DCS:

The Evolution:-
Late 1920s Instrumentation term began to be use! to re"er to evi#e s$e#i"i#all%
use to #ontrol & measure $ro#ess variables'
(irst servome#hanism )0s'
*reater transmission istan#e mae $ossible b% higher s$ee o" ele#tri#al signal
transmission uring +0s! ho$le valve #ontrol rooms "urther "rom a#tual $ro#ess '
,nalog signals o" "irst ele#troni# s%stem re-uire "rom .-20 m, or 10-+0 m,
instea o" )-1+ $si'
/e$la#ement o" ele#troni# tubes b% semi#onu#tor uring +0s'
0ean1hile 2one%1ell introu#e in +9s .-20 m, D'C' ele#troni# signals'
,n im$ortant "eature 1as 3Line 4ero! . m, 1hi#h allo1e the instrument to
ete#t "aile transmitter'
Late 50s 6LC'
In 59s! 2one%1ell began /&D in DCS' /osemount hel$e introu#e the #on#e$t
o" DCS in 1972' ,bout the same time in mi 70s 8o9oga1a in :a$an &
2one%1ell in ;S introu#e "irst DCS'
8o9oga1a in :a$an & 2one%1ell TDC-2000 1ere base on #on#e$t that
several mi#ro-$ro#essor base loo$ #ontroller #oul be #ontrolle b% su$ervisor%
mi#ro-#ontroller! 1ith a $ush button! C/T base is$la% "or o$erator ta9en then an
,nnun#iators $anel'
In 1977! 2one%1ell introu#e "irst reunant $ro#ess #ontroller in TDC-
2000 "amil% o" #ontrols'
Ea#h venor evelo$e a $ro$riet% high1a% to run its DCS'
In <1s! 2one%1ell enhan#e its TDC-2000line bat#h #ontroller s%stem &
e=tene #ontroller' In <)s! 2one%1ell introu#e TDC-)000 1ith integrate
in"ormation & #ontrol' (irst installe at ESS> #ol la9e in ,lbeta! Canaa! it
lin9e e-ui$ment ! subs%stem & #om$uter to ata high1a%s'
HART- High1a% Aressable Remote Transu#er 6roto#ol'
Develo$e to over#ome the limitation o" smart transmitter'
(iel bus is a biire#tional igital #ommuni#ation s%stem that inter#onne#ts
smart "iel evi#es to #ontrol s%stem'
Dire#t Digital Control:-
Disavantages o" CCS:
,s result o" i""i#ulties o" CCS! management in man% #om$an% relate
shar$l% against #om$uter #ontrol' Then $rovie analog ba#9u$s "ig'7') h'
2ierar#hi#al Control:-
Develo$ment o" DCS greatl% sim$li"ie the #onne#tion o" #om$uter to
$ro#ess'
It shoul be note that the several levels sho1n in "ig'7') l are o$erational
levels & o not ne#essaril% re$resent se$arate & istin#t #om$uter or har1are
levels' In large s%stem! ea#h level #oul be hanle b% se$arate #om$uter but in
small s%stems! t1o or more o$erational levels might be #ombine into one
#om$uter level' Level 1,- no human intera#tion'
?+0 moern DCS in mar9et toa%@
Aet1or9 a##ess $roto#ol:-
There are number o" #ommuni#ation methos use "or istribute #ontrol
high1a%s'
1@ , tra""i# ire#tor ma% be $la#e on the high1a% to grant transmitting
$rivileges base u$on $olling the various stations on high1a%s! "ollo1ing a
$riorit% #ontrolle se-uen#e'
2@ , to9en i'e' right to transmit is $asse "rom station! granl% it mastershi$'
During the time it has the to9enB station #an #ommuni#ate 1ith an% or all
stations' Chen it has #om$lete its transmission tas9s! it $asses to9en to
ne=t station etermine b% $reetermine se-uen#e' Some evi#es! su#h as
o$erating station re-uire more time than other stations & ma% be in a high
$riorit% loo$! allo1ing them a lo1-$riorit% stations have nothing to sa%' It
o$erates in a##oring 1ith IEEE <022' It re-uires an intelligen#e inter"a#e
