Micropile Design and Construction FHWA05

6th - 17th November 2006. Regional locations throughout the UK and Ireland.
See overleaf for more details

Micropile Design
and
Construction
One day short course
A unique interactive format encouraging
active participation. Numbers will be limited.
Definitions, History, Applications and
Classifications
Review of current UK practice
General design philosophy
EC7: Geotechnical Design
BS EN14199: 2005-Micropiles
Construction Methods
Latest Innovations and Emerging
Technologies
QA/QC, Pile Testing and Performance
Specifications, Contracts and
Procurement
Design Examples and Case Histories
Dr Donald Bruce, Ph.D., C.Eng., L.G.,
L.E.G., President GEOSYSTEMS, L.P.
Mike Turner, BSc(Geol), MSc(Eng), CEng,
MICE, Director of APPLIED
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
Allen Cadden, P.E., Principal and Director
of Geotechnical Engineering for SCHNABEL
ENGINEERING, Inc.
Paul Woodfield, BSc(Hons), CEng.,
MIStructE, MICE, Technical Director of
BRANLOW LIMITED
DFI Europe
This not for profit event organised by
the International Society for Micropiles is
designed to promote greater understanding
of this specialist subject
In markets where this course is
taught the use of micropile has
doubled in the last 5 years
Manchester
6th Nov 06
Newcastle
7th Nov 06
Edinburgh
8th Nov 06
Dublin
10th Nov 06
Southampton
13th Nov 06
Bristol
14th Nov 06
London
15th Nov 06
Birmingham
16th Nov 06
Leeds
17th Nov 06
This consortium of international representatives involved in the research and
development, design, and construction of micropiles has been in existence
since 1994. The core group was formed in 1994 as an international peer
review team for the FHWAs State of the Practice Study on Micropiles (1993-
1997), which focused on classic micropiles, namely drilled and grouted
elements of high capacity. The synergy of this group of individuals, allied with
major demands for technology transfer to newer markets mainly from Japan
and Scandinavia, led to the organization of the first workshop in Seattle, WA
in September 1997. Seven workshops were held since this initial meeting:
Ube, Japan (1999); Turku, Finland (2000); Lille, France (2001); Venice, Italy
(2002); Seattle, WA (2003); Tokyo, Japan (2004); and Schrobenhausen,
Germany (2006). The workshops included a series of technical presentations
and workshops complemented by local site visits and cultural events. Current
and past ISM activities may be reviewed on our website at
www.ismicropiles.org.
Micropiles are arguably the fastest growing specialty geotechnical construction
technology, with the market likely doubling in the last 5 years. The ISM has
been critical in the development of the technology internationally. Countries
sponsoring delegates and providing major contributions to the IWM
throughout the years include the United States, France, Japan, Germany,
Finland (and other Scandinavian countries), Italy, Belgium, Canada, the U.K.,
and Greece. The ISM has had over 80 active members, and each workshop
has been attended by approximately 50 to 60 delegates. The goals of the ISM
include:
Organize regular ISM meetings.
Establish a micropile database, especially of case histories and testing data,
for use by designers, contractors, and educators worldwide.
Act as an international authority providing oversight input to local/national
codes.
Act as a facilitator/disseminator of micropile information generated worldwide.
Issue annual practice updates.
Help expand use of micropiles internationally by making knowledge available.
Act as a facilitator/coordinator/promoter for international research and
demonstration programs (especially relating to seismic performance).
Identify fundraising vehicles to support membership needs and research
efforts.
Develop educational tools.
Mission of ISM: A permanent,
proactive ISM organization will
act as the international forum
for coordinating and promoting
all phases and aspects of
micropile technology. It will act
in the best interests of the
technology and the potential
users, will be easily accessed
and will be strictly non-partisan.
It will collect and disseminate
knowledge via meetings,
reports, and databases, and act
as a forum for promoting
relevant research.
Vision of ISM:
ISM will be respected
internationally as the pre-eminent
center of knowledge for the
development, advancement, and
promotion of micropile technology.

U.S. Department of Transportation Publication No. FHWA NHI-05-039
Federal Highway Administration December 2005

NHI Course No. 132078_______________________________
Micropile Design and Construction

Reference Manual

ROAD SURFACE
FINISHED GRADE
SLIDE PLANE
CONCRETE CAP
CASE 1
NON RETICULATED
MICROPILE STRUCTURE
NEW BRIDGE STRUCTURE
BRIDGE ABUTMENT
NEW MICROPILE
FOUNDATION SUPPORT
(TYP)
SURCHARGE
FINAL GRADE
CONCRETE CAP
CASE 2 RETICULATED
MICROPILE WALL
ORIGINAL
GRADE
SECTION A A
EXISTING
FOOTING & PILES
EXISTING DRIVEN
PIPE PILES (TYP)
NEW FOOTING
EXTENSION
EXISTING BRIDGE
PIER W/PILE
SUPPORTED
FOOTING
NEW MICROPILES
A
NEW MICROPILES
FOUNDATION SUPPORT
SLOPE STABILIZATION
SEISMIC RETROFIT OF BRIDGES
EARTH RETENTION
WALL FACING

National Highway Institute

NOTICE

The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors, who are responsible for
the facts and the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not
necessarily reflect policy of the Department of Transportation. This report does not
constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. The United States Government
does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturer's names
appear herein only because they are considered essential to the objective of this
document.
Technical Report Documentation Page

1. REPORT NO.
FHWA-NHI-05-039

2. GOVERNMENT
ACCESSION NO.

3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NO.

5. REPORT DATE
December 2005

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Micropile Design and Construction
(Reference Manual for NHI Course 132078)

6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO. 7. AUTHOR(S)
Paul J. Sabatini
a
P.E., Ph.D.; Burak Tanyu
a

Ph.D.; Tom Armour
b
P.E.; Paul Groneck
b

P.E.; and James Keeley
b
P.E.
a
GeoSyntec Consultants, Chicago, IL
b
DBM Contractors Inc. Federal Way, WA

10. WORK UNIT NO. 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Ryan R. Berg & Associates, Inc.
2190 Leyland Alcove
Woodbury, MN 55125

IN COOPERATION AND ASSOCIATION WITH:
ADSC The International Association of
Foundation Drilling
14180 Dallas Parkway, Suite 510
Dallas, TX 75254

11. CONTRACT OR GRANT NO.

DTFH61-03-T-63043

13. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED

12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
National Highway Institute
Federal Highway Administration
U.S. Department of Transportation
Washington, D.C.

14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
FHWA COTR Larry Jones
FHWA Technical Consultants: Jerry A. DiMaggio, P.E. and Barry Siel, P.E.
This manual is an updated and revised version of FHWA SA-97-070 prepared by DBM Contractors
Inc. and authored by T. Armour, P. Groneck, J. Keeley and S. Sharma; June 2000.

16. ABSTRACT The use of micropiles has grown significantly since their conception in the
1950s, and in particular since the mid-1980s. Micropiles have been used mainly as foundation
support elements to resist static and seismic loads, and to a lesser extent, as in-situ
reinforcements to provide stabilization of slopes and excavations. Many of these applications
are for transportation structures. This manual is intended to be a practitioner-oriented
document containing sufficient information on the geotechnical and structural design of
micropiles for foundation support and for slope stabilization. Information is also provided on
inspection and load testing procedures, cost data, and contracting methods to facilitate the safe
and cost-effective use of micropiles on transportation projects. Two detailed design examples
and a generic commentary guideline specification for micropiles is included in the manual.

17. KEY WORDS Micropiles, structural
foundation, load testing, slope stabilization

18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT

No restrictions.

19. SECURITY CLASSIF.
Unclassified

20. SECURITY CLASSIF.
Unclassified

21. NO. OF PAGES
436

22. PRICE

SI CONVERSION FACTORS
APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS FROM SI UNITS
Symbol
When You
Know
Multiply By To Find Symbol
LENGTH
mm
m
m
km
millimeters
meters
meters
kilometers
0.039
3.28
1.09
0.621
inches
feet
yards
miles
in
ft
yd
mi
AREA
mm
2

m
2
m
2

ha
km
2

square millimeters
square meters
square meters
hectares
square kilometers
0.0016
10.764
1.195
2.47
0.386
square inches
square feet
square yards
acres
square miles
in
2

ft
2

yd
2

ac
mi
2

VOLUME
ml
l
m
3

m
3

millimeters
liters
cubic meters
cubic meters
0.034
0.264
35.71
1.307
fluid ounces
gallons
cubic feet
cubic yards
fl oz
gal
ft
3

yd
3

MASS
g
kg
tonnes
grams
kilograms
tonnes
0.035
2.202
1.103
ounces
pounds
tons
oz
lb
tons
TEMPERATURE
EC Celsius 1.8 C + 32 Fahrenheit EF
WEIGHT DENSITY
kN/m
3

kilonewton / cubic
meter
6.36 poundforce / cubic foot pcf
FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS
N
kN
kPa
kPa
newtons
kilonewtons
kilopascals
kilopascals
0.225
225
0.145
20.9
poundforce
poundforce
poundforce / square inch
poundforce / square foot
lbf
lbf
psi
psf

FHWA NHI-05-039
Micropile Design & Construction i - iii December 2005
TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF MANUAL........................................................................ 1 1
1.2 MICROPILE DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION....................................................... 1 4
1.3 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND.................................................................................... 1 5
1.4 REFERENCES................................................................................................................ 1 8

CHAPTER 2 MICROPILE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
2.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 2 1
2.2 DESIGN APPLICATION CLASSIFICATION ............................................................. 2 1
2.3 CONSTRUCTION TYPE CLASSIFICATION.............................................................. 2 6
2.4 REFERENCES................................................................................................................ 2 8

CHAPTER 3 MICROPILE APPLICATIONS IN TRANSPORTATION PROJECTS
3.1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................... 3 1
3.2 FEASIBILITY OF MICROPILES.................................................................................. 3 1
3.2.1 Overview............................................................................................................ 3 1
3.2.2 Physical Considerations..................................................................................... 3 3
3.2.3 Subsurface Conditions ....................................................................................... 3 4
3.2.4 Environmental Conditions ................................................................................. 3 4
3.2.5 Existing Structure Adaptation............................................................................ 3 6
3.2.6 Micropile Limitations ........................................................................................ 3 6
3.2.7 Economics of Micropiles ................................................................................... 3 6
3.3 STRUCTURAL SUPPORT ............................................................................................ 3 7
3.3.1 Overview............................................................................................................ 3 7
3.3.2 New Foundations ............................................................................................... 3 7
3.3.3 Underpinning of Existing Foundations.............................................................. 3 9
3.3.4 Seismic Retrofit ............................................................................................... 3 12
3.4 IN-SITU REINFORCEMENT...................................................................................... 3 14
3.5 REFERENCES.............................................................................................................. 3 20

CHAPTER 4 CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES AND MATERIALS
4.1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................... 4 1
4.2 DRILLING...................................................................................................................... 4 1
4.2.1 Overview............................................................................................................ 4 1
4.2.2 Drill Rigs............................................................................................................ 4 3
4.2.3 Drilling Techniques ........................................................................................... 4 6
4.2.4 Overburden Drilling Techniques ....................................................................... 4 9
4.2.5 Open-Hole Drilling Techniques....................................................................... 4 13
4.3 GROUTING.................................................................................................................. 4 14
4.3.1 General............................................................................................................. 4 14
4.3.2 Grout Equipment ............................................................................................. 4 16
4.3.3 Grout Mixing ................................................................................................... 4 19
4.3.4 Grout Placement Techniques ........................................................................... 4 19

FHWA NHI-05-039
Micropile Design & Construction i-iv December 2005
4.3.4.1 Gravity Fill Techniques (Type A Micropiles)................................. 4 19
4.3.4.2 Pressure Grouting Through the Casing (Type B Micropiles) ......... 4 20
4.3.4.3 Postgrouting (Type C and D Micropiles) ........................................ 4 21
4.3.5 Top-Off (Secondary) Grouting ........................................................................ 4 26
4.4 REINFORCING STEEL............................................................................................... 4 26
4.4.1 General............................................................................................................. 4 26
4.4.2 Placement of Reinforcement............................................................................ 4 26
4.4.3 Reinforcement Types....................................................................................... 4 26
4.5 REFERENCES.............................................................................................................. 4 35

CHAPTER 5 DESIGN OF MICROPILES FOR STRUCTURE FOUNDATIONS
5.1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................... 5 1
5.2 STEP 1: EVALUATE FEASIBILITY OF MICROPILES............................................ 5 3
5.3 STEP 2: REVIEW AVAILABLE INFORMATION & GEOTECHNICAL DATA..... 5 5
5.4 STEP 3: DEVELOP APPLICABLE LOADING COMBINATIONS ........................... 5 7
5.5 STEP 4: PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF MICROPILES................................................ 5 8
5.5.1 Selection of Micropile Spacing.......................................................................... 5 8
5.5.2 Selection of Micropile Length ........................................................................... 5 8
5.5.3 Selection of Micropile Cross Section ................................................................ 5 9
5.5.4 Selection of Micropile Type ............................................................................ 5 10
5.6 STEP 5: STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF MICROPILE CASED LENGTH.................. 5 10
5.7 STEP 6: STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF MICROPILE UNCASED LENGTH............ 5 17
5.8 STEP 7: REVISE MICROPILE DESIGN................................................................... 5 18
5.9 STEP 8: EVALUATE GEOTECHNICAL CAPACITY OF MICROPILE................. 5 18
5.9.1 Establish Stratum for Bond Zone..................................................................... 5 18
5.9.2 Select Ultimate Bond Stress and Calculate Bond Length................................ 5 19
5.9.3 Evaluate Micropile Group Compression Capacity .......................................... 5 22
5.9.4 Evaluate Micropile Group Uplift Capacity...................................................... 5 27
5.10 STEP 9. ESTIMATE MICROPILE GROUP SETTLEMENT.................................. 5 29
5.10.1 General........................................................................................................... 5 29
5.10.2 Micropile Group Settlement .......................................................................... 5 29
5.10.3 Micropile Elastic Movement.......................................................................... 5 36
5.11 STEP 10. DESIGN MICROPILE CONNECTION AT PILE CAP........................... 5 38
5.12 STEP 11. DEVELOP LOAD TESTING PROGRAM............................................... 5 44
5.13 STEP 12. PREPARE DRAWINGS AND SPECIFICATIONS................................. 5 45
5.14 CORROSION PROTECTION.................................................................................... 5 45
5.14.1 Background.................................................................................................... 5 45
5.14.2 Evaluation of Soil Corrosion Potential .......................................................... 5 46
5.14.3 Corrosion Protection Systems........................................................................ 5 46
5.14.3.1 Methods for Corrosion Protection of Reinforcing Steel ............... 5 46
5.14.3.2 Methods for Corrosion Protection of Steel Casing ....................... 5 48
5.14.3.3 Corrosion Protection Requirements for Micropiles ...................... 5 50
5.15 PLUNGE LENGTH..................................................................................................... 5 51
5.16 END BEARING MICROPILE.................................................................................... 5 52
5.17 DOWNDRAG.............................................................................................................. 5 53
5.18 DESIGN OF MICROPILES FOR LATERAL LOADING........................................ 5 54
5.18.1 General........................................................................................................... 5 54

FHWA NHI-05-039
Micropile Design & Construction i - v December 2005
5.18.2 Analysis Steps for Single Laterally Loaded Micropile.................................. 5 54
5.18.3 Evaluation of Micropile Lateral Load Capacity at Threaded Casing Joints.. 5 60
5.19 LATERAL RESISTANCE OF MICROPILE GROUPS............................................ 5 61
5.19.1 General........................................................................................................... 5 61
5.19.2 Step By Step Design Procedure for Laterally Loaded Pile Groups............... 5 62
5.19.3 Soil-Structure Interaction Analyses for Micropile Groups............................ 5 66
5.19.4 Battered Micropiles........................................................................................ 5 66
5.20 BUCKLING CONSIDERATIONS FOR MICROPILES........................................... 5 67
5.21.1 General........................................................................................................... 5 67
5.21.2 Micropile Surrounded by Very Weak or Liquefiable Soil............................. 5 67
5.20.3 Micropiles Installed Through Voids .............................................................. 5 72
5.21 SEISMIC CONSIDERATIONS.................................................................................. 5 73
5.21.1 General........................................................................................................... 5 73
5.21.2 Use of Battered Micropiles in Highly Seismic Regions ................................ 5 75
5.21.3 Load Sharing with Existing Foundations....................................................... 5 76
5.21.4 Pile Uplift Capacity........................................................................................ 5 77
5.21.5 Liquefaction................................................................................................... 5 77
5.22 REFERENCES............................................................................................................ 5 79

CHAPTER 6 DESIGN OF MICROPILES FOR SOIL SLOPE STABILIZATION
6.1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................... 6 1
6.2 STEP 1: IDENTIFY PROJECT SPECIFIC CONSTRAINTS AND EVALUATE
MICROPILE FEASIBILITY....................................................................................... 6 3
6.3 STEP 2: IDENTIFY PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS......................................... 6 6
6.4 STEP 3: REVIEW AVAILABLE INFORMATION & GEOTECHNICAL DATA..... 6 7
6.5 STEP 4: EVALUATE FACTOR OF SAFETY OF EXISTING SLOPE ...................... 6 9
6.6 DESIGN CONCEPTS FOR MICROPILES USED FOR SLOPE STABILIZATION 6 11
6.6.1 Overview.......................................................................................................... 6 11
6.6.2 Evaluating the Additional Force Required to Obtain Target Factor of Safety 6 12
6.6.2.1 Micropile Location Within Slope Cross Section .............................. 6 12
6.6.2.2 Methods to Model Resisting Force from a Micropile....................... 6 16
6.6.2.3 Evaluating Slope Stability Away From Micropile............................ 6 19
6.6.3 Load Transfer in Micropiles ............................................................................ 6 21
6.6.4 Bending Momemt and Shear Capacity of Single Vertical Micropile............. 6 25
6.6.4.1 Evaluation of Bending Moment Capacity of Single Vertical
Micropile ............................................................................................. 6 25
6.6.4.2 Evaluation of Shear Capacity of Single Vertical Micropile ............. 6 25
6.6.5 Shear Capacity of Battered Micropile Group .................................................. 6 30
6.6.6 Spacing Required to Provide Required Force to Stabilize the Slope.............. 6 33
6.6.7 Potential for Soil Flow Between Micropiles.................................................... 6 35
6.7 DESIGN EXAMPLES FOR SLOPE STABILIZATION WITH MICROPILES......... 6 37
6.7.1 STEP 4: Evaluate Factor of Safety of Existing Slope..................................... 6 39
6.7.2 STEP 5: Evaluate Additional Force Required to Obtain Target Factor of
Safety ............................................................................................................. 6 41
6.7.3 STEP 6: Select Micropile Cross Section ........................................................ 6 43
6.7.4 STEP 7: Estimate Length of Micropile........................................................... 6 44
6.7.5 STEP 8: Evaluate Bending Capacity of Single Vertical Micropile .............. 6 45

FHWA NHI-05-039
Micropile Design & Construction i-vi December 2005
6.7.6 STEP 9: Evaluate Shear Capacity of Single Vertical Micropile ................... 6 47
6.7.7 STEP 10: Evaluate Shear Capacity of Battered Micropile Group.................. 6 51
6.7.8 STEP 11: Calculate Spacing Required to Provide Force to Stabilize the
Slope................................................................................................................ 6 52
6.7.9 STEP 12: Check Potential Soil Flow between Micropiles ............................. 6 53
6.7.10 STEP 13: Perform Structural Design of Concrete Cap Beam...................... 6 54
6.8 SHEAR CAPACITY OF MICROPILES FOR ANALYSIS ....................................... 6 58
6.9 CASE HISTORIES ....................................................................................................... 6 59
6.9.1 Stabilization of Blue Trail Landslide Using Micropiles, Wyoming................ 6 59
6.9.2 Stabilization of Sum-271 Landslide Using Micropiles, Ohio ........................ 6 62
6.9.3 Stabilization of Littleville Landslide using Micropiles, Alabama................... 6 66
6.10 REFERENCES............................................................................................................ 6 67

CHAPTER 7 PILE LOAD TESTING
7.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................ 7 1
7.2 OVERVIEW OF MICROPILE LOAD TESTING.......................................................... 7 1
7.3 LOAD TESTING EQUIPMENT..................................................................................... 7 3
7.3.1 General............................................................................................................... 7 3
7.3.2 Load Testing Equipment.................................................................................... 7 3
7.4 MICROPILE LOAD TESTING PROCEDURES.......................................................... 7 11
7.4.1 Verification Tests............................................................................................. 7 11
7.4.1.1 General ............................................................................................ 7 11
7.4.1.2 Procedures for Verification Test ..................................................... 7 11
7.4.1.3 Recording of Verification Test Data ............................................... 7 12
7.4.2 Proof Testing.................................................................................................... 7 15
7.4.2.1 General ............................................................................................ 7 15
7.4.2.2 Proof Test Procedures and Recording and Analysis of Proof Test
Data ............................................................................................ 7 15
7.4.3 Micropile Acceptance Criteria......................................................................... 7 15
7.4.3.1 Acceptance of Verification Test...................................................... 7 15
7.4.3.2 Acceptance of Proof Test ................................................................ 7 18
7.4.3.3 Consequences of Failure ................................................................. 7 18
7.5 MICROPILE LOAD TEST REPORT ........................................................................... 7 19
7.6 EVALUATION OF PROJECT LOAD TESTING REQUIREMENTS ........................ 7 20
7.6.1 Introduction...................................................................................................... 7 20
7.6.2 Load Testing Program for Verification Tests .................................................. 7 20
7.6.3 Load Testing Program for Proof Tests............................................................. 7 21
7.6.4 Test Load Magnitude ....................................................................................... 7 22
7.6.5 Method of Load Application............................................................................ 7 23
7.7 OTHER LOAD TESTING TECHNIQUES................................................................... 7 23
7.7.1 General............................................................................................................. 7 23
7.7.2 Dynamic Load Testing..................................................................................... 7 24
7.7.3 Statnamic Load Testing ................................................................................... 7 26
7.8 REFERENCES.............................................................................................................. 7 28

CHAPTER 8 CONSTRUCTION INSPECTION/QUALITY CONTROL
8.1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................... 8 1

FHWA NHI-05-039
Micropile Design & Construction i - vii December 2005
8.2 INSPECTION ROLES UNDER CERTAIN CONTRACT APPROACHES ................. 8 1
8.3 PRE-PROJECT PREPARATION................................................................................... 8 2
8.4 INSPECTION OF MICROPILE MATERIALS............................................................. 8 5
8.4.1 General............................................................................................................... 8 5
8.4.2 Storing and Handling of Cement ....................................................................... 8 5
8.4.3 Storing and Handling of Reinforcing Steel........................................................ 8 6
8.5 INSPECTION OF CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES..................................................... 8 8
8.5.1 Inspection of Drilling Activities ........................................................................ 8 8
8.5.2 Inspection of Reinforcement Installation Activities .......................................... 8 9
8.5.3 Inspection of Grouting Activities..................................................................... 8 10
8.6 REQUIRED PROJECT DOCUMENTATION............................................................. 8 12
8.6.1 Micropile Load Testing.................................................................................... 8 12
8.6.2 Production Micropiles...................................................................................... 8 13
8.6.3 Grouting Records for Production Micropiles .................................................. 8 13
8.7 REFERENCES.............................................................................................................. 8 18

CHAPTER 9 CONTRACTING METHODS
9.1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................... 9 1
9.2 CONTRACTOR QUALIFICATION.............................................................................. 9 1
9.3 METHOD CONTRACTING APPROACH.................................................................... 9 2
9.3.1 Standard Design................................................................................................. 9 4
9.3.2 Alternate Micropile Design................................................................................ 9 5
9.3.3 Cost Reduction Incentive Proposal (Value Engineering) .................................. 9 5
9.4 PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS........................................................................... 9 6
9.5 DESIGN/BUILD APPROACH....................................................................................... 9 7
9.5.1 General............................................................................................................... 9 7
9.3.2 Postbid Design ................................................................................................... 9 7
9.5.3 Prebid Design..................................................................................................... 9 8
9.6 CONTRACT PLANS...................................................................................................... 9 9

CHAPTER 10 COST ESTIMATING
10.1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................... 10 1
10.2 FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE MICROPILE COSTS............................................ 10 1
10.2.1 Overview........................................................................................................ 10 1
10.2.2 Micropile Material Costs ............................................................................... 10 1
10.2.3 Equipment Cost.............................................................................................. 10 3
10.2.4 Labor Cost...................................................................................................... 10 4
10.2.5 Load Testing Costs ........................................................................................ 10 4
10.3 MICROPILE COST ANALYSIS ............................................................................... 10 5
10.3.1 Overview........................................................................................................ 10 5
10.3.2 Effects of Project-Specific Constraints on Cost............................................. 10 6
10.3.3 Micropile Cost Estimate Examples................................................................ 10 6
10.3.3.1 Sample Problem No. 1 (Bridge Abutment Support).......................... 10 6
10.3.3.2 Sample Problem No. 2 (Seismic Retrofit) ......................................... 10 8
10.4 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT FOR MICROPILES....................................... 10 8

FHWA NHI-05-039
Micropile Design & Construction i-viii December 2005

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

APPENDIX A DESIGN CONCEPT OF CASE 2 MICROPILE NETWORKS FOR
SLOPE STABILIZATION

APPENDIX B LPILE ANALYSIS RESULTS FOR SLOPE STABILIZATION
PROBLEM

APPENDIX C MICROPILE GUIDE CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATION

APPENDIX D SAMPLE PROBLEM NO.1,
BRIDGE FOUNDATION ABUTMENT SUPPORT

APPENDIX E SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 2, LATERALLY LOADED MICROPILE

FHWA NHI-05-039
Micropile Design & Construction i - ix December 2005
LIST OF TABLES

Table 2-1. Details of Micropile Classification Based on Type of Grouting ........................ 2 9

Table 3-1. Relationship Between Micropile Application, Design Behavior,
and Construction Type ............................................................................... 3 3

Table 4-1. Overburden Drilling Methods ......................................................................... 4 10
Table 4-2. Dimensions, Yield, and Ultimate Strengths for Standard Reinforcing Bars ... 4 27
Table 4-3. Dimensions and Yield Strength for DSI Threadbar ........................................ 4 29
Table 4-4. Dimensions and Yield Strength of Common Hollow Injection Bars ............... 4 31
Table 4-5. Dimensions and Yield Strength of Common Micropile Pipe Types & Sizes.... 4 33

Table 5-1. Design Steps for Micropiles Used for Structural Foundations........................... 5 2
Table 5-2. Guidelines for Minimum Number of Investigation Points and Depth of
Investigation. ................................................................................................. 5 6
Table 5-3. Summary of Typical
bond
(Grout-to-Ground Bond) Values for
Micropile Design. ........................................................................................ 5 21
Table 5-4. Efficiency Factors for Micropile Groups in Cohesive Soils............................ 5 23
Table 5-5. Criteria for Assessing Ground Corrosion Potential ........................................... 5 46
Table 5-6. Corrosion Protection Requirements for Micropiles........................................... 5 50
Table 5-7 Values of
50
for Intact Clays.............................................................................. 5 55
Table 5-8 Values of
50
for Stiff Clays................................................................................ 5 56
Table 5-9 Soil modulus Parameter (k) for Sands. ............................................................. 5 56
Table 5-10 Soil modulus Parameter (k) for Clays............................................................. 5 56
Table 5-11 Guidance on Level of Fixity for Micropile-Footing Connections.................... 5 58
Table 5-12 Elastic Constants of Various Soils Based on Soil Type ................................... 5 69
Table 5-13 Elastic Constants of Various Soils Based on SPT N Value.............................. 5 70

Table 6-1. Design Steps for Micropiles for Slope Stabilization .......................................... 6 3
Table 6-2. M
ult
Values for Design Example....................................................................... 6 47
Table 6-3. H
ult(ds)
for Various Batter Angles .................................................................... 6 52
Table 6-4. Comparison of Actual Loads to Design Loads for
Blue Trail Landslide Project. ........................................................................ 6 62

Table 7-1. Verification Test Load Schedule ....................................................................... 7 13
Table 7-2. Proof Test Load Schedule.................................................................................. 7 16
Table 7-3. Recommendations on Minimum Number of Test Micropiles for
Proof Testing ............................................................................................ 7 22

Table 8-1. Example Micropile Installation Log ............................................................... 8 14
Table 8-2. Example Completed Micropile Installation Log ............................................ 8 15

FHWA NHI-05-039
Micropile Design & Construction i-x December 2005
Table 10-1. Typical Breakdown of Micropile Unit Costs................................................... 10 2
Table 10-2. Material Costs of Steel Casings used for Micropiles....................................... 10 2
Table 10-3. Material Costs of Steel Reinforcing Bars used for Micropiles........................ 10 3
Table 10-4. Effects of Project-Specific Factors on Micropile Cost .................................... 10 5
Table 10-5. Sample Problem No. 1 Cost Analysis (Bridge Abutment Support) ........... 10 7
Table 10-6. Sample Problem No. 2 Cost Analysis (Seismic Retrofit) ........................... 10 9
Table 10-7. Micropile Measurement and Payment Units ............................................... 10 10

FHWA NHI-05-039
Micropile Design & Construction i - xi December 2005
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 - 1. Micropile Construction Sequence using Casing ............................................... 1 4
Figure 1 - 2. Classical Arrangement of Root Piles for Underpinning.................................... 1 6
Figure 1 - 3. Typical Network of Reticulated Micropiles...................................................... 1 7

Figure 2 1. CASE 1 Micropiles........................................................................................... 2 2
Figure 2 2. CASE 2 Micropiles Reticulated Pile Network .............................................. 2 3
Figure 2 3. CASE 1 Micropile Arrangements..................................................................... 2 4
Figure 2 4. CASE 2 Micropile Arrangements..................................................................... 2 5
Figure 2 5. Micropile Classification Based on Type of Grouting....................................... 2 7

Figure 3 1. Classification of Micropile Applications.......................................................... 3 2
Figure 3 2. Low Headroom Micropile Installation ............................................................ 3 4
Figure 3 3. Protection of an Existing Diaphragm Wall with a Secant Micropile
Screen using Anti-acid Mortar .................................................................... 3 5
Figure 3 - 4. Micropiles Used Under New Abutments for Bridge Over Mahoning Creek,
Armstrong County, Pennsylvania ...................................................... 3 8
Figure 3 5. Micropiles for Foundation Support of Transportation Applications ............. 3 10
Figure 3 - 6. Underpinning of West Emerson Street Viaduct, Seattle, Washington .......... 3 11
Figure 3 7. Underpinning Arrangement for Pocomoke River Bridge, Maryland............. 3 12
Figure 3 - 8. Seismic Retrofit of I-110, North Connector, Los Angeles, California .......... 3 13
Figure 3 9. Typical Configurations for Inclined Micropile Walls .................................... 3 15
Figure 3 10. State Road 4023 Micropile Slope Stabilization, Armstrong County,
Pennsylvania.............................................................................................. 3 16
Figure 3 11. Cross Section Showing Steep Canyon Slope and Temporary Micropile
Shoring ...................................................................................................... 3 17

Figure 3 12. Wall 600 Permanent Earth Retention, Portland, Oregon.............................. 3 18
Figure 3 13. Photo of Slope Stabilization at FH-7 Project in Mendocino National Forest,
California................................................................................................... 3 18
Figure 3 14. Schematic of Slope Stabilization at FH-7 Project in Mendocino National
Forest, California....................................................................................... 3 19

Figure 4 1. Typical Micropile Construction Sequence Using Casing................................. 4 2
Figure 4 - 2. Large Track-mounted Rotary Hydraulic Drill Rig........................................... 4 3
Figure 4 - 3. Small Track-mounted Rotary Hydraulic Drill Rig........................................... 4 4
Figure 4 - 4. Small Frame-mounted Rotary Hydraulic Drill Rig.......................................... 4 5
Figure 4 - 5. Casing with Heavy Duty Casing Crown .......................................................... 4 7
Figure 4 - 6. Drill Rigs Equipped (a) with Tricone Roller Bit and (b) for Double Head
Drilling ............................................................................................... 4 7
Figure 4 - 7. Rotary Percussive Drilling (a) Drive Head and (b) Drive Head and Shoe ...... 4 8
Figure 4 - 8. Rotary Duplex Drilling (a) Drills Rods and (b) Various Casing Shoes........... 4 8
Figure 4 - 9. Overburden Drilling Methods ........................................................................... 4 9
Figure 4 - 10. Effect of Water Content on Grout Compressive Strength and Flow
Properties................................................................................................... 4 14

FHWA NHI-05-039
Micropile Design & Construction i-xii December 2005
Figure 4 - 11. Various Types of Colloidal Mixers............................................................... 4 17
Figure 4 - 12. Various Types of Paddle Mixers................................................................... 4 18
Figure 4 - 13. Principle of the Tube Manchette Method of Postgrouting Injection ......... 4 23
Figure 4 - 14. Use of Reinforcement Tube as a Tube Manchette Postgrouting System... 4 24
Figure 4 - 15. Circulating Loop Arrangement for Pressure Grouting.................................. 4 25
Figure 4 - 16. Multiple Bar Reinforcement with Bar Centralizer/Spacer............................ 4 28
Figure 4 - 17. Details of Continuously Threaded Dywidag Bar .......................................... 4 29
Figure 4 - 18. Details of Composite High-capacity Type 1B Micropiles ............................ 4 34

Figure 5 - 1. Detail of a Composite Reinforced Micropile ................................................... 5 3
Figure 5 - 2. Example Micropile Detail .............................................................................. 5 12
Figure 5 - 3. Block Failure Mode for Micropile Group in Cohesive Soil with Cap in
Contact with Ground ................................................................................. 5 24
Figure 5 - 4. End-bearing Resistance of Piles in Layered Soils.......................................... 5 26
Figure 5 - 5. Model to Calculate Micropile Group Uplift Capacity in Cohesive Soils ...... 5 27
Figure 5 - 6. Model to Calculate Micropile Group Uplift Capacity in Cohesionless Soils 5 28
Figure 5 - 7. Equivalent Footing Concept for Uniform Soil ................................................ 5 30
Figure 5 - 8. Equivalent Footing Concept for Firm Soil Underlying Soft Soil Layer ......... 5 31
Figure 5 - 9. Bearing Capacity Index versus Corrected SPT Blowcount ............................ 5 35
Figure 5 - 10. Pile to Footing Connection Detail. ................................................................ 5 39
Figure 5 - 14. Pile to New Footing Connection Detail used for Moderate Loads. .............. 5 43
Figure 5 - 15. Pile to New Footing Connection Detail used for High Loads....................... 5 43
Figure 5 - 16. Pile to Existing Footing Connection Detail................................................... 5 44
Figure 5 - 17. GEWI Piles with (a) Grout Protection only; and (b) Double Corrosion
Protection................................................................................................... 5 49
Figure 5 - 18. Detail of Load Transfer through the Casing Plunge Length. ........................ 5 52
Figure 5 - 19. LPILE Analysis Result for Bending Moment .............................................. 5 59
Figure 5 - 20. LPILE Analysis Result for Lateral Micropile Deflection............................. 5 59
Figure 5 - 21. Illustration of P-Multiplier Concept for Lateral Group Analysis.................. 5 64
Figure 5 - 22. Load-Deflection & Bending Moment-Deflection for Pile Group Analysis.. 5 65
Figure 5 - 23. Limiting Lateral Modulus for Various Micropile Materials ......................... 5 70
Figure 5 - 24. Micropile Installed Through Voids in Karstic Terrain; (a) Actual
Configuration, (b) Model Used for Estimation of Structural Capacity..... 5 72
Figure 5 - 25. Three-dimensional soil pile interaction......................................................... 5 74
Figure 5 - 26. Plan View of Micropile Foundation.............................................................. 5 75
Figure 5 - 27. Lateral Response of Micropile Foundations to Different Flexural
Reinforcement Ratios ................................................................................ 5 76

Figure 6 - 1. Micropile System in Approach 1 ..................................................................... 6 1
Figure 6 - 2. Micropile System in Approach 2 ..................................................................... 6 2
Figure 6 - 3. Concentrated Movements Recorded from Inclinometer at the Slip Surface.... 6 6
Figure 6 - 4. Residual Friction Angle for Clayey Soils ...................................................... 6 10
Figure 6 - 5. Example Slope Geometry............................................................................... 6 13

FHWA NHI-05-039
Micropile Design & Construction i - xiii December 2005
Figure 6 - 6. Relationship between Force Required for FS = 1.3 and Location of the
Micropile ................................................................................................... 6 14
Figure 6 - 7. Effect of Micropile Placed Too Far Upslope (FS
min
< 1.3)............................ 6 15
Figure 6 - 8. Effect of Micropile Placed Too Far Downslope (FS
min
< 1.3)....................... 6 15
Figure 6 - 9. Micropiles with Battered Upslope Leg and Battered Downslope Leg........... 6 17
Figure 6 - 10. Single Vertical Micropile Model for Design Analyses................................ 6 17
Figure 6 - 11. Relationship Between H
req
and Cohesive Strength for Micropile Analysis
Model ........................................................................................................ 6 18
Figure 6 - 12. Slope Stability Analysis Search Limits Away From Micropile Location.... 6 19
Figure 6 - 13. Potential Instability Resulting from Future Excavation............................... 6 20
Figure 6 - 14. Example Resultant Axial Force and Bending Moment Diagrams for (a)
Downslope and (b) Upslope Micropile ..................................................... 6 22
Figure 6 - 15. (a) Micropile Resistance Length Not Sufficient to Prevent Pullout and (b)
Micropile Resistance Length Sufficient to Prevent Pullout ...................... 6 24
Figure 6 - 16. An Example Distribution of P-Y Curves with Depth Obtained from Laterally
Loaded Pile Analysis................................................................................. 6 27
Figure 6 - 17. Utilizing P-Y Curves Obtained from Laterally Loaded Pile Analysis in (a) Up
Analysis and (b) Down Analysis............................................................... 6 28
Figure 6 - 18. Example of Calculated Bending Moment Diagrams for Up and Down
Analyses. ................................................................................................... 6 29
Figure 6 - 19 Forces Acting on (a) Vertical and (b) Inclined Micropile Along the Slip
Surface....................................................................................................... 6 31
Figure 6 - 20 Relationship between Adjusted Capacity of Individual Micropiles and
Inclination Angle. ...................................................................................... 6 32
Figure 6 - 21 Definition of Inclination Angle When (a) Slip Surface is Horizontal and (b)
Slip Surface is not Horizontal. .................................................................. 6 34
Figure 6 - 22 Spacing between Micropiles. ......................................................................... 6 35
Figure 6 - 23 Plastically Deforming Soil between Two Adjacent Micropiles..................... 6 36
Figure 6 - 24 Slope Geometry and Subsurface Information for the Design Example......... 6 38
Figure 6 - 25 FS
min
Determined from Trial Shear Strength Parameters. ............................. 6 40
Figure 6 - 26 FS
min
of the Slope Based on Modified Shear Strength Parameters. ............... 6 41
Figure 6 - 27 Slope Stability Analysis to Determine Additional Force to Obtain Target
Factor of Safety. ........................................................................................ 6 42
Figure 6 - 28 Stability of the (a) Upslope Away from the Micropile and (b) Downslope
Away from the Micropile. ......................................................................... 6 43
Figure 6 - 29 Micropile Cross-Section for the Design Example.......................................... 6 44
Figure 6 - 30 Single Vertical Micropile Modeled in LPILE................................................ 6 46
Figure 6 - 31 Depths Chosen for p-y Curves for Entire Length of the Micropile ............... 6 48
Figure 6 - 32 Process to Evaluate Shear Resistance (Q) of Single Vertical Micropile Using
Up and Down Laterally Loaded Pile Analyses ......................................... 6 49
Figure 6 - 33 Modeling Soil Layers with Previously Determined p-y Curves .................... 6 50
Figure 6 - 34 Interpolation of H
ult
for Battered Downslope Micropile Leg......................... 6 53
Figure 6 - 35 Spreadsheet Calculations Based on Eq. 6-12 to Obtain H
ult-soil/pile
for the
Example Problem...................................................................................... 6 55
Figure 6 - 36 Equations Used in Each Cell in Figure 6-35.................................................. 6 56
Figure 6 - 37 Graphical Solution for H
ult-soil/pile
Based on Figure 6-36................................ 6 57
Figure 6 - 38 Extent of Blue Trail Landslide....................................................................... 6 60

FHWA NHI-05-039
Micropile Design & Construction i-xiv December 2005
Figure 6 - 39 Conceptual Design Drawing of the MSE and NRM Walls for Blue Trail
Landslide Project ....................................................................................... 6 60
Figure 6 - 40 Typical Section of Micropile and Ground Anchor Wall for Blue Trail
Landslide Project ....................................................................................... 6 61
Figure 6 - 41 Typical Section of Micropile and Ground Anchor Wall at SUM-271........... 6 63
Figure 6 - 42 Comparison of Axial Loads for the SUM-271 Project .................................. 6 64
Figure 6 - 43 Comparison of Bending Moments for the SUM-271 Project ........................ 6 65
Figure 6 - 44 Typical Section of Micropile and Anchor Wall at Littleville, Alabama........ 6 66

Figure 7 - 1. Schematic of Compression Load Test Arrangement........................................ 7 4
Figure 7 - 2. Schematic of Tension Load Test Arrangement................................................ 7 4
Figure 7 - 3. Schematic of Lateral Load Test Arrangement ................................................. 7 5
Figure 7 - 4. Compression Load Test Set-Up ....................................................................... 7 5
Figure 7 - 5. Tension Load Test Setup.................................................................................. 7 6
Figure 7 - 6. Photograph of Lateral Load Test Set-Up ......................................................... 7 7
Figure 7 - 7. Typical Pressure Gauge Calibration Curve. ..................................................... 7 7
Figure 7 - 8. Strain Gauge Locations on Micropiles for SUM-271 Project........................ 7 10
Figure 7 - 9. Load Displacement Curve of Verification Tests............................................ 7 14
Figure 7 - 10. Plotting Elastic and Residual Movement of Verification Test Data. ............ 7 14
Figure 7 - 11. Plotting of Proof Test Data............................................................................ 7 17
Figure 7 - 12. Dynamic Test Set-Up for Micropile.............................................................. 7 25
Figure 7 - 13. Statnamic Test Set-Up................................................................................... 7 27

Figure 8 - 1. QA Inspector Responsibilities for a Typical Micropile Project ....................... 8 4
Figure 8 - 2. Cement Storage ................................................................................................ 8 6
Figure 8 - 3. Storage of Reinforcing Steel ............................................................................ 8 7
Figure 8 - 4. Double Corrosion Protected (Encapsulated) Reinforcing Steel ...................... 8 8
Figure 8 - 5. Reinforcement Centralizers............................................................................ 8 10
Figure 8 - 6. Drill Rig Pressure Gauge................................................................................ 8 11
Figure 8 - 7. Grout Cubes for Compressive Strength Testing ............................................ 8 16
Figure 8 - 8. Baroid Mud Balance Test............................................................................... 8 17

FHWA NHI-05-039 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Micropile Design & Construction 1-1 December 2005
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF MANUAL
The use of micropiles has grown significantly since their conception in the 1950s, and in
particular since the mid-1980s. Micropiles have been used mainly as foundation support
elements to resist static and seismic loads, and to a lesser extent, as in-situ reinforcements to
provide stabilization of slopes and excavations. Many of these applications are for
transportation structures.
In 1993, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) sponsored a project to review the
state-of-the-practice of micropiles. The research group for this project included contractors,
consultants, academics, and owners. The document produced from this project, entitled
Drilled and Grouted Micropiles State-of-the-Practice Review (FHWA, 1997) provided a
comprehensive international review and detailed analysis of available research and
development results, laboratory and field testing data, design methods, construction
methodologies, site observations, and monitored case studies. As part of this study, the
limitations and uncertainties in the state-of-the-practice were evaluated, and further research
needs were assessed. One of the highlighted needs was a manual of design and construction
guidelines intended for use by practicing highway agency geotechnical and structural
engineers.
In response to this need, the FHWA sponsored the development of the manual Micropile
Design and Construction Guidelines, Implementation Manual (FHWA, 2000). Funding and
development of the manual was a cooperative effort between FHWA, U.S. micropile
specialty contractors, and several state DOTs. The manual is intended to be a practitioner-
oriented document containing sufficient information on micropile design, construction
specifications, inspection and testing procedures, cost data, and contracting methods to
facilitate the safe and cost-effective use of micropiles on transportation projects.
This manual is a revision to the 2001 Implementation Manual. The major revisions to the
manual include:
Chapter 3:
Existing case history information has been updated and additional case histories have
been added which specifically address the evaluation of micropile feasibility for
specific projects.

Chapter 4:
A description of sonic drilling techniques has been added.
Chapter 5:
Information on corrosion protection has been updated to reflect current FHWA
practice regarding assessment of ground conditions and to include recommendations
for levels of corrosion protection provided in the Deep Foundations Institute (DFI)
Guide to Drafting a Specification for High Capacity Drilled and Grouted Micropiles
for Structural Support (DFI, 2003).
A design flowchart for micropiles used for structural support is provided. This
flowchart addresses all appropriate structural and geotechnical strength and service
limit states.
Guideline information on recommended subsurface investigation (i.e., depth and
spacing of geotechncial borings) has been added.
The factor of safety for grout-ground bond has been reduced from 2.5 to 2.0 to
reflect current practice. A discussion on the rationale for this modification is
presented.
Specific information on geotechnical strength limit states including vertical capacity
(compression and uplift) and downdrag is provided for micropiles.
Evaluation of combined axial compression and bending, and methods to evaluate
potential micropile buckling have been added. Detailed information on lateral
loading of micropiles and methods to evaluate the structural capacity at a threaded
connection are included.
Structural design considerations for battered micropiles are included.
Information on micropile group settlement and group lateral movement is included.
A section on seismic considerations in the design of micropiles for seismic retrofit
applications has been added. Relevant information from the FOREVER (2003)
research project and design information from the current Japanese manual on seismic
design of micropiles (Japanese Public Works Research Institute, 2002) is included.

Chapter 6:
Detailed information on the feasibility of micropiles for slope stabilization projects is
provided including guidance on the assessment of geotechnical parameters required
for analyses. Specific information on the limitations of the design method is
provided.
Three detailed case histories on the use micropiles for slope stabilization have been
added.
The design method for micropiles used to stabilize slopes has been modified to
include a step-by-step design approach with information concerning: (1) effect of
micropile location on slope stability; (2) effect of passive resistance in front of
micropile structure; (3) axial load transfer in a micropile used for slope stabilization;
and (4) step-by-step approach to the iterative design involving the analysis of the
portions of the micropiles above a potential slip surface and below a potential slip
surface.
Chapter 7:
Guidance on the evaluations to be performed to develop a micropile load testing
program for verification and proof testing are provided.
Information is presented on the use of pile driver analyzing (PDA) techniques and
Statnamic testing as a potential tool for micropile construction quality assurance.
Chapter 8:
A micropile inspector responsibilities summary checklist and an updated micropile
installation log are provided.
Chapter 10:
Information on cost estimating is updated and includes specific information on major
cost elements for micropiles including steel materials and labor costs. Information
on load testing costs is also provided. Specific recommendations regarding typical
measurement and payment items for a micropile project is provided.

1.2 MICROPILE DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION
A micropile is a small-diameter (typically less than 300 mm (12 in.)), drilled and grouted
non-displacement pile that is typically reinforced. A micropile is constructed by drilling a
borehole, placing steel reinforcement, and grouting the hole as illustrated in Figure 1-1.
Micropiles can withstand relatively significant axial loads and moderate lateral loads, and
may be considered a substitute for conventional driven piles or drilled shafts or as one
component in a composite soil/pile mass, depending upon the design concept employed.
Micropiles are installed by methods that cause minimal disturbance to adjacent structures,
soil, and the environment. They can be installed where access is restrictive and in all soil
types and ground conditions. Micropiles can be installed at any angle below the horizontal
using the same type of equipment used for the installation of ground anchors and for grouting
projects.

BEGIN DRILLING
&/OR INSTALLATION
OF TEMPORARY
CASING
COMPLETE
DRILLING TO
DEPTH
REMOVE INNER
DRILL BIT &
ROD (IF USED)
PLACE
REINFORCEMENT &
GROUT (BY TREMIE)
REMOVE
TEMPORARY
CASING, INJECT
FURTHER GROUT
UNDER
PRESSURE AS
APPLICABLE
COMPLETE PILE
(CASING MAY BE
LEFT IN PLACE
THROUGH THE
COMPRESSIBLE
STRATUM)
ADDITIONAL GROUT
COMPRESSIBLE
STRATUM
BEARING
STRATUM

Figure 1-1. Micropile Construction Sequence.

Since the installation procedure causes minimal vibration and noise and can be used in
conditions of low headroom, micropiles are often used to underpin existing structures.
Specialized drilling equipment is often required to install the micropiles from within existing
basement or other limited headroom facilities.
Most of the applied load on conventional cast-in-place drilled or non-displacement piles is
structurally resisted by the reinforced concrete; increased structural capacity is achieved by
increased cross-sectional and surface areas. Micropile structural capacities, by comparison,
rely on high-capacity steel elements to resist most or the entire applied load. These steel
elements may occupy as much as one-half of the drillhole cross section. The special drilling
and grouting methods used in micropile installation allow for high grout/ground bond values
along the grout/ground interface. The grout transfers the load through friction from the
reinforcement to the ground in the micropile bond zone in a manner similar to that of ground
anchors. Due to the small pile diameter, any end-bearing contribution in micropiles is
generally neglected. The grout/ground bond strength achieved is influenced primarily by the
ground type and grouting method used, i.e., pressure grouting or gravity feed. The role of the
drilling method is also influential, although less well quantified.

1.3 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Micropiles were conceived in Italy in the early 1950s, in response to the demand for
innovative techniques for underpinning historic buildings and monuments that had sustained
damage with time, and especially during World War II. A reliable underpinning system was
required to support structural loads with minimal movement and for installation in access-
restrictive environments with minimal disturbance to the existing structure. An Italian
specialty contractor called Fondedile, for whom Dr. Fernando Lizzi was the technical
director, developed the palo radice, or root pile, for underpinning applications. The palo
radice is a small-diameter, drilled, cast-in-place, lightly reinforced, grouted pile. The classic
arrangement of pali radice for underpinning is shown in Figure 1-2.
Although steel was in short supply in postwar Europe, labor was inexpensive, abundant, and
often of high mechanical ability. Such conditions encouraged the development of these
lightly reinforced, cast-in-place root pile elements, largely designed and installed by specialty
contractors on a design-build basis. Load testing on these new root piles measured capacities
in excess of 400 kN (90 kips), although the design capacity based on contemporary
conventional bored pile design methodologies suggested capacities of less than 100 kN (23
kips). Direct full-scale load tests were performed at relatively little cost, fostering the

acquisition and publication of a wealth of testing information. No grout/ground bond failures
were recorded during these early tests.
The use of root piles grew in Italy throughout the 1950s. Fondedile introduced the
technology in the United Kingdom in 1962 for the underpinning of several historic structures,
and by 1965, it was being used in Germany on underground urban transportation projects.
For proprietary reasons, the term micropile replaced root pile at that time.
Initially, the majority of micropile applications were structural underpinning in urban
environments. Starting in 1957, additional engineering demands resulted in the introduction
of systems of reticoli di pali radice (reticulated root piles). Such systems comprise multiple
vertical and inclined micropiles interlocked in a three-dimensional network, creating a
laterally confined soil/pile composite structure (Figure 1-3). Reticulated micropile networks
were used for slope stabilization, reinforcement of quay walls, protection of buried
structures, and other soil and structure support and ground reinforcement applications.
A A
MICROPILE (TYP)
HORIZONTAL
CROSS- SECTION A-A
VERTICAL
CROSS- SECTION

Figure 1-2. Arrangement of Root Piles (pali radice) for Underpinning.


BIG CRACK IN THE SOFT
LIMESTONE FORMATION
RC BEAMS
SOFT LIMESTONE
CLAY
RETICULATED
PALI RADICE
RETICULATED PALI RADICE
FOR THE COLUMN
REINFORCEMENT
EXISTING MASONRY
REINFORCED BY
RETICULATED PALI
RADICE
TYPICAL COLUMN
PLAN VIEW

Figure 1-3. Typical Network of Reticulated (reticolo di pali radice) Micropiles.

Other proprietary micropiles were developed in Switzerland and Germany, and the
technologies were quickly exported overseas by branches or licensees of the originating
contractors. Portions of Asia soon became a major market.
Fondedile introduced the use of micropiles in North America in 1973 through a number of
underpinning applications in the New York and Boston areas. The micropile technology did
not grow rapidly in the United States, however, until the mid-1980s. At that time an
abundance of successful published case histories, consistent influence by specialty
contractors, and the growing needs of consultants and owners working in old urban
environments overcame the skepticism and concerns of the traditional East Coast piling
market (Bruce, 1988).

1.4 REFERENCES
Bruce, D. A. (1988), Developments in Geotechnical Construction Processes for Urban
Engineering, Civil Engineering Practice, Vol. 3, No. 1, Spring, pp. 49-97.
Deep Foundations Institute (DFI) (2003), Guide to Drafting a Specification for High
Capacity Drilled and Grouted Micropiles for Structural Support.
FHWA (1997), Drilled and Grouted Micropiles, State-of-Practice Review, Bruce, D. A.
and Juran, I., Reports No. FHWA-RD-96-016, 017, 018, and 019.
FHWA (2000), Micropile Design and Construction Guidelines Implementation Manual,
Armour, T., Groneck, P., Keeley, J., and Sharma, S., Report No. FHWA-SA-97-070.
Japanese Public Works Research Institute (2002), Design and Execution Manual for Seismic
Retrofitting of Existing Pile Foundations with High Capacity Micropiles, Foundation
Engineering Research Team, Structures Research Group.
FOREVER (2003), Synthesis of the Results of the National Project on Micropiles,
International Center for Ground Improvement, Polytechnic University, Juran, I., Jahir
Hasan, Weinstein, G. M, and Sourisseau, L.

FHWA NHI-05-039 Chapter 2 Micropile Classification System
CHAPTER 2
MICROPILE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

2.1 INTRODUCTION
In 1997, the FHWA published a 4-volume report summarizing the state-of-the-practice for
micopiles (FHWA-RD-96-016, 017, -018, and 019; 1997). In that report, a micropile
classification system was developed. This system is based on two criteria: (1) philosophy of
behavior (design); and (2) method of grouting (construction). The philosophy of behavior
dictates the method employed in designing the micropile. The method of grouting defines
the grout/ground bond strength (or side resistance), which generally controls micropile
capacity. The classification system consists of a two-part designation: a number, which
denotes the micropile behavior (design), and a letter, which designates the method of
grouting (construction).

2.2 DESIGN APPLICATION CLASSIFICATION
The design of an individual micropile or a group of micropiles differs greatly from that of a
network of closely-spaced reticulated micropiles. This difference led to the definition of
CASE 1 micropile elements, which are loaded directly and where the micropile
reinforcement resists the majority of the applied load (Figure 2-1). CASE 2 micropile
elements circumscribe and internally reinforce the soil to theoretically make a reinforced soil
composite that resists applied loads (Figure 2-2). This is referred to as a reticulated micropile
network.
CASE 1 micropiles can be used as an alternative to more conventional types of piles since
they are used to transfer structural loads to a deeper, more competent or stable stratum. Such
directly loaded piles, whether for axial (compression or tension) or lateral loading conditions,
are referred to as CASE 1 elements. The load is primarily resisted structurally by the steel
reinforcement and geotechnically by side resistance developed over a bond zone of the
individual micropiles. At least 90 percent of all international applications to date, and
virtually all of the projects in North America have involved CASE 1 micropiles. Such
micropiles are designed to act individually, although, they may be installed in groups.
Typical arrangements of CASE 1 micropiles are illustrated in Figure 2-3.


MICROPILES
DRILLED
SHAFT MICROPILES
DRILLED
SHAFT
VERTICAL
LATERAL
COMPRESSIBLE
STRATUM
BEARING
STRATUM
EXTENT OF
SOIL-PILE
INTERACTION
MICROPILES
DRILLED
SHAFT
MOVING SOIL
STABLE SOIL
EXTENT OF
SOIL-PILE
INTERACTION
TO SUSTAIN AXIAL LOADS TO SUSTAIN LATERAL LOADS

Figure 2-1. CASE 1 Micropiles.


TO SUPPORT VERTICAL LOAD
AND LATERAL LOADS (IF NEEDED)
COMPOSITE
BLOCK
TO LOWER CENTER OF
GRAVITY OF SOIL-STRUCTURE
UNIT TO IMPROVE STABILITY
COMPOSITE
BLOCK
CAP BEAM
PALI RADICE (ROOT PILE)
RETICULATED STRUCTURE
BLOCK CENTER
OF GRAVITY
STRUCTURE CENTER
OF GRAVITY
RESULTANT CENTER
OF GRAVITY

Figure 2-2. CASE 2 Micropiles Reticulated Micropile Network.

The remaining micropile applications involve networks of reticulated micropiles as
components of a reinforced soil mass which is used to provide stabilization and support.
These micropiles are referred to as CASE 2 elements. Structural loads are applied to the
entire reinforced soil mass, as compared to individual micropiles (as for CASE 1 micropiles).
CASE 2 micropiles are lightly reinforced because they are not individually loaded. A
conceptual application of a network of reticulated micropiles is illustrated in Figure 2-4.


FOUNDATION SUPPORT
SLOPE STABILIZATION
BRIDGE ABUTMENT
NEW MICROPILE
FOUNDATIONS
SUPPORT (TYP)
REINFORCED
CONCRETE CAP
ROAD
SURFACE
FINISHED GRADE
CASE 1 NON RETICULATED
MICROPILE STRUCTURE (TYP)
APPROXIMATE
FAILURE PLANE
2H:1V

Figure 2-3. CASE 1 Micropile Arrangements.


CONCRETE
CAP
SURCHARGE
ORIGINAL GRADE
FINAL GRADE
WALL FACING
CASE 2
RETICULATED
MICROPILE WALL
EARTH RETENTION

Figure 2-4. CASE 2 Micropile Arrangements.

This philosophy of behavior (design) of an individual CASE 1 micropile is the same as that
of a group of CASE 1 micropiles. A group of CASE 1 elements is defined as a closely
spaced (typically parallel) arrangement of micropiles, each of which will be loaded directly.
Design methodologies for individual CASE 1 elements and groups of CASE 1 elements are
discussed in Chapters 5 and 6. The behavior and design approach of a group of CASE 1
elements should not be confused with those of a reticulated network (i.e., CASE 2
micropiles), although their geometries may appear to be similar.
Very few CASE 2 micropile applications have been constructed in the U.S. Given the
current general trend of using high capacity micropiles, the use of CASE 2 micropiles on

future U.S. projects appears to be quite limited. Also, the use of CASE 2 micropiles,
especially for public sector projects, will likely be disallowed until such time that an
appropriate database of performance data becomes available for these micropiles to allow for
a technically sound and safe design procedure to be developed.

2.3 CONSTRUCTION TYPE CLASSIFICATION
The method of grouting is typically the most sensitive construction process influencing
grout/ground bond capacity. Grout/ground bond capacity varies directly with the grouting
method. The second part of the micropile classification consists of a letter designation (A
through D) based primarily on the method of placement and pressure under which grouting is
performed during construction. The use of drill casing and reinforcement define sub-
classifications. The classification is shown schematically in Figure 2-5 and is described
subsequently.
Type A: For Type A micropiles, grout is placed under gravity head only.
Sand-cement mortars or neat cement grouts can be used. The micropile
excavation may be underreamed to increase tensile capacity, although this
technique is not common or used with any other micropile type.
Type B: Type B indicates that neat cement grout is placed into the hole under
pressure as the temporary drill casing is withdrawn. Injection pressures
typically range from 0.5 to 1 MPa (72 to 145 psi) to avoid hydrofracturing the
surrounding ground or causing excessive grout takes, and to maintain a seal
around the casing during its withdrawal, where possible.
Type C: Type C indicates a two-step process of grouting including: (1) neat
cement grout is placed under gravity head as with Type A; and (2) prior to
hardening of the primary grout (after approximately 15 to 25 minutes), similar
grout is injected one time via a sleeved grout pipe without the use of a packer
(at the bond zone interface) at a pressure of at least 1 MPa (145 psi). This pile
type appears to be used only in France, and is referred to as IGU (Injection
Globale et Unitaire).

TYPE A
(GRAVITY)
TYPE B
(PRESSURE THROUGH
CASING)
TYPE C
(SINGLE GLOBAL
POSTGROUT)
TYPE D
(MULTIPLE REPEATABLE
POSTGROUT)
PRESSURE GAGE
PACKER

Figure 2-5. Micropile Classification System Based on Type of Grouting.

Type D: Type D indicates a two-step process of grouting similar to Type C.
With this method, neat cement grout is placed under gravity head (as with
Types A and C) and may be pressurized (as for Type B). After hardening of
the initially placed grout, additional grout is injected via a sleeved grout pipe
at a pressure of 2 to 8 MPa (290 to 1,160 psi). A packer may be used inside
the sleeved pipe so that specific horizons can be treated several times, if
required. This pile type is used commonly worldwide, and is referred to in
France as the IRS (Injection Rptitive et Slective).

Table 2-1 provides additional information on Type A, B, C, and D micropiles. Sub-
classifications (e.g., A1, A2, and A3) are included in Table 2-1 to indicate the type of drill
casing and reinforcement used for each method of grouting. These sub-classifications also
represent the type of reinforcement required by design (e.g. reinforcing bar, casing, none).
Therefore, the combined micropile classification system is based on design application (i.e.,
Case 1 or Case 2), micropile type (i.e., Type A, B, C, or D) and grouting method (i.e., 1, 2, or
3). It is emphasized that Table 2-1 is intended to present a classification system based on the
type of micropile construction. It is not intended to be used in contract specifications.

