18

18
Integration in the Complex Plane
EXERCISES 18.1
Contour Integrals
1.
_
C
(z + 3) dz = (2 + 4i)
__
3
1
(2t + 3) dt + i
_
3
1
(4t 1) dt
_
= (2 + 4i)[14 + 14i] = 28 + 84i
2.
_
C
(2 z z) dz =
_
2
0
[t 3(t
2
+ 2)i](1 + 2ti) dt =
_
2
0
(6t
3
+ 13t) dt + i
_
2
0
(t
2
+ 2) dt = 50 +
20
3
i
3.
_
C
z
2
dz = (3 + 2i)
3
_
2
2
t
2
dt =
16
3
(3 + 2i)
3
= 48 +
736
3
i
4.
_
C
(3z
2
2z) dz =
_
1
0
(15t
4
+ 4t
3
+ 3t
2
2t) dt + i
_
1
0
(6t
5
+ 12t
3
6t
2
) dt = 2 + 0i = 2
5. Using z = e
it
, /2 t /2, and dz = ie
it
dt,
_
C
1 + z
z
dz =
_
/2
/2
(1 + e
it
) dt = (2 + )i.
6.
_
C
|z|
2
dz =
_
2
1
_
2t
5
+
2
t
_
dt i
_
2
1
_
t
2
+
1
t
4
_
dt = 21 + ln 4
21
8
i
7. Using z = e
it
= cos t + i sin t, dz = (sin t + i cos t) dt and x = cos t,
_

C
Re(z) dz =
_
2
0
cos t(sin t + i cos t) dt =
_
2
0
sin t cos t dt + i
_
2
0
cos
2
t dt
=
1
2
_
2
0
sin 2t dt +
1
2
i
_
2
0
(1 + cos 2t) dt = i.
8. Using z + i = e
it
, 0 t 2, and dz = ie
it
dt,
_

C
_
1
(z + i)
3

5
z + i
+ 8
_
dz = i
_
2
0
[e
2it
5 + 8e
it
] dt = 10i.
9. Using y = x + 1, 0 x 1, z = x + (x + 1)i, dz = (1 i) dx,
_
C
(x
2
+ iy
3
) dz = (1 i)
_
0
1
[x
2
+ (1 x)
3
i] dx =
7
12
+
1
12
i.
10. Using z = e
it
, t 2, dz = ie
it
dt, x = cos t = (e
it
+ e
it
)/2, y = sin t = (e
it
e
it
)/2i,
_
C
(x
3
iy
3
) dz =
1
8
i
_
2

(e
3it
+ 3e
it
+ 3e
it
+ e
3it
)e
it
dt +
1
8
i
_
2

(e
3it
3e
it
+ 3e
it
e
3it
)e
it
dt
=
1
8
i
_
2

(2e
4it
+ 6) dt =
3
4
i.
877
18.1 Contour Integrals
11.
_
C
e
z
dz =
_
C1
e
z
dz +
_
C2
e
z
dz where C
1
and C
2
are the line segments y = 0, 0 x 2 and y = x + 2,
1 x 2, respectively. Now
_
C1
e
z
dz =
_
2
0
e
x
dx = e
2
1
_
C2
e
z
dz = (1 i)
_
1
2
e
x+(x+2)i
dx = (1 i)
_
1
2
e
(1i)x
dx = e
1i
e
2(1i)
= e e
2
.
In the second integral we have used the fact that e
z
has period 2i. Thus
_
C
e
z
dz = (e
2
1) + (e e
2
) = 1 e.
12.
_
C
sin z dz =
_
C1
sin z dz +
_
C2
sin z dz where C
1
and C
2
are the line segments y = 0, 0 x 1, and x = 1,
0 y 1, respectively. Now
_
C1
sin z dz =
_
1
0
sin xdx = 1 cos 1
_
C2
sin z dz = i
_
1
0
sin(1 + iy) dy = cos 1 cos(1 + i).
Thus
_
C
sin z dz = (1cos 1)+(cos 1cos(1+i)) = 1cos(1+i) = (1cos 1 cosh 1)+i sin 1 sinh 1 = 0.1663+0.9889i.
13. We have
_
C
Im(z i) dz =
_
C1
(y 1) dz +
_
C2
(y 1) dz
On C
1
, z = e
it
, 0 t /2, dz = ie
it
dt, y = sin t = (e
it
e
it
)/2i,
_
C1
= (y 1) dz =
1
2
_
/2
0
[e
it
e
it
2i]e
it
dt =
1
2
_
/2
0
[e
2it
1 + 2ie
it
] dt = 1

4

1
2
i.
On C
2
, y = x + 1, 1 x 0, z = x + (x + 1)i, dz = (1 + i) dx,
_
C2
(y 1) dz = (1 + i)
_
1
0
xdx =
1
2
+
1
2
i.
Thus
_
C
Im(z i) dz =
_
1

4

1
2
i
_
+
_
1
2
+
1
2
i
_
=
3
2


4
.
14. Using x = 6 cos t, y = 2 sin t, /2 t 3/2, z = 6 cos t + 2i sin t, dz = (6 sin t + 2i cos t) dt,
_
C
dz = 6
_
3/2
/2
sin t dt + 2i
_
3/2
/2
cos t dt = 2i(2) = 4i.
15. We have
_

C
ze
z
dz =
_
C1
ze
z
dz +
_
C2
ze
z
dz +
_
C3
ze
z
dz +
_
C4
ze
z
dz
On C
1
, y = 0, 0 x 1, z = x, dz = dx,
_
C1
ze
z
dz =
_
1
0
xe
x
dx = xe
x
e
x

