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    WC-Chapter 1-Path Loss and Shadowing PDF

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    Quoc Nguyen
    This document discusses various models for predicting wireless signal propagation and path loss between a transmitter and receiver. It begins by introducing the concepts of path loss and shadowing. It then describes several path loss models including free space, ray tracing, two-ray, and simplified models. Empirical models are also discussed, such as Okumura, Hata, and Walfish/Bertoni models. Examples are provided to illustrate how to calculate path loss and critical distance using different models. The document is intended to give an overview of signal propagation characteristics and common path loss modeling techniques.

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    WC-Chapter 1-Path Loss and Shadowing PDF

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    Quoc Nguyen
    298 views11 pages
    This document discusses various models for predicting wireless signal propagation and path loss between a transmitter and receiver. It begins by introducing the concepts of path loss and shadowing. It then describes several path loss models including free space, ray tracing, two-ray, and simplified models. Empirical models are also discussed, such as Okumura, Hata, and Walfish/Bertoni models. Examples are provided to illustrate how to calculate path loss and critical distance using different models. The document is intended to give an overview of signal propagation characteristics and common path loss modeling techniques.

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    This document discusses various models for predicting wireless signal propagation and path loss between a transmitter and receiver. It begins by introducing the concepts of path loss and shadowing. It then describes several path loss models including free space, ray tracing, two-ray, and simplified models. Empirical models are also discussed, such as Okumura, Hata, and Walfish/Bertoni models. Examples are provided to illustrate how to calculate path loss and critical distance using different models. The document is intended to give an overview of signal propagation characteristics and common path loss modeling techniques.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    298 views11 pages

    WC-Chapter 1-Path Loss and Shadowing PDF

    Uploaded by

    Quoc Nguyen
    This document discusses various models for predicting wireless signal propagation and path loss between a transmitter and receiver. It begins by introducing the concepts of path loss and shadowing. It then describes several path loss models including free space, ray tracing, two-ray, and simplified models. Empirical models are also discussed, such as Okumura, Hata, and Walfish/Bertoni models. Examples are provided to illustrate how to calculate path loss and critical distance using different models. The document is intended to give an overview of signal propagation characteristics and common path loss modeling techniques.

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    of 11

    1

    Chapter 1
    Path Loss and Shado ing Path Loss and Shadowing
    Ha Hoang Kha, Ph.D
    Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology
    Email: [email protected]
    Outline
    Signal Propagation Overview
    P th L ss M d ls Path Loss Models
    Free-space Path Loss
    Ray Tracing Models
    Simplified Path Loss Model
    Empirical Models
    2 H. H. Kha, Ph.D Path Loss and Shadowing
    1. Propagation Characteristics
    Path Loss (includes average shadowing)
    Shadowing (due to obstructions)
    Multipath Fading
    P
    r
    /P
    t
    P
    r
    P
    t
    v
    Very slow
    Slow
    Fast
    d=vt
    d=vt
    3 H. H. Kha, Ph.D Path Loss and Shadowing
    Pathloss is caused by dissipation of the power radiated by
    the transmitter as well as effects of the propagation.
    O i l di (100 100 )
    Shadowding: is caused by obstacles between the transmitter
    and receiver that absorb power.
    Occuring over very large distances (100-100 meters)
    Occuring over distances proportional to the length of the
    obstructing object (10-100 meters) obstructing object (10 100 meters)
    Pathloss and Shadowing are referred to as large-scale
    propagation or local mean attenuation.
    Path Loss and Shadowing 4 H. H. Kha, Ph.D
    2
    Path Loss Modeling
    Maxwells equations
    Complex and impractical
    Free space path loss model Free space path loss model
    Too simple
    Ray tracing models
    Requires site-specific information
    Empirical Models
    Dont always generalize to other environments y g
    Simplified power falloff models
    Main characteristics: good for high-level analysis
    5 H. H. Kha, Ph.D Path Loss and Shadowing
    2. Transmit and receive signal model
    Signals in wireless communications is the UHF and SHF
    (Ultra and super high frequency) bands, from 0.3-3 GHz
    and 3-30 GHz.
    where is a complex baseband signal with in-
    We model the transmitted signal as
    f
    c
    is the carrier frequency (B <<f
    c
    ) and
    0
    is an initial phase offset.
    phase component and , quadrature component
    , bandwidth B and power P
    u
    .
    The power in the transmitted signal s(t) is P
    t
    =P
    u
    /2
    Path Loss and Shadowing 6 H. H. Kha, Ph.D
    Transmit and receive signal model
    If s(t) is transmitted through a time-invariant channel
    v(t)=u(t)*c(t), where c(t) is the equivalent lowpass channel
    impulse response for the channel.
    The received signal will have
    p p
    Path loss:
    P i i d f ( ) P
    t
    is transmitted power of s(t)
    P
    r
    is received power of r(t)
    Path Loss and Shadowing H. H. Kha, Ph.D
    Remark: P(dB)=10log
    10
    (P(W)), P(dBm)=10log
    10
    (P(mW))
    7
    3. Free Space Propagation Model
    Free space power received by a receiver antenna which
    is separated from a radiating transmitting antenna by a
    distance d (Friis free space equation):
    P
    t
    : the transmitted power
    P
    r
    (d): the received power
    G
    t
    , G
    R
    : the transmitter and receiver antenna gain
    2
    2 2
    . . .
    ( )
    (4 ) . .
    t t r
    r
    P G G
    P d
    d L

