02 - RN31542EN30GLA0 - Radio Network Planning Fundamentals

RN31542EN30GLA0
Radio Network Planning Fundamentals

1
1 Nokia Siemens Networks RN31542EN30GLA0
Course Content
WCDMA & HSPA fundamentals
Radio network planning fundamentals
Radio network planning process
Coverage dimensioning
Capacity dimensioning
Coverage & capacity planning
Coverage & capacity improvements
NSN radio network solution
Site Solutions & Site Planning
Initial Parameter Planning
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Module Objectives
At the end of the module you will be able to:
Understand basic radio propagation mechanisms
Understand fading phenomena
Calculate free space loss
Understand basic concepts related to Node B and UE performance
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Propagation mechanisms
Basics: deciBel (dB)
Radio channel
Reflections
Diffractions
Scattering
Multipath & Fading
Propagation Slope & Different Environments
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deciBel (dB) Definition
Power
Voltages
dB
P
P
P
lin
P dB
=

= 10 10
0
10
log [ ]
.
( )
dB
E
E
E
lin
E dB
=

= 20 10
0
20
log [ ]
.
( )
P
lin.
~E
lin.
/ 2
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deciBel (dB) Conversion
Calculations in dB (deciBel)
Logarithmic scale
Always with respect to a reference
dBW = dB above Watt
dBm = dB above mWatt
dBi = dB above isotropic
dBd = dB above dipole
dBmV/m = dB above mV/m
Rule-of-thumb:
+3dB = factor 2
+7 dB = factor 5
+10 dB = factor 10
-3dB = factor 1/2
-7 dB = factor 1/5
-10 dB = factor 1/10
UMTS Power Range
-50 dBm = 10 nW
-30 dBm = 1 mW
-20 dBm = 10 mW
-10 dBm = 100 mW
-7 dBm = 200 mW
-3 dBm = 500 mW
0 dBm = 1 mW
+3 dBm = 2 mW
+7 dBm = 5 mW
+10 dBm = 10 mW
+13 dBm = 20 mW
+20 dBm = 100mW
+30 dBm = 1 W
+40 dBm = 10W
+50 dBm = 100W
UMTS Power Link Budget:
min. UE Power: -50 dBm*
max. UE Power: 21 dBm / 24 dBm (UE Power Class 4 / 3)*
max. Node B Power/cell typically: 40 - 46 dBm
* 3GPP TS 25.101
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Radio Channel Main Characteristics
Linear
In field strength
Reciprocal
UL & DL channel same (if in same frequency)
Dispersive
In time (echo, multipath propagation)
In spectrum (wideband channel)
direct path
echoes
Multipath Effects
RAKE Receiver
(Orthogonality)
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
Delay time
: orthogonality factor
Time Dispersion / Multipath propagation
Loss of Orthogonality in DL Transmission
(Channelisation Codes only orthogonal
when synchronised)
location dependent (Multi-path effect)
value = [0..1]; typically:
- 0.4 - 0.9 (Macro Cells)
- > 0.9 (Micro & Pico Cells)
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Free-space propagation
Signal strength decreases exponentially with distance
Reflection
Specular reflection
amplitude A a*A (a < 1)
phase f - f
polarisation material dependant phase shift
Diffuse reflection
amplitude A a *A (a < 1)
phase f random phase
polarisation random
specular reflection
diffuse reflection
D
Propagation Mechanisms (1/2)
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Propagation Mechanisms (2/2)
Absorption
Heavy amplitude attenuation
Material dependant phase shifts
Depolarisation
Diffraction
Wedge - model
Knife edge
Multiple knife edges
A A - 5..30 dB
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Scattering Macrocell
Macro Cell
Scattering local to UE
causes fading
small delay & large angle spreads
Doppler spread time varying effects
Scattering local to BS
No additional Doppler spread
Small delay & angle spread
Remote scattering
Independent path fading
No additional Doppler spread
Large delay spread
Large angle spread
Scattering
local to UE
Scattering
local to BS
Remote scattering
Micro Cell
local scattering:
Large angle spread
Low delay spread
Medium or high Doppler
spread
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Multipath & Fading
Delay Time dispersion
Angle Angular Spread
Frequency Doppler Spread
Fading Slow & Fast
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Multipath propagation: Delay Time dispersion
Multipath: Different radio paths have different properties
Distance Delay/Time
Direction Angle
Direction & Receiver/Transmitter Movement Frequency
Multipath delays due to multipath propagation
1 s 300 m path difference
WCDMA: RAKE Receiver to combine multipath components
Components with delay separation > 1 chip (0.26 s = 78 m) can
be separated & combined
Standardized delay profiles in 3GPP specs:
TU3 typical urban at 3 km/h (pedestrians)
TU50 typical urban at 50 km/h (cars)
HT100hilly terrain (road vehicles, 100 km/h)
RA250 rural area (highways, up to 250 km/h)
t
P
4.
3.
2.
1.
1.
2.
Multipath
propagation
Channel
impulse
response
Multipath delays due to multipath propagation
1 s 300 m path difference
1 chip 260.4 ns 78 m (RAKE Receiver/Matched Filter)
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Delay Spread
Typical values
Environment Delay Spread (s)
Macrocellular, urban 0.5-3
Macrocellular, suburban 0.5
Macrocellular, rural 0.1-0.2
Macrocellular, HT 3-10
Microcellular < 0.1
Indoor 0.01...0.1
Remember:
Loss of DL Synchronisation / Orthogonality Factor
1 chip 260.4 ns 78 m
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Angle Angular Spread
Angular spread arises due to multipath, both from local scatterers near the mobile & near the base
station and remote scatterers
Angular spread is a function of base station location, distance & environment
Angular Spread has an effect mainly on the performance of diversity reception & adaptive antennas
Macrocellular Environment
= Macrocell Coverage Area
Microcellular Environment
= Microcell Coverage Area
Microcell Antenna
Macrocell Antenna
5 - 10 degrees in macrocellular environment