1
0
= 1.
878
18.1 Contour Integrals
On C
2
, x = 1, 0 y 1, z = 1 + iy, dz = i dy,
_
C2
ze
z
dz = i
_
1
0
(1 + iy)e
1+iy
dy = ie
i+1
.
On C
3
, y = 1, 0 x 1, z = x + i, dz = dx,
_
C3
ze
z
dz =
_
0
1
(x + i)e
x+i
dx = (i 1)e
i
ie
1+i
.
On C
4
, x = 0, 0 y 1, z = iy, dz = i dy,
_
C4
ze
z
dz =
_
0
1
ye
iy
dy = (1 i)e
i
1.
Thus
_

C
ze
z
dz = 1 + ie
i+1
+ (i 1)e
i
ie
1+i
+ (1 i)e
i
1 = 0.
16. We have
_
C
f(z) dz =
_
C1
f(z) dz +
_
C2
f(z) dz
On C
1
, y = x
2
, 1 x 0, z = x + ix
2
, dz = (1 + 2xi) dx,
_
C1
f(z) dz =
_
0
1
2(1 + 2xi) dx = 2 2i.
On C
2
, y = x
2
, 0 x 1, z = x + ix
2
, dz = (1 + 2xi) dx,
_
C2
f(z) dz =
_
1
0
6x(1 + 2xi) dx = 3 + 4i.
Thus
_
C
f(z) dz = 2 2i + 3 + 4i = 5 + 2i.
17. We have
_

C
xdz =
_
C1
xdz +
_
C2
xdz +
_
C3
xdz
On C
1
, y = 0, 0 x 1, z = x, dz = dx,
_
C1
xdz =
_
1
0
xdx =
1
2
.
On C
2
, x = 1, 0 y 1, z = 1 + iy, dz = i dy,
_
C2
xdz = i
_
1
0
dy = i.
On C
3
, y = x, 0 x 1, z = x + ix, dz = (1 + i) dx,
_
C3
xdz = (1 + i)
_
0
1
xdx =
1
2

1
2
i.
Thus
_

C
xdz =
1
2
+ i
1
2

1
2
i =
1
2
i.
18. We have
_

C
(2z 1) dz =
_
C1
(2z 1) dz +
_
C2
(2z 1) dz +
_
C3
(2z 1) dz
On C
1
, y = 0, 0 x 1, z = x, dz = dx,
_
C1
(2z 1) dz =
_
1
0
(2x 1) dx = 0.
879
18.1 Contour Integrals
On C
2
, x = 1, 0 y 1, z = 1 + iy, dz = i dy,
_
C2
(2z 1) dz = 2
_
1
0
y dy + i
_
1
0
dy = 1 + i.
On C
3
, y = x, z = x + ix, dz = (1 + i) dx,
_
C3
(2z 1) dz = (1 + i)
_
0
1
(2x 1 + 2ix) dx = 1 i.
Thus
_

C
(2z 1) dz = 0 1 + i + 1 i = 0.
19. We have
_

C
z
2
dz =
_
C1
z
2
dz +
_
C2
z
2
dz +
_
C3
z
2
dz
On C
1
y = 0, 0 x 1, z = x, dz = dx,
_
C1
z
2
dz =
_
1
0
x
2
dx =
1
3
.
On C
2
, x = 1, 0 y 1, z = 1 + iy, dz = i dy,
_
C2
z
2
dz =
_
1
0
(1 + iy)
2
i dy = 1 +
2
3
i.
On C
3
, y = x, 0 x 1, z = x + ix, dz = (1 + i) dx,
_
C3
z
2
dz = (1 + i)
3
_
0
1
x
2
dx =
2
3

2
3
i.
Thus
_

C
z
2
dz =
1
3
1 +
2
3
i +
2
3

2
3
i = 0.
20. We have
_

C
z
2
dz =
_
C1
z
2
dz +
_
C2
z
2
dz +
_
C3
z
2
dz
On C
1
, y = 0, 0 x 1, z = x, dz = dx,
_
z
2
dz =
_
1
0
x
2
dx =
1
3
.
On C
2
, x = 1, 0 y 1, z = 1 + iy, dz = i dy,
_
C2
z
2
dz =
_
1
0
(1 iy)
2
(i dy) = 1 +
2
3
i.
On C
3
, y = x, 0 x 1, z = x + ix, dz = (1 + i) dx,
_
C3
z
2
dz = (1 i)
2
(1 + i)
_
0
1
x
2
dx =
2
3
+
2
3
i.
Thus
_

C
z
2
dz =
1
3
+ 1 +
2
3
i
2
3
+
2
3
i =
2
3
+
4
3
i.
21. On C, y = x + 1, 0 x 1, z = x + (x + 1)i, dz = (1 i) dx,
_
C
(z
2
z + 2) dz = (1 i)
_
1
0
[x
2
(1 x)
2
x + 2 + (3x 2x
2
1)i] dx =
4
3

5
3
i.
22. We have
_
C
(z
2
z + 2) dz =
_
C1
(z
2
z + 2) dz +
_
C2
(z
2
z + 2) dz
880
18.1 Contour Integrals
On C
1
, y = 1, 0 x 1, z = x + i, dz = dx,
_
C1
(z
2
z + 2) dz =
_
1
0
[(x + i)
2
x + 2 i] dx =
5
6
.
On C
2
, x = 1, 0 y 1, z = 1 + iy, dz = i dy,
_
C2
(z
2
z + 2) dz = i
_
0
1
[(1 + iy)
2
+ 1 iy] dy =
1
2

5
3
i.
Thus
_
C
(z
2
z + 2) dz =
1
2

5
3
i +
5
6
=
4
3

5
3
i.
23. On C, y = 1 x
2
, 0 x 1, z = x + i(1 x
2
), dz = (1 2xi) dx,
_
C
(z
2
z + 2) dz =
_
1
0
(5x
4
+ 2x
3
+ 7x
2
3x + 1) dx + i
_
1
0
(2x
5
8x
3
+ 3x
2
1) dx =
4
3

