2013 Bearcats Baja Front Suspension System

A Baccalaureate thesis submitted to the

School of Dynamic Systems
College of Engineering and Applied Science
University of Cincinnati

in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Science

in Mechanical Engineering Technology


by:

Ricardo Hinojosa


April 2013



Thesis Advisor:


Professor Allen Arthur




1

2013 Bearcats Baja Front Suspension System
Ricardo Hinojosa
Front Suspension Lead
Copyright 2007 SAE International
ABSTRACT
Baja SAE is an annual intercollegiate competition in
which teams race a single seat all-terrain vehicle
powered by a ten horsepower Briggs and Stratton
engine. Each year several Mechanical Engineering
Technology Students at the University of Cincinnati
design and build the vehicle not only for the competition
but also as a required senior design. As the lead for the
front suspension, I was faced with the challenge of
designing a 100% new front suspension for this years
100% new car.
INTRODUCTION
The suspension system on an off-road vehicle serves
two main purposes; to maintain tire contact with the
ground while the vehicle traversers uneven terrain and to
provide a comfortable ride for the occupants of the
vehicle. This document will highlight the logic and
reasoning behind the front suspension design for the
2013 University of Cincinnatis Baja SAE vehicle.
Project Statement: To design, optimize, and fabricate a
front suspension system that will allow this years Baja
SAE Vehicle to successfully navigate the suspension
course.

RESEARCH
Baja SAE rules with regards to suspension [1]

B1.1.2 Maximum Vehicle Dimensions
Width: 162 cm (64 in) at the widest point with the wheels
pointing forward at static ride height.
Length: Unrestricted, see note below.

NOTE: Teams should keep in mind that Baja SAE
courses are designed for vehicles with the maximum
dimensions of 162 cm (64 in) width by 274 cm (108 in)
length

B1.2 All-Terrain Capability
B1.2.1 The vehicle must be capable of safe operation
over rough land terrain including obstructions such as
rocks, sand jumps, logs, steep inclines, mud and shallow
water in any or all combinations and in any type of
weather including rain, snow, and ice.

B1.2.2 The vehicle must have adequate ground
clearance and traction

B14.4 Thread Exposure
Threaded fasteners used must have at least two (2)
threads showing past the nut.

B14.6 Unmarked Fasteners / Shop Manufactured
Fasteners
Any threaded fastener (threaded rod, eye bolts, titanium
bolts, etc.) That is unmarked, or does not have any
markings as listed, must be documented by either:
(A) A purchase receipt and manufacturers
documentation indicating that the fastener meets or
exceeds Grade 5 standards for that size. OR
(B) Equivalency calculations with a purchase receipt or
test data showing that the fastener exceeds the strength
for a Grade 5 fastener of the same size.

CUSTOMER REQUIRMENTS
(For entire vehicle, not just suspension)

Track Width - Front: 56" (2012, 56")
Track Width - Rear: 54" (2012, 64")
Wheelbase: 60" (2012, 63")
Firewall to Rear Axle: 20.5" (2012, 24")
Weight w/o Driver: 380 lbs (2012, 550 lbs)

Ground Clearance - Front: 14"
Ground Clearance - Belly Pan: 11"
Ground Clearance - Rear: 12"

Suspension Travel - Front: 12"
Suspension Travel - Rear: 13"





2

Design Research


Figure 1- Degrees of Freedom


Figure 2- Double wish bone suspension
Double Wish Bone Suspension
Advantages:
Adjustability
Compact
Design options
Lots of resources for calculations/ setup

Disadvantages:
Complex
Lots of calculation/ variables
Fabrication of a-arm could be complex/costly


Figure 3- Twin traction beam
Twin Traction Beam Suspension
Advantages:
Strong
Simple
Lots of travel

Disadvantages:
Heavy
Fixed (nonadjustable) geometry
Size (long radius arms running from the beams
back to the driver)

Design
Weighing the pros and cons of each design, the decision
was made to go with a double wish bone setup. This
was for a couple of reasons; the first of which was
adjustability. The twin traction beam setup offers very
little in the terms or caster and camber adjustment.
While not a deal-breaker, the need for adjustability could
arise during testing phase. Another reason was weight.
The twin traction beam system is not only based around
a main beam, but also requires a radius arm to resist the
inward bending moment. As these radius arms dictate
the caster gain as the suspension cycles, their length is
very important. The length of these arms also highly
affects the frame design.

