBF
12
Power ON of
equipment after OFF
X10:c22-a22
AR Lockout Alarm
X8:c10-a10
X8:c12-a12
Flash of Run
lamp
Test DO OK
AR Lockout
Alarm
13
Power ON of
equipment after OFF
N/A
VT Fail
X8:c14-a14 Flash of Run
lamp
Test DO OK
VT Fail
14
Power ON of
equipment after OFF
N/A
73
connection
ON status
To be displayed
on MMI
Conclusion
Broken Conductor
lamp
Test DO OK
Broken
Conductor
15
Power ON of
equipment after OFF
N/A
SOTF Alarm
lamp
Test DO OK
SOTF Alarm
16
Power ON of
equipment after OFF
N/A
CARR Received
X9:c10-a10
X9:c12-a12
Flash of Run
lamp
Test DO OK
CARR
Received
17
Power ON of
equipment after OFF
N/A
Direct Trip RECV
X9:c18-a18
X9:c20-a20
Flash of Run
lamp
Test DO OK
Direct Trip
RECV
18
Power ON of
equipment after OFF
N/A
Weak End Infeed
lamp
Test DO OK
Weak End
Infeed
19
Power ON of
equipment after OFF
N/A
PSB Alarm
lamp
Test DO OK
PSB Alarm
20
Power ON of
equipment after OFF
N/A
Note:
1. In the status of output drive, push RES button and relevant lights are off, relevant normally open contacts
switch off and normally close contacts switch on.
74
7.6 Commissioning using primary tests
7.6.1Testing operating value and measuring operating time of protection
system
Short b1~b4 of AC module X3, IA, IB, IC and IN outputs of testing instrument are
connected to terminals X3-a1, X3-a2, X3-a3 and X3-a4 of the device, input rated
current and three-phase symmetry voltage 50 via a11, a10, b10 and b11 of X3
respectively, short b9 with b11 and a9 with a11, each phase voltage leads each
phase current phase angle 60respectively, check LCD loop display or enter into
main menuOpStatusMeasure to view, phase difference of A-, B-, and C-phase
voltage must be 120, and phase difference of A-, B-, and C-phase current must be
120. One phase current must lag the corresponding phase voltage 60(angle error
3). Otherwise, check the device of AC module connection.
Input three-phase symmetry voltage 50V, and rated current only to phase A which
lags phase A voltage 60, observe the display of amplitude and angle of 3I0 which
must be the same as IA, otherwise, check the device of AC module connection.
7.6.2 Test Methods
The test is performed according to the method simulating sudden faults. Before
simulating faults near bus, the rated voltage must be given at first, and fault current is
I, fault lasts 100-150ms.
7.6.3 Protection system test
Input settings according to the setting advice note or typical settings and write
them to certain zone at first. Then make tests according to Tab.14.
75

Tab.14
Relay Fault type Fault analog
quantities
Operation Remark
Distan
ce
relay
Simulate A, B, C
to ground
instantaneous
fault, check zone
1, 2, and 3 of
ground distance
relay, mentioned in
note (d) (I=In)
U=m*I* Xn_pe
(1+KX)
m=0.95
m=1.05
m=0.7
(RD=0)
Reliable operation
Reliable non-
operation
For zone 1
tset30ms. For zone
2 and 3, error
between tset and
the settings 20ms
Simulate AB, BC,
CA phase-to-
phase
instantaneous
fault, check zone
1, 2, and 3 of ph-
to-ph distance
relay, (I=In)
U=m*I*Xn_pp
(RX=0)
m=0.95
m=1.05
m=0.7
Reliable operation
Reliable non-
operation
For zone 1
tset30ms. For zone
2 and 3, error
between tset and
the settings 20ms
Note: enable
zone 1, 2 or 3
of distance
relay
respectively, in
the equation,
n=1, 2, 3, KX
is residual
compensation
coefficient of
reactance
component.
Xn_pe and RD
are the
reactance and
resistance
settings of
ground
distance relay.
Xn_pp and RX
are the
reactance and
resistance
settings of
phase-to-
phase
distance relay.
a) Calculation formula for single-phase-to-ground distance relay