?gate1a%s@ to lin9 it 1ith CS0,DCD net1or9s'
This metho allo1s ea#h evi#e a "air share o" bus! sin#e ea#h is allo1e to
transmit 1ithin a $reset $erio o" time' The time ta9en to $ass the to9en
aroun the s%stem etermines "re-uen#% o" $olling o" iniviual member'
This "ins its $rin#i$le use 1here the rea#tion to events in $ro#ess $eri$her%
must ta9e $la#e 1ithin s$e#i"i# time'
Dei#ate loo$ Controller:-
Ea#h #ar #ontroller #an have several analog & igital ID> #an be $rovie
1ith har1are "a#e$late! similar to that o" an analog #ontroller'
0ultiloo$ o$erations Controller ?Lo#al #ontroller unit-LC;@:-
LC; #an hanle "rom < to )2 loo$s or u$ to about 100 ID> #ars 1ith .-<
ID> $oints $er #ar' ,n LC; also in#lue a lo1 level o$erator inter"a#e
?LL;@'
Tra""i# Dire#tor:-
Ea#h DCS su$$lier limits the numbers o" evi#es $er s%stem & istan#es
them'
The istan#e bet1een C/T & LC; #an be 100"t or more 'LC; #an
hanle analog or igital ID>'
Dis$la%s:-
The o$erator at the #entral room "un#tion some1hat li9e #o#9 bit o" an
air$lane'
Display types:
*rou$ is$la%! >vervie1 is$la%! Detail is$la%! tren is$la%'
1@ *rou$ is$la% :-It sho1s o$eration $arameter o" eight! t1elve or
si=teen #ontrol loo$s arrange in ro1s' So that the% loo9 li9e "a#es o"
instruments on an instrument $anel'
2@ >vervie1 is$la% :- It sho1s bare essentials o" number o" grou$s! ea#h
grou$ in se$arate re#tangle'
)@ Detail is$la% :- It is s$e#i"i# to single loo$ or #ontrol "un#tion' This
is$la% has same bar gra$h re$resentation that is $art o" grou$ is$la%
but it in#lue aitional in"ormation e"ining #onstants ! limits &
other #hara#teristi#s o" the "un#tion'
.@ *ra$hi# Dis$la% :-0imi# Diagram'
+@ Tren is$la% :-use "or #hart re#orers'
Carrier Sense 0ulti$le ,##ess 0etho ?CS0,@:-
It is use e=tensivel% in o""i#e management #ommuni#ation! but is also
use "or DCS'
(ig' sho1s the $rin#i$le o" CS0, 1ith #ollision ete#tion' ,ll stations
on the bus have the right to transmit' Ea#h #ontinuous listens to bus' I"
bus is tree then an% o" station #an transmit ata' I" several stations 1ant
to transmit simultaneousl%! a #ollision is ete#te & all stations 1ithra1
?1@' , ranom generator in ea#h o" the stations then etermines the time
interval 1hi#h must ela$se be"ore the station #an rene1 its attem$t to
transmit' It is not suitable "or "iel builer! sin#e short res$onse times e'g'
"or alarms #annot be guarantee'
The master- slave metho:-
Cith this metho! 1hi#h is to be "oun in sensorDa#tuator a$$li#ation!
one bus evi#e is master' >nl% the master is allo1e to transmit'
The master $olls ea#h $arti#i$ant in turn su$$lies it 1ith ata & as9s it to
transmit its ata ?E=' status o" a $eri$heral Instrument@' To in#rease
transmission rate! $roto#ol is 9e$t as sim$le as $ossible'
Data 2igh1a%s:-
Data 2igh1a%s var% in length as a "un#tion o" tra""i# #a$abilit% & s$ee o"
transmission' 2igh1a%s lengths #an be in e=#ess o" + miles' The most
$o$ular meium is #o-a=ial #able' Several su$$lier su$$l% high1a%s mae o"
T1ina= #able! a t1iste & shiele #oa=' The most re#ent aition is "iber
glass #able' , t%$i#al "iber o$ti# #able #an allo1 u$ to 200 0ES?0illion
bitDse#@! 1hile high -ualit% #oa=ial #able is re-uire to a#hieve same rate !