The double wish bone style of suspension simplifies
everything. The frame no longer needs to adapt
mounting points for the radius arms, as the A-arms of
the double wish bone suspension can withstand inward
bending moments. Instead of two major load carrying
joints that would be found in the twin traction beam set-
up, the double wishbone setup distributes the same load
over 4 mounting points per side. This decreases the
stress concentration on the frame due to suspension
loads.






3

Initial Design

An Initial design was created as a starting point for
optimization (Figure 4). As the spindles selected to be
used are OE Polaris units off a 2005 Predator 500 ATV,
the only parts that needed to be designed were the
upper and lower suspension arms. There were costs and
benefits to this decision. Firstly, as the geometry of the
spindle is already defined, suspension geometry had to
be based off of dimensions that are already set in stone.
Steering geometry and initial suspension setup were
based off the limitations of those predetermined
parameters. On the other hand, choosing a pre-
manufactured unit allowed the use of other
accompanying components, such as brake calipers,
brake rotors, wheel bearings, and hubs. This not only
saved time, but also saved a considerable amount of
money. These benefits far outweighed the cost of losing
the design flexibility of being able to choose the
governing dimensions of the spindle unit.

The first design incorporated aftermarket ATV ball joints.
Later designs used OE Polaris Ball joints. This was due
to a design oversight of loading rod end in bending
(threads in bending causing high stress concentrations
and premature failure).


Figure 4- design #1


Figure 5- Final Design

This initial design was a cooperative effort with the frame
design lead. The suspension mounting points and front
end fame design were done in unison in order to
maximize driver leg room as well as optimize front end
frame geometry. The numbers that came from this
collaboration are as follows:

Front frame width: 14 (center of tubes)
Mounting bar vertical distance: 5.9 (center of
tube)

Every design change after the initial concept design was
a product of optimization.

One parameter that was optimized from the lessons
learned from the previous years vehicle was the
placement of the spindle with relation to the very front of
the frame. This parameter is especially important as it
dictates what part of the vehicle makes first contact with
large obstacles. After observing many online videos of
competitions from the past, many vehicles had the
wheels place behind the very front of the vehicle. This is
not an optimal setup, as it means on tall obstacles the
first portion of the vehicle to make contact is the frame.
From research, a majority of teams that successfully
cleared large obstacle had the tires make first contact.
Having the tires placed ahead of the vehicle permits
them to absorb any frontal impacts (when crossing a log,
for instance) and allows the suspension to absorb the
brunt of the impact. This also protects the driver from
harsh impacts and sudden decelerations as well as
prevents structural harm to the lower portion of the
frame.

Optimization

Before any design optimization could be completed, a
few basic assumptions had to be made: the method of
connecting the A-arm to the frame and the desired
travel.

The mounting style originally selected was heim joints
(or more commonly known as rod ends) on both the
upper and lower arms. This is because they allow a lot of
adjustability and corrections due to manufacturing
variances.

The second assumption made was suspension travel.
The desired travel in a suspension system greatly affects
the lower arm design, shock choice, and frame design.
An initial assumption of 12 inches was selected. Both of
these assumptions changed throughout the
design/optimization stage.

Solidworks simulation was used to optimize the design.
The suspension was analyzed in 3 load cases to analyze
the members and optimize the geometry.


4

Scenario 1: hitting a tree at 25mph (36.7 fps)

Scenario 2: 5 foot jump landing nose first

Scenario 3: wheel hitting tree with steering locked
and brakes 100% locked

These scenarios were the basis of optimization for the
suspension control arms.

Scenario 1: Impacting a tree at 25mph (36.7 fps)

The first scenarios loading conditions were based on
data published by The Motor Insurance Repair Research
Centre [2]. The data shows impulse time and Gs forces
caused by crashes ranging from 11-32 mph

Using the projected vehicle/driver weight of 550 lbm, the
impact force was calculated base of a load of 4.5 gs.

Early designs used rod end joints for the frame pivot, but
this method of frame attachment was changed to delrin
bushings due to the shearing forces seen while
analyzing the control arm. The large forces would put the
threads of the rod in shear. Putting threads in shear is
not good practice, so that method of frame attachment
was scrapped for the lower control arms in favor of the
much more robust delrin bushing setup.
The design went through seven more iterations in order
to achieve acceptable stress levels. The final design is
shown in Figure 6.