5
3
i.
24. On C, x = sin t, y = cos t, 0 t /2 or z = ie
it
, dz = e
it
dt,
_
C
(z
2
z + 2) dz =
_
/2
0
(e
2it
ie
it
+ 2)e
it
dt =
_
/2
0
(e
3it
ie
2it
+ 2e
it
) dt
=
1
3
ie
3i/2
+
1
2
e
i
+ 2ie
i/2
+
1
3
i
1
2
2i =
4
3

5
3
i.
25. On C,

e
z
z
2
+ 1

|e
z
|
|z|
2
1
=
e
5
24
. Thus

C
e
z
z
2
+ 1
dz

e
5
24
10 =
5
12
e
5
.
26. On C,

1
z
2
2i

1
|z|
2
|2i|
=
1
34
. Thus

_
C
1
z
2
2i
dz

1
34

1
2
(12) =
3
17
.
27. The length of the line segment from z = 0 to z = 1 + i is

2 . In addition, on this line segment
|z
2
+ 4| |z|
2
+ 4 |1 + i|
2
+ 4 = 6.
Thus

_
C
(z
2
+ 4) dz

2 .
28. On C,

1
z
3

=
1
|z|
3
=
1
64
. Thus

_
C
1
z
3
dz

1
64

1
4
(8) =

32
.
29. (a)
_
C
dz = lim
P0
n

k=1
z
k
= lim
P0
n

k=1
(z
k
z
k1
)
= lim
P0
[(z
1
z
0
) + (z
2
z
1
) + (z
3
z
2
) + + (z
n1
z
n2
) + (z
n
z
n1
)]
= lim
P0
(z
n
z
0
) = z
n
z
0
(b) With z
n
= 2i and z
0
= 2i,
_
C
dz = 2i (2i) = 4i.
30. With z

k
= z
k
,
_
C
z dz = lim
P0
n

k=1
z
k
(z
k
z
k1
)
= lim
P0
[(z
2
1
z
1
z
0
) + (z
2
2
z
2
z
1
) + + (z
2
n
z
n
z
n1
)]. (1)
881
18.1 Contour Integrals
With z

k
= z
k1
,
_
C
z dz = lim
P0
n

k=1
z
k1
(z
k
z
k1
)
= lim
P0
[(z
0
z
1
z
2
0
) + (z
1
z
2
z
2
1
) + + (z
n1
z
n
z
2
n1
)]. (2)
Adding (1) and (2) gives
2
_
C
z dz = lim
P0
(z
2
n
z
2
0
) or
_
C
z dz =
1
2
(z
2
n
z
2
0
).
31. (a)
_
C
(6z + 4) dz = 6
_
C
z dz + 4
_
C
dz =
6
2
[(2 + 3i)
2
(1 + i)
2
] + 4[(2 + 3i) (1 + i)] = 11 + 38i
(b) Since the contour is closed, z
0
= z
n
and so
6
_
C
z dz + 4
_
C
dz = 6[z
2
0
z
2
0
] + 4[z
0
z
0
] = 0.
32. For f(z) = 1/z, f(z) = 1/ z, so on z = 2e
it
, z = 2e
it
, dz = 2ie
it
dt, and
_

C
f(z) dz =
_
2
0
1
2e
it
2ie
it
dt =
1
2
e
2it

2
0
=
1
2
[e
4i
1] = 0.
Thus circulation = Re
__

C
f(z) dz
_
= 0, and net ux = Im
__

C
f(z) dz
_
= 0.
33. For f(z) = 2z, f(z) = 2 z, so on z = e
it
, z = e
it
, dz = ie
it
dt, and
_

C
f(z) dz =
_
2
0
(e
it
)(ie
it
dt) = 2i
_
2
0
dt = 4i.
Thus circulation = Re
__

C
f(z) dz
_
= 0, and net ux = Im
__

C
f(z) dz
_
= 4.
34. For f(z) = 1/(z 1), f(z) = 1/(z 1), so on z 1 = 2e
it
, dz = 2ie
it
dt, and
_

C
f(z) dz =
_
2
0
1
2e
it
2ie
it
dt = i
_
2
0
dt = 2i.
Thus circulation = Re
__

C
f(z) dz
_
= 0, and net ux = Im
__

C
f(z) dz
_
= 2.
35. For f(z) = z, f(z) = z so on the square we have
_

C
f(z) dz =
_
C1
z dz +
_
C2
z dz +
_
C3
z dz +
_
C4
z dz
where C
1
is y = 0, 0 x 1, C
2
is x = 1, 0 y 1, C
3
is y = 1, 0 x 1, and C
4
is x = 0, 0 y 1. Thus
_
C1
z dz =
_
1
0
xdx =
1
2
_
C2
z dz = i
_
1
0
(1 + iy) dy =
1
2
+ i
_
C3
z dz =
_
0
1
(x + i) dx =
1
2
i
_
C4
z dz =
_
0
1
y dy =
1
2
882
18.2 Cauchy-Goursat Theorem
and so
_

C
f(z) dz =
1
2
+
_

1
2
+ i
_
+
_

1
2
i
_
+
1
2
= 0
circulation = Re
__

C
f(z) dz
_
= Re(0) = 0
net ux = Im
__

C
f(z) dz
_
= Im(0) = 0.
EXERCISES 18.2
Cauchy-Goursat Theorem
1. f(z) = z
3
1 + 3i is a polynomial and so is an entire function.
2. z
2
is entire and
1
z 4
is analytic within and on the circle |z| = 1.
3. f(z) =
z
2z + 3
is discontinuous at z = 3/2 but is analytic within and on the circle |z| = 1.
4. f(z) =
z 3
z
2
+ 2z + 2
is discontinuous at z = 1 + i and at z = 1 i but is analytic within and on the circle
|z| = 1.
5. f(z) =
sin z
(z
2
25)(z
2
+ 9)
is discontinuous at z = 5 and at z = 3i but is analytic within and on the circle
|z| = 1.
6. f(z) =
e
z
2z
2
+ 11z + 15
is discontinuous at z = 5/2 and at z = 3 but is analytic within and on the circle
|z| = 1.
7. f(z) = tan z is discontinuous at z =