2.4 REFERENCES
FHWA (1997), Drilled and Grouted Micropiles, State-of-Practice Review, Bruce, D. A.
and Juran, I., Reports No. FHWA-RD-96-016, 017, 018, and 019.
Pearlman, S. L., and Wolosick, J. R. (1992), Pin Piles for Bridge Foundations,
Proceedings, 9
th
Annual International Bridge Conference, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,
June 15-17.

Table 2-1. Details of Micropile Classification Based on Type of Grouting
(after Pearlman and Wolosick, 1992).

Micropile Type and
Grouting Method
Sub-
type
Drill Casing Reinforcement Grout
A1
Temporary or
unlined (open hole
or auger)
None, single bar, cage, tube or
structural section
A2
Permanent, full
length
Drill casing itself
Type A
Gravity grout only
A3
Permanent, upper
shaft only
Drill casing in upper shaft,
bar(s) or tube in lower shaft
(may extend full length)
Sand/cement mortar or neat
cement grout tremied to base of
hole (or casing), no excess
pressure applied
B1
Temporary or
unlined (open hole
or auger)
Monobar(s) or tube (cages
rare due to lower structural
capacity)
B2
Permanent, partial
length
Drill casing itself
Type B
Pressure - grouted
through the casing or
auger during
withdrawal
B3
Permanent, upper
shaft only
Neat cement grout is first
tremied into drill casing/auger.
Excess pressure (up to 1 MPa
(145 psi) typically) is applied to
additional grout injected during
withdrawal of casing/auger
C1
Temporary or
unlined (open hole
or auger)
Single bars or tube (cages rare
due to lower structural
capacity)
C2 Not conducted
Type C
Primary grout placed
under gravity head,
then one phase of
secondary global
pressure grouting C3
Not conducted
tremied into hole (or
casing/auger). Between 15 to
25 minutes later, similar grout
injected through tube (or
reinforcing pipe) from head,
once pressure is greater than 1
MPa (145 psi)
D1
Temporary or
unlined (open hole
or auger)
Single bars or tube (cages rare
due to lower structural
capacity)
D2
Possible only if
regrout tube placed
full-length outside
casing
Drill casing itself
Type D
Primary grout placed
under gravity head
(Type A) or under
pressure (Type B).
Then one or more
phases of secondary
global pressure
grouting D3
Permanent, upper
shaft only
tremied (Type A) and/or
pressurized (Type B) into hole
or casing/auger. Several hours
later, similar grout injected
through sleeved pipe (or
sleeved reinforcement) via
packers, as many times as
necessary to achieve bond


FHWA NHI-05-039 Chapter 3 Micropile Transportation Applications
CHAPTER 3
MICROPILE APPLICATIONS IN TRANSPORTATION
PROJECTS

3.1 INTRODUCTION
Micropiles are currently used in two general application areas: (1) structural support; and (2)
in-situ reinforcement (Figure 3-1). Structural support includes new foundations,
underpinning of existing foundations, seismic retrofitting applications and foundation support
for earth retaining structures. In-situ reinforcement is used for slope stabilization and earth
retention; ground strengthening; settlement reduction; and structural stability. Table 3-1
summarizes the typical design behavior and micropile construction type for each application.
Selection factors influencing the choice of micropiles for a project application are described
herein. Example micropile applications for structural support and in-situ reinforcement for
transportation projects and other civil engineering projects are described.
3.2 FEASIBILITY OF MICROPILES

3.2.1 Overview
Micropiles have specific advantages compared to more conventional support systems. In
general, micropiles may be feasible under the following project-specific constraints:
project has restricted access or is located in a remote area;
required support system needs to be in close pile proximity to existing structures;
ground and drilling conditions are difficult (e.g., karstic areas, uncontrolled fills,
boulders);
pile driving would result in soil liquefaction;
vibration or noise needs to be minimized;
hazardous or contaminated spoil material will be generated during construction; and
adaptation of support system to existing structure is required.
Limitations and cost information for micropiles are also presented in this section.


Figure 3-1. Classification of Micropile Applications.
Review of Applications
Slope
Stabilization
and
Earth Retention

Ground
Strengthening

Settlement
Reduction

Structural
Stability

Structural Support
In-situ Reinforcement
Earth
Retaining
Structure
Foundations

Foundations
for
New
Structures
Seismic
Retrofitting

Underpinning
of
Existing
Foundations
Scour
Protection

Repair/
Replacement
of Existing
Foundations
Upgrading
of
Foundation
Capacity
Arresting/
Prevention
of
Movement

Table 3-1. Relationship Between Micropile Application, Design Behavior and
Construction Type (modified after FHWA, 1997).

STRUCTURAL
SUPPORT
IN-SITU EARTH REINFORCEMENT
Application
Underpinning of Existing
Foundations,
New Foundations, and
Seismic Retrofitting
Slope
Stabilization and
Earth Retention
Ground
Strengthening
Settlement
Reduction
Structural
Stability
Design
Behavior
CASE 1
CASE 1 and
CASE 2
CASE 2 with
minor CASE 1
CASE 2 CASE 2
Construction
Type
Type A (bond zones in rock
or stiff clays)
Type B, C, and D in soil
Type A and
Type B in soil
Types A and B
in soil
Type A
in soil
Type A
in soil
Frequency
of Use
Probably 95 percent of total
world applications
0 to 5 percent

3.2.2 Physical Considerations
The drilling and grouting equipment used for micropile installation is relatively small and
can be mobilized in restrictive areas that would prohibit the entry of conventional pile
installation equipment. Figure 3-2 shows micropiles being installed in low headroom
conditions, illustrating the maneuverability of the equipment.
Micropiles can be installed in close proximity to existing walls or foundations, provided that
there is space above for the drill-head and safe work zone or the micropiles are battered to
provide this space. Micropile installation is not as affected by overhead power lines or other
obstructions as are conventional pile installation systems. The equipment can be mobilized
up steep slopes and in remote locations. Also, drilling and grouting procedures associated
with micropile installations do not cause damage to adjacent existing structures or affect
adjacent ground conditions when proper drilling and grouting procedures are utilized.


Figure 3-2. Low Headroom Micropile Installation.
3.2.3 Subsurface Conditions
Micropiles can be installed in areas of particularly difficult, variable, or unpredictable
geologic conditions such as ground with cobbles and boulders, fills with buried utilities and
miscellaneous debris, and irregular lenses of competent and weak materials. Soft clays,
running sands, and high groundwater not conducive to conventional drilled shaft systems
cause minimal impacts to micropile installations. Micropiles are commonly used in karstic
limestone formations.
3.2.4 Environmental Conditions
Micropiles can be installed in hazardous and contaminated soils. Because of their small
diameter, drilling results in less spoil than would be produced by conventional drilled piles.
Also, the flush effluent can be controlled easily at the ground surface through
containerization or the use of lined surface pits. These factors greatly reduce the potential for
surface contamination and handling costs.
Grout mixes can be designed to withstand chemically aggressive groundwater and soils.
Special admixtures can be included in the grout mix design to reduce and avoid deterioration
from acidic and corrosive environments. For example, a micropile screen was constructed
from the installation of overlapping (secant) micropiles adjacent to an existing concrete

diaphragm wall of an underground parking garage in Barcelona, Spain (Bachy, 1992). The
existing wall was physically deteriorating due to extremely aggressive ground water (i.e.,
presence of chlorides and sulfates and pH values as low as 1.7) originating from an adjacent
metallurgical plant (Figure 3-3). No trace of acid was detected in samples of the diaphragm
wall collected after construction of the micropile screen.
Micropiles can be installed in environmentally sensitive areas, including areas with fragile
natural settings. The installation equipment is not as large or as heavy as conventional pile
driving or shaft drilling equipment and can be used in swampy areas or other areas of wet or
soft surface soils with minimal impacts to the environment. Portable drilling equipment is
frequently used in areas of restricted access.

STREET
CAR PARK
DIAPHRAGM WALL
PLANT
ACID
PH < 2
MICROPILE
SCREEN
BARRIER
SILTY CLAY
TYPICAL PLAN VIEW
2m

Figure 3-3. Protection of an Existing Diaphragm Wall with a Secant Micropile Screen using
Anti-acid Mortar (after Bachy, 1992).

Micropile installations cause less noise and vibration than conventional piling techniques,
especially driven piles. The vibration from pile driving is imparted to the soil and can be
transferred through the soil to adjacent structures. The use of micropiles in old urban
environments and industrial/manufacturing areas can prevent this potential damage to
adjacent sensitive structures and equipment.
Micropiles can be installed in areas where there is a contaminated aquifer overlying a bearing
strata. Unlike driven piles that may produce a vertical conduit for contaminate migration,
micropiles can be installed in a manner preventing contamination of lower aquifers.
3.2.5 Existing Structure Adaptation
Micropiles can be added to an existing pile cap, thereby eliminating the need for an increased
footing size. With this approach, the additional compression, tension and moment resistance
associated with increased structural loads can be resisted effectively. Oftentimes adjacent
utilities and/or structures restrict the possibility of enlarging the existing pile caps, thus
eliminating more traditional piling systems. With this approach, design analyses need to
consider the relative stiffness of the micropiles and the existing piles to estimate individual
loads.
3.2.6 Micropile Limitations
Vertical micropiles may be limited in lateral capacity and cost effectiveness. The ability of
micropiles to be installed on an incline, however, significantly enhances their lateral
capacity. Because of their high slenderness ratio (length/diameter), micropiles may not be
acceptable for conventional seismic retrofitting applications in areas where liquefaction may
occur due to concerns of buckling resulting from loss of lateral support.
The use of micropiles for slope stabilization continues to increase. However, it is
recommended that performance data be collected on such projects as experience and detailed
design procedures continue to evolve.
3.2.7 Economics of Micropiles
The lineal cost of micropiles usually exceeds that of conventional piling systems, especially
driven piles. A detailed discussion on micropile costs is provided in Chapter 10.
Cost effectiveness of micropiles depends on many factors. It is important to assess the cost
of using micropiles based on the physical, environmental, and subsurface factors previously
described. For example, for an open site with soft, clean, uniform soils and unrestricted

access, micropiles will likely not be a competitive solution. However, for the delicate
underpinning of an existing bridge pier in a heavily trafficked old industrial or residential
area, micropiles can provide the most cost-effective solution.
Care should be taken to clearly define the true final cost of a solution based on micropiles.
Cost analysis should be based on all related costs for the entire project and not just the unit
cost of the piling system. As with other pile systems, it would be beneficial to consider
micropile costs in terms of $/kN of axial capacity when evaluating deep foundation
alternatives. Micropile costs are associated with:
right-of-way acquisition;
right-of-way agreements;
utility realignment;
excavation, shoring and backfill requirements;
footing construction;
hazardous material handling;
dewatering;
erosion control;
access restrictions;
ground improvement; and
owner and neighbor disruption.

3.3 STRUCTURAL SUPPORT
3.3.1 Overview
Micropile applications for structural support include foundations for new structures,
underpinning of existing structures, scour protection, and seismic retrofitting of existing
structures. Many of these applications have been used for transportation projects. In this
section, case histories involving these applications are provided.
3.3.2 New Foundations
Micropiles are applicable in new bridge construction in areas that require deep foundation
alternatives or in difficult ground (cobbles/boulders obstructions) where installation of
conventional piles or drilled shafts is very difficult and/or expensive.

For the I-78 dual highway bridge which crosses the Delaware River between Pennsylvania
and New Jersey (Bruce, 1988b), all of the original bridge piers were founded either on driven
piles or spread footings on rock, with the exception of Pier E-6. At the Pier E-6 location,
bedrock was encountered below the anticipated depth and was found to be karstic.
Micropiles and drilled shafts were proposed as alternative foundations for the project.
Micropiles were chosen as an alternative because of their lower cost and faster installation in
deep karstic regions. However, because micropiles were a fairly new technology in 1988,
micropile load testing was performed during the design phase to evaluate the feasibility of
micropiles for this application. Load test results indicated that micropiles were feasible and
micropiles were therefore used for Pier E-6.
The replacement of a two-span bridge over the Mahoning Creek in Armstrong County,
Pennsylvania (Pearlman and Wolosick, 1992) required a support system to be built for new
abutments (see Figure 3-4). The original stone abutment foundations were constructed in
cofferdams and founded on erodible soils overlying competent sandstone. The alternatives
for the project were anchored caisson walls, ground anchors, and micropiles. Micropiles
were the least expensive alternative for the project. Also, micropiles could be conveniently
drilled through the existing stone footings and founded in the underlying sandstone.

Figure 34. Micropiles Used Under New Abutments for Bridge Over Mahoning Creek,
Armstrong County, PA (after Pearlman and Wolosick, 1992).

The use of micropiles allows new bridge foundations to be constructed in areas of existing
overhead restrictions, while maintaining traffic flow. A major improvement project was
undertaken to replace the deck of the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway in the Borough of
Brooklyn, New York (Bruce and Gemme, 1992). As a part of this project, a new center lane
and several new entry/exit ramps were required. Micropiles were the only alternative for the
new viaduct and the ramp construction because of low headroom restrictions and stringent
vibration restrictions during construction. Due to low headroom conditions, micropile casing
were left full length in the ground. Also, traffic flow was maintained during construction.
Although the site comprised variable fluvioglacial deposits, this did not affect the rapid
installation of the micropiles.
Other micropile applications used for structural support include buildings, earth retaining
structures, and soundwalls. Figure 3-5 shows typical arrangements of micropiles for support
of common transportation-related structures.
3.3.3 Underpinning of Existing Foundations
Micropiles were originally developed for underpinning existing structures. The underpinning
of existing structures may be performed for many purposes, including:
arresting and preventing structural movement;
for upgrading load-bearing capacity of existing structures;
repair and replacement of deteriorating or inadequate foundations;
to provide scour protection for erosion-sensitive foundations;
raising previously settled foundations; and
providing a means to transfer loads to deeper strata.
Micropiles can be installed through and bonded within existing structures providing direct
connection with competent underlying strata without the need for new pile caps, while at the
same time reinforcing the structure internally.
Construction can be executed without reducing the existing foundation capacity. The West
Emerson Street Viaduct project in Seattle, Washington (Figure 3-6) required additional
foundation support to be built at the existing bents. The additional foundation support had to
be designed for both tension and compression loads. The conditions at the site included tight
access and low headroom. Low headroom caissons and micropiles were the alternatives for
the project. Micropiles were chosen to be added on five existing bents because of their
considerable low cost compared to low headroom caissons.

BRIDGE
ABUTMENT
MICROPILE
FOUNDATION
SUPPORT (TYP)
COLUMN (TYP)
MICROPILES
SOFT GROUND TUNNEL
ROADWAY
MICROPILE (TYP)
ROADWAY
MICROPILE (TYP)
SOUNDWALL
A) BRIDGE FOUNDATION SUPPORT B) MICROPILE FOUNDATION SUPPORT
FOR SOFT GROUND TUNNELING
BENEATH EXISTING STRUCTURES
C) FOUNDATION SUPPORT FOR CAST
IN PLACE REINFORCED CONCRETE
RETAINING WALS
D) FOUNDATION SUPPORT FOR
HIGHWAY SOUNDWALLS

Figure 3-5. Micropiles for Foundation Support of Transportation Applications.

Structural movements can be caused by a variety of factors, including compressible ground
beneath the existing foundation, dewatering activities, groundwater elevation fluctuations,
deterioration of existing foundations, and adjacent deep excavations and tunneling activities.
Micropiles can mitigate this structural movement by being installed to deeper, more
competent bearing strata, thus providing improved structural support. Increased load-bearing
capacity of an existing foundation may be required for several reasons.
Additional vertical, lateral, or vibratory loads may be applied to the foundation due to
expansion of the existing structure, increased magnitude of applied loads, or the addition of
vibrating machinery.


Figure 3-6. Underpinning of West Emerson Street Viaduct, Seattle, Washington.
The 75-year-old Pocomoke River Bridge in Maryland was rehabilitated when the capacity of
the original wooden piles of the pier foundations was compromised by exposure to river
scour (Bruce et al., 1990). Any alternative foundations system would need to be constructed
in the middle of the river. The improved foundation system for the bridge was required to be
preloaded before connecting to the existing structure to prevent additional settlement of the
sensitive structure. Micropiles and caissons were considered for this project, and micropiles
were selected for the project and installed through the existing foundation. The underpinning
arrangement for the Pocomoke Bridge using micropiles is shown in Figure 3-7.
Another underpinning example is the expansion of the Exton Square Mall in Chester County,
Pennsylvania (Cadden et al., 2001). The mall site is underlain by dolomitic limestone, which
is defined by Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources as a hazardous rock due
to its susceptibility to solutioning and sinkhole development. Deep foundations had to be
used in order to support column loads up to 4,450 kN (1,000 kips). The alternatives
evaluated for the project included drilled shafts, driven piles, and micropiles. Project
constraints included performing the work while most of the stores remained open and
performing all the interior work at night when the mall was closed. Micropiles were chosen
as an alternative because they were judged to be best suited to the tight access, low
headroom, logistical restrictions, irregular rock mass quality, and high individual pile
working loads. Driven piles were not feasible because they would likely become damaged
during installation.

MICROPILE (TYP)
WEST ABUTMENT
(DRIVEN TIMBER PILES)
EAST ABUTMENT
(DRIVEN TIMBER PILES)
BASCULE
PIER 3
BASCULE
PIER 4
30.4 m 32 m 30.4 m

Figure 3-7. Underpining Arrangement for Pocomoke River Bridge, Maryland (after Bruce et
al., 1990).

3.3.4 Seismic Retrofit
Micropiles are being used increasingly for seismic retrofitting of existing highway structures,
especially in California. Micropiles exhibit near equal tension and compression capacities,
therefore optimizing the additional foundation support elements used (Bruce and Chu, 1995).
Micropiles may be economically feasible for bridge foundation retrofits having one or more
of the following constraints:
restrictions on footing enlargements;
vibration and noise restrictions;
low headroom clearances;
difficult access;
high axial load demands in both tension and compression;
difficult drilling/driving conditions; and
hazardous soil sites.
Micropiles were used as part of a seismic retrofit project for California Department of
Transportations earthquake retrofit project at I-110 in Los Angeles (Pearlman et al., 1993).

Micropiles were used at the north connector over-crossing (Figure 3-8). Initially drilled
shafts were chosen for the project; however, difficult drilling conditions, including buried
concrete obstructions and water-bearing flowing sand layers, low overhead conditions, and
limited right-of-way access prohibited the use of drilled shafts. Micropiles were chosen for
the project due to their lower cost and ability to be installed under difficult access conditions.
Micropiles for this project were designed for tension and compression and were connected to
the existing structure.

Figure 3-8. Seismic Retrofit of I-110, North Connector, Los Angeles, California.
Micropiles were used to upgrade existing foundations for a highway bridge along Route 57
near Cairo, Illinois. The seismicity for this area of southern Illinois is controlled by the New
Madrid Seismic Source Zone. Micropiles were designed to withstand lateral and vertical
forces from the design earthquake. The site soils consist of approximately 7.5 m (25 ft) of
silty clay overlying sands. The existing pier and abutment foundations include short, vertical
and batter timber piles deriving resistance from the sandy soils. The installation of a total of
240 micropiles occurred under low headroom conditions (under the bridge deck) and
required excavation around the existing pier foundations. Ten micropiles were installed just

outside the perimeter of each foundation. Reinforcing steel was doweled into the existing
footing and a new pile cap was poured.
Micropiles have also been used for earthquake retrofit of major bridges in the San Francisco
Bay area and New York City.

3.4 IN-SITU REINFORCEMENT
Micropiles are used in two different ways to stabilize slopes. Lizzi (1982) suggests that
micropiles be used as reticulated network systems (CASE 2), which creates a stable,
reinforced-soil, gravity-retaining wall. In CASE 2 systems the reinforced soil gravity mass
supplies the essential resisting force, and the micropiles, encompassed by the soil, supply
additional resistance to the tensile and shear forces acting on the wall. Alternately,
Pearlman and Wolosick (1992) and Palmerton (1984) suggest that groups of individual
inclined micropiles could be used to stabilize the slope because they serve to connect the
moving zone (above the failure surface) to the stable zone (below the failure surface). These
micropiles provide reinforcement to resist the shearing forces that develop along the failure
surface. Typical configurations of inclined micropile groups for slope stabilization and earth
retention are shown in Figure 3-9.
For rocky, stiff, or dense materials, the shear resistance of the micropiles across the failure
surface, i.e., individual capacity; is critical (CASE 1). For loose materials, the micropiles and
soil are mutually reinforcing and creating a gravity wall, so the individual micropile
capacities are not as significant (CASE 2).
Micropiles were used to stabilize a portion of State Road 4023 in Armstrong County,
Pennsylvania (Bruce, 1988a). A 75-m (250-ft) long section of this road and railroad tracks
located upslope were experiencing damage from slope movements towards an adjacent river.
Rock anchors and tangent drilled shafts extending into rock were the proposed techniques for
in-situ reinforcement. However, alternative bidding was allowed in the project. During
bidding, inclined micropile groups were proposed as an alternative to proposed techniques
and were accepted due to significant cost savings. The resultant savings was approximately
$1 million compared to the lowest bid for the anchored drilled shaft wall design. The wall
included four rows of micropiles extending across the failure plane and into competent rock
(Figure 3-10).
Micropiles were used to provide temporary excavation support for a project involving
improvements to State Highway 82 near Aspen, Colorado (Macklin et al., 2004). In this

mountainous region, construction is hampered by difficult site access and slope instability
risks. This site consists of loose to very dense silty to gravelly sand with cobbles and
boulders, which were deposited as debris flow, sheet wash, and colluvium over dense alluvial
sandy gravel with cobbles. Originally, temporary shoring using combinations of soil nails
and tiebacks was considered for the project. However, in an effort to improve the
construction schedule and phasing, micropiles were selected as an alternative temporary
shoring system. The micropile shoring implemented on this project was essentially a hybrid
between a soldier beam and lagging system and a soil nail stabilization system (Figure 3-11).
Phasing of the project required constructing a number of bridges in a specific sequence. The
micropile shoring system allowed the contractor to transition access road grades where
convenient, depending upon the excavation and access requirements for any phase of the
work.

STEEL REINFORCING BAR
(28 mm TO 63 mm TYP)
GROUT
125mm - 230mm 125mm - 230mm
(c) PILE SECTIONS
STEEL PIPE (100 mm
TO 175 mm O.D. TYP)
(a) ROADWAY SLOPE (b) SLOPE ABOVE HIGHWAY

Figure 3-9. Typical Configurations for Inclined Micropile Walls.


0.3m (MIN)
1.37m (MIN)
2H:1V
VARIES 150mm TO 1200mm
0.91m
CONCRETE CAP
153mm MUD SLAB
EXISTING GRADE
15m
TOP OF
ROCK
ROW 1
(26E)
ROW 2
(16E)
ROW 3
(9E)
ROW 4
(VERT)
140mm DIA
115mm DIA

Figure 3-10. State Road 4023 Micropile Slope Stabilization, Armstrong County,
Pennsylvania (after Bruce, 1988a).

The Portland Westside Light-Rail Project in Portland, Oregon is an example of the use of
micropiles to provide permanent earth retention (Ueblacker, 1996). Wall 600 extends from
the east portal of the Westside Light-Rail cut and cover tunnel approximately 183 m (600 ft)
to just beneath the Vista Avenue Bridge. Cut heights along the retaining wall ranged from 4
to 9.5 m (13 to 30 ft). The original design included a counterfort concrete retaining wall
supported on a driven pile foundation. The micropile wall was accepted as a contractor-
proposed value engineering alternate, largely because it was an alternate solution that could
be constructed within the available right-of-way. Micropiles were installed vertically and
inclined (Figure 3-12). Shotcrete was used for a temporary facing with the permanent facing
comprising an architecturally treated cast-in-place concrete.
An early example of slope stabilization using reticulated micropiles was for Forest Highway
7 in Mendocino National Forest, California (Palmerton, 1984). This project was one of the
two reticulated micropiles built in U.S. at the time. The site could have been stabilized using
either cantilever or anchored walls; however, there was an interest in this relatively new
technology and micropiles were therefore selected as part of a demonstration project. The
two-lane road of Forest Highway 7 was constructed across a landslide where slide movement
had occurred as a result of excessive rainfall (Figure 3-13). A 94-m (305-ft) long section of
the road was stabilized using reticulated micropiles (Figure 3-14).
Feasibility evaluation for micropiles is discussed further in Chapter 5 for structural support
applications and Chapter 6 for slope stabilization applications.

Figure 3-11. Cross Section Showing Steep Canyon Slope and Temporary Micropile Shoring
(after Macklin et al., 2004).

GEOCOMPOSITE DRAIN
TRACK BALLAST
ORIGINAL COUNTERFORT
WALL ENVELOPE
MICROPILES
GRADE BEAM
75mm DIA
WATER MAINS
EXISTING GRADE
STRUCTURAL
FILL
100mm MIN TEMP.
SHOTCRETE FACING
305mm CIP PERMANENT
WALL FACING

Figure 3-12. Wall 600 Permanent Earth Retention, Portland, Oregon (after Ueblacker,
1996).

Figure 3-13. Photo of Slope Stabilization at FH-7 Project in Mendocino National Forest,
California.

PILE BATTER V:H
A,AN,B,BN
C
D, DN
E, EN
G, GN
F, FN
VERT.
10 : 3.4
10 : 2.6
10 : 1.3
10 : 1
10 : 1.4
ASSUMED
FAILURE
PLANE
PILE CAP
GAGE DEPTH 1.22m
5.50m
3.05m
7.93m
11.89m
10.37m
13.11m
127mm DIAMETER
REINFORCED PILE
B A D E F G C GN FN EN DN BN AN
DOWNHILL
UPSTATION

Figure 3-14. Schematic of Slope Stabilization at FH-7 Project in Mendocino National Forest,
California.

3.5 REFERENCES
Bachy (1992), Interception of Pollution by Impervious Barrier; Sancho de Avila Car Park,
Barcelona, Spain, Promotional literature, Paris, France.
Bruce, D. A. (1988a), Developments in Geotechnical Construction Processes for Urban
Engineering, Civil Engineering Practice, Vol. 3, No. 1, Spring, pp. 49-97.
Bruce, D. A., (1988b), Aspects of Minipiling Practice in the United States, Ground
Engineering, Vol. 21, No. 8, pp. 20-33.
Bruce, D. A., Pearlman, S. L., and Clark, J. H. (1990), Foundation Rehabilitation of the
Pocomoke River Bridge, Maryland, Using High Capacity Preloaded Pinpiles,
Proceedings, 7
th
June 18-20, Paper IBC-90-42, 9 pages.
Bruce, D. A. and Gemme, R., (1992) Current Practice in Structural Underpinning Using
Pinpiles, Proceedings, New York Met Section, ASCE Seminar, New York, April 21-22,
46 pages.
Bruce, D. A., and Chu, E. K. (1995), Micropiles for Seismic Retrofit, Proceedings,
National Seismic Conference on Bridges and Highways, Sponsored by FHWA and
Caltrans, San Diego, California, December 10-13, 17 pages.
Cadden, A. W., Bruce, D. A., and Ciampitti, L. M. (2001), Micropiles in Karst: A Case
History of Difficulties and Success, Foundations and Ground Improvement,
Proceedings of a Specialty Conference, ASCE, June 9-13, Geotechnical Special
Publication, No. 113, pp. 204-215.
FHWA (1997), Drilled and Grouted Micropiles, State-of-Practice Review. Federal Highway
Administration Publication, Report No. FHWA-RD-96-016/019, July 1997, Four
Volumes.
Lizzi, F. (1982), The Pali Radice (Root Piles), Symposium on Soil and Rock Improvement
Techniques including Geotextiles, Reinforced Earth and Modern Piling Methods,
Bangkok, December, Paper D1.

Macklin, P. R., Berger, D., Zietlow, W., Herring, W., and Cullen, J. (2004), Case History:
Micropile Use for Temporary Excavation Support, Geotechnical Special Publication
Drilled Shafts, Micropiling, Deep Mixing, Remedial Methods, and Specialty
Foundation Systems, ASCE Publication, No.: 124, pp: 653-661.
Palmerton, J.B. (1984), Stabilization of Moving Land Masses By Cast-In-Place Piles,
USACOE Waterways Experiment Station, Final Report GL-84-4.
Pearlman, S. L., and Wolosick, J. R. (1992), Pin Piles for Bridge Foundations,
Proceedings, 9
th
June 15-17.
Pearlman, S.L., Campbell, B.D., and Withiam, J.L. (1992), Slope Stabilization Using InSitu
Earth Reinforcements ASCE Specialty Conference on Stability and Performance of
Slopes and Embankments II, Berkeley, California.
Pearlman, S.L., Wolosick, J.R., and Gronek, P.B. (1993), Pin Piles for Seismic
Rehabilitation of Bridges, Proceedings 9
th
International Bridge Conference, Pittsburg,
Pennsylvania.
Ueblacker, G. (1996), Portland Westside Lightrail Corridor Project Micropile Retaining
Wall, Foundation Drilling, November, pp. 8-12.


FHWA NHI-05-039 Chapter 4 Construction Techniques & Materials
CHAPTER 4
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES AND MATERIALS

4.1 INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this chapter is to familiarize design engineers and construction personnel with
the different techniques and materials utilized in the construction of micropiles. Specifically,
information is provided on: (1) types of drill rigs used for micropile drilling; (2) various
techniques used for overburden and open hole drilling; (3) grout types with methods of
mixing and placing; and (4) types of micropile reinforcement. The construction of a
micropile involves a succession of processes, the most significant of which are drilling,
placing the reinforcement, and grouting. There are a large number of drilling systems
available for both overburden and rock and many are used for micropile construction.
The typical construction sequence for simple Type A and B micropiles (Figure 4-1) includes
drilling the pile shaft to the required tip elevation, placing the steel reinforcement, placing the
initial grout by tremie, and placing additional grout under pressure (for Type B). In general,
the drilling and grouting equipment and techniques used for the micropile construction are
similar to those used for the installation of soil nails, ground anchors, and grout holes.

4.2 DRILLING
4.2.1 Overview
Most drilling methods selected by the specialty contractor for a micropile project are likely to
be acceptable on a particular project, provided they can form a stable hole of the required
dimensions and within the stated tolerances, and without detriment to their surroundings. It
is important not to exclude a particular drilling method because it does not suit a
predetermined concept of how the project should be executed. It is equally important that the
drilling contractor be knowledgeable of the project ground conditions, and the effects of the
drilling method chosen. Drilling within a congested urban site in close proximity of older
buildings or deteriorating foundations has very different constraints than drilling for new
foundations on an open field site.

BEGIN DRILLING
&/OR INSTALLATION
OF TEMPORARY
CASING
COMPLETE
DRILLING TO
DEPTH
REMOVE INNER
DRILL BIT &
ROD (IF USED)
PLACE
REINFORCEMENT &
GROUT (BY TREMIE)
REMOVE
TEMPORARY
CASING, INJECT
FURTHER GROUT
UNDER
PRESSURE AS
APPLICABLE
COMPLETE PILE
(CASING MAY BE
LEFT IN PLACE
THROUGH THE
COMPRESSIBLE
STRATUM)
ADDITIONAL GROUT
COMPRESSIBLE
STRATUM
BEARING
STRATUM

Figure 4-1. Typical Micropile Construction Sequence Using Casing.
The act of drilling and forming the pile excavation may disturb the surrounding ground for a
certain time and over a certain distance. The drilling method selected by the contractor
should avoid causing an unacceptable level of disturbance to the site and its facilities, while
providing for installation of a micropile that supports the required capacities in the most cost-
effective manner. Vigorous water flushing can increase drilling rates and increase the
removal of the fine components of mixed soils, enlarging the effective diameter in the bond
zone and aiding in grout penetration and micropile capacity. Conversely, the use of higher
flush flow rates and pressures should be approached with caution, with consideration to the
risks of creating voids and surface settlement, and the risks of hydrofracturing the ground
which could result in ground heave.
Drilling, installation of the reinforcement, and grouting of a particular micropile should be
completed in a series of continuous processes and executed as expeditiously as possible.
Longer durations between completion of drilling and placing of the reinforcement and grout
can be detrimental to the integrity of the surrounding soil. Some materials, such as
overconsolidated clays and clay shales, can deteriorate, relax, or soften as a result of

exposure, resulting in a loss of interfacial bond capacity. In these cases, installation of a
micropile bond zone should be completed within one day to avoid a pile hole remaining open
overnight.
Other site-specific conditions may affect selection of the drilling method and flush type. The
use of water flush may require the supply, handling, and disposal of large quantities of water.
In areas where the water supply may be scarce, a series of ponds or tanks for settlement and
recirculation of the water may be necessary. Requirements for cleanliness or lack of space
for water handling and disposal may dictate the use of air flush or augers for hole drilling.
The presence of hazardous materials in the ground and the need for careful control and
disposal of the soil cuttings may also necessitate the use of augers for micropile installation.
4.2.2 Drill Rigs
Drill rigs typically used for micropile installation are hydraulic rotary (electric or diesel)
power units. They can be track mounted allowing for maneuverability on difficult and
sloped terrain. The size of the track-mounted drills can vary greatly, as seen in Figure 4-2
and 4-3, with the larger drill allowing use of long sections of drill rods and casing in areas
without overhead restrictions and the smaller drill allowing work in lower overhead and
harder-to-reach locations. The drill mast can be mounted on a frame allowing work in
limited-access and low-overhead areas, such as building basements.

Figure 4-2. Large Track-Mounted Rotary Hydraulic Drill Rig.


(a)

(b)
Figure 4-3. Low Headroom Track-Mounted Rotary Hydraulic Drill Rig (a) not Mounted and
(b) Mounted for Drilling.

A frame-mounted drill such as the one shown in Figure 4-4 can be connected with long hoses
to a separate hydraulic rotary power unit. This allows placement of the power unit outside
the area of work, thus reducing space requirements, noise in the work area, and problems
with exhaust removal. The drill frame can be moved and supported with a fork lift or moved
by hand with winches and supported by bolting to a concrete floor, and/or bridge footing or
bracing from a ceiling or bridge soffit.
The rotary head that turns the drill string (casing, augers, or rods) can be extremely powerful
on even the smallest of rigs, allowing successful installation in the most difficult ground
conditions. Shortening of the drill mast and the use of short jointed sections of drill string
and micropile reinforcement allows pile installation with less than 3 m (10 ft) of overhead
clearance. For a vertical micropile, the micropile centerline can be located within
approximately 375 mm (15 in.) of the face of an adjacent wall. This distance may need to
increase for micropiles larger than approximately 175 mm (7 in.) in diameter.

Figure 4-4. Small Frame-Mounted Rotary Hydraulic Drill Rig.

4.2.3 Drilling Techniques
The drilling method is selected with the objective of causing minimal disturbance or
upheaval to the ground and structure while being the most efficient, economic, and reliable
means of penetration. Micropiles must often be drilled through an overlying weak material
to reach a more competent bearing stratum. Therefore, construction typically requires the use
of overburden drilling techniques to penetrate and support weak and unconsolidated soils and
fills. In addition, unless the bearing stratum is a self-supporting material, such as rock or a
cohesive soil, the drill hole may need temporary support for its full length, e.g. through the
use of temporary casing (Figure 4-5) or suitable drilling fluid. If self-supporting material is
present for the full depth of the micropile, the drillhole can possibly be formed by open hole
techniques, i.e., without the need for temporary hole support by drill casing or hollow stem
auger.
Alternative drilling methods are required to penetrate through an existing structure (Figure 4-
6). Concrete coring techniques may be used to provide an oversized hole in existing slabs
and footings to allow the subsequent drill casing to pass through. In some cases,
conventional rock drilling methods involving rotary percussive techniques can be used to
penetrate existing lightly-reinforced footings and structures. Rotary percussive (Figure 4-7)
or rotary duplex (Figure 4-8) techniques may be used to first penetrate an initial obstruction
layer, such as concrete rubble, with more conventional single-tube advancement drilling used
for completion of the micropile shaft in the soil layers below.


Figure 4-5. Casing with Heavy Duty Casing Crown.

(a) (b)
Figure 4-6. Drill Rigs Equipped (a) with Tricone Roller Bit and (b) for Double Head
Drilling.


(a) (b)
Figure 4-7. Rotary Percussive Drilling (a) Drive Head and (b) Drive Bit and Shoe.

(a) (b)
Figure 4-8. Rotary Duplex Drilling (a) Drill Rods and (b) Various Casing Shoes.

Water is the most common medium for cleansing and flushing the hole during drilling,
followed by air, drill slurries, and foam. Caution should be exercised while using air flush to
avoid injection of the air into the surrounding ground, causing fracturing and heaving. The
use of bentonite slurries to stabilize and flush holes will impair grout-to-ground bond
capacity by creating a skin of clay at the interface; however, this is not an uncommon choice
in Italian and French practice with Type D piles. Polymer drilling muds have been used
successfully in micropile construction in all types of ground. This slurry type reduces
concern for impairment of the bond capacity, and allows for easier cleanup and disposal
versus bentonite slurry.
4.2.4 Overburden Drilling Techniques
There is a large number of proprietary overburden drilling systems sold by drilling
equipment suppliers worldwide. In addition, specialty contractors often develop their own
variations in response to local conditions and demands. The result is large selection of
systems and methods. However, seven generic methods have been identified which are
common for piles with diameters less than 300 mm (12 in) to depths less than 60 m (200 ft).
The following is a brief discussion of these seven methods. These seven methods are also
summarized in Table 4-1, and simply represented in Figure 4-9.
Figure 4-9. Overburden Drilling Methods (modified after Bruce, 1989).

Table 4-1. Overburden Drilling Methods (after Bruce, 1989).
Drilling Method Principle
Common Diameters
and Depths
Notes
Single-tube
advancement

a) Drive drilling
Casing with lost point
percussed without flush
50-100 mm to 30 m
(2-4 in. to 100 ft)
Obstructions or very dense
soil problematic.
1
b) External flush
Casing, with shoe, rotated
with strong water flush.
100-250 mm to 60 m
(4-10 in. to 200 ft)
Needs high torque head and
powerful flush pump.
2 Rotary duplex
Simultaneous rotation and
advancement of casing plus
internal rod, carrying flush.
Rod may have down-the-
hole hammer.
100-220 mm to 70 m
(4-8.75 in. to 230 ft)
Used only in very sensitive
soil/site conditions. Needs
positive flush return. Needs
high torques. (Internal
flushing only)
3
Rotary percussive
concentric duplex
As 2, except casing and rods
percussed as well as rotated.
89-175 mm to 40 m
(3.5-7 in. to 130 ft)
Useful in obstructed/rocky
conditions. Needs powerful
top rotary percussive
hammer.
4
Rotary percussive
eccentric duplex
As 2, except eccentric bit on
rod cuts oversized hole to
ease casing advance.
89-200 mm to 60 m
(3.5-8 in. to 200 ft)
Expensive and difficult
system used for difficult
overburden. Rod can be
percussive at top, or may
have down-the-hole hammer
above bit.
5
Double head
duplex
As 2 or 3, except casing and
rods may rotate in opposite
directions.
100-150 mm to 60 m
(4-6 in. to 200 ft)
Powerful, new system for
fast, straight drilling in very
difficult ground. Need
significant hydraulic power.
Casing can be percussed by
top hammer. Rod may be
percussed by top hammer or
may have down-the-hole
hammer above bit.
6 Hollow-stem auger
Auger rotated to depth to
permit subsequent
introduction of grout and/or
reinforcement through stem.
100-400 mm to 30 m
(4-16 in. to 100 ft)
Obstructions problematic;
care must be exercised in
cohesionless soils. Prevents
application of higher grout
pressures.
7 Sonic
Casing is excited by a
variable frequency, variable
amplitude, sonic head
100 to 300 mm to 100
m
(4-12 in. to 330 ft)
No or minimal flush needed.
Full length sample of soil
recovered for each hole.
Note: Drive drilling, being purely a percussive method, is not described in the text as it has no application in
micropile construction.

Single-Tube Advancement-External Flush (Wash Boring): The toe of the drill
casing is fitted with an open crown or bit and the casing is advanced into the ground
by rotation of the drill head. Water flush is pumped continuously through the casing,
which washes debris out and away from the crown. The water-borne debris typically
escapes to the surface around the outside of the casing, but may be lost into especially
loose and permeable strata. Care must be exercised below sensitive structures in
order that uncontrolled washing does not damage the structure by causing cavitation.
Air flush is not normally used with this system due to the danger of accidentally over
pressurizing the ground in an uncontrolled manner which can cause ground
disturbance. Conversely, experience has shown that polymer drill flush additives can
be very advantageous in certain ground conditions, in place of water alone (Bruce,
1992). These do not appear to detrimentally affect grout-to-soil bond development as
may be the case with bentonite slurries.
Rotary Duplex: The drill rod with a suitable drill bit is placed inside the drill casing.
It is attached to the same rotary head as the casing, allowing simultaneous rotation
and advancement of the combined drill and casing string. The flushing fluid, usually
water or polymer flush, is pumped through the head down through the central drill
rod to exit from the flushing ports of the drill bit. The flush-borne debris from the
drilling then rises to the surface along the annulus between the drill rod and the
casing. At the surface, the flush exits through ports in the drill head. Air flush must
be used with caution because blockages within the annulus can allow high air
pressures to develop at the drill bit and cause ground disturbance.
Rotary Percussive Duplex (Concentric): Rotary percussive duplex systems are a
development of rotary duplex methods, whereby the drill rods and casings are
simultaneously percussed, rotated, and advanced. The percussion is provided by a
top-drive rotary percussive drill head. This method requires a drill head of substantial
rotary and percussive energy.
Rotary Percussive Duplex (Eccentric or Lost Crown): Originally sold as the
Overburden Drilling Eccentric (ODEX) System, this method involves the use of
rotary percussive drilling combined with an eccentric underreaming bit. The
eccentric bit undercuts the drill casing, which is then pushed into the oversized drill
hole with much less rotational energy or thrust than is required with the concentric
method. The drill casing does not require an expensive cutting shoe and suffers less
wear and abrasion. The larger diameter options, of more than 127 mm (5 in.) in
diameter, often involve the use of a down-the-hole hammer acting on a drive shoe at

the toe of the casing so that the casing is effectively pulled into the borehole as
opposed to being pushed by a top hammer.
Double Head Duplex: With the double head duplex method, the rods and casings
are rotated by separate drill heads mounted one above the other on the same carriage.
These heads provide high torque (and so enhanced soil- and obstruction-cutting
potential), but at the penalty of low rotational speed. However, the heads are geared
such that the lower one (rotating the outer casing), and the upper one (rotating the
inner drill string) turn in opposite directions. The resulting aggressive cutting and
shearing action at the bit permits high penetration rates, while the counter-rotation
also minimizes blockage of the casing/rod annulus by debris carried in the exiting
drill flush. In addition, the inner rods may operate by either purely rotary techniques
or rotary percussion using top-drive or down-the-hole hammers. The counter-rotation
feature promotes exceptional hole straightness and penetrability, even in the most
difficult ground conditions.
Hollow-Stem Auger: Hollow-stem augers are continuous flight auger systems with
a central hollow core similar to those commonly used in auger-cast piling or for
subsurface investigation. These are installed by purely rotary heads. When drilling
down, the hollow core is closed off by a cap on the drill bit. When the hole has been
drilled to depth, the cap is knocked off or blown off by grout pressure, permitting the
pile to be formed as the auger is withdrawn. Such augers may be used for drilling
cohesive materials, very soft rocks, and are commonly used in sands. If used in sands
with minimal cohesion or adhesion, there is a danger of loosening or cavitating the
soil, especially in inclined holes. Post grouting is essential (Type D).
Various forms of cutting shoes or drill bits can be attached to the lead auger, but
heavy obstructions, such as old foundations and cobble and boulder soil conditions,
are difficult to penetrate economically with this system. In addition, great care must
be exercised when using augers as uncontrolled penetration rates or excessive hole
cleaning may lead to excessive spoil removal, thereby risking soil loosening or
cavitation in certain circumstances.
Sonic: Sonic drilling is a dual cased drilling system that employs high frequency
mechanical vibration to take continuous core samples of overburden and most
bedrock formations, and to advance casing into the ground. Other names for sonic
drilling include rotosonic, rotasonic, sonicore, vibratory or resonant sonic drilling.
The entire drill string is vibrated at a frequency of between 50 and 150 hertz and
evenly distributes the energy and wear at the drill bit face. The rig uses a specially

designed hydraulically powered drill head or oscillator that is attached directly to the
core barrel, drill pipe or outer casing. The vibrations are sent down through the drill
steel to the face of the drill bit creating displacement, fracturing or shearing action
depending on the material being drilled.
4.2.5 Open Hole Drilling Techniques
When a micropile can be formed in stable and free-standing conditions, the advancement of
casing may be suspended and the hole continued to final depth by open-hole drilling
techniques. There is a balance in cost between the time lost in changing to a less-expensive
open-hole system and continuing with a more expensive overburden drilling system for the
full hole depth. Open-hole drilling techniques may be classified as follows:
Rotary Percussive Drilling: Particularly for rocks of high compressive strength,
rotary percussive techniques using either top-drive or down-the-hole hammers are
utilized. For the small hole diameters used for micropiles, down-the-hole techniques
are the most economical and common. Air, air/water mist, or foam is used as the
flush.
Top-drive systems can also use air, water, or other flushing systems, but have limited
diameter and depth capacities, are relatively noisy, and may cause damage to the
structure or foundation through excessive vibration.
Solid Core Continuous Flight Auger: In stiff to hard clays without boulders and in
some weak rocks, drilling may be conducted with a continuous flight auger. Such
drilling techniques are rapid, quiet, and do not require the introduction of a flushing
medium to remove the spoil. There may be the risk of lateral decompression or wall
remolding/interface smear, either of which may adversely affect grout-to-ground
bond. Such augers may be used in conditions where the careful collection and
disposal of drill spoils are particularly important.
Underreaming: Various devices have been developed to enlarge or underream open
holes in cohesive soils or soft sediments, especially when the micropiles are to act in
tension. These tools can be mechanically or hydraulically activated and will cut or
abrade single or multiple underreams or bells. However, this is a time-consuming
process, and it is rarely possible or convenient to verify its effectiveness. In addition,
the cleaning of the underreams is often difficult; water is the best cleaning medium,
but may cause softening of the ground. For all these reasons, it is rare to find
underreaming used in typical micropile practice.

4.3 GROUTING
4.3.1 General
As described in Chapter 2, the grouting operations have a major impact on micropile
capacity. Details of each type of grouting operation vary somewhat throughout the world,
depending on the origins of the practice and the quality of the local resources. However, as
general observations, it may be noted that:
Grouts are designed to provide high strength and stability (i.e., bleed), but must also
be pumpable. As shown in Figure 4-10, this implies typical water/cement (w/c) ratios
in the range of 0.40 to 0.50 by weight for micropile grout. In Figure 4-10, bleed
capacity is defined as amount of free water that develops at final set. For example,
for a w/c ratio of 1.0, 100 liters of grout would develop 20 liters of free water.
Grouts are produced with potable water, to reduce the danger of reinforcement
corrosion.

1 N/mm
2
= 145 psi
1 dyne/cm
2
= 1.45 10
-5
psi
Figure 4-10. Effect of Water Content on Grout Compressive Strength and Flow Properties
(after Littlejohn and Bruce, 1977).


Type I/II cement conforming to ASTM C150/AASHTO M85 is most commonly
used, supplied either in bagged or bulk form depending on site condition, job size,
local availability, and cost.
Neat cement-water grout mixes are most commonly used, although sand is a common
additive in certain countries (e.g., Italy, Britain). Bentonite (which reduces grout
strength) is used in primary mixes only with extreme caution, while additives are
allowed only for cases where improved pumpability is required as for pumping over
long distances and/or in hot conditions (e.g., high-range water reducers).
Design compressive strengths of 28 to 35 MPa (4,000 to 5,000 psi) can be attained
with properly produced neat cement grouts.
If admixtures and/or additives are used, it is essential that they are chemically
compatible. This is best achieved by using only one chemical supplier, and not by
mixing and matching.
The placed grout is required to serve a number of purposes, as described below.
It transfers the imposed loads between the reinforcement and the surrounding ground.
It may form part of the load-bearing cross section of the micropile.
It serves to protect the steel reinforcement from corrosion.
Its effects may extend beyond the confines of the drill hole by permeation,
densification, and/or fissuring.
The grout, therefore, needs to have adequate properties of fluidity, strength, stability, and
durability. The need for grout fluidity can mistakenly lead to an increase in water content
which has a negative impact on the other three properties. Of all the factors that influence
grout fluidity and set properties, the water/cement ratio is the most important. Again, Figure
4-10 illustrates why this ratio is limited to a range of 0.40 to 0.50, although even then,
additives may be necessary to ensure adequate pumpability for ratios less than 0.40.
It is essential to the integrity of the micropile that upon completion of the grouting operation,
there is no significant loss of grout from any part of the micropile that will be relied upon for
load bearing or corrosion protection. This condition can be achieved by grouting to refusal
during micropile formation, i.e. continue grouting until no more grout take occurs. Problems
with grout loss may necessitate the use of a filler such as sand for plugging the permeable
layer, or may require pre-grouting the hole and redrilling and regrouting after set of the initial
grout. Loss of grout is judged simply by observing the level of grout which remains in the
hole after the grout has stiffened. For general guidance, a grout take over twice the neat

hole volume is indicative of voided or very permeable conditions warranting special
attention.
For a Type B micropile, it may not always be possible to attain the desired pressures during
grouting; the soil seal around the casing may not always be adequate to contain the
pressurized grout. This may occur after partial pressure grouting of the bond length. If this
occurs, the grout should be pumped until the level reaches the top of pile, at which time
grouting is discontinued. Maintaining grout pressures at a reasonable level (0.70 MPa (100
psi) or less) will help prevent this from occurring. If the bond lengths of the test micropiles
(that verified the geotechnical capacity) are grouted full length with the desired pressure,
questions may be raised as to the adequacy of micropiles that are grouted under partial
pressure. One benefit of conducting micropile tests to typically 150 to 200 percent of the
design load or greater is that it helps to determine if the micropiles have excess geotechnical
capacity. Production proof tests (described in Chapter 7) may be conducted on the suspect
micropiles.
Because the grout is such a vital component of the micropile, close attention must be paid to
the control and quality of the product. A grout quality control plan, which at a minimum
should include cube or cylinder compression testing and grout density (water /cement ratio)
testing, is discussed in Chapter 8.
Comprehensive guides to cement grout mix design, performance, and equipment are
provided in Littlejohn (1982), Gourlay and Carson (1982), and Houlsby (1990). Similar
issues relating solely to the similar demands of prestressed ground anchors are summarized
by Littlejohn and Bruce (1977).
4.3.2 Grout Equipment
In general, any plant suitable for the mixing and pumping of fluid cementitious grouts may
be used for the grouting of micropiles. The best quality grouts, in terms of both fluid and set
properties, are produced by high-speed, high-shear colloidal mixers (see Figure 4-11) as
opposed to low-speed, low-energy mixers, such as those that depend on paddles (Figure 4-
12). High speed mixers are faster and produce a homogeneous grout mix (see Section 4.3.3).
Mixing equipment can be driven by air, diesel, or electricity, and is available in a wide range
of capacities and sizes from many manufacturers.
For grout placement, lower pressure injection (up to 2 MPa (290 psi)) and up to 200
liters/min (52 gal/min)) is usually completed using constant pressure, rotary-screw type
pumps (e.g., Moyno pumps), while higher pressure grouting, such as for Type C or D

micropiles, usually requires a fluctuating pressure piston or ram pump, which can deliver up
to 8 MPa (1,160 psi) at up to 50 liters/min (13 gal/min).
VORTEX DRUM HANY MIXER
THE ORIGINAL CHEMGROUT
COLLOIDAL MIXER
SKETCH OF LATER CHEMGROUT MIXER
CEMIX MIXERS
Left: MODEL 175 Right: MODEL 200
DOUBLE-ROTOR CONCRETE MIXER
DISCHARGE
VALVE
ROTOR
ROTOR
ROTOR
ROTOR
ROTOR
VORTEX DRUM
DISCHARGE
VALVE
CONCRETE MIXER
HANDY MIXER
ORIGINAL CHEMGROUT
COLLOIDAL MIXER
MODIFIED CHEMGROUT MIXER
CEMIX MIXER
Left MODEL 176 Right MODEL 200
DOUBLE-ROTOR COLCRETE MIXER
VORTEX DRUM HANY MIXER
THE ORIGINAL CHEMGROUT
COLLOIDAL MIXER
SKETCH OF LATER CHEMGROUT MIXER
CEMIX MIXERS
Left: MODEL 175 Right: MODEL 200
DOUBLE-ROTOR CONCRETE MIXER
DISCHARGE
VALVE
ROTOR
ROTOR
ROTOR
ROTOR
ROTOR
VORTEX DRUM
DISCHARGE
VALVE
CONCRETE MIXER
HANDY MIXER
ORIGINAL CHEMGROUT
COLLOIDAL MIXER
MODIFIED CHEMGROUT MIXER
CEMIX MIXER
Left MODEL 176 Right MODEL 200
DOUBLE-ROTOR COLCRETE MIXER

Figure 4-11. Various Types of High Speed, High Shear Colloidal Mixers.

END VIEW ELEVATION ELEVATION
MOTOR
A A
PADDLES
SECTION AA
HORIZONTAL PADDLE MIXER
CHEMGROUT PADDLE MIXER
PROPELLER
FIXED IN
DRUM
PORTABLE
PROPELLER
VERTICAL PADDLE MIXER
MOVABLE
PROPELLER
END VIEW ELEVATION ELEVATION
MOTOR
A A
PADDLES
SECTION AA
HORIZONTAL PADDLE MIXER
CHEMGROUT PADDLE MIXER
PROPELLER
FIXED IN
DRUM
PORTABLE
PROPELLER
VERTICAL PADDLE MIXER
MOVABLE
PROPELLER

Figure 4-12. Various Types of Paddle Mixers.

4.3.3 Grout Mixing
During mixing, a measured volume of water is usually added to the mixer first, followed by
cement and then aggregate or filler (if applicable). It is generally recommended that grout be
mixed for a minimum of two minutes and that thereafter the grout is kept in continuous slow
agitation in a holding tank prior to being pumped to the micropile. Only in cases where
exceptionally large grout takes are anticipated should ready-mix grout be considered. The
grout should be injected within a certain maximum time after mixing. This safe
workability time should be determined on the basis of on-site tests, but is typically not in
excess of one hour. There is no question that high speed high shear mixers produce higher
quality, more consistent grout more quickly than do paddle mixers. Bearing in mind the
relatively large cement particle surface area to be wetted (measured in football fields per
single 43 kg bag), and that this must be accomplished with less than 20 liters of water, the
intimate blending generated by the high speed mixer is essential for efficient hydration.
Water is typically batched into the mixer by means of a calibrated tank or flow meter.
Cement is typically batched by weight, either in bags or by bulk from a silo. Sand or fillers
are also batched by weight from premeasured bags or more commonly, by using a gage box
that has previously been checked and weighed. For bulk material, some method must be
provided for controlling the quantities of components (volume or weight measurement)
added to the mix. Admixtures are usually provided ready-proportioned to a single bag of
cement, or the dosage can be adjusted by the mixer operator.
4.3.4 Grout Placement Techniques
4.3.4.1 Gravity Fill Techniques (Type A Micropiles)
For Type A micropiles, the hole is drilled to depth and it is then filled with grout and the
reinforcement is placed. Grout should always be introduced into the drill hole through a
tremie pipe exiting at the bottom of the hole. Grout is pumped into the bottom of the hole
until grout of similar quality to that being injected is freely flowing from the mouth of the
borehole. No excess pressure is applied. This type and phase of grouting is referred to as the
primary treatment.
The grout usually comprises a neat cement mix with w/c ratio between 0.45 and 0.50 by
weight. Additionally, sanded mixes of up to 1:1 or 2:1 sand:cement ratio have been used in
European practice, but they are becoming less common due to a growing trend towards the
use of higher grouting pressures involving neat cement grouts. Gravity fill techniques tend
now to be used only when the pile is founded in rock, or when low-capacity piles are being
installed in stiff or hard cohesive soils, and pressure grouting is unnecessary (Bruce and

Gemme, 1992). For sanded mixes, the w/c ratio is often extended to 0.60, assuming the
resultant mix remains stable (i.e., bleed less than 5 percent and sand does not segregate)
(Barley and Woodward, 1992). In the U.S., sanded mixes are only used for pregrouting, e.g.,
in karst terrains, for economic reasons.
4.3.4.2 Pressure Grouting Through the Casing (Type B Micropiles)
For Type B micropiles, additional grout is injected under pressure after the primary grout has
been tremied, and as the temporary casing is being withdrawn. The aim is to enhance the
grout-to-ground bond characteristics. This operation can be limited to the load transfer
length within the design-bearing stratum, or may be extended to the full length of the pile
where appropriate.
Pressure grouting is usually conducted by attaching a pressure cap to the top of the drill
casing (this is often the drilling head itself) and injecting additional grout into the casing
under controlled pressure. In the past, pressurization of the grout was achieved by applying
compressed air through the grout line, since contemporary drill head details and grout pump
technology could not accommodate the relatively viscous, sand-cement mortars. This
method has now been rendered obsolete by the developments in pump capabilities, combined
with the trend to use stable, neat cement grouts without sand.
Grout pressures are measured as close to the point of injection as possible, to account for line
losses between pump and hole. Commonly, a pressure gauge is mounted on the drill rig and
monitored by the driller as a guide for rate of casing withdrawal during the pressurization
phase. Alternatively, if a grouting cap is used and the casing is being extracted by means
other than the drill rig (e.g., by hydraulic jacks), it is common to find a pressure gauge
mounted on the cap itself. Practitioners acknowledge that there will be line losses in the
system, but typically record the pressure indicated on the pressure gauge without the
correction, reasoning that such losses are compensated by the extra pressure exerted by the
grout column due to its weight in the borehole. The recommended method is to install a
pressure gauge on the drill rig or on the line just at the cap.
American practice is to inject additional grout at a typical average pressure between 0.5 to 1
MPa (72 to 145 psi), with the aim of reinstating in-situ lateral soil pressures that may have
been reduced by the drilling process and achieving permeation into coarser grained granular
soils or fractured rocks. The maximum applied injection pressures (typically 20 kPa per
meter (18 psi per ft) of depth in loose soils and 40 kPa per meter (36 psi per ft) of depth in
dense soils) are dictated by the following factors:
need to avoid ground heave or uncontrolled loss of grout;

nature of the drilling system (permissible pressures are lower for augers due to
leakage at joints and around the flights);
ability of the ground to form a seal around the casing during its extraction and
pressure grouting;
need to avoid seizing the casing by flash setting of the grout due to excessive
pressure, preventing proper completion of the pile;
required grout-to-ground bond capacity; and
total micropile depth.
The injection of grout under pressure is aimed at improving grout-to-ground skin friction,
thus enhancing the load-carrying capacity of the micropile. Extensive experience with
ground anchors has confirmed the effect of pressure grouting on ultimate load-holding
capacity.
When pressure grouting in granular soils, a certain amount of permeation and displacement
(i.e., slight redensification or compaction occurs to repair the soil locally loosened during
drilling) of loosened soils takes place. Additionally, a phenomenon known as pressure
filtration occurs, wherein the applied grout pressure forces some of the integral mixing water
out of the cement suspension and into the surrounding soil. This process leaves behind a
grout of lower water content than was injected and is thus quicker setting and of higher
strength. It also causes the formation of cake-like cement paste along the grout/soil interface
that improves bond. In cohesive soils, some lateral displacement, compaction, or localized
improvement of the soil can occur around the bond zone, although the improvement is
generally less than for cohesionless soils.
Pressure grouting also appears to cause a recompaction or redensification of the soil around
the borehole and increases the effective diameter of the pile in the bond zone. These
mechanisms effectively enhance grout/soil contact, leading to higher skin friction values and
improved load/displacement performance. Such pressure grouting may also mechanically
improve the soil between piles.
4.3.4.3 Postgrouting (Type C and D Micropiles)
It may not be possible to exert sufficiently high grout pressures during the casing removal
stage due to potential ground hydrofracture or leakage around the casing. In addition, some
micropile construction methods may not use or need a temporary drill casing, and so pressure
grouting of the Type B method is not feasible. These circumstances have led to the
development of post-grouting techniques, whereby additional grout can be injected via
special grout tubes some time after the placing of the primary grout (Figure 4-13). Such
grouts are always neat cement-water mixes (for the ease of pumpability through the rubber

valves) and may therefore have higher w/c ratios than the primary grout, being in the range
of 0.50 to 0.75 by weight. It is reasoned that excess water from these mixes is expelled by
pressure filtration during passage into the soil, and so the actual placed grout has a lower
water content (and therefore higher strength).
As described in the following paragraphs, high postgrouting pressures are typically applied,
locally, for quite restricted periods; it may only take a few minutes to inject a sleeve.
However, higher grout-to-ground bond capacity may, in fact, be more efficiently achieved in
Type B micropiles, where grouting pressures are lower but are exerted over a larger area and
a much longer period.
Postgrouting techniques Type C and Type D micropiles are described below.
Type C: Neat cement grout is placed in the hole as done for Type A micropiles.
Between 15 and 25 minutes later, and before hardening of this primary grout, similar
grout is injected once from the head of the hole without a packer, via a 38- to 50-mm
(1.5- to 2-in.) diameter preplaced sleeved grout pipe through the reinforcement at a
pressure of at least 1 MPa (145 psi) (Figure 4-14).
Type D: Neat cement grout is placed in the hole as done for Type A micropiles.
When this primary grout has hardened, similar grout is injected via a preplaced
sleeved grout pipe. Several phases of such injection are possible at selected horizons
and it is typical to record pressures of 2 to 8 MPa (290 to 1,160 psi), especially at the
beginning of each sleeve treatment when the surrounding primary grout must be
ruptured for the first time. There is usually an interval of at least 24 hours before
successive phases. Three or four phases of injection are not uncommon, contributing
additional grout volumes of as much as 250 percent of the primary volume.

