Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP)

Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) is a Microsoft protocol designed to facilitate application data transfer security and
encryption between client users, devices and a virtual network server. It enables a remote user to add a graphical
interface to the desktop of another computer. Based on the ITU-T.120 protocol set, RDP is compatible with multiple
types of local area network (LAN) protocols and topologies.

RDP supports up to 64,000 separate data channels with a provision for multipoint transmission.
Key RDP functions include the initialization of connections, the transfer of data between clients and servers and
negotiation capabilities.

RDP provides support for the following services:

Mouse and user keyboard data encryption
Audio, printer, port and file redirection
Clipboard sharing between a remote server and a local client
Remote desktop applications run on client machines using a remote desktop connection
Remote Desktop Services (RDS), which provides RDP functionality via Windows 2008 R2 with Service Pack
1 (SP1)
Multiple features were added to RDP version 6.0, which was released in 2011. These include Aeroglass remoting,
Windows Media Player (WMP) redirection, multiple monitor support, Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF)
applications and remoting.

RDP is also implemented on non-Microsoft platforms. For example, "rdesktop" is a command line client used on
Unix and Linux platforms.
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IPConfig
IPConfig is a command-line tool that displays the current configuration of the installed IP stack on
a networked computer. Run IPConfig whenever you need to know the status of a computer's
TCP/IP configuration. Start IPConfig from the command prompt rather than from
Windows Explorer to see the resulting display.
Since the results fill more than one normal command prompt screen when you use the /all switch,
you might wish to redirect the output to a text file which can be viewed later in Notepad. To
redirect IPConfig's screen output to a text file type:
ipconfig /all > ipconfig.txt
Run IPConfig whenever you need to know the status of a computer's TCP/IP configuration. When
used with the /all switch, it displays a detailed configuration report for all interfaces, including any
configured wide area networks (WAN) miniports (typically used for remote access or VPN
connections). The following is a sample report:
Windows 2000 IP Configuration
Host Name . . . . . . . . . . . . : TESTPC1
Primary Domain Name . . . . . . . : reskit.com
Node Type . . . . . . . . . . . . : Hybrid
IP Routing Enabled. . . . . . . . : No
WINS Proxy Enabled. . . . . . . . : No
DNS Suffix Search List. . . . . . : ntcorpdc1.reskit.com
dns.reskit.com
reskit.com
Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection:
Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : dns.microsoft.com
Description . . . . . . . . . . . : Acme XL 10/100Mb Ethernet NIC
Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : 00-CC-44-79-C3-AA
DHCP Enabled. . . . . . . . . . . : Yes
Autoconfiguration Enabled . . . . : Yes
IP Address. . . . . . . . . . . . : 172.16.245.111
Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.248.0
Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : 172.16.240.1
DHCP Server . . . . . . . . . . . : 172.16.248.8
DNS Servers . . . . . . . . . . . : 172.16.55.85
172.16.55.134
172.16.55.54
Primary WINS Server . . . . . . . : 172.16.248.10
Secondary WINS Server . . . . . . : 172.16.248.9
Lease Obtained. . . . . . . . . . : Friday, March 05, 1999 2:21:40 PM
Lease Expires . . . . . . . . . . : Sunday, March 07, 1999 2:21:40 PM
A number of other useful switches for IPConfig include /flushdns , which deletes the DNS name
cache; /registerdns , which refreshes all Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) leases and
re-registers DNS names; and /displaydns which displays the contents of the DNS resolver cache.
The /release < adapter > and /renew < adapter > options release and renew the DHCP-allocated IP
address for a specified adapter. If no adapter name is specified, the DHCP leases for all adapters
bound to TCP/IP are released or renewed. Table 14.5 lists all IPConfig switches.
Table 14.5 IPConfig Switches
Switch Effect
/all Produces a detailed configuration report for all interfaces.
/release < adapter > Releases the IP address for a specified adapter.
/renew < adapter > Renew the IP address for the specified adapter.
/flushdns Removes all entries from the DNS Resolver Cache.
/registerdns Refreshes all DHCP leases and reregisters DNS names.
/displaydns Displays the contents of the DNS Resolver Cache.
/showclassid adapter Displays all the DHCP class IDs allowed for the adapter specified.
/setclassid adapter Modifies the DHCP class ID for the adapter specified.
/? Displays this list.

Caution
Many of the advanced features of IPConfig must not be used on a client system without the
assistance of a network administrator or support personnel. Using these commands incorrectly can
cause problems with the client system's connection to the server.
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Disk Latency Concepts
Slider, Storage
by Eric Shanks
Hard drives are not the most fun thing to talk about, but its important to know some of the concepts when it comes to disk latency. Disk
latency refers to the time delay between a request for data and the return of the data. It sounds like a simple thing, but this time can be
critical to the performance of a system.
We should be surprised that traditional hard disks work at all when we consider that head designed to read minute magnetic fields sits 3
nanometers off a platter is spinning between 5400RPM and 15,000 RPM. Amazing when you stop to think about it huh?
Even with all that, we worry about how fast we can return data to a system.
Three specific calculations are used to determine the disk latency.
1. Rotational Latency
2. Seek Time
3. Transfer Time
Rotational Latency
Data is housed on the platters, and the platters spin. The read\write head cant be positioned on all of the data at the same time, so the
platters spin around really fast to get the data under the read\write head. The amount of time it take for the platters to spin the data
under the head is the rotational latency.

To calculate the maximum rotational latency = 6000/RPM
(60 seconds in a minute * 1000 to get milliseconds / Revolutions Per minute)

In 2013 hard disks usually spin at a steady rate of:
RPMs
Rotational
Latency
(ms)
5400 11
7200 8
10000 6
15000 4
The average rotational latency for a disk is one-half the amount of time it takes for the disk to make one revolution.
Seek Time
Seek time is the amount of time it take for the Read\Write head to move between sectors on the disk. Some times data needs to be
written on the outside of the platters and sometimes inside. The read\write head needs to move back and forth to get this information.
The amount of time this takes is the seek time.
The maximum seek time is the time in milliseconds that a head needs to travel from the outermost track to the innermost track. This
time is determined from the manufacturer.
The average seek time is then one-third the maximum seek time. I would explain this in further detail, but it involves calculus. If youd
like to dive deeper, i recommend looking into page 10 of this excerpt from Operating Systems: Three Easy Pieces


Transfer Time
The speed of the disk components is only part of the struggle, there is also the amount of time it take for requests to get from the
system to the disk.
In order to determine the transfer time we need to know the sustained transfer rate of the drive. This can be found from the
manufacturer of the device.
From here the transfer time will also depend on the block size. If we assume a 4K block size and a transfer rate of 151MB we can use
the following equation
Transfer time = blocksize / Sustained transfer rate
.0325ms = 4 / 123