2
,
3
2
, . . . but is analytic within and on the circle |z| = 1.
8. f(z) =
z
2
9
cosh z
is discontinuous at

2
i,
3
2
i, . . . but is analytic within and on the circle |z| = 1.
9. By the principle of deformation of contours we can choose the more convenient circular contour C
1
dened by
|z| = 1. Thus
_

C
1
z
dz =
_

C1
1
z
dz = 2i
by (4) of Section 18.2.
10. By the principle of deformation of contours we can choose the more convenient circular contour C
1
dened by
|z (1 i)| =
1
16
. Thus
_

C
5
z + 1 + i
dz = 5
_

C1
1
z (1 i)
dz = 5(2i) = 10i
by (4) of Section 18.2.
883
18.2 Cauchy-Goursat Theorem
11. By Theorem 18.4 and (4) of Section 18.2,
_

C
_
z +
1
z
_
dz =
_

C
z dz +
_

C
1
z
dz = 0 + 2i = 2i.
12. By Theorem 18.4 and (4) of Section 18.2,
_

C
_
z +
1
z
2
_
dz =
_

C
1
z
dz +
_

C
1
z
2
dz = 0 + 0 = 0.
13. Since f(z) =
z
z
2

2
is analytic within and on C it follows from Theorem 18.4 that
_

C
z
z
2

2
dz = 0.
14. By (4) of Section 18.2,
_

C
10
(z + i)
4
dz = 0.
15. By partial fractions,
_

C
2z + 1
z(z + 1)
dz =
_

C
1
z
dz +
_

C
1
z + 1
dz.
(a) By Theorem 18.4 and (4) of Section 18.2,
_

C
1
z
dz +
_

C
1
z + 1
dz = 2i + 0 = 2i.
(b) By writing
_

C
=
_

C1
+
_

C2
where C
1
and C
2
are the circles |z| = 1/2 and |z + 1| = 1/2, respectively,
we have by Theorem 18.4 and (4) of Section 18.2,
_

C
1
z
dz +
_

C
1
z + 1
dz =
_

C1
1
z
dz +
_

C1
1
z + 1
dz +
_

C2
1
z
dz +
_

C2
1
z + 1
dz
= 2i + 0 + 0 + 2i = 4i.
(c) Since f(z) =
2z + 1
z(z + 1)
is analytic within and on C it follows from Theorem 18.4 that
_

C
2z + 1
z
2
+ z
dz = 0.
16. By partial fractions,
_

C
2z
z
2
+ 3
dz =
_

C
1
z +

3 i
dz +
_

C
1
z

3 i
dz.
(a) By Theorem 18.4,
_

C
1
z +

3 i
dz +
_

C
1
z

3 i
dz = 0 + 0 = 0.
(b) By Theorem 18.4 and (4) of Section 18.2,
_

C
1
z +

3 i
dz +
_

C
1
z

3 i
dz = 0 + 2i = 2i.
(c) By writing
_

C
=
_

C1
+
_

C2
where C
1
and C
2
are the circles |z +

3 i| = 1/2 and |z

3 i| = 1/2,
respectively, we have by Theorem 18.4 and (4) of Section 18.2,
_

C
1
z +

3 i
dz +
_

C
1
z

3 i
dz =
_

C1
1
z +

3 i
dz +
_

C1
1
z

3 i
dz +
_

C2
1
z +

3 i
dz +
_

C2
1
z

3 i
dz
= 2i + 0 + 0 + 2i = 4i.
884
18.2 Cauchy-Goursat Theorem
17. By partial fractions,
_

C
3z + 2
z
2
8z + 12
dz =
_

C
1
z 2
dz 4
_

C
1
z 6
dz.
(a) By Theorem 18.4 and (4) of Section 18.2,
_

C
1
z 2
dz 4
_

C
1
z 6
dz = 0 4(2i) = 8i.
(b) By writing
_

C
=
_

C1
+
_

C2
where C
1
and C
2
are the circles |z 2| = 1 and |z 6| = 1, respectively,
we have by Theorem 18.4 and (4) of Section 18.2,
_

C
1
z 2
dz 4
_

C
1
z 6
dz =
_

C1
1
z 2
dz 4
_

C1
1
z 6
dz +
_

C2
1
z 2
dz 4
_

C2
1
z 6
dz
= 2i 4(0) + 0 4(2i) = 6i.
18. (a) By writing
_

C
=
_

C1
+
_

C2
where C
1
and C
2
are the circles |z +2| = 1 and |z 2i| = 1, respectively, we
have by Theorem 18.4 and (4) of Section 18.2,
_

C
_
3
z + 2

1
z 2i
_
dz =
_

C1
3
z + 2
dz
_

C1
1
z 2i
dz +
_

C2
3
z + 2
dz
_

C2
1
z 2i
dz
= 3(2i) 0 + 0 2i = 4i.
19. By partial fractions,
_

C
z 1
z(z i)(z 3i)
dz =
1
3
_

C
1
z
dz +
_

1
2
+
1
2
i
__

C
1
z i
dz +
_
1
6

1
2
i
__

C
1
z 3i
dz.
By Theorem 18.4 and (4) of Section 18.2,
_

C
z 1
z(z i)(z 3i)
dz = 0 +
_

1
2
+
1
2
i
_
2i + 0 = (1 i).
20. By partial fractions,
_

C
1
z
3
+ 2iz
2
dz =
1
4
_

C
1
z
dz
1
2
i
_

C
1
z
2
dz
1
4
_

C
1
z + 2i
dz.
By Theorem 18.4 and (4) of Section 18.2,
_

C
1
z
3
+ 2iz
2
dz =
1
4
2i
1
2
i(0)
1
4
(0) =

2
i.
21. We have
_

C
8z 3
z
2
z
dz =
_

C1
8z 3
z
2
z
dz
_

C2
8z 3
z
2
z
dz
where C
1
and C
2
are the closed portions of the curve C enclosing z = 0 and z = 1, respectively. By partial
fractions, Theorem 18.4, and (4) of Section 18.2,
_