    =
    t
    ,
    R
    g
    d : the T-R separation distance in meters
    L: the system loss factor not related to propagation (L 1)
    : the wavelength in meters
    Path Loss and Shadowing H. H. Kha, Ph.D 8
    3
    Free-space path loss
    Assume there is no obstructions between the transmitter
    and receiver, i.e., a line-of-sight (LOS) channel.
    Received signal: ece ved s g a :
    =c/f
    c
    : wavelength
    d: distance of the wave travels
    : the product of the transmit and receive antenna field
    radiation patterns in the LOS direction
    Path Loss and Shadowing 9 H. H. Kha, Ph.D
    radiation patterns in the LOS direction.
    Ratio of received to transmitted power is computed by
    Free Space Propagation Model
    The path loss for the free space model when antenna
    gain are included is given by
    2
    P GG

    When antenna gains are excluded, the antennas are
    assumed to have unity gain and path loss is given by
    ( )
    ( )
    2
    2
    10log 10log
    4
    t t r
    L
    r
    P GG
    P dB
    P
    d


    = =


    ( )
    2
    10l 10l
    t
    P
    P dB


    ( )
    ( )
    2
    10log 10log
    4
    t
    L
    r
    P dB
    P
    d

    = =


    Path Loss and Shadowing 10 H. H. Kha, Ph.D
    Free Space Propagation Model
    The free space propagation model is used to predict
    received signal strength when the transmitter and
    receiver have a clear, unobstructed line-of-sight path receiver have a clear, unobstructed line of sight path
    between them.
    The free space model predicts that received power
    decays as function of the transmitter-receiver (T-R)
    separation distance raised to some power.
    The carrier frequency increases the received power The carrier frequency increases, the received power
    decreases. However, the antenna gain of highly
    directional antennas can increase with frequency.
    Path Loss and Shadowing 11 H. H. Kha, Ph.D
    Example
    Consider an indoor wireless LAN with f
    c
    =900 MHz,
    cell radius 10m, and nondirectional antennas. Under the
    free-space path loss model, what transmit power is free space path loss model, what transmit power is
    required at the access point such that all terminals
    within the cell receive a minimum power of 10uW.
    How does this change if the frequency is 5 GHz.
    Path Loss and Shadowing 12 H. H. Kha, Ph.D
    4
    4. Ray Tracing Model
    Models all signal components
    Reflections
    Scattering
    Diffraction
    Requires detailed geometry and dielectric properties of
    site
    Si il t M ll b t i th Similar to Maxwell, but easier math.
    Computer packages often used
    13 H. H. Kha, Ph.D Path Loss and Shadowing
    Two-Ray Model
    Used when a single ground reflection dominated the
    multipath effect.
    Suitable for isolated areas with few reflectors such as Suitable for isolated areas with few reflectors, such as
    rural roads or highways.
    Not a good model for indoor environments
    Path Loss and Shadowing 14 H. H. Kha, Ph.D
    Two-Ray Model
    Received signal:
    -
    :the time delay of the ground reflection relative to the
    LOS ray.
    : the product of transmit and receive antenna field
    radiation in the LOS direction.
    : the product of transmit and receive antenna field
    radiation patterns corresponding to the refection rays. p p g y
    R: the ground refection coefficient
    If the transmitted signal is narrowband relative to the
    delay spread then
    Path Loss and Shadowing 15 H. H. Kha, Ph.D
    Ray Tracing Approximation
    Represent wavefronts as simple particles
    Geometry determines received signal from each
    signal component
    Typically includes reflected rays, can also include
    scattered and defracted rays.
    Requires site parameters
    Geometry
    Dielectric properties
    16 H. H. Kha, Ph.D Path Loss and Shadowing
    5
    Two-Ray Model
    The received power of the two-ray model for
    narrowband transmission
    -
    : the phase difference between the two signal
    components.
    When d>> h
    t
    +h
    r
    , we have
    and 0, and R=-1.
    Path Loss and Shadowing 17 H. H. Kha, Ph.D
    Two-Ray Model
    For asymptotically large d,
    and R=-1, the received power is approximately
    or, in dB
    The critical distance d
    c
    is the distance after that the
    signal power falls off proportionally to d
    -4
    .
    Cell radius are typically smaller than d
    c
    .
    Path Loss and Shadowing 18 H. H. Kha, Ph.D
    Received Power versus Distance
    Path Loss and Shadowing 19 H. H. Kha, Ph.D
    Two Path Model
    Path loss for one LOS path and 1 ground (or
    reflected) bounce
    Ground bounce approximately cancels LOS path
    above critical distance
    Power falls off
    Proportional to d
    2
    (small d)
    Proportional to d
    4
    (d>d
    c
    )
    Independent of (f)
    20 H. H. Kha, Ph.D Path Loss and Shadowing
    6
    Example
    Determine the critical distance for the two-way model
    in an urban microcell (h
    t
    =10m, h
    r
    =3m) and indoor
    microcell (h
    t
    =3m and h =2m) at f =2GHz. microcell (h
    t
    3m and h
    r
    2m) at f
    c
    2GHz.
    Solution:
    Urban microcell: d
    c
    =800 m
    Urban microcells are on the order of 100 m to maintain
    large capacity.
    I d d 160 Indoor system: d
    c
    =160 m
    Typically indoor system has a smaller cell radius, on the
    order of 10-20 m.
    Path Loss and Shadowing 21 H. H. Kha, Ph.D
    Dielectric Canyon (Ten-Ray Model)
    A model for urban area transmission
    Other empirical studies have obtained power falloff
    with distance proportional to d-