Figure 6- Lower arm design #8

Figure 7- Lower arm side view

The max stress caused by the 2500 lbf force (rounded
up from the actual calculated force) was 63 ksi. As the
chosen material of 4130 chromoly steel has a yield
strength of 100.2 ksi (this will be discussed in a later
section), the resulting factor of safety is approximately
1.5 for this loading condition.
The control arm design was optimized through the use of
different tube diameters and wall thicknesses. This was
done to save un-sprung weight, as it greatly affects the
suspensions performance. The total weight for this arm
minus the ball joint is an astoundingly light 2.15 lbm.
Scenario 2: 5 foot jump landing nose first
The second scenario was analyzed using data provided
from the shock manufacture, Fox Racing Shocks. Fox
provided a graph showing force vs. shock travel.
Black arrows point to
areas of max stress

Black arrow point to
area of max stress

5



Figure 8- Progressive Air Spring Curve
At 5.5 inches of travel (very close to what the chosen
units have) the air spring requires 1400 lbf (when inner
air pressure is set to 70 psi) in order to achieve full
compression.

The force was calculated using the mass of the vehicle
being dropped 5 feet. The calculation is as follows:

(Total load is distributed between the two shocks for
1500 lbf per side)

The calculated force to fully compress the shock was
very close to that show in Figure 8. This calculated force
was applied to the shock mount on the arm at roughly 60
degrees from normal due to the inclination of the shock.
The FEA results are shown in Figure 8.


Figure 9- Shock loading

The results show the max stress in this scenario was
approximately 82.1 ksi. Using the iso-clipping feature in
Solidworks, the areas of maximum stress were
examined. Through this analysis, it was observed that
just 0.02% of element volume was above 70 ksi. This
phenomenon is a modeling singularity. The intersections
of multiple tubes converge to a single point, and its at
this point is where the max stress is seen. Unfortunately,
the computer used to run the FEA was not powerful
enough to analyze a mesh fine enough to account for
this; the actual stress is much lower.

The current factor of safety for the lower control arm is
1.2, with the understanding that the real life end product
will be stronger than what the model is showing due to
the addition of weld fillets.

Another important aspect of this loading condition is the
reaction forces into the frame and mounting hardware.
FEA was run with the control arm mounting points
mounted rigidly. As this cannot be assumed in real life,
the reaction forces into the frame needed to be
analyzed. Mounting tabs and bolted connections
underwent optimization using the results from FEA.



Figure 10 - Reaction Forces
Shown above are the reaction forces caused by the
frontal impact. A 5000 pound shearing force is showing
being transmitted into the frame (large red arrows). As
this force is quite high, it was advantageous to calculate
the shear stress that the bolts will possibly encounter.
Stress was calculated using the shear stress equation:

*bolt is mounted in double shear

If this worst case loading condition is ever encountered,
the bolts will see approximately 20500 psi of stress.
Metric grade 8.8 bolts have a proof stress of 85,000 psi
[3], so the factor of safety is greater than 4.

Black arrows point to
areas of max stress

6

Metric sized bolts were used instead of English due to
the fact that the shocks required metric hardware of the
same size. If the need ever arose to replace the shock or
control arm, only one size wrench could remove all bolts.
This would be extremely beneficial in the worst case
scenario that the shock and control arm had to be
replaced at the same time during a race

Scenario 3: wheel hitting tree with steering locked
and brakes 100% locked
One of the major factors of this Scenario is that the
brakes are 100% locked. The calculated torque
generated by the brakes, calculated by brake system
lead came out to be 216 lb-ft. The resultant force at the
upper and lower ball joint came out to be 320 lbf.

Figure 11- Brake Torque FBD
This force was applied to the model of the upper arm
shown in Figure 12. The braking torque calculated is
100% worst case. This torque was calculated using the
highest coefficient of friction for the brake pad, and the
braking surface (asphalt), and all of the vehicle weight
on one front wheel. This is not very realistic, but design
for this worst case condition eliminates one failure mode
that will not have to be dealt with down the line.