C1
8z 3
z
2
z
dz = 5
_

C1
1
z 1
dz + 3
_

C1
1
z
dz = 5(0) + 3(2i) = 6i
_

C1
8z 3
z
2
z
dz = 5
_

C2
1
z 1
dz + 3
_

C2
1
z
dz = 5(2i) + 3(0) = 10i.
Thus
_

C
8z 3
z
2
z
dz = 6i 10i = 4i.
885
18.2 Cauchy-Goursat Theorem
22. By choosing the more convenient contour C
1
dened by |z z
0
| = r where r is small enough so that the circle
C
1
lies entirely within C we can write
_

C
1
(z z
0
)
n
dz =
_

C1
1
(z z
0
)
n
dz.
Let z z
0
= re
it
, 0 t 2 and dz = ire
it
dt. Then for n = 1:
_

C1
1
z z
0
dz =
_
2
0
1
re
it
ire
it
dt = i
_
2
0
dt = 2i.
For n = 1:
_

C1
1
(z z
0
)
n
dz =
i
r
n1
_
2
0
e
(1n)it
dt =
i
r
n1
e
(1n)it
i(1 n)

2
0
=
1
r
n1
(1 n)
[e
2(1n)i
1] = 0
since e
2(1n)i
= 1.
23. Write
_

C
_
e
z
z + 3
3 z
_
dz =
_

C
e
z
z + 3
dz 3
_

C
z dz.
By Theorem 18.4,
_

C
e
z
z + 3
dz = 0. However, since z is not analytic,
_

C
z dz =
_
2
0
e
it
(ie
it
dt) = 2i.
Thus
_

C
_
e
z
z + 3
3 z
_
dz = 0 3(2i) = 6i.
24. Write
_

C
(z
2
+ z + Re(z)) dz =
_

C
(z
2
+ z) dz +
_

C
Re(z) dz.
By Theorem 18.4,
_

C
(z
2
+ z) dz = 0. However, since Re(z) = x is not analytic,
_

C
xdz =
_

C1
xdz +
_

C2
xdz +
_

C3
xdz
where C
1
is y = 0, 0 x 1, C
2
is x = 1, 0 y 2, and C
3
is y = 2x, 0 x 1. Thus,
_

C
xdz =
_
1
0
xdx + i
_
2
0
dy + (1 + 2i)
_
0
1
xdx =
1
2
+ 2i
1
2
(1 + 2i) = i.
EXERCISES 18.3
Independence of Path
1. (a) Choosing x = 0, 1 y 1 we have z = iy, dz = i dy. Thus
_
C
(4z 1) dz = i
_
1
1
(4iy 1) dy = 2i.
(b)
_
C
(4z 1) dz =
_
i
i
(4z 1) dz = 2z
2
z

i
i
= 2i
886
18.3 Independence of Path
2. (a) Choosing the line y =
1
3
x, 0 x 3 we have z = x +
1
3
xi, dz = (1 +
1
3
i) dx. Thus
_
C
e
z
dz =
_
3
0
e
(1+
1
3
i)x
_
1 +
1
3
i
_
dx = e
(1+
1
3
i)x

3
0
= e
3+i
e
0
= (e
3
cos 1 1) + ie
3
sin 1.
(b)
_
C
e
z
dz =
_
3+i
0
e
z
dz = e
z

3+i
0
= e
3+i
e
0
= (e
3
cos 1 1) + ie
3
sin 1
3. The given integral is independent of the path. Thus
_
C
2z dz =
_
2i
2+7i
2z dz = z
2

2i
2+7i
= 48 + 24i.
4. The given integral is independent of the path. Thus
_
C
6z
2
dz =
_
2i
2
6z
2
dz = z
3

2i
2
= 15 24i.
5.
_
3+i
0
z
2
dz =
1
3
z
3

3+i
0
= 6 +
26
3
i
6.
_
1
2i
(3z
2
4z + 5i) dz = z
3
2z
2
+ 5iz

1
2i
= 19 3i
7.
_
1+i
1i
z
3
dz =
1
4
z
4

1+i
1i
= 0
8.
_
2i
3i
(z
3
z) dz =
1
4
z
4

1
2
z
2

2i
3i
=
123
4
9.
_
1i
i/2
(2z + 1)
2
dz =
1
6
(2z + 1)
3

1i
i/2
=
7
6

22
3
i
10.
_
i
1
(iz + 1)
3
dz =
1
4i
(iz + 1)
4

i
1
= i
11.
_
i
i/2
e
z
dz =
1

e
z

i
i/2
=
1

i
12.
_
1+2i
1i
ze
z
2
dz =
1
2
e
z
2

1+2i
1i
=
1
2
[e
3+4i
e
2i
] =
1
2
(e
3
cos 4 cos 2) +
1
2
(e
3
sin 4 + sin 2)i = 0.1918 + 0.4358i
13.
_
+2i

sin
z
2
dz = 2 cos
z
2

+2i

= 2
_
cos
_

2
+ i
_
cos

2
_
= 2i sin

2
sinh 1 = 2.3504i
14.
_
i
12i
cos z dz = sin z

i
12i
= sin i sin(1 2i) = i sinh [sinh 1 cosh 2 i cos 1 sinh 2]
= sin 1 cosh 2 + i(sinh + cos 1 sinh 2) = 3.1658 + 13.5083i
15.
_
2i
i
cosh z dz = sinh z

2i
i
= sinh 2i sinh i = i sin 2 i sin = 0
16.
_
1+

2
i
i
sinh 3z dz =
1
3
cosh 3z

1+

2
i
i
=
1
3
_
cosh
_
3 +
3
2
i
_
cosh 3i
_
=
1
3
_
cosh 3 cos
3
2
+ i sinh 3 sin
3
2
cos 3
_
=
1
3
cos 3
1
3
i sinh 3 = 0.3300 3.3393i
887
18.3 Independence of Path
17.
_
4i
4i
1
z
dz = Lnz