REINFORCING
STEEL
BOND ZONE
(SOIL / GROUT
INTERFACE)
CEMENT GROUT
(FIRST PHASE)
CLOSED RUBBER
SLEEVE
SLEEVED PIPE
DOUBLE
PACKER (TYP)
POST GROUT
(SECOND PHASE)
OPEN RUBBER
SLEEVE

Figure 4-13. Principle of the Tube Manchette Method of Postgrouting Injection.

The postgrout tube can be a separate 25- or 38-mm (1- or 1.5-in.) diameter sleeved plastic
pipe (tube manchette) placed together with the steel reinforcement (Figure 4-13), or it can
be the reinforcement tube itself, suitably sleeved (Figure 4-14). In each of these cases, a
double packer may be used to grout through the tubes from the bottom sleeve upwards.

DRILL HOLE
DIAMETER
STEEL TUBE
DOUBLE PACKER
NON RETURN VALVE
(MANCHETTE)
ANNULUS GROUT
(GROUT PRESSURE)
1
st
PHASE PRESSURE GROUT
2
nd
PHASE PRESSURE GROUT

Figure 4-14. Use of Reinforcement Tube as a Tube Manchette Postgrouting System.

Alternatively, pressure grouting can be conducted from the surface via a circulating-loop
arrangement. By this method, grout is pumped around the system and the pressure is
increased steadily by closing the pressurization value on the outlet side. At the critical
break out pressure, dictated by the lateral resistance provided by the adjacent grout, the

grout begins to flow out of the tube through one or more sleeves and enters the ground at that
horizon. When using the loop method, it is assumed that with each successive phase of
injection that a different sleeve opens ultimately resulting in treatment over the entire sleeved
length (a feature guaranteed by the tube manchette method using double packers) (Figure 4-
15).

Figure 4-15. Circulating Loop Arrangement for Pressure Grouting (DSI, 1992).

Where micropile structural capacity depends on the compressive strength of the grout, the
use of low-strength bentonite primary grouts to reduce break out pressures should be
avoided.
4.3.5 Top-Off (Secondary) Grouting
Due to slow grout seepage, bleed, or shrinkage, it is common to find that the grout level
drops slightly prior to stiffening and hardening. In ground anchorage practice, this is simply
rectified by topping off the hole with the lowest water-content grout practical, at some later
phase. However, in micropile practice where a permanent casing for reinforcement of the
upper micropile length is not used, such a cold joint should be avoided since the grout
column should be continuous for load holding and corrosion protection reasons. Topping off
is therefore best conducted during the stiffening phase to ensure integrity. Where particularly
high interfacial bond stresses must be resisted between the micropile and an existing
structure, the use of a high-strength non-shrink grout may be considered.

4.4 REINFORCING STEEL
4.4.1 General
The amount of steel reinforcement placed in a micropile is determined by the loading it
supports and the stiffness required to limit elastic displacements. Reinforcement may consist
of a single reinforcing bar, a group of reinforcing bars, a steel pipe casing or rolled structural
steel. In American practice, the use of a single reinforcing bar and/or a high-strength steel
casing is commonly used.
4.4.2 Placement of Reinforcement
Reinforcement may be placed either prior to grouting, or placed into the grout-filled borehole
before the temporary support (if used) is withdrawn. It must be clean of deleterious
substances such as surface soil and mud that may contaminate the grout or coat the
reinforcement, impairing bond development. Suitable centralizers should be firmly fixed to
maintain the specified grout cover. Pile cages and reinforcement groups, if used, must be
sufficiently robust to withstand the installation and grouting process and the rotation and
withdrawal of the temporary casing.
4.4.3 Reinforcement Types
A description of the various types of reinforcement is provided in this section.

Concrete Reinforcing Steel Bars (rebar): Standard reinforcing steel (Table 4-2),
conforming to ASTM A615/AASHTO M31and ASTM A706, with yield strengths of
420 and 520 MPa (60 and 75 ksi), is typically used. Bar sizes range in diameter from
25 mm to 63 mm (1 to 2.5 in.). A single bar is typically used, but bar groups have
been used. For a bar group, the individual bars can be separated by the use of spacers
or tied to the helical reinforcement, to provide area for grout to flow between the bars
and ensure adequate bonding between the bars and grout (Figure 4-16). Alternatively,
bars can be bundled as long as adequate development length for the bundle is
provided.
Table 4-2. Dimensions, Yield, and Ultimate Strengths for Standard Reinforcing Bars.
Steel Grade Rebar Size, mm (in) Area, mm
2
(in.
2
) Yield Strength, kN (kip)
19 (#6) 284 (0.44) 117 (26)
22 (#7) 387 (0.60) 160 (36) Grade 420
(1)
25 (#8) 510 (0.79) 211 (47)
19 (#6) 284 (0.44) 147 (33)
22 (#7) 387 (0.60) 200 (45)
25 (#8) 510 (0.79) 264 (59)
29 (#9) 645 (1.0) 334 (75
32 (#10) 819 (1.27) 424 (95)
36 (#11) 1006 (1.56) 520 (117)
43 (#14) 1452 (2.25) 751 (169)
Grade 520
(2)

57 (#18) 2581 (4.0) 1335 (3000)
Grade 550
(3)

63 (2.5 in) 3168 (4.91) 1747 (393)
Notes:
(1)
Grade 420 steel has yield stress of f
y
= 420 MPa (60 ksi) and tensile strength of f
u
= 620
MPa (92 ksi)

(2)
y
u
= 690
MPa (102 ksi)

(3)
y
u
= 700
MPa (104 ksi)

245 mm OD x 12 mm WALL
THICKNESS STEEL CASING
75 mm REINFORCING
BAR (TYP)
BAR CENTRALIZER
NEAT CEMENT GROUT
280 mm DIAMETER
DRILLED HOLE
PILE
C
L
120E

Figure 4-16. Multiple Bar Reinforcement with Bar Centralizer/Spacer.

For low overhead conditions where placement of full-length bars is not feasible, mechanical
couplers can be used. Field adjustment of individual bar lengths can be difficult if the
coupler type requires shop fabrication.
Continuous-Thread Steel Bars: Steel reinforcing bars may be fabricated with a
continuous full-length thread, such as the Dywidag Systems International (DSI)
Threadbar or the Williams All-Thread Bar.
The DSI Threadbar system, which is also referred to as a GEWI Threadbar (Figure 4-
17 and Table 4-3), is a common choice throughout the world for micropile
reinforcement. The bar has a coarse pitch, continuous ribbed thread rolled on during
production. It is available in diameters ranging from 19 mm to 63 mm (3/4 to 2-1/2
in.) in steel conforming to ASTM A615/AASHTO M 31, with yield strengths of 420,

520, and 550 MPa (60, 75, and 80 ksi). The size range of 32 mm to 63 mm (1-1/4 to
2-1/2 in.) is most commonly used. Higher strength bars of steel conforming to ASTM
A722/AASHTO M 275 with an ultimate strength of 1,035 MPa (150 ksi) are also
available, in diameters of 26, 32, and 36 mm (1, 1-1/8, and 1-3/8 in.).

Figure 4-17. Details of DSI Threadbar (DSI, 1993).

Table 4-3. Dimensions and Yield Strength for DSI Threadbar.
Steel
Grade
Bar
Diameter
mm (in)
Area
mm
2
(in
2
)
Yield
Strength
kN (kip)
Diameter
over
Threads
mm (in.)
Bar Weight
kg/m (lbs/lf)
32 (#10) 819 (1.27) 424 (95) 36.3 (1.43) 6.41 (4.30)
36 (#11) 1006 (1.56) 520 (117) 40.9 (1.61) 7.91 (5.31)
43 (#14) 1452 (2.25) 751 (169) 47.2 (1.86) 11.39 (7.65)
520
(1)

57 (#18) 2581 (4.0) 1335 (300) 63.5 (2.5) 20.24 (13.6)
550
(2)
63 (2.5in) 3168 (4.91) 1747 (393) 69.1 (2.72) 24.86 (16.7)
Notes:
(1)
y
u
= 690
MPa (100 ksi).

(2)
y
u
= 700
MPa (102 ksi).

The Williams All-Thread Bar is available in diameters ranging from 20 to 89 mm (0.8
to 3.5 in.) in steel conforming to ASTM A615/AASHTO M 31 and from 26 to 65 mm
(1 to 2.5 in.) in steel conforming to ASTM A722/AASHTO M 275, with an ultimate
strength of 1,035 MPa (150 ksi). The bar has a finer thread than used on the Dywidag
bar.
The thread on the bars not only ensures grout-to-steel bond, but also allows the bar to
be cut at any point and joined with a coupler to restore full tension/compression
capacity. The continuous thread also simplifies pile-to-structure connections where

the bar is connected to an anchor plate. A hex nut is used to connect the plate, with
the continuous thread allowing easy adjustment of the plate location.
Continuous-Thread Hollow-Core Steel Bars: Steel reinforcing bars that have a
hollow core and a continuous full-length thread include the Dwyidag, Ischebeck
Titan, MAI International, and Chance IBO Injection Boring Rods. Typical sizes of
hollow-core steel bars are shown in Table 4-4. It should be noted that additional sizes
are available. Hollow-core steel bars offer the advantages of continuous thread, and
the hollow core allows the bar to be used to drill the micropile hole. A drill bit is
mounted on the tip of the bar, and the bar is drilled in with grout flush pumped to the
bit through the hollow core of the bar. Alternately, an air or water flush can be used,
with the grout placed through the bar after drilling to the final depth.
The continuous thread allows the bar to be cut to length and coupled, and allows the
use of a hex nut for the pile top connection. The main drawback of this type of
reinforcement is the higher cost.
Steel Pipe Casing: With the trend towards micropiles that can support higher loads
at low displacements and for the requirement to sustain lateral loads, steel-pipe
reinforcement has become more common. Pipe reinforcement can provide significant
steel area for support of high loading and contribution to the micropile stiffness, while
providing high shear and reasonable bending capacity to resist the lateral loads.
Pipe reinforcement is placed by either using the drill casing as permanent
reinforcement, or by placing a smaller diameter permanent pipe inside the drill
casing. Use of the drill casing for full-length reinforcement is typical only for
micropiles founded in rock, where extraction of the casing for pressure grouting is not
necessary. The length of the pipe sections used is dictated by the length of the drill
mast and by the available overhead clearance. Casing sections are typically joined by
a threaded connection, which is machined into the pipe. The reduced area of the
threaded joint should be considered in the structural design of the pile, particularly for
the capacity in tension and bending. Methods exist for reinforcement of the threaded
joints that can provide a strength equivalent to the full casing section.

Table 4-4. Dimensions and Yield Strength of Common Hollow Injection Bars.

Diameter
Rod Size
Yield
kN (kip)
Ultimate
Capacity
kN (kip)
Inner
mm (in.)
Outer
mm (in.)
Weight
kg/m (lb/ft)
MAI
R25N
150 (33.7) 200 (45) 14 (.55) 25 (1.0) 2.6 (1.74)
MAI
R32N
230 (51.7) 280 (63) 18.5 (.73) 32 (1.25) 3.4 (2.28)
MAI
R38N
400 (90) 500 (112.4) 19 (.75) 38 (1.5) 6.0 (4.0)
MAI
R51N
630 (141.6) 800 (179.8) 33 (1.3) 51 (2.0) 8.4 (5.64)
IBO-
TITAN
30/16
180 (40.5) 220 (49.5) 16 (.63) 30 (1.18) 2.7 (1.8)
IBO-
TITAN
32/20
244 (54.9) 291 (64.5) 20 (.79) 32 (1.26) 3.2 (2.15)
IBO-
TITAN
40/16
525 (118) 660 (148.4) 16 (.63) 40 (1.57) 7.0 (4.63)
TITAN
73/53
970 (218.1) 1,160 (260.8) 53 (2.09) 73 (2.87) 12.3 (8.3)
TITAN
103/78
1,800 (404.6) 2,282 (513) 78 (3.07) 103 (4.05) 24.9 (16.7)
Pipe in the sizes typically used for micropile construction are available in steel
conforming to ASTM A53, A519, A252 and A106 with typical yield strengths of 241
MPa (36 ksi). Availability of the desired pipe size may determine the grade of steel
used. The main drawback of using these pipe grades is the relatively low yield
strength and very high unit cost per linear meter.
American Petroleum Institute (API) 5CT or 5L (N-80) casing may be used. The high
yield strength of 552 MPa (80 ksi) greatly aids in the ability of the micropile to
support high loads, and improves the strength of threaded joints machined into the

pipe wall. The pipe is also readily available in the form of mill secondary material at
a reasonable unit cost. The overwhelming majority of higher capacity micropiles
installed to date in the United States have used the N-80 casing. The casing should be
specified to meet the tensile requirements of ASTM A252, Grade 3 with a minimum
elongation of 15 percent, except the minimum specified yield strength should be
consistent with that used for design. A minimum of two representative coupon
samples or mill certificates (if available) for each truckload of casing delivered to
project should be submitted.
Due to the high strength and typical chemical composition of the API N-80 casing,
weldability of the casing sections requires special welding procedures. Welding
should be performed in accordance with American Welding Society (AWS) D1.1
Structural Welding Code Steel or alternate methods or materials can be described
on an AWS weld procedure form and that method should be approved by a welding
specialist. Prior to welding the N-80 casing, welding procedures must be submitted
to the owner for approval. Special welding procedures are not required for minor
welds which do not carry structural loads.
Pipe dimensions and yield strengths, for various grades of steel, are presented in
Table 4-5.
Composite Reinforcement: For micropiles with partial length permanent drill
casing (Type 1C, 2C and 4C), the use of a steel bar for reinforcement of the bottom
portion of the pile is common, resulting in a composite reinforced pile (example
shown in Figure 4-18). The reinforcing bar may be extended to the top of the
micropile for support of tension loading. The use of varying reinforcement adds
complexity to the pile structural analysis, with particular attention needed for the
location and capacity of reinforcement transition.

Table 4-5. Dimensions and Yield Strength of Common Micropile Pipe Types and Sizes.
API N-80 Pipe Common Sizes
Casing OD
Wall
(1)
, mm (in.)
139.7 (5.500) 139.7 (5.500) 177.8 (7.000) 177.8 (7) 244.5 (9.625)
Wall Thickness
(1)
,
mm (in.)
9.17 (0.361) 10.5 (0.415) 12.6 (0.498) 18.5 (0.73) 12.0 (0.472)
Area
(2)
, mm
2

(in.
2
)
3760 (5.83) 4280 (6.63) 6560 (10.2) 9280 (14.4) 8760 (13.6)
Yield Strength
(3)
,
kN (kip)
2,070 (466) 2,360 (530) 3,620 (814) 5,120 (1,151) 4,830 (1,086)
ASTM A519, A106 Pipe Common Sizes
(5)

Casing OD
Wall
(1)
, mm (in.)
139.7 (5.50) 168.3 (6.625) 203.2 (8.00) 273.1 (10.75) -
Wall Thickness
(1)
,
mm (in.)
12.7 (0.50) 12.7 (0.50) 12.7 (0.50) 16 (0.625) -
Area
(2)
, mm
2

(in.
2
)
5,067 (7.85) 6,208 (9.62) 7,600 (11.8) 12,850 (19.9) -
Yield Strength
(3)
,
kN (kip)
1,270 (286) 1,540 (346) 1,890 (425) 3,190 (717) -

Notes:
(1)
Casing outside diameter (OD) and wall thickness (t) are nominal dimensions.
(2)
Steel area is calculated as A
s
= (/4) (OD
2
- ID
2
).
(3)
Nominal yield stress for API N-80 steel is F
y
= 552 MPa (80 ksi).
(4)
Nominal yield stress for ASTM A519 & A106 steel is F
y
= 241 MPa (36 ksi).
(5)
Other pipe sizes are manufactured but may not be readily available. Check for availability
through suppliers.

TOP OF FOOTING
#16 REINFORCING BAR
BAR COUPLER
176 or 211 DIA CASING
GROUT
8 EA 19 X 19
SHEAR RINGS
NOTE: ALL DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETERS
CASED UPPER
MICROPILE
BOND LENGTH
MAX TEST LOAD 4,500 kN
CASING: 176 or 211 mm DIA
WALL: 13 mm
BOTTOM OF
FOOTING
TOP OF DENSE
SOILS
13mm WALL

Note: 1 mm = 0.040 in and 1 kN = 0.224 kips
Figure 4-18. Details of Example Composite High-Capacity Type 1B Micropiles.

4.5 REFERENCES
Barley, A. D., and Woodward, M. A. (1992), High Loading of Long Slender Minipiles,
Proceedings, ICE Conference on Piling European Practice and Worldwide Trends,
Thomas Telford, London, pp. 131-136.
Bruce, D. A. (1989), Aspects of Minipiling Practice in the United States, Ground
Engineering, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 35-39.
Bruce, D. A. (1992), Recent Progress in American Pin Pile Technology, Proceedings,
ASCE Conference, Grouting, Soil Improvement, and Geosynthetics, New Orleans,
Louisiana, Feb. 25-28, pp. 765-777.
Bruce, D. A. and Gemme, R. (1992), Current Practice in Structural Underpinning Using
46 pages.
CCTG (1992), Technical Rules for the Design and Calculation of the Foundations of the
Civil Engineering Works, Publication 62, Title V, September.
DSI (2004), DSI Product Literature.
Federal Highway Administration (1997), Drilled and Grouted Micropiles: State of Practice
Review, Volumes I, II, III, and IV. Principal Investigators D.A. Bruce, I. Juran.,
Publication Nos. FHWA-RD-96-016. 017, -018, and 019, July.
Gourlay and Carson, C. (1982), The State of Grouting in the 1980s Grouting in
Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE Conference, New Orleans, LA, February 10-12, pp.
346-358.
Houlsby, A. C. (1990), Construction and Design of Cement Grouting, John Wiley & Sons,
442 p.
Littlejohn, G. S. (1982), Design of Cement Based Grouts, Grouting in Geotechnical
Engineering, ASCE Conference, New Orleans, LA, February 10-12, pp. 35-48.
Littlejohn, G. S., and Bruce, D. A. (1977), Rock Anchors State-of-the-Art, Foundation
Publications Ltd., Brentwood, Essex, England, 50 pages.


FHWA NHI-05-039 Chapter 5 Design for Structure Foundations
CHAPTER 5
DESIGN OF MICROPILES FOR STRUCTURE FOUNDATIONS

5.1 INTRODUCTION
A typical micropile cross section used for structural foundation support is shown on Figure 5-
1. This micropile consists of an upper length reinforced with a permanent steel casing with a
center steel reinforcing bar and a lower grouted bond length reinforced with the center
reinforcing bar.
The geotechnical load capacity of a micropile is sensitive to the process used during
micropile construction, especially the techniques used for drilling the micropile shaft,
flushing the drill cuttings, and grouting the micropile. Therefore, verification of the shaft
resistance developed at the grout ground interface assumed in design via micropile load
testing is essential to confirm structure safety; load testing should therefore be considered a
part of the design.
The basic philosophy of micropile design differs little from that for a drilled shaft. The
system must be capable of sustaining the anticipated loading conditions with the micropile
components operating at safe stress levels, and with resulting displacements being within
tolerable (or allowable) limits. For conventional drilled shafts, where the large cross
sectional area results in high structural capacity and stiffness, the design is normally
governed by the geotechnical load capacity, i.e., side and base resistance. Because
micropiles have a relatively small cross sectional area, the design is usually controlled by
structural considerations. Moreover, the high grout to ground capacities that can be
developed using pressure grouting techniques will typically result in high geotechnical load
capacities.
The purpose of this chapter is to present a step-by-step generalized method for the design of
micropiles used for structural foundations. The major steps and substeps in this design
method are outlined in Table 5-1. Detailed information for each of these steps is presented in
this chapter and a complete design is shown in Sample Problem No. 1.

Table 5-1. Design Steps for Micropiles used for Structural Foundations.

1. Identify project requirements and evaluate micropile feasibility
2. Review available information and perform subsurface exploration and laboratory testing
program
3. Develop all loading combinations
4. Preliminary design of micropiles
spacing
length
cross section
5. Evaluate allowable structural capacity of cased length
6. Evaluate allowable structural capacity of uncased length
7. Compare design loads to structural capacity from Steps 5 and 6 and modify structural
section, if necessary
8. Evaluate geotechnical capacity of micropile
evaluate suitable ground stratum for bond zone
select bond stress and calculate bond length required to resist design load
evaluate micropile group capacity for compression and tension (i.e., uplift)
9. Estimate micropile group settlement
10. Design micropile to footing connection at pile cap
11. Develop load testing program
12. Prepare Drawings and Specifications

Other Design Considerations
1. Corrosion Protection**
2. Plunge Length
3. End Bearing Micropiles
4. Downdrag
5. Lateral Loads on Single Vertical Micropiles
6. Lateral Loads on Micropile Groups
7. Buckling
8. Seismic

** Corrosion protection is a critical component of all micropile designs.

TOP OF FOOTING
C
L
MICROPILE
REINFORCING BAR
BOTTOM OF FOOTING
STEEL CASING
GROUT
CENTRALIZER
CASING PLUNGE
LENGTH
PRESSURE
GROUTED
MICROPILE
BOND LENGTH
CASED UPPER
MICROPILE
LENGTH
TOP OF DENSE
SOIL / ROCK
PILE CAP ANCHORAGE
GROUTED BOND ZONE
DIAMETER (DIA
BOND
)

Figure 5-1. Detail of a Composite Reinforced Micropile.

5.2 STEP 1: EVALUATE PROJECT REQUIREMENTS AND MICROPILE
FEASIBILITY
It is essential to systematically consider various foundation types and to select the optimum
alternative based on the superstructure requirements, the subsurface conditions, and
foundation cost. Foundation types may include shallow foundations consisting of spread

footing or mat foundations with or without ground improvement; or deep foundations
consisting of driven piles, drilled shafts, or micropiles.
The feasibility of using spread footings for foundation support should be considered in any
foundation selection process. Spread footings are generally more economical than deep
foundations; spread footings in conjunction with ground improvement techniques should also
be considered. Deep foundations should not be used indiscriminately for all subsurface
conditions and for all structures. Feasibility evaluations considering shallow foundations,
driven piles, and drilled shafts is provided in FHWA NHI-05-042 (2005).
Where deep foundations have been judged to be the most appropriate foundation alternative
(as compared to shallow foundations), micropiles should be compared to driven piles and
drilled shafts. On some projects, construction of driven piles and/or drilled shafts may be
feasible though subsurface conditions or other project constraints will increase cost. Cost
effectiveness of micropiles should be investigated for such projects. Bidding of alternative
foundation systems may provide the most cost-effective option.
In assessing micropile feasibility for a specific project, micropiles will most often be
compared to drilled shafts and/or driven piles. In many cases, either driven piles or drilled
shafts will be more cost-effective than micropiles, therefore the cost-effective use of
micropiles will be limited to projects with specific technical constraints that make the
construction of drilled shafts or driven piles difficult to impossible. In general, micropiles
may be cost-effective at project locations where:
subsurface conditions would make the installation of driven piles or drilled shafts
difficult (and expensive) such as ground containing significant amounts of boulders,
cobbles, or other large debris;
difficult access or limited overhead clearance is available for constructing deep
foundations (e.g., working inside existing structures or underneath bridge decks);
subsurface voids may exist (e.g., potentially collapsible ground, karstic formations,
underground mines, etc.);
vibration limits would preclude the use of conventional deep foundation installation
equipment; or
underpinning or retrofitting of existing foundations requires strict control of
vibrations or settlements.
It is noted, however, that micropile capacities continue to increase as additional experience
with this technology is obtained. Currently, micropiles in rock have been tested to ultimate
loads as high as 4,500 kN (1,000 kips). For high capacity micropiles, the cost per unit of

capacity may be comparable to that for driven piles. A process to evaluate micropile project
costs is described in Chapter 10. The user of this manual is also specifically referred to
FHWA NHI-05-042 (2005) for information on developing cost per unit capacity for driven
piles.

5.3 STEP 2: REVIEW AVAILABLE INFORMATION AND GEOTECHNICAL
DATA
The subsurface exploration, laboratory testing, and evaluation of geotechnical design
parameters for the design of micropiles used for structural foundation support is similar to
that for either driven piles (see FHWA NHI-05-042 (2005) or drilled shafts (see FHWA-HI-
99-025, 1999). Specific elements that should precede the actual exploration program include
a search and review of published and unpublished information at and near the site, a visual
site inspection, and design of the subsurface exploration program. For guidance regarding
the planning and conduct of subsurface exploration programs, refer to AASHTO Manual on
Subsurface Investigations (1988), FHWA NHI-01-031 Manual on Subsurface Investigations
(2001), and Geotechnical Engineering Circular 5 (GEC 5), Evaluation of Soil and Rock
Properties (2002).
As a minimum, the information gathering and subsurface exploration and laboratory testing
program should obtain information to analyze foundation stability and settlement with
respect to:
regional and local geology;
discussion of site history which may include information on mining, previous
excavations, problems with previous construction, construction methods used for
adjacent utilities or basements or foundations, possible occurrence of potentially
contaminated materials, etc.;
logs of soil borings that includes description and classification of the soil strata
encountered, unit weights, moisture contents, standard penetration tests (SPT) or cone
penetrometer test (CPT) values, and description of groundwater conditions;
if rock is encountered, logs with rock classifications, penetration rates, degree of
weathering and fracturing, recovery and RQD measurements, and drillers
observations should be provided;
laboratory testing results including Atterberg limits information (for silty or clayey
soils) and grain size analyses;
a subsurface soil profile along the alignment of the structure developed from the soil
boring information presenting soil type, ground water elevations, and SPT values as a
minimum;

estimated soil and/or rock shear strength and compressibility parameters;
determination and discussion of the presence of hazardous, contaminated, and/or
corrosive conditions, if applicable; indicators of corrosive conditions include low soil
resistivity, the presence of lead, sulfates, and chlorides, and observations of corrosion
of existing site features; and
project-specific considerations including, for example, liquefiable soil layers,
expansive or dispersive soil deposits, underground voids from solution weathering or
mining activity, etc.
Some minimum guidelines for boring spacing and depth are provided in Table 5-2. This
table should be used only as a first step in estimating the number of borings for a particular
design, as actual boring spacing and depth will depend upon the project type, geologic
environment, and variability encountered during the field investigation.

Table 5-2. Guidelines for Minimum Number of Investigation Points and Depth of
Investigation (Modified after FHWA-IF-02-034, 2002).

Application
Minimum Number of
Investigation Points and
Location of Investigation Points

Minimum Depth of Investigation
Deep
Foundations
(Micropiles for
Structural
Support)
For substructure (e.g., bridge
piers or abutments) widths less
than or equal to 30 m (100 ft), a
minimum of one investigation
point per substructure. For
substructure widths greater than
30 m (100 ft), a minimum of
two investigation points per
substructure. Additional
investigation points should be
provided if erratic subsurface
conditions are encountered.

In soil, depth of investigation should extend below the
anticipated micropile tip elevation a minimum of 6 m (20 ft),
or a minimum of two times the maximum micropile group
dimension, whichever is deeper. All borings should extend
through unsuitable strata such as unconsolidated fill, peat,
highly organic materials, soft fine-grained soils, and loose
coarse-grained soils to reach hard or dense materials.

For micropiles bearing on rock, a minimum of 3 m (10 ft) of
rock core shall be obtained at each investigation point location
to verify that the boring has not terminated on a boulder.

For micropiles supported on or extending into rock, a
minimum of 3 m (10 ft) of rock core, or a length of rock core
equal to at least three times the micropile diameter for isolated
micropiles or two times the maximum micropile group
dimension, whichever is greater, shall be extended below the
anticipated micropile tip elevation to determine the physical
characteristics of rock within the zone of foundation
influence.

In areas underlain by heterogeneous soil deposits and/or rock formations, it will likely be
necessary to exceed the minimum guidelines provided in Table 5-2 to evaluate variations in
soil and/or rock types and to assess consistency across the site area. For situations where
micropiles will be installed in karstic formations, it may be necessary to advance a boring at
the location of each micropile. Where battered micropiles may be used, the location of the
micropile bond length will be offset from the footing location. Borings should be located so
that information on bond zone soils is obtained.
In general, all geotechnical data interpretations should be provided. The basic character and
extent of the soil strata determined from the geotechnical investigation can be verified during
pile installation by monitoring and logging of the penetration rates, drilling action, flush
return, and soil cuttings.
5.4 STEP 3: DEVELOP APPLICABLE LOADING COMBINATIONS

For state DOT projects, reference will typically be made to AASHTO Standard Specification
for Highway Bridges (when using allowable stress design (ASD) or load factor design
(LFD)) or to AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications (when using load and resistance
factor design) for loadings, load combinations, and load terminology. Under any of these
design approaches, various individual loads will be added together to develop a series of load
combinations to be checked as part of the design. The required loads for consideration in
design (e.g., maximum compression load, maximum tension load, and maximum transverse
and longitudinal overturning moments) will usually be provided by the structural engineer as
part of a design criteria package. Other loading cases that may be considered include lateral
loads, seismic loads, and loads due to downdrag.
For most applications, it is sufficiently accurate to assume that the foundation cap is perfectly
rigid, i.e., the cap is free to rotate about all axes but will not bend. With this, the so-called
rigid cap method can be used to distribute axial forces resulting from overturning moments
to individual foundation elements. However, for large pile groups, relatively thin pile caps,
and/or widely spaced foundation elements, a more sophisticated soil-structure interaction
analysis may be required. Moreover, since micropiles are often used with pre-existing
foundation elements, the potential differences in the stiffness of the elements may require
that such sophisticated analyses be used. Additional discussion on available soil-structure
interaction analysis methods is provided in Section 5.19.3.

5.5 STEP 4: PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF MICROPILES

5.5.1 Selection of Micropile Spacing
In all cases, the center-to-center spacing between individual micropiles should be at least 760
mm (30 in.) or 3 micropile diameters, whichever is greater. This spacing criterion was
originally developed for driven piles and it allows for potential deviations in drilling over
significant depths and reduces group effects between adjacent micropiles
The spacing of micropiles for structural foundation support will also depend on the specific
application. For example, the spacing of micropiles used to improve (or retrofit) an existing
foundation (or footing) will be based on the condition of the existing footing, access to the
existing footing, and the magnitude of the loads that need to be resisted by the micropiles.
Where relatively small design loads are involved (e.g. less than 450 kN (100 kips)), it may be
feasible to drill and install micropiles through the existing foundation and still develop
sufficient load transfer between the micropiles and the existing foundation to provide
adequate capacity. Where larger loads are required or where the existing foundation has
deteriorated, a new footing may need to be constructed around the existing footing and
positively connected to the existing footing using steel dowels or other devices to provide the
required capacity.
Micropile spacing and layout can either be selected by the Owner and included in the Plans
or the Specifications may allow for the Contractor to select the number of micropiles and
layout. The latter provides the Contractor with the flexibility to consider whether fewer
higher capacity micropiles may be used as compared to a baseline configuration with a
greater number of lower capacity micropiles.
5.5.2 Selection of Micropile Length
The total length of an individual micropile will be selected such that the required
geotechnical capacity is developed by skin friction (or side resistance) between the grout and
the ground over a suitable length in an appropriate stratum. The evaluation of this suitable
length is described in Section 5.9.
The total length will also be controlled by required penetration depths to resist downdrag and
uplift forces and to provide additional lateral resistance where scour is a consideration or
where other sources of lateral load need to be considered in the design.
The maximum length of a micropile that can be achieved using common track-drilling
equipment is greater than 90 m (300 ft). Typically, however, micropiles of such lengths

would be very expensive and a practical limit for most projects may be on the order of 30 m
(100 ft).
5.5.3 Selection of Micropile Cross Section
To carry required axial loads, it is not uncommon for up to one half of the cross sectional
area of the micropile to comprise steel casing and/or steel reinforcing rod (s). The use of
common casing sizes is preferred to avoid delays associated with material availability.
Currently, the most common casing sizes in the U.S. are 141 mm (5-1/2 in.), 178 mm (7 in.),
and 245 mm (9-5/8 in.) with a nominal yield stress of 552 MPa (80 ksi), with the 178 mm
casing being the most common. These sizes refer to the outside diameter of the casing.
Tables 4-2, 4-3, 4-4, and 4-5 provide material properties for common micropile
reinforcement.
In general, it is preferable to install fewer higher capacity micropiles as compared to a larger
number of lower capacity micropiles to resist a given set of foundation loads. With this
approach, less total drilling is required thus reducing overall costs. Also, it is more efficient
to resist lateral loads, minimize lateral deflections, and/or achieve relatively high axial load
capacities using steel casing as compared to steel reinforcing bars alone. For example, a 178
mm (7-in.) diameter steel casing has about 2.5 times as much steel area as a 2.25-in. diameter
reinforcing bar. Therefore, for allowable axial loads greater than approximately 900 kN (200
kips), it is likely that steel casing would be required as compared to a micropile only
reinforced with steel reinforcing bars.
The bond between the cement grout and the reinforcing steel bar allows the composite action
of the micropile, and is the mechanism for transfer of the pile load from the reinforcing steel
to the ground. Typical ultimate bond values range from 1.0 to 1.75 MPa (145 to 254 psi) for
smooth bars and pipe, and 2.0 to 3.5 MPa (290 to 508 psi) for deformed bars (ACI 318).
Flaky rust on bars lowers the bond strength, but wiping off the loosest rust produces a
rougher surface which develops a bond equal to or greater than the unrusted bar. The loose
powdery rust appearing on bars after short exposures does not have a significant effect on
grout-reinforcing bar bond.
In the majority of cases, grout-to-steel bond does not govern the pile design. In general, the
allowable load of a micropile is controlled by the structural strength of the micropile cross
section. The procedure to calculate allowable loads in a micropile based on structural
considerations is provided as part of Design Step 5 and 6.

5.5.4 Selection of Micropile Type
A description of the various micropile types (Type A, B, C, and D) is provided in Chapter 4
of this manual. The selection of the micropile type should be left to the discretion of the
Contractor. As part of the request for bid, however, the Owner should require that the
Contractor provide information on their proposed methods of drilling and grouting. Based on
previous project experience, the Owner may wish to disallow certain drilling techniques
based on project-specific constraints. For example, the need to limit surface ground
movements for a project involving sandy ground may preclude the use of certain drilling
techniques known to increase the potential for soil caving. The Owner should provide
specific performance criteria (e.g., movements of structures) as part of the bid package so
that the Contractor can select an appropriate industry-accepted drilling and grouting
procedure.

5.6 STEP 5: STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF MICROPILE CASED LENGTH
1) Evaluate Allowable Compression Load for Cased Length

The allowable compression load for the cased length of a micropile is given as:
( ) | |
g ca bar steel y grout grout c allowable c
A A F A f P
sin
'
47 . 0 4 . 0 + + =

(Eq. 5-1)
where
P
c-allowable
= allowable compression load;
f'
c
= unconfined compressive strength of grout (typically a 28-day strength);
A
grout
= area of grout in micropile cross section (inside casing only, discount
grout outside the casing);
F
y-steel
= yield stress of steel;
A
bar
= cross sectional area of steel reinforcing bar (if used); and
A
casing
= cross sectional area of steel casing.

Strain Compatibility between Grout, Casing, and Reinforcing Rod
Strain compatibility under compression loads is considered for the steel components
and grout by limiting allowable compressive stresses to the minimum allowable for
any individual component (i.e., steel casing, steel reinforcement, or grout).
Therefore, the maximum yield stress of steel to be used in Eq. 5-1 is the minimum
of: (1) yield stress of casing; (2) yield stress of steel reinforcing rod; and (3)
maximum stress based on considerations of grout failure. Additional explanation for
the maximum stress based on grout failure is provided below.
According to Section 8.16.2.3 of AASHTO (2002), the maximum usable strain at
the extreme concrete compression fiber is equal to 0.003. Therefore, if the grout is
limited to a compression strain of 0.003, the steel components must also be limited to
this value. The stress in the steel at this strain level is equal to the Youngs modulus
of steel, E, multiplied by strain (i.e., 0.003). For a typical E for steel of 200,000 MPa
(29,000 ksi), the allowable steel yield stress is then 200,000 MPa 0.003 = 600
MPa (87 ksi). Therefore, the maximum stress based on considerations of grout
failure is 600 MPa (87 ksi).
For example, for a micropile with a casing yield strength of 241 MPa (36 ksi), a
reinforcing rod yield strength of 520 MPa (75 ksi), and a grout failure controlled
maximum stress of 600 MPa (87 ksi), a value of 241 MPa (36 ksi) would be used for
the term F
y-steel
in Eq. 5-1.
An example of the evaluation of P
c-allowable
is described for the micropile shown in
Figure 5-2.


Figure 5-2 Example Micropile Detail.


Effect of Coupled Sections on Compression Capacity
As previously discussed in Chapter 3, steel reinforcing bars and casing are installed
in coupled sections. For installation of micropiles in very low overhead clearance
conditions, the length of individual casing sections may be 1 meter or shorter.
Reinforcing bar couplers can typically provide a minimum axial capacity of 125
percent of the intact reinforcing bar yield strength, therefore the strength properties
of an intact reinforcing bar can be used.
A common method for coupling individual casing lengths for micropiles is to
machine a thread into the wall of the casing at the section ends. If the joint is
properly designed and if the casing is filled with grout (as is commonly done), the
joint can provide compressive capacity approximately equivalent to the strength of
the full intact casing section. The grout provides support, preventing the male half of
the joint from deforming inward.
From a practical standpoint, the strength of coupled sections of reinforcing bars
and/or casing sections is confirmed via proof testing and verification testing.
Allowance for Corrosion
For evaluation of the allowable compression capacity of the cased length, the outside
diameter of the steel casing is reduced to account for assumed losses in section
resulting from corrosion over the design life. The specific losses depend on the
agressivity of the ground in which the micropile is constructed. It is noted here, that
the cross sectional area of the reinforcing bar is not reduced (for purposes of
( )
2 2 2
sin
2
2 2 2
sin
2 2
sin
. 13 . 17 . 63 . 6 . 5 . 5
4
) (
4
. 63 . 6 ) . 67 . 4 . 5 . 5 (
4
67 . 4 .) 415 . 0 ( 2 . 5 . 5 2
) (
4
in in in A D A
in in in A
in in in t OD ID
ID OD A
g ca drillhole grout
g ca
w
g ca
= = =
= =
= = =
=

( )
( ) ksi ksi ksi F
strength crushing grout F F
g ca y
g ca y g ca y
80 87 , 80 min
, min
sin
sin sin
= =
=

kips in ksi in ksi P
allowable c
276 ) . 63 . 6 ( ) 80 ( 47 . 0 ) . 13 . 17 ( ) 4 ( 4 . 0
2 2
= + =
| |
g ca g ca y grout grout c allowable c
A F A f P
sin sin
'
47 . 0 4 . 0

+ =

calculating allowable compression capacity). Typical reinforcement coatings (e.g.,
epoxy-coating) and minimum specified grout cover thickness are selected to provide
sufficient protection against corrosion.
Detailed information on corrosion protection for micropiles including recommended
losses due to corrosion for micropiles loaded in compression is provided in Section
5.14.
Buckling of Cased Length of Micropile
In some cases, the cased length of the micropile may be formed within, for example,
very weak ground or in a karstic zone. In such cases, the allowable compression
load calculated above may need to be reduced to account for bucking over this length
of the micropile. Section 5.20 provides information on project conditions which may
require that buckling be considered and structural calculations for evaluating the
allowable compression load of the cased length accounting for micropile buckling.
2) Evaluate Allowable Tension Load for Cased Length

For projects in which the micropiles will be subject to tensile loads, the allowable
tension load P
t-allowable
for the cased length of a micropile can be calculated as:
( )
g ca bar steel y allowable t
A A F P
sin
55 . 0 + =

(Eq. 5-2)
where F
y-steel
is the minimum yield stress of the bar and casing.
Allowance for Corrosion
For aggressive ground conditions (as defined in Section 5.14), it may be
conservatively assumed that the steel casing is not effective in carrying tensile loads,
i.e., assume A
casing
= 0 in Eq. 5-2. In this case, the central reinforcing steel should be
designed to carry the entire tension design load. Detailed information on corrosion
protection for micropiles loaded in tension is provided in Section 5.14.
Effect of Coupled Sections on Tensile Capacity
Unlike compressive stresses, tension stresses have a greater impact on the integrity
of the casing at the joint location primarily because of the reduced thickness of the
casing over the length of the threaded area. Currently, no specific testing standard

exists for evaluating the tension capacity of a threaded casing joint appropriate for
micropile applications.
If tension loads greater than 25 percent of the allowable tension load on the intact
casing are proposed to be resisted by a casing with flush joint threaded connections,
the Owner should require the contractor to provide data demonstrating the adequacy
of the proposed joint detail. Since a common testing method does not exist, testing
procedures and test data will need to be reviewed by a qualified engineer. As
projects involving micropiles subject to relatively large tensile forces become more
commonplace, a means to evaluate allowable tensile stresses for threaded joints will
become necessary, especially since many casing providers in the U.S. have a slightly
different proprietary threading detail.
3) Evaluate Combined Axial Compression and Bending of Cased Length

The application of lateral loads or overturning moments (from the superstructure) at
the ground surface create bending stresses in the micropile. These bending stresses
cause additional compressive stresses (above those from vertical compression loads
alone) in the micropile. Allowable stresses in the cased length of the micropile are
evaluated using a combined stress evaluation.
As for other deep foundation elements subject to lateral loads and/or overturning
moments, the bending moments in the pile can be evaluated using a laterally loaded
pile analysis program such as LPILE (Reese et al., 2005). With these analyses, the
maximum bending moment in the pile, M
max
, is calculated and used in the combined
stress evaluation.
The details of performing laterally loaded micropile analyses are provided in Section
5.18. Herein, it is assumed that M
max
has been evaluated and the structural capacity
of the cased length can be evaluated.
The combined stress evaluation is based on the method described in Section 10.36 of
AASHTO (2002) for structural steel sections. The design check for combined
stresses (appropriate for micropiles) is
0 . 1
1
'
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
b
e
a
b
a
a
F
F
f
f
F
f
(Eq. 5-3)

where
f
a
is the axial stress = P
c
/A
casing
;
f
b
is the bending stress = M
max
/S where S is the elastic section modulus of
the steel casing;
F
a
is the allowable axial stress that would be permitted if axial force alone
existed = 0.47 F
y-casing
(see AASHTO Table 10.32.1.A);
F
b
= is the allowable bending stress that would be permitted if bending
moment alone existed = 0.55 F
y-casing
(see AASHTO Table 10.32.1.A) ; and
F
e
is the Euler buckling stress.
The contribution of a central reinforcing bar to bending strength is small compared to
that of the casing, hence its effects on bending strength are ignored in Eq. 5-3. In Eq.
5-3, it is conservatively assumed that the maximum axial compression load, P
c
, is
carried by the steel casing only and the yield stress of the steel casing is used.
Section properties required for the analysis are calculated as:
) (
4
2 2
sin
ID OD A
g ca
=
(Eq. 5-4a)
( ) 2 /
sin
OD
I
S
g ca
= (Eq. 5-4b)
( )
4 4
sin
64
ID OD I
g ca
=
(Eq. 5-4c)
The Euler buckling stress is calculated as:
( )
2
2
'
r Kl FS
E
F
e
= (Eq. 5-5)
where
E = elastic modulus of the steel casing (typically assumed to be 200,000
MPa (29,000 ksi));
FS is a factor of safety equal to 2.12;
K = effective length factor (assumed equal to 1.0);
L = unsupported length of the micropile; and
r = radius of gyration of the steel casing = (I
casing
/A
casing
)
1/2
.

The effective length factor, K, depends on the rotational restraint at the ends of the
micropile and the means available to resist lateral movements. This value is
typically assumed equal to 1.0 for micropile designs.
The assumption that the entire axial load is carried by the steel casing is
conservative. Richards and Rothbauer (2004) proposed a combined stress check that
can account for the contribution of the grout inside the casing to compression
capacity. This method assumes that buckling potential is negligible. The Richards
and Rothbauer combined stress check can be written as:
0 . 1
max
+
allowable allowable c
c
M
M
P
P
(Eq. 5-6)
where
P
c
= maximum axial compression load;
P
c-allowable
is determined from Eq. 5-1;
M
max
= maximum bending moment in the micropile; and
M
allowable
= F
b
(=0.55 F
y-casing
) S.
More advanced methods which consider composite action between the steel casing
and the grout inside the casing in carrying these axial loads could be used, but are
beyond the scope of this manual.
5.7 STEP 6: STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF MICROPILE UNCASED LENGTH
The allowable compression load for the uncased length of a micropile is given as:
( )
bar bar y grout c allowable c
A F A f P + =

47 . 0 4 . 0
'
(Eq. 5-7)
For the uncased portion of the pile, the reinforcing bar yield stress used in the
calculations in compression is assumed to not exceed 600 MPa (87 ksi) (i.e., to
prevent grout crushing at an assumed strain of 0.003 unless data is provided
demonstrating that the confined grout can sustain higher strain levels without
crushing).
The allowable tension load for the uncased length of a micropile is given as:
bar bar y allowable t
A F P =

55 . 0 (Eq. 5-8)

In Eq. 5-8, the actual yield stress of the bar is used.
It is noted that a combined stress evaluation (see Step 5 Part 3) is not performed for
the uncased length since micropiles are designed so that bending stresses are
negligible within the uncased portion of the micropile. In other words, the steel
casing will be placed to a sufficient depth so that bending moments below that depth
are negligible.

5.8 STEP 7: REVISE MICROPILE DESIGN
Based on the calculations performed in Steps 5 and 6, the micropile cross section
should be modified if the allowable compression or tension load (for either the cased
or uncased length) is not sufficient to carry the compression or tension design loads
provided as part of Step 3. Possible modifications include using more micropiles,
increasing the size of the drill hole, using a larger diameter reinforcing bar, replacing
a single reinforcing bar with two bars, and/or increasing the steel area of the casing.

5.9 STEP 8. EVALUATE GEOTECHNICAL CAPACITY OF MICROPILE
5.9.1 Establish Stratum for Bond Zone
The maximum compression and tension loads applied at the top of the micropile
must be resisted through grout to ground bond over a specific length of the
micropile. This length is referred to as the bond zone or bond length. This length
can be formed in most soil and rock strata with the major differences being in the
grout to ground bond strength that can be developed in a given ground type. The
objective for design is to evaluate the length of this bond zone required to resist the
applied tension and compression loads with a prescribed factor of safety (discussed
subsequently).
As part of this design step, all borings should be reviewed to identify strata
appropriate for the micropile bond zone and to identify significant variations in
subsurface conditions. Like ground anchors, certain soil deposits are not generally
suitable as the location for the micropile bond zone, including (1) organic soils; (2)
cohesive soils with an average liquidity index greater than 0.2; (3) cohesive soils
with an average liquid limit greater than 50; and (4) cohesive soils with an average
plastic index greater than 20. Micropiles installed in these deposits may be

susceptible to excessive creep deformations at testing and working loads. If used,
however, for the bond zone, comprehensive testing is recommended and higher
factors of safety for geotechnical capacity should be used, as discussed subsequently.
5.9.2 Select Ultimate Bond Stress and Calculate Bond Length
The allowable geotechnical bond capacity, P
G-allowable
, is calculated as:
b b
bond
allowable G
L D
FS
P =
(Eq. 5-9)
where:
bond
= grout to ground ultimate bond strength;
FS = factor of safety applied to the ultimate bond strength;
D
b
= diameter of the drill hole; and
L
b
= bond length
In most cases, Eq. 5-9 will be used to calculate the estimated bond length to resist the
maximum compression load and/or maximum tension (i.e., uplift) load based on load
information provided as part of Step 3. To this end, Eq. 5-9 can be rearranged as:
b bond
allowable G
b
D
FS P
L

(Eq. 5-10)
where, for Eq. 5-10, P
G-allowable
is equal to the maximum compression or tension load
for design.
Table 5-3 provides guidance for estimating the values for grout-to-ground ultimate
bond strengths. The table includes ranges for the four methods of grouting (Type A,
Type B, Type C, and Type D) in a variety of ground conditions.
For most micropile projects, the contract documents will provide a minimum bond
length. This bond length will be based on the evaluation provided in Eq. 5-10.
Unless the design engineer has previous experience in similar ground, values no
greater than average values (i.e., middle of range reported) for
bond
from Table 5-3
should be used. The design engineer may wish to consider lower bound values
where granular materials are loose or for medium to high plasticity cohesive
materials. Although the specific type of micropile (i.e., Type A, B, C, or D) will be
selected by the Contractor, the design engineer should assume a Type A micropile

will be constructed for microple bond zones in rock and a Type B micropile will be
constructed for bond zones in soil.
Ranges of values provided in Table 5-3 and additional information on estimating
grout-to-ground bond capacities is available in the following publications:
GEC No. 4, Ground Anchors and Anchored Structures, FHWA Report No.
FHWA-IF-99-015, (1999).
Post-Tensioning Institute (PTI) Recommendations for Prestressed Rock and
Soil Anchors, (2004).
Construction, Carrying Behavior, and Creep Characteristics of Ground
Anchors, H. Ostermayer, Conference on Diaphragm Walls and Anchorages,
Institute of Civil Engineers, London, (1975).
Ground Control and Improvement by P.P. Xanthakos, L.W. Abramson,
and D.A. Bruce, (1994).
Drilled and Grouted Micropiles State-of-the-Practice Review, FHWA
Report Nos. RD-96-016/017/018/019; Volumes I IV, (1997).
Tiebacks, FHWA Report No. FHWA/RD-82/047, (1982).
Permanent Ground Anchors, FHWA Report No. FHWA-DP-68-1R,
(1988).

Table 5-3. Summary of Typical
bond
(Grout-to-Ground Bond) Values
for Micropile Design.

Grout-to-Ground Bond Ultimate Strengths, kPa (psi)
Soil / Rock Description
Type A Type B Type C Type D
Silt & Clay (some sand)
(soft, medium plastic)
35-70
(5-10)
35-95
(5-14)
50-120
(5-17.5)
50-145
(5-21)
Silt & Clay (some sand)
(stiff, dense to very dense)
50-120
(5-17.5)
70-190
(10-27.5)
95-190
(14-27.5)
95-190
(14-27.5)
Sand (some silt)
(fine, loose-medium dense)
70-145
(10-21)
70-190
(10-27.5)
95-190
(14-27.5)
95- 240
(14-35)
Sand (some silt, gravel)
(fine-coarse, med.-very dense)
95-215
(14-31)
120-360
(17.5-52)
145-360
(21-52)
145-385
(21-56)
Gravel (some sand)
(medium-very dense)
95-265
(14-38.5)
120-360
(17.5-52)
145-360
(21-52)
145-385
(21-56)
Glacial Till (silt, sand, gravel)
(medium-very dense, cemented)
95-190
(14-27.5)
95-310
(14-45)
120-310
(17.5-45)
120-335
(17.5-48.5)
Soft Shales (fresh-moderate
fracturing, little to no weathering)
205-550
(30-80)
N/A N/A N/A
Slates and Hard Shales (fresh-
moderate fracturing, little to no
weathering)
515-1,380
(75-200)
N/A N/A N/A
Limestone (fresh-moderate
1,035-2,070
(150-300)
N/A N/A N/A
Sandstone (fresh-moderate
520-1,725
(75.5-250)
N/A N/A N/A
Granite and Basalt (fresh-
moderate fracturing, little to no
weathering)
1,380-4,200
(200-609)
N/A N/A N/A
Type A: Gravity grout only
Type B: Pressure grouted through the casing during casing withdrawal
Type C: Primary grout placed under gravity head, then one phase of secondary global pressure grouting
Type D: Primary grout placed under gravity head, then one or more phases of secondary global pressure
grouting

For all highway projects, some amount of site-specific load testing of micropiles
must be performed and the scope of this load testing is used to define the factor of
safety applied to the ultimate bond strength for design. Herein, a factor of safety of
2.0 is recommended provided the following load testing is performed:

At least one ultimate or verification test is conducted prior to beginning
production micropile installation, and then one or more additional ultimate
or verification tests must be conducted in each significantly different
ground type encountered as construction proceeds. A larger number of
ultimate, or verification, tests may be specified for larger projects.

During installation of production micropiles, proof testing must be
conducted on a specified number of the total production piles installed. In
general, proof tests may be performed on 5 percent of production
micropiles. Specific proof testing requirements are discussed in Chapter
7.

For projects in which the micropile bond zone is formed in potentially creeping soils,
high plasticity soils, weak rock, or any other ground type considered to be marginal
or for which previous experience in similar ground is limited, a factor of safety value
of 2.5 should be used to estimate the bond length and as the basis for the maximum
load in an ultimate or verification load test. For micropiles installed in soils
susceptible to creep, load testing will include measuring micropile deformations
during an extended period of time at one or more test loads. The measured
movement is compared to a maximum allowable creep movement (see Chapter 7 for
details on sustained load (creep) testing).

5.9.3 Evaluate Micropile Group Compression Capacity
Micropile Groups in Cohesive Soils
The efficiency of a micropile group installed in cohesive soils is a function of the
center-to-center spacing of the micropiles, s, and contact condition between the
bottom of the micropile footing cap and the soil near the ground surface (see Table
5-4).

Table 5-4. Efficiency Factors for Micropile Groups in Cohesive Soils.
Case Efficiency Factor,
If cap is in firm contact with the ground 1.0
If cap is not in firm contact with the ground
and the ground is stiff (i.e., undrained shear
strength of the soil is greater than 95 kPa (1
ton per square ft (tsf))
1.0
If the cap is not in firm contact with the
ground and the ground is relatively soft
(i.e., undrained shear strength of the soil is
less than 95 kPa (1 tsf)) or is disturbed
s = 2.5 D
b

s = 3.0 D
b

s = 6.0 D
b

3.0 D
b
< s < 6.0 D
b

0.65
0.70
1.0
Interpolate between 0.70 and 1.0
At small micropiles spacings, however, the potential for the micropile group to fail
as a block should be evaluated. For a micropile group of width B
g
and length L
g

and depth D (as shown in Figure 5-3), the ultimate capacity of the micropile group,
Q
g
, is given by:
( )
u c g g u g g g
s N L B s D L B Q + + = 2 2 (Eq. 5-11)
where
u
s is the average undrained shear strength along the depth of penetration of
the micropiles and s
u
is the undrained shear strength at the base of the micropile
group. For this analysis, it is assumed that the pile cap provides no resistance.
The bearing capacity factor used in Eq. 5-11 is calculated according to the following:
5 . 2
2 . 0
1
2 . 0
1 5
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
g g g
g
c
B
D
for
B
D
L
B
N (Eq. 5-12)
5 . 2
2 . 0
1 5 . 7 >
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
g g
g
c
L
D
for
L
B
N (Eq. 5- 13)


Figure 5-3. Block Failure Model for Micropile Group in Cohesive Soil with Cap in Contact
with Ground.
Q
g
Cap
B
g
L
g
Cohesive soil
with c=s
u
and
=0
Block
shear
surface
D

The group capacity to be used for design is evaluated using the following steps:
Step 1: Calculate ultimate group capacity as:
( ) = group in micropiles of no L D Q
b b bond g
. (Eq. 5-14)
where is obtained from Table 5-4.
Step 2: Calculate ultimate group capacity according to Eq. 5-14 and use lower value
(i.e., from Step 1 and Step 2) for design.
Step 3: Use a FS value of 2.0 to calculate an allowable group capacity.
Micropile Groups in Cohesionless Soils
As long as the center-to-center spacing of micropiles in a group is greater than three
times the diameter of the grouted body (i.e., s > 3D
b
), the capacity of a micropile
group in cohesionless soils may be calculated as the sum of the resistance of all the
individual micropiles in the group, i.e., use Eq. 5-14 with =1.0. For example, for
pressure grouted micropiles installed in cohesionless soils with a typical grouted
diameter of 200 mm and typical minimum center-to-center spacing in the range of
750 to 1,000 mm, it is therefore unnecessary to consider a reduction in micropile
capacity as a result of group effects.
For the case of micropiles installed in strong soil (which may be cohesionless soil)
over weak or compressible soil, an alternate method to evaluate micropile group
capacity is used, as described below.
Micropile Groups in Strong Soil Overlying a Weak or Compressible Soil
If a micropile group is embedded in a strong soil deposit overlying a weaker soil
deposit, then the potential for a punching shear failure of the micropile group into
the weaker soil stratum should be considered during design.
The method proposed herein to evaluate the potential for punching shear failure of
micropile groups is the same as that which has been developed to address this same
issue for drilled shaft groups (see FHWA-IF-99-025, 1999). This approach requires
that the capacity of the block of micropiles meet the following condition to assure
safety against punching shear failure:

| |
1 1
10
q q q
B
H
q q
L B
Q
o
g
o p
g g
g
+ = (Eq. 5-15)
where:
Q
g
, B
g
, and L
g
are as defined on Figure 5-3;
q
o
is the ultimate unit base resistance at the depth of the top of the lower (i.e.,
weaker) layer using the shear strength parameters of the lower layer;
q
1
is the ultimate unit base resistance at the depth of the top of the upper (i.e.,
stronger) layer using the shear strength parameters of the upper layer;
q
p
is the ultimate unit base resistance at the depth of the micropile tips; and
H is the distance from the tip elevation of the micropiles to the elevation of
the top of the weaker lower soil layer.
If the piles are battered, the values for B
g
and L
g
should be based on the plan area of
the pile group at the base of the piles. Satisfaction of the condition prescribed in Eq.
5-15 should preclude the potential for a punching shear failure of the micropile group
(see Figure 5-4).

Figure 5-4. End-bearing Resistance of Piles in Layered Soils (after Meyerhof, 1976).

D
H
q
o
q
p
q
1
Pile toe
10B
g
Weak Soil
Strong
Weak Soil

5.9.4 Evaluate Micropile Group Uplift Capacity
The design of micropile groups subject to uplift forces follows the method described
in FHWA NHI-05-042 (2005) for uplift capacity for driven piles in cohesionless
soils and for driven piles in cohesive soils.
Micropile Groups in Cohesive Soils
For micropile groups in cohesive soil, the group uplift capacity may be calculated
based upon the undrained shear strength of the block of soil enclosed by the group
plus the effective weight of the pile cap and pile-soil block as shown on Figure 5-5.
This may be expressed as:
( )
g u ug
W s Y X Z Q + + =2 (Eq. 5-16)
where
u
s is the average undrained soil shear strength over the depth of micropile
embedment along the group perimeter and W
g
is the effective weight of the pile/soil
block including the pile cap. In using Eq. 5-16, a factor of safety of 2.0 should be
used to estimate the allowable group uplift capacity.

Figure 5-5. Model to Calculate Micropile Group Uplift Capacity in Cohesive Soils.

Micropile Groups in Cohesionless Soils
The uplift capacity of a micropile group in cohesionless soil may be conservatively
taken as the effective weight of a block of soil extending upward from the base of the
micropiles at a slope of 1H:4V as shown on Figure 5-6. In this evaluation, the
weight of the micropiles within the block is (conservatively) considered equal to the
weight of the soil. Using Figure 5-6, the group uplift capacity is given by:
( )
(
+ + = D A A A A Q
top base top base ug
3
1
(Eq. 5-17)
where A
base
= B
g
L
g
and A
top
= (B
g
+D/2) (L
g
+D/2) and is the effective unit
weight of the soil. In Eq. 5-17, the term in brackets is simply the volume of the
enclosed soil. A FS = 1.0 is acceptable for this analysis since the shear strength that
would be mobilized within the soil is conservatively neglected; this implies that the
allowable micropile group capacity would be equal to the calculated group uplift
capacity based on Eq. 5-17.
The allowable group uplift capacity (based on either Eq. 5-16 or 5-17) should be
compared to the allowable uplift capacity of a single micropile multiplied by the
number of micropiles in the group and the design should be based on the lesser group
capacity.

Figure 5-6. Model to Calculate Micropile Group Uplift Capacity in Cohesionless Soils.

5.10 STEP 9. ESTIMATE MICROPILE GROUP SETTLEMENT
5.10.1 General
In general, methods used for estimating settlements of driven pile groups are
applicable for micropile groups. The major components of settlement that need to be
assessed include: (1) settlements of the ground in which the micropiles are
constructed; and (2) elastic compression/tension of an individual micropile. These
settlements are added together to evaluate the total settlement of the micropile group
subject to the design load and are then compared to the allowable settlement.
The specific value for allowable settlement will depend on the structure being
supported, but for typical highway bridge projects, the maximum vertical movement
will depend primarily on anticipated differential settlements between bridge piers for
single span or continuous span bridges.
5.10.2 Micropile Group Settlement
Micropiles in a group can undergo vertical displacement as a result of consolidation
of soil layers below the bottom of the micropile group. Where a single pile will
transfer its load to the soil in the immediate vicinity of the pile, a pile group can
distribute its load to the soil layer below the group. Consideration should be made
for this group displacement when the soil below the group is cohesive in nature and
subject to consolidation. The method presented herein for evaluating micropile
group settlements is similar to that for driven piles (see FHWA-NHI-05-042, 2005).
For purposes of calculating settlements of micropile groups in soil (for which loads
are primarily transferred through side resistance), loads are assumed to act on an
equivalent footing located at two-thirds of the depth of embedment of the micropiles
into the layer that provides support (i.e., two-thirds of the depth of the micropile
bond zone). This concept is illustrated in Figure 5-7 for a uniform soil profile and
Figure 5-8 for a micropile bond zone formed in firm or strong layer that is overlain
by an upper soft or weak layer (which is common for many micropile applications).
Where a clayey layer may exist just below the tips of the micropiles, the equivalent
footing is assumed to exist at the depth corresponding to 8/9 of the length of the
bond zone. The reader is referred to FHWA-NHI-05-042 (FHWA, 2005) for
additional information on the equivalent footing concept. For a pile group consisting
of only vertical piles, the equivalent footing has a plan area that corresponds to the
perimeter dimensions of the pile group.


Figure 5-7. Equivalent Footing Concept for Uniform Soil (after FHWA-NHI-05-042, 2005).