Figure 12- upper arm
The results show a max stress of 39.8 ksi (figure 13),
well below the 100.2 ksi yield strength of the material.
This results in a factor of safety of 2.5.

Figure 13- upper arm FEA
Shock choice
The overall light weight theme for this years vehicle
heavily influenced shock choice. With several great
options to choose from, the final selection was the Fox
Float R air shock. With rebound and spring preload
adjustability, these shocks are more than adequate to
handle the job of suspending this years vehicle.
There were a few reasons why this shock was chosen.
First was weight. Fox claims a weight of between 2 -2.25
lbs (depending on application) and this is far less than
the fox podium coil over shock offered through the
Polaris sponsorship program. The shocks also offered
different stroke lengths to accommodate different
designs. Based off of space limitations, a shock with 5.3
inches of travel was picked. This limited over all wheel
travel to below the 11 inch mark. With the current motion
ratio of 0.509, the max wheel travel is right around 10.4.
Manufacturing
One unique aspect of this years suspension was that
that all of the tubes were CNC bent and laser coped. A
company in Stratford, Ontario called Cartesian Tube
Profiling was contracted to manufacture the tubes for the
front suspension members and frame. One of the main
advantages of going this route was the material was
provided with the cost.

The properties of the 4130 chromoly steel provided by
Cartesian was quite a bit stronger than the 4130 material
used in Solidworks Simulation. Each heat lot of material
was provided with certificates verifying that each heat lot
was tested to make sure that the material meets all
requirements to be classified as 4130. The front
suspension had material from 3 different heat lots, so the
7

yield strength applied to the Solidworks models was the
lowest of the three. This value was 100.2 ksi.

As the tubes required to make up the lower and upper
control arms were profiled to a tolerance of +/- 0.005 [4],
Assembly was straight forward. A simple jig made from
extruded aluminum T-slot was designed to make final
wielding an extremely easy and more importantly
repeatable process. The only tools required to ensure an
accurate final product were two hex keys, and a digital
angle finder.


Figure 14 - Model of Jig

Figure 15 - Pre-welding setup
All other parts required to assemble the suspension
were manufactured in-house using the North Lab
machine shop. Having access to the recently acquired
CNC plasma cutter was a huge benefit when it came
time to make mounting tabs. The ability to make 100%
custom tabs and mounting brackets allowed the final
suspension system to be manufactured exactly as the
model described.

One of the major manufacturing challenges faced during
the construction period was boring a precision diameter
needed for the press fit of the ball joints. As use of the
CNC lathe was restricted and not an option, these
diameters had to be bored manually via manual lathe. A
special boring bar with carbide inserts was purchased
specifically for this job. After a few trial runs of the part,
the required diameter was bored with a tolerance of +/-
0.0005.
Results and Proof of Design
After manufacturing, final painting, and assembly, the
overall system weighed in at 54 lbs; this is 4 lbs over
budget. While this was not detrimental to the systems
performance, the extra weight pushed the overall vehicle
weight up. Refining the loading conditions for FEA based
off of this years performance will guarantee that this
weight goal is met in the next iteration of the suspension
system.

Approximately 20 hours of testing was performed on the
entire vehicle before competition at the Baja SAE event
hosted at Tennessee Tech. While testing, no parts broke
or wore out. However, testing the suspension
components to their theoretical maximum limits was not
wise due to the lack of time and spare parts. Nothing
during testing ever suggested that the suspension and
its components would fail during its trial by fire during
competition and this proved to be correct.

The original problem statement stated at the beginning
of this paper was to design and build a front suspension
system that would allow the 2013 Baja SAE vehicle to
successfully navigate the suspension and traction
course at competition. Not only was this goal meet, it
was surpassed by allowing the vehicle to place 17th out
of 63 other vehicles that attempted the course. Of those
63 vehicles, only 31 actually finished the course. Some
of the obstacles encountered very closely approximated
the worst case scenarios used to optimize the
suspension design. One such obstacle was this log
crossing:



Figure 16 - Log Hit
It may be hard to see from this view, but the log the
vehicle is currently impacting is taller than the front
wheels (23 diameter). This is the result of the impact:

8



Figure 17 - Log Hit Results
The front end of the vehicle in the above photo is
approximately 6 feet above the ground. After the run was
over, the entire front end was inspected for damage; no
visible damage could be seen. The vehicle then went on
to successfully complete the 4 hour endurance race
without a single problem, placing 13
th
out of 100.