4i
4i
= Ln4i Ln(4i) = log
e
4 +

2
i
_
log
e
4

2
i
_
= i
18.
_
4+4i
1+i
1
z
dz = Lnz

4+4i
1+i
= Ln(4 + 4i) Ln(1 + i) = log
e
4

2 +

4
i
_
log
e

2 +

4
i
_
= log
e
4 = 1.3863
19.
_
4i
4i
1
z
2
dz =
1
z

4i
4i
=
_
1
4i

_
1
4i
__
=
1
2
i
20.
_
1+

3 i
1i
_
1
z
+
1
z
2
_
dz = Lnz
1
z

1+

3 i
1i
= log
e
2 +

3
i
1
1 +

3 i

_
log
e

2

4
i
1
1 i
_
= log
e

2 +
1
4
+ i
_
7
12
+

3
4
+
1
2
_
= 0.5966 + 2.7656i
21. Integration by parts gives
_
e
z
cos z dz =
1
2
e
z
(cos z + sin z) + C
and so
_
i

e
z
cos z dz =
1
2
e
z
(cos z + sin z)

=
1
2
[e
i
(cos i + sin i) e

(cos + sin )]
=
1
2
[(cos 1 cosh 1 sin 1 sinh 1 + e

) + i(cos 1 sinh 1 + sin 1 cosh 1) = 11.4928 + 0.9667i.

i
0
= i cos i + sin i = i cosh 1 + i sinh 1 = 0.3679i.
23. Integration by parts gives
_
ze
z
dz = ze
z
e
z
+ C
and so
_
1+i
i
ze
z
dz = e
z
(z1)

1+i
i
= ie
1+i
+e
i
(1i) = (cos 1+sin 1e sin 1)+i(sin 1cos 1+e cos 1) = 0.9056+1.7699i.
24. Integration by parts gives
_
z
2
e
z
dz = z
2
e
z
2ze
z
+ 2e
z
+ C
and so
_
i
0
z
2
e
z
dz = e
z
(z
2
2z + 2)

i
0
= e
i
(
2
2i + 2) 2 =
2
4 + 2i.
888
18.4 Cauchys Integral Formulas
EXERCISES 18.4
Cauchys Integral Formulas
1. By Theorem 18.9, with f(z) = 4,
_

C
4
z 3i
dz = 2i 4 = 8i.
2. By Theorem 18.10 with f(z) = z
2
and f

(z) = 2z,
_

C
z
2
(z 3i)
2
dz =
2i
1!
2(3i) = 12.
3. By Theorem 18.9 with f(z) = e
z
,
_

C
e
z
z i
dz = 2ie
i
= 2i.
4. By Theorem 18.9 with f(z) = 1 + 2e
z
,
_

C
1 + 2e
z
z
dz = 2i(1 + 2e
0
) = 6i.
5. By Theorem 18.9 with f(z) = z
2
3z + 4i,
_

C
z
2
3z + 4i
z (2i)
dz = 2i(4 + 6i + 4i) = (20 + 8i).
6. By Theorem 18.9 with f(z) =
1
3
cos z,
_

C
1
3
cos z
z

3
dz = 2i
_
1
3
cos

3
_
=

3
i.
7. (a) By Theorem 18.9 with f(z) =
z
2
z + 2i
,
_

C
z
2
z + 2i
z 2i
dz = 2i
_

4
4i
_
= 2.
(b) By Theorem 18.9 with f(z) =
z
2
z 2i
,
_

C
z
2
z 2i
z (2i)
dz = 2i
_
4
4i
_
= 2.
8. (a) By Theorem 18.9 with f(z) =
z
2
+ 3z + 2i
z + 4
,
_

C
z
2
+ 3z + 2i
z + 4
z 1
dz = 2i
_
4 + 2i
5
_
=
_

4
5
+
8
5
i
_
.
889
18.4 Cauchys Integral Formulas
(b) By Theorem 18.9 with f(z) =
z
2
+ 3z + 2i
z 1
,
_

C
z
2
+ 3z + 2i
z 1
z (4)
dz = 2i
_
4 + 2i
5
_
=
_
4
5

8
5
i
_
.
9. By Theorem 18.9 with f(z) =
z
2
+ 4
z i
,
_

C
z
2
+ 4
z i
z 4i
dz = 2i
_

12
3i
_
= 8.
10. By Theorem 18.9 with f(z) =
sin z
z + i
,
_

C
sin z
z + i
z i
dz = 2i
_
sin i
2i
_
= i sinh .
11. By Theorem 18.10 with f(z) = e
z
2
, f

(z) = 2ze
z
2
, and f

(z) = 4z
2
e
z
2
+ 2e
z
2
,
_

C
e
z
2
(z i)
3
dz =
2i
2!
[4e
1
+ 2e
1
] = 2e
1
i.
12. By Theorem 18.10 with f(z) = z, f

(z) = 1, f

(z) = 0, and f

(z) = 0,
_

C
z
(z (i))
4
dz =
2i
3!
(0) = 0.
13. By Theorem 18.10 with f(z) = cos 2z, f

(z) = 2 sin 2z, f

(z) = 4 cos 2z, f

(z) = 8 sin 2z, f

C
cos 2z
z
5
dz =
2i
4!
(16 cos 0) =
4
3
i.
14. By Theorem 18.10 with f(z) = e
z
sin z, f

(z) = e
z
cos z e
z
sin z, and f

(z) = 2e
z
cos z,
_

C
e
z
sin z
z
3
dz =
2i
2!
(2e
0
cos 0) = 2i.
15. (a) By Theorem 18.9 with f(z) =
2z + 5
z 2
,
_