SOFT OR
WEAK LAYER
LAYER WHERE
BOND ZONE IS
FORMED
SOFT OR
WEAK LAYER
LAYER WHERE
BOND ZONE IS
FORMED

Figure 5-8. Equivalent Footing Concept for Firm Soil Underlying Soft Soil Layer.
The pile group load over this plan area is then the bearing pressure transferred to the
soil through the equivalent footing. The load is assumed to spread within the
frustum of a pyramid of side slopes at 1H:2V and to cause uniform additional
vertical pressure at lower levels. The pressure at any level is equal to the load
carried by the group divided by the plan area of the base of the frustum at that level.
Settlements are calculated based on the pressure increase in the underlying layers.
This method is conservative because compression settlements from the layer defined
from just below the top of the equivalent footing to the bottom of the micropiles do
not take into account the increased stiffness of the profile at this location resulting
from the micropiles.

Where clayey soils may consolidate as a result of micropile group loading, nominally
undisturbed tube samples should be collected from potential consolidating layers and
consolidation tests should be performed to assess compressibility parameters and
stress history information for the consolidating layer. The reader is referred to GEC
No. 5 for specific information on consolidation testing and parameter evaluation.
For micropile group settlements in cohesionless layers, SPT data is used to estimate
compression parameters.
Step By Step Procedure for Micropile Group Settlement In Cohesive Soils
Step 1: Determine the new load imposed on soil by the pile group.
a. Determine the location of the equivalent footing using Figure 5-7 or 5-8.

b. Determine the dimensions of the equivalent footing. For pile groups
consisting only of vertical piles, the equivalent footing has the same
dimensions as the length and width of the pile group from Figure 5-7. For
pile groups that include batter piles, the plan area of the footing should be
calculated from the dimensions of the pile group at depth 2/3 D, including
the plan area increase due to the pile batter.

c. Determine the pressure distribution to soil layers below the equivalent
footing up to the depth at which the pressure increase from the equivalent
footing is less than 10% of existing effective overburden pressure at that
depth. The depth at which the pressure increase is less than 10% will
provide the total thickness of cohesive soil layer or layers to be used in
performing settlement computations. Note that the group design load
should be used in determining the pressure distribution for settlement
computations, and not the ultimate group load.

d. Divide the cohesive soil layers in the affected pressure increase zone into
several thinner layers of 1.5 to 3 meter (5 to 10 ft) thickness. The
thickness of each layer is the thickness H for the settlement computation
for that layer.

e. Determine the existing effective overburden pressure, p
o
, at midpoint of
each layer.

f. Determine the imposed pressure increase, p, at midpoint of each affected
soil layer based on the appropriate pressure distribution.

Step 2: Determine consolidation test parameters.
Step 3: Compute settlements.
Using an appropriate settlement equation, compute the settlement of each
affected soil layer. Sum the settlements of all layers to obtain the total
estimated soil settlement from the pile group.
Step By Step Procedure for Micropile Group Settlement In Cohesionless Soils
Pile groups supported in and underlain by cohesionless soils will produce only
immediate settlements implying that the settlements will occur immediately as the
pile group is loaded. A procedure to calculate pile group settlements in cohesionless
soils is provided below.
Step 1: Determine the new load imposed on soil by the pile group.
a. Determine the location of the equivalent footing using Figure 5-7 or 5-8.

b. Determine the dimensions of the equivalent footing.

c. Determine the pressure distribution to soil layers below the equivalent
footing up to the depth at which the pressure increase from the equivalent
footing is less than 10% of existing effective overburden pressure at that
depth.

d. Divide the soil layers in the affected pressure increase zone into several
thinner layers of 1.5 to 3 meter (5 to 10 ft) thickness. The thickness of
each layer is the thickness H for the settlement computation for that layer.

e. Determine the existing effective overburden pressure, p
o
, at midpoint of
each layer.

f. Determine the imposed pressure increase, p, at midpoint of each affected
soil layer based on the appropriate pressure distribution.

Step 2: Determine bearing capacity index for each cohesionless layer.
Determine the average corrected (for overburden pressure and hammer
efficiency) SPT N1
60
value for each cohesionless layer. Use N1
60
in Figure 5-9
to obtain the bearing capacity index, C for each layer.
Step 3: Compute settlements.
Compute the settlement of each affected soil layer under the applied load
using the following formula:
|
|
.
|
\
| +
=
o
o
o
p
p p
C
H H log
1
'
(Eq. 5-18)
Sum the settlements of all layers to obtain the total estimated soil settlement
from the pile group. If a layered soil profile is within the compressible zone
being considered, the two methods previously described for cohesive and
cohesionless soils can be used separately for the appropriate layers and then
settlements form each layer added to obtain the total settlement from the pile
group.


(Note: The Inorganic SILT curve should generally not be applied to soils that exhibit plasticity)

Figure 5-9. Bearing Capacity Index versus Corrected SPT Blowcount (modified after
Hough, 1959).

Corrected SPT N-value, N1
60

5.10.3 Micropile Elastic Movement
The calculation of the elastic compression and/or elastic tension of a single micropile
subject to the design compression and/or tension load are presented herein. This
elastic compression value is added to the total settlement of the group resulting from
consolidation (as discussed in Section 5.10.2) to obtain the total estimated pile group
settlement.
Elastic displacement of a micropile is a function of the imposed load, the pile
stiffness, and the load transfer characteristics of the pile to the surrounding soil via
grout-to-ground bond. The elastic compression displacement,
elastic
, of a micropile
can be written in its most general form as:
AE
PL
elastic
= (Eq. 5-19)
where P is the design load applied at the ground surface (kN), L is the length of the
pile (m), A is the area of the section (m
2
) and E is the elastic modulus of the section
(kPa). Because the stiffness of the micropile may change over its length and because
axial load is transferred to the ground, the elastic displacement may be calculated as
the sum of elastic displacements of n pile segments as follows:
=
=
n
i
i i
i i
elastic
E A
L P
1
(Eq. 5-20)
where L
i
, A
i
, and E
i
are the length, average cross section area, and average modulus,
respectively, for each of the pile segments. The term P
i
is the average axial load at
the pile segment. The load at the top pile segment would be the total imposed load
to that individual pile, and would reduce in magnitude down to the mobilized end
bearing load at the pile tip in accordance with the load transfer response from the
micropile to the ground. Determination of a stiffness value, i.e., AE, for a micropile
is complex due to the:
contribution of the grout to the piles stiffness due to the pile acting in
compression; and
varying reinforcement (type and length) used in some micropiles, with
casing (and perhaps bar) reinforcement in the upper portion of the pile and
bar reinforcement in the lower portion.

For estimates of displacement caused by compression loads, the stiffness of the
composite section at a given point in the pile can be evaluated using the formula:
| | | |
steel steel grout grout pile
E A E A EA + = (Eq. 5-21)
For estimates of displacement caused by tension loads, the stiffness of the composite
section can be evaluated using the formula:
| |
steel steel pile
E A EA = (Eq. 5-22)
The value for E
grout
can be quite variable, but for design calculations may be
estimated as E
grout
(MPa) = 4732 (f
c
(MPa))
1/2
(E
grout
(ksi) = 57 (f
c
(psi))
1/2
).
A conservative approach to calculate elastic displacement is to assume that no load is
transferred to the ground over the length of the micropile from the top of the
micropile to the top of the bond zone; this implies that the elastic compression of this
length of the micropile can be calculated according to Eq. 5-19 with P equal to the
design load and L equal to the length of the micropile above the bond zone. If there
are changes in the micropile cross section over that length (e.g., section with just
reinforcing bar and section with reinforcing bar and casing), then Equation 5-20 is
used with pile segment lengths defined based on changes in cross section.
In the bond zone, the cross section of the micropile will usually be constant.
Therefore, since it is assumed that the design load is carried uniformly over the
length of the bond zone in side resistance; the elastic displacement along this length
of the micropile can be calculated using Eq. 5-19 with P equal to the design load and
L equal to one-half the length of the bond zone.
For micropiles bonded in rock or for end-bearing micropiles on rock, the full length
of the micropile above the top of rock should be assumed for the elastic length. It is
noted that the assumption of the lengths over which elastic movements occur can be
confirmed via load testing in which loads are incrementally cycled (similar to a
ground anchor performance test) to allow for measurement of the elastic movement.
An example calculation of elastic compression and tension displacement for a
micropile is provided in Sample Problem No. 1.

5.11 STEP 10. DESIGN MICROPILE CONNECTION AT PILE CAP
Unless a single micropile is used to support a load, a pile cap (footing) is necessary
to spread the structure loads and any overturning moments to all the micropiles in the
group. Reinforced concrete pile caps are designed in accordance with the AASHTO
Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges and individual DOTs may have
minimum requirements for pile caps (e.g., minimum concrete cover, minimum
embedment of pile top into cap). The structural design of reinforced concrete pile
caps is not addressed in this manual.
The connection between the top of the micropiles and the reinforced concrete pile
cap can vary depending on the required capacity of the connection, the type of
micropile reinforcement, and the details of the pile cap. Seven examples of the pile-
to-footing connections are shown in Figures 5-10 through 5-16. Figures 5-10
through 5-13 show typical connections for piles that can have both tension and
compression loads depending on load case. Figures 5-14 through 5-16 show simple
connections for piles that are only in compression.
Figure 5-10 shows a composite reinforced micropile connected to a new (or
extended) footing. The footing tension and compression load is transferred to the
pile through the top bearing plate. The stiffener plates provide bending strength to
the plate, plus provide additional weld length for transferring the load from the
bearing plate to the pile casing. The stiffener plates can be eliminated if the support
of the top plate and additional weld length are not required. Additional
considerations for this connection detail include the following:
The portion of the tension load carried by the reinforcing bar can be
transferred to the top plate through the nut, reducing the plate-to-casing weld
requirement.
The bond between the pile casing and the footing concrete can be utilized,
reducing the load capacity required for the top plate and top plate to casing
weld.
A portion of the compression load can be transferred from the top plate to
the casing through bearing, reducing the weld capacity requirement. This
requires a higher level of quality for the fabrication of the bearing surface
between the casing and the plate.
Sample Problem No. 1 includes the design of a pile connection similar to that shown
in Figure 5-10. The additional considerations listed above are not included in the
sample problem calculations.


EXISTING FOOTING
EXTENDED FOOTING
REINFORCING
BAR W/NUT
BEARING PLATE
AS REQUIRED
STIFFNER
PLATE (TYP)
BOTTOM OF
FOOTING ELEV.
STEEL CASING
TYP

Figure 5-10. Pile to Footing Connection Detail (compression and tension loads).
Figure 5-11 shows a composite reinforced micropile connected to an existing
footing. The pile is installed through an oversized hole cored through the existing
footing or slab. After the pile is installed, the annulus between the core hole and the
micropile is cleaned (usually via pressure washing) and filled with non-shrink
cement grout. Steel rings are welded to the top section of the casing prior to pile
installation. These rings transfer the pile load from the casing to the non-shrink
grout. Adequate spacing must be used between the rings to avoid combining bearing
stresses in the concrete and grout. The total capacity of the connection is controlled
by the sum of the bearing strength of the rings, the capacity of the load transfer
across the interface between the non-shrink grout and the existing concrete, and the
shear capacity of the existing concrete.
Grooves may be chipped into sides of the core hole (typical dimension = 20 mm
deep and 32 mm wide (3/4 in. deep and 1 in. wide)) to increase the load carrying
capacity of the grout to existing concrete. Also, vertical reinforcing bars may be

drilled and epoxied into the existing concrete around the exterior of the connection to
increase the punching shear capacity.
For thick existing footings, the shear rings and grooves in Figure 5-11 may be
eliminated. Load tests on the connections are appropriate to verify the casing to
grout bond and grout to existing concrete bond for the proposed materials and
methods. If this connection is proposed for a project, the Contractor should be
required to perform a load test, provide load test data from previous projects, or
provide in-house testing to quantify that the proposed connection will be able to
support the design load.
Figure 5-12 shows a composite reinforced micropile connected to a new footing.
The footing compression load is transferred to the pile through bearing on the pile
top and reinforcing bar plate and the tension load is transferred through bearing on
the reinforcing bar plate. A portion of the load transferred from the footing to the
pile may be attributed to the bond between the pile casing and the footing concrete.
REINFORCING
BAR W/NUT
BEARING PLATE
AS REQUIRED
TYP
TOP OF EXISTING
FOOTING
STEEL CASING
STEEL SHEAR RING (TYP)
NON SHRINK GROUT
CHIPPED GROOVE
BOTTOM OF
FOOTING ELEV.
OVERSIZED CORE HOLE
(DIAMETER AS PER
CONTRACT PLANS)

Figure 5-11. Pile to Footing Connection (compression and tension loads).

NEW FOOTING
BEARING PLATE
AS REQUIRED
STEEL CASING
BOTTOM OF
FOOTING ELEV.
FULL HEX NUT
HEX NUT
REINFORCING BAR
BEARING PLATE
(OPTIONAL)


Figure 5-13 shows a bar-reinforced micropile cast into a new footing. The
compression and tension load is transferred to the pile through bearing on the bar
plate, and through bond between the footing concrete and the reinforcing bar.
Competency of the construction joint between the pile grout and footing concrete is
an important quality consideration for this pile type.

NEW FOOTING
BEARING PLATE
AS REQUIRED
BOTTOM OF
FOOTING ELEV.
FULL HEX NUT
HEX NUT
REINFORCING BAR
NEW FOOTING
BEARING PLATE
AS REQUIRED
BOTTOM OF
FOOTING ELEV.
FULL HEX NUT
HEX NUT
REINFORCING BAR


Figure 5-14 shows a typical compression connection for a moderately loaded
micropile where concrete bearing stress on the pile top is within AASHTO limits
(see AASHTO Section 8.15.2.1.3). Figure 5-15 shows a typical compression
connection for a heavily loaded micropile where a bearing plate welded to the casing
is required for concrete bearing stress on the pile top to be within AASHTO limits.

NEW FOOTING
STEEL CASING
BOTTOM OF
FOOTING ELEV.
150 mm

Figure 5-14. Pile to New Footing Connection Detail used for Moderate Loads (compression
loads).
NEW FOOTING
STEEL CASING
BOTTOM OF
FOOTING ELEV.
BEARING PLATE

Figure 5-15. Pile to New Footing Connection Detail used for High Loads (compression
loads).

Figure 5-16 shows a compression connection for a pile through an existing footing.
The bond of the non-shrink grout to the footing is a function of the proposed
methods (cored hole, down-the-hole hammered hole, etc.) and materials (non-shrink
grout, existing concrete, etc.). Connection load tests are appropriate to verify the
design.
STEEL CASING
BOTTOM OF
FOOTING ELEV.
EXISTING
FOOTING
NON-SHRINK
GROUT

Figure 5-16. Pile to Existing Footing Connection Detail (compression loads).

5.12 STEP 11. DEVELOP LOAD TESTING PROGRAM
Section 7.6 of this Manual provides specific information on the evaluations to be
performed as part of the development of a load testing program. Of primary
importance is that the scope of the load testing program be consistent with the
selected factor of safety for the grout/ground bond strength used for geotechnical
capacity evaluations. In Section 5.9.2, the minimum requirements for verification
and proof testing were described which are consistent with a factor of safety of 2.0.
For load testing, maximum test loads should not exceed 80 percent of the ultimate
structural capacity of the micropile. The ultimate structural capacity is given by:

| |
bar bar y g ca g ca y grout grout c n compressio ult
A f A f A f P + + =
sin sin
'
85 . 0 (Eq. 5-23)
| |
bar bar y g ca g ca y tension ult
A f A f P + =
sin sin
(Eq. 5-24)
For some designs, the verification test pile(s) may require larger pile casing and
reinforcing bar than the production micropiles. The resulting stiffer micropile can
adequately confirm the grout-ground bond strength for production micropiles, but
will likely not provide representative structural displacement behavior. The
deflections measured for proof-tested micropiles will need to be relied upon to
provide best estimate of structural deflections.

5.13 STEP 12. PREPARE DRAWINGS AND SPECIFICATIONS
When the design has been finalized, drawings and specifications are prepared and the
procedures that will be used to verify micropile capacity (e.g. load testing) should be
defined. At the time of the bid, all of the quality control procedures to be used for
the project should also be defined and included in the specifications. Example
typical drawings and specifications is provided in Sample Problem No. 1.

5.14 CORROSION PROTECTION
5.14.1 Background
Protecting the metallic components of a micropile against the detrimental effects of corrosion
is necessary to assure adequate long-term durability of the micropile. The degree and extent
of corrosion protection is a function of loading condition, the expected service life of the
micropile, the aggressiveness of the ground, the perceived importance of the structure, and
consequences of failure. In all cases, it is the responsibility of the Project Designer to select
the corrosion protection for each micropile.
The variables which indicate a high corrosion potential include:
low resistivity of ground;
high concentration of chlorides or sulfides in ground or groundwater;
too low or too high hydrogen potential (pH) of ground or groundwater;
high saturation conditions; and
stray currents.

The factors above collectively define ground corrosion potential (or aggressivity of the
ground). In addition to corrosion of metallic components, potential degradation of the
cement grout as a result of sulfate, chloride, and/or acid attack should also be considered.
Information on cement degradation as it applies to pile design is provided in FHWA-NHI-05-
042.
5.14.2 Evaluation of Soil Corrosion Potential
Tests listed in Table 5-5 are used to classify the corrosion potential of the ground.
Table 5-5. Criteria for Assessing Ground Corrosion Potential (Elias et al., 2001).
Test Units
Strong Corrosion
Potential/Aggressive
AASHTO
Test
Method
pH < 5, >10 T 289
Resistivity ohm-cm <3,000 T 288
Sulfates ppm
(1)
>200 T 290
Chlorides ppm >100 T 291
Note: (1) ppm = parts per million.

In general, the ground is classified with a strong corrosion potential or aggressive if any one
of the conditions listed in the third column of Table 5-5 exceeds the limits listed during
the service life of the micropile. In addition, buried structures immediately adjacent to the
project exhibiting corrosion or direct chemical attack might be an indication of strong
corrosion potential. If tests are not performed, then the ground should be assumed to be
aggressive. Classification of ground aggressivity should consider the possibility of changes
during the service life of the structure which may cause the ground to become aggressive
(e.g., near mining operations, chemical plants, or chemical storage areas).

5.14.3 Corrosion Protection Systems
5.14.3.1 Methods for Corrosion Protection of Reinforcing Steel
Corrosion protection can be provided by physical and chemical protection, or a combination
thereof. Physical protection involves placing a continuous barrier between the reinforcing
bar, pipe casing, other metallic parts, and the corrosion sources. Chemical protection
consists of the use of a sacrificial material or a dielectric material, which will preclude the
flow of electric current. Some of the corrosion protection systems currently in use utilize a

combination of these mechanisms. The most common systems used to provide corrosion
protection for micropiles are described below.
Grout Protection
This method of corrosion protection is used as a protective measure for the steel reinforcing
bar and involves fully covering the reinforcing bar with neat cement grout. Centralizers are
applied along the length of the bar (Figure 5-17(a)) to ensure adequate cover of grout
between the bar and the side of the borehole. After the bar is centered in the drillhole, neat
grout is injected and fills up the annular space around the steel bar. The grout provides an
alkaline environment that reduces corrosion potential.
Epoxy Coating
Corrosion protection with epoxy consists of coating the reinforcing rod with a fusion-bonded
epoxy that is applied by the manufacturer prior to shipment to the construction site. The
minimum required thickness of epoxy coatings is typically 12 mils (0.3 mm). Thicker
coatings may reduce steel to grout bond. The epoxy coating provides physical and chemical
protection, as epoxy is a dielectric material. In transporting and handling bars, the epoxy
coating may be damaged before bar installation. Therefore, it is not uncommon to spray
epoxy coating in the field on chipped or nicked surfaces. Applicable standards for epoxy
coating and allowable extent of damage (i.e., number of discontinuities in epoxy coating per
unit length of bar) are found in ASTM A775/AASHTO M282. Patching materials should be
approved by the epoxy coating manufacturer and should be inert in cement grout.
Galvanized Coating
A common method of providing corrosion protection is galvanization, which consists of
applying a zinc coating on the steel surface. The process is performed by hot-dipping bars
and other metallic pieces with zinc. The protection provided by galvanized coating is both
physical and chemical, as this process forms a protective layer of zinc oxide. Galvanization
shall meet the requirements of ASTM A153. Galvanization should not be used on high
strength bars.

Encapsulation
For maximum corrosion protection, a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or high-density polyethylene
(HDPE) (minimum 1-mm (0.04-in.) thick for PVC and 1.5-mm (0.06-in.) thick for HDPE)
sheathing may be installed around the reinforcing bar similar to what is done for ground
anchors in permanent applications. The sheathing is corrugated to transfer load to the
surrounding grout. Grout-filled corrugated sheaths comprise double corrosion protection.

This system may be used with DSI threadbar and GEWI Bar (Figure 5-17(b)) and others.
The encapsulation shall meet the requirements for encapsulation of soil and rock ground
anchors as provided in PTI (2004).
5.14.3.2 Methods for Corrosion Protection of Steel Casing
Grout that may fill the annulus outside the steel casing is not considered to be sufficient to
provide a quantifiable level of corrosion protection. Corrosion resistant coatings on
permanent drill casing is impractical due to the abrasive action of the soil on the outer surface
of the casing which would likely result in damage to the coating. Corrosion protection for
steel casing subject to compressive loads in aggressive environments is typically considered
by including a sacrificial steel thickness in the design. Casing should not be used to carry
tension loads in aggressive ground environments.

TORQUED
ANCHOR
PLATE
CONCRETE
STRUCTURE
UPPER PILE
STRENGTHENING
ELASTIC
SPACER
TORQUED
ANCHOR
HEAD
ADDITIONAL
REINFORCEMENT
(COMPRESSION)
ADDITIONAL
REINFORCEMENT
(TENSION)
CEMENT
GROUT
(a)
GEWI PILE with
Standard Corrosion Protection
(b)
GEWI PILE with
Double Corrosion Protection
CORRUGATED
SHEATH
GEWI BAR
OUTER
CEMENT
GROUT
INNER
CEMENT
GROUT
GEWI BAR

Figure 5-17. GEWI Piles with (a) Grout Protection only; and (b) Double Corrosion
Protection (Courtesy of DSI).

5.14.3.3 Corrosion Protection Requirements for Micropiles
Corrosion protection recommendations for micropiles are provided in Table 5-6.
Table 5-6. Corrosion Protection Recommendations for Micropiles (after DFI, 2004).
Corrosion Protection
Loading Tension
1
Compression
Ground Aggressive
2
Non aggressive Aggressive
2
Non-aggressive
Casing a. Do not rely on
casing for load
capacity

a. None required if
tension load on
casing is less than
20% of casing
thread strength
OR
b. Do not rely on
casing for load
capacity
a. Min.1.6 mm
(0.063 in.)
corrosion loss on
outside
The Specifier may
use different
corrosion loss per
site-specific
corrosion studies.
a. None

The Specifier may
use different
corrosion loss per
site-specific
corrosion studies.
Core steel
(reinforcing
bar)
l

a. epoxy coating
3

OR
b. galvanization
3

OR
c. encapsulation
in plastic
sheath
3

AND
Grout cover
4

a. bare steel
5

OR
b. epoxy coating
3

OR
c. galvanization
3

OR
d. encapsulation in
plastic sheath
3

AND
Grout cover
4

a. Grout cover
4
AND
The Specifier may
desire to add other
options listed for
tension.
a. Grout cover
4

NOTES:
1. Permanent tension or temporary tension (e.g., wind, seismic, impact) on critical
structures. For temporary tension on normal structures, corrosion protection for
compression may be used. The recommendations for corrosion protection for micropiles
subject to tension loadings should also be used for that length of the micropile subject to
tension as a result of lateral loads and/or overturning moments at the ground surface.
2. Corrosion protection must extend 5 m (15 ft) below corrosive material
3. Core steel corrosion protection must extend a minimum of 1.5 m (5 ft) into casing
4. Minimum 1 inch in soil and 0.5 inch in rock. If protective coatings (epoxy,
galvanization, or encapsulation) are provided in compression, minimum cover may be
0.25 inches in soil or rock.
5. Not recommended for permanent or cyclic tension loads.

Corrosion protection requirements (via sacrificial steel section losses) prescribed in Table 5-6
for casings subject to compressive loads in an aggressive ground environment include a
minimum section loss of 1.6 mm (0.063 in.). This value is prescribed in AASHTO Section
4.5.7.4 for cross section reductions for concrete-filled pipe piles. Guidance on sacrificial
thickness for structural steel elements in CCTG (1992) indicate that, for a design life of 75
years, a steel section loss range of 2 mm (0.0787 in.) to 5 mm (0.196 mm) is appropriate for
non-protected steel in moderately to strongly corrosive environments, respectively, where no
specific site corrosivity studies for the steel elements have been performed. Higher section
losses are provided for a design life greater than 75 years.
These information sources provide a relatively wide range of corrosion losses. It is strongly
recommended that site-specific corrosivity studies be performed where micropiles will be
used in aggressive ground (as defined in Table 5-5).

5.15 PLUNGE LENGTH
The micropile detail shown in Figure 5-1 depicts a casing plunge length. With this detail
(primarily used for micropiles with bond zones formed in soil), it is assumed that a portion of
the micropile design load is transferred to the surrounding ground (over the plunge length) by
the cased portion of the pile, thus reducing the load that must be supported by the uncased
portion of the micropile (see Figure 5-18). This can allow a lesser amount of steel
reinforcing through the uncased length to meet the structural strength requirements. The
reduction in load applied to the uncased length is termed the transfer load, P
transfer
.
The allowable axial load transferred through the plunge length, P
transfer-allowable
may be
calculated as:
) ( Length Plunge D
FS
P
b
bond
allowable transfer
=
(Eq. 5-25)
The value for this load is based on the unit grout-to-ground bond,
bond
(from Table 5-3)
acting uniformly over the casing plunge length. It must be recognized that reliably achieving
this load transfer depends on the casing installation method, the specific soil type and
grouting method to obtain sufficient grout coverage between the casing and the surrounding
ground.

For these reasons, micropile designs which incorporate a plunge length and a corresponding
reduction in axial load reaching the uncased portion should be confirmed by the site-specific
load testing information wherein axial load transfer over the plunge length is measured or can
be computed based on verification load testing. Alternatively, P
transfer
may be conservatively
neglected.
PILE BOND
LENGTH
CASING PLUNGE
LENGTH
LOAD IN PILE
P
PILE
(kN)
1
TRANSFER LOAD:
P
TRANSFER
=
LOAD CARRIED BY PILE @ DEPTH 1 = P
PILE
PILE
P
TRANSFER
2
D
b
bond
3.14 D
b
Casing Plunge Length
PILE BOND
LENGTH
CASING PLUNGE
LENGTH
LOAD IN PILE
P
PILE
(kN)
1
TRANSFER LOAD:
P
TRANSFER
=
PILE
PILE
P
TRANSFER
2
D
b
bond
3.14 D
b
Casing Plunge Length

Figure 5-18. Detail of Load Transfer Through the Casing Plunge Length.

5.16 END BEARING MICROPILES
Due to the relatively small cross sectional area of micropiles, load carrying capacity resulting
from end bearing is generally considered to be negligible for micropiles in soil or weak rock.

Micropiles founded on high quality sound rock, however, may develop their capacity
primarily through end bearing and secondarily by side resistance. In this case, care must be
taken to ensure that the micropile is not terminated on a boulder or on rock with voids or very
soft material below. Where end bearing micropiles are being considered, the subsurface
investigation should be sufficiently detailed to allow for a determination of the quality of the
rock (see Table 5-2).
The design for end bearing micropiles may be done similar to end bearing drilled shafts, or
may be based on previous load test experience of similar micropiles. Typically, a nominal
length rock socket may be used (on the order of 0.6 m (2 ft)) to assure that the micropile is, in
fact, founded on high quality rock. The capacity of end bearing micropiles on competent
rock will likely be controlled by the structural capacity of the micropile since very high end
bearing capacities can be achieved for micropiles on rock.
5.17 DOWNDRAG
Micropiles may be subjected to additional axial compression loading due to downdrag forces
when the soils in contact with the cased portion of the micropile (i.e., above the bond zone)
move downward relative to the micropile and tend to drag the micropile downward. The
resulting downward force will add to the load applied to the micropile by the structure at the
ground surface. The user of this manual is referred to the NHI/FHWA reference manuals for
design of driven piles and for drilled shafts (FHWA-NHI-05-042 and FHWA-IF-99-025,
respectively) for background information on downdrag and methods to compute downdrag
forces.
The potential for downdrag exists when the surface soils can settle and where the foundation
element passes through those settling soils into a stratum of relatively rigid geomaterial.
Possible development of downdrag loads on micropiles should be considered where: (1) the
site is underlain by compressible silts, clays, or peats; (2) fill has recently been placed on the
earlier; and (3) the groundwater is substantially lowered.
If analyses or computations indicate that the surface soils are moving downward more than
the micropile, a conservative solution can be obtained if it is assumed that the downdrag
force will develop along the micropile from the ground surface to the top of the bond zone.
To compute the downdrag force from the upper weak material, grout-to-ground bond stress
values based on Table 5-3 should be used with consideration for the grouting technique used
over the length of the micropile formed in the relatively weak materials. The maximum load
along the micropile would occur at the top of the bond zone and would be the sum of the
downdrag force and the load applied at the top of the micropile. The structural capacity of
the micropile would be checked based on this total load.

The use of micropiles for a foundation system on sites where downdrag forces are of concern
offers several benefits. The small surface area of a micropile will result in relatively small
downdrag forces transmitted from the settling soil to the micropile. Further isolation of the
micropile from the moving soils can be accomplished by installation of an additional
oversized outer casing through the settling soils. Battered micropiles should not be used in
soil conditions where large soil settlements are expected because of the additional bending
forces imposed on the piles.

5.18 DESIGN OF MICROPILES FOR LATERAL LOADING
5.18.1 General
It is specifically noted that the analysis of a single vertical micropile for lateral loading
and/or overturning moments is equivalent to that for a driven pile or drilled shaft. The user
of this manual is referred to the NHI/FHWA reference manuals for design of driven piles and
for drilled shafts (FHWA-NHI-05-042 and FHWA-IF-99-025, respectively) for specific
modeling details related to lateral loading analysis. Herein, the overall design procedure for
a laterally loaded micropile is provided (within the context of a p-y analysis) and specific
issues that must be addressed for the design of a micropile subject to lateral load are
discussed.
5.18.2 Analysis Steps for Single Laterally Loaded Micropile
Step 1: Determine basic pile input parameters for the micropile including: (1) pile
length; (2) modulus of elasticity for grout, reinforcing bar, and steel casing; (3)
distance from pile head to ground surface; and (4) slope of ground surface.
Step 2: Divide the micropile into segments with uniform cross sectional properties.
For each segment, provide the pile diameter, moment of inertia, and area of pile.
A micropile subject to lateral loads and/or overturning moments will include a cased length
in the upper portion of the micropile. A center steel reinforcing bar may be used along the
entire length of the micropile, however the steel bar provides negligible resistance to lateral
loads. Lateral loads and overturning moments applied at the ground surface will usually be
carried by the portion of the micropile from the ground surface down to a depth on the order
of 20 micropile diameters; below that depth bending moments will usually be negligible.
The length of the micropile to be analyzed should be such that calculated bending moments,
shear forces, and lateral pile movement are negligible at the bottom of the micropile. This
length can be used to select the minimum micropile cased length.

Step 3: Delineate the soil/rock profile into layers over the maximum anticipated
penetration depth of the trial micropile.
Step 4: Determine the required soil input parameters for each layer. For cohesive
soil layers, the effective unit weight of the soil and the undrained shear strength is
required for analysis while for cohesionless soils, the effective unit weight and
drained friction angle is required.
The user inputs two additional parameters: (1)
50
which is the axial strain corresponding to a
shear stress equal to of the shear strength of the material (this parameter is used for clays
only); and (2) slope of the soil resistance versus lateral deflection curve, k. These values are
typically selected based on soil type using Tables 5-7 through 5-10.
It is noted that user-defined p-y curves can be used for analysis where these curves are based
on micropile lateral load test results (which include pile lateral movement measurements at
the ground line and at various depths along the length of the micropile) from previous
projects in similar ground or preproduction test piles. Actual foundation lateral
displacements will likely be less than those measured in a load test since most load test
setups do not incorporate the beneficial effects of pile cap stiffness and embedment below the
ground surface which will likely be part of the actual foundation structure.
Most engineers, however, simply use the p-y curves contained within programs such as
LPILE. These p-y curves have not been developed specifically for relatively small diameter
micropiles but can provide reasonably accurate results. Moreover, good subsurface and shear
strength characterization of the ground in the upper 5 m (15 ft) of the subsurface profile is
critical to developing p-y curves for analysis (Richards and Rothbauer, 2004). If overly
conservative assumptions regarding soil shear strength near the ground surface are used, it is
likely that ground line lateral movements will be significantly overpredicted. Site specific
strength data should be obtained.
Table 5-7. Values of
50
for intact clays (after Reese et al., 2005).

Consistency of clay
50

Soft 0.020
Medium 0.010
Stiff 0.005

Table 5-8. Values of
50
for stiff clays (after Reese et al. 2005).

Undrained shear strength
(kPa)
(psi)
50

50 100
7.3 14.5 0.007
100 -200
14.5 29.0 0.005
300 -400
43.5 58.1 0.004

Table 5-9. Soil-modulus parameter (k) for sands (after Reese et al., 2005).

Loose Medium Dense
Relative Density
(kPa/m) (lb/in
3
) (kPa/m) (lb/in
3
) (kPa/m) (lb/in
3
)
Submerged Sand 5,430 20 16,300 60 33,900 125
Sand Above WT 6,790 25 24,430 90 61,000 225

Table 5-10. Soil-modulus parameter (k) for clays (after Reese et al., 2005).

Undrained Shear
Strength
Static Cyclic Clay
Consistency
(kPa) (psi) (kPa/m) (lb/in
3
) (kPa/m ) (lb/in
3
)
Soft 12 24
1.74
3.47
8,140 30 - -
Medium 24 48
3.47
6.94
27,150 100 - -
Stiff 48 96
6.94
13.9
136,000 500 54,300 200
Very Stiff 96 192
13.9
27.8
271,000 1,000 108,500 400
Hard 192 - 383
27.8
55.6
543,000 2,000 217,000 800

Step 5: Determine the critical loading combinations and boundary conditions to be
analyzed.
For each loading combination, determine the axial load, lateral load, and overturning moment
at the ground line to be analyzed. An important input to the analysis is the assumed
boundary condition at the ground line. In general, the assumption of full fixity at the pile
head will result in large calculated negative bending moments at the top of the pile and small
lateral deflections at the ground line. Conversely, the assumption of a pinned pile head
connection will result in the largest calculated bending moment below the ground surface and
relatively large calculated movements at the ground surface. The use of vertical micropiles
to carry lateral loads is a relatively new application and little data exists to define the
appropriate level of fixity for a given micropile-footing connection to be assumed for design
analyses.
Typical practice is to evaluate the maximum bending moment from an analysis assuming
pinned head conditions (i.e., 0% fixity) and the maximum bending moment from an analysis
assuming fixed head conditions (i.e., 100% fixity). The structural capacity of the micropile is
then checked for the larger of the two calculated bending moments.
Calculated ground line deflections are also affected by the assumed level of fixity for the
micropile-footing connection. For assessing ground line deflections, a representative level of
fixity should be assumed. In other words, the approach used to evaluate structural capacity is
based on the worst-case bending moment from two analyses. This approach should not be
used to assess deformations, but instead the level of fixity assumed to evaluate ground line
deflections should be consistent with the actual micropile-footing connection. If a certain
level of fixity is assumed in design, this level of fixity must be at least achieved by the actual
(i.e., as-built) micropile-footing connection. To this end, Table 5-11 provides preliminary
guidance for selecting a level of fixity for a given micropile-footing connection. The level of
fixity (i.e., 0, 50, or 100 percent) can then be used in a lateral pile analysis to compute the
lateral ground line deflection.
For a given micropile-footing connection, greater fixity than that reported in Table 5-11 may
be able to be achieved. The user of this manual should assess fixity on a project-specific
basis.

Table 5-11. Guidance on Level of Fixity for Micropile-Footing Connections.
0 % Fixity (Pinned Head
Condition)
50 % Fixity
(1)

100 % Fixity (Fixed
Head Condition)
(1)

Casing embedment of 300 mm
(12 in.) or less or
Reinforcing bar embedment with
or without bearing plate or
Any detail where top of
micropile embedment is at or
below the level of the bottom
reinforcement of the footing
Casing embedment of
450 mm (18 in.) or
Shear connection
between casing and
existing footing with
minimum casing
embedment of 450 mm
(18 in.)

Casing embedment of
600 mm (24 in.) or
more

(1) Guidance provided assumes that footing itself is restrained. For example, if only one
row of piles in direction of loading then 0% fixity should be assumed
Example LPILE analysis results are provided in Figure 5-19 and 5-20. The 50% fixity
condition can be modeled in LPILE as follows:
Perform LPILE analysis for case of 100% fixity (i.e., assume slope of zero for top of
micropile) and compute negative bending moment at ground line, M
neg (100%)
;
Perform second LPILE analysis with an assumed moment boundary condition equal
to 50 percent of M
neg (100%)
; this analysis is used to obtain the ground line deflection.
Example LPILE analysis results and structural evaluation of the cased length using the
combined stress (i.e., combined axial and bending) check (Eqs. 5-4 and 5-6) are provided in
Sample Problem No. 2.

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-40 -20 0 20 40 60
Bending Moment (kN-m)
D
e
p
t
h

(
m
)
Fixed Head
50% Fixity
Free Head

Figure 5-19. LPILE Analysis Result for Bending Moment.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-5 0 5 10 15 20
Deflection (mm)
D
e
p
t
h

(
m
)
Fixed Head
50% Fixity
Free Head

Figure 5-20. LPILE Analysis Result for Lateral Micropile Deflection.


Step 6: Determine structural capacity of the micropile for the critical case axial and
lateral load.
The structural capacity of the micropile should be verified for combined stresses due to axial
load and bending moment using Eq. 5-3 or Eq. 5-6. As previously mentioned, it may be
conservatively assumed that the maximum bending moment is carried completely by the steel
casing with no load being carried by the grout inside the casing. For this evaluation, it is
assumed that the structural capacity of the micropile is not impacted by potential weaknesses
at the threaded casing connection. The capacity of the connection and its effect on lateral
load capacity is discussed in Section 5.5.3 and Section 5.18.3.
If the condition prescribed in Eq. 5-3 or Eq. 5-6 is not met, additional lateral loading capacity
can be achieved by:
installing an oversized casing in the top portion of the micropile where bending
moments are high;
constructing a larger micropile diameter at the top (which will tend to increase lateral
soil resistance);
embedding the pile cap deeper below the ground surface to develop more passive
resistance which will result in reduced groundline deflections and bending moments
(for a given lateral load); or
battering some of the micropiles.
These options would need to be evaluated on a project-specific basis. For example,
embedding the pile cap deeper may not be a viable option if the foundation layout has
already been finalized for the project. That is, specific options may be outside the control of
the micropile contractor.
Step 7: Determine pile acceptability based on deflection under the design load and
modify the pile section properties, as needed, to meet lateral capacity and maximum
groundline deflection criteria.

5.18.3 Evaluation of Micropile Lateral Load Capacity at Threaded Casing Joints
A conservative approach is provided herein to evaluate the bending moment capacity at a
threaded casing joint. The method assumes that the wall thickness, t
w
, of the casing at the
location of a threaded joint is equal to 50 percent of the intact casing wall thickness; therefore

the section modulus at the joint location is reduced. The outside diameter of the casing at the
joint is then equal to OD 2 (t
w
/2) = OD t
w
. The reduced section modulus of the threaded
joint, S
joint
is calculated as:
( )
2 / ) (
) (
64
2 / ) (
4 4
int
int
w
w
w
jo
jo
t OD
ID t OD
t OD
I
S
(Eq. 5-26)
Eq. 5-3 is used to evaluate the maximum bending moment at a joint location, M
max (joint)
, as
follows:
b
e
a
a
a
jo jo
F
F
f
F
f
S M
|
|
.
|
\
|

|
|
.
|
\
|
=
'
int int) ( max
1 1 (Eq. 5-27)
The use of this method is demonstrated and discussed in Sample Problem No. 2.

5.19 LATERAL RESISTANCE OF MICROPILE GROUPS
5.19.1 General
Similar to other types of piles, micropile behavior in a group configuration is influenced by
spacing between individual elements. The deflection of a pile group under a lateral load may
be 2 to 3 times larger than the deflection of a single pile loaded to the same intensity.
Holloway et al. (1981) and Brown et al. (1988) reported that piles in trailing rows of pile
groups have significantly less resistance to a lateral load than piles in the lead row, and
therefore exhibit greater deflections. This is due to the pile-soil-pile interaction that takes
place in a pile group. The pile-soil-pile interaction results in the lateral capacity of a pile
group being less than the sum of the lateral capacities of the individual piles comprising the
group. Hence, laterally loaded pile groups have a group efficiency of less than 1. Based on
experiments conducted as part of the FOREVER National Project (FOREVER, 2003) on
horizontally loaded micropile groups, the following conclusions were drawn:
For in-line micropiles, group effects are negligible for micropile spacing between 6 to
7 diameters; and
For micropiles arranged in a row perpendicular to the direction of loading, group
effects are negligible for micropile spacing just greater than 3 diameters.

The lateral capacity of an individual pile in a pile group is a function of its position in the
group and the center to center pile spacing. Piles in trailing rows of pile groups have less
resistance to a lateral load than pile sin the lead row, and therefore exhibit greater deflections.
This is due to the pile-soil-pile interaction that takes place in a pile group. Brown et al.
(1998) proposed a p-multiplier, P
m
, be used to modify the p-y curve of an individual pile
based upon the piles row position to account for this pile-soil-pile interaction. An illustration
of the p-multiplier concept is presented in Figure 5-21. For piles in a given row, the same P
m

value is applied to all p-y curves along the length of the pile. In a lateral load test of a 3 by 3
pile group in very dense sand with a center to center pile spacing of 3b, Brown found the
leading row of piles had a P
m
of 0.8 times that of an individual pile. The P
m
values for the
middle and back row of the group were 0.4 and 0.3, respectively.
A summary of additional laterally loaded driven pile group studies is provided in FHWA-
NHI-05-042 (2005). Also, preliminary results from the FOREVER project indicate that P
m

multipliers for micropiles may be slightly higher than those recommended herein, however,
only limited data from centrifuge testing is available at this time.
Brown and Bollman (1993) proposed a p-multiplier procedure for the design of laterally
loaded pile groups. This approach, outlined in the step by step procedure that follows, may
be used for the design of laterally loaded micropile groups.
5.19.2 Step By Step Design Procedure For Laterally Loaded Pile Groups
Step 1: Develop p-y curves for single pile (see guidance for single pile previously
provided)
Step 2: Perform LPILE analyses
a. Perform LPILE analyses using the P
m
values for each row position to
develop load-deflection and load-moment data.

b. Based on current data, it is suggested that P
m
values of 0.8 be used for the
lead row, 0.4 for the second row, and 0.3 for the third and subsequent
rows. These recommendations are considered reasonable for center to
center pile spacing of three pile diameters and pile deflections at the
ground surface ranging from 10 to 15 percent of the micropile diameter.
For larger center to center spacings or smaller deflections (as would be
anticipated for typical micropile groups), these P
m
values should be
conservative.

c. Determine shear load (at the ground line) versus deflection behavior for
piles in each row. Plot load versus pile head deflection results similar to
as shown in Figure 5-22(a). This plot can be developed for each row by
selecting a set of shear loads and using LPILE to evaluate the deflection
for each shear load.
Step 3: Estimate group deflection under lateral load
a. Average the load for a given deflection from all piles in the group to
determine the average group response to a lateral load as shown in Figure
5-22(a).

b. Divide the lateral load to be resisted by the pile group by the number of
piles in the group to determine the average lateral load to be resisted by
each pile. Enter load-deflection graph similar to Figure 5-22(a) with the
average load per pile to estimate group deflection using the group average
load deflection curve.

Step 4: Evaluate pile structural acceptability

a. Plot the maximum bending moment determined from LPILE analyses
versus deflection for each row of piles as illustrated in Figure 5-22(b).

b. Use the estimated group deflection under the lateral load per pile to
determine the maximum bending moment for an individual pile in each
row. Evaluate structural capacity according to Eq. 5-3 or Eq. 5-6 where
the M
max
used in these equations is the maximum bending moment
corresponding to the estimated group deflection.

Step 5: Perform refined pile group evaluation that considers superstructure-
substructure interaction.
A detailed example demonstrating this procedure for a driven pile group can be found in
Appendix F.8 of FHWA-NHI-05-042 (2005). The steps are the same as would be used for a
micropile group.


Figure 5-21. Illustration of P-Multiplier Concept for Lateral Group Analysis (after FHWA-
NHI-05-042, 2005).


Figure 5-22. Load-Deflection and Bending Moment-Deflection for Pile Group Analysis
(after FHWA-NHI-05-042, 2005).

5.19.3 Soil-Structure Interaction Analyses for Micropile Groups
The methods described above uses analyses of single micropiles as a means to evaluate
lateral load response of micropile groups. Micropiles are often used in combination with
existing deep foundation elements. Because of this, estimates on the amount of load that will
be shared by each individual foundation element need to be made. In some cases, this may
be a statically indeterminate problem (i.e., loads need to be carried by, for example, more
than 2 piles in a given cross section) requiring that the stiffness of the foundation elements
(both existing and new micropiles) and the pile cap be considered in the analysis.
The computer program FB-Pier (2001) was developed with FHWA support as the primary
design tool for analysis of pile groups under axial and lateral loads. This program is a
nonlinear, finite element analysis, soil-structure interaction program. FB-Pier uses a p-
multiplier approach in the evaluation of laterally loaded pile groups under axial, lateral, and
combined axial and lateral loads. Additional information on FB-Pier program capabilities
can be found at http://bsi-web.ce.ufl.edu. The computer program GROUP (2003) can also be
used to model pile groups (see www.ensoftinc.com).

5.19.4 Battered Micropiles
The lateral load-carrying capacity of individual vertical micropiles is limited compared to
more conventional drilled shafts and driven piles. As for other deep foundation systems,
micropiles can be battered as a means to provide additional resistance to lateral loading.
Note that since micropile drilling equipment is designed to drill both vertically and
subvertically, there is not a significant increase in cost (on a per unit length basis) or quality
of finished pile for battered micropiles as compared to vertical micropiles.
The calculation of lateral capacity of a single battered micropile is demonstrated in Sample
Problem No. 1. The total lateral capacity of the battered micropiles is the sum of the lateral
capacities of each battered micropile. This lateral capacity is compared to the lateral load
applied to the foundation from the superstructure. If this sum is less than the lateral load
applied to the foundation, the remaining load is carried by the micropiles in bending (i.e., this
remaining load is used in a lateral load (i.e., LPILE analysis) for the structure).
Micropile groups with vertical and battered piles should be analyzed using the soil-structure
interaction programs described in Section 5.19.3. Pile groups that contain battered piles are
relatively stiff and will undergo less lateral movement for a given load than for a system with
the same number of vertical piles. However, this increased system stiffness also results in
greater bending moments in the pile cap which is a concern, especially for highly seismic

regions. Moreover, battered micropiles should not be used where the potential for ground
settlement around the battered micropile is a possibility. These settlements will induce
additional bending moments in the micropiles and some loss of support. Additional
discussion on batter piles for seismic regions is discussed in Section 5.21.

5.20 BUCKLING CONSIDERATIONS FOR MICROPILES
5.21.1 General
Because micropiles are frequently installed to or into relatively sound rock or dense/hard soil,
their capacity is frequently dictated by the structural strength of the element, rather than by
the side resistance developed between the micropile grout and surrounding ground. The
potential for buckling is reduced by the lateral restraint provided by the surrounding ground,
however where soft or weak soils (e.g., very soft sedimentary deposits), voids (e.g., karstic
formations), or liquefiable soils overly the bearing strata, buckling may potentially control
the load-carrying capacity of a micropile and should be considered in design. For this
reason, it is critical that the subsurface investigation identify these critical zones and, also,
the depth of these zones should be recorded during the micropile installation process.
Herein, design analyses are presented to address micropile buckling. A more detailed
coverage of micropile buckling is provided in Cadden and Gomez (2002).
5.21.2 Micropile Surrounded by Very Weak Or Liquefiable Soil
It is not possible to specifically define very weak soil or liquefiable soils by means of a
readily available parameter such as SPT N value for purposes of evaluating buckling
potential. Rather, a simple analysis is presented which uses a soil modulus parameter to
evaluate whether buckling of the micropile is possible. The analysis involves comparing the
critical buckling load for an axially loaded micropile, P
cr
, to the maximum axial stress (i.e.,
capacity) of the micropile. For simplicity, only the contribution of the steel casing to resist
buckling is considered, i.e., the potential benefits of grout within the casing and outside the
casing are not considered as part of this analysis. Eq. 5-28 is used to estimate the critical
buckling load:

2
2
2
2
l E
l
I E
P
s
cr
+ = (Eq. 5-28)

where:
E = modulus of elasticity of the steel casing (e.g., 200,000 MPa (29,000 ksi));
I = moment of inertia of the micropile (previously defined for a steel casing in Eq. 5- 4);
l = unsupported length of the micropile assumed to be the thickness of the relatively weak
or potentially liquefiable soil; and
E
s
= lateral reaction modulus of the soil surrounding the micropile over the unsupported
length.
Using Eq. 5-28, the limiting lateral reaction soil modulus for buckling, E
s
LIMIT
can be
evaluated as:
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2 2
4
1
y
LIMIT
s
F
E
A
I
E (Eq. 5-29)
The first of the two terms inside the brackets in Eq. 5-29 represents the geometric properties
of the pile, while the second term represents its material properties. The combination of these
two terms is referred to as the pile factor and is given in units of [stress
-1
].
Using Eq. 5-29, if the E
s
LIMIT
value is less than the measured or assumed soil modulus, E
s
,
then the geotechnical and structural strength of the micropile will control the micropile
capacity and buckling does not need to be considered further. If the E
s
LIMIT
value is greater
than E
s
, buckling should be evaluated further. Tables 5-12 and 5-13 provide ranges of E
s

values for various soil types.
Figure 5-23 provides a summary chart of limiting lateral reaction modulus values for various
micropile materials.

Table 5-12. Elastic Constants of Various Soils Based on Soil Type
(modified after AASHTO, 2002).

Soil Type Range of Equivalent Elastic Modulus,
kPa (ksf)
Clay
Soft sensitive
Medium stiff
Very stiff

2,400 - 14,400 (50 - 300)
14,400 - 48,000 (300 1,000)
48,000 - 96,000 (1,000 2,000)
Loess 14,400 - 57,500 (300 1,200)
Silt 1,900 - 19,000 (40 400)
Fine sand
Loose
Medium dense
Dense

7,600 - 11,500 (160 240)
11,500 - 19,000 (240 400)
19,000 - 29,000 (400 600)
Sand
Loose
Medium dense
Dense

9,600 - 29,000 (200 600)
29,000 - 96,000 (600 1,000)
96,000 - 76,000 (1,000 1,600)
Gravel
Loose
Medium dense
Dense

29,000 - 76,000 (600 1,600)
76,000 - 96,000 (1,600 2,000)
96,000 - 192,000 (2,000 4,000)

Table 5-13. Elastic Constants of Various Soils Based on SPT N Value
(modified after AASHTO, 2002).

Soil Type Equivalent Elastic Modulus,
kPa (ksf)
Silts, sandy silts, slightly
cohesive mixtures
400 (N
1
)
60
(8 (N
1
)
60
)
Clean fine to medium sands
and slightly silty sands
700 (N
1
)
60
(14 (N
1
)
60
)
Coarse sands and sands with
little gravel
1,000 (N
1
)
60
(20 (N
1
)
60
)
Sandy gravels 1,200 (N
1
)
60
(24 (N
1
)
60
)
9
7
1
0
5
1
5
9
7
1
2
7
2
3
1
9
1
7
6
1
0
6
1
0
6
1
0
6
1
0
6
1
0
6
1
0
2
9
5
2
5
3
3
1
0
3
4
3
1
6
5
3
5
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
5
.
5
"
x
0
.
3
6
"

8
0

k
s
i

c
a
s
i
n
g
7
"
x
0
.
5
"

8
0

k
s
i

c
a
s
i
n
g
7
"
x
0
.
7
3
"

8
0

k
s
i

c
a
s
i
n
g

9
.
6
2
5
"
x
0
.
4
7
"

8
0

k
s
i

c
a
s
i
n
g
5

-
i
n
c
h

c
a
s
i
n
g
6

i
n
c
h

c
a
s
i
n
g
8
-
i
n
c
h

c
a
s
i
n
g
1
0

-
i
n
c
h

c
a
s
i
n
g
#
1
0

B
a
r
#
1
1

B
a
r
#
1
4

B
a
r
#
1
8

B
a
r
#
2
0

B
a
r
#
2
8

B
a
r
3
0
/
1
6
3
2
/
2
0
4
0
/
2
0
5
2
/
2
6
7
3
/
5
3
1
0
3
/
5
1
L
i
m
i
t
i
n
g

E
s

(
p
s
i
)

Figure 5-23. Limiting Lateral Modulus Values for Various Micropile Materials (after
Cadden and Gomez, 2002).

If the analysis presented above indicates the potential for buckling (i.e., E
s
LIMIT
> E
s
), the
allowable compression load for the cased section subject to buckling should be calculated.
Eq. 5-1 can be modified to account for buckling as:
( ) | |
steel y
a
F
F
A A F A f P

+ + =
47 . 0
47 . 0 4 . 0
sin
'
(Eq. 5-30)
In Eq. 5-30, the allowable stress, F
a
is calculated based on the following:

(
(
(
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
= <
2
2
2
1 , 0
c
t steel y
a c
t
C
r
Kl
FS
F
F C
r
Kl
if (Eq. 5-31)
| |
2
2
,
t
steel
a c
t
r Kl FS
E
F C
r
Kl
if
= > (Eq. 5-32)

where
steel y
steel
c
F
E
C
=
2
2

K = effective length factor (assumed equal to 1.0 and previously defined in
Section 5.6);
l = unsupported length of the micropile;
r
t
= radius of gyration of the steel section only = (I/A)
1/2
;
FS = factor of safety = 2.12 (see Table 10.32.1.A in AASHTO (2002)) and
F
y-steel
= the casing yield stress.
For this analysis, the unsupported length of the micropile, l, is assumed to be the thickness of
the weak soil surrounding the micropile and the effective length factor is conservatively
assumed to be 1.0. Also, this analysis can be used to consider scour in which the depth of
scour is assumed to be the unsupported length of the micropile.
Where combined axial and bending stresses are present and where buckling should be
checked (based on the evaluations presented in this section), Eq. 5-3 should be used.

5.20.3 Micropiles Installed through Voids
Figure 5-24 illustrates the case of a micropile installed through a void such as for a micropile
installed in karst terrain. The micropile is subject to a centered load P applied at the top, and
penetrates consistent ground throughout its entire length, except at the void location.
The structural capacity of such a micropile should be checked using Eq. 5-30. Depending on
the procedure followed for micropile installation, the portion of the pile through the void may
be analyzed as a doubly pinned, pinned-fixed, or fixed-fixed column and k selected
accordingly. The model in Figure 5-24 assumes that the pile has been grouted only along the
bond length, and that an annular gap around the casing exists throughout its unbonded length.
Under these conditions, the micropile can be conservatively assumed to be pinned on both
ends such that k = 1.0.

Figure 5-24. Micropile Installed Through Voids in Karstic Terrain; (a) Actual Configuration,
(b) Model Used for Estimation of Structural Capacity (after Cadden and Gomez, 2002).
P
M
P
(a) (b)
voi

In cases where the pile extends through hard rock above the void, consideration should be
given to the effect this may have on the ability of lateral loads or moments to transfer to the
portion of the pile within the void. If the pile is fixed in a rock layer above a void, then there
will not be any lateral load that is transferred to portion of micropile over the length of the
void; only vertical load is transferred over that length. The calculated allowable load
assuming lateral load is transferred over the length of the void is therefore conservative for
this case.
Micropiles may be susceptible to buckling-induced failure at the casing joints. To consider
the effect of joints, Eq. 5-29 is used to evaluate the critical or limiting lateral soil reaction
using a reduced value for the moment of inertia. This value for I is calculated as for I
joint
in
Eq. 5-26. It is noted that this method is conservative since it assumes that the micropile
stiffness is equivalent to that of the joint over the entire length of the unsupported micropile.
More detailed structural analyses could be carried out that only use the reduced casing
stiffness over the length of the joint, however, these are relatively complex and beyond the
scope of this report. As a practical consideration, however, micropiles installed through karst
must be designed for buckling, considering the presence of the casing joints, or should
include installation of continuous internal reinforcement along portions of micropile
traversing voids or very soft or loose soil.

5.21 SEISMIC CONSIDERATIONS
5.21.1 General
Micropiles have been used for seismic retrofit projects in which existing deep foundations
have been shown to have insufficient capacity to resist seismic forces consistent with the
design earthquake. As discussed in Chapter 3, seismic retrofit projects typically involve
adding micropiles to an existing foundation to provide additional capacity required to
withstand seismic effects (i.e., overturning, uplift, lateral forces). Current guidance for
seismic design of bridge foundations is provided in Division I-A of AASHTO (2002) and the
recommendations provided here apply generally to micropiles subject to seismic effects.
Additional information on seismic design of micropiles is found in JPWRI (2002)
As shown in Figure 5-25, the seismic response of a pile foundation involves the distribution
of a set of superstructure loads into the surrounding soil mass through the pile members. The
general case involves consideration of three components of translational forces (an axial and
two lateral shear forces) and three components of rotational moments (a torsional moment
about the pile axis and two rotational moments about two orthogonal horizontal axes) along
the pile member.


Figure 5-25. Three-dimensional Soil Pile Interaction (after Bryant and Matlock, 1977).
The evaluation of the dynamic response of a pile foundation can be performed using either a
pseudo-static analysis or a dynamic response analysis. A realistic approach to dynamic
analysis of pile foundations should account for the nonlinear behavior of near-surface soils
and the layered nature of typical soil profiles. In view of these constraints, current design
practice usually models the soil support characteristics along the pile by discrete nonlinear
springs. The pile is modeled as a beam-column supported by one set of lateral springs (using
p-y curves as previously discussed) and another set of axial springs. The curves for the axial
load transfer characteristics of the pile are referred to as t-z curves. Torsional resistance
against rotation of individual piles is usually ignored or assumed to be negligible for highway
bridges, as most deep highway foundations are supported by pile groups and torsional loads
on pile groups become resolved as lateral loads on the individual piles.
For evaluating the vertical response of piles subject to dynamic loading, t-z curves are
generally calculated over the entire length of the pile. Procedures for evaluating t-z curves
are provided by Lam and Martin (1986, 1997) and Kraft et al. (1981a, b).

5.21.2 Use of Battered Micropiles in Highly Seismic Regions
Vertical micropiles in groups do little to resist horizontal seismic deformations due to their
relatively low stiffness (FOREVER, 2003). Under seismic loading, however, battered
micropiles will have a reduced positive bending moment (as compared to vertical
micropiles), but significantly higher negative bending moments at the pile head. In current
U.S. practice, the concern over excessive bending moments being mobilized during the
design seismic event has resulted in some owner agencies disallowing the use of battered
piles for seismic retrofit projects.
Trinh et al. (2004) performed finite element analyses to investigate the effects of combined
axial compression and lateral displacements on battered micropiles. The micropile
foundation consisted of a square column supported on a 4572 mm by 4572 mm (180 in. by
180 in.) 915-mm (36-in.) high pile cap. Twelve, 178-mm (7-in.) diameter micropiles
arranged in the configuration shown in Figure 5-26 were used to support the pile cap.
Micropiles were battered inward at 15 degrees and outward at 25 degrees from the vertical.
2
3 4
5
6
7
8
9 10
11
12
X
Y 1
60" Square Column
180" Square Pile Cap
V
0
2
3 4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
X
Y
1
OUT
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT
OUT
OUT
OUT
OUT
Column
Pile Cap
0

(a) Pile spacing (b) Pile inclination

Figure 5-26. Plan View of the Micropile Foundation (after Trinh et al., 2004).
They concluded that with an adequate amount of flexural reinforcement in the pile cap, the
failure mode of the micropile foundation will primarily involve yielding of the micropiles or
pullout of the micropile itself with little (if any) yielding of the micropile-footing connection.
Figure 5-27 shows the effect of increasing steel reinforcement in the cap. This figure
indicates that a fully ductile response of the foundation can be achieved with a flexural

reinforcement ratio,
s
(equal to area of flexural steel reinforcement to cross section area) of
about 0.5 percent. Ductility implies that the foundation does not undergo significant loss of
lateral support at large lateral displacements and/or where the ratio of ultimate deformation to
deformation at yield is relatively large. If the micropile-footing connection were to incur
higher than expected loading, the connection is expected to perform in a highly ductile
manner and the potential failure mechanism would be either pullout of the micropile or
yielding of the micropile.
5.21.3 Load Sharing with Existing Foundations
Applications in which micropiles are used to seismically retrofit an existing deep foundation
requires that load sharing between existing foundation elements and the micropiles be
evaluated. Where additional foundation elements are required to support additional
compression and uplift forces (e.g., rocking motions), vertical micropiles are used.

Figure 5-27. Lateral Response of Micropile Foundation for Different Flexural
Reinforcement Ratio (after Trinh et al., 2004).