CONCLUSION
The original goal of designing and manufacturing a front
end suspension system to allow the Baja vehicle to
successfully navigate was met and exceeded. As stated
in the previous section, our 17
th
place finish in the
suspension and traction course was quite an
accomplishment. Only half the vehicles at the
competition made the attempt and half of the vehicles
that did attempt the course didnt even finish. The use of
FEA and real life off-road racing experience helped
create realistic worst case loading conditions that
enabled the system to survive the worst that the
suspension course could throw at the vehicle.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE BAJA SAE
TEAMS
With the 2013 Baja season almost over, a lot has been
learned about off road suspension geometry and
recommendations to future teams can be made. One
thing that would be of great benefit to future teams is the
addition of Anti-Dive geometry to the front end. One of
the problems faced while trying to navigate the
suspension course was ground clearance limitations
during heavy braking as the weight shift would compress
the front suspension. There was more than one obstacle
where Anti-Dive could have been a major benefit.
































9

Works Cited

[1] SAE International, "2013 Collegiate Design Series," SAE International, 2013.
[2] A. Linder, M. Avery, M. Krafft and A. Kullgren, "Change Of Velocity and Pulse Characteristics in Rear Impacts: Real
World and Vehicle Tests Data," The Motor Insurance Repair Research Centre, Thatcham.
[3] American Fastener, "ASTM, SAE AND ISO GRADE MARKINGS AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES FOR STEEL
FASTENERS," [Online]. Available: http://www.americanfastener.com/technical/grade_markings_steel.asp. [Accessed
26 April 2013].
[4] VR3 Engineering, Ltd., "Profilling Process," [Online]. Available: http://www.cartesiantube.com/profilingprocess.html.
[Accessed 26 April 2013].
[5] A. Staniforth, Competition Car Suspension, Sparkford: Haynes Publishing, 2006.
[6] W. F. Milliken and D. L. Milliken, Race Car Vehicle Dynamics, Warrendale: Thirteenth printing, 1995.
[7] Matweb, LLC, "AISI 4130 normalized at 870 C," MatWeb, 2012. [Online]. Available:
http://matweb.com/search/DataSheet.aspx?MatGUID=666dfca4fbc74e669b771f35d70a0796&ckck=1. [Accessed 2
November 2012].
[8] D. C. Giancoli, Physics, Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005.


CONTACT
Ricardo Hinojosa
Mechanical Engineering Technology
Email- [email protected]














10

Appendix A
Definitions, Acronyms, Abbreviations
: foot
: Inches
Lb: pound
Lbf: pound force
Lbm: pound mass
Slugs: English unit of mass
FPS: feet per second
MPH: miles per hour
psi: pounds per square Inch
ksi: Kips per square inch
Kip: 1000 pounds

Normal Turns: Required steering angle in radians [7]

l/R: Where l= wheel base
R= radius of turn

Ackerman Steering Angle: The geometric steer angle required for a car of wheel base, l, to track a turn of Radius, R, at
low speeds where the external forces due to acceleration are negligible. [7]

Roll center height- found by projecting a line from the center of the tire-ground contact patch through the front view instant
center. [7]

Scrub- Lateral motion relative to the ground that results from vertical motion of the wheel [7]

TTB- Twin traction beam

Motion Ratio- the mechanical advantage (lever ratio) that the wheel has over the spring in compressing it















11

Appendix B

Recreational Vehicle Front Suspension
CUSTOMER SURVEY
In order to improve our products, Company XYZ would like customer input about a NEW up and coming front
suspension system. This survey is measuring the importance of selected features that are important to the design
process.


How important is each feature to you for the design of an Off-road front suspension?
Please circle the appropriate answer. 1 = low importance 5 = high importance

Suspension Travel 1 2 3 4 5 N/A
Ride comfort 1 2 3 4 5 N/A
Adjustable 1 2 3 4 5 N/A
Ground Clearance 1 2 3 4 5 N/A
Durability 1 2 3 4 5 N/A
Maintenance 1 2 3 4 5 N/A
Replacement parts cost 1 2 3 4 5 N/A
How satisfied are you with the current Off-road front suspension?
Please circle the appropriate answer. 1 = very Unsatisfied 5 = very satisfied

Suspension Travel 1 2 3 4 5 N/A
Ride comfort 1 2 3 4 5 N/A
Adjustable 1 2 3 4 5 N/A
Ground Clearance 1 2 3 4 5 N/A
Durability 1 2 3 4 5 N/A
Maintenance 1 2 3 4 5 N/A
Replacement parts cost 1 2 3 4 5 N/A
How much would you be willing to pay for a complete Off-road front suspension?