C
2z + 5
z 2
z
dz = 2i
_

5
2
_
= 5i.
(b) Since the circle |z (1)| = 2 encloses only z = 0, the value of the integral is the same as in part (a).
(c) From Theorem 18.9 with f(z) =
2z + 5
z
,
_

C
2z + 5
z
z 2
dz = 2i
_
9
2
_
= 9i.
(d) Since the circle |z (2i)| = 1 encloses neither z = 0 nor z = 2 it follows from the Cauchy-Goursat
Theorem, Theorem 18.4, that
_

C
2z + 5
z(z 2)
dz = 0.
890
18.4 Cauchys Integral Formulas
16. By partial fractions,
_

C
z
(z 1)(z 2)
dz = 2
_

C
dz
z 2

_

C
dz
z 1
.
(a) By the Cauchy-Goursat Theorem, Theorem 18.4,
_

C
z
(z 1)(z 2)
dz = 0.
(b) As in part (a), the integral is 0.
(c) By Theorem 18.4,
_

C
dz
z 2
= 0 whereas by Theorem 18.9,
_

C
dz
z 1
= 2i. Thus
_

C
z
(z 1)(z 2)
dz = 2i.
(d) By Theorem 18.9,
_

C
dz
z 1
= 2i and
_

C
dz
z 2
= 2i. Thus
_

C
z
(z 1)(z 2)
dz = 2(2i) 2i = 3i.
17. (a) By Theorem 18.10 with f(z) =
z + 2
z 1 i
and f

(z) =
3 i
(z 1 i)
2
,
_

C
z + 2
z 1 i
z
2
dz =
2i
1!
_
3 i
(1 i)
2
_
= (3 + i).
(b) By Theorem 18.9 with f(z) =
z + 2
z
2
,
_

C
z + 2
z
2
z (1 + i)
dz = 2i
_
3 + i
(1 + i)
2
_
= (3 + i).
18. (a) By Theorem 18.10 with f(z) =
1
z 4
, f

(z) =
1
(z 4)
2
, and f

(z) =
2
(z 4)
3
,
_

C
1
z 4
z
3
dz =
2i
2!
_
2
64
_
=

32
i.
(b) By the Cauchy-Goursat Theorem, Theorem 18.4,
_

C
1
z
3
(z 4)
dz = 0.
19. By writing
_

C
_
e
2iz
z
4

z
4
(z i)
3
_
dz =
_

C
e
2iz
z
4
dz
_

C
z
4
(z i)
3
dz
we can apply Theorem 18.10 to each integral:
_

C
e
2iz
z
4
dz =
2i
3!
(8i) =
8
3
,
_

C
z
4
(z i)
3
dz =
2i
2!
(12) = 12i.
Thus
_

C
_
e
2iz
z
4

z
4
(z i)
3
_
dz =
_
8
3
+ 12i
_
.
20. By writing
_

C
_
cosh z
(z )
3

sin
2
z
(2z )
3
_
dz =
_

C
cosh z
(z )
3
dz
_

C
1
8
sin
2
z
(z

2
)
3
dz
891
18.4 Cauchys Integral Formulas
we apply Theorem 18.4 to the rst integral and Theorem 18.10 to the second:
_

C
cosh z
(z )
3
dz = 0,
_

C
1
8
sin
2
z
(z

2
)
3
dz =
2i
2!
_

1
4
sin
2

2
_
=

4
i.
Thus
_

C
_
cosh z
(z )
3

sin
2
z
(2z )
3
_
dz =

4
, i.
21. We have
_

C
1
z
3
(z 1)
2
dz =
_

C1
1
(z 1)
2
z
3
dz +
_

C2
1
z
3
(z 1)
2
dz
where C
1
and C
2
are the circles |z| = 1/3 and |z 1| = 1/3, respectively. By Theorem 18.10,
_

C1
1
(z 1)
2
z
3
dz =
2i
2!
(6) = 6i,
_

C2
1
z
3
(z 1)
2
dz =
2i
1!
(3) = 6i.
Thus
_

C
1
z
3
(z 1)
2
dz = 6i 6i = 0.
22. We have
_

C
1
z
2
(z
2
+ 1)
dz =
_

C1
1
z
2
(z + i)
z i
dz +
_

C2
1
z
2
+ 1
z
2
dz
where C
1
and C
2
are the circles |z i| = 1/3 and |z| = 1/8, respectively. By Theorems 18.9 and 18.10,
_

C1
1
z
2
(z + i)
z i
dz = 2i
_
1
2i
_
= ,
_

C2
1
z
2
+ 1
z
2
dz =
2i
1!
(0) = 0.
Thus
_

C
1
z
2
(z
2
+ 1)
dz = .
23. We have
_

C
3z + 1
z(z 2)
2
dz =
_

C1
3z + 1
z
(z 2)
2
dz
_

C2
3z + 1
(z 2)
2
z
dz
where C
1
and C
2
are the closed portions of the curve C enclosing z = 2 and z = 0, respectively. By
Theorems 18.10 and 18.9,
_

C1
3z + 1
z
(z 2)
2
dz =
2i
1!
_

1
4
_
=

2
i,
_

C2
3z + 1
(z 2)
2
z
dz = 2i
_
1
4
_
=

2
i.
Thus
_

C
3z + 1
z(z 2)
2
dz =

2
i

2
i = i.
24. We have
_

C
e
iz
(z
2
+ 1)
2
dz =
_

C1
e
iz
(z + i)
2
(z i)
2
dz
_

C2
e
iz
(z i)
2
(z (i))
2
dz
892
CHAPTER 18 REVIEW EXERCISES
where C
1
and C
2
are the closed portions of the curve C enclosing z = i and z = i, respectively. By
Theorem 18.10,
_