    where lies anywhere


    between to and six.
    Path Loss and Shadowing 22 H. H. Kha, Ph.D
    In the simplified model, path loss as a function of
    distance is commonly used for system design.
    Most important parameter is the path loss exponent ,
    d i d i i ll
    5. Simplified Path Loss Model
    determined empirically.
    or, in dB
    d
    0
    is a reference distance for the antenna far-field. (d
    0
    =1-10m
    for indoor and 10 100m for outdoor environments for indoor and 10-100m for outdoor environments.
    K is the free space path loss at distance d
    0
    :
    The path loss exponent can be obtained via a minimum
    mean square error (MMSE) fit to empirical measurements.
    23 H. H. Kha, Ph.D Path Loss and Shadowing
    Typical Path Loss Exponents
    Macrocell radius: 1Km-30 Km
    Microcell radius: 200-2000 m
    Picocell radius: 4m-200 m
    24 H. H. Kha, Ph.D Path Loss and Shadowing
    7
    Example
    Given a transmitter produces 50 W of power. If this power is
    applied to a unity gain antenna with 900 MHz carrier frequency,
    find the received power at a free space distance of 100 m from
    the antenna. What is P
    r
    (10 km). Assume unity gain for the
    receiver antenna
    Ans: P
    r
    (100m)=-24.5 dBm; Pr(10Km)=-64.5 dBm
    Path Loss and Shadowing 25 H. H. Kha, Ph.D
    Consider the set of empirical measurements of P
    r
    /P
    t
    given in the
    table below for an indoor systems at 2 GHz. Find the path loss
    exponent that minimizes the MSE between the simplified model
    Example
    p p
    and the empirical dB power measurements, assuming that d
    0
    =1m
    and K is determined from the free space path loss formula at this
    d
    0
    .
    26 H. H. Kha, Ph.D Path Loss and Shadowing
    6. Empirical Models
    Okumura model
    Empirically based (site/freq specific)
    Awkward (uses graphs) ( g p )
    Hata model
    Analytical approximation to Okumura model
    Cost 136 Model:
    Extends Hata model to higher frequency (2 GHz)
    Walfish/Bertoni:
    Cost 136 extension to include diffraction from rooftops
    Commonly used in cellular system simulations
    27 H. H. Kha, Ph.D Path Loss and Shadowing
    Indoor Propagation Models
    Indoor environments differ widely in
    The materials used for walls and floors
    The layout of rooms, hallways, windows, and open areas, y y p
    The location and material in obstructing objects
    The size of each room and the number of the floors.
    At higher frequency the attenuation loss per floor is
    typically larger.
    Table is the
    28 H. H. Kha, Ph.D Path Loss and Shadowing
    partition losses
    measured at 900-
    1300 MHz
    8
    Indoor Propagation Models
    The simple path loss for indoor environment:
    is obtained from the path loss for a same floor
    measurement.
    FAF
    i
    represents the floor attenuation factor (FAF) for the ith
    floor traversed by the signal.
    PAF
    i
    represents the partition attenuation factor (PAF)
    associated with the ith partition traversed by the signals associated with the ith partition traversed by the signals.
    N
    f
    and N
    p
    are the number of floors and partitions traversed
    by the signal:
    29 H. H. Kha, Ph.D Path Loss and Shadowing
    Example
    Suppose, in an office building, a 2.4 GHz transmitter
    located at a workstation is separated from the network
    access node (receiver) by a distance of 35 m. The
    transmission must pass through 5 m of an office,
    through a plasterboard wall, and then through a large
    open area. The propagation is modeled as free space for
    the first 5 m and with a loss exponent of 3.1 for the
    remainder of the distance. The plasterboard wall causes
    6 dB attenuation of the signal. The isotropic transmitter
    radiated 20 dBm. Can the link be closed if the receiver
    has a sensitivity of -75 dBm?
    30 H. H. Kha, Ph.D Path Loss and Shadowing
    Main Points
    Path loss models simplify Maxwells equations
    Models vary in complexity and accuracy Models vary in complexity and accuracy
    Power falloff with distance is proportional to d
    2
    in free
    space, d
    4
    in two path model
    General ray tracing computationally complex
    Empirical models used in 2G simulations Empirical models used in 2G simulations
    Main characteristics of path loss captured in simple
    model P
    r
    =P
    t
    K[d
    0
    /d]