>> 10 degrees in microcellular environment
< 360 degrees in indoor environment
Angular spread:
function of BS location, distance & environment
has an effect mainly on the performance of
diversity reception & adaptive antenna
typical no sectorisation in Micro- & Pico Cells
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Frequency Doppler Spread
Doppler Effect: with a moving transmitter or receiver, the frequency observed by the receiver will
change
Rise if the distance on the radio path is decreasing
Fall if the distance in the radio path is increasing
The difference between the highest and the lowest frequency shift is called Doppler spread
f
c
v v
f
d
= =
v: Speed of receiver (m/s)

c: Speed of light (3*10^8 m/s)
f: Frequency (Hz)
f
rec
= f
source
(1-
2
)/1; = v/c
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Fading
time
Power
2 sec 4 sec 6 sec
+20 dB
mean
value
- 20 dB
Slow
fading*
Fast
Fading
* or Lognormal Fading
Fading describes the variation of
the total pathloss (signal
level) when receiver/transmitter
moves in the cell coverage area
Fading is commonly categorised
to two categories based on the
phenomena causing it:
Slow fading: Caused by
shadowing due to
obstacles
Fast fading: Caused by
multipath propagation
Time-selective fading: Short delay +
Doppler
Frequency-selective fading: Long
delay
Space-selective fading: Large angle
In wireless communications systems, the transmitted signal typically propagates via
several different paths from the transmitter to the receiver. This can be caused, e.g.,
by reflections of the radio waves from the surrounding buildings or other obstacles,
and is typically called multipath propagation. Each of the multipath components have
generally different relative propagation delays and attenuations which, when summing
up in the receiver, results in filtering type of effect on the received signal where
different frequencies of the modulated waveform are experiencing different
attenuations and/or phase changes. This is typically termed frequency-selective
fading.
Another important characteristics is related to the relative mobility of the transmitter
and receiver, or some other time-varying behavior in the propagation environment. In
effect, this causes the overall radio channel to be time-variant meaning time-varying
delays and attenuations for the individual multipath components. This phenomenon is
generally termed time-varying or time-selective fading.
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Slow Fading Gaussian Distribution
Measurement campaigns have shown that Slow Fading follows Gaussian distribution
Received signal strength in dB scale (e.g. dBm, dBW)
Gaussian distribution is described by mean value m, standard deviation
68%of values are within m
95%of values are within m 2
Gaussian distribution used in planning margin calculations
Compensation of Slow Fading in UMTS
Rel. 99 & HSUPA: by Fast Power Control & SHO
HSDPA: by Fast Link Adaptation
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Fast Fading
Different signal paths interfere and affect the received signal
Rice Fading the dominant (usually LOS) path exist
Rayleigh Fading no dominant path exist
Compensation of Fast Fading in UMTS
Rel. 99 & HSUPA: by Fast Power Control
HSDPA: by Fast Link Adaptation
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Fast Fading Rayleigh Distribution
It can be theretically shown that fast fading follows Rayleigh Distribution when there is
no single dominant multipath component
Applicable to fast fading in obstructed paths
Valid for signal level in linear scale (e.g. mW, W)
+10
0
-10
-20
-30
0 1 2 3 4 5 m
level (dB)
920 MHz
v = 20 km/h
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Fast Fading Rician Distribution
Fast fading follows Rician distribution when there is a dominant multipath component,
for example line-of-sight component combined with in-direct components
Sliding transition between Gaussian and Rayleigh
Rice-factor K = r/A: direct / indirect signal energy
K = 0 Rayleigh
K >>1 Gaussian
K = 0
(Rayleigh)
K = 1
K = 5
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Multipath & Fading
Free Space Loss
Received power with antenna gain
Propagation slope
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Free Space Loss
Free space loss proportional to 1/d
2
Simplified case: isotropic antenna
Which part of total radiated power is found within surface A?
Power density S = P/A =P / 4 d
2
Received power within surface A : P = P/A * A
Received power reduces with square of distance
d
Surface A = 4 * d
2
assume surface
A= 1m
2
2d
4d
A = 4*A
A = 16*A
A
d
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Received power with antenna gain
Power density at the receiving end
Effective receiver antenna area
Received power
R eff
G A
4
2
=
s
s
G
d
P
S
2
4
=
P
P
G G
d
r
s
s r
=

4
2
Ps
As
Gs
Pr
Ar
Gr
d
S A P
eff r
=
Antenna gain is normally given by how much the given antenna is better than a dipole
antenna (dBd) or an isotropic (fully omnidirectional) antenna (dBi)
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Propagation slope
The received power equation can be formulated as
Where
C is a constant
is the slope factor
2 for free space
4 for plane, smooth, perfectly conducting terrain
3-3.4 for irregular terrain
2
4

C

= d C G G P P
r s s r
Propagation Models:
Statistical Path Loss
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Thank You !

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RN31542EN30GLA0

Radio Network Planning Fundamentals

5 - 10 degrees in macrocellular environment

v: Speed of receiver (m/s)

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