For the retrofit design of an old or deteriorated foundation or for a foundation in which the
original structural design details and specifications are uncertain, design seismic loads should
be assumed to be carried by the micropiles only. Load sharing between existing and new
foundations should only be considered if sufficient information on the existing foundation
system (i.e., as-built drawings, load test results, design calculations) is available. Where this
is considered, soil-structure interaction analyses will need to be performed.
5.21.4 Pile Uplift Capacity
Individual piles in pile groups will be subjected to significant uplift resulting from seismic
loading. The overturning moment applied by the seismic lateral force to the pile cap is
typically resisted by axial resistance in the piles with the outermost piles in the group being
subjected to relatively large cyclic axial loads.
Section 6.4.2(B) of AASHTO (2002) Division I-A suggests that some separation between the
bottom of the pile cap and the foundation soil is allowed, provided that the foundation soil is
not susceptible to loss of strength (e.g., liquefaction) under the imposed cyclic loading. For
pile groups, up to one-half the bearing area of the pile cap is allowed. In Section 6.4.2(C),
AASHTO recommends that the ultimate capacity of the piles be used in designing the
foundation for uplift forces resulting from seismic forces (i.e., FS = 1.0 on geotechnical uplift
capacity). It is noted that all other permanent loads are included in this assessment.
Structural requirements including embedment length of the pile in the pile cap and the
detailing of the connections need to be considered, as discussed below.
As part of the Trinh et al (2004) study, battered micropiles on the outboard side of the pile
cap were shown to develop large tensile forces and relatively severe cracking even though
the foundation was subject to large vertical compression forces. They concluded that a
prudent design approach would include increasing the amount of vertical shear reinforcement
(i.e., placing steel reinforcement at closer spacing) in the cap near the piles that are furthest
from the column (i.e., the outboard piles) to mitigate cracking of the cap concrete.
5.21.5 Liquefaction
In many earthquakes where liquefaction occurs, the soil may not liquefy until the end of the
earthquake. Therefore, piles in liquefied ground may still be able to rely on the vertical and
lateral support of the soil in the potentially liquefied zone during the earthquake. However,
due to uncertainties as to exactly when liquefaction will occur, it is common practice to
assign a reduced vertical and lateral resistance to potentially liquefiable soil surrounding a
pile if the pile is expected to function as a load carrying member during and after an
earthquake. Results presented by Ishihara and Cubrinovski (1998) suggest that the lateral

resistance of a pile in liquefied ground is approximately 0.1 to 1.0 percent of the lateral
resistance in non-liquefied ground. Therefore, if a pile foundation in potentially liquefiable
soil is expected to carry lateral loads after the surrounding soil liquefies, batter piles may be
required to provide adequate lateral support. This reduction in lateral support is particularly
important for relatively flexible micropiles.
Studies reported in the FOREVER (2003) project showed that vertical micropiles were not
effective in reducing liquefaction. Batter micropiles, however, were shown to limit
seismically-induced soil movements (and pore pressure buildup) resulting in no liquefaction
in the zone affected by the piles, whereas the free-field soil did undergo liquefaction. If
batter piles are used, the pile cap connections should be designed to sustain moment loads
induced by lateral movements and the batter piles should be designed to sustain lateral loads
due to soil settlement.

5.22 REFERENCES
AASHTO (1988), Manual on Subsurface Investigations, American Association of State
Highway and Transportation Officials Publication, Washington, D.C.
AASHTO (2002), Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, Association of State
Highway and Transportation Officials Publication, Washington, D.C. ISBN: 156051-
171-0.
Brown, D. A., Morrison, C., and Reese, L. C. (1988), Lateral Load Behavior of Pile Group
in Sand, ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 114, No. 11, pp. 1261-1276.
Brown, D. A. and Bollman, H. T. (1993), Pile-Supported Bridge Foundations Designed For
Impact Loading, Appended Document to the Proceedings of Design of Highway Bridges
for Extreme Events, Crystal City, Virginia, pp. 265-281.
Bruce, D. A. and Gemme, R., (1992) Current Practice in Structural Underpinning Using
46 pages.
Bryant, L.M. and Matlock, H. (1977), "Three Dimensional Analysis of Framed Structures with
Nonlinear Pile Foundations," Proc. 9th Annual Offshore Technology Conference, Houston,
Texas, Paper No. 2955.
Cadden, A. and Gomez, J. (2002), Buckling of Micropiles A Review of Historic Research
and Recent Experiences, Schnabel Engineering Associates Report, West Chester, PA.
Cheney, R. S. (1988), Permanent Ground Anchors, Federal Highway Administration
Report, Report No. FHWA-DP-68-1R, Washington, D.C.
CCTG (1992). Technical Rules for the Design and Calculation of the Foundations of Civil
Engineering Works, Publication 62, Title V.
DFI (2004), Guide to Drafting a Specification for Micropiles, Deep Foundations Institute,
The International Association of Foundation Drilling, 60 pages, New Jersey.
Elias, V., Christopher, B.R., and Berg, R.R. (2001), Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls
and Reinforced Soil Slopes: Design and Construction Guidelines, Federal Highway
Administration, Report No. FHWA-NHI-00-043, Washington, D.C.

Eurocode EC8 (1994), Structures in Seismic Regions, Part 5, Foundations, Retaining
Structures, and Geotechnical Aspects.
FB-PIER (2001), A Program for the Geotechnical and Structural Aspects of Foundation and
Pier Design, Federal Highway Administration and University of Florida, Bridge
Software Institute (BSI), Manual No. of the Program FHWA-IF-01-010, Distribution of
software at http://bsi-web.ce.ufl.edu.
FHWA/NHI (2001), Manual on Subsurface Investigations, Federal Highway
Administration, Manual No. FHWA NHI-01-031, Mayne, P. W., Christopher, B. R., and
DeJong, J., July.
Federal Highway Administration (2005), Design and Construction of Driven Pile
Foundations, Hannigan, P. J., Goble, G. G., Thendean, G., Likins, G. E., and Rausche,
F., Publication No. FHWA-NHI-05-042, United States Department of Transportation,
December.
Federal Highway Administration (1997), Drilled and Grouted Micropiles, State-of-Practice
Review, Bruce, D. A. and Juran, I., Report No. FHWA-RD-96-016/019, United States
Department of Transportation, July, Four Volumes.
Federal Highway Administration (1999), Drilled Shafts: Construction Procedures and
Design Methods, ONeil, M. W. and Reese, L. C., Publication No. FHWA-HI-99-025,
United States Department of Transportation, August.
FOREVER (2003), Synthesis of the Results of the National Project on Micropiles,
International Center for Ground Improvement, Polytechnic University, Juran, I, Jahir
Hasan, Weinstein, G. M, and Sourisseau, L.
GROUP (2003), A Program for the Analysis of Piles in a Group, Ensoft Engineering
Software, Distribution of software http://www.ensoftinc.com/.
GEC No. 4 (1999), Ground Anchors and Anchored Systems, Geotechnical Engineering
Circular 4, Federal Highway Administration Publication, Sabatini, P. J., Pass, D. G., and
Bachus, R. C., Publication Number: FHWA-IF-99-015.
GEC No. 5 (2002), Evaluation of Soil and Rock Properties, Geotechnical Engineering
Circular 5, Federal Highway Administration Publication, Sabatini, P. J., Bachus, R. C.,
Mayne, P. W., Schneider, J. A., and Zettler, T. E., Publication Number: FHWA-IF-02-
034.

Holloway, D. M., Moriwaki, Y. Stevens, J. B., and Perez, J-Y. (1981), Response of a Pile
Group to Combined Axial and Lateral Loading, Proceedings of the 10
th
International
Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Boulimia Publishers,
Stockholm, Vol. 2, pp. 731-734.
Hough, B.K. (1959), Compressibility as the Basis for Soil Bearing Value, ASCE Journal
of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. 85, No. SM4, pp. 11-39.
Ishihara, K. and Cubrinovski, M. (1998), Soil-Pile Interaction in Liquefied Deposits
undergoing Lateral Spreading, Proc. 11
th
Danube-European Conference on Soil
Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Porec, Croatia, pp. 51-64.
Japanese Public Works Research Institute (JPWRI) (2002), Design and Execution Manual for
Seismic Retrofitting of Existing Pile Foundations with High Capacity Micropiles,
Foundation Engineering Research Team, Structures Research Group.
Kraft, L.M., Jr, Focht, J., Jr. and Amerasinghe, S.F. (1981a), Friction Capacity of Piles
Driven into Clay, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 107, No.
GT11, pp. 1521-1541.
Kraft, L.M., Jr, Ray, R. and Kagawa, T. (1981b), Theoretical t-z Curves, Journal of
Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 107, No. GT11, pp. 1543-1561.
Lam, I.P. and Martin, G.R. (1986), "Seismic Design of Highway Bridge Foundations - Vol. II.
Design Procedures and Guidelines," Report No. FHWA/RD-86-102, U.S. Department of
Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, McLean, Virginia, 167 p.
Lam, I.P. and Martin, G.R. (1997), "Current Developments in Seismic Design of Bridge
Foundations," Proc. Transportation Research Board 76th Annual Meeting, Session No. 236,
Washington, District of Columbia, 21 p.
Meyerhoff, G.G. (1976), Bearing Capacity and Settlement of Piled Foundations,
Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, GT#3, pp. 197-228.
Ostermayer, H. (1975), Construction, Carrying Behavior, and Creep Characteristics of
Ground Anchors, Conference on Diaphragm Walls and Anchorages, Institute of Civil
Engineers, London.
PTI (2004) Recommendations for Prestressed Rock and Soil Anchors, Post-Tensioning
Institute Publication.

Reese, L. C., Wang, S. T., Isenhower, W. M., Arrllaga, J. A., and Hendrix, J., (2005), A
Program for Analysis of Single Piles Under lateral Load, Version 5.0.18, Ensoft Inc.,
Austin, TX.
Richards, T.D. and Rothbauer, M.J. (2004), Lateral Loads on Pin Piles (Micropiles),
Geotechnical Special Publication Drilled Shafts, Micropiling, Deep Mixing, Remedial
Methods, and Specialty Foundation Systems, ASCE Publication, No.: 124, pp.158-174.
Trinh, R.S., Jain, V., Kunnath, S.K., and Chai, Y.H. (2004), Finite Element Modeling of
Inclined Micropile Foundation under Combined Axial Compression and Lateral
Displacement, Final Summary Report submitted to SALUT.
Weatherby, D. E. (1982), Tiebacks, Federal Highway Administration Report, Report No.
FHWA/RD-82/047, McLean, VA.
Xanthakos, P.P., Abramson, L. W., and Bruce, D.A., (1994) Ground Control and
Improvement, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY.

FHWA NHI-05-039 Chapter 6 Slope Stabilization
CHAPTER 6
DESIGN OF MICROPILES FOR SOIL SLOPE STABILIZATION

6.1 INTRODUCTION
In addition to structural foundation support, micropiles are also used for structural slope
stabilization. In this application, micropiles are designed to provide the required restraining
forces to stabilize a slope using one of two approaches:
Approach 1: Battered micropiles are installed through the unstable slope to a specific
depth below the potential slip surface. In this approach, micropiles are affixed at the
ground surface to a concrete cap beam (see Figure 6-1). With this method, the
individual micropiles provide resisting forces through the mobilization of axial, shear,
and bending resistance. The spacing of the micropiles along the slope length is
evaluated by considering the number of micropiles necessary (per lineal meter) to
provide the minimum required stabilizing force. The minimum required stabilizing
force is typically that force required to increase the stability of the slope to a
prescribed minimum factor of safety.

Figure 6-1. Micropile System in Approach 1.

CONCRETE CAP
ROAD
SURFACE
APPROXIMATE
FAILURE PLANE
ROAD
SURFACE
APPROXIMATE
FAILURE PLANE
REINFORCED

Approach 2: Micropiles are installed similarly as for Approach 1, except many more
micropiles are used (see Figure 6-2). In this case, micropiles are placed sufficiently
close to each other to create a coherent structure of micropiles and soil. This structure
is assumed to behave much like a gravity retaining wall in that the required
restraining force necessary to stabilize a slope is achieved by sliding resistance
developed along the bottom of the micropile group. For this reason, individual
micropiles are subject to relatively small loads. The group enscribes and internally
reinforces the soil mass so it acts as a unit.
MICROPILE STRUCTURES
CAP BEAM
R
O
A
D
W
A
Y
COMPOSITE
BLOCK
MICROPILE STRUCTURES
CAP BEAM
R
O
A
D
W
A
Y
COMPOSITE
BLOCK

Figure 6-2. Micropile System in Approach 2.

In this chapter, a step-by-step design method for micropiles based on Approach 1 is
presented (see Table 6-1). Also, Section 6.9 presents three case histories wherein Approach
1 was used.
A step-by-step design method for micropile groups based on Approach 2, however, cannot be
developed at this time since limited data is available to confirm a specific design method and
since the Approach 2 micropile system has limited applicability in current US practice.
Design concepts for micropile groups using Approach 2 are provided in Appendix A.

Table 6-1. Design Steps for Micropiles for Soil Slope Stabilization.
1. Identify project specific constraints and evaluate feasibility
2. Identify performance requirements
3. Review available information and geotechnical data
4. Evaluate factor of safety of existing slope
5. Determine additional force required to obtain target factor of safety
choose a location for the single vertical micropile within the existing slope
model restraining force (micropile) and perform slope stability analysis
evaluate the stability of the slope away from micropile
6. Select micropile cross section
7. Estimate length of micropile
8. Evaluate bending moment capacity of single vertical micropile
9. Evaluate shear capacity of single vertical micropile
10. Evaluate shear capacity of battered micropile group
select batter angle for upslope and downslope micropile
determine maximum shear capacity of a single battered micropile
determine maximum shear capacity of battered micropile group
11. Calculate spacing required to provide required force to stabilize the slope
12. Check potential for soil flow between micropiles
13. Perform structural design of concrete cap beam

6.2 STEP 1: IDENTIFY PROJECT SPECIFIC CONSTRAINTS AND
EVALUATE MICROPILE FEASIBILITY
Slope stabilization projects in which micoropiles may be feasible are usually located in
remote areas or where difficult site access is a concern. Other project constraints common to
slope stabilization include:
(1) space restrictions that may include limited ROW, availability of on-site storage for
construction materials, limited access for construction equipment, and restrictions on
traffic disruption;
(2) interference with above-ground utilities and nearby structures;
(3) performing work on an unstable slope (i.e., need to perform any cut/fill operations in
a controlled manner, potential for excess seepage in and around the work area, soil
and/or rock fall hazards, etc.);
(4) environmental concerns that may include local policies concerning construction
noise, vibration, transportation of material to the site, and protection of animals and
plants;

(5) landscape aesthetics such as sensitivity to scars created by access road cuts or
excavations;
(6) disposal of rock or soil that is excavated as part of the slope stabilization method; and
(7) cost of project.
In assessing the use of micropiles as a means to stabilize a slope, micropiles will most often
be compared to other structural slope stabilization measures such as ground anchors, soil nail
walls, or driven pile or drilled shafts.
The use of micropiles has come into favor for slope stabilization projects because micropile
construction is relatively simple and requires a small work area, and micropiles can be
readily installed in areas with limited equipment access, such as for landslides located in
hilly, steep, or mountainous areas. However, the implementation of these systems still
requires a specialty geotechnical contractor. The other advantages offered by micropiles
include, reduced excavation compared to earth retaining systems (i.e., the system is
constructed from the top-down, no excavation is required to construct a wall or install anchor
supports); improved aesthetics in that the system is completely buried so that there is no
visual evidence of an active structural stabilization system; and micropiles can be installed in
virtually any ground type. This latter advantage is important for landslide stabilization since,
in many cases, an upper competent layer is underlain by soft, wet soil material (comprising
the location where landslide movements are occurring) resting on rock. The upper layer may
comprise colluvium or talus materials which are known to contain a wide range of soil and
rock particle sizes through which installation of driven piles or drilled shafts would be
difficult and costly.
The cost-effective use of micropiles will be based on the required forces necessary to
stabilize a slope. For example, projects which involve a relatively long landslide (i.e., large
failure surface length) or where the depth to the potential slip surface is large, may not be
well-suited for micropiles because of the very large restraining forces required to stabilize the
slope. It is noted, however, that micropiles can be designed to withstand relatively large
loads by battering the micropiles to mobilize axial restraint forces. In some cases, even with
battered micropiles, the required loads to be resisted are so large that additional restraint,
usually from ground anchors, is required.
For first-order comparisons, micropiles for slope stabilization range in cost from $4,000 to
$11,000 per lineal meter of slope ($1,200 to $3,400 per lineal ft of slope). The higher end of
the range being for projects involving relatively long micropiles (e.g., in excess of 15 m (50
ft) to reach the top of the slide surface) and where access and other project-specific
constraints result in relatively low micropile installation production rates (e.g., less than 90 m
(300 ft) per day) and the need for large amounts of rock drilling.

Previous designs and contractor experience indicates that micropiles for slope stabilization
will likely only be cost-effective if unbalanced slope forces can be resisted through the
placement of a micropile structure at approximately the mid-height of the slope. Design
calculations for locating the position of micropiles on a slope is described in this chapter. If a
slope stabilization measure would be required to minimize, for example, future downward
movements of a roadway near the top of the unstable slope, then a single micropile structure
would likely not be sufficient to stabilize the slope since it is possible that the slope would be
unstable in front of the micropile structure. In some cases, however, multiple micropile
structures could be used but may not be cost effective.
The design method described herein for micropiles is based on the assumption that the
portion of the micropiles below the potential slip surface tie the slope mass above the
potential slip surface to the more competent ground below the potential slip surface. In this
sense, the micropiles serve as dowels. Also, the design assumes that concentrated
deformations occur at the location of the potential slip surface. With this assumption,
maximum bending moments and shears in the micropiles occur near the location of the
potential slip surface. Design engineers considering the use of micropiles for a slope
stabilization project must review available instrumentation data on slope movements. The
design method presented herein requires that movements are occurring at a well-defined
critical potential slip surface. As an example, Figure 6-3 shows concentrated lateral soil
movements at approximately a depth of 8 m (25 ft). These data are from a landslide in
Summit County, Ohio. Where slope movements are less localized, or where more than one
potential slip surface may exist (i.e., where a single, well-defined slip surface has not been
observed (via instrumentation) or expected (via review of subsurface information)), other
slope stabilization measures such as anchored walls should be considered.


Figure 6-3. Concentrated Movements Recorded from Inclinometer at the Slip Surface (after
Liang, 2000).

6.3 STEP 2: IDENTIFY PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
The primary performance requirement for a slope stabilization project is for the stabilized
slope to meet or exceed a target slope stability factor of safety with respect to static and
seismic slope stability. Typical static factors of safety range from 1.3 to 1.5 depending on,
for example, whether other structures are supported by the slope and whether only limited
geotechnical data is available. For seismic slope stability analyses (based on pseudo-static
analysis), a target value of 1.1 is typically used.
Other performance (and/or design) requirements will include:
prescribed level of corrosion protection for the micropiles;
permissible variation in groundwater levels during construction;
maximum loads that can be carried (as part of load testing); and
allowable stresses for steel and concrete.


It is noted that design of earth slopes (and stabilization of slopes) is not codified in, for
example, AASHTO (2002). Design criteria for slopes are typically developed on a project-
specific basis.
6.4 STEP 3: REVIEW AVAILABLE INFORMATION AND GEOTECHNICAL
DATA
The existing slope conditions should be assessed by review of available information and
collection of geotechnical data through a focused subsurface exploration and laboratory
testing program. For guidance regarding the planning and execution of subsurface
exploration programs for slopes, refer to the Manual on Subsurface Investigations (Mayne et
al., 2001) and Geotechnical Engineering Circular (GEC) No. 5 Evaluation of Soil and Rock
Properties (Sabatini et al., 2002).
The information gathering, subsurface exploration and laboratory testing program should be
developed with the goal of obtaining the following information:
Topography of the area. Topographic information for the area of interest is used to develop
analysis cross sections for slope stability analysis. If relatively recent topographic maps are
not available for the site or if it is known that site topography has been modified since the last
ground survey was performed, a ground surface survey of the area should be performed since
accurate information on slope geometry is critical for analysis.
Lateral extent of the landslide or potential landslide area. This information can be obtained
through observations from a site inspection and through review of aerial photographs (if
available). The lateral extent of the area to be stabilized needs to be known to enable
potential slip surfaces with the lowest factor of safety to be identified. Usually, multiple
parallel cross sections are analyzed using 2-dimensional limit equilibrium methods to
determine the slip surface with the minimum slope stability factor of safety. This cross
section is used to perform design analyses of the slope.
Subsurface profile and groundwater conditions. The subsurface profile at the location of the
critical cross section is developed based on information from historical borings and from
borings advanced as part of the slope stabilization project. This exercise is carried out
similarly as for other geotechnical features where the development of a subsurface profile is
required. Specifically, for slopes stabilized with micropiles, borings should be advanced into
the competent materials below the potential slip surface which will serve as the resistance
zone for the micropile.

Groundwater conditions within the slope may be determined from the logs of soil borings,
piezometer data, and observation wells. This information is used to model pore pressure
conditions within the slope. It is specifically noted that the cause of slope movements is
oftentimes related to large precipitation events which cause groundwater levels and pore
pressures to increase in a slope mass. Where the conditions of the slope at the time of
instability are required for analyses (e.g., where back analysis to obtain strength properties is
required), it is necessary to develop pore pressure conditions at the time of the slope
instability.
The assessment of design groundwater levels (or design pore pressures) should consider the
effect that the micropile structure will have on long-term groundwater levels within the slope.
Typically, however, the spacing between micropiles is sufficiently large such that the
possibility of pore pressure buildup (resulting from a potential hydraulic cutoff effect from
the micropile structure) is relatively insignificant. Where project conditions require close
micropile spacing and/or where the potential for significant groundwater recharge to the
slope area is possible, the Owner should require that seepage analyses be performed that
consider the effects of micropile spacing, micropile installation methods (e.g., effect of
possible grout travel), precipitation events, and hydraulic conductivity of the slope material.
Subsurface drainage systems may be required and/or the proposed micropile system may be
designed to resist long-term seepage pressures.
The importance of an accurate assessment of pore pressure conditions within a slope cannot
be overemphasized.
Soil and rock parameters for analysis. Material parameters for soil and rock are required for
slope stability analyses and for the evaluation of the structural capacity of micropiles (using
p-y analyses discussed subsequently). Material parameters required include soil and rock
unit weights and shear strength parameters.
Depending on the soil type and access to sampling locations in the slope area, soil and rock
sampling may be difficult and obtaining nominally undisturbed soil samples for strength
testing may be impossible. In these situations, it is prudent to collect as much index type
data as possible (i.e., Atterberg limits, grain size analysis, and moisture content) to establish
differences between soil and rock stratum. Based on these data, strength properties would be
determined from engineering correlations. Common engineering correlations for soil and
rock properties that may be used for micropile slope stabilization assessment are provided in
GEC No. 5 (Sabatini et al., 2002).

The use of these and other correlations for geotechnical parameters should be considered
primarily for use in preliminary design evaluations and not as a substitute for a
comprehensive site investigation, sample collection, and laboratory testing program.
Critical slip surface. Information on the location of the critical slip surface may be obtained
from several sources during initial data review. In some cases, especially if the slope has
been subject to previous movements, inclinometer data may be available which can be used
to locate the critical slip surface. Also, boring logs and other stratigraphic information can be
used to locate a potential slip surface. Oftentimes the critical slip surface will be located at
the interface just above a competent soil or rock surface where water may be perched. This
area becomes saturated and soft and slope movements may be concentrated at this location.
For micropile design, in addition to the requisite slope stability analyses, the location of the
critical slip surface is required for laterally loaded pile analyses. As previously introduced,
the location of the critical potential slip surface (as determined from slope stability analysis
and/or field observations) is used as the location where maximum lateral micropile
movement is assumed to occur.
Site Seismicity. As for any other slope, destabilizing forces resulting from seismically-
induced ground accelerations need to be considered. This evaluation for slopes is typically
performed using a pseudo-static slope stability analysis (see Kavazanjian et al. 1997).

6.5 STEP 4: EVALUATE FACTOR OF SAFETY OF EXISTING SLOPE
Using the information from Step 3, slope stability analysis methods are used to evaluate the
slope stability factor of safety for the slope that is to be stabilized. Presumably, this slope is
at a slope stability factor of safety of approximately 1.0 (if the slope has undergone
significant movements) or may be at a slightly higher factor of safety. From this evaluation,
the minimum factor of safety (FS
min
) is evaluated. As a result of the analysis, the location of
the critical potential slip surface is evaluated.
Analyses are typically performed for the static and seismic case and the results are compared
to the target minimum factor of safety (previously discussed). In performing these analyses,
estimates of shear strength, subsurface stratigraphy, and pore pressures within the slope mass
are developed. A special case includes one in which the slope is known to have failed or
have undergone significant downslope movement. By definition, this slope is at a FS = 1.0 at
the time of the failure. Micropiles for slope stabilization have been used most commonly
with applications involving slope failures (i.e., landslides). The technique used to adjust

shear strength parameters for this case is termed back-analyses. Back-analysis techniques
involve the following steps:
i. Estimate analysis parameters. If the slope has moved sufficiently, the residual drained
friction angle may be used (e.g., c = 0, =
r
) to model the soil material where these
movements have occurred. Figure 6-4 may be used to evaluate
r
.

The use of
Atterberg limits data and clay content can be used to assess residual (or large-
displacement) drained friction angle for clayey landslide material (see Figure 6-4). For
example, based on Figure 6-4, for a landslide material with clay content between 25
and 45 percent and with liquid limit of 60, the residual friction angle is 18 degrees.

(1kPa = 0.145 psi)
Note:
r
= Residual friction angle and CF = Percent clay-particles < 0.002 mm (0.00008 in)
Figure 6-4. Residual Friction Angle for Clayey Soils (after Stark and Eid, 1994).
The shear strength parameters estimated are considered as trial strengths (
trial
and c
trial
)
in the back-analysis. Representative shear strength parameters for other soil and rock
materials (i.e., those above and below soils near the critical potential slip surface) are
evaluated based on available information and are usually not adjusted as part of the
back analysis.

ii. Perform slope stability analysis. Limit equilibrium slope stability analysis is performed
to obtain the factor of safety that corresponds to trial strengths. Slope stability analyses
are performed for several analysis cross sections. The best available information for
pore pressure values, shear strength, stratigraphy, and topography at the time of the
failure is used in the analyses. Also, the location of the failure surface needs to be
known with some level of certainty so that analysis results can be compared to actual
conditions.
iii. Adjustment of parameters until FS =1.00. If the previous slope stability analyses do not
yield FS=1.00, shear strength parameters should be modified and analyses performed.
This process is continued until shear strength parameters result in a corresponding FS =
1.00 result. It is important to note that shear strength represents only one of the
unknowns in the analysis. Pore pressures and location of the critical failure surface (at
the time of failure) need to be understood and hence their potential uncertainty should
also be considered when varying parameters. A back analysis that produces FS = 1.00,
but includes a calculated critical failure surface that is not consistent with that observed
in the field should not be relied upon. All relevant parameters need to be consistent
with observed results.
For the case where the existing slope may have a factor of safety greater than 1.0, but where
the factor of safety is less than a target value, shear strengths and groundwater elevations
should be evaluated as described in Design Step 3. In these cases, the location of the critical
slip surface needs to be estimated based on available data. Slope stability analyses to
evaluate FS
min
should be performed considering circular and planar slip surfaces. Subsurface
stratigraphy information should be used to evaluate the reasonableness of the calculated
potential slip surface.

6.6 DESIGN CONCEPTS FOR MICROPILES USED FOR SLOPE
STABILIZATION
6.6.1 Overview
At this stage in the design process, an existing slope has been shown to be either unstable or
marginally stable with a calculated slope stability factor of safety less than a target value.
The remaining steps of the design process comprise designing a micropile system to improve
or otherwise stabilize the slope.
The steps specific to the geotechnical and structural design of micropiles used for slopes is
outside the typical design practice for most geotechnical engineers. For this reason, this

section provides background information on load transfer mechanisms and analysis methods
used for Design Steps 5 through 13. The complete design of a micropile stabilized slope is
demonstrated in Section 6.7.
6.6.2 Evaluating the Additional Force Required to Obtain Target Factor of Safety
Micropiles used for slopes are designed to prevent downward movement of the slope mass
above the potential slip surface. The micropiles must be capable of providing the force
required to stabilize the slope. This force is the force required to increase the factor of safety
of the slope from an existing value to a target value.
Slope stability analysis programs are used to determine this additional force (H
req
). The slope
stability analyses are performed in three stages: (1) a location is chosen for the micropiles;
(2) the micropiles are modeled explicitly in the slope stability analysis to determine the
required restraining force; and (3) the stability of the slope away from the micropile is
evaluated by performing additional slope stability analysis.
6.6.2.1 Micropile Location Within Slope Cross Section
The magnitude of H
req
will vary depending on the location of the micropile within the slope.
This affect is demonstrated using the example slope geometry provided in Figure 6-5.
Several analyses were performed in which the location of a single micropile was adjusted
within the cross section. At each location, the shear force provided by the micropile was
increased until a target factor of safety (FS
min
) of 1.3 was achieved for the slope. The results
of the analyses are shown in Figure 6-6 and these results indicate that, for this example, if the
micropile is placed at or near the toe of the slope or at or near the crest of the slope, the use
of a micropile structure at these locations would be ineffective. In other words, regardless of
the magnitude of force that the micropiles could develop, the target factor of safety (i.e.,
FS
min
= 1.3) could never be achieved (see Figures 6-7 and 6-8 for the most critical slip
surface).

Toe of the
Slope
Crest of the
Slope
Distance (m)
Toe of the
Slope
Crest of the
Slope
Toe of the
Slope
Crest of the
Slope
Distance (m)

Figure 6-5. Example Slope Geometry.
F
H
W
A

N
H
I
-
0
5
-
0
3
9

C
h
a
p
t
e
r

6

S
l
o
p
e

S
t
a
b
i
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n

M
i
c
r
o
p
i
l
e

D
e
s
i
g
n

&

C
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n

6
-
1
4

D
e
c
e
m
b
e
r

2
0
0
5

6
0
0
6
1
0
6
2
0
6
3
0
6
4
0
6
5
0
6
6
0
6
7
0
6
8
0
6
9
0
7
0
0
0
4
8
1
2
1
6
2
0
2
4
2
8
3
2
3
6
4
0
4
4
4
8
5
2
5
6
6
0
D
I
S
T
A
N
C
E

(
m
)
F O R C E R E Q U I R E D F O R F S = 1 . 3 ( k N / m )
F
S

<

1
.
3
F
S

<

1
.
3
T
o
e

o
f

t
h
e

S
l
o
p
e
C
r
e
s
t

o
f

t
h
e

S
l
o
p
e

N
o
t
e
:

1

m

=

3
.
2
8

f
t

a
n
d

1

k
N
/
m

=

6
8
.
5
3

l
b
/
f
t

F
i
g
u
r
e

6
-
6
.

R
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p

b
e
t
w
e
e
n

F
o
r
c
e

R
e
q
u
i
r
e
d

F
o
r

F
S

=

1
.
3

a
n
d

L
o
c
a
t
i
o
n

o
f

t
h
e

M
i
c
r
o
p
i
l
e
.


Figure 6-7. Effect of Micropile Placed Too Far Upslope (FS
min
< 1.3).

Figure 6-8. Effect of Micropile Placed Too Far Downslope (FS
min
< 1.3).

The results of the above example indicate that the maximum benefits from micropiles
correspond to a micropile structure placed in the vicinity of the middle of the slope.
6.6.2.2 Methods to Model Resisting Force from a Micropile
While it is recognized that micropile structures for slope stabilization will typically include a
battered upslope leg and a battered downslope leg connected at the ground surface via a
concrete beam (Figure 6-9), the micropile structure is modeled considering a single vertical
micropile from the ground surface (at the design cap beam location) to a sufficient depth into
a competent layer (see Figure 6-10). In subsequent design steps, the shear capacity,
inclination, and the number of micropiles required to resist H
req
is evaluated.
Slope stability input files generated in Design Step 4 are typically modified in one of two
ways to model the effects of a single vertical micropile, as described below.
Approach 1: The shear resistance provided by the single vertical micropile, H
req
, can
be modeled as a relatively large cohesive shear strength assigned to the soil layer
where the micropile crosses the potential slip surface. By selecting a width of say 0.5
m, the slope stability analysis program will develop a single slice with a width of 0.5
m having the relatively large cohesive shear strength. The relationship between H
req

and cohesive strength is shown in Figure 6-11 for this approach. It should be noted
H
req
is oriented at the same angle as the bottom of the slice. Repeat the slope stability
analyses and change the cohesive strength until a factor of safety equal to the target
value is obtained.
Approach 2: Some slope stability software packages enable the user to directly input
a micropile restraining force at any given location. With this approach, it is not
necessary to indirectly obtain the restraining force via the introduction of a thin soil
layer with a relatively large cohesive strength. Repeat the slope stability analyses and
change the value for the restraining force until a factor of safety equal to the target
value is obtained.

Micropile cap beam
Battered downslope leg
Battered upslope leg
Micropile cap beam
Battered downslope leg
Battered upslope leg

Figure 6-9. Micropiles with Battered Uplsope Leg and Battered Downslope Leg (modified
after Hasenkamp, 1999).
Existing Slope Surface
Slip Surface
D
ir
e
c
tio
n
o
f
S
lo
p
e
M
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
Unstable Slope Mass
Cap Beam
Vertical
Micropile
Micropile Resistance Length
Competent Soil or Bedrock
Existing Slope Surface
Slip Surface
D
ir
e
c
tio
n
o
f
S
lo
p
e
M
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
Unstable Slope Mass
Cap Beam
Vertical
Micropile
Micropile Resistance Length

Figure 6-10. Single Vertical Micropile Model for Design Analyses.


w
L
c
w
L
c

L c H
req
=
cos
1
w c H
req
=

Figure 6-11. Relationship Between H
req
and Cohesive Strength for Micropile Analysis
Model.
c = Cohesive strength
w = Width of the slice
L = Length of the slice
= Angle of the slice base
H
req
= Required shear force

6.6.2.3 Evaluating Slope Stability Away From Micropile
Results of the previous slope stability analysis provide the location and the required
restraining force for the slope to achieve the target factor of safety. However, it is possible
that slip surfaces away from the micropile may have factor of safety values less than the
target value and therefore, additional slope stability analyses should be performed. For these
analyses, the presence of the micropile is ignored by setting the search limits for potential
slip surfaces located entirely upslope of the micropile and for potential slip surface located
entirely downslope of the micropile (see Figure 6-12).
Search limits set
downslope of micropile
Search limits set
upslope of micropile
Micropile structure
Search limits set
downslope of micropile
Search limits set
upslope of micropile
Micropile structure

Figure 6-12. Slope Stability Analysis Search Limits Away From Micropile Location.
Specific practical issues are associated with the evaluation of downslope stability (as for
Figure 6-13). If, for example, a roadway is located at the toe of the slope, then it is possible
that future roadway widening would require excavation at the toe of the slope. Excavation
near the toe of the slope may also be associated with certain long-term slope maintenance
activities. For many earth retaining structures used to stabilize slopes, the resistance
provided by soil in front of the wall (i.e., passive soil resistance) is conservatively neglected
because of the possibility that this material would be removed at a later date. This design
assumption can be adequately addressed with many earth retaining systems. For micropiles,
it is explicitly noted that the assumption of zero passive soil resistance in front of the
micropile is not considered using the design method presented herein. If slope material in
front of the micropile were to move away from the structure as a result of instability or if soil

were removed as part of a maintenance activity, it is likely that the micropile structure would
experience excessive deflection or structural failure of the downslope micropiles due to the
loss of lateral support.

Stabilized
Soil Mass
Cap
Beam
Limits of
Future Excavation
Critical Slip Surface
Stabilized
Soil Mass
Cap
Beam
Limits of
Future Excavation
Critical Slip Surface

Figure 6-13. Potential Instability Resulting from Future Excavation.

There are two approaches to address these issues:
As part of the design submittal, the Owner can require calculations to be performed
which establish the maximum amount of excavation that could be performed in front
of the micropiles. This critical geometry would show the greatest length of
excavation into the slope such that a minimum factor of safety is maintained and so
that the soil in front of the micropile structure remains stable thus providing the
required lateral support to the front row of micropiles. Furthermore, it is
recommended herein that this design check be performed and the information be

provided to the Owner, regardless of whether such a check is specifically requested in
the Contract Documents.
Where micropile structures are used, the Owner may fence off the area and post signs
alerting that excavation should not be performed in the area.
6.6.3 Load Transfer in Micropiles
Micropiles resist unstable slope forces through a combination of axial resistance developed at
the grout-to-ground interface both above and below the potential slip surface and structural
(i.e., shear and bending) resistance. As mentioned earlier, the maximum lateral micropile
movement is assumed to occur near the elevation of the critical potential slip surface. This is
a reasonable assumption for micropiles since micropiles are relatively flexible. An example
showing the resultant axial force and bending moment diagrams for an upslope leg and
downslope leg of micropiles used for a slope stabilization project in Littleville, Alabama
(Brown and Chancellor, 1997) is presented in Figure 6-14.
The capacity of individual micropiles used for slope stabilization can be increased
significantly by designing the micropiles to be inclined or battered relative to the critical
potential slip surface. If the micropile is battered, slope movements will result in the
tendency for the micropile to be pulled away from the slip surface resulting in axial tension
forces or to be pushed towards the slip surface resulting in axial compression forces.
These forces are mobilized as side resistance at the grout-to-ground interface. For micropile
structures without ground anchors used to stabilize landslides, the upslope leg will typically
be in tension and the downslope leg will typically be in compression.
The maximum axial force in a micropile will occur near the location of the critical potential
slip surface. In this sense, the development of axial resistance is similar to that for soil nails.
For the micropiles to develop the required axial resistance for design, the micropile must be
embedded sufficiently into the ground below the critical slip surface to prevent micropile
F
H
W
A

N
H
I
-
0
5
-
0
3
9

C
h
a
p
t
e
r

6

S
l
o
p
e

S
t
a
b
i
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n

M
i
c
r
o
p
i
l
e

D
e
s
i
g
n

&

C
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n

6
-
2
2

D
e
c
e
m
b
e
r

2
0
0
5

(
a
)

(
b
)

N
o
t
e
:

1

k
i
p

=

4
.
4
4
8

k
N

a
n
d

1

f
t

=

0
.
3
0
4
8

m

F
i
g
u
r
e

6
-
1
4
.

E
x
a
m
p
l
e

R
e
s
u
l
t
a
n
t

A
x
i
a
l

F
o
r
c
e

a
n
d

B
e
n
d
i
n
g

M
o
m
e
n
t

D
i
a
g
r
a
m
s

f
o
r

(
a
)

D
o
w
n
s
l
o
p
e

a
n
d

(
b
)

U
p
s
l
o
p
e

M
i
c
r
o
p
i
l
e

(
a
f
t
e
r

B
r
o
w
n

a
n
d

C
h
a
n
c
e
l
l
o
r
,

1
9
9
7
)
.

failure through pullout (if the micropile is loaded in tension) or failure as a result of
insufficient bearing capacity (if the micropile is loaded in compression). In other words, the
side resistance capacity of the micropile below the potential slip surface must be sufficient to
resist axial forces developed above the potential slip surface (see Figure 6-15).
The axial force required to be resisted by the micropile below the potential slip surface is
assumed to be equal to the ultimate side resistance of the micropile that could develop above
the failure surface with a factor of safety. The ultimate side resistance of the micropile above
the failure surface, P
ult
, can be calculated as:
d L P
above above - bond ult
= (Eq. 6-1)
where
bond-above
is the grout-to-ground ultimate bond strength above the critical slip surface,
L
above
is the length of the micropile from the slip surface to the bottom of the cap beam, and d
is the diameter of the micropile. The value for
bond-above
is estimated using Table 5-3.
In addition to axial resistance, micropiles develop flexural resistance. The design objective
therefore, is to select a micropile system with sufficient structural capacity to resist the
unbalanced slope force (i.e., H
req
) without structural failure of the micropile in combined
axial loading and bending.
Therefore, the required length of the micropile below the slip surface, L
below
, is calculated as:
FS
d
P
L
below - bond
ult
below

=

(Eq. 6-2)
where P
ult
is calculated using Eq. 6-1,
bond-below
is the grout-to-ground ultimate bond strength
below the critical slip surface and is estimated using Table 5-3. A FS = 2.0 should be used in
Eq. 6-2.


Figure 6-15. (a) Micropile Resistance Length Not Sufficient to Prevent Pullout and (b)
Micropile Resistance Length Sufficient to Prevent Pullout.

Currently, load testing of micropiles for slope stabilization projects is not commonplace;
therefore required micropile side resistance has relied exclusively on contractor experience in
similar ground. This document, however, recommends that load testing be performed. Load
testing requirements for slope stabilization projects is provided in Chapter 7.

6.6.4 Bending Moment and Shear Capacity of Single Vertical Micropile
6.6.4.1 Evaluation of Bending Moment Capacity of Single Vertical Micropile
The shear resistance of a micropile corresponds to the maximum shear force that can be
applied to the micropile that results in a maximum bending moment within the micropile (at
any location) to be just equal to the ultimate bending moment of the micropile.
To evaluate the shear resistance of a single micropile, the ultimate bending moment (M
ult
) of
the single micropile is checked. The ultimate bending moment of a single vertical micropile
can be conveniently evaluated using the computer program LPILE (2005) or other soil-
structure interaction programs used for the analysis of laterally loaded piles and shafts.
Because micropiles are battered, they develop axial resistance through side friction between
the grout and the ground. Since the bending moment capacity of a micropile (or any other
structural section) varies depending on the applied axial load, the bending moment capacity
of a single micropile is checked for two limiting axial load conditions: (1) axial load equal to
zero, P = 0; and (2) axial load equal to the ultimate side resistance of the micropile, P = P
ult
(where P
ult
is calculated using Eq. 6-1).
In these analyses, the shear capacity corresponding to the ultimate bending moment in the
micropile is used. The rationale for this is described in Section 6.8.
As previously discussed, axial loads in micropiles may be in tension or compression. In
general, the uphill micropile will be in tension and the downhill micropile will be in
compression. However, where ground anchors are incorporated into the micropile structure,
the direction of the axial load for individual micropiles may change depending on ground
anchor stressing and lock-off loads. For this reason, M
ult
should be evaluated for the P = P
ult

case considering that this axial load is applied in compression and in tension. The design
would then be based on the case that provides the lower M
ult
; and therefore the lower value
for available micropile shear resistance.
6.6.4.2 Evaluation of Shear Capacity of Single Vertical Micropile
The maximum shear force that the micropile can carry corresponds to that shear force applied
at the elevation of the slip surface that results in a calculated maximum bending moment in
the micropile that is equal to M
ult
. This maximum bending moment is affected by the
stiffness (i.e., p-y response) of the ground above and below the potential slip surface and the
flexural rigidity of the micropile. This evaluation can be performed using laterally loaded
pile analyses for single elements such as that provided in LPILE.

The shear force capacity of a single vertical micropile is determined by analyzing separately
the portion of the micropile above the potential slip surface (termed the up analysis) and
the portion of the micropile below the potential slip surface (termed the down analysis).
This requires, for the up analysis, adjustment of the location of previously determined p-y
curves relative to the top of the pile in the analysis. Figure 6-16 shows p-y curves for the
entire length of the micropile and Figure 6-17 shows how they are adjusted for the up and
down analyses.
The iterative process to determine the maximum shear capacity requires performing up and
down analyses as a set. Both analyses are performed for minimum axial resistance
conditions (i.e., P = 0) first and then for maximum axial resistance conditions (i.e., P = P
ult
).
The boundary shear forces and bending moments applied at the slip surface location,
although applied as boundary conditions in the analyses, are actually internal forces and
bending moments within the micropile. Because of this, specific criteria need to be satisfied
when comparing the up and down analyses results to evaluate the correctness of the analyses.
These are described below:
The same value for axial load is used for both the up and down analyses.
The input shear force magnitude and direction applied at the slip surface location is
the same for the up and down analyses.
The input bending moment applied as a boundary condition should be equal in
magnitude and opposite in sign for the up and down analyses.
The calculated slope of the micropile head at the slip surface should be the same for
the up and down analyses.
The head of the micropile is modeled as free.
Figure 6-18 shows calculated bending moment diagrams for a micropile using the up and
down analyses. These analyses show the iterative process wherein the analysis is complete
for the case where M
max
= M
ult
and the pile head slope from the up and down analysis is
equivalent. For Analysis 1, a bending moment at the slip surface location of 40 kN-m is
assumed. With this, it is seen that the calculated slopes of the micropile from the up and
down analysis are not the same. This implies a discontinuity in slope at the slip surface
location, which is not possible. For the next iteration, a bending moment of 87 kN-m is
assumed. Inspection of the table in Figure 6-18 indicates that for this slip surface location
bending moment, the pile head slope from the up and down analysis are equivalent; it is also
seen that the maximum calculated bending moment of 161 kN-m occurs below the slip
surface and is approximately equal to the ultimate bending moment based on the structural
capacity of the micropile section assumed. Thus, the analysis is complete. This procedure
is demonstrated in the Design Example provided in Section 6.7.6.

Slip
Surface
Top of the Micropile
Bottom of
the Micropile
Ground
Surface
y
p
y
p
y
p
y
p
y
p
p-y (d
1
)
p-y (d
5
)
p-y (d
4
)
p-y (d
3
)
p-y (d
2
)
L
above
L
below
Cap Beam
d
1
d
2
d
3
d
4
d
5

Figure 6-16. An Example Distribution of p-y Curves with Depth Obtained from Laterally
Loaded Pile Analysis.

y
p
y
p
p
p-y (d
3
)
p-y (d
1
)
p-y (d
2
)
Micropile above
the slip surface
d
3
y
d
2
d
1
L
above

Micropile below
the slip surface
d
4
d
5
L
below
y
p
y
p p-y (d
5
)
p-y (d
4
)

Figure 6-17. Utilizing p-y Curves Obtained From Laterally Loaded Pile Analysis in: (a) Up
Analysis and (b) Down Analysis.

(a)
(b)

Slip Surface Location 0
1
2
3
4
5
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200
Bending Moment (kN.m)
D
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

F
r
o
m

S
l
i
p

S
u
r
f
a
c
e

(
m
)

Analysis 1
Analysis 2
UP ANALYSIS
M
-3
-2
-1
0
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 M
Slip Surface Location
M
ult
= 161.3 kN.m
DOWN ANALYSIS
Slip Surface Location 0
1
2
3
4
5
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200
Bending Moment (kN.m)
D
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

F
r
o
m

S
l
i
p

S
u
r
f
a
c
e

(
m
)

Analysis 1
Analysis 2
UP ANALYSIS
M
-3
-2
-1
0
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 M
Slip Surface Location
M
ult
= 161.3 kN.m
DOWN ANALYSIS

Analysis No. M (kN.m) M
max
(kN.m)
Pile Head
Slope (Up)
Pile Head
Slope (Down)
1 40 162.98 - 0.064 - 0.025
2 87 161.00 -0.037 -0.037
Note: M: Applied bending moment. 1 kN.m = 0.737 k.ft
Figure 6-18. Example of Calculated Bending Moment Diagrams for Up and Down Analyses.

6.6.5 Shear Capacity of Battered Micropile Group
The maximum lateral force (H
ult
) that an inclined (or battered) single micropile can resist at
the location of the critical slip surface is evaluated in this step. For the analysis, the effects of
a non-horizontal slip surface are also addressed. The value for H
ult
which will be compared
to the required force to provide the target factor of safety, i.e., H
req
, is the sum of the
individual H
ult
values from each battered micropile in the cross section.
The assumed forces acting on a micropile are shown in Figure 6-19 for the case of a vertical
micropile (where axial resistance is assumed to be zero, i.e., P=0) and for an inclined
micropile (where axial resistance is assumed to be equal to the ultimate axial resistance
provided by the ground above the slip surface, i.e., P=P
ult
). The inclination angle () may be
defined as the angle between the slip surface and the vertical axis of the pile.
Summing the shear (Q) and axial (P) forces shown in Figure 6-19b in the x and y direction
results in the following:
sin V - cos H Q= (Eq. 6-3)
sin H cos V P + = (Eq. 6-4)
These equations can be solved simultaneously to provide the lateral pile load (along the slip
surface):
sin P cos Q H + = (Eq. 6-5)
This lateral pile load, H, is coincident with the orientation of H
req
(see Figure 6-11). Since
the purpose of this analysis is to evaluate the ultimate capacity of the micropile,
corresponding ultimate values for P and Q in Eq. 6-5 are selected. The minimum axial
resistance of a single micropile is zero and the maximum axial resistance is assumed to equal
P
ult
. Because Eq. 6-5 is a function of the inclination of the micropile relative to the slip
surface, it is necessary to select a range of inclination angles for which the analyses
corresponding to P=0 is valid and for which the analyses corresponding to P=P
ult
is valid.
According to Poulos and Davis (1980), P
ult
may be assumed to develop in a pile that is
inclined at approximately 30 degrees. Therefore, Q and P in Eq. 6-5 are defined as:
For = 0
o
P = 0 and Q = Q
P=0
; therefore H
ult
= Q
P=0
(Eq. 6-6)
For 30
o
P = P
ult
and Q = Q
P=Pult
; therefore H
ult
= Q
P=Pult
cos + P
ult
sin (Eq. 6-7)

Although axial resistance of micropiles should be mobilized even at very small inclination
angles, it is conservative to assume that axial resistance is not mobilized until a nominal
amount of inclination is achieved. Moreover, relying on axial resistance at small inclination
angles implies a level of certainty in the angle of the slip surface (i.e., slope of the failure
surface) which can probably not be achieved practically through subsurface investigation
techniques; the accurate assessment of the failure surface angle may be difficult to achieve.

Figure 6-19. Forces Acting On (a) Vertical and (b) Inclined Micropile Along The Slip
Surface.
(a)
Slip surface
P = 0
Q
P=0
y-axis
x-axis
Slip surface
H
V
Q
P=Pult
P = P
ult
y-axis
x-axis
(b)

Therefore, for the design procedure presented herein, the following recommendations are
provided for inclination angles between 0 and 30 degrees:
For 0 < 10
H
ult
= Q
P=0
(Eq. 6-8)
For 10 < < 30
H
ult
is interpolated (see Figure 6-20) (Eq. 6-9)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Inclination Angle, (Degrees)
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
y

o
f

I
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l

B
a
t
t
e
r
e
d

M
i
c
r
o
p
i
l
e
s
,

H
u
l
t

(
k
N
)
P = 0 and
Q = Q
P=0
P = P
ult
and Q = Q
P=Pult
Interpolated

Note: 1 kN = 0.2248 k
Figure 6-20. Relationship Between Adjusted Capacity of Individual Micropiles and
Inclination Angle.
The relationship between adjusted capacity of the individual micropiles and inclination angle
based on the above definitions is provided in Figure 6-20 for a specific single micropile
design. Once the inclination angles for design are selected, Eqs. 6-7, 6-8, and 6-9 can be
used directly to evaluate the shear capacity of each micropile in a cross section, i.e., the
development of a figure such as Figure 6-20 is not necessary. This analysis is shown as part
of a detailed design example in Section 6.7.7.

The inclination angle is defined as the angle between the axis perpendicular to the slip
surface and the micropile axis or as the angle between the axis perpendicular to the micropile
axis and the slip surface (Figure 6-21). Solutions for positive and negative inclination angles
are identical for Eqs. 6-3 and 6-4 (Poulos and Davis, 1980). Therefore, should be written
as positive in Eq. 6-5 regardless of its sign.
Using Eq. 6-5, the capacity of the upslope micropile and the downslope micropile can be
evaluated using the criteria presented concerning appropriate values for Q and P and
depending on the micropile inclination angle,. The inclination angle should be assessed at
the location where each of the two micropiles crosses the slip surface. The combined
capacity of the upslope and downslope micropile is determined as:

) ( ult ) ( ult pair - ult
ds us
H H H

+ = (Eq. 6-10)
where
us
is the inclination angle for the upslope micropile and
ds
is the inclination angle
for the downslope micropile.
6.6.6 Spacing Required to Provide Required Force to Stabilize the Slope
Figure 6-22 shows a detail of a typical micropile layout at the cap beam location. The
magnitude of resisting force provided by the micropiles on a per unit length of cap beam
basis must be at least equal to H
req
(calculated from slope stability analysis in Design Step 5).
Also, the distance between individual micropiles along the cap beam (S
offset
) must be large
enough to permit ease of construction of the micropile elements.
The shear capacity of the battered upslope micropile (H
ult(us)
) and battered downslope
micropile (H
ult(ds)
) are evaluated using Eq. 6-5 and the combined capacity of the upslope and
downslope micropile (H
ult-pair
) is calculated using Eq. 6-10. From this, S
max
(see Figure 6-22)
may be evaluated as:

req
pair - ult
max
H
H
S = (Eq. 6-11)

Slip surface
Axis
perpendicular to
slip surface
Slip surface
Axis perpendicular
to pile axis
Micropile Micropile

(a)

Slip surface
Axis
perpendicular to
slip surface
Micropile
Slip surface
Axis
perpendicular to
pile axis
Micropile

(b)

Figure 6-21. Definition of Inclination Angle When (a) Slip Surface is Horizontal and (b) Slip
Surface is not Horizontal.


Notes: S
offset
is the spacing between two micropiles
S
max
is the spacing between two upslope or downslope micropiles

Figure 6-22. Spacing Between Micropiles.

6.6.7 Potential for Soil Flow Between Micropiles
If micropiles are spaced too far apart and/or if the soil above the slip surface is very weak,
there is a potential for soil material to move in-between adjacent micropiles (Figure 6-23).
This failure mechanism has been termed plastic flow. Ito and Matsui (1975) developed a
theory to evaluate plastic flow between piles. The lateral force per unit thickness of soil
acting on the micropile, q is calculated as (Hassiotis et al., 1997):
S
offset

S
offset

S
offset

S
max

S
max

Micropile at
upslope leg
Pile cap
Micropile at
downslope leg

{ } { }
2
D - B) (A
N
z
(1/2) -
N
2
D 2 - F
1
D c - F 1 - E) (2 - B
tan N
1
c A q +
|
.
|
\
|

|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
(Eq. 6-12)
where:
c = cohesion of the soil = friction angle of soil
= unit weight of soil z = depth from ground surface
D
1
= S
max
(Eq. 6-11) D
2
= opening between micropiles (Figure 6-23)
( ) ( ) | | 2 / 4 / tan N
2

+ =

(
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1 - N tan
(1/2)
N
2
1
1
D
D
D A
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
4 8
tan tan N
D
D D
exp B
2
2 1

tan N E
(1/2)
= ; and

( )
1 - N E
N N 2 ) tan 2 (
F
-(1/2) (1/2)
+
+ +
=
Micropile
D
1
= S
max
Soil moving-in
between micropiles
D
2
= D
1
- b
b = micropile diameter
Micropile
D
1
= S
max
Soil moving-in
between micropiles
D
2
= D
1
- b
b = micropile diameter

Figure 6-23. Plastically Deforming Soil between Two Adjacent Micropiles.

The ultimate horizontal force acting on the micropile due to soil movement between adjacent
micropiles, H
ult-soil/pile
is the value for q integrated over the length of the micropile from the
slip surface to the cap beam. An example spreadsheet showing this procedure is presented is
presented in Section 6.7.9.
To evaluate the spacing between micropiles, the calculated H
ult-soil/pile
is compared to the
average resistance provided by the upslope and downslope pair (H
ult-pair
/2) as shown below:
If the plastic flow conditions are satisfied, then S
max
previously calculated

using Eq. 6-
11 does not need to be reduced.
If H
ult-soil/pile
< H
ult-pair
/2,

then plastic flow conditions govern and S
max
should be
reduced. The plastic flow analysis should be repeated based on the new pile spacing
corresponding to the reduced S
max
. The final design spacing should be selected as the
spacing that satisfies H
ult-soil/pile
H
ult-pair
/2.

6.7 DESIGN EXAMPLE FOR SLOPE STABILIZATION WITH MICROPILES
This section provides a complete design example for micropiles used for slope stabilization.
The problem comprises stabilizing an embankment that exhibits creep movements
particularly during rainy periods. The cross section of the embankment and subsurface
information is shown in Figure 6-24.
The roadway surcharge for design is 12 kPa. Right-of-way limitations preclude the use of a
berm to stabilize the embankment. For this example, it is assumed that micropiles have been
determined to be the best solution to meet the project constraints.
Subsurface conditions are illustrated on Figure 6-24. The slope consists of silty clay
overlying calcareous siltstone. Based on laboratory test results, the unit weight of the silty
clay is estimated to be 21.2 kN/m
3
(134.9 pcf) and calcareous siltstone is estimated to be 23.0
kN/m
3
(146.4 pcf). Based on the Atterberg limits results, the silty clay has a liquid limit of
60 and hydrometer results indicate that the silty clay has up to 30 percent clay size material.
Shear strength test results for the bedrock indicate a friction angle of 23 degrees with a
cohesion intercept of 480 kPa (69.65 psi).

F
H
W
A

N
H
I
-
0
5
-
0
3
9

C
h
a
p
t
e
r

6

S
l
o
p
e

S
t
a
b
i
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n

M
i
c
r
o
p
i
l
e

D
e
s
i
g
n

&

C
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n

6
-
3
8

D
e
c
e
m
b
e
r

2
0
0
5

1
0
2
00
3
0
1
0
2
0
0
3
0
5
0
6
0
4
0
Y D I R E C T I O N ( M E T E R S )
X

D
I
R
E
C
T
I
O
N

(
M
E
T
E
R
S
)
2
m
1
2

k
P
a
B
E
D
R
O
C
K
C
A
L
C
A
R
E
O
U
S

S
I
L
T
S
T
O
N
E
A
P
P
R
O
X
I
M
A
T
E

T
O
P

O
F

R
O
C
K
L
I
M
I
T
S

O
F

R
I
G
H
T

O
F

W
A
Y
A
P
P
R
O
X
I
M
A
T
E

E
X
I
S
T
I
N
G

G
R
O
U
N
D

S
U
R
F
A
C
E
C
R
I
T
I
C
A
L

S
L
I
P

S
U
R
F
A
C
E
N
(
B
L
O
W
S
/
0
.
3
m
)
1
5
2
0
4
5
4
0
1
0
6
0
/
0
.
2
N
(
B
L
O
W
S
/
0
.
3
m
)
6
3
8
6
0
/
0
.
1
1
6
4
6
4
6
2
6
2
5
N
(
B
L
O
W
S
/
0
.
3
m
)
2
6
3
0
1
1
1
1
3
5
3
8
2
2
6
0
/
0
.
1
6
0
/
0
.
1
6
0
/
0
.
3
H
A
R
D

R
E
D

A
N
D

B
R
O
W
N
S
I
L
T
Y

C
L
A
Y
F
I
L
L
R
E
D

S
T
I
F
F

T
O

H
A
R
D
R
E
D

S
I
L
T
Y

C
L
A
Y
W
I
T
H

B
O
U
L
D
E
R
S
1
0
2
00
3
0
1
0
2
0
0
3
0
5
0
6
0
4
0
Y D I R E C T I O N ( M E T E R S )
X

D
I
R
E
C
T
I
O
N

(
M
E
T
E
R
S
)
2
m
1
2

k
P
a
B
E
D
R
O
C
K
C
A
L
C
A
R
E
O
U
S

S
I
L
T
S
T
O
N
E
A
P
P
R
O
X
I
M
A
T
E

T
O
P

O
F

R
O
C
K
L
I
M
I
T
S

O
F

R
I
G
H
T

O
F

W
A
Y
A
P
P
R
O
X
I
M
A
T
E

E
X
I
S
T
I
N
G

G
R
O
U
N
D

S
U
R
F
A
C
E
C
R
I
T
I
C
A
L

S
L
I
P

S
U
R
F
A
C
E
N
(
B
L
O
W
S
/
0
.
3
m
)
1
5
2
0
4
5
4
0
1
0
6
0
/
0
.
2
N
(
B
L
O
W
S
/
0
.
3
m
)
6
3
8
6
0
/
0
.
1
1
6
4
6
4
6
2
6
2
5
N
(
B
L
O
W
S
/
0
.
3
m
)
2
6
3
0
1
1
1
1
3
5
3
8
2
2
6
0
/
0
.
1
6
0
/
0
.
1
6
0
/
0
.
3
H
A
R
D

R
E
D

A
N
D

B
R
O
W
N
S
I
L
T
Y

C
L
A
Y
F
I
L
L
R
E
D

S
T
I
F
F

T
O

H
A
R
D
R
E
D

S
I
L
T
Y

C
L
A
Y
W
I
T
H

B
O
U
L
D
E
R
S

F
i
g
u
r
e

6
-
2
4
.

S
l
o
p
e

G
e
o
m
e
t
r
y

a
n
d

S
u
b
s
u
r
f
a
c
e

I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n

f
o
r

t
h
e

D
e
s
i
g
n

E
x
a
m
p
l
e
.

The critical slip surface location was identified via observations from surficial features (i.e.,
scarp location at embankment crest and heaving near toe) and from preliminary slope
stability analyses.
6.7.1 STEP 4: Evaluate Factor of Safety of Existing Slope
Perform slope stability analysis to compute the minimum factor of safety of the slope (FS
min
).
Computer programs such as XSTABL, SLIDE, or others can be used to perform the analyses.
When performing slope stability analyses, methods such as Simplified Janbu, Simplified
Bishop, or Spencer are used.
Because this slope had previously undergone movements, it was assumed that the existing
factor of safety of the slope is 1.0. A back-analysis is performed to estimate the shear
strength parameters of the silty clay that correspond to FS = 1.0. Back-analysis is performed
following the steps presented below:
i. Estimate shear strength parameters. Because the slope has moved sufficiently, the
residual drained friction angle can be used (e.g., =
r
) to model the soil material
where these movements have occurred. For the back-analysis, the shear strength
parameters estimated at this stage are considered as trial strengths (
trial
and c
trial
).
Using Figure 6-4, with LL=60 and a clay fraction of 30 percent, results in '
r
equal to
18
o
(i.e.,
trial
= 18
o
). The cohesion of the same soil layer was assumed to be 25 kPa
(3.63 psi) (i.e., c
trial
= 25 kPa) based on previous experience with these materials.
Slope stability analyses were performed using the computer program SLIDE and
Spencers limit equilibrium method. The FS of the slope based on trial strengths (i.e.,
trial
= 18
o
and c
trial
= 25 kPa) is 1.67 (Figure 6-25).
The trial shear strength parameters were modified using Eqs. 6-13 and 6-14:

Bedrock
Silty Clay
Bedrock
Silty Clay

Figure 6-25. FS
min
Determined from Trial Shear Strength Parameters.

