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Problems NT

1. This document contains 30 number theory problems from various mathematical olympiads and publications. The problems cover a wide range of topics including divisibility, modular arithmetic, prime numbers, and representations of numbers as sums of squares. 2. Many of the problems ask the reader to prove various properties about integers, prime numbers, and expressions involving factorials, powers and sums. 3. The sources of the problems include the International Mathematical Olympiad, USA Mathematical Olympiad, and publications by mathematicians such as Euler, Lucas and Burton.

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Chirag Singhal
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196 views3 pages

Problems NT

1. This document contains 30 number theory problems from various mathematical olympiads and publications. The problems cover a wide range of topics including divisibility, modular arithmetic, prime numbers, and representations of numbers as sums of squares. 2. Many of the problems ask the reader to prove various properties about integers, prime numbers, and expressions involving factorials, powers and sums. 3. The sources of the problems include the International Mathematical Olympiad, USA Mathematical Olympiad, and publications by mathematicians such as Euler, Lucas and Burton.

Uploaded by

Chirag Singhal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PROBLEMS IN ELEMENTARY NUMBER THEORYCATEGORY III

Manjil P. Saikia
1
Department of Mathematical Sciences,
Tezpur University, India
1. Let a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
be non-negative integers, then (a
1
+a
2
+. . . +a
n
)! is divisible
by a
1
!.a
2
!. .a
n
!.
Hojoo Lee, Tom Lovering and Cosmin Pohoat a
2. Let m and n be arbitary non-negative integers. Prove that
(2m)!(2n)!
m!n!(m+n)!
is an
integer.
IMO, 1972
3. There are n windows in a classroom which are all closed and numbered 1 through
n. The teacher calls n students and then asks the n-th student to either close an
open window or open a closed one whose number is a multiple of n. After the whole
exercise which windows will be left open?
Manjil P. Saikia
4. Does there exist an innite set A of positive integers with the property that the
sum of the elements of any nite subset of A is not a perfect power?
Kvant, 1982
5. The 2n move chess game has the same rules as the regular one, with only one
exception, each player has to make 2n consecutive moves at a time. Prove that
white (who plays rst) always has a non-losing strategy.
Manjil P. Saikia, Bangladesh Mathematical Olympiad Training Camp 2008
6. Prove that n Z
+
,

n + 1
2
+
n + 2
2
2
+ . . . +
n + 2
k
2
k
+ 1
+ . . . = n.
IMO, 1968
7. If x is a positive real number and n is a positive integer, prove that,
nx
x
1
+
2x
2
+ . . . +
nx
n
.
USAMO, 1981
8. Find the sum 1.1! + 2.2! + . . . + n.n!.
Canada, 1969
9. If n > 1 then prove that n
4
+ 4
n
is never a prime.
1
Email: [email protected], manjil [email protected]
1
2 PROBLEMS IN ELEMENTARY NUMBER THEORYCATEGORY III
K urschak, 1978
10. Show that the equation x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 2xyz has no integral solutions except
x = y = z = 0.
Arthur Engel
11. If a, b and q =
a
2
+b
2
ab+1
are integers, then prove that q is a perfect square.
IMO, 1988
12. Solve the system of equations:
x + y + {z} = 200.0
{x} + y + z = 190.1
x + {y} + z = 178.8.
Australia,1999
13. If a b (mod n), then show that a
n
b
n
(mod n
2
).
Titu Andreescu, Dorin Andrica and Zuming Feng
14. Find the number of positive integers x which satisfy the equation:

x
99
=
x
101
.
RMO, 2001
15. Let a, b and c be three natural numbers such that a < b < c and gcd(ca, cb) =
1. Suppose there exists an integer d such that a + d, b + d and c + d form the
sides of a right angled triangle. Prove that there exists integers l and m such that
c + d = l
2
+ m
2
.
RMO, 2007
16. Prove that the fraction
21n+4
14n+3
is irreducible for every positive integer n.
IMO, 1959
17. If the distinct prime factors of n are p
1
, p
2
, , p
k
, then prove that
(n) = n(1
1
p
1
)(1
1
p
2
) . . . (1
1
p
k
).
Leonhard Euler
18. Prove that
1
1
2
+
1
3

1
4
+ . . . +
1
2n 1

1
2n
=
1
n + 1
+
1
n + 2
+ . . . +
1
2n
.
Catalan
19. Let m and n be positive integers such that
m
n
= 1
1
2
+
1
3

1
4
+ . . .
1
1318
+
1
1319
.
Prove that 1979 | m.
IMO, 1979
PROBLEMS IN ELEMENTARY NUMBER THEORYCATEGORY III 3
20. Let p be a prime number and m and n be two integers considered in the following
way, m = a
k
p
k
+a
k1
p
k1
+. . . +a
1
p +a
0
and n = b
l
p
l
+b
l1
p
l1
+. . . +b
1
p +b
0
,
where all a
i
, b
i
s are non-negative integers less than p. Then prove that,

m
n

=
max(k,l)
i=0

a
i
b
i

.
E. Lucas
21. If p is a prime, then prove that for any integer a, p | a
p
+ (p 1)!a and
p | (p 1)!a
p
+ a.
David M. Burton
22. If p is an odd prime, then prove that
1
p
+ 2
p
+ . . . + (p 1)
p
0 (mod p).
David M. Burton
23. Find the last two digits of 27
1729
.
Manjil P. Saikia
24. Show that there are innitely many non-zero solutions to the equation a
3
+b
3
+
c
3
+ d
3
= 0.
Manjil P. Saikia
25. If A and B are two Facebook friends then AB forms a Facebook line. ABCD
will be a Facebook polygon if A and B, B and C, C and D and A and D are friends.
We can draw diagonals joining two points i they are Facebook friends. Find out
the largest sample size of people needed to form a Facebook quadrilateral with no
diagonals.
Mohaimin Elements and Manjil P. Saikia
26. Prove that a natural number p > 1 is a prime i

n
p

n
p
is divisible by p for
every non-negative integer n.
Manjil P. Saikia and Jure Vogrinc
27. Prove that a natural number p > 1 is a prime i

q
p

q
p
is divisible by p for
every prime number q.
Manjil P. Saikia and Jure Vogrinc
28. Prove that if given any natural number n, the set {1, 2, 3, , 2
n+1
} can be
partitioned into two subsets, A
n
and B
n
, each of size 2
n
, such that

aAn
a
k
=

bBn
b
k
for k = 1, 2, , n.
B. Sury
29. Show that 7x + 9y = n has non-negative integer solutions n > 47, n N.
Manjil P. Saikia
30. Prove that the number of representations of 8n+4 as a sum of four odd squares
is twice that when it is represented as the sum of four even squares.
Nayandeep Deka Baruah, Shawn Cooper and Micheal D. Hirshchorn

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