but #an #over onl% shorter istan#e'

In orer "or the in"ormation to be unerstoo b% both sener & re#eiver! it
must be en#oe! using a##e$te $roto#ol' 6roto#ol is a 9in o" grammar that
establishes rules "or moving ata a#ross a #ommuni#ation lin9' There are
i""erent $roto#ols' The one use most #ommonl% "or high1a% is #alle
2I*2 LEFEL D,T, LIAG 6/>T>C>L ?HDLC@' >ther $roto#ols are
IE0 Einar% s%n#hronous #ommuni#ations ?EIS Fs AC@! Digital ata
#ommuni#ation message $roto#ol ?DDCMP@ &s%n#hronous ata lin9
$roto#ol?SDLC@'2DLC & SDLC are blo#9 trans"er $roto#ols' The $roto#ol
o" SDLC is sho1n in "ig'
>n#e the abilit% to sen & re#eive message is establishe b% $rovie
$h%si#al & manage "ormat #om$atibilit%! it is ne#essar% to establish 1hi#h evi#e
#an transmit' ,##ess must be guarantee 1ithin a s$e#i"i# time "or loo$ %nami#s
to "un#tion $ro$erl% & "or alarms to be sense & a#te u$on'
?1@So"t1are Con"iguration:-
T1o $hases: (irst the o$erating s%stem must be #on"igure to e"ine
#om$osition o" grou$s & overvie1s to e"ine trening $erios! to assign high1a%s
$riorities & so on' Se#on the iniviual #ontrol "un#tions must be $rogramme to
a##om$lishe #ontrol strateg% "or 1hi#h the s%stem is to be use'
i' >$erating s%stem #on"iguration :- This is generall% #on"igure b% the
su$$lier' The in"ormation #on"igure "or a t%$i#al t%$e'
ii' Control "un#tion #on"iguration :-
,lgorithm libraries :- ,lgorithms are use to sa"et% istin#t $ro#ess
nees: analog #ontrol! igital #ontrol! se-uential #ontrol' Table 7'7 h lists
algorithm in t%$i#al istribute #ontrol librar%'
,lgorithm are #onne#te together b% so"t1are aress to "orm a
#ombination o" "un#tions' This is sometimes #alle 3so"t 1iring'
Communi#ation bet1een #om$onents:-
8et! as o" this 1iring a stanar oes not e=ist "or 1orl1ie! international
"iel bus' This is a serious $roblem' Ee#ause i" DCS is mae b% su$$lier ,!
one must also $ur#hase smart transmitter "rom ,! even i" $rou#t o" E is
better & less e=$ensive' Inter"a#ing a $l# o" su$$lier , 1ith DCS o" E
re-uires builing o" gate1a%s ?inter"a#e@ to #onvert ata "rom one "ormat to
another'
International Eus Stanars:-
E""orts are uner1a% to evelo$ a stan "iel bus! one "avours basi#
te#hnolog% behin the *erman stanar H6ro"ibusI & is su$$orte b%
/osemountD(isher Control! Siemens! 8o9oga1a & 200 others' 6ro"ibus is
essentiall% a to9en Eus! 1here tra""i# ire#tor sens to9en to one slave
evi#e at time! authoriJing it to tal9 to the net1or9' It is similar to 0,6' ,
#om$eting #am is H(iel (ounationI! 1hi#h 1as "orme "rom allian#e o"
stanar grou$s Intero$erable S%stems 6roKe#t ?IS6@ & 1orl (I6 Aorth
,meri#a! 1hi#h #ombine $roto#ol' This #ombine $roto#ol is #laime to be
better on "ast loo$s! as it is #a$able o" obtaining some in"ormation
immeiatel% on an interru$t basis & it enables "iel evi#es to tal9 to ea#h
other 1ithout going to host' The Thir #amb 1as "orme b% ,llen Erale%!
,EE! Aumati#s 1ith+0 others intereste in integration o" is#rete evi#es'
Their 6roto#ol is #alle Controller ,rea Aet1or9 ?C,A@' This grou$ is
$lanning to ma9e their $rou#t a 3e "a#to stanar uner the name 3Devi#e
Aet'