( )
( ) { }
FS
trial tan
tan modified
trial
1
=
(Eq. 6-13)

( )
( )
trial
FS
trial
modified
c
c =
(Eq. 6-14)
Based on the above, (modified) is found to be 11
o
and c (modified) is 15 kPa (2.18
psi).
The back-analysis method presented above should be used with caution. As mentioned
before, the calculated critical failure surface needs to be compared against the observed
critical failure surface in the field. Also, the use of a nonzero effective stress cohesion
intercept should be used with caution as deformations tend to reduce this cohesion.

A slope stability analysis was performed using the modified shear strength parameters of the
slope material and the computed FS = 1.0, (Figure 6-26) and the critical slip surface
generated by the program is found to be reasonably consistent with the actual slip surface in
the field.

Figure 6-26. FS
min
of the Slope Based on Modified Shear Strength Parameters.

6.7.2 STEP 5: Evaluate Additional Force Required To Obtain Target Factor of
Safety
A target factor of safety (FS
target
) of 1.3 is selected for this slope and the micropile was
modeled using Approach 2 (see Section 6.6.2.2) using the computer program SLIDE (2004).
Several slope stability analyses were performed in which the micropile was located at
approximately a midslope location. For these analyses, the shear strength assigned to the
micropile was varied until the target factor of safety for the slope was achieved (see Figure 6-

27). The additional force required from the micropile (H
req
) is 650 kN/m (44.54 k/ft) of slope
length.
Additional slope stability analyses were performed to confirm that slip surfaces upslope and
downslope from the micropile location have an acceptable factor of safety. The results of
these analyses are presented in Figure 6-28. From the analyses, the minimum factor of safety
for upslope slip surfaces (FS
up
) is 1.30 and the minimum factor of safety for downslope slip
surface (FS
down
) is 1.35. These values are greater than FS
target
, and therefore the location for
the micropile is deemed appropriate.
Modeled Micropile Modeled Micropile

Figure 6-27. Slope Stability Analysis to Determine Additional Force to Obtain Target Factor
of Safety.


(a) (b)
Figure 6-28. Stability of the (a) Upslope Away from the Micropile and (b) Downslope Away
from the Micropile.
If the factor of safety of the slope entirely downslope or entirely upslope of the micropile was
less than FS
target
then the location of the micropile would need to be changed or an additional
micropile would be required.
6.7.3 STEP 6: Select Micropile Cross Section
In this example, the micropile cross section is selected as shown in Figure 6-29. A Type A
micropile is used. The ground is considered nonagressive and no reduction in steel casing
thickness is required.

API-N80 Casing
O.D.
casing
= 177.8 mm
Wall Thickness = 11.50 mm
F
y
= 552,000 kPa
Grout (f
c
= 27.6 MPa)
0
.
2
2
9

m

(
M
I
N
.
)

D
r
i
l
l

H
o
l
e

API-N80 Casing
O.D.
casing
= 177.8 mm
Wall Thickness = 11.50 mm
F
y
= 552,000 kPa
Grout (f
c
= 27.6 MPa)
0
.
2
2
9

m

(
M
I
N
.
)

D
r
i
l
l

H
o
l
e

Note: 1 mm = 0.04 in, 1 m = 3.281 ft, 1 MPa = 1,000 kPa = 145.1 psi
Figure 6-29. Micropile Cross-Section for the Design Example.

6.7.4 STEP 7: Estimate Length Of Micropile
Estimate total length (L
total
) of the micropile as:
L
total
= L
above
+ L
below
(Eq. 6-15)
L
above
is the length of micropile between the ground surface and the critical slip surface.
L
below
is the length of the micropile below the critical slip surface.
In the design example, L
above
is approximately 10 m (3.28 ft). This depth can be
approximated from Figure 6-24 based on the selected micropile location shown in Figure 6-
27. To calculate L
below
, P
ult
is calculated using Eq. 6-1:
k) (107 kN 475 m 0.229 m 10 kPa 6 6 d L P
above above - bond ult
= = =

The value for
bond-above
is within the range for Type A micropiles in relatively stiff silts and
clays (see Table 5-3).
L
below
is calculated as:
ft) (8.5 m 2.6 2.0
m 0.229 kPa 515
kN 475
FS
P
L
below - bond
ult
below
=

=

=
d

where
bond-below
is estimated from Table 5-3 for hard shale. The bedrock at the site consists
of siltstone, which is by definition closer to shale than sandstone or limestone. The FS for
ultimate side resistance was selected to be 2.0.
The estimated length to resist uplift or compression forces is calculated to be 2.6 m.
Preliminary LPILE analyses showed that this length of micropile below the slip surface was
not sufficient to provide fixity of the micropile. To promote fixity of the micropile below the
critical slip surface (with respect to lateral loading considerations), the length of the
micropile below the critical slip surface was increased from 2.6 m (8.5 ft) to 4.5 m (15 ft)
based on further analysis.
6.7.5 STEP 8: Evaluate Bending Capacity Of Single Vertical Micropile
The ultimate bending moment, M
ult
, for a single vertical micropile with the cross section
shown in Figure 6-29 is evaluated in this step using LPILE. The single vertical micropile
model is shown in Figure 6-30. In addition to the cross section geometry, the following
material properties must be specified for the analysis: (1) grout compressive strength; (2)
yield strength of the steel casing; and (3) modulus of elasticity of the steel.
The soil parameters for the LPILE analysis are shown in Figure 6-30. For this lateral loading
condition, the profile at the location of the micropile was modeled using p-y curves for stiff
clays. The undrained strength, S
u
, was conservatively estimated for the fill and residual soil
layer based on measured SPT N values. Modeling the bedrock as a stiff clay is also
conservative. More accurate parameter values could have been evaluated by more
sophisticated testing methods.


Soil Type (deg) S
u
(kN/m
2
) (kN/m
3
)
50

Fill 0 120 21.2 0.0050
Residual Soil 0 168 11.4 0.0040
Bedrock 0 480 13.2 0.0025
1 kPa = 0.1451 psi and 1 kN/m
3
= 6.366 psf).
Figure 6-30. Single Vertical Micropile Modeled in LPILE.

In the analysis, M
ult
is calculated for P = 0 and for P = P
ult
= 475 kN (107 k). The value for
M
ult
was calculated using the option within LPILE to account for nonlinear flexural rigidity
of the micropile. That is, the bending stiffness of the micropile reduces with increasing
strain. The value for M
ult
is assumed to correspond to the bending moment in the micropile
for which the compressive strain in the grout inside the casing is 0.003. The results of the
M
ult
evaluation are shown in Table 6-2.
Table 6-2. M
ult
Values for Design Example.
P M
ult

(kN) (k) (kN.m) (k.ft)
0 0 161.3 119.0
475 107 147.7 108.9

6.7.6 STEP 9: Evaluate Shear Capacity of Single Vertical Micropile
The maximum shear capacity of a single vertical micropile (Q) is determined iteratively by
performing laterally loaded pile analyses. For the design example, p-y curves may be
generated within LPILE in the same analyses as were performed for the calculation of M
ult
.
The p-y curves are generated for various depths along the micropile and specifically for
depths just below and above the depth of the transition between individual soil or rock layers
(Figure 6-30). The depths chosen for this example are shown in Figure 6-31.
After obtaining the p-y curves, the maximum shear capacity of a single vertical micropile can
be calculated using: (1) M
ult
from P = 0 case; and (2) M
ult
from P = P
ult
case using up and
down analyses.
The iterative design process for up and down analyses is summarized in Figure 6-32.
Perform a set of up and down analyses for P = 0 axial load case first and then perform the
same analyses for P = P
ult
following the process described below:
1. Set up the up and down analyses by inputting micropile cross section, micropile
material properties, soil or rock parameters for each layer and p-y curves (adjust
the location of p-y curves relative to slip surface as shown on Figure 6-17).
2. Input a trial estimate of the shear force Q (magnitude and signs are same for up
analysis and down analysis) and input a trial estimate of the internal bending
moment (M) (magnitude is same but M is negative for the up analysis and
positive for the down analysis). It should be noted that the selection of trial

estimates for Q and M are arbitrary. If the initial estimate of Q is less than the
value of Q which ultimately corresponds to M
ult
, the solution will converge. If the
initial estimate of Q is greater than the value of Q which ultimately corresponds to
M
ult
, the solution will not converge. This will be evidenced by pile head slopes
from the up and down analysis which diverge from each other with each iteration.
3. Perform laterally loaded pile analyses for up and down analyses and compare the
slopes computed at the micropile head from both analyses. If the slopes at the
micropile head are not equal then change the magnitude of the initially estimated
M (i.e., in Step 1) and re-run both analyses again. When slopes at the pile head
are equal from both analyses, note the calculated maximum bending moment
(M
max
) from each analysis.
4. Compare M
max
(greater of M
max
values from up and down analyses) with
previously calculated bending moment capacity (M
ult
) for the corresponding axial
load.
5. If M
max
is approximately equal to M
ult
then Q is determined and analysis for this
axial load case is completed. If M
max
is not equal to M
ult
, change the magnitude
of the initially estimated Q (i.e., in Step 5) and re-run both analyses again.
6. Repeat steps 1 through 4 for the P = P
ult
case. In step 3 use M
ult
calculated for the
P = P
ult
case.

Note: 1 m = 3.281 ft.
Figure 6-31. Depths Chosen for p-y Curves for Entire Length of the Micropile.

Compare pile
head slopes from
up and down
analyses
Compare pile
head slopes from
up and down
analyses
If pile head slopes from both
analyses are equal
Compare M
max
(1)
with M
ult
analyses are equal
Compare M
max
(1)
with M
ult
analyses are not equal
Change M and re-run
up and down analyses
Change M and re-run
If M
max
equals M
ult
Q is obtained.
(Analysis is complete)
If M
max
equals M
ult
Q is obtained.
If M
max
is not equal to M
ult
Change Q in both analyses and
re-run up and down analyses
If M
max
is not equal to M
ult
Laterally Loaded Pile Analyses
To
Evaluate Shear Capacity of Micropiles
To
Input for up analysis
p-y curves
Estimated + Q
Estimated M
P = 0 or P = P
ult
p-y curves
Estimated + Q
Estimated M
P = 0 or P = P
ult
Input for down analysis
p-y curves
Estimated + Q
Estimated + M
P = 0 or P = P
ult
p-y curves
Estimated + Q
Estimated + M
P = 0 or P = P
ult
Output from up analysis
Slope at the pile head
M
max
(up)
M
max
(up)
Output from down analysis
M
max
(down)
M
max
(down)
Note:
(1)
M
max
= the greater of M
max
(up) and M
max
(down)
Compare pile
head slopes from
up and down
analyses
Compare pile
head slopes from
up and down
analyses
analyses are equal
Compare M
max
(1)
with M
ult
analyses are equal
Compare M
max
(1)
with M
ult
Change M and re-run
Change M and re-run
If M
max
equals M
ult
Q is obtained.
If M
max
equals M
ult
Q is obtained.
If M
max
is not equal to M
ult
If M
max
is not equal to M
ult
To
To
p-y curves
Estimated + Q
Estimated M
P = 0 or P = P
ult
p-y curves
Estimated + Q
Estimated M
P = 0 or P = P
ult
p-y curves
Estimated + Q
Estimated + M
P = 0 or P = P
ult
p-y curves
Estimated + Q
Estimated + M
P = 0 or P = P
ult
M
max
(up)
M
max
(up)
M
max
(down)
M
max
(down)
Note:
(1)
M
max
= the greater of M
max
(up) and M
max
(down)

Figure 6-32. Process to Evaluate Shear Resistance (Q) of Single Vertical Micropile Using
Up and Down Laterally Loaded Pile Analyses.

The laterally loaded pile analysis output for P = 0 and P = P
ult
are presented in Appendix B.
The up analysis is performed for the pile length of 10 m (32.8 ft) and the down analysis for
the pile length of 4.5 m (15 ft). The soil/rock layers in up and down analyses are modeled by
adjusting the previously determined p-y curves. For each soil layer depth, p-y curves are
inputted in the model. An example is shown in Figure 6-33 for the up analysis. The p-y
values in the external p-y curve dialog box in Figure 6-33 are the previously determined p-
y values at a depth of 10 m. Using the adjustment shown in Figure 6-17a, they are assigned
to a depth of 0 m for the up analysis.

Figure 6-33. Modeling Soil Layers with Previously Determined p-y Curves.

For the P = 0 case, the shear capacity of the micropile (Q
P=0
) is calculated as 365 kN (82 k)
and the maximum bending moment (M
max
) is calculated as 161.3 kN.m (119.0 k.ft). The M
ult

for this axial load case was previously calculated as 161.3 kN.m (119.0 k.ft) (see Table 6-2).
For the P = P
ult
case, the shear capacity of the micropile (Q
P=
P
ult
) is calculated as 330 kN
(74.2 k) and the maximum bending moment is calculated as 147.7 kN.m (108.9 k.ft). The
M
ult
for this axial load case was previously calculated as 147.7 kN.m (108.9 k.ft) (see Table
6-2).
For both axial load conditions, M
max
is approximately equal to M
ult
and the up/down analyses
are considered to be complete. Therefore, both Q
P=0
and Q
P=Pult
can be used in the
subsequent design steps to evaluate the shear capacity of battered micropiles.

6.7.7 STEP 10: Evaluate Shear Capacity of Battered Micropile Group
For this step, the maximum lateral force that the battered micropile group or pair (i.e.,
upslope micropile leg and downslope micropile leg as shown in Figure 6-9) (H
ult-pair
) can
resist at the location of the critical slip surface is evaluated (see Section 6.6.5).
In this design example, the batter angle for the upslope micropile leg is selected as 3
o
and the
batter angle for the downslope micropile leg is selected as 21
o
. The H
ult
for each leg is
calculated as shown below:
For
us
= 3
o
, H
ult (us)
= Q
P=0
= 365 kN (82 k)
For
ds
= 21
o
, H
ult (ds)
has to be interpolated. H
ult (ds)
calculated for various batter angles
are shown in Table 6-3 and interpolation for
ds
=21
o
is shown in Figure 6-
34. H
ult (us)
is evaluated as 450 kN (101 k).

Table 6-3. H
ult (ds)
for Various Batter Angles.
H
ult(ds)

ds
(degree)
(kN) (k)
Equations
0 365 82
10 365 82
6-8
30 523 117.6
40 558 125.4
6-7
Therefore, according to Eq. 6-10:
( ) ( ) ds ult us ult pair - ult
H H H + = = 365 + 450 = 815 kN (183.2 k)
This is the calculated maximum lateral force that the micropile pair can resist at the location
of the critical slip surface.

6.7.8 STEP 11: Calculate Spacing Required to Provide Force to Stabilize the Slope
The definition of spacing between two upslope micropiles and two downslope micropiles is
presented in Figure 6-22 and is calculated using Eq. 6-11 as:
req
pair - ult
max
H
H
S =
In the design example, H
req
is calculated as 650 kN/m (44.5 k/ft) and H
ult-pair
is calculated as
815 kN (183.2 k), therefore S
max
is:
m 25 . 1
kN/m 650
kN 815
S
max
= =

0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0 10 20 30 40
Inclination Angle, (Degrees)
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
y

o
f

I
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l

B
a
t
t
e
r
e
d

M
i
c
r
o
p
i
l
e
s
,

H
u
l
t

(
k
N
)
P = 0 and Q = Q
P=0
P = P
ult
and Q = Q
P=Pult
Interpolated
For
ds
= 21
o
H
ult(ds)
= 450 kN

Note: 1 kN = 0.2248 k
Figure 6-34. Interpolation of H
ult
for Battered Downslope Micropile Leg.

6.7.9 STEP 12: Check Potential Soil Flow between Micropiles
In this Design Step, the ultimate horizontal pile force (H
ult-soil/pile
) from a plastic flow analysis
is compared to the average resistance provided by the upslope and downslope micropile pair
(H
ult-pair
/2). This comparison is performed to check that S
max
is adequate to prevent plastic
soil flow above the critical slip surface between micropiles.
For the design example, Eq. 6-12 was developed in a spreadsheet format (Figure 6-35). The
formulas used for each cell in the spread sheet are presented in Figure 6-36. The H
ult-soil/pile

column in Figure 6-35 is the summation of soil resistance against plastic flow from the
ground surface to the depth of slip surface. This is also shown graphically in Figure 6-37. In
the design example the depth of the critical slip surface is 10 m. Therefore, H
ult-soil/pile
is
calculated for 10 m to be 753 kN (169.3 k).

For this design, H
ult-soil/pile
= 753 kN (169.3 k) H
ult-pair
/2 = 407.5 kN (91.6 k). Therefore,
plastic flow conditions are satisfied and the calculated S
max
from Design Step 11 does not
need to be reduced.

6.7.10 STEP 13: Perform Structural Design of Concrete Cap Beam
The steel-reinforced CIP concrete cap beam spans and anchors the micropile array at the
ground surface. The concrete cap beam is typically 2-m wide and 1-m deep, but, in general,
the cap beam should have sufficient height and width to allow for at least two to three
micropile diameters embedment into the cap beam to promote fixity of the upslope and
downslope micropile. The structural design of the concrete cap beam follows typical
methods for reinforced concrete (see Section 8 of AASHTO (2002)). Specific considerations
involved in the design of a concrete cap beam include:
Where ground anchors are used, the cap beam provides a reaction for the ground
anchors to be installed and subsequently stressed and locked-off. The cap beam
needs to be designed for these forces.
Where ground anchors are not incorporated, axial loads transferred towards the
ground surface should be small (particularly if the slide plane is relatively deep).
Although these forces are postulated to be small, the provision of fixity of the
micropile group at the cap beam will cause load transfer to the cap beam. Also,
where the depth of the slide plane is relatively shallow, it is likely that bending
moments in the cap beam may be on the order of bending moments calculated at the
slide plane. For this case, soil-structure interaction analyses should be performed to
evaluate bending moments for structural design of the cap beam.
In some cases, relatively significant deflections of the cap beam may need to be
considered in the structural design. That is, ground anchor stressing, non-uniform
depth to competent material, and/or compression of soil material within the unstable
soil mass may result in differential settlements of the length of the cap beam. The
resulting bending stresses and torsional stresses from such movements should be
considered in the structural design of the cap beam.

Note:
Deifinitions of the parameters used in this spread sheet can be found in Equations 6-11 and 6-12 and Figure 6-23
Input Parameters
S
max
from Design Step 11 = 1.25 m
c = 168 kPa
= 21.2 kN/m
3
= 0.01 degrees (Note: for = 0 conditions input very small value for )
b = 0.1778 m
Calculations
D
2
= 1.07 m N

= 1.00E+00 (dim)
= 3.1415927 A = 1.25E+00
tan = 1.75E-04 B = 1.00E+00
/4 = 4.36E-05 E = 1.75E-04
/8 = 3.93E-01 F = 5.73E+03
tan(/4+/8) = 4.14E-01
N

tan = 1.75E-04
z (m) Total Resistance (kPa) H
ult-soil/pile
(kN/m)
0 51 51
1 55 105
2 59 162
3 63 222
4 66 287
5 70 355
6 74 427
7 78 503
8 82 583
9 85 666
10 89 753
11 93 844
12 97 939
13 100 1037
14 104 1140
15 108 1246
20 127 1832

Figure 6-35. Spreadsheet Calculations Based on Eq. 6-12 to Obtain H
ult-soil/pile

for the Example Problem.
F
H
W
A

N
H
I
-
0
5
-
0
3
9

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a
p
t
e
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Figure 6-37. Graphical Solution for H
ult-soil/pile
Based on Figure 6-36.
Summary of the Design Example
Type A gravity-grouted micropiles comprising API-N80 casing with OD.
casing
= 177.8
mm embedded 4.5 m (15 ft) into bedrock are used.
The upslope micropile leg is battered at 3 degrees and the downslope micropile leg is
battered at 21 degrees. Individual micropiles in each pair should be constructed as
close to each other as possible with just large enough space to permit ease of
construction.
The spacing between two upslope micropiles and two downslope micropiles should
be no more than 1.25 m.
All of the micropiles should be connected at the ground surface via a concrete beam.
For verification load testing, micropiles with a 4.5-m (15-ft) long bond length in rock
(below the slip surface) should be tested to 950 kN (213 kips) (i.e., 2.0 the
calculated axial resistance for the micropile above the slip surface). For proof load
testing, micropiles should be tested to 760 kN (171 kN) (i.e., 1.6 the calculated
axial resistance for the micropile above the slip surface). Load testing requirements
are presented in Chapter 7.

6.8 SHEAR CAPACITY OF MICROPILES FOR ANALYSIS
As previously noted, the shear load that an individual micropile provides is assumed to
correspond to the maximum shear force in the micropile when the micropile has reached its
ultimate bending capacity. The rationale for this is explained below.
A slope that has failed (i.e., some movement has been observed and may have stopped or
continuous or intermittent movements being measured) implies that its slope stability factor
of safety is equal to 1.0. Since the design of the micropile-stabilized slope is predicated on
good knowledge of the position of the failure surface and the pore pressures in the slope at
the time of failure, then the loads and soil resistances are reasonably well-known, and, in
fact, are equal in magnitude to each other (i.e., the FS = 1.0 condition requires this).
The analysis now requires that the slope be stabilized to a target factor of safety (e.g., FS =
1.3). Using the shear strengths obtained from the back-analysis of a failed slope, a shear
force (provided by the micropile) is added until the target factor of safety for the slope is
calculated. It is recommended that this shear force be added to the resisting forces (or
moments) in the limit equilibrium calculations (as compared to treating it as a negative
driving force or moment).
In an allowable stress design format, the service loads on the micropile are equal to zero
since the slope is stable at a FS of 1.0. In a retaining wall, for example, the service loads
on the wall for the FS = 1.0 condition are not zero and may be associated with full active
earth pressure conditions.
To increase the factor of safety of the slope, micropiles are added. In the design, it is
assumed that, if the ultimate shear capacity of the micropiles was mobilized at a limit (i.e.,
failure) state, the factor of safety of the slope would be at 1.3. This approach is exactly
consistent with reinforced slope design. In that case, the design strength of the reinforcement
corresponds to its strength at a specific design life, T
al
and then slope stability analyses are
performed to verify a target factor of safety for the slope. As for the micropile analysis
described herein, no reductions to some allowable stress (or strength) are used. Whereas, the
reinforced slope soil reinforcement strength is reduced to account for creep, durability, and
construction damage, the strength of the micropile may be reduced to account for potential
steel loss due to corrosion.
A design engineer may incorporate additional conservatism in a project if warranted. For
example, additional conservatism may be prudent if the failure slip surface and/or residual
soil shear strength are not well understood for a particular slide or if the soil within the
failure slip surface has the potential for continued long-term creep movements. Additional

conservatism may be incorporated through selection of soil properties, phreatic surface
assumptions, value of target slope stability factor of safety, maximum micropile shear force,
or a combination of these. Note that a probabilistic analysis can be performed to examine
slope stability factor of safety values for ranges of material parameters (see Duncan et al.,
1999), and that this can provide a better understanding of the effect of material parameters.
6.9 CASE HISTORIES
6.9.1 Stabilization of Blue Trail Landslide Using Micropiles, Wyoming
The Blue Trail Landslide project is located on U.S. Highway 26/89 between Alpine Junction
and Hoback Junction, Wyoming. This section of roadway is next to the canyon of the Snake
River (Figure 6-38). This highway was constructed between 1955 and 1960 and had
experienced episodes of movement resulting from movement of the landslide. Throughout
the years, various remedial design alternatives were reviewed to mitigate slope movements
and to stabilize the slide to a desired factor of safety of 1.3. Alternatives considered included
regrading the slope and constructing a toe berm, constructing a bridge over the entire slide
area, and installing drilled shafts near the toe of the landslide to provide structural restraint
(Hasenkamp, 1999). These alternatives were rejected for implementation because they were
not cost effective. Ultimately, micropiles were selected for implementation since they were
less expensive that other alternatives and could be constructed in highly variable ground and
under restricted access conditions. Other advantages included the ability to maintain traffic
during construction and minimal environmental impacts.
The design of the micropiles was performed using the design approach described in this
chapter. Originally, two micropile walls (i.e., two sets of upslope and downslope micropiles)
and a mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) wall were designed to stabilize the slope (Figure
6-39). The first wall was located 3 m below the roadway (i.e., upper wall) and the second
one was located approximately between the road and the toe of the slide (i.e., lower wall). At
a later time, a third wall was added along the western edge of the project at about 12 m (39
ft) below the roadway to increase the factor of safety of the slope at that location. The
original design included a single ground anchor at each wall location. During the early
stages of construction, it became necessary to significantly increase the restraining force
provided by the lower wall. This was the result of a significant increase in the seismic
coefficient that was required by a reviewing agency. This was accomplished by significantly
increasing the capacity of the ground anchors in the lower wall. Micropiles were battered 30
degrees from the vertical and ranged in length from 19 to 34 m (62 to 112 ft). Ground
anchors were installed at 30 degrees from the horizontal (see Figure 6-40).


Figure 6-38. Extent of Blue Trail Landslide (after Hasenkamp, 1999).

Figure 6-39. Conceptual Design Drawing of the MSE and NRM Walls for Blue Trail
Landslide Project (after Hasenkamp, 1999).


Figure 6-40. Typical Section of Micropile and Ground Anchor Wall for Blue Trail Landslide
Project (after Hasenkamp, 1999).

The Blue Trail landslide was the first project in Wyoming in which micropiles and ground
anchors were used to create a permanent landslide stabilization system. A comprehensive
instrumentation and monitoring program was developed to assess the field performance of
the walls. Instrumentation consisted of slope inclinometers, survey monuments, tilt plates,
strain gauges attached to micropile steel casings, load cells attached to four ground anchors,
and piezometers. Information collected included: (1) wall and slope movement; (2) load
transfer to the micropiles and ground anchors; and (3) pore water pressures in the slide
material (Hasenkamp, 1999).
The construction sequence followed installation of micropile walls and then ground anchors.
In each case, the lower wall was built first, upper wall was built second, and middle wall was
built last. A total of 478 micropiles and 40 ground anchors were installed to stabilize the
slope. Instrumentation data indicated that this stabilization approach was effective in
significantly reducing slope movements. Measured axial loads in the micropiles were less
than those assumed in the design (Table 6-4). Measured maximum bending moments ranged
from approximately 8 to 80 percent (average 30 percent) of the ultimate bending moment
capacity for the steel pipe of the micropiles (Table 6-4). These results indicate that wall

performance was acceptable. The direction of axial load and bending moments in the
micropiles of the lower wall was opposite to that assumed in the design. This resulted from
the significant lock-off loads within the lower wall ground anchors. Micropiles in the upper
wall showed compression for both the upslope and downslope directions. This is most likely
the result of surcharge load associated with placement of the MSE wall and roadway over the
upper insert wall.
Table 6-4. Comparison of Actual Loads to Design Loads for Blue Trail Landslide
Project (after Hasenkamp, 1999).
Wall
Micropile
Number
Micropile
Orientation
L (m)
P
Design

(kN)
(1)

P
Measured

(kN)
(1)

M
ult-Design
(kN-m)
M
ult-Measured
(kN-m)
62 Upslope 23.8 635 -686 35.2 15.4
63 Downslope 33.5 -894 -566 35.2 3.3
123 Downslope 27.7 -739 153 35.2 4.0
Upper
124 Upslope 23.8 635 -302 35.2 14.6
326 Downslope 19.2 -717 214 35.2 8.5
327 Upslope 19.5 728 -594 35.2 2.9
402 Downslope 19.5 -728 398 35.2 3.2
Lower
403 Upslope 19.5 728 -450 35.2 3.8

Notes:
(1)
Negative values indicate compression.
L: Length of the micropile.
P
Design
and P
Measured
: Design axial load and axial load measured in the field, respectively.
M
ult-Design
and M
ult-Measured
: Ultimate bending moment of micropile section and bending moment
measured in the field, respectively.

6.9.2 Stabilization of Sum-271 Landslide Using Micropiles, Ohio
The SUM-271 project is located on Interstate 271 northbound in Richfield Township,
Summit County, Ohio. The site consists of approximately 21 m (70 ft) of valley fill
overlying relatively thin and weak layers of normally consolidated fine grained lacustrine
soils with strong overconsolidated lacustrine soils beneath. Over the years, slope movements
resulted in pavement settlement and cracking. Two alternatives were considered for
stabilization. One alternative consisted of regrading the slope and constructing toe buttress
berms and the other alternative included using micropiles (Liang, 2000). The Ohio
Department of Transportation (ODOT) selected the micropile option.

The design of the micropiles was performed using the design approach presented in this
chapter. Because micropiles were not able to completely develop the resisting forces
required, ground anchors were added to the design. The wall consisted of 154 type A
micropiles that were spaced 1.2- to 1.8-m (4- to 6-ft) apart and battered 30 degrees from the
vertical and 41 ground anchors that were spaced 3.5 m (12 ft) apart and battered 30 degrees
from the horizontal (Figure 6-41).

Figure 6-41. Typical Section of Micropile and Ground Anchor Wall at SUM-271 (after
Liang, 2000).

A comprehensive instrumentation and monitoring program for the wall was developed for
this project. Inclinometers were installed in the slope to monitor slope movement and strain
gauges were attached to the micropiles to allow for measurements of axial loads and bending
moments in the micropiles throughout construction. High capacity load cells were used to
monitor ground anchor loads. Inclinometer data indicated that the installation of the NRM
wall and ground anchors was effective in arresting the slope movement.
As part of this project, detailed finite element analyses were performed to model the wall
behavior (Liang, 2000). These analyses simulated relevant stages of construction including
earthwork, pile cap construction, drilling, and installation of micropiles and stressing of the
ground anchors. Finite element analysis results were compared to field instrumentation
monitoring data to validate the capability of the FEM modeling technique and to provide
supplemental information. Based on the finite element analysis results and field

measurements of wall performance, the following observations and conclusions were
developed:
1. The maximum axial force in each micropile occurred at the location near the slip
surface of the slope (i.e., approximately 30 ft below the ground surface) (Figure 6-
42). The direction and magnitude of the axial forces in the micropiles were consistent
with loading conditions resulting from the various stages of construction. For
example, the upslope micropile was initially in tension (following installation).
When the ground anchor was tensioned, a portion near the top of the upslope
micropile remained in tension, while the remaining portion of the wall was in
compression. The axial forces in the downslope micropile were initially in
compression but after the ground anchor tensioning, the compressive forces were
reduced. However, no tension was developed in the downslope micropile.

Figure 6-42. Comparison of Axial Loads for the SUM-271 Project (after Liang, 2000).

2. The bending moments were near zero at the location where the maximum axial forces
occurred (Figure 6-43). The change in bending moments throughout the construction
stages were small and were primarily due to small stiffness of the micropiles. The
magnitude of the maximum bending moments was reasonably predicted by the finite
element analyses.

Figure 6-43. Comparison of Bending Moments for the SUM-271 Project (after Liang, 2000).

6.9.3 Stabilization of Littleville Landslide using Micropiles, Alabama
The Littleville landslide is located on a section of US Route 43, Alabama. The area of the
landslide is a fill composed of sandstone and shale cut from adjacent hillsides. The
underlying stratum is shale with some weathering along the top surface, which is believed to
be the failure surface. A highway was constructed at the site in the 1950s. Soon after
construction of the original roadway was finished, stability problems arose and the road
surface dropped due to slides in the fill material. Initially the holes were filled and the road
was repaved. In the 1970s, the roadway was widened and the slope was flattened. However,
ensuing rainy periods brought on the onset of more slope failures. The creep of the slope
continued until a micropile wall with additional stabilization provided by ground anchors was
built in 1997 to stabilize the slope (Brown and Chancellor, 1997).
The design of micropile wall was performed following the same approach as is described in
this chapter. A typical cross section of the slide and the reinforcement installed at the site are
provided in Figure 6-44. The micropiles included 114-mm (4.5 in.) diameter steel casing
with a wall thickness of 8 mm. Micropile design lengths were 7 m (23 ft) and were battered
30 degrees from vertical. A total of 432 micropiles and 44 ground anchors were installed for
the project.

Figure 6-44. Typical Section of Micropile and Anchor Wall at Littleville, Alabama (after
Brown and Chancellor, 1997).

Instrumentation data was collected for a period of two years. Data collected included
inclinometer measurements of slope movement, pore water pressures, and stresses developed
in the micropiles and anchors. Piezometers have shown relatively stable water levels over
the two years with a fluctuation of approximately two or three feet.
Inclinometer data indicated that slope movement had effectively ceased as a result of the
slope stabilization measure. Analysis of the strain gauge data indicated that this was
accomplished without approaching potential failure conditions in the micropiles. The axial
forces mobilized in the micropiles were found to be below the estimated ultimate axial load
by a factor of approximately two, and the factor of safety was calculated to be approximately
1.3 as originally estimated. In addition, it was found that the upslope battered micropiles
were in tension in the vicinity of the slide plane and the downslope battered piles were in
compression. The strain gauges also indicated higher bending moments developed in the
micropiles in the vicinity of the slide surface. Measured maximum bending moments ranged
from approximately 5 to 9 percent of the ultimate bending moment capacity of the
micropiles. Loads in the ground anchors were observed to decrease slightly over time and
this was attributed to small movements that have occurred in the uphill direction.

6.10 REFERENCES
Brown, D.A. and Chancellor, K. (1997), Instrumentation, Monitoring and Analysis of the
Performance of a Type-A INSERT Wall, Littleville, Alabama, Highway Research
Center, Auburn, University Alabama.
Duncan, M.J., Navin, M. and Patterson, K., Manual for Geotechnical Engineering
Calculations, Virginia Tech Center for Geotechnical Practice and Research, December,
1999.
Hasenkamp, R. N., (1999), Evaluation of a Micropile Reinforced Earth Retaining Structure,
Blue Trail Landslide, Wyoming, Master Thesis, Department of Civil and Agricultural
Engineering, University of Wyoming.
Hassiotis, S., Chameau, J. L., and Gunaratne, M., (1997), Design Method for Stabilization
of Slopes with Piles, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol.
123, No. 4, 314-323 pp.
Ito, T., and Matsui, T., (1975), Methods to Estimate Lateral Force Acting on Stabilizing
Piles, Soil and Foundations, Vol. 15, No. 4.

Kavazanjian, E. Jr., Matasovic, N., Hadj-Hamou, T., Sabatini, P. J. (1997), Design Guidance:
Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering for Highways, Geotechnical Engineering
Circular, No.3, Federal Highway Administration Publication, U.S. Department of
Transportation, FHWA-SA-97-077.
Liang, R.Y. (2000), Instrumentation and Monitoring of Reticulated Micropile Slope
Stabilization at SUM-271 Project, submitted to the Federal Highway Administration,
September 2000.
Mayne, P. W., Christopher, B. R., and DeJong, J. (2001), Manual on Subsurface
Investigations, National Highway Institute, Publication Number NHI-01-031, Federal
Highway Administration, Washington, D.C.
ONeil, M. W. and Reese, L. C. (1999), Drilled Shafts: Construction and Procedures and
Design Methods, Federal Highway Administration Publication, Publication Number:
FHWA-IF-99-025.
Poulos, H. G. and Davis, E. H., (1980), Pile Foundation Analysis and Design, John Wiley
and Sons, 397 pages.
Reese, L. C., Wang, S. T., Isenhower, W. M., Arrllaga, J. A., and Hendrix, J., (2005), A
Program for Analysis of Single Piles Under lateral Load, Version 5.0.18, Ensoft Inc.,
Austin, TX.
Sabatini, P. J., Bachus, R. C., Mayne, P. W., Schneider, J. A., and Zettler, T. E. (2002).
Evaluation of Soil and Rock Properties, Geotechnical Engineering Circular, No. 5,
Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, FHWA-IF-02-
034.
SLIDE (2004), Slope Stability Analyses Program, Rocscience Inc., Ontario, Canada.
Stark and Eid, (1994) Drained Residual Strength of Cohesive Soils, Journal of
Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 120, No. 5.

FHWA NHI-05-039 Chapter 7 Load Testing
CHAPTER 7
MICROPILE LOAD TESTING

7.1 INTRODUCTION
On micropile foundation support projects and slope stabilization projects, verification load
testing is performed on pre-production micropiles. The purpose of the pre-production testing
is to verify design assumptions concerning bond zone strength and the adequacy of the
contractors installation methods. This testing is usually performed as the first order of work
under the construction contract. Production micropiles are approved only after the design
assumptions and the adequacy of the contractors installation method have been verified. On
large projects, additional load testing may be performed during the design stage under a
separate contract.
The ability of the micropile to safely carry the design load in service is obtained through
proof load testing on selected production micropiles. This proof testing provides a quality
assurance means to confirm micropile installation procedures.
Micropiles are tested individually using the same conventional static load testing procedures
as are used for driven piles and drilled shafts. These tests include incremental loading (which
may be applied in compression, tension, or laterally and which may be cycled (i.e.,
load/unload)) until the micropile reaches the selected maximum test load, structural
displacement limit, or ground creep (i.e., movement under constant load) threshold.
In this chapter, descriptions of verification and proof tests for micropiles are provided
with information on typical testing equipment, schedule for load increments, and analysis of
load-deformation data as a means to judge micropile acceptance for payment purposes.

7.2 OVERVIEW OF MICROPILE LOAD TESTING
Micropiles are load tested in the field to verify that the required design loads can be carried
without excessive movement and with an adequate factor of safety for the life of the
structure. Load testing is also used to verify the adequacy of the contractors drilling,
installation and grouting operations prior to (verification testing) and during (proof testing)
construction of production micropiles. Therefore, the ground conditions, as well as the
method, equipment, and operator used for installing production piles must be similar to those

used for installing the test micropiles. If ground and/or installation procedures change from
that used from the verification load testing program, additional testing should be required. If
test results indicate faulty construction practice, or grout-to-ground load capacities less than
required, the contractor may be required to modify the micropile installation methods. In the
event that the required design grout-to-ground bond capacities are still not achievable,
redesign may be necessary.
Load testing criteria will be included in the construction specifications and will typically
include ultimate and/or verification tests. These tests usually require loading to a maximum
test load that includes the factor of safety assigned to the design grout-to-ground bond (i.e.,
the verification test) and/or that which results in failure defined as the inability to maintain
constant test load without excessive micropile movement (i.e., the ultimate test). The
ultimate tests, taken to failure, are usually only specified as part of a research project or on
very large projects where a design phase test program can be justified. The design phase test
program will allow the micropile design to be optimized. On typical projects, one or two
verification tests are commonly conducted prior to beginning production pile installation, and
then one or more additional such tests may be conducted in each significantly different
ground type encountered as construction proceeds. A larger number of verification tests may
be specified for larger projects. The minimum required number of verification load tests to
be performed for a project is provided in Section 7.6.2. Since ultimate and verification tests
are typically carried to relatively high loads, in many cases these micropiles will not be used
as part of the final structure, i.e., they are sacrificial micropiles.
During installation of production micropiles, proof testing is conducted on a specified
number of the total production piles installed. Proof tests are performed on production piles
that will be incorporated into the structure provided the maximum test loads are less than
those required to cause geotechnical or structural failure and which do not result in damage
to the micropile. Recommendations on minimum number of proof tests to be performed for
various applications are provided in Section 7.6.3.
Creep tests are performed as part of verification and proof tests. Creep testing procedures are
similar to the creep test used for ground anchors and soil nails. Creep is primarily of concern
in organic soils and cohesive (clayey) soils with a liquid limit greater than 50 and a plasticity
index greater than 20. The creep test consists of measuring the movement of the micropile at
constant load over a specified period of time. This test is used to assess whether pile design
loads can be safely carried throughout the project service life.

7.3 LOAD TESTING EQUIPMENT
7.3.1 General
The equipment and load testing methods used for micropiles are the same as those used for
conventional load testing of driven piles and drilled shafts as codified in ASTM D 1143 for
compression loading, ASTM D 3689 for tension loading, and ASTM D 3966 for lateral
loading. Typical load test setups for compression, tension, and lateral load applications are
shown in Figures 7-1, 7-2, and 7-3, respectively. Typical load testing equipment includes:
(1) hydraulic jack and pump; (2) reaction and reference beams; (3) pressure gauges and load
cells; (4) dial gauges; and (5) wire with mirror and scale.
7.3.2 Load Testing Equipment
The most common and convenient system includes a hydraulic jack and reaction
arrangement. For compression testing, the load is applied by hydraulically jacking against a
beam that is anchored by piles, micropiles, ground anchors (Figure 7-4), or by jacking
against a weighted platform. For tension tests, loads are applied by centering the hydraulic
jack on top of a test beam and jacking against a reaction frame connected to the micropile to
be tested (Figure 7-5). The test beam may be supported by cribbing. For lateral load tests,
lateral loads are applied by a hydraulic jack against a reaction system or by a hydraulic jack
acting between two piles (Figure 7-6). With the latter method, two micropile lateral load
tests can be performed simultaneously.
The standard device used to monitor load is a pressure gauge attached to the jack pump. The
readings on the jack pressure gauge are used to determine the absolute value of applied load.
Calibration of pressure gauges should be performed within 45 working days of the date when
they are submitted for approval for the project. Calibration certifications and graphs for
pressure gauges and load cells must be provided by the contractor before use. An example of
a typical pressure gauge calibration curve is given in Figure 7-7. A second certified pressure
gauge, which is called master gage, should be kept on-site to be used for periodic check of
jack pressure gauges.

STIFFENER PLATE
REACTION BEAM
BOLTS 4 EACH AS
REQ. ON A PROJECT
BY PROJECT BASIS
EXTENSION CASING
W / END PLATES &
STIFFENERS (TYP)
REACTION MICROPILE TOP
PLATE W / STIFFENERS
REACTION
MICROPILE
(TYP)
LOAD CELL
HYDRAULIC
JACK
TEST PILE WITH TOP
PLATE & STIFFENERS
DIAL GAUGES MOUNTED
ON AN INDEPENDENT
REFERENCE FRAME
(PER ASTM D1143)
2.13 m (TYP) 2.13 m (TYP)
TYP
TYP
NO SCALE

Note: 2.13 m = 7 ft

Figure 7-1. Schematic of Compression Load Test Arrangement (ASTM D1143).

STIFFENER PLATE
REACTION BEAM
EXTENSION CASING
W / END PLATES &
STIFFENERS (TYP) AS
REQUIRED ON A PROJECT
BT PROJECT BASIS
REACTION MICROPILE TOP
PLATE W / STIFFENERS
REACTION
MICROPILE
(TYP)
LOAD CELL
HYDRAULIC
JACK
TEST PILE WITH TOP
PLATE & STIFFENERS
DIAL GAUGES MOUNTED
ON AN INDEPENDENT
REFERENCE FRAME
(PER ASTM D3689)
2.13 m (TYP) 2.13 m (TYP)
TYP
TYP
NO SCALE
TRANSITION BEAM
W/ STIFFENER
PLATES
TRANSITION BEAM
W/ STIFFENER PLATES
THREAD BAR
THREAD BAR
BEARING PLATE
THREAD BAR
4 EACH
THREAD BARS

Note: 2.13 m = 7 ft

Figure 7-2. Schematic of Tension Load Test Arrangement (ASTM D3689).

MICROPILE
(TYPICAL)
STEEL JACK
CHAIR
HYDRAULIC
JACK
REFERENCE
BEAM
DIAL GAUGE
NO SCALE
DIAL GAUGE

Figure 7-3. Schematic of Lateral Load Test Arrangement.

Figure 7-4. Compression Load Test Set-Up.


Figure 7-5. Tension Load Test Set-Up.


Figure 7-6. Photograph of Lateral Load Test Set-Up (Note: Two micropiles are tested
simultaneously).

0 70 14 28 42 56
0
0.890
1.335
1.780
2.225
0.445
PRESSURE MPa
Reference Gauge: RGH

Note: 1 MN = 224.8 k and 1 MPa = 145.1 psi

Figure 7-7. Typical Pressure Gauge Calibration Curve.

Calibrated load cells should be used to verify that load remains constant during portions of an
ultimate (and/or verification) load test in which the load is held for a specified period of time.
When load cells are used, care should be taken to ensure that the cell is properly aligned with
the axis of the micropile and jack. Load cells are used mainly to detect small changes in load
and allow load adjustment and maintenance of constant holding load. As an example,
assuming that the load cell reads 440" once the creep test load is reached, it is important that
the 440" reading on the load cell be maintained through jack pressure adjustments for the
duration of the test. This provides assurance that a constant load was indeed maintained
throughout the creep test. It is specifically noted that load cells are not required for proof
tests (except for extended creep testing, if needed to judge acceptability of proof-tested
micropile).
Vertical and/or lateral movement of the micropile head is typically measured using a dial
gauge and/or LVDT fixed to the reference beams. Dial gauges should be capable of
measuring and being read to the nearest 0.025 mm (0.001 in). For an axial load test, the
gauges are mounted on an independent reference beam whose supports are located at a
distance of five times the diameter of the test micropile. The minimum allowable distance
between the gauges and the test micropile is 2.13 m (7 ft) as shown in Figures 7-1 and 7-2.
The readings from three gauges are averaged to compensate for possible rotation of the pile
head. The gauges are placed around the pile at an equal distance from the pile center.
Micropile top displacement may be determined using a mirror with a scale mounted on the
pile, and a wire mounted on a separate reference strung in front of the scale. The scale is
read by adjusting the line of sight until the wire lines up with its reflection. This method
should only be used as a backup to the dial gauge system, but it is less sensitive.
Although not usually required, axial displacement in micropiles can be measured at discrete
elevations in a micropile using telltales. Telltales consist of metal or fiberglass rods that are
anchored into the micropile grout. The rod tip is embedded into the grout at the point of
interest, with the remainder sheathed to allow free movement of the micropile. Movement at
the top of the rod is measured with a dial gauge or electronic measuring device. Multiple
telltales can be installed to measure movement at several points. Care must be taken to avoid
damage to the telltales during micropile installation, such as the rods becoming damaged
during drill string rotation, or the sheath becoming partially filled with grout.
Strain gauges may be mounted on the reinforcing steel, allowing measurement of the level of
strain in the reinforcement at various levels in the pile. Care must also be taken to avoid
damage to the gauges and connecting wires during installation. If used, vibrating-wire-type
strain gauges are recommended. From these strain measurements, axial load distribution

with depth can be determined. Measurements from strain gauge pairs located diametrically
opposite each other on a micropile steel casing are used to evaluate micropile bending
moments with depth (see Figure 7-8 as an example).
For lateral load testing, it is recommended to install an inclinometer in the micropile to obtain
micropile lateral movement data with depth. This can be accomplished by installing the
inclinometer to a depth of 10 to 20 micropile diameters. Specific termination depth should
be based on lateral pile analyses performed during design.
F
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7.4 MICROPILE LOAD TESTING PROCEDURES
7.4.1 Verification Tests
7.4.1.1 General
For verification tests, loads can be applied in compression, tension, or laterally. The
maximum test load for a compression or tension test are typically defined by the grout-to-
ground bond factor of safety used in design. For micropiles, the maximum verification test
load will usually be 2.0 to 2.5 times the design axial (compression or tension) load. For
lateral load tests, tests are performed to 2.0 times the design lateral load. Acceptance criteria
based on load test results is provided in Section 7.4.3.
7.4.1.2 Procedures for Verification Test
Micropile verification testing is conducted by incrementally loading and unloading the
micropile and measuring the movement of the micropile head at each load increment. The
micropile-head movement reading is recorded just after the load has been applied and a
second reading after the load has been maintained for a sufficient amount of time to ensure
that pile-head movement has stabilized.
The load schedule for a verification test is shown in the first three columns of Table 7-1 and
is consistent with the loading schedule codified in DFI (2004). The first step in a verification
test comprises applying a nominal load to the micropile head. This load, termed the
alignment load (AL), is typically no more than ten percent of the design load and its purpose
is to ensure that the stressing and testing equipment are properly aligned. The displacement
measuring equipment is zeroed upon stabilization of the AL as shown on the load-
displacement curve in Figure 7-9. During the first load cycle, the load is raised to 15 percent
of the design load and the incremental movement is recorded. The load is then reduced back
to the alignment load. This procedure is repeated, using load increments as shown on Table
7-1, until the maximum testing load, referred to as the test load, is achieved. At the test load,
a constant load is held for ten minutes prior to reducing the load. The load is assumed to
remain reasonably constant if the deviation from the test pressure does not exceed 0.35 MPa
(50 psi). During this ten minute load hold period, movements are measured and recorded at
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 10 minutes. The purpose of this load hold is to measure time-dependent
(i.e., creep) movements of the micropile. This portion of the verification test is referred to as
creep test. If the total movement between 1 and 10 minutes exceeds the specified maximum

creep movement, the test load is maintained for an additional 50 minutes and total movement
is recorded at 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 minutes.
7.4.1.3 Recording of Verification Test Data
The magnitude of each load is determined from the jack pressure gauge and the load cell
measurement. The load-deformation data obtained for each load increment in a verification
test are plotted as shown in Figure 7-10. The total movement (
t
) is recorded at each load
increment and for the alignment load. This total movement consists of elastic movement and
residual movement. The residual movement for a given increment of load is the movement
that corresponds to the net irrecoverable movement that occurs upon application of a load
increment and the subsequent reduction of the load to the alignment load (see Figure 7-9 for
definition of
r4
). Residual movement (
r
) includes elongation of the micropile and
movement of the entire micropile through the ground. Elastic movement is simply the
arithmetic difference between the total movement measured at the maximum load for a cycle
and the movement measured at the alignment load (see Table 7-1). Although not used for
micropile acceptance, residual movement is an indicator of the stress-strain behavior of the
ground-to-grout bond in the micropile bond zone. Residual movement data should be
collected and used for future testing or future design projects (in similar ground and load
conditions) to estimate movements of the micropile within the bond zone.
During the creep test portion of the verification test, the movement measured at specified
times (i.e., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 10 minutes) is recorded. The time at which the total
movement is measured for the test load (i.e., time at which 1.30 DL is applied as shown in
Figure 7-9) represents the start time for the creep test. The movement from one to ten
minutes after this starting time is recorded and compared to the acceptance criterion for
creep. If the creep acceptability criterion is not satisfied, the test load is held on the
micropile for an additional 50 minutes. The total amount of movement between 6 and 60
minutes is recorded and compared to specified criteria.

Table 7-1. Verification Test Load Schedule (after DFI, 2004).

Step Loading Applied
Load
Hold
Time
(min)
Record and
Plot Total
Movement
(
ti
)
Record and
Plot Residual
Movement
(
ri
)
Calculate Elastic
Movement

(
ei
)
1 Apply AL 2.5
2 Cycle 1 0.15DL 2.5
1

0.30DL 2.5
1

0.45DL 2.5
t1

AL 1
r1

t1
-
r1
=
e1

3 Cycle 2 0.15DL 1
2

0.45DL 1
2

0.60DL 2.5
2

0.75DL 2.5
2

0.90DL 2.5
2

1.00DL 2.5
t2

AL 1
r2

t2
-
r2
=
e2

4 Cycle 3 0.15DL 1
3

1.00DL 1
3

1.15DL 2.5
3

1.30DL
t3
, zero reading for
creep test

5 Hold load for at least 10 minutes while recording movement at specified times. If the total
movement measured during the load hold exceeds the specified maximum value then the load
hold should be extended to a total of 60 minutes.
6 Cycle 3 contd. 1.45DL 2.5
3

AL 1
r3

t3
-
r3
=
e3

7 Cycle 4 0.15DL 1
4

1.45DL 1
4

1.60DL 1
4

1.75DL 2.5
4

1.90DL 2.5
4

2.00DL 10
4

. 1.50DL 5
4

1.00DL 5
4

0.50DL 5
4

AL 5
r4

t4
-
r4
=
e4

8 Remove the load and compare results to acceptance criteria.
Notes: AL = Alignment Load, DL = Design Load,
i
= total movement at a load other than maximum for
cycle, i = number identifying a specific load cycle. Total movement is typically recorded from several dial
gauges and the average movement is recorded.

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
01
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0
8
0
9
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
2
0
1
3
0
1
4
0
1
5
0
1
6
0
1
7
0
1
8
0
1
9
0
2
0
0
2
1
0
2
2
0
2
3
0
2
4
0
2
5
0
Percent of design load
1
0
0
1
4
5
2
0
0
1
4
3
2
r4
e4
Movement
t4
4
5
A
L
1
3
0

Figure 7-9. Load Displacement Curve of Verification Tests.
Percent of
design load
4
3
2
1
4
3
2
1
Elastic
Movement
1
0
0
1
4
5
2
0
0
4
5 A
L
0
e
Residual
Movement
r

Figure 7-10. Plotting Elastic and Residual Movement of Verification Test Data.

7.4.2 Proof Tests
7.4.2.1 General
Proof tests are conducted during construction on a percentage of the total production
micropiles installed. Proof tests are intended to verify that the contractors construction
procedure has remained constant and that the micropiles have not been drilled and grouted in
a soil zone not tested by the verification testing. Micropiles are proof tested to a load
typically equal to 160 percent of the design load. During proof testing, loads can be applied
in compression, tension, or laterally.
7.4.2.2 Proof Test Procedures and Recording and Analysis of Proof Test Data
The loading schedule for the proof test that is codified in DFI (2004) is outlined in Table 7-2.
The results of an example proof test are plotted in Figure 7-11. The residual movements and
elastic movements should be calculated for the test load from the unload cycle. This
calculation is the same as that previously described for verification tests.
During the creep test portion of the proof test, the movement measured at specified times
(i.e., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 10 minutes) is recorded. The time at which 1.3 DL is applied
represents the start time for the creep test. As mentioned earlier, the creep movement at any
time is the difference between the total movement and the movement measured at one
minute. The creep rate is defined as the slope of the curve per log cycle of time. The
movement from one to ten minutes after this starting time is recorded and compared to the
acceptance criteria with respect to creep.
7.4.3 Micropile Acceptance Criteria
7.4.3.1 Acceptance of Verification Test
There are three primary acceptance criteria that must be met for a verification-tested
micropile, as described below.
Rate of Pile Head Movement at the Test Load
The acceptance criteria for verification tested micropiles include assessing whether failure
has occurred at the test load (e.g., at 2.0 times the design load). Typically, at this load level,
a plunging type failure will not be achieved, thus failure may be defined in terms of the rate
of micropile head movement expressed as movement per unit of load. Herein, acceptance of
a verification load-tested micropile requires that the slope of the load versus micropile head

settlement curve be less than or equal to 0.15 mm/kN (0.025 in/kip) at 2.0 times the design
load (DFI, 2004). Restated, the failure load is defined as the load where the slope of the load
versus micropile head settlement curve first exceeds 0.15 mm/kN (0.025 in/kip). It is
specifically noted that driven piles and drilled shafts use the Davisson criteria to define
maximum (or failure) load during a load test. This criterion is difficult to use for a micropile
because of the change in axial stiffness over the length of the micropile (i.e., different
stiffness for cased and uncased lengths). At this time, the use of the Davisson criterion for
micropiles has not been evaluated.
Table 7-2. Proof Test Load Schedule (after DFI, 2004).

Step Loading Applied
Load
Hold
Time
(min)
Record and
Plot Total
Movement
(
ti
)
Record and
Plot Residual
Movement
(
ri
)
Calculate Elastic
Movement

(
ei
)
1 Apply AL 2.5
2 Load Cycle 0.15DL 2.5
0.30DL 2.5
0.45DL 2.5
0.60DL 2.5
0.75DL 2.5
0.90DL 2.5
1.00DL 2.5
1.15DL 2.5
1.30DL
t
, zero reading for
creep test

3 Hold load for at least 10 minutes while recording movement at specified times. If the total
movement measured during the load hold exceeds the specified maximum value then the load
hold should be extended to a total of 60 minutes.
4 1.45DL 2.5
1.60DL 2.5
5 Unload Cycle 1.30DL 4
1.00DL 4
0.75DL 4
0.50DL 4
0.25DL 4
AL 4
r

t
-
r
=
e

6 Remove the load and compare results to acceptance criteria
Notes: AL = Alignment Load, DL = Design Load,

= total movement at a load. Total movement is typically
recorded from several dial gauges and the average movement is recorded.

Creep Test
t
Creep Test
t

Note: 1 mm = 0.04 in and 1 kN = 0.225 kips

Figure 7-11. Plotting of Proof Test Data.

Total Pile Head Movement at the Design Load
For this criterion, a maximum micropile head movement is prescribed for a single micropile
corresponding to the design load. This criterion is used for micropiles tested in compression,
tension, or laterally. The value selected by the design engineer is based on considerations of
movements of the superstructure being supported by the micropile foundation and should be
developed based on project-specific requirements.
Total Pile Head Movement under Sustained Load (Creep)
The measured total movement for the required load hold at the 1.3 DL should not exceed 1
mm (0.04 in.) between 1 and 10 minutes. If the movements are less than the 1 mm for this
period, the micropile is considered acceptable with respect to creep. For verification load
tests in which the measured total movement exceeds the criteria described above, the load is
held for an additional 50-minute period of time. If the measured total movement over this
additional time period does not exceed 2 mm (0.08 in.) between 6 and 60 minutes, then the
micropile is considered acceptable with respect to creep.
7.4.3.2 Acceptance of Proof Test
The previously described acceptance criteria for verification tests for total pile head
movement at the design load and for total pile head movement under sustained load is used
for a proof tested micropile. For a proof tested micropile, the creep test is performed at the
maximum test load which is typically 1.3 DL. The evaluation of acceptable creep
movements is the same as for verification-tested micropiles. It is noted that the creep criteria
very rarely governs the acceptance of load tested micropiles.
7.4.3.3 Consequences of Failure
In the event a micropile fails to meet the specified acceptance criteria during verification load
testing of pre-production micropiles, the contractor can modify the design of the micropile
and/or the construction procedure in order to provide the required capacity. These
modifications may include installing replacement micropiles, modifying the installation
procedures, increasing the micropile bond length, regrouting via pre-placed re-grout tubes, or
changing the micropile type. Any modification that requires changes to the structure shall
have prior review and acceptance by the Owner. The cost of the changes should be incurred
by the contractor.
If failure occurs during proof load testing of production piles, the contractor shall be directed
to proof test another nearby micropile. For failed micropiles and further construction of

other micropiles, the contractor shall modify the design, the construction procedure, or both.
These modifications may include installing replacement micropiles, incorporating micropiles
of reduced load capacities, modifying installation methods, increasing the bond length, or
changing the micropile type. Any modification that requires changes to the structure shall
have prior review and acceptance by the Owner and should be at the contractors expense.

7.5 MICROPILE LOAD TEST REPORT
For each load test, a report must be written and submitted to the Owner, typically within 24
to 48 hours of the load test completion. The contents of this report should at least include the
following:
brief project description;
description of site and subsurface conditions including information on the ground
conditions at the location of the load test and a comparison to actual conditions
encountered;
key personnel including the drill rig operator, the superintendent, the grout plant
operator, and any other personnel involved in the installation and testing of the
micropile;
micropile installation data including information such as length of the micropile
(cased and uncased), number of bags of cement used to construct the micropile, size
and type of casing and reinforcement, geology encountered (e.g. soil material, rock
material, and water levels) during installation, and actual drilling and grouting
records;
results of load test including filled-out data sheets and data presentation figures;
statement of load test requirements and acceptance criteria;
comparison of load test requirements and acceptance criteria;
summary statement on the load test results;
hydraulic jack pressure gauge and load cell calibration report; and
material certification, including grout compressive strength testing (e.g., 3 day test
results may only be available) and steel mill certifications.

7.6 EVALUATION OF PROJECT LOAD TESTING REQUIREMENTS
7.6.1 Introduction
During the design phase of the project, consideration should be given to the scope of the
micropile load testing program. The factors to be considered when determining the project
testing requirements include the following:
total number of production micropiles;
magnitude and type of design loading (i.e., compression, tension, and/or lateral);
sensitivity and importance of the supported structure;
variance in ground subsurface conditions across the project site;
types of subsurface conditions;
site access and headroom/installation constraints; and
contractor experience.
The project specification should include requirements for the following components of a load
test program. These requirements are discussed in detail below, and include:
number and location of pre-production verification load tests;
number of production pile proof load tests;
magnitude of the test loads;
method of load application (single vs. multiple cycles, order of testing);
duration for which the test loads are applied; and
acceptance criteria for maximum total displacement and maximum creep
displacement at a specified load.
7.6.2 Load Testing Program for Verification Tests
At least one pre-production verification micropile load test is required on all projects and the
test is performed to at least 2.0 times the design load in accordance with Table 7-1. This
micropile may be a sacrificial (non-production) pile or a production pile. Loading beyond
the required minimum capacities may be conducted in an attempt to determine the ultimate
capacity of the micropile.

The development of a verification load testing program should include the following steps
and evaluations:
A site map should be developed depicting all proposed structures for the project
(e.g., pile cap) and locations of all geotechnical borings. In general, load testing
should be performed in close proximity to a boring to allow for correlation of load
test results to soil stratigraphy.
The critical load combinations for each substructure unit should be reviewed to
identify the types of load testing to be performed. In highly seismic regions, tension
and/or lateral load testing may be required. In some cases, tension tests may be used
as a substitute for compression testing, however, if compression loading is critical, at
least one of the verification tests should be a compression test (where remaining tests
may be substituted with tension tests).
All subsurface information for the project site should be reviewed to identify strata
where the micropile bond zone will be formed. This evaluation is performed for
each structure location. This evaluation should include an assessment of the overall
variability of the subsurface. Micropiles are often used in mixed ground conditions
so it is essential to identify all soil/rock micropile support horizons which may be
relatively weak or compressible compared to other strata.
Based on the above evaluations, the total number of verification tests can be selected
so that at least one verification load test is performed in each significantly different
micropile support soil/rock stratum. The selection of testing locations must also
consider access conditions and construction schedule. In cases where access to a
proposed testing location is difficult, the engineer should consider if appropriate load
testing information can be obtained at areas where greater access can be provided.