0 3
X_
I KX I
U
pe
+
=

(=90)
0 3 *
_
I KR I
U
pe R
+
=

(=0).
b) Calculation formula for phase-to-phase distance relay

I
U
= X
(=90)
I
U
R =
(=0)
c) For testing ground distance relay, if the employed relay-testing instrument has
compensation coefficient KX and KR, input their values according to the actual settings.
If the relay-testing instrument just provides compensation coefficient KL=(Z0-Z1) /3Z1,
need the testing worker to input the real part and imaginary part of KL which are
different from KR and KX of the relay settings, all the compensation coefficient of the
testing instrument and the relay can be set to 0, or that of the testing instrument is
calculated according to the actual parameters.
76
The following method for testing is just to be referred: If the relay settings KXKR, set
the relay setting KX and KR to 0, and set the testing instrument KL to Re=0 and Im=0.
If the relay settings KX=KR, set the testing instrument KL to Re=KX and Im=0, or set the
relay settings KX and KR to 0, the testing instrument KL to Re=0 and Im=0.
The resoled formula: KX=(X0 -X1)/3X1, KR=(R0 -R1)/3R1, Z0=R0 +jX0, Z1= R1 +jX1,
KL=(Z0 -Z1)/3Z1, KL=(Re, Im)
If the relay-testing instrument does not provide the compensation coefficient, set the
relay settings KX and KR all to 0.
d) The error of operation value is: each substantial measure values setting value
100%
Setting value
7.7 Putting the equipment into operation
The following items are only provided to be referred. Users should formulate the
corresponding rules for maintenance and operation according to the actual
situation in local.
a) Check the setting lists inerrably, and then turn on DC power supply. Now the
green light - LED <Run> on panel is lit, other lights are extinguished. Under
normal conditions, LCD display on loop year-month-day, hour: minute: second,
magnitude and phasor angle of analog quantities, channel state, current setting
zone: 00. autoreclose mode, synchronization check mode, charging finished.
Press <<SET>>to display main menu. Press one or several times <<QUIT>>,
exit current menu one times or step by step to return normal state of display.
Then re-check the clock by turning off DC power and then on.
b) Connect currents (load current must be larger than 0.1In) and voltages to the
device, under normal state of loop display, press SET to enter into main menu,
then enter into every sub-menu to check whether the polarity and the phase
sequence of each analog input are correct or not. Verify the sampled data of the
protection in accordance with the actual ones.
c) Check the protection settings. Print each set of settings that are possibly
employed in the actual operating modes, in order to check them with informed
sheet of setting and backup debugging notes.
d) Note that carrier channel is perfect.
e) Check the digital inputs in accord with the practical state, and make note.
Especially notice that there is not display of small hand on the upper right of
LCD under normal conditions (that means test relay).
77
8. Maintenance
8.1 Routine checks
Measure resistance in turn between analog circuits and ground;
Measure output voltage in every class;
Check printer;
Revise zero drift and scale;
Verify alarm circuit;
Verify binary input;
Actual live tripping including circuit breaker;
Check setting;
8.2 Replacing the back-up battery
Battery is used to store data, record fault and inner clock in case the
power is off.
Battery is checked up timing, it will send out alarm after it is invalid or
decline.
The back-up battery should be replaced at the latest after 10 years of
operation or after alarm signal was sent out.
Recommended battery: Lithium battery CR1/2A, 3V/1Ah.
8.3 Fault tracing
The equipment may test all hardware components itself, including loop out of
the relay coil, Watch can find whether or not the equipment is in fault through
warning lights and warning characters which shows in liquid crystal display and
print reports to tell fault location and kind.
The method of eliminate fault is replacing fault board or eliminate external fault.
8.4 Repairs
Users should not change modules circuit or backboard circuit in repair.
Its appropriate to change power board when power supply is fault.
Its suggested that power board should purchased per 4 or 6 years because it
cant storage for a long time.
8.5 The notices during operation
a) During operation, nobody is allowed to touch the live parts of the device, insert
or pull out the plug-in unit, press the keyboard on the panel optionally, and operate
the following commands: output driving, modify setting, solidify setting, setup
system and change the device address in the communication network etc.
b) If all the relays of the device are to be quitted from operation, open the tripping
strap at first, and then turn off the DC power. If one of the relays is to be quitted
during operation, only the corresponding strap of the relay needs to be quitted.
c) When fault occurs during operation, if the protection operates to trip, the
78
corresponding LED of tripping signal is lit and MMI displays the newest operating
report. If auto re-closing operates to reclose, the reclose LED is lit. The operating
report, record report should be printed automatically and the detail notes must be