$50-$100 $100-$200 $200-$500 $500-$1000 $1000-$2000



























12

Appendix C
BUDGET
MONEY
FRONT SUSPENSION: $2500

WEIGHT
FRONT SUSPENSION: 50 LBS





13

Budget Cont.



qty Part source price total
2 4/156 Douglas .125 Wheel 10X6 2.0 + 4.0 http://www.rockymountainatvmc.com $42.25 $84.50
2 ITP Holeshot gncc ATV Tire 7x21 http://www.rockymountainatvmc.com $82.67 $165.34
2 ASM-STEERING KNUCKLE,LH & RH polaris $90.00 $180.00
2 HUB-WHEEL,FRONT(MACH) | [AA](AC) polaris $27.00 $54.00
8 STUD 3/8-24X1.12 PRS FIT-Z (10) polaris $0.99 $7.92
1 All Balls Front Wheel Bearing Kit http://www.rockymountainatvmc.com $26.99 $26.99
4 rod ends for a-arms http://www.fkrodends.com/ALJMALJML29.html $19.64 $78.56
1 fox floats r ClintonCountyMotorsports $596.25 $596.25
4 polaris ball joints polaris $27.00 $108.00
1 4130 .063 sheet 6"X36" Mcmaster $28.51 $28.51
2 4130 .080 sheet 12'X12" Mcmaster $21.16 $42.32
2 M10 x 1.5mm pitch 65mm length bolts (grade 8.8) Mcmaster $6.46 $12.92
2 M10 x 1.5mm pitch 80mm length bolts (grade 8.8) Mcmaster $7.78 $15.56
1 M10x1.5mm pitch lock nuts Mcmaster $8.68 $8.68
1 M10 zinc plated washers Mcmaster $4.36 $4.36
1 4130 2" od bar 1' long Mcmaster $52.07 $52.07
Total: $1,465.98
SPARES
qty Part source price total
1 fox float ccm 298.13 298.13
2 4/156 Douglas .125 Wheel 10X6 2.0 + 4.0 http://www.rockymountainatvmc.com $42.25 $84.50
2 rod ends for a-arms http://www.fkrodends.com/ALJMALJML29.html $19.64 $39.28
Total: $421.91
Alotted 2,500.00 $
Spent 1,887.89 $
Remaining 612.11 $
14

Appendix D

Project tracker





Rick Front suspension
HOURS 15-Oct 22-Oct 28-Oct 4-Nov 11-Nov 14-Nov 19-Nov 26-Nov 3-Dec 10-Dec 17-Dec 24-Dec 1-Jan 25% 50% 75% 100%
20
15
5
5
15
20
200
% complete
General Design
Upper C/A optimization
Lower C/A optimization
gather aftermarket part info
price quotes
order/gather parts
ITEM
MFG!
design fixtures for MFG
Create Machining Drawings
Finalize solid models
Front suspension
HOURS 14-Nov 16-Nov 19-Nov 23-Nov 26-Nov 30-Nov 3-Dec 7-Dec 10-Dec 14-Dec 17-Dec 21-Dec 24-Dec 28-Dec 1-Jan 25% 50% 75% 100%
20
75
75
50
% complete
fab upper a-arm
Integrate into entire system
Design Fixtures
Rick
ITEM
fab lower a-arm
15

Appendix E
Manufacturing Drawings
Ball Joint Cup



16

Threaded Insert for Upper Control Arm


17

Delrin Bushing for Lower Control Arm


18

Lower Control Arm


19

Lower Control Arm Tube Size


20

Upper Control Arm


21

Upper Control Arm Tube Size


22

Gusset Plate


23

Lower Shock Tab


24

Lower Arm Mounting Tab


25

Upper Control Arm Mounting Tab



26

Upper Shock Mounting Tab