7.6.3 Load Testing Program for Proof Tests
Proof tests are performed primarily to confirm the contractors construction procedures
throughout the project. The Owner should provide the same information for proof testing as
was previously discussed for verification testing. Although these tests will be performed
during construction, the Owner should provide the Contractor with the number of micropiles
to be proof tested as early as possible during construction. The specifications, however,
should provide the Owner with the ability to request additional proof tests and to relocate
them, if required, based on unacceptable results or varying ground conditions.

Proof testing may consist of compression and/or tension tests. Typically, tension tests are
less expensive because the ground may be used for reaction to the test-load rather than
adjacent piles or reaction tie-down anchors. Therefore, if the critical load condition is in
tension, or if results of the production tension testing can be correlated to the pre-production
tension and compression testing results then proof tests may consists of only tension tests.
A common requirement for proof testing is to test 5 percent of the production micropiles.
This practice is similar to that used for driven piles associated with bridge foundations;
however this rule of thumb percentage may not be appropriate for all applications. The
following recommendations (Table 7-3) should be used in evaluating minimum proof testing
requirements for a project.
Table 7-3. Recommendations on Minimum Number of Test Micropiles
for Proof Testing.

Application Proof Test Frequency
Underpinning Applications 1 micropile proof test per substructure unit
Seismic Retrofit 1 micropile proof test per substructure unit
Structural Support of New
Construction
1 micropile proof test per substructure unit, but not less
than 5 percent of total production micropiles
Slope Stabilization
2 percent of total production micropiles to a test load of
2.0 times P
ult
(P
ult
is defined in Eq. 6-1 in Chapter 6)

7.6.4 Test Load Magnitude
The test load magnitude is typically controlled by the geotechnical factor of safety desired.
This geotechnical factor of safety is usually greater than factors of safety applied for ultimate
structural capacity considerations. Therefore, excess structural capacity may be required for
the micropile to support the test loads based on geotechnical capacities.
For magnitude of test loading (for structural support applications), this manual recommends:
Verification load testing to . . . . . . 2.0 Design Load
Proof load testing to . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6 Design Load.


The geotechnical capacity of a micropile can have an effect on the ultimate structural
capacity, thus requiring that the same factor of safety be used for both geotechnical and
structural considerations. Whether or not the reinforcement can be varied for the test piles
should be considered carefully, and should be addressed in the project specifications. This
issue has been reviewed in Chapter 5.
7.6.5 Method of Load Application
If the micropiles are designed for tension and compression loads, then both loading
conditions should be tested. If the same micropile is to be tested in both tension and
compression, it is suggested that the tension test be conducted first. This will allow the pile
to be reseated during compression testing in the event some net upward residual movement
occurs during the tension test. Because proof tests will be performed on random micropiles,
the Contractor shall assure that all micropiles can be used for load testing.
It is usually not necessary to conduct the load test on an inclined micropile, even if the
project includes them. Installing the micropile on an incline has little, if any, effect on
difficulty of construction and resulting capacity, particularly for micropiles installed by the
cased hole method. However, testing an inclined micropile can be difficult and increase the
testing costs, particularly for compression testing.
For micropile load tests for slope stabilization, tension tests may be used.

7.7 OTHER LOAD TESTING TECHNIQUES
7.7.1 General
In current practice, micropile proof testing is performed using the same load testing
equipment and procedures as for verification testing. While proof testing is less expensive
than verification testing because of reduced maximum test load magnitudes and reduced time
to complete the test, the test set-up (which comprises a significant portion of the load test
cost) is the same. For driven piles, for example, proof tests typically include the use of
dynamic testing using a pile driver analyzer (PDA). PDA results can be correlated to project-
specific load testing results and, therefore, is used as a quality control measure on driven pile
projects. PDA testing is rapid and inexpensive compared to full-scale load static load testing
and therefore provides a means to evaluate (approximately) the static capacity of a relatively

large number of production piles at a relatively low cost. Similarly, Statnamic testing may
also be used as a quality control and assurance measure when used in concert with full scale
static load tests.
In this section, information on the use of PDA and Statnamic testing for micropiles is
presented. At this time, neither of these methods are used on a regular basis for micropiles,
however, they may be used increasingly as more experience is gained with these methods for
micropile applications.
7.7.2 Dynamic Load Testing
Although not commonplace in current practice, the use of PDA for micropile proof testing
could provide the same advantages as for driven piles. Since micropiles are not driven, a pile
hammer needs to be mobilized to the site to perform the testing. Details on the use of the
PDA and data interpretation using CAPWAP analysis methods are provided in FHWA-HI-
97-014 (1996). Currently, there is not sufficient field experience using PDA on micropiles to
develop general procedures and recommendations for their use on micropile projects,
however, one case history is reviewed herein.
On a recent project in Northern Virginia, Gomez et al. (2004) used PDA to evaluate the static
capacity of micropiles installed through karstic limestone to competent rock (Figure 7-12).
Static load testing on two of three test micropiles indicated that test loads (equal to two times
the design load) could not be achieved. It was concluded that the causes for the failure of the
two micropiles were contamination of the contact between the grout and the rock in the bond
zone and the difficulties encountered in cleaning the bond zone by flushing with water.
Because of these observations, the capacity of the production micropiles that had already
been installed needed to be evaluated. PDA testing was performed on 22 production
micropiles of varying lengths. Because of the relatively small cross sectional area of the
micropiles, there was concerns over potential structural damage that could result from the
hammer striking required for the dynamic testing. In PDA testing, sufficient energy must be
imparted to the pile to cause sufficient movement to enable estimates of capacity to be made.
For this project, a procedure to gradually increase hammer energy was used and a cushioning
system was fabricated in the field to prevent structural damage to the micropile. Capacities
based on PDA results were consistent with those measured from the three static load tests.
The authors concluded that dynamic testing (using PDA) could provide reasonably accurate
estimates of capacity for the rest of the production micropiles tested.


Figure 7-12. Dynamic Test Set-Up for Micropile (after Gomez et al., 2004).
As stated, specific cost advantages may be realized in using PDA as compared to static
compression load testing for micropile proof tests. The volume of PDA tests in one day
makes the PDA more cost effective. However, there are specific disadvantages associated
with PDA testing of micropiles that need to be considered:
The creep test, which is a part of proof testing program and which is currently used
as a means to confirm acceptability of a micropile, cannot be performed with
dynamic test equipment.
Tension and lateral loading tests cannot be performed with dynamic test equipment.
Perhaps even more for micropiles than other pile systems, the potential for structural
damage to the micropile needs to be considered especially as a result of potential
eccentric loading by the pile hammer.
Data interpretation must be performed by an engineer with detailed knowledge of the
testing method and its limitations (as should be required with any load testing).
Where tension tests are sufficient to evaluate micropile bond zone capacities, it is
unlikely that PDA testing will be more cost-effective than conventional tension tests

(unless test load magnitudes are very high thus requiring substantial reaction beams
for a static load test).
7.7.3 Statnamic Load Testing
The Statnamic test method was developed by Bermingham and Jane (1989) and is used to
evaluate capacity of foundations including drilled shafts, driven piles, augered cast-in-place
piles, micropiles, stone columns, and shallow foundations. The use of this method to
evaluate micropile capacity is increasing and several projects have been completed (although
test data has not been published to date). Equipment, testing methods, and information on
data interpretation are provided in Mullins et. al. (2001) for Statnamic load testing.
The Statnamic test method uses solid fuel burned within a pressure chamber to rapidly
accelerate upward the reaction mass positioned on the pile head. As the gas chamber
increases, an upward force is exerted on the reaction mass, while an equal and opposite force
pushes downward on the pile. Loading increases to a maximum and then unloads by a
venting of the gas pressure. The magnitude and duration of the applied load and the loading
rate are controlled by the selection of piston and cylinder size, the fuel mass, fuel type, the
reaction mass, and the gas venting technique.
The work area for the test set-up must be typically between 3 to 4 m (10 to 13 ft) in diameter
and must be leveled (Figure 7-13). The set-up also requires at least 8.5 m (28 ft) of
headroom clearance.
The advantages of Statnamic testing for micropile load testing include:
Statnamic testing does not require any reaction piles or reaction system. It takes less
time to prepare the test set-up as compared to static load testing.
Depending on the magnitude of load, site location, and labor costs, the cost of
statnamic test could be on the order of one quarter to one half the cost of an
equivalent capacity static load test.
Statnamic test is readily adaptable to lateral load testing, batter micropiles and axial
load testing on land or over water.
Because the load duration is long enough to preclude stress wave formation, the
analysis is simpler than for dynamic testing techniques.


Figure 7-13. Statnamic Test Set-Up (courtesy of Applied Foundation Testing (AFT), Inc.).

The disadvantages of Statnamic testing for micropiles include:
The creep test, which is a part of proof testing program and which is currently used
as a means to confirm acceptability of a micropile, cannot be performed with
Statnamic test equipment.
Tension tests have not been performed with the Statnamic device yet.
For tight access conditions, unless the engineer allows the location of the test pile to
be relocated to an area with better access, Statnamic testing may not be suitable.
Data interpretation must be performed by an engineer with detailed knowledge of the
testing method and current analysis methods (as should be required with any load
test method).

7.8 REFERENCES
ASTM D1143, Standard Test Method for Piles Under Static Axial Compressive Load,
American Society for Testing and Materials, pp. 104-114, New York.
ASTM D3689, Standard Test Method for Individual Piles Under Static Axial Tensile Load,
American Society for Testing and Materials, pp. 416-426, New York.
ASTM D3966, Standard Test Method for Piles Under Lateral Loads, American Society for
Testing and Materials, pp. 440-454, New York.
Bermingham, P. and James, M. (1989), An Innovative Approach to Load Testing of High
Capacity Piles, Proceedings of the International Conference on Piling and Deep
Foundations, V. 1, J. B. Burland and J. M. Mitchell, pp. 409-413.
DFI (2004), Guide to Drafting a Specification for Micropiles, Deep Foundations Institute,
The International Association of Foundation Drilling, 60 pages, New Jersey..
Gomez, J, Cadden, A., and Christopher, W. (2004), Micropile Foundations on Karst: Static
and Dynamic Testing Variability, Proceedings of Fifth International Conference on
Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering, April 13-17, New York.
Mullins, G., Lewis, C. L., and Justason, M. D. (2001), Advancements in Statnamic Data
Regression Techniques, Deep Foundations 2002: An International Perspective on
Theory, Design, Construction, and Performance, ASCE Geo Institute, GSP No.116, V.
II, pp. 915-930.

FHWA NHI-05-039 Chapter 8 Construction Monitoring & Inspection
CHAPTER 8
MICROPILE CONSTRUCTION MONITORING
AND INSPECTION

8.1 INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this chapter is to provide guidance regarding construction monitoring and
inspection (i.e., construction quality assurance (QA) and construction quality control (QC)
inspection) for micropiles. Inspection is the primary mechanism to assure that micropiles are
constructed in accordance with the project plans and specifications. Short-term and long-
term monitoring may be conducted to assess the performance of the micropiles. Construction
monitoring activities can be carried out by the owner agency, the contractor, or a
combination of both, depending on the contracting approach (i.e., method, performance, or
design-build (see Chapter 9)), while performance monitoring is usually conducted by the
owner agency. Inspection and monitoring of micropile systems which are constructed using
performance specifications are described in this chapter.
Quality assurance activities, if properly conducted, play a vital role in the production of high-
quality micropiles because conformance to project plans and specifications should result in
micropiles that will perform adequately for the intended service life. These activities may
involve evaluation of the following: (1) conformance of system components to material
specifications; (2) conformance of construction methods to execution specifications; and (3)
conformance to short-term performance specifications.
Short-term (during construction) micropile monitoring is usually limited to monitoring
measurements during load testing (i.e., verification, proof, and creep tests). In some cases,
short-term monitoring may include, for example, monitoring, ground surface settlements or
movements of nearby foundations (particularly where micropiles are used for underpinning
applications). Long-term monitoring may be performed for micropiles used for slope
stabilization as experience with this application of micropiles is limited to date, and this
monitoring may include a continuation of measurements from short-term monitoring.
8.2 INSPECTION ROLES UNDER CERTAIN CONTRACT APPROACHES
For micropiles contracted using the method approach, QA activities are carried out by the
owner agency based on comprehensive material and procedural requirements of owner-
provided plans and specifications. The contractor responsibility is to follow the project plans

and specifications and provide quality assurance. The owners inspection is conducted to
assure strict compliance with each component of the specification.
For the performance contracting approach, the contractor carries out QC activities. The
owner agency will carry out a limited number of QA activities as required by project
specifications, primarily to verify that requirements are met for materials, equipment,
construction tolerances, and sequencing. The contractor selects the equipment and
construction procedures used and is responsible for satisfying specified performance criteria.
For the design-build approach, the performance of all required inspection activities are
carried out by the contractor or are the responsibility of the contractor in accordance with the
QA plan approved by the owner. Random quality assurance tests are done by the owner
agency or through an independent third party inspection firm.

8.3 PRE-PROJECT PREPARATION
Prior to construction, the QA inspector must have an understanding of the project and
specification requirements, particularly as related to inspection responsibilities, site and
subsurface conditions, and material and construction requirements. Inspection
responsibilities should be defined at a preconstruction meeting with the general contractor
and all subcontractors (e.g., micropile installation contractor) involved in the project. The
inspector must understand the intended function of the micropiles and other individual
system components. Sources of information should include geotechnical reports, contract
plans, and specifications. The inspector should contact the project engineer at the start of the
project to discuss critical design aspects and potentially difficult site and subsurface
conditions.
Prior to the commencement of any construction, the micropile contractors work plan should
be submitted to the engineer for review and approval. Work shall not proceed until the work
plan has been approved. The contractors work plan should describe, at a minimum, the
following elements of the work:
1. Contractor and employee qualifications
2. Contractors understanding of ground conditions with a discussion on anticipated
difficulties related to these ground conditions
3. Performance criteria and tolerances
4. Location and orientation of each micropile
5. Size and configuration (i.e., description of micropile cross section) of each micropile

6. Capacity requirements for each micropile
7. Drilling equipment, including manufacturer and model numbers, flushing media, and
a discussion of the precautions to be implemented to minimize drilling deviations
8. List of all equipment to be used for the project with equipment loads on structure or
adjacent ground during construction
9. General installation plan, including proposed sequence of installation, phasing, and
scheduling
10. Grout design mix, along with batching, mixing, and injection techniques
11. Reinforcement, including sizing, configuration, and corrosion protection
12. Postgrouting methods (if anticipated to be used), procedure, and equipment
13. Documentation of and protection methods for existing utilities and other sensitive
elements that may be affected by the micropile work and proposed measures to
minimize impacts of the micropile work on these elements
14. Plan to accommodate low headroom or nearby obstructions
15. Load testing information including identification of micropiles to be tested, type of
testing to be performed (e.g., compression, tension, lateral), maximum anticipated test
load for each micropile to be tested, allowable deformations under test loads, and
details of the testing procedures for each type of test to be performed (i.e.,
compression, tension, or lateral) including sketches showing typical layout for load
tests (e.g., location of reaction piles, position of dial gauges, etc.)
16. Calibration information for load cells, pressure gauges, dial gauges, and any other
testing or monitoring devices
17. Details of connection to existing structures
18. Remedial action plan describing measures to be implemented in the event of
excessive movement of existing structures, release of spills to environmentally
sensitive areas, and other potential hazards that could reasonably be anticipated at the
start of the project
19. Spoil handling procedures.
Most importantly, protection of the existing environment, including underground utilities,
must be considered. The existing site conditions should be examined by the micropile
contractor with the inspector. The contractor is responsible for furnishing equipment suitable
for the specific site conditions.
Figure 8-1 provides a summary of QA inspector responsibilities for a typical micropile
project.

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8.4 INSPECTION OF MICROPILE MATERIALS
8.4.1 General
Specifications describe minimum requirements for micropile materials. These minimum
requirements may be defined explicitly or by reference to standard specifications such as
those set forth by AASHTO and ASTM. Because the materials used to construct a micropile
are common civil engineering materials, prequalified products are not commonly required,
however, certain proprietary features may be involved in, for example, the micropile to
footing connection. Recommendations for the storage and handling of selected materials are
commonly included in specifications.
Conformance to a specification requirement is commonly assessed in one of the following
ways: (1) reviewing manufacturer or supplier certification submitted by the contractor; (2)
reviewing of product literature and visual inspection; or (3) conformance testing. All
materials and prefabricated elements delivered to the site must be visually examined prior to
installation to verify required geometry and dimensions and to identify any defects in
workmanship, contamination, or damage by handling. All nonconforming materials are
unacceptable, unless appropriate corrections are made in accordance with specifications or by
written approval of the project engineer.
8.4.2 Storing and Handling of Cement
Cement is typically supplied either in bagged (43 kg/sack) or bulk (1320 kg/bulk bag) form,
depending on site conditions, job size, local availability, and cost. Cement should not be
stored directly on the ground or anywhere where it may be subject to significant moisture
absorption. An example of appropriate cement storage is provided in Figure 8-2. The
contractor should avoid stacking the bags too high to prevent over compaction of the cement.
Cement should be visually examined for lumps or other indications of hydration or
contamination by foreign matter immediately prior to its use. The water used for grout
mixing must be potable, and not contain impurities harmful to the steel or the grout. The
contractor should also handle admixtures with care following manufacturers
recommendations. Approved admixtures that have exceeded the manufacturers
recommended shelf life should not be used.


Figure 8-2. Cement Storage.

8.4.3 Storing and Handling of Reinforcing Steel

Steel reinforcement should be stored above the ground surface and be protected against
mechanical damage and exposure to weather. Reinforcing bars should be lifted using fiber
ropes or webbing and should be supported at several locations to prevent excessive bending.
The micropile contractor should use care in unloading and storing all reinforcing steel
material. The storage area should be away from construction traffic and in a protected
location. When reinforcing steel material is delivered to the job site, it should be visually
checked for size and any signs of corrosion. Reinforcing steel elements should be
accompanied by mill certificates. Mill secondary pipe materials, for which mill certificates
will not be available, require verification of steel quality through tensile and chemical testing
of steel samples. For Buy America Contracts, United States manufacturing of materials must
be verified. All steel reinforcing materials shall conform to the proper standards as identified
in the project specifications.
Properly stored steel reinforcing materials (see Figure 8-3) prevent corrosion or
contamination by dirt, oils, and/or organics. Wood spacers placed between the ground and

the steel materials will prevent slight rusting that can occur if steel is exposed to the ground.
A light coating of surface rust on the steel is normal and indicates that oil and grease are not
present. Deep flaky corrosion or deep pitting of the steel is cause for rejection. All steel
materials should be inspected just prior to their use.
Double corrosion-protected and/or epoxy-coated steel bars should be delivered to the job site
pre-manufactured (Figure 8-4). Extra care in handling and storage shall be given to these
materials. Epoxy-coated bars shall be properly wrapped with padded bands and placed on
wooden or padded supports. Pre-manufactured corrosion-protected steel bars must be
stacked with care to prevent any damage to the corrugated tube and/or epoxy coating. Any
repairs to epoxy coatings shall be performed in accordance with manufacturers
recommendations.
Mechanical couplers, hex nuts, centralizers, and spacers are typically delivered to the job site
in boxes. Mill certificates will be provided for the steel couplers and hex nuts. Storage of
these materials shall follow the same procedures as other materials.

Figure 8-3. Storage of Reinforcing Steel.


Figure 8-4. Double Corrosion Protected (Encapsulated) Reinforcing Steel.

8.5 INSPECTION OF CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES

8.5.1 Inspection of Drilling Activities

The contractors drilling operation should not cause unacceptable loss of ground. Signs of
unacceptable loss of ground include the inability to withdraw the drill casing from the hole,
large quantity of soil removal with little or no casing advancement, and subsidence of the
ground above drilling location. The QA inspector should document this information and
other observations of the drilling procedures in their daily reports.
When temporary casing is to be removed during the grouting process, it should be removed
in a manner that does not cause the pile reinforcement to become disturbed, damaged, or
allowed to loss contact with the in-situ soil. The casing should also be kept full of grout
during the removal operation to minimize the potential for drillhole collapse. The contractor
is responsible for implementing all measures required to maintain an open drillhole during
construction. Fluid levels in the drillhole must always be kept above the ground water level
to minimize potential ground losses into the drillhole from potentially unstable soils.

The drilling, installation of reinforcement, and grouting of each micropile should be
completed by the contractor in a series of continuous processes as expeditiously as possible.
Some materials, such as consolidated clays and weak rock, can deteriorate and soften when
exposed to air or water. Under these conditions, drilling of the pile bond zone, reinforcement
installation, and grouting of the bond zone should be completed in one day. Unless micropile
construction is continuous, the contractor should temporarily plug or cover the drillhole at the
ground surface to prevent debris from falling into the borehole and for safety of the personnel
working on the site. It is also recommended that casing material be placed (temporary or
permanent project) a minimum of 0.3 m (1 ft) above the ground surface elevation to avoid
drill spoils and flushing water from other operations flowing down and contaminating the
completed hole.
The micropile contractor shall provide for proper disposal and containment of the drilling
spoils from the site in accordance with the approved work plan. The drill water should be
controlled at all times to prevent erosion and to prevent accumulation of standing water
which may freeze or otherwise create sloppy working conditions.
Micropile inclination and position may need to deviate from that specified in the contract
documents. Any deviation outside the tolerances provided in the Specifications, however,
should be viewed as a design change and the contractor must notify the engineer of his
intended change before implementing this change. In general, any deviations from the
Drawings and Specifications should be recorded by the QA inspector and this information
provided to the engineer.
8.5.2 Inspection of Reinforcement Installation Activities

Reinforcement may be placed either prior to drillhole grouting, or placed into the grout-filled
borehole before temporary casing (if used) is withdrawn. In any case, the inspector shall
record the total pile length and bond zone length for each installed micropile. The
reinforcement shall be capable of being inserted to its prescribed length in the hole without
force. Inability to achieve this penetration in uncased holes usually means caving of soil into
the hole has occurred, and withdrawal of the reinforcement and redrilling is necessary.
Driving the reinforcement to full length or cutting off the reinforcement shall not be allowed.
Care should be exercised so as not to damage corrosion protection measures or centralizers
during reinforcement installation. Neither epoxy-coated, double corrosion-protected, or
uncoated steel reinforcements should be dragged across abrasive surfaces or through the
surface soil. All splices and couplings should be checked for proper seating. The
reinforcement must be clean of deleterious substances such as surface soil, oil, and mud,

which may contaminate the grout or coat the reinforcement. Centralizers and spacers shall
be checked to ensure placement at specified intervals, typically 2.5 to 3 m (8 to 10 ft) (Figure
8-5). Attachment of the centralizers to the reinforcement should also be checked to ensure
that the reinforcement remains centered in the borehole. Typically centralizers are attached
with tie-wire or duct tape. If tremie grout tubes are placed after the reinforcement has been
positioned, care should be exercised so that the tremie tube does not interfere with the
centralizers.
8.5.3 Inspection of Grouting Activities
Before any grouting begins, the condition of the grouting equipment should be checked by
the contractor and the grout-mix design should be verified. Care in execution of the grouting
process can greatly impact the quality of the completed micropile and its load carrying
capacity.
Prior to grouting, the inspector should verify the diameters of micropiles drilled without
casings. Ideally, the contractor should grout the micropiles immediately after drilling the
bond zone. However, if this is not possible, grouting should be performed before
degradation of the drill hole.

Figure 8-5. Reinforcement Centralizers.

The primary grouting operation involves injecting cement grout at the lowest point of the
borehole so the hole will fill evenly without air voids. A tremie tube is typically tied to the
reinforcing steel before insertion in the borehole. After placement of the reinforcement steel
and tremie tube, the grout is pumped to the bottom of the pile until grout of suitable quality
(of the same consistency as that being injected) returns to the top of the pile. The tremie tube
is then removed from the micropile hole or left in the hole and filled with grout.
The Contractor should perform grouting in one continuous operation. Care should be taken
to maintain a positive head at the grout holding tank to avoid drawing air into the injected
grout. Pressure grouting may be applied to the primary grout during casing withdrawal.
Care must be taken with such pressures to avoid distress to the ground or adjacent structures.
The pressure grouting process should be discontinued if grout is observed escaping at the
ground surface.
Grout pressures are measured as close to the point of injection as possible to account for line
losses between the pump and the borehole. Typically, a pressure gauge is mounted on the
drill rig and monitored by the drill rig operator as a guide during pressure grouting and casing
withdrawal (Figure 8-6).

Figure 8-6. Drill Rig Pressure Gauge.

For micropiles installed with a hollow-stem auger, the grout should be pumped under
continuous pressure with a grout head maintained above the tip of the auger during auger
withdrawl. The auger should be withdrawn in a controlled manner to minimize the potential
for necking of the borehole to occur.
If post grouting is performed, it is very important to monitor grout pressures and volumes
throughout the injection of each sleeve. This will help prevent dangerous or needless over
injection and progressively verify the effectiveness of the treatment. Post grouting pressures
have been documented in excess of 6.5 MPa (943 psi). Typical range during injection is 2 to
4 MPa (290 to 580 psi).
Grouting records are of vital importance on every project and are described in Section 8.6.3.

8.6 REQUIRED PROJECT DOCUMENTATION
8.6.1 Micropile Load Testing
During micropile load testing, the inspector must verify that the: (1) test pile installation
method used is the same as will be used for the installation of the production piles; (2) pile
load test setup is in accordance with the approved working drawings; and (3) pile is load
tested in accordance with the project specifications. During load testing, the following
general guidelines should be observed:
at no time should the micropile be loaded such that the axial stresses within the
micropile exceed maximum allowable stresses provided in the Specifications;
at no time should the applied load be reduced below the alignment load; and
test measurements should be plotted as the test proceeds in order to identify unusual
behavior.
The QA inspector should check the following:
testing apparatus alignment;
use of properly calibrated jacks and gauges;
dial gauge arm alignment and travel length;
dial gauge point of contact;
application of the proper loads and sequencing and duration of each load; and
potential interference points due to pile deflection.

8.6.2 Production Micropiles
Comprehensive records of the micropile installation are required to establish the basis of
payment and to identify potentially significant deviations from the Contract Documents.
Table 8-1 shows an example micropile installation log to be used by the micropile contractor
and the inspector. A completed micropile installation log is provided in Table 8-2 as an
example.
8.6.3 Grouting Records for Production Micropiles
Because the grout is such a vital component of the micropile, close attention should be paid
to the quality and control of the grout. Grout production and consumption records must be
kept daily. It is important that the actual pressure and volume of grout pumped for each
micropile be recorded by the contractor and the inspector.
Unconfined compressive strength of grout is determined according to AASHTO T106/ASTM
C-109. Compressive strength is typically checked through a set of three each, 50-mm (2 in)
grout cubes (Figure 8-7). Tests are typically performed at 3, 7, and 28 days after grouting.
Seven-day tests are considered the most crucial, as the grout will typically attain the required
design strength within this time period. Anticipated strength will depend upon project need,
but compressive cube strengths can be very high, as much as 24 MPa (3,500 psi) after only
24 hours of set time. The unconfined compressive strength is largely dependent on project
needs, but a 28-day strength requirement between 25 and 40 MPa (3,600 and 5,800 ksi) is
considered common for micropiles. The inspector needs to verify that the grout cube break
strengths comply with the project specifications. Grout samples should be taken directly
from the grout plant. It is recommended that one set of three grout cubes be taken for every
10 micropiles installed, or every day for each grout plant in operation, whichever occurs
more frequently.

Table 8-1. Example Micropile Installation Log.

Project Name: Pile Designation #
Contract No.: Design Load Compress = Tension =
DESIGN AS-BUILT Installation Date
Pile Inclination Time @
Casing Dia./Wall Thickness Start of Drilling
Reinforcement Size/Length Start of Grouting
Casing Length below B.O.F. Pile Completion
Cased Bond Length (Plunge) Total Duration
Bond Length Below Casing ABBREVIATIONS
Total Pile Length below B.O.F. B.O.F. = Bottom of Footing
Casing Length above B.O.F.
PILE DRILLING
Drill Method Drill Rig #
Drill Bit Type and Size Drill Operator
Time Depth from B.O.F Soil / Rock Description
Flush Return
Description
Comments

PILE GROUTING
Grout Plant #, Operator

Cement Type
Tremie Grout Quantity (bags)

Admixtures
Pressure Grout Quantity (bags)

w/c Ratio
Grouting after plunge (bags)

Grout Ratio (bags/m bond)
Total Grout Quantity (bags)

Depth from B.O.F
Pressure Range
Max/Average
Comments

Table 8-2. Example Completed Micropile Installation Log.

Project Name: Keeley Palace Pile Designation #: Pile 1
Contract No.: 0064 Design Load Compress = Tension =
DESIGN AS-BUILT Installation Date
12-25-96
Pile Inclination
0 degrees
Time @
8:00 am 9:20 am
Casing Dia./Wall Thickness
177/13 (mm)
Start of Drilling
8:00 am
Reinforcement Size/Length
57( mm)/15.5 (m)
Start of Grouting
9:00 am
Casing Length below B.O.F.
8 m
Pile Completion
9:20 am
Cased Bond Length (Plunge)
2 m
Total Duration
1:20
Bond Length Below Casing
6 m
ABBREVIATIONS

Total Pile Length below B.O.F.
16.5 m
B.O.F. = Bottom of Footing

Casing Length above B.O.F.
0.5 m
PILE DRILLING
Drill Method
Cased Rotary
Drill Rig #
10-1
Drill Bit Type and Size
Casing Teeth 175 mm
Drill Operator
Kilian
Time Depth from B.O.F Soil / Rock Description
Flush Return
Description
Comments

0 5 m Gravel and Cobbles Brown, full return

5 10 m Sand Gravel w/Cobbles Brown, full return

10 15 m Cobbles w/Gravel Gray, full return Occasional Sand Seams

PILE GROUTING
Grout Plant #, Operator
8-1, Holder
Cement Type
I / II
Tremie Grout Quantity (bags)
12
Admixtures
None
Pressure Grout Quantity (bags)
13
w/c Ratio
0.45
Grouting after plunge (bags)
2
Grout Ratio (bags/m bond)

Total Grout Quantity (bags)
27

Depth from B.O.F
Pressure Range
Max/Average (MPa)
Comments
15 10 m 0.55 / 0.45 Grouted first 3 m under pressure, pulled remainder under static head
10 5 m 0.55 / 0.47 Grouted first 3 m under pressure, pulled remainder under static head
Plunge, 5 6.5 m 1.2 After plunging casing, pumped additional 2 bags at max pressure = 1.2 MPa


Figure 8-7. Grout Cubes for Compressive Strength Testing.

Specific gravity measurements of grout are frequently checked to determine the water
content of the grout because the water content of the grout is the prime control over grout
properties. Neat cement grout density can be determined per the American Petroleum
Institute (API) Recommended Practice (RP) 13B-1 by the Baroid Mud Balance Test (Figure
8-8). The test is extremely quick and inexpensive and should be performed at least once per
micropile. By monitoring the water/cement ratio during grouting, the inspector can ensure
that the grout is being prepared according to the specified project mix design. A common
specific gravity for grout is between 1.8 and 1.9, which corresponds to a water/cement ratio
of 0.45.
Tests that permit quality assessment prior to installation are more valuable since they permit
immediate reaction in case of anomalies. Compressive strength values; however may only be
established 48 hours after the sampling at the earliest. Pre-construction testing of the grout
should be performed prior to production drilling to verify acceptability of grout mix design
such as prior to and/or during micropile verification load testing.


Figure 8-8. Baroid Mud Balance Test.

8.7 REFERENCES
ASTM C109, Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement
Mortars Using 2 in (50 mm) Cube Specimens, American Society for Testing and
Materials, New York.
AASHTO T106, Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement
Mortars Using 2 in (50 mm) Cube Specimens, American Association of State
Highway Transportation Officials, Washington, DC.

FHWA NHI-05-039 Chapter 9 Contracting Methods
CHAPTER 9
CONTRACTING METHODS

9.1 INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this chapter is to describe contracting approaches that are commonly used in
developing contract documents for projects involving micropiles. Two types of contracting
methods are used to develop contract drawings and specifications for micropiles. Some
agencies prefer one approach to the other or a mix of approaches for micropiles based on the
criticality and complexity of a particular project, experience of the owner and their
engineering consultants, and the availability of specialty contractors. The selection of a
contracting method may also depend on the experience of the agency with micropile
technology. Both contracting approaches are valid if properly implemented and each has
advantages and disadvantages. These contracting methods include:
Method (or Procedural) Approach. All details of design, construction materials, and
methods are specified in the contract documents. A variant to this method allows the
contractor to select micropile drilling and grouting methods required to achieve specified pile
capacities.
Performance or End-Result Approach. Lines and grades with specific design criteria and
methods and performance requirements are provided in the contract documents. With this
approach, a project-specific review and detailed plan submittal occurs in conjunction with the
submittal of working drawings.
Because specialty contractors often introduce innovative, cost-competitive solutions, it is
recommended that the contract documents for micropile projects be structured to allow
specialty contractors to make use of the latest available construction techniques. Thus,
contract documents that are performance-based, with respect to drilling and grouting
methods, are recommended. The performance approach and the variant of the method
approach allow this flexibility.

9.2 CONTRACTOR QUALIFICATION
The procedures for micropile construction need to be followed closely to provide a high
quality product. Selecting an experienced and qualified contractor to install micropiles is

critical to obtain a satisfactory installation. The likelihood of success further increases when
comprehensive construction quality assurance procedures are developed and enforced by the
owner. Agencies or owners with no previous micropile experience should seek a qualified
third-party quality assurance provider.
Contract documents for micropile projects should clearly define: (1) the contractor pre-
qualification requirements; (2) submittal procedures for this qualification information; and
(3) the means by which the owner will enforce these requirements. Such pre-qualification
requirements are commonly being used by many transportation agencies for other specialty
construction techniques, such as permanent ground anchors, soil nail walls, drilled shaft
foundations, and shotcreting. However, where formal pre-qualification may not be allowed,
agencies should request that bidders demonstrate that they meet specific micropile
experience requirements.
The recommended minimum qualifications for each micropile contractor are provided below.
1. The contractor firm and its proposed employees for the project should provide
evidence of previous successful experience in the design and installation of
micropiles. Owner references in the design and installation of micropiles of similar
scope to those proposed for the application project should be provided.
Documentation shall include at least five successful projects performed in the last five
years.
2. The contractor firm shall assign an engineer to supervise the work who has at least
three years of experience in micropile design and construction of at least 3
successfully completed projects over the past 5 years.
3. The contractor firm must have previous drilling experience in similar ground to
anticipated project conditions. The contractor firm must submit at least three
successful load test reports from different projects of similar scope to project.
4. Project superintendents and drill operators responsible for installation of micropile
system must have micropile installation experience on at least 3 successfully
completed projects over the past 5 years.

9.3 METHOD CONTRACTING APPROACH
The method contracting approach includes the development of a detailed set of plans and
specifications to be provided in the bidding documents. The advantage of this approach is
that complete design details and specifications are developed and reviewed by experienced

representatives. This approach further empowers agency engineers to examine options that
may be available during design but requires engineering staff trained in micropile design and
construction methods. The staff then also becomes a valuable asset during construction,
when questions and/or design modifications are required.
Under this contracting procedure, the agency is fully responsible for the design and
performance of the micropile, as long as the contractor has installed each component (e.g.,
pile casing, grout, steel reinforcement) in strict accordance with the contract documents. The
agency assumes all risks and is responsible for directing the work if changes to the design are
required based on actual field conditions. The use of a method specification is recommended
only for agencies that have developed sufficient in-house expertise and consider micropile
design and construction control as a conventional or standard method for foundation system
or slope stabilization.
The use of a variant to this method, in which the contractor is responsible for developing the
required pile capacity by varying the drilling and grouting methods, drill hole diameter, and
length of piles from specified minimums, has several advantages. It empowers contractors to
maximize the use of their experience and specialized equipment and allows the agency to
share the major risk, (i.e., pile capacity for a specified length), with the contractor. The
owner typically establishes the following:
scope of work;
micropile design loadings and spacing;
footing details;
corrosion protection;
micropile testing procedures and requirements;
instrumentation requirements (if any);
special design considerations (e.g., scour and liquefaction potential); and
performance criteria.

The micropile contractor specifies the following:
micropile construction process;
micropile type;

micropile design; and
pile top to footing connection design.
This division of work allows the qualified specialty contractors to provide an economical
micropile design, while satisfying the design requirements. This method also allows
responsibility for the work to be shared between the owner and the micropile contractor.
While this is slightly more restrictive than the contractor design/build specification method, it
is still flexible enough to allow for some innovation and cost savings. Various types of
owner-controlled design specifications are described subsequently.
9.3.1 Standard Design

The contract documents for the Standard Design Type are prepared to allow for various
qualified micropile designs. The owners engineer provides the micropile design loadings,
footing design, and pile layout for foundation support. In addition, the owner provides the
following:
geotechnical reports and data;
micropile design parameters (foundation support projects only) including maximum
pile sizes, axial pile loads, lateral pile loads, displacement requirements, and ductility
requirements;
existing utility plans;
site limitations, including: (1) access limitations; (2) right of way; (3) scour potential;
(4) liquefaction potential; (5) noise requirements; (6) vibration requirements; and (7)
potential for hazardous and/or contaminated materials;
contractor working drawing/design submittal and review requirements including time
frame and information on penalties;
material specifications;
testing requirements;
micropile acceptance criteria; and
method of measurement and payment.

It is recommended that micropile measurement and payment be performed on a unit-per-
micropile basis separately for: (1) furnished and installed production piles; (2) verification
testing; and (3) proof testing, except for piles founded in rock, for which an add/deduct
footage price may be included.
During the bidding process, micropile contractors prepare a preliminary design and a firm
cost proposal based on the owners plans and specifications. If the project is to be
subcontracted, general contractors will receive bids from each specialty subcontractor and
includes the best offer in their proposal. The name of the recommended micropile
subcontractor is included in the general contractors bid, which is then submitted. Once the
contract has been awarded, the selected specialty contractor prepares working drawings and
design calculations and submits them to the engineer for review and approval. After
acceptance of the design, construction begins.
9.3.2 Alternate Micropile Design

For the Alternate Microple Design method, the owner provides a base design in the contract
documents utilizing a more traditional foundation support system. The contract documents
allow alternate micropile designs to be submitted by the listed specialty contractors on a one-
for-one pile replacement of the owner-designed pile system. The information described
under Standard Design Type is also required. Alternatively, this approach can be used to
allow micropile contractors to submit designs which include fewer higher capacity
micropiles than the conventional pile footing design requires, and allows the owners
engineer to maintain control of the footing design.
The information necessary in the contract documents is similar to that previously mentioned,
except the owner provides two to three alternative pile footing designs on the plans with the
associated pile design and load criteria.
9.3.3 Cost Reduction Incentive Proposal (Value Engineering)

The Cost Reduction Incentive Proposal is another long-established form of alternate proposal
used in the United States. When Cost Reduction Incentive Proposals are permitted, it is
important that the owner specify any additional restrictions that may apply, such as right-of-

way restrictions. Foundation support elements are usually the first order of work, so review
and approval of the Cost Reduction Incentive Proposal needs to be performed in a timely
manner.

9.4 PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS
This approach is often called line and grade or conceptual plans. Under this approach,
the agency: (1) prepares drawings defining the geometric requirements for the structure and
material specifications for the components; (2) defines performance requirements including
factors of safety; and (3) indicates the range of acceptable construction and design methods.
This approach, when coupled with sound specifications and pre-qualification of contractors,
offers several benefits. Design of the structure is performed by trained and experienced staff
and can utilize contractors proprietary equipment and methods along with material
components successfully and routinely used in the past. Also, the performance specification
approach lessens engineering costs and manpower requirements for the agency and transfers
some of the project design costs to construction. The disadvantage is that agency engineers
must have adequate expertise to perform a design review, approve construction
modifications, and engage a consultant with demonstrated proficiency in micropile
technology. It is noted that the limitations previously described under the method approach
for pre-qualification of contractors for certain public agencies also apply to pre-qualification
with the performance contracting approach.
Bid quantities are obtained from specified pay limits denoted on the drawings and can be bid
on a lump sum or unit-price basis. The basis for detailed designs to be submitted after
contract award is detailed as a special provision, as would construction control and
monitoring requirements. The special provision should clearly identify the required
submittals, schedule for submittals, and schedule for review and approval of these submittals.
Items to be contained in the special provision are calculations and shop drawing submittals.
In the design/build method, the owners engineer typically provides the following
information:
scope of work;
total structure loads;
footing details;
corrosion protection;

micropile testing procedures and requirements;
special design considerations (e.g., scour and liquefaction potential); and
performance criteria.
The micropile contractor specifies the following:
micropile construction process;
micropile type and quantity;
micropile design;
revisions to footing details to accomodate micropile design; and
pile top to footing connection design.
Based upon specified limitations and requirements, a design/build proposal is submitted,
either before the bid advertisement (pre-bid), or after contract award (post-bid).
Measurement and payment is typically made on a lump-sum basis.

9.5 DESIGN/BUILD APPROACH
9.5.1 General
In design/build construction, the specialty contractor becomes an important part of the
project team and is involved in all foundation and ground-support aspects of the project. The
micropile contractor is responsible for the adequacy of the design and construction and the
owner is responsible for the accuracy of the information upon which the design is based. The
two recommended types of contractor design/build specifications follow.
9.5.2 Postbid Design

The contract documents for the postbid design/build method are prepared to allow for various
contractor-designed alternatives. The owners engineer provides design and detailing of
ancillary structures, and the performance criteria and objectives necessary for the micropile
system design and installation. This information includes, as a minimum, the following:


geotechnical reports and data;
structure loadings (axial, lateral and moment);
existing utility drawings;
design criteria and parameters;
site limitations (e.g., right of way);
design and details of ancillary structures;
contractor working drawing/design submittal and review requirements; and
micropile acceptance criteria.
During the bidding process, the micropile contractors prepare a preliminary design and a firm
cost proposal based on the owners plans and specifications. For subcontracted items,
general contractors will receive bids from each specialty subcontractor and include the best
cost proposals in their bids. The name of the recommended micropile subcontractors are
included in the general contractors bid, which is then submitted. Once the contract has been
awarded, the selected specialty contractor prepares their detailed design calculations and
working drawing and submits them to the engineer for review and approval. After
acceptance of the design, construction begins.
9.5.3 Prebid Design

The contract documents for the prebid design/build method are also prepared to allow for
contractor-designed micropiling alternatives. The major difference in this method is the
timing of the design and the bidding. Performance criteria and necessary project design
information are usually made available 60 to 90 days prior to the contract advertisement date.
Micropile contractors prepare and submit final design calculations and working drawings for
the owners review and approval. Once the designs (typically two to three total) are
approved, a list of specialty contractors with approved designs are included in the contract
documents. Often the specialty contractors proprietary working drawings are included in
the contract bid documents. These drawings illustrate the proposed construction and assist
the general contractors in understanding and coordinating their other project tasks with the
proposed micropile construction. General contractors then receive bids from each
subcontractor, bidding only on their own proprietary design, and include the best cost
proposal in their bid. The name of the recommended micropile subcontractor is included in

the general contractors bid, which is then submitted. Once the contract is awarded, the
selected general contractor and specialty micropile contractor can begin work immediately.

9.6 CONTRACT PLANS
For all of the specification methods mentioned, the contract plans must include sufficient
information to allow the contractor to develop a bid proposal that meets the owners
objectives. The quality of the subsurface information, existing utility plan, and micropile
design criteria are very important for a successful project. Inadequate subsurface information
and conservative pile design criteria may create expensive contractor contingencies, higher
pile prices and increase claim potential.
Sample contract plans and guide construction specifications utilizing owner controlled design
methods is provided in Appendix C-1 and utilizing contractor design/build methods is
provided in Appendix C-2.


FHWA NHI-05-039 Chapter 10 Cost Estimating
CHAPTER 10
COST ESTIMATING

10.1 INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this chapter is to present an approach that may be used to develop a cost
estimate for any micropile project. The cost estimate method described is similar to that
commonly used in engineering to develop a conceptual cost estimate. That is, sufficient
detail is used to identify the cost components which may have the largest effect on total
project cost, however specific bid quantities and potential bidding contractors is not
necessarily known.
The method requires that a baseline cost for micropiles be known. Over the past ten years,
numerous micropile projects have been completed in the United States and typical micropile
costs have decreased during this time period mostly due to experience gained by specialty
micropile contractors and advances in micropile installation equipment. In 2004, a
reasonable average price for micropiles is on the order of $300 per linear meter of
micropile. This value is considered to be appropriate for any region of the U.S. and for any
type of micropile project. The cost estimate method presented herein is used to adjust this
baseline average price to account for project-specific technical and non-technical constraints.
Prior to describing the cost estimating method for micropiles, a discussion on the key factors
which affect micropile costs is presented.

10.2 FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE MICROPILE COSTS
10.2.1 Overview
Table 10-1 provides a breakdown of the typical ranges of costs for materials, labor, and
equipment for micropiles. Also listed as a separate component is load testing costs. In many
cases, load testing costs may be paid for as a separate pay item.
10.2.2 Micropile Material Costs
The principal material components of micropiles include threaded steel casings, cement
grout, steel reinforcing bars, and centralizers. Because of higher load capacities that continue
to be achieved by micropiles, it is clear that costs for structural steel within the micropile
cross section represent a significant cost component.

Table 10-1. Typical Breakdown of Micropile Unit Costs.

Unit Cost Breakdown Percent
Material 25 40
Equipment 20 30
Labor 25 60
Load Testing <5

Threaded Steel Casing
The most commonly used casings for micropile applications in the United States have
outside diameters of 140 mm (5.5 in.), 175 mm (7 in.), and 241 mm (9-5/8 in.). The cost of
each casing type (without threads) is provided in Table 10-2. These costs are subject to
relatively large fluctuations in the prevailing cost of steel and the costs provided are
considered to be representative for 2004. In some cases, contractors may have access to
previously used casings which would likely reduce steel material costs.

Table 10-2. Material Costs of Steel Casings Used for Micropiles.
Casing Outside Diameter Casing Wall Thickness Cost of casing ($)
(mm) (in) (mm) (in) per meter per foot
139.7 5.500 10.5 0.415 15 25 5 8
177.8 7.000 12.6 0.498 35 45 11 14
244.5 9.625 13.8 0.545 50 60 15 18
Note: Representative early 2004 costs.

Because of low headroom conditions or difficult access, micropile casings are oftentimes
installed in relatively short sections, thereby requiring a means to connect individual casing
sections. Joints for casing are typically flush threaded joints. Threading costs wherein both
ends are threaded (i.e., male and female threads) will typically cost in the range of $50 to $70
(2004) per casing. Therefore, where short casing lengths are required, threading costs can be
relatively significant and the Owner should carefully assess the specific requirements for
casing section lengths for a project. For example, where the cost of a 1-m-long 140-mm-

casing may be on the order of $20, threading costs for each 1-m section may be on the order
of $60, or 3 times the casing cost. Alternatively, the threading cost of a 4-m-long 140-mm-
casing would be less than the cost of the casing itself.
Steel Reinforcing Rods
The most commonly used reinforcement bars for micropile applications in the United States
have outside diameter of 57 mm (2-1/4 in.) and 64 mm (2-1/2 in.). The 2004 material costs
for these reinforcement bars are provided in Table 10-3. Centralizer material costs are
relatively insignificant.

Table 10-3. Material Costs of Steel Reinforcing Bars Used for Micropiles.
Outside Diameter Cost of reinforcing bar ($)
Bar Size #
(mm) (in) per meter per foot
18 57 2.25 20 26 6 8
20 64 2.5 26 32 8 10
Note: Representative early 2004 costs

10.2.3 Equipment Cost
Overall equipment costs for micropile projects have decreased in recent years mostly due to
the greater availability of drilling and grouting equipment. While it is difficult to assign
specific costs for equipment, since they represent fixed costs for a contractor on a given
project, the Owner should recognize that drilling equipment costs will be linked to ground
conditions and the relative ease of drilling. Drilling costs for micropiles in excessively hard
or bouldery ground to relatively great depths (e.g., greater than say 30 m (100 ft)) will be
significant. Usually smaller drilling equipment may be less costly than larger equipment;
however, for very tight access conditions with low headroom (e.g., less than say 3 m (10 ft))
and difficult drilling conditions, specialized equipment will be required. Depending on the
specialty contractor, the use of this equipment may represent a significant cost.

10.2.4 Labor Cost
A typical micropile crew consists of four individuals including a project superintendent,
drilling operator, and two laborers. The effect of labor on micropile unit costs are directly
linked to the ease of installation and daily micropile installation rates.
For projects involving relatively easy drilling and low to moderate capacity micropiles, a
typical crew may install up to 6 to 20, 15-m (50-ft) long (maximum) micropiles per day. For
such a project, labor may comprise 25 to 30 percent of the total project cost. However, in
tight access areas and difficult drilling conditions the labor cost may increase to 30 to 45
percent of the total cost due to extra time and effort required. In extra labor-intensive
projects and where prevailing labor costs are high (e.g., major urban areas), labor cost may
comprise up to 60 percent of the micropile costs.
10.2.5 Load Testing Costs
Load testing costs depend on the access conditions of the site, the type of testing (i.e.,
compression, tension, and/or lateral load testing), the number of tests, testing protocol (i.e.,
quick load or standard load tests), and the required load capacity.
The engineer will typically select the number and type of load tests, however, compression
load tests will always be more expensive than a comparable (i.e., similar maximum testing
load) tension test. The primary reason for this is that reaction piles or anchors need to be
constructed for the compression test. The cost range for verification load tests range from
$10,000 to $25,000 per test with the lower end of the range being representative for tension
tests and the upper end being representative for compression tests. Proof tests (which are
commonly carried to significantly lower loads than verification tests and which are
performed in less time) range in cost from $6,000 to $10,000. These costs are considered
representative for typical projects.
Where very difficult access limits equipment access, load testing costs can be significantly
higher. For example, high load capacity load tests in an easy access area may be on the order
of $25,000 per test whereas for difficult access areas and where relatively high load
capacities need to be verified (e.g., greater than 200 tons), load tests could be greater than
$50,000 per test.

10.3 MICROPILE COST ANALYSIS
10.3.1 Overview
An Owner considering the use of micropiles for a project may use the previously provided
average cost of $300 per linear meter with the modifications provided in Table 10-4 to
develop a preliminary cost estimate for their specific project. Table 10-4 has been developed
based on micropile contractor input and reflects the relative effect of project-specific factors
on micropile construction costs. The use of this table is described subsequently using two
example projects and additional discussion on the specific factors provided in this table is
also provided.

Table 10-4. Effects of Project-Specific Factors on Micropile Cost.

Cost Factor Influence Range Cost Influence
Physical and access conditions Very easy to very difficult 0% to +100%
Geology/ground conditions Very easy to very difficult 0% to +50%
Pile capacity Very low to very high
(1)
-30% to +30%
Pile lengths Very short to very long
(2)
-25% to +25%
Pile quantities Very high to very low
(3)
-50% to +100%
Testing requirements Very low to very high
(4)
-10% to +10%
Mobilization/demobilization One to multiple 0% to +10%
Continuous drilling operations Continuous to not continuous
(5)
0% to +25%
Union agreements Nonunion to very strong -15% to +30%
Overhead and profit Very low to very high -10% to +100%
Notes:
(1)
Moderate pile capacity = 1,000 kN (225 kips).

(2)
Average pile length = 15 m (50 ft).
(3)
Average pile quantity = 50.
(4)
Average is one verification test and proof testing 5% of all piles.
(5)
Not continuous drilling operation implies significant down time periods during drilling operations.

10.3.2 Effects of Project-Specific Constraints on Cost
The first two factors in Table 10-4 concerning access and ground conditions are shown to
have a large effect on micropile cost. Effects related to difficult access and difficult ground
conditions (e.g., drilling in excessively hard ground), however, would likely have a similar
cost implication for driven piles and drilled shafts as well.
Pile capacity affects cost since higher capacity micropiles will require longer bond zone
lengths which may comprise longer rock sockets than would be required for more moderately
loaded micropiles. Also, greater structural requirements (i.e., increased steel area) are
associated with higher capacity micropiles.
The length of a pile effects costs in several ways, for example:
the longer the pile length, the more individual sections of steel casing will be
required;
beyond certain lengths, drilling costs may increase because of the need for more
robust equipment to reach greater depths; and
greater need may exist for hole stabilization at significant depths.
Table 10-4 indicates that the most significant relative cost reduction is associated with pile
quantities. Large pile projects will enable the contractor to define project backlog and long-
term personnel requirements.
The last entry in Table 10-4 (i.e., overhead and profit) relates to perceived contractor risk for
a particular project. While this factor may be difficult for an Owner to assess as part of a
preliminary cost estimate, should other factors in Table 10-4 generally result in increases
above the average cost, it is reasonable to assume that a contractor may view the project as
containing relatively significant risk, especially where ground conditions are expected to
result in difficult drilling and low productivity.
10.3.3 Micropile Cost Estimate Examples
The use of Table 10-4 is demonstrated in two sample problems provided below.
10.3.3.1 Sample Problem No. 1 (Bridge Abutment Support)
Given: Single-span bridge located in mountainous terrain approximately 125 km
northwest of Denver, Colorado. Each abutment is to be supported on 12 CASE
1, Type B micropiles with ultimate capacities of 1,190 kN (270 kips) in
compression, and 490 kN (110 kips) in tension, and approximately 12 m (40 ft)

in length. Testing requirements are one verification pile load test (compression
only) on a sacrificial pile and two proof tests. Access to each work bench must
be established. Drilling of bond zone is expected to be very difficult, due to
cobbles and boulders. Drilling will be continuous at each location with an
additional set-up of Abutment 2.
Solution: Evaluate each influence factor as shown in Table 10-5 below and multiply by
cost of micropile per meter price.
Based on Table 10-5 the cost is adjusted as:
micropile of meter linear / 555 $
100
85
1 x $300 ($) cost Average =
+ =
The length of each micropile is 12 m (40 ft), therefore the unit price would be;
Average cost ($) = $555 x 12 m = $6,660 / each

Table 10-5. Sample Problem No. 1 Cost Analysis
(Bridge Abutment Support).

Cost Factor Influence Cost Influence (%)
Physical and access conditions Easy access 10
Geology/ground conditions Difficult drilling 30
Pile capacity Moderate pile capacity 0
Pile lengths Average pile lengths 0
Pile quantities Low pile quantities 25
Testing requirements Average # of testing 10
Mobilization/demobilization One mobilization 0
Continuous drilling operations Two setups 5
Union agreements Standard union agreements 0
Overhead and profit High-risk project 5
Total: 85%

10.3.3.2 Sample Problem No. 2 (Seismic Retrofit)

Given: Seismic retrofit of a 200-m (650-ft) long concrete viaduct located in San
Francisco, California. A total of 30 footings need retrofitting with 12 Type B
micropiles per footing (resulting in a total of 360 micropiles for the project).
Ultimate capacities are 2,500 kN (560 kips) in compression and 1,500 kN (340
kips) in tension. Subsurface profile includes approximately 10 to 12 meters (330
to 40 ft) of medium dense silty sands over weathered to moderately weathered
serpentine bedrock. Micropiles average approximately 20 meters (66 ft) in
length. Testing requirements include 1 verification pile load test (compression
only) on a sacrificial pile and 30 proof tests. Access to each pile location is
good, and overhead clearance varies between 5 to 12 meters (16 to 40 ft) for each
footing. Drilling is assumed to be continuous allowing setups between each
footing.
Solution: Evaluate each influence factor as shown in Table 10-6 below and multiply by
cost of micropile per meter price.
Based on Table 10-6 the cost could be adjusted as:
micropile of meter linear / 330 $
100
10
1 x $300 ($) cost Average =
+ =
The length of each micropile is 20 m, therefore the unit price would be;
Average cost ($) = $330 x 20 = $ 6,600 / each

10.4 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT FOR MICROPILES
Table 10-7 provides a summary of typical pay items for a micropile project. It is recognized
that design-build projects may use lump sum units for most of the pay items. With respect to
payment for the micropile itself, alternative pricing may include payment per unit length of
micropile or payment per pile with an add or deduct if actual pile lengths vary from a
predetermined pile length used for the bid.

Table 10-6. Sample Problem No. 2 Cost Analysis (Seismic Retrofit).

Cost Factor Influence Cost Influence (%)
Physical and access conditions Easy access 10
Geology/ground conditions Easy drilling 10
Pile capacity High pile capacities 10
Pile lengths Moderate pile lengths 0
Pile quantities Large pile quantity -30
Testing requirements Relatively extensive 5
Mobilization/demobilization One mobilization 0
Continuous drilling operations Continuous drilling 0
Union agreements Strong union 10
Overhead and profit Lower risk project -5
Total 10%

Additional pay items will be required for projects involving difficult ground in which
specific problems may be anticipated during the bid period. For example, where micropiles
are to be installed in karstic regions, a pay item should be developed for grout volume above
some minimum volume. However, specifications should require that where grout volumes
are no greater than two times the theoretical volume of the drillhole, that there is no
additional compensation for grouting, i.e., the per pile cost for a micropile shall include grout
volumes up to two times the theoretical grout volume. Also, if obstructions are anticipated,
the specifications should include a pay item for removal of obstructions. Payment for
obstruction removal may be performed on a time and material basis. Where this approach is
used, it is important to use a contractor with previous experience in similar ground conditions
and to provide full-time construction inspection during obstruction removal. Whenever a
time and material basis may be used for payment on a project, the Owner should request
detailed information on labor and material charges as part of the contractors bid.

Table 10-7. Micropile Measurement and Payment Units.

Description Unit
Mobilization/Demobilization Lump sum
Conduct Preproduction Test Pile Program Lump sum
Verification Load Test Per each
Proof Load Test Per each
Furnish and install micropile (foundation support) Per each
Furnish and install micropile (slope stabilization)
Per lineal meter of
cap beam

FHWA NHI-05-039 Glossary
Micropile Design & Construction Glossary-1 December 2005
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Admixture: Substance added to the grout to control bleed and/or shrinkage, improve
flowability, reduce water content, or retard setting time.
Alignment Load (AL): A minimum load applied to micropile during testing to keep the
testing equipment correctly positioned.
Bond Length or Bond Zone: The length of the micropile that is bonded to the ground and
used to transfer the applied axial loads to the surrounding soil or rock.
Bond-breaker: A sleeve placed over the steel reinforcement to prevent load transfer.
CASE 1 Micropile: A pile designed to accept vertical or lateral load directly, and transfer it
to an appropriate bearing stratum. Usually includes significant steel reinforcement.
CASE 2 Micropile: One of a network of low-capacity piles used to delineate and internally
reinforce a volume of soil.
Casing: Steel tube introduced during the drilling process in overburden soil to temporarily
stabilize the drill hole. This is usually withdrawn as the pile is grouted, although in
certain types of micropiles, some casing is permanently left in place to reinforce the
unbonded length or provide additional capacity.
Centralizer: A device to support and position the reinforcing steel in the drill hole and/or
casing so that a minimum grout cover is provided.
Coarse-grained Soils: Soils with more than 50 percent of the material by weight, larger than
the No. 200 (0.075 mm) sieve size.
Cohesive Soils: Fine-grain soils that exhibit plasticity. Atterberg limits are commonly used
to determine plasticity and better define a soil as cohesive or noncohesive.
Contractor: The person/firm responsible for performing the micropile work.
Corrosion-inhibiting Compound: Material used to protect against corrosion and/or
lubricate the reinforcing steel.
Coupler: A device by which the pile load capacity can be transmitted from one partial length
of reinforcement to another.

Creep Movement: The movement that occurs during the creep test of a micropile under a
constant load.
Design Load (DL): The maximum load expected to be applied to the micropile during its
service life.
Duplex Drilling: An overburden drilling system involving the simultaneous advancement of
(inner) drill rod and (outer) drill casing. Flush from the inner drill rod exits the hole
via the annulus between rod and casing.
Elastic Movement: The recoverable movement measured during a micropile test.
Encapsulation: A grout filled corrugated or deformed tube protecting the reinforcing steel
against corrosion.
Fine-grained Soils: Soils with at least 50 percent of the material, by weight, smaller than the
No. 200 (0.075 mm) sieve size.
Free (unbonded) Length: The designed length of the micropile that is not bonded to the
surrounding ground or grout during stressing.
Maximum Test Load: The maximum load to which the micropile is subjected during
testing.
Micropile: A small-diameter (typically less than 300 mm) drilled and grouted replacement
pile which is typically reinforced.
Non-cohesive Soils: Granular soils that are generally nonplastic.
Overburden: Material, natural or placed, that requires cased drilling methods to provide an
open borehole to underlying strata.
Permanent Micropile: Any micropile for permanent use, generally with more than a 24-
month service life. May require special design, corrosion protection, and supervision
during installation.
Plunge Length: The length that the pile casing is inserted into the bond zone.
Post-grouting: The injection of additional grout into the load transfer length of a micropile
after the primary grout has set. Also known as regrouting or secondary grouting.
Preloading: Loading the micropile prior to the connection to the structure, to minimize or
eliminate any structural movement in service.

Primary Grout: Portland-cement-based grout injected into the micropile hole prior to or
after the installation of the reinforcement to direct the load transfer to the surrounding
ground.
Proof Test: Incremental loading of a production micropile, recording the total movement at
each increment.
Reinforcement: The steel component of the micropile that accepts and/or resists applied
loadings.
Residual Movement: The nonrecoverable movement of a micropile measured during load
testing.
Sheath: A smooth or corrugated pipe or tube that protects the reinforcing steel against
corrosion.
Single-tube Drilling: The advancement of a steel casing through overburden, usually aided
by water flushing through the casing. The water may or may not return to the surface
around the casing, depending largely on the permeability of the overburden.
Spacer: A device to separate elements of a multiple-element reinforcement to ensure full
bond development of each steel element.
Temporary Micropile: Any micropile for temporary use, generally with less than a 24-
month service life.
Ultimate Grout-to-Ground Bond Values: The estimated ultimate geotechnical unit grout-
to-ground bond strength selected for use in design.
Verification Load Test: Non-production (sacrificial) pile load test performed to verify the
design of the pile system and the construction methods proposed, prior to installation
of production piles.
Working Load: Equivalent term of Design Load.