written down.
d) If the DC power supply disappears during operation quit the tripping strap at
first.
e) If alarm I occur during operation, the corresponding relay should be stop
employing, record the alarm message and inform the operator in charge of the
protection. Here, prohibit pressing the reset button. If alarm II occurs, record the
alarm message and inform the operator in charge of the protection to analyze and
handle it.
8.6 Manipulation after replacing software or CPU
The following steps should be conformed after replacing software or CPU:
l) Firstly, check address jumpers to be right on CPU board, input and write
setting.
m) Check the software version of CPU and CRC.
n) If Setting Err or Set Group Err, ought to write settings again and switch
setting zone.
o) Check zero drift and calibration one time, and test I/O again.
p) According to the local operating rules, other related tests ought to be made
by operator.
8.7 Manipulation after replacing software or MASTER module
a) Version of the former MASTER module and version of software
b) Communication parameters, protocol option etc.
c) Address of the device.
d) View whether normal display is right or not after the device is electrified;
practically operate report and record print.
8.8 Manipulation after replacing input or output module
If input or output module needs to be replaced, firstly check whether the
jumper about module address is right or not. The replaced module cannot be put
into operation until its input or output is checked normally.
8.9 Manipulation after replacing AC module
When AC module has been replaced, the validity of polarity must be checked.
79
8.10 Several illuminations
a) There are testing ports on the top left corner of backboard, and 24V, 5V and
interface of CAN net are connected to be employed by auto testing.
b) There are three methods to input settings:(1) Use keyboard on panel, (2)
employ software tool of CSPC, (3) by automatically system.
c) Method to select running setting zone: Use the shortcut key on the bottom left
panel +, to select or switch setting zone.
d) There are two methods to use printer:
(1) Connect printer directly to the print series ports of the device
(Use special made cable for print).
(2) Print via automatically system.
e) Except AC terminal, the other backboard terminals all use the
withdrawal/insertion ones. If it is necessary to modify their wires, the terminal must
be uninstalled, then modify the wire of terminals, after finish this, fix the terminal on
the device. Except AC terminal, prohibit inserting or withdrawing terminal wires
without pulling out terminal, in order to prevent connecting wires from bad
connection.
80
9. Storage
Although protection equipments are generally of robust construction, they
require a careful treatment prior to installation on site, since they must be
carefully packed and unpacked, without applying any force to the equipment
and using suitable tools. Once supplied, the equipment must be thoroughly
inspected to ensure that they have not undergone shipping damages. If the
equipment are not immediately installed upon reception, they must be stored in
places free from dust and moisture, causticity in their original packing.
Storage temperature: -10C + 40C.
The equipment must only be stored and carried in the special antistatic bag.
CSC161/2 Numerical Transmission line equipment Manual
10. Ordering
85
10. Appendix A : Terminal diagram
DC- I NPUT
6
DC+ I NPUT
8
2
4
6
8
2
4
I A'
I N' ( M)
UX'
I N'
I C'
I B'
6
8
4
2
UN
UC
I B
7
UX
UA
UB
I N( M) 8
9
5
6
I N 4
3 I C
1
2
I A
6
8
2
4
6
8
2
4
4
8
6
2
1 6
1 5
1 4
1 3
1 2
1 1
1 0
9
8
7
6
5
Note: If input power is employed 220V/110V, connect terminals X6- c2 with input positive power, X6- c28 with negative
power.
86
B Communication Protocol Tables
Front port for communication
Connection type electric COM port
Communication
protocol
Interior communication protocol
Type of connector DB9 pin connector
Speed of
communication
9600 bps
Rear port for local /
remote
communication
only local communication
Connection type Ethernet;RS-485
Communication
protocol
CSC2000
Medium of connection electric
Type of connector RS-232:DB25 connector;Ethernet:RJ45;RS-485:twisted-pair
Speed of
communication
RS-232:9600bps; Ethernet:10/100Mbps adaptable; RS-
485:9600bps~38400bps
Isolation yes
Dielectric level III
Maximum cable
length
RS-232:10m;Ethernet:110m ;RS-485:1.2km
Type of port required
at PC end
Ethernet:RJ45;RS-485:COM port
Functions supported
by this port
RS-232:Print setting, fault report, waveform report
Ethernet&RS-485:see above 12 m)
Rear port for substation automation
Connection type 2 Ethernet port;2 RS-485
Communication
protocol
CSC2000 or IEC 60870-5-103 or IEC 61850 for Ethernet port
or RS-485
Medium of connection Ethernet port: optics/electric ;RS-485 electric
Type of connector
Ethernet port:(SC/ST)/RJ45 ; RS-485:twisted-pair
Speed of
communication
Ethernet port:10/100Mbps adaptable ; RS-85:9600bps;
Maximum cable
length
Ethernet port(optics/electric):110m/2km ; RS-485: 1.2km;
Optical wavelength 850nm;1300nm
Permissible line
attenuation
15dB
Type of port required
at PC end
Ethernet port; COM port
Standard IEC 60870-5-103; IEC 61850

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