    31 H. H. Kha, Ph.D Path Loss and Shadowing


    In addition to path loss, a signal will typical experience
    random variation due to blockage from the signal path
    Changes in the reflection surfaces and scattering objects
    7. Shadowing
    is the path loss caused by shadowing which is a random
    variable. Empirically, is a log-normal distribution given by
    32 H. H. Kha, Ph.D Path Loss and Shadowing
    9
    In previous example, we found the exponent for the
    simplified path loss model that best fit the
    measurements was =3.17. Assuming the simplified
    Example
    path loss model with this exponent and the same K=-
    31.54 dB, find , the variance of log-normal
    shadowing about the mean path loss based on these
    empirical measurements.
    Ans:
    33 H. H. Kha, Ph.D Path Loss and Shadowing
    Models for path loss and shadowing are typically
    superimposed to capture power falloff versus distance
    along with the random attenuation about this path loss
    8. Combined Path Loss and Shadowing
    from shadowing.
    P /P
    t
    Slow 10log
    is a Gauss-distributed
    random variable with mean zero
    and variance
    34 H. H. Kha, Ph.D Path Loss and Shadowing
    P
    r
    /P
    t
    (dB)
    log d
    Very slow
    -10
    and variance
    In wireless systems, there is typically a target minimum
    received power level P
    min
    below which performance
    become unacceptable.
    9. Outage Probability under Path Loss and
    Shadowing
    Outage probability is the probability that the
    received power at a given distance d, , falls below P
    min ,
    i.e.
    where
    35 H. H. Kha, Ph.D Path Loss and Shadowing
    Normal or Gaussian Distribution
    36 H. H. Kha, Ph.D Path Loss and Shadowing
    10
    Q- function
    37 H. H. Kha, Ph.D Path Loss and Shadowing
    Q- function
    38 H. H. Kha, Ph.D Path Loss and Shadowing
    Example
    39 H. H. Kha, Ph.D Path Loss and Shadowing
    Outage Probability
    and Cell Coverage Area
    Path loss: circular cells
    Path loss+shadowing: amoeba cells
    r
    P
    Tradeoff between coverage and interference
    Outage probability
    Probability received power below given minimum
    Cell coverage area
    %of cell locations at desired power % of cell locations at desired power
    Increases as shadowing variance decreases
    Large % indicates interference to other cells
    40 H. H. Kha, Ph.D Path Loss and Shadowing
    11
    References
    [1] A. Goldsmith, Wireless Communications, Cambridge University
    Press, 2005.
    [2] A Goldsmith Wireless Communications Lecture Notes [2] A. Goldsmith, Wireless Communications, Lecture Notes,
    http://www.stanford.edu/class/ee359/archived_material/2010/lec
    tures.html
    41 H. H. Kha, Ph.D Path Loss and Shadowing
    Homeworks
    Problems: 1, 2, 13, 18, 21 in Chapter 2 of [Goldsmith 2005]
    42 H. H. Kha, Ph.D Path Loss and Shadowing

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