C1
e
iz
(z + i)
2
(z i)
2
dz =
2i
1!
_
4e
1
8i
_
= e
1
,
_

C2
e
iz
(z i)
2
(z (i))
2
dz =
2i
1!
_
0
8i
_
= 0.
Thus
_

C
e
iz
(z
2
+ 1)
2
dz = e
1
.
CHAPTER 18 REVIEW EXERCISES
1. True 2. False 3. True 4. True
5. 0
6. (16 + 8i) 7. (6 i) 8. a constant function
9. True (Use partial fractions and write the given integral as two integrals.)
10. True
11. integer not equal to 1; 1
12. 12
13. Since f(z) = z is entire,
_
C
(x + iy) dz is independent of the path C. Thus
_

C
(x + iy) dz =
_
3
4
z dz =
z
2
2

3
4
=
7
2
.
14. We have
_
C
(x iy) dz =
_
C1
(x iy) dz +
_
C2
(x iy) dz +
_
C3
(x iy) dz
On C
1
, x = 4, 0 y 2, z = 4 + iy, dz = i dy,
_
C1
(4 iy)i dy = i
_
2
0
(4 iy) dy = i
_
4y
i
2
y
2
_

2
0
= 2 + 8i.
On C
2
, y = 2, 4 x 3, z = x + 2i, dz = dx,
_
C2
(x 2i) dx =
_
3
4
(x 2i) dx =
1
2
x
2
2ix

3
4
=
7
2
14i.
On C
3
, x = 3, 0 y 2, z = 3 + iy, dz = i dy,
_
C3
(3 iy)i dy = i
_
0
2
(3 iy) dy = i
_
3y
i
2
y
2
_

0
2
= 2 6i.
Thus
_
C
(x iy) dz = 2 + 8i
7
2
14i 2 6i =
7
2
12i.
893
CHAPTER 18 REVIEW EXERCISES
15.
_
C
|z
2
| dz =
_
2
0
(t
4
+ t
2
) dt + 2i
_
2
0
(t
5
+ t
3
) dt =
136
15
+
88
3
i
16.
_
C
e
z
dz =
1

_
1+i
i
e
z
( dz) =
1

e
z

1+i
i
=
1

(1 e

)
17. By the Cauchy-Goursat Theorem, Theorem 18.4,
_

C
e
z
dz = 0.
18.
_
1i
3i
(4z 6) dz = 2z
2
6z

1i
3i
= 12 + 20i
19.
_
C
sin z dz =
_
1+4i
1
sin z dz = cos z

1+4i
1
= cos 1 cos(1 + 4i) = 14.2144 + 22.9637i
20.
_
C
(4z
3
+ 3z
2
+ 2z + 1) dz =
_
2i
0
(4z
3
+ 3z
2
+ 2z + 1) dz = z
4
+ z
3
+ z
2
+ z

2i
0
= 12 6i
21. On |z| = 1, let z = e
it
, dz = ie
it
dt, so that
_

C
(z
2
+ z
1
+ z + z
2
) dz = i
_
2
0
(e
2it
+ e
it
+ e
it
+ e
2it
)e
it
dt = e
it
+ it +
1
2
e
2it
+
1
3
e
3it

2
0
= 2i.
22. By partial fractions and Theorem 18.9,
_

C
3z + 4
z
2
1
dz =
7
2
_

C
1
z 1
dz
1
2
_

C
1
z (1)
dz =
7
2
(2i)
1
2
(2i) = 6i.
23. By Theorem 18.10 with f(z) = e
2z
, f

(z) = 2e
2z
, f

(z) = 4e
2z
, and f

(z) = 8e
2z
,
_

C
e
2z
z
4
dz =
2i
3!
(8) =
8
3
i.
24. By Theorem 18.10 with f(z) =
cos z
z 1
and f

(z) =
sin z cos z z sin z
(z 1)
2
,
_

C
cos z
z 1
z
2
dz =
2i
1!
_
1
1
_
= 2i.
25. By Theorem 18.9 with f(z) =
1
2(z + 3)
,
_

C
1
2(z + 3)
(z (1/2))
dz = 2i
_
1
5
_
=
2
5
i.
26. Since the function f(z) = z/ sin z is analytic within and on the given simple closed contour C, it follows from
the Cauchy-Goursat Theorem, Theorem 18.4, that
_

C
z csc z dz = 0.
27. Using the principle of deformation of contours we choose C to be the more convenient circular contour |z+i| =
1
4
.
On this circle z = i +
1
4
e
it
and dz =
1
4
ie
it
dt. Thus
_

C
z
z + i
dz = i
_
2
0
_
1
4
e
it
i
_
dt = 2.
894
CHAPTER 18 REVIEW EXERCISES
28. (a) By Theorem 18.9 with f(z) =
e
iz
2(z 2)
,
_

C
e
iz
2(z 2)
z 1/2
dz = 2i
_
e
i/2
3
_
=
2
3
.
(b) By Theorem 18.9 with f(z) =
e
iz
2z 1
,
_

C
e
iz
2z 1
z 2
dz = 2i
_
e
2i
3
_
=
2
3
i.
(c) By the Cauchy-Goursat Theorem, Theorem 18.4,
_

C
e
iz
2z
2
5z + 2
dz = 0.
29. For f(z) = z
n
g(z) we have f

(z) = z
n
g

(z) + nz
n1
g(z) and so
f

(z)
f(z)
=
z
n
g

(z) + nz
n1
g(z)
z
n
g(z)
=
g

(z)
g(z)
+
n
z
.
Thus by Theorem 18.4 and (4) of Section 18.2,
_

C
f

(z)
f(z)
dz =
_

C
g

(z)
g(z)
dz + n
_

C
1
z
dz = 0 + n(2i) = 2ni.
30. We have

_
C
Ln(z + 1) dz

|max of Ln(z + 1) on C| 2,
where 2 is the length of the line segment. Now
|Ln(z + 1)| | log
e
(z + 1)| +|Arg(z + 1)|.
But max Arg(z + 1) = /4 when z = i and max|z + 1| =

10 when z = 2 + i. Thus,

_
C
Ln(z + 1) dz

_
1
2
log
e
10 +

4
_
2 = log
e
10 +

2
.
895