FHWA NHI-05-039 Appendix A
Micropile Design & Construction A-1 December 2005

APPENDIX A

DESIGN CONCEPT OF
CASE 2 MICROPILE NETWORKS
FOR SLOPE STABILIZATION

The CASE 2 micropile network design concept developed by Dr. Lizzi and illustrated in
Figure 3-14 consists of a three-dimensional lattice structure built into the soil according to a
pre-established scheme depending on the purpose that the structure has to carry out, (Lizzi
1971). The purpose of the micropile network for slope stability is two fold:
a) The micropiles must retain the soil and prevent its flow through the network
formed by the piles, which would cause a reduction of the continuity and the unity of
the composite gravity structure.
b) The micropiles must supply a nailing of the various soil layers by providing
additional shear resistance along the possible critical sliding surfaces.
The soil-pile interaction for such micropile networks is very complex and there are many
factors whose influence on the final behavior of the structure cannot be conveniently
assessed. Lizzi suggested that designs be based on some simple assumptions using the
concept of reinforced soil, and those used for reinforced concrete. The soil supplies the
weight in a manner more or less as supplied in a monolithic gravity wall, whereas the
micropiles, introducing reinforcing elements into the soil, supply the lines of force, allowing
the composite mass to support compression, tension, and shear stresses. The system is based
on the micropile-soil interaction, which results in a network (or knot) effect provided the
micropiles are not too far apart.
The first official test on a full-size reticulated micropile structure was performed in 1957 for
the Milan, Italy subway system. The knot affect has been confirmed by both model and
earlier field tests (Lizzi 1978, Plumelle 1984, and Korfiatis 1984). Apart from several earlier
tests on models and full-scale structures, a recent French National Project on micropiles
(FOREVER 2003) includes experimental studies on the behavior of micropile networks. The
findings of this research indicates that in loose to medium dense granular soils, a positive
network effect can be obtained if adequate densification of the soil is assured and if the
micropiles are concentrated as much as possible under the applied load. According to the
researchers, this implies that the micropiles do not move apart or diverge from the surface of
the foundation but, rather turn inwards in order to ensure a maximum densification of the
soil. No design guidelines have been developed as yet from this project.
The design of Case 2 micropiles assumes a highly redundant system in which no tension is
applied to any of the piles. Therefore, the system is subjected to compression and shear and
the micropile network provides confinement to the in-situ soil, thereby improving its
deformation modulus and increasing its shear resistance. The behavior of this system
depends to a great extent on the knot effect concept and the reinforced concrete analogy.
Once the knot effect is assured, the micropile enclosed soil mass behaves as a coherent body

and is analyzed as a gravity retaining structure. Using this concept, the following steps can
be followed for preliminary design of Case 2 micropile networks:
1. Conduct a slope stability analysis to determine the increased resistance required (H
req
)
along an existing failure surface to provide a specified target factor of safety, FS
TARGET
.

2. Develop the initial geometry of the micropile structure. Assume a pile configuration that
is dense enough to assure a knot effect and minimize the possibility of plastic flow
between piles. A preliminary configuration can be based on density of 6 to 7 piles per
linear meter along the wall alignment. Stability related to the plastic flow of soil between
piles can be verified using the methods presented in Section 6.6.7.

3. Check the external stability of the micropile structure

3.1. Estimate the earth pressure against the micropile structure using conventional
earth pressure theories.

3.2. Check the factor of safety against overturning (FS
OV
) assuming the micropile
structure is a rigid body:

2.0
M
M
= S F
g overturnin
resisting
OV

(Eq. A-1)

To resist the overturning moment and to maintain compression stresses in the soil
and in all micropiles, the resultant vertical force (from earth pressures and other
external forces) should act in the middle third of the micropile structure.

3.3. Check the factor of safety against sliding (FS
SL
):

1.5
Loads Horizontal
piles) of capacity (Shear + soil) base of strength ar Loads)(She Vertical (
= S F
SL

(Eq. A-2)

3.4. Assume a micropile cross section and determine the contact stresses at the edge of
the base of the micropile structure for a given micropile cross section. The contact
stresses at the edges of the micropile structure is calculated according to:

=
2
b
I
e P
A
P
trans trans
(Eq. A-3)

Where:
P = vertical component of the resultant force acting on the structure;
e = eccentricity of the force P;
A
trans
= area of the transformed micropile section;
I
trans
=

moment of inertia at the base of the structure; and
b = width of the transformed section.

The transformed section area, A
trans
is calculated as:
E
E
A
+
E
E
A
=
A
soil
stl
stl
soil
conc
conc trans
(Eq. A-4)
Where:
A
conc
= area of the concrete;
A
stl
=

area of the steel;
E
conc
= Youngs modulus of the concrete;
E
stl
= Youngs modulus of the reinforcing steel; and
E
soil
= Youngs modulus of the soil.
The moment of inertia at the base at the structure, I
trans
, is computed by assigning
equivalent areas of soil to the concrete and steel based upon the ratios of Youngs
moduli.
The minimum stress calculated according to Eq. A-3 should be positive indicating
that all contact stresses are in compression.

3.5. Using the stresses computed, determine the maximum compression stresses in
each component of the composite section (i.e., concrete, steel reinforcement, and
soil). Check these compression stresses against allowable design values.

4. Check the internal stability of the micropile structure
Design each micropile to resist the stresses calculated in Step 3.5. Compute shear
resistance of the piles and the lateral resistance of the soil in contact with the piles. The
smaller of the two resistances is considered as the additional shear resistance due to
micropiles (R
1
).

5. Determine the number of micropiles (n) for the micropile structure using:
( )
D
H R
FS
req
TARGET
+
= and
1 req
R n H = (Eq. A-5)
Where:
R = horizontal component of the soil resisting forces along the critical slip surface; and
D = horizontal component of the driving force along the critical slip surface.

The above referenced design procedure has not yet been proven by long term instrumented
field performance. It is recommended that owners considering the use of these types of
slope stabilization structures implement a long-term instrumentation program to fully
understand the behavior and performance of the structure.


FHWA NHI-05-039 Appendix B
Micropile Design & Construction B-1 December 2005

APPENDIX B

LPILE ANALYSIS RESULTS
FOR SLOPE STABILIZATION PROBLEM

==============================================================

LPILE Plus for Windows, Version 4.0 (4.0.8)

Analysis of Individual Piles and Drilled Shafts
Subjected to Lateral Loading Using the p-y Method

(c) Copyright ENSOFT, Inc., 1985-2003
All Rights Reserved

==============================================================

Path to file locations: L:\Programs\LPILE\Chapter 6\Ch. 6 Example with P=474.5\
Name of input data file: 1st analysis.lpd
Name of output file: 1st analysis.lpo
Name of plot output file: 1st analysis.lpp
Name of runtime file: 1st analysis.lpr

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Time and Date of Analysis
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Date: May 4, 2005 Time: 15:26: 0

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Problem Title
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1
st
Analysis
(To Determine M
ult
for P=0 and P=P
ult
Cases)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Program Options
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Units Used in Computations - SI Units, meters, kilopascals

Basic Program Options:

Analysis Type 3:
- Computation of Nonlinear Bending Stiffness and Ultimate Bending Moment
Capacity with Pile Response Computed Using Nonlinear EI

Computation Options:
- Only internally-generated p-y curves used in analysis
- Analysis uses p-y multiplers for group action
- Analysis assumes no shear resistance at pile tip
- Analysis for fixed-length pile or shaft only
- No computation of foundation stiffness matrix elements
- Output pile response for full length of pile
- Analysis assumes no soil movements acting on pile
- Additional p-y curves computed at specified depths

Solution Control Parameters:
- Number of pile increments = 145
- Maximum number of iterations allowed = 100
- Deflection tolerance for convergence = 10.000E-07 m
- Maximum allowable deflection = 2.5400E+00 m

Printing Options:
- Values of pile-head deflection, bending moment, shear force, and
soil reaction are printed for full length of pile.
- Printing Increment (spacing of output points) = 1

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pile Structural Properties and Geometry
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Pile Length = 14.50 m
Depth of ground surface below top of pile = .00 m
Slope angle of ground surface = .00 deg.

Structural properties of pile defined using 2 points

Point Depth Pile Moment of Pile Modulus of
X Diameter Inertia Area Elasticity
m m m**4 Sq. m kN/Sq. m
----- --------- ----------- ---------- ---------- -----------
1 0.0000 .1778 1.0000 .0248 200000000.000
2 14.5000 .1778 1.0000 .0248 200000000.000

Please note that because this analysis makes computations of ultimate
moment capacity and pile response using nonlinear bending stiffness
that the above values of moment of inertia and modulus of are not used
for any computations other than total stress due to combined axial
loading and bending.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Soil and Rock Layering Information
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The soil profile is modelled using 3 layers

Layer 1 is stiff clay without free water
Distance from top of pile to top of layer = .000 m
Distance from top of pile to bottom of layer = 4.700 m
p-y subgrade modulus k for top of soil layer = 1.000 kN/ m**3
p-y subgrade modulus k for bottom of layer = 1.000 kN/ m**3

Distance from top of pile to top of layer = 4.700 m


(Depth of lowest layer extends 1.50 m below pile tip)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Effective Unit Weight of Soil vs. Depth
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Distribution of effective unit weight of soil with depth
is defined using 6 points

Point Depth X Eff. Unit Weight
No. m kN/ m**3
----- ---------- ----------------
1 .00 21.20000
2 4.70 21.20000
3 4.70 11.40000
4 10.00 11.40000
5 10.00 13.20000
6 16.00 13.20000

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Shear Strength of Soils
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Distribution of shear strength parameters with depth
defined using 6 points

Point Depth X Cohesion c Angle of Friction E50 or RQD
No. m kN/ m**2 Deg. k_rm %
----- -------- ---------- ------------------ ------ ------
1 .000 120.00000 .00 .00500 .0
2 4.700 120.00000 .00 .00500 .0
3 4.700 168.00000 .00 .00400 .0
4 10.000 168.00000 .00 .00400 .0
5 10.000 480.00000 .00 .00250 .0
6 16.000 480.00000 .00 .00250 .0

Notes:

(1) Cohesion = uniaxial compressive strength for rock materials.

(2) Values of E50 are reported for clay strata.
(3) Default values will be generated for E50 when input values are 0.
(4) RQD and k_rm are reported only for weak rock strata.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p-y Modification Factors
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Distribution of p-y multipliers with depth defined using 2 points

Point Depth X p-mult y-mult
No. m
----- ---------- ---------- ----------
1 .000 1.0000 1.0000
2 .000 1.0000 1.0000

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Loading Type
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Static loading criteria was used for computation of p-y curves

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pile-head Loading and Pile-head Fixity Conditions
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Number of loads specified = 1

Load Case Number 1

Pile-head boundary conditions are Shear and Moment (BC Type 1)
Shear force at pile head = .000 kN
Bending moment at pile head = .000 m- kN
Axial load at pile head = .000 kN
(Zero moment at pile head for this load indicates a free-head condition)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Output of p-y Curves at Specified Depths
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

p-y curves are generated and printed for verification at 8 depths.

Depth Depth Below Pile Head Depth Below Ground Surface
No. m m
----- --------------------- --------------------------
1 .000 .000
2 1.000 1.000
3 2.000 2.000
4 4.690 4.690
5 4.710 4.710
6 9.990 9.990
7 10.010 10.010
8 14.500 14.500
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Computations of Ultimate Moment Capacity and Nonlinear Bending Stiffness
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Pile Description:

The sectional shape is a circular shaft with steel casing.

Outside Diameter = .1778 m
Wall thickness of steel shell = .0115 m
Cross-sectional area of shell = .00601 m**2
Moment of inertia of steel shell = 2.08692E-05 m**4

Material Properties:

Compressive Strength of Concrete = 27600.000 kN/ m**2
Yield Stress of Reinforcement = 0. kN/ m**2
Steel shell or core yield stress = 552000. kN/ m**2


Modulus of Elasticity of Reinforcement = 200000000. kN/ m**2
Cover Thickness (edge to bar center) = .000 m

Number of Reinforcing Bars = 10
Area of Single Bar = .00000 m**2
Number of Rows of Reinforcing Bars = 5
Ultimate Axial Squash Load Capacity = 3758.02 kN

Distribution and Area of Steel Reinforcement

Row Area of Distance to
Number Reinforcement Centroidal Axis
m**2 m
------ ------------- ---------------
1 .000000 .0736
2 .000000 .0455
3 .000000 .0000
4 .000000 -.0455
5 .000000 -.0736

Axial Thrust Force = .00 kN

Bending Bending Bending Maximum Neutral Axis
Moment Stiffness Curvature Strain Position
kN-m kN-m2 rad/m m/m m
------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
1.73583660 4898.917 .00035433 .00002742 .08889729
2.50651820 4897.351 .00051181 .00003961 .08889729
3.27670667 4895.785 .00066929 .00005180 .08889729
4.04640201 4894.220 .00082677 .00006399 .08889729
4.81560422 4892.654 .00098425 .00007618 .08889729
5.58431330 4891.088 .00114173 .00008837 .08889729
6.35252925 4889.522 .00129921 .00010056 .08889729
6.55060560 4496.902 .00145669 .00010411 .08297207
7.25778201 4496.284 .00161417 .00011537 .08297207
7.96476385 4495.667 .00177165 .00012662 .08297207
8.67155112 4495.049 .00192913 .00013788 .08297207
9.37814382 4494.431 .00208661 .00014913 .08297207
10.085 4493.813 .00224409 .00016039 .08297207
10.791 4493.196 .00240157 .00017165 .08297207
11.497 4492.578 .00255906 .00018290 .08297207
12.203 4491.960 .00271654 .00019416 .08297207
12.908 4491.342 .00287402 .00020541 .08297207
13.614 4490.725 .00303150 .00021667 .08297207
14.319 4490.107 .00318898 .00022792 .08297207
15.024 4489.489 .00334646 .00023918 .08297207
15.729 4488.871 .00350394 .00025043 .08297207
16.433 4488.254 .00366142 .00026169 .08297207
17.138 4487.636 .00381890 .00027294 .08297207
17.842 4487.018 .00397638 .00028420 .08297207
23.118 4482.385 .00515748 .00036862 .08297207
28.383 4477.752 .00633858 .00045303 .08297207
33.636 4473.118 .00751969 .00053745 .08297207
38.879 4468.485 .00870079 .00062186 .08297207
44.111 4463.852 .00988189 .00070628 .08297207
49.332 4459.219 .01106299 .00079069 .08297207
54.542 4454.586 .01224409 .00087511 .08297207
57.662 4295.045 .01342520 .00095982 .08299377
62.752 4296.211 .01460630 .00104577 .08309687
67.845 4297.412 .01578740 .00113196 .08319996
72.947 4298.973 .01696850 .00121848 .08330848
78.054 4300.601 .01814961 .00130527 .08341700
83.173 4302.638 .01933071 .00139241 .08353095
88.306 4305.127 .02051181 .00147993 .08365032
93.456 4308.127 .02169291 .00156786 .08377512
98.635 4312.080 .02287402 .00165633 .08391077
103.850 4317.171 .02405512 .00174537 .08405727
109.135 4324.538 .02523622 .00183532 .08422548
116.274 4401.446 .02641732 .00194228 .08502310
121.355 4397.159 .02759843 .00203107 .08509364
126.423 4392.803 .02877953 .00212002 .08516418
131.480 4388.413 .02996063 .00220914 .08523472

136.408 4380.233 .03114173 .00229741 .08527270
141.002 4362.312 .03232283 .00238314 .08522929
145.110 4331.145 .03350394 .00246586 .08509907
145.110 4183.660 .03468504 .00250950 .08385108
147.008 4098.795 .03586614 .00257802 .08337902
153.523 4143.973 .03704724 .00264784 .08297207
155.871 4077.375 .03822835 .00273226 .08297207
157.833 4004.950 .03940945 .00281667 .08297207
159.521 3929.994 .04059055 .00290109 .08297207
161.057 3855.647 .04177165 .00298551 .08297207
162.411 3781.163 .04295276 .00306992 .08297207
163.614 3707.213 .04413386 .00315434 .08297207
164.745 3635.565 .04531496 .00323875 .08297207
165.711 3563.988 .04649606 .00332317 .08297207
166.656 3495.506 .04767717 .00340759 .08297207
167.455 3427.355 .04885827 .00349200 .08297207
168.240 3362.162 .05003937 .00357642 .08297207
168.926 3298.012 .05122047 .00366083 .08297207
169.575 3236.065 .05240157 .00374525 .08297207
170.188 3176.179 .05358268 .00382966 .08297207

Ultimate Moment Capacity at a Concrete Strain of 0.003 = 161.289 m- kN

Axial Thrust Force = 474.50 kN

------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
1.69826245 4792.874 .00035433 .00031727 .90691267
2.45303965 4792.862 .00051181 .00032949 .65527803
3.20781175 4792.848 .00066929 .00034172 .52206775
3.96257836 4792.833 .00082677 .00035395 .43960844
4.71733626 4792.814 .00098425 .00036619 .38354674
5.47208598 4792.792 .00114173 .00037843 .34295465
6.22682760 4792.770 .00129921 .00039068 .31220536
6.98155916 4792.746 .00145669 .00040293 .28810838
7.73628058 4792.720 .00161417 .00041519 .26871577
8.49098340 4792.688 .00177165 .00042746 .25277953
9.24568013 4792.659 .00192913 .00043973 .23944236
10.000 4792.625 .00208661 .00045201 .22812367
10.755 4792.590 .00224409 .00046429 .21839481
11.510 4792.551 .00240157 .00047658 .20994649
12.264 4792.509 .00255906 .00048888 .20253996
13.019 4792.470 .00271654 .00050118 .19599075
13.774 4792.426 .00287402 .00051348 .19016320
14.528 4792.379 .00303150 .00052579 .18494336
15.283 4792.326 .00318898 .00053812 .18024442
16.035 4791.716 .00334646 .00055042 .17597957
16.774 4787.090 .00350394 .00056260 .17206198
17.571 4799.091 .00366142 .00057505 .16855677
18.301 4792.220 .00381890 .00058745 .16532828
19.053 4791.556 .00397638 .00059979 .16233854
24.610 4771.704 .00515748 .00068957 .14520315
29.767 4696.101 .00633858 .00078032 .13460612
35.334 4698.840 .00751969 .00087092 .12731897
39.786 4572.710 .00870079 .00095706 .12149685
45.804 4635.195 .00988189 .00105014 .11776917
50.555 4569.762 .01106299 .00113526 .11411745
56.180 4588.341 .01224409 .00122769 .11176798
61.386 4572.465 .01342520 .00131523 .10946735
64.845 4439.494 .01460630 .00139171 .10678147
71.647 4538.208 .01578740 .00149414 .10614120
74.736 4404.370 .01696850 .00156633 .10380800
81.890 4511.946 .01814961 .00167053 .10354213
85.716 4434.167 .01933071 .00175060 .10206082
92.018 4486.089 .02051181 .00183074 .10075315
97.124 4477.213 .02169291 .00193616 .10075315
102.139 4465.294 .02287402 .00202929 .10021598
105.295 4377.229 .02405512 .00210249 .09890288
109.026 4320.217 .02523622 .00218134 .09793705
113.742 4305.584 .02641732 .00227957 .09779054
118.611 4297.758 .02759843 .00238148 .09779054
127.233 4420.944 .02877953 .00247762 .09758978
131.954 4404.252 .02996063 .00257166 .09733476
136.319 4377.388 .03114173 .00266730 .09715027
140.277 4339.870 .03232283 .00276706 .09710686
143.850 4293.538 .03350394 .00287126 .09719911

147.136 4242.066 .03468504 .00297869 .09737816
150.123 4185.651 .03586614 .00308557 .09753009
152.748 4123.053 .03704724 .00319502 .09774171
152.748 3995.667 .03822835 .00329874 .09779054
152.748 3875.917 .03940945 .00340066 .09779054
154.387 3803.521 .04059055 .00350258 .09779054
155.966 3733.787 .04177165 .00360450 .09779054
157.340 3663.103 .04295276 .00370642 .09779054
158.551 3592.498 .04413386 .00380833 .09779054

p-y Curve Computed Using Criteria for Stiff Clay without Free Water

Soil Layer Number = 1
Depth below pile head = .000 m
Depth below ground surface = .000 m
Equivalent Depth = .000 m
Diameter = .178 m
Undrained cohesion, c = 120.00000 kN/ m**2
Avg. Undrained cohesion, c = 120.00000 kN/ m**2
Average Eff. Unit Weight = 21.20000 kN/ m**3
Epsilon-50 = .00500
Pct = 64.008 kN/ m
Pcd = 192.024 kN/ m
y50 = .002 m
p-multiplier = 1.00000
y-multiplier = 1.00000

y, m p, kN/ m
---------------- -----------------
.0000 .000
.0000 3.599
.0000 5.382
.0000 6.401
.0000 9.571
.0000 11.382
.0002 17.021
.0004 20.241
.0009 25.452
.0018 30.268
.0027 33.497
.0036 35.994
.0089 45.260
.0178 53.824
.0356 64.008
.0400 64.008
.0445 64.008


Depth below pile head = 1.000 m
Depth below ground surface = 1.000 m
Equivalent Depth = 1.000 m
Diameter = .178 m
Epsilon-50 = .00500
Pct = 127.777 kN/ m
Pcd = 192.024 kN/ m
y50 = .002 m

y, m p, kN/ m
---------------- -----------------
.0000 .000
.0000 7.185
.0000 10.745
.0000 12.778
.0000 19.107
.0000 22.722
.0002 33.978
.0004 40.407
.0009 50.809
.0018 60.422
.0027 66.868
.0036 71.854
.0089 90.352

.0178 107.448
.0356 127.777
.0400 127.777
.0445 127.777


Diameter = .178 m
Epsilon-50 = .00500
Pct = 191.547 kN/ m
Pcd = 192.024 kN/ m
y50 = .002 m

y, m p, kN/ m
---------------- -----------------
.0000 .000
.0000 10.771
.0000 16.107
.0000 19.155
.0000 28.643
.0000 34.062
.0002 50.935
.0004 60.572
.0009 76.166
.0018 90.577
.0027 100.240
.0036 107.715
.0089 135.444
.0178 161.071
.0356 191.547
.0400 191.547
.0445 191.547


Diameter = .178 m
Epsilon-50 = .00500
Pct = 363.086 kN/ m
Pcd = 192.024 kN/ m
y50 = .002 m

y, m p, kN/ m
---------------- -----------------
.0000 .000
.0000 10.798
.0000 16.147
.0000 19.202
.0000 28.714
.0000 34.147
.0002 51.062
.0004 60.723
.0009 76.356
.0018 90.803
.0027 100.490
.0036 107.983
.0089 135.781
.0178 161.472
.0356 192.024
.0400 192.024
.0445 192.024



Diameter = .178 m
Epsilon-50 = .00400
Pct = 502.977 kN/ m
Pcd = 268.834 kN/ m
y50 = .002 m

y, m p, kN/ m
---------------- -----------------
.0000 .000
.0000 15.118
.0000 22.606
.0000 26.883
.0000 40.200
.0000 47.806
.0001 71.487
.0003 85.013
.0007 106.898
.0014 127.124
.0021 140.685
.0028 151.176
.0071 190.094
.0142 226.061
.0284 268.834
.0320 268.834
.0356 268.834


Diameter = .178 m
Epsilon-50 = .00400
Pct = 957.200 kN/ m
Pcd = 268.834 kN/ m
y50 = .002 m

y, m p, kN/ m
---------------- -----------------
.0000 .000
.0000 15.118
.0000 22.606
.0000 26.883
.0000 40.200
.0000 47.806
.0001 71.487
.0003 85.013
.0007 106.898
.0014 127.124
.0021 140.685
.0028 151.176
.0071 190.094
.0142 226.061
.0284 268.834
.0320 268.834
.0356 268.834


Diameter = .178 m
Epsilon-50 = .00250
Pct = 2408.297 kN/ m
Pcd = 768.096 kN/ m
y50 = .001 m

y, m p, kN/ m
---------------- -----------------
.0000 .000
.0000 43.193
.0000 64.589
.0000 76.810
.0000 114.857
.0000 136.589
.0001 204.248
.0002 242.893
.0004 305.422
.0009 363.210
.0013 401.958
.0018 431.932
.0044 543.126
.0089 645.889
.0178 768.096
.0200 768.096
.0222 768.096


Diameter = .178 m
Epsilon-50 = .00250
Pct = 3496.612 kN/ m
Pcd = 768.096 kN/ m
y50 = .001 m

y, m p, kN/ m
---------------- -----------------
.0000 .000
.0000 43.193
.0000 64.589
.0000 76.810
.0000 114.857
.0000 136.589
.0001 204.248
.0002 242.893
.0004 305.422
.0009 363.210
.0013 401.958
.0018 431.932
.0044 543.126
.0089 645.889
.0178 768.096
.0200 768.096
.0222 768.096

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Computed Values of Load Distribution and Deflection
for Lateral Loading for Load Case Number 1
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Specified shear force at pile head = .000 kN

Specified bending moment at pile head = .000 m- kN
Specified axial load at pile head = .000 kN

(Zero moment for this load indicates free-head conditions)

Depth Deflect. Moment Shear Slope Total Flx. Rig. Soil Res
X y M V S Stress EI p
m m kN- m kN Rad. kN/ m**2 kN- m**2 kN/ m
-------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
0.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
.10000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
.200 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
.300 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
.400 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
.500 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
.600 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
.700 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
.800 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
.900 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
1.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
1.100 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
1.200 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
1.300 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
1.400 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
1.500 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
1.600 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
1.700 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
1.800 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
1.900 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
2.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
2.100 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
2.200 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
2.300 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
2.400 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
2.500 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
2.600 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
2.700 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
2.800 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
2.900 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
3.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
3.100 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
3.200 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
3.300 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
3.400 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
3.500 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
3.600 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
3.700 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
3.800 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
3.900 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
4.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
4.100 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
4.200 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
4.300 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
4.400 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
4.500 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
4.600 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
4.700 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
4.800 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
4.900 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
5.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
5.100 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
5.200 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
5.300 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
5.400 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
5.500 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
5.600 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
5.700 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
5.800 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
5.900 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
6.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
6.100 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
6.200 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
6.300 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
6.400 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
6.500 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
6.600 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
6.700 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
6.800 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
6.900 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
7.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
7.100 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000

7.200 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
7.300 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
7.400 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
7.500 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
7.600 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
7.700 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
7.800 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
7.900 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
8.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
8.100 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
8.200 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
8.300 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
8.400 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
8.500 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
8.600 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
8.700 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
8.800 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
8.900 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
9.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
9.100 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
9.200 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
9.300 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
9.400 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
9.500 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
9.600 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
9.700 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
9.800 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
9.900 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
10.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
10.100 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
10.200 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
10.300 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
10.400 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
10.500 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
10.600 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
10.700 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
10.800 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
10.900 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
11.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
11.100 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
11.200 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
11.300 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
11.400 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
11.500 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
11.600 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
11.700 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
11.800 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
11.900 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
12.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
12.100 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
12.200 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
12.300 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
12.400 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
12.500 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
12.600 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
12.700 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
12.800 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
12.900 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
13.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
13.100 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
13.200 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
13.300 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
13.400 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
13.500 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
13.600 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
13.700 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
13.800 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
13.900 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
14.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
14.100 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
14.200 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
14.300 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
14.400 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000
14.500 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.0 4898.917 0.000

Please note that because this analysis makes computations of ultimate moment
capacity and pile response using nonlinear bending stiffness that the above
values of total stress due to combined axial stress and bending may not be
representative of actual conditions.

Output Verification:

Computed forces and moments are within specified convergence limits.

Output Summary for Load Case No. 1:

Pile-head deflection = 0.000 m
Computed slope at pile head = 0.000
Maximum bending moment = 0.000 kN- m
Maximum shear force = 0.000 kN
Depth of maximum bending moment = 0.000 m
Depth of maximum shear force = 0.000 m
Number of iterations = 5
Number of zero deflection points = 0

===============================================================



All Rights Reserved

===============================================================

Path to file locations: L:\Programs\LPILE\Chapter 6\Ch. 6 Example with P=474.5\P=0 case\
Name of input data file: Up analysis(P=0)2.lpd
Name of output file: Up analysis(P=0)2.lpo
Name of plot output file: Up analysis(P=0)2.lpp
Name of runtime file: Up analysis(P=0)2.lpr

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Date: May 4, 2005 Time: 16:58:55

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Problem Title
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Up Analysis with P=0 case

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Program Options
------------------------------------------------------------------------------



Analysis Type 3:

- User-specified p-y curves used in analysis


Printing Options:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------




----- --------- ----------- ---------- ---------- -----------
1 0.0000 .17780000 1.0000 .024800 200000000.000
2 10.0000 .17780000 1.0000 .024800 200000000.000


------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Layer 1 is modelled using user-specied p-y curves




(Depth of lowest layer extends .00 m below pile tip)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------


No. m kN/ m**3
----- ---------- ----------------
1 .00 11.40000
2 5.29 11.40000
3 5.29 11.40000
4 5.31 21.20000
5 5.31 21.20000
6 8.00 21.20000
7 8.00 21.20000
8 10.00 21.20000

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------


----- -------- ---------- ------------------ ------ ------

Notes:


------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------


No. m
----- ---------- ---------- ----------
1 .000 1.0000 1.0000
2 5.290 1.0000 1.0000
3 5.310 1.0000 1.0000
4 8.000 1.0000 1.0000
5 10.000 1.0000 1.0000

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
User-specified p-y Curves
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

User-specified p-y curves defined using 8 curves.

User-specified curve number 1 at depth = .000 m

Point y p,
No. m kN/ m
----- ---------- ----------
1 .0000 .000
2 .0002 92.072
3 .0004 109.493
4 .0009 137.680
5 .0018 163.731
6 .0027 181.198
7 .0037 194.710
8 .0092 244.834
9 .0183 291.159
10 .0366 346.248
11 .0412 346.248
12 .0458 346.248

User-specified curve number 2 at depth = 5.290 m

Point y p,
No. m kN/ m
----- ---------- ----------
1 .0000 .000
2 .0002 92.072
3 .0004 109.493
4 .0009 137.680
5 .0018 163.731
6 .0027 181.198
7 .0037 194.710
8 .0092 244.834
9 .0183 291.159
10 .0366 346.248
11 .0412 346.248
12 .0458 346.248


Point y p,
No. m kN/ m
----- ---------- ----------
1 .0000 .000
2 .0002 92.072
3 .0004 109.493
4 .0009 137.680
5 .0018 163.731
6 .0027 181.198
7 .0037 194.710
8 .0092 244.834
9 .0183 291.159
10 .0366 346.248
11 .0412 346.248
12 .0458 346.298


Point y p,
No. m kN/ m
----- ---------- ----------

1 .0000 .000
2 .0002 65.766
3 .0005 78.209
4 .0011 98.343
5 .0023 116.950
6 .0034 129.427
7 .0046 139.078
8 .0115 174.882
9 .0229 207.971
10 .0458 247.320
11 .0515 247.320
12 .0573 247.320


Point y p,
No. m kN/ m
----- ---------- ----------
1 .0000 .000
2 .0002 65.766
3 .0005 78.209
4 .0011 98.343
5 .0023 116.950
6 .0034 129.427
7 .0046 139.078
8 .0115 174.882
9 .0229 207.971
10 .0458 247.320
11 .0515 247.320
12 .0573 247.320


Point y p,
No. m kN/ m
----- ---------- ----------
1 .0000 .000
2 .0002 56.414
3 .0005 67.088
4 .0011 84.358
5 .0023 100.319
6 .0034 111.022
7 .0046 119.300
8 .0115 150.012
9 .0229 178.396
10 .0458 212.150
11 .0515 212.150
12 .0573 212.150


Point y p,
No. m kN/ m
----- ---------- ----------
1 .0000 .000
2 .0002 56.414
3 .0005 67.088
4 .0011 84.358
5 .0023 100.319
6 .0034 111.022
7 .0046 119.300
8 .0115 150.012
9 .0229 178.396
10 .0458 212.150
11 .0515 212.150
12 .0573 212.150


Point y p,
No. m kN/ m
----- ---------- ----------
1 .0000 .000
2 .0005 26.070
3 .0011 32.781
4 .0020 21.922
5 .0023 38.983
6 .0034 43.142
7 .0046 46.359
8 .0115 58.294
9 .0151 82.440

10 .0229 69.324
11 .0458 82.440
12 .0573 82.440

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Loading Type
------------------------------------------------------------------------------


------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Load Case Number 1

Shear force at pile head = 365.000 kN
Bending moment at pile head = -83.500 m- kN

Non-zero moment at pile head for this load case indicates the pile-head
may rotate under the applied pile-head loading, but is not a free-head
(zero moment) condition.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------


No. m m
----- --------------------- --------------------------
1 .000 .000
2 5.290 5.290
3 5.310 5.310
4 8.000 8.000
5 10.000 10.000

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Pile Description:








m**2 m
------ ------------- ---------------
1 .000000 .0736
2 .000000 .0455
3 .000000 .0000
4 .000000 -.0455
5 .000000 -.0736


------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
1.73583660 4898.917 .00035433 .00002742 .08889729
2.50651820 4897.351 .00051181 .00003961 .08889729
3.27670667 4895.785 .00066929 .00005180 .08889729
4.04640201 4894.220 .00082677 .00006399 .08889729
4.81560422 4892.654 .00098425 .00007618 .08889729
5.58431330 4891.088 .00114173 .00008837 .08889729
6.35252925 4889.522 .00129921 .00010056 .08889729
6.55060560 4496.902 .00145669 .00010411 .08297207
7.25778201 4496.284 .00161417 .00011537 .08297207
7.96476385 4495.667 .00177165 .00012662 .08297207
8.67155112 4495.049 .00192913 .00013788 .08297207
9.37814382 4494.431 .00208661 .00014913 .08297207
10.085 4493.813 .00224409 .00016039 .08297207
10.791 4493.196 .00240157 .00017165 .08297207
11.497 4492.578 .00255906 .00018290 .08297207
12.203 4491.960 .00271654 .00019416 .08297207
12.908 4491.342 .00287402 .00020541 .08297207
13.614 4490.725 .00303150 .00021667 .08297207
14.319 4490.107 .00318898 .00022792 .08297207
15.024 4489.489 .00334646 .00023918 .08297207
15.729 4488.871 .00350394 .00025043 .08297207
16.433 4488.254 .00366142 .00026169 .08297207
17.138 4487.636 .00381890 .00027294 .08297207
17.842 4487.018 .00397638 .00028420 .08297207
23.118 4482.385 .00515748 .00036862 .08297207
28.383 4477.752 .00633858 .00045303 .08297207
33.636 4473.118 .00751969 .00053745 .08297207
38.879 4468.485 .00870079 .00062186 .08297207
44.111 4463.852 .00988189 .00070628 .08297207
49.332 4459.219 .01106299 .00079069 .08297207
54.542 4454.586 .01224409 .00087511 .08297207
57.662 4295.045 .01342520 .00095982 .08299377
62.752 4296.211 .01460630 .00104577 .08309687
67.845 4297.412 .01578740 .00113196 .08319996
72.947 4298.973 .01696850 .00121848 .08330848
78.054 4300.601 .01814961 .00130527 .08341700
83.173 4302.638 .01933071 .00139241 .08353095
88.306 4305.127 .02051181 .00147993 .08365032
93.456 4308.127 .02169291 .00156786 .08377512
98.635 4312.080 .02287402 .00165633 .08391077
103.850 4317.171 .02405512 .00174537 .08405727
109.135 4324.538 .02523622 .00183532 .08422548
116.274 4401.446 .02641732 .00194228 .08502310
121.355 4397.159 .02759843 .00203107 .08509364
126.423 4392.803 .02877953 .00212002 .08516418
131.480 4388.413 .02996063 .00220914 .08523472
136.408 4380.233 .03114173 .00229741 .08527270
141.002 4362.312 .03232283 .00238314 .08522929
145.110 4331.145 .03350394 .00246586 .08509907
145.110 4183.660 .03468504 .00250950 .08385108
147.008 4098.795 .03586614 .00257802 .08337902
153.523 4143.973 .03704724 .00264784 .08297207
155.871 4077.375 .03822835 .00273226 .08297207
157.833 4004.950 .03940945 .00281667 .08297207
159.521 3929.994 .04059055 .00290109 .08297207
161.057 3855.647 .04177165 .00298551 .08297207
162.411 3781.163 .04295276 .00306992 .08297207
163.614 3707.213 .04413386 .00315434 .08297207
164.745 3635.565 .04531496 .00323875 .08297207
165.711 3563.988 .04649606 .00332317 .08297207
166.656 3495.506 .04767717 .00340759 .08297207

167.455 3427.355 .04885827 .00349200 .08297207
168.240 3362.162 .05003937 .00357642 .08297207
168.926 3298.012 .05122047 .00366083 .08297207
169.575 3236.065 .05240157 .00374525 .08297207
170.188 3176.179 .05358268 .00382966 .08297207


p-y Curve Computed by Interpolation from User-input Curves


y, m p, kN/ m
---------------- ----------------
.0000 .000
.0010 140.575
.0011 143.795
.0022 171.931
.0033 189.761
.0044 201.500
.0056 211.627
.0067 221.754
.0078 231.882
.0089 242.009
.0100 248.913
.0111 254.570
.0122 260.227
.0133 265.884
.0356 343.117
.0667 346.248
.0889 346.248



y, m p, kN/ m
---------------- ----------------
.0000 .000
.0010 140.575
.0011 143.795
.0022 171.931
.0033 189.761
.0044 201.500
.0056 211.627
.0067 221.754
.0078 231.882
.0089 242.009
.0100 248.913
.0111 254.570
.0122 260.227
.0133 265.884
.0356 343.117
.0667 346.248
.0889 346.248




y, m p, kN/ m
---------------- ----------------
.0000 .000
.0010 94.987
.0011 98.517
.0022 115.748
.0033 128.676
.0044 137.831
.0056 144.040
.0067 149.806
.0078 155.572
.0089 161.339
.0100 167.105
.0111 172.871
.0122 176.983
.0133 180.208
.0356 229.725
.0667 247.320
.0889 247.320



y, m p, kN/ m
---------------- ----------------
.0000 .000
.0010 81.480
.0011 84.508
.0022 99.288
.0033 110.377
.0044 118.231
.0056 123.556
.0067 128.502
.0078 133.449
.0089 138.395
.0100 143.341
.0111 148.287
.0122 151.814
.0133 154.581
.0356 197.057
.0667 212.150
.0889 212.150



y, m p, kN/ m
---------------- ----------------
.0000 .000
.0010 31.663
.0011 32.645
.0022 34.576
.0033 42.892
.0044 45.943
.0056 48.013
.0067 49.935
.0078 51.857
.0089 53.779
.0100 55.702
.0111 57.624
.0122 63.148
.0133 70.602
.0356 76.575
.0667 82.440

.0889 82.440

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Specified shear force at pile head = 365.000 kN
Specified bending moment at pile head = -83.500 m- kN

Non-zero moment for this load case indicates the pile-head may rotate under
the applied pile-head loading, but is not a free-head (zero moment )condition.

-------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
0.000 .047472 -83.5000 365.0 -.035587 7.4232 4295.386 -346.250
.06897 .044972 -59.1510 341.1 -.036732 5.2585 4295.386 -346.250
.138 .042406 -36.4489 317.2 -.037500 3.2403 4295.386 -346.250
.207 .039799 -15.3936 293.4 -.037911 1.3685 4489.165 -346.250
.276 .037177 4.0149 269.5 -.038001 .3569 4894.284 -346.250
.345 .034558 21.7765 245.8 -.037805 1.9359 4483.564 -340.101
.414 .031962 37.9205 222.6 -.037345 3.3711 4469.333 -332.288
.483 .029407 52.4840 200.0 -.036646 4.6658 4456.417 -324.595
.552 .026907 65.5037 177.9 -.035714 5.8233 4296.860 -317.072
.621 .024481 77.0154 156.2 -.034571 6.8467 4300.270 -309.766
.690 .022139 87.0537 135.1 -.033256 7.7391 4304.520 -302.717
.759 .019894 95.6522 114.5 -.031793 8.5035 4309.804 -295.958
.828 .017754 102.8 94.3234 -.030206 9.1427 4316.189 -288.380
.897 .015727 108.7 74.7909 -.028518 9.6601 4323.880 -278.063
.966 .013820 113.2 55.9489 -.026758 10.0598 4368.125 -268.355
1.034 .012036 116.4 37.7548 -.024953 10.3461 4401.357 -259.275
1.103 .010378 118.4 20.1648 -.023114 10.5228 4399.681 -250.834
1.172 .008848 119.2 3.1833 -.021252 10.5934 4399.011 -241.630
1.241 .007447 118.8 -13.0405 -.019387 10.5618 4399.311 -228.860
1.310 .006174 117.4 -28.4240 -.017536 10.4335 4400.529 -217.261
1.379 .005028 114.9 -43.0474 -.015713 10.2133 4386.630 -206.818
1.448 .004007 111.4 -56.9897 -.013927 9.9056 4349.413 -197.509
1.517 .003107 107.0 -70.2385 -.012189 9.5145 4321.598 -186.705
1.586 .002326 101.7 -82.6744 -.010522 9.0444 4315.109 -173.935
1.655 .001656 95.6211 -94.1745 -.008944 8.5007 4309.780 -159.567
1.724 .001092 88.7468 -104.6 -.007468 7.8896 4305.384 -143.240
1.793 6.26E-04 81.1913 -113.8 -.006107 7.2179 4301.850 -122.234
1.862 2.50E-04 73.0544 -121.3 -.004870 6.4945 4299.007 -96.405
1.931 -4.58E-05 64.4589 -123.9 -.003767 5.7304 4296.613 21.074
2.000 -2.70E-04 55.9637 -119.8 -.002809 4.9752 4384.308 98.154
2.069 -4.33E-04 47.9353 -112.6 -.001998 4.2614 4460.460 111.365
2.138 -5.46E-04 40.4366 -104.7 -.001316 3.5948 4467.107 117.695
2.207 -6.15E-04 33.4977 -96.4211 -7.45E-04 2.9779 4473.241 121.597
2.276 -6.48E-04 27.1372 -87.9698 -2.78E-04 2.4125 4478.849 123.492
2.345 -6.53E-04 21.3640 -79.4438 9.50E-05 1.8993 4483.926 123.761
2.414 -6.35E-04 16.1794 -70.9433 3.84E-04 1.4383 4488.476 122.753
2.483 -6.00E-04 11.5787 -62.5457 5.97E-04 1.0293 4492.506 120.779
2.552 -5.53E-04 7.5524 -54.3080 7.44E-04 .6714 4496.027 118.113
2.621 -4.98E-04 4.0879 -46.2697 8.30E-04 .3634 4894.135 114.997
2.690 -4.38E-04 1.1704 -38.4540 8.67E-04 .1040 4898.917 111.657
2.759 -3.78E-04 -1.2161 -30.8942 8.67E-04 .1081 4898.917 107.577
2.828 -3.19E-04 -3.0909 -23.6529 8.37E-04 .2748 4896.163 102.421
2.897 -2.63E-04 -4.4786 -16.7582 7.83E-04 .3981 4893.340 97.525
2.966 -2.11E-04 -5.4024 -10.1880 7.14E-04 .4803 4891.459 93.009
3.034 -1.64E-04 -5.8838 -4.3749 6.34E-04 .5231 4890.478 75.572
3.103 -1.23E-04 -6.0058 .1882 5.50E-04 .5339 4890.229 56.756
3.172 -8.83E-05 -5.8579 3.5463 4.67E-04 .5208 4890.531 40.629
3.241 -5.89E-05 -5.5167 5.8826 3.86E-04 .4904 4891.226 27.125
3.310 -3.50E-05 -5.0465 7.3728 3.12E-04 .4486 4892.184 16.090
3.379 -1.59E-05 -4.4997 8.1798 2.45E-04 .4000 4893.297 7.314
3.448 -1.20E-06 -3.9182 8.4510 1.85E-04 .3483 4894.480 .551315
3.517 9.68E-06 -3.3341 8.3163 1.34E-04 .2964 4895.669 -4.458
3.586 1.73E-05 -2.7711 7.8875 9.13E-05 .2464 4896.813 -7.977
3.655 2.23E-05 -2.2461 7.2587 5.60E-05 .1997 4897.880 -10.257
3.724 2.51E-05 -1.7699 6.5074 2.77E-05 .1573 4898.847 -11.532
3.793 2.61E-05 -1.3486 5.6954 5.76E-06 .1199 4898.917 -12.016
3.862 2.58E-05 -.9844 4.8707 -1.07E-05 8.75E-02 4898.917 -11.898
3.931 2.46E-05 -.6767 4.0694 -2.23E-05 6.02E-02 4898.917 -11.340
4.000 2.28E-05 -.4231 3.3171 -3.01E-05 3.76E-02 4898.917 -10.479

4.069 2.05E-05 -.2192 2.6306 -3.46E-05 1.95E-02 4898.917 -9.429
4.138 1.80E-05 -6.02E-02 2.0199 -3.66E-05 5.35E-03 4898.917 -8.281
4.207 1.54E-05 5.94E-02 1.4893 -3.66E-05 5.28E-03 4898.917 -7.106
4.276 1.29E-05 .1452 1.0388 -3.51E-05 1.29E-02 4898.917 -5.958
4.345 1.06E-05 .2027 .6652 -3.27E-05 1.80E-02 4898.917 -4.875
4.414 8.43E-06 .2370 .3633 -2.96E-05 2.11E-02 4898.917 -3.882
4.483 6.51E-06 .2528 .1261 -2.62E-05 2.25E-02 4898.917 -2.995
4.552 4.83E-06 .2544 -5.37E-02 -2.26E-05 2.26E-02 4898.917 -2.221
4.621 3.39E-06 .2454 -.1842 -1.91E-05 2.18E-02 4898.917 -1.561
4.690 2.20E-06 .2290 -.2729 -1.57E-05 2.04E-02 4898.917 -1.011
4.759 1.22E-06 .2077 -.3271 -1.27E-05 1.85E-02 4898.917 -.562507
4.828 4.50E-07 .1838 -.3536 -9.90E-06 1.63E-02 4898.917 -.207195
4.897 -1.43E-07 .1590 -.3585 -7.48E-06 1.41E-02 4898.917 .065948
4.966 -5.82E-07 .1344 -.3470 -5.42E-06 1.19E-02 4898.917 .268043
5.034 -8.91E-07 .1111 -.3236 -3.69E-06 9.88E-03 4898.917 .410071
5.103 -1.09E-06 8.98E-02 -.2922 -2.28E-06 7.98E-03 4898.917 .502444
5.172 -1.20E-06 7.08E-02 -.2557 -1.15E-06 6.29E-03 4898.917 .554701
5.241 -1.25E-06 5.45E-02 -.2167 -2.66E-07 4.84E-03 4898.917 .575313
5.310 -1.24E-06 4.09E-02 -.1828 4.06E-07 3.64E-03 4898.917 .408260
5.379 -1.19E-06 2.93E-02 -.1553 9.00E-07 2.60E-03 4898.917 .391097
5.448 -1.12E-06 1.95E-02 -.1292 1.24E-06 1.73E-03 4898.917 .364773
5.517 -1.02E-06 1.15E-02 -.1051 1.46E-06 1.02E-03 4898.917 .332477
5.586 -9.16E-07 4.99E-03 -8.34E-02 1.58E-06 4.44E-04 4898.917 .296806
5.655 -8.05E-07 -5.84E-05 -6.43E-02 1.61E-06 5.19E-06 4898.917 .259826
5.724 -6.94E-07 -3.87E-03 -4.76E-02 1.58E-06 3.44E-04 4898.917 .223131
5.793 -5.86E-07 -6.62E-03 -3.34E-02 1.51E-06 5.89E-04 4898.917 .187906
5.862 -4.86E-07 -8.48E-03 -2.16E-02 1.40E-06 7.54E-04 4898.917 .154992
5.931 -3.93E-07 -9.60E-03 -1.19E-02 1.28E-06 8.54E-04 4898.917 .124939
6.000 -3.10E-07 -1.01E-02 -4.26E-03 1.14E-06 9.00E-04 4898.917 .098061
6.069 -2.36E-07 -1.02E-02 1.69E-03 9.94E-07 9.06E-04 4898.917 .074488
6.138 -1.72E-07 -9.90E-03 6.13E-03 8.53E-07 8.80E-04 4898.917 .054201
6.207 -1.18E-07 -9.34E-03 9.28E-03 7.17E-07 8.31E-04 4898.917 .037077
6.276 -7.34E-08 -8.62E-03 1.13E-02 5.91E-07 7.66E-04 4898.917 .022912
6.345 -3.69E-08 -7.78E-03 1.25E-02 4.76E-07 6.92E-04 4898.917 .011456
6.414 -7.83E-09 -6.89E-03 1.30E-02 3.72E-07 6.12E-04 4898.917 .002426
6.483 1.45E-08 -5.98E-03 1.29E-02 2.82E-07 5.32E-04 4898.917 -.004472
6.552 3.10E-08 -5.10E-03 1.25E-02 2.04E-07 4.54E-04 4898.917 -.009532
6.621 4.26E-08 -4.27E-03 1.17E-02 1.38E-07 3.79E-04 4898.917 -.013035
6.690 5.00E-08 -3.49E-03 1.07E-02 8.31E-08 3.10E-04 4898.917 -.015249
6.759 5.41E-08 -2.79E-03 9.61E-03 3.89E-08 2.48E-04 4898.917 -.016415
6.828 5.54E-08 -2.17E-03 8.47E-03 4.04E-09 1.93E-04 4898.917 -.016752
6.897 5.46E-08 -1.62E-03 7.32E-03 -2.26E-08 1.44E-04 4898.917 -.016453
6.966 5.23E-08 -1.16E-03 6.22E-03 -4.22E-08 1.03E-04 4898.917 -.015683
7.034 4.88E-08 -7.64E-04 5.17E-03 -5.57E-08 6.79E-05 4898.917 -.014584
7.103 4.46E-08 -4.42E-04 4.21E-03 -6.42E-08 3.93E-05 4898.917 -.013272
7.172 3.99E-08 -1.83E-04 3.35E-03 -6.86E-08 1.63E-05 4898.917 -.011843
7.241 3.51E-08 1.92E-05 2.58E-03 -6.97E-08 1.70E-06 4898.917 -.010372
7.310 3.03E-08 1.72E-04 1.91E-03 -6.84E-08 1.53E-05 4898.917 -.008918
7.379 2.57E-08 2.83E-04 1.35E-03 -6.52E-08 2.52E-05 4898.917 -.007525
7.448 2.13E-08 3.58E-04 8.73E-04 -6.07E-08 3.18E-05 4898.917 -.006224
7.517 1.73E-08 4.04E-04 4.85E-04 -5.53E-08 3.59E-05 4898.917 -.005033
7.586 1.37E-08 4.25E-04 1.74E-04 -4.95E-08 3.78E-05 4898.917 -.003966
7.655 1.05E-08 4.28E-04 -6.68E-05 -4.35E-08 3.80E-05 4898.917 -.003026
7.724 7.71E-09 4.16E-04 -2.47E-04 -3.75E-08 3.70E-05 4898.917 -.002213
7.793 5.33E-09 3.93E-04 -3.76E-04 -3.18E-08 3.50E-05 4898.917 -.001522
7.862 3.32E-09 3.64E-04 -4.61E-04 -2.65E-08 3.24E-05 4898.917 -9.45E-04
7.931 1.67E-09 3.30E-04 -5.10E-04 -2.16E-08 2.93E-05 4898.917 -4.74E-04
8.000 3.41E-10 2.94E-04 -5.30E-04 -1.72E-08 2.61E-05 4898.917 -9.62E-05
8.069 -7.05E-10 2.57E-04 -5.27E-04 -1.34E-08 2.28E-05 4898.917 1.93E-04
8.138 -1.50E-09 2.21E-04 -5.06E-04 -1.00E-08 1.96E-05 4898.917 4.00E-04
8.207 -2.08E-09 1.87E-04 -4.74E-04 -7.13E-09 1.66E-05 4898.917 5.38E-04
8.276 -2.49E-09 1.56E-04 -4.34E-04 -4.72E-09 1.38E-05 4898.917 6.22E-04
8.345 -2.74E-09 1.27E-04 -3.89E-04 -2.73E-09 1.13E-05 4898.917 6.63E-04
8.414 -2.86E-09 1.02E-04 -3.43E-04 -1.12E-09 9.05E-06 4898.917 6.71E-04
8.483 -2.89E-09 7.97E-05 -2.98E-04 1.59E-10 7.09E-06 4898.917 6.55E-04
8.552 -2.84E-09 6.08E-05 -2.54E-04 1.15E-09 5.40E-06 4898.917 6.21E-04
8.621 -2.73E-09 4.47E-05 -2.12E-04 1.89E-09 3.98E-06 4898.917 5.76E-04
8.690 -2.58E-09 3.15E-05 -1.75E-04 2.43E-09 2.80E-06 4898.917 5.23E-04
8.759 -2.40E-09 2.07E-05 -1.40E-04 2.79E-09 1.84E-06 4898.917 4.67E-04
8.828 -2.19E-09 1.21E-05 -1.10E-04 3.02E-09 1.08E-06 4898.917 4.10E-04
8.897 -1.98E-09 5.47E-06 -8.38E-05 3.15E-09 4.86E-07 4898.917 3.54E-04
8.966 -1.76E-09 5.33E-07 -6.12E-05 3.19E-09 4.74E-08 4898.917 3.01E-04
9.034 -1.54E-09 -2.97E-06 -4.22E-05 3.17E-09 2.64E-07 4898.917 2.51E-04
9.103 -1.32E-09 -5.28E-06 -2.64E-05 3.12E-09 4.70E-07 4898.917 2.05E-04
9.172 -1.11E-09 -6.62E-06 -1.37E-05 3.03E-09 5.88E-07 4898.917 1.63E-04
9.241 -9.04E-10 -7.18E-06 -3.74E-06 2.93E-09 6.38E-07 4898.917 1.26E-04
9.310 -7.05E-10 -7.13E-06 3.80E-06 2.83E-09 6.34E-07 4898.917 9.27E-05
9.379 -5.13E-10 -6.65E-06 9.18E-06 2.74E-09 5.91E-07 4898.917 6.34E-05
9.448 -3.28E-10 -5.87E-06 1.27E-05 2.65E-09 5.22E-07 4898.917 3.79E-05
9.517 -1.48E-10 -4.90E-06 1.45E-05 2.57E-09 4.36E-07 4898.917 1.59E-05
9.586 2.72E-11 -3.86E-06 1.50E-05 2.51E-09 3.43E-07 4898.917 -2.72E-06

9.655 1.99E-10 -2.84E-06 1.43E-05 2.46E-09 2.52E-07 4898.917 -1.82E-05
9.724 3.67E-10 -1.90E-06 1.26E-05 2.43E-09 1.69E-07 4898.917 -3.08E-05
9.793 5.34E-10 -1.10E-06 1.01E-05 2.41E-09 9.81E-08 4898.917 -4.05E-05
9.862 6.99E-10 -5.02E-07 7.07E-06 2.40E-09 4.47E-08 4898.917 -4.76E-05
9.931 8.65E-10 -1.28E-07 3.64E-06 2.39E-09 1.13E-08 4898.917 -5.19E-05
10.000 1.03E-09 0.0 0.0 2.39E-09 0.0 4898.917 -5.37E-05





Pile-head deflection = .04747209 m
Computed slope at pile head = -.03558708

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Summary of Pile-head Response
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Definition of symbols for pile-head boundary conditions:

y = pile-head displacment, m
M = pile-head moment, kN- m
V = pile-head shear force, kN
S = pile-head slope, radians
R = rotational stiffness of pile-head, m- kN/rad

BC Boundary Boundary Axial Pile Head Maximum Maximum
Type Condition Condition Load Deflection Moment Shear
1 2 kN m m- kN kN
---- ------------ ------------ ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
1 V = 365.000 M = -83.500 0.0000 .047472 119.1608 365.0000

===============================================================



All Rights Reserved

===============================================================

Path to file locations: L:\Programs\LPILE\Chapter 6\Ch. 6 Example with P=474.5\P=0 case\
Name of input data file: Down analysis(P=0)2.lpd
Name of output file: Down analysis(P=0)2.lpo
Name of plot output file: Down analysis(P=0)2.lpp
Name of runtime file: Down analysis(P=0)2.lpr

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Date: May 4, 2005 Time: 16:57:32

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Problem Title
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Down Analysis with P=0 Case

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Program Options
------------------------------------------------------------------------------



Analysis Type 3:



Printing Options:

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------




----- --------- ----------- ---------- ---------- -----------
1 0.0000 .17780000 1.0000 .024800 200000000.000
2 4.5000 .17780000 1.0000 .024800 200000000.000


------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------




------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------


No. m kN/ m**3
----- ---------- ----------------
1 .00 12.20000
2 6.00 12.20000

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------


----- -------- ---------- ------------------ ------ ------

Notes:


------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------


No. m
----- ---------- ---------- ----------
1 .000 1.0000 1.0000
2 6.000 1.0000 1.0000

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------




Point y p,
No. m kN/ m
----- ---------- ----------
1 .0000 .000
2 .0001 263.064
3 .0002 312.838
4 .0006 393.373
5 .0011 467.802
6 .0017 517.708
7 .0023 556.313
8 .0057 699.527
9 .0115 831.882
10 .0229 989.280
11 .0258 989.280
12 .0286 989.280


Point y p,
No. m kN/ m
----- ---------- ----------
1 .0000 .000
2 .0001 263.064
3 .0002 312.838
4 .0006 393.373
5 .0011 467.802
6 .0017 517.708
7 .0023 556.313
8 .0057 699.527
9 .0115 831.882
10 .0229 989.280
11 .0258 989.280
12 .0286 989.280

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Loading Type
------------------------------------------------------------------------------


------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Load Case Number 1

Bending moment at pile head = 83.550 m- kN


------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------


No. m m
----- --------------------- --------------------------

1 .000 .000
2 4.500 4.500

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Pile Description:








m**2 m
------ ------------- ---------------
1 .000000 .0736
2 .000000 .0455
3 .000000 .0000
4 .000000 -.0455
5 .000000 -.0736


------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
1.73583660 4898.917 .00035433 .00002742 .08889729
2.50651820 4897.351 .00051181 .00003961 .08889729
3.27670667 4895.785 .00066929 .00005180 .08889729
4.04640201 4894.220 .00082677 .00006399 .08889729
4.81560422 4892.654 .00098425 .00007618 .08889729
5.58431330 4891.088 .00114173 .00008837 .08889729
6.35252925 4889.522 .00129921 .00010056 .08889729
6.55060560 4496.902 .00145669 .00010411 .08297207
7.25778201 4496.284 .00161417 .00011537 .08297207
7.96476385 4495.667 .00177165 .00012662 .08297207
8.67155112 4495.049 .00192913 .00013788 .08297207
9.37814382 4494.431 .00208661 .00014913 .08297207
10.085 4493.813 .00224409 .00016039 .08297207
10.791 4493.196 .00240157 .00017165 .08297207
11.497 4492.578 .00255906 .00018290 .08297207
12.203 4491.960 .00271654 .00019416 .08297207
12.908 4491.342 .00287402 .00020541 .08297207
13.614 4490.725 .00303150 .00021667 .08297207
14.319 4490.107 .00318898 .00022792 .08297207
15.024 4489.489 .00334646 .00023918 .08297207
15.729 4488.871 .00350394 .00025043 .08297207
16.433 4488.254 .00366142 .00026169 .08297207
17.138 4487.636 .00381890 .00027294 .08297207
17.842 4487.018 .00397638 .00028420 .08297207
23.118 4482.385 .00515748 .00036862 .08297207
28.383 4477.752 .00633858 .00045303 .08297207
33.636 4473.118 .00751969 .00053745 .08297207
38.879 4468.485 .00870079 .00062186 .08297207
44.111 4463.852 .00988189 .00070628 .08297207
49.332 4459.219 .01106299 .00079069 .08297207

54.542 4454.586 .01224409 .00087511 .08297207
57.662 4295.045 .01342520 .00095982 .08299377
62.752 4296.211 .01460630 .00104577 .08309687
67.845 4297.412 .01578740 .00113196 .08319996
72.947 4298.973 .01696850 .00121848 .08330848
78.054 4300.601 .01814961 .00130527 .08341700
83.173 4302.638 .01933071 .00139241 .08353095
88.306 4305.127 .02051181 .00147993 .08365032
93.456 4308.127 .02169291 .00156786 .08377512
98.635 4312.080 .02287402 .00165633 .08391077
103.850 4317.171 .02405512 .00174537 .08405727
109.135 4324.538 .02523622 .00183532 .08422548
116.274 4401.446 .02641732 .00194228 .08502310
121.355 4397.159 .02759843 .00203107 .08509364
126.423 4392.803 .02877953 .00212002 .08516418
131.480 4388.413 .02996063 .00220914 .08523472
136.408 4380.233 .03114173 .00229741 .08527270
141.002 4362.312 .03232283 .00238314 .08522929
145.110 4331.145 .03350394 .00246586 .08509907
145.110 4183.660 .03468504 .00250950 .08385108
147.008 4098.795 .03586614 .00257802 .08337902
153.523 4143.973 .03704724 .00264784 .08297207
155.871 4077.375 .03822835 .00273226 .08297207
157.833 4004.950 .03940945 .00281667 .08297207
159.521 3929.994 .04059055 .00290109 .08297207
161.057 3855.647 .04177165 .00298551 .08297207
162.411 3781.163 .04295276 .00306992 .08297207
163.614 3707.213 .04413386 .00315434 .08297207
164.745 3635.565 .04531496 .00323875 .08297207
165.711 3563.988 .04649606 .00332317 .08297207
166.656 3495.506 .04767717 .00340759 .08297207
167.455 3427.355 .04885827 .00349200 .08297207
168.240 3362.162 .05003937 .00357642 .08297207
168.926 3298.012 .05122047 .00366083 .08297207
169.575 3236.065 .05240157 .00374525 .08297207
170.188 3176.179 .05358268 .00382966 .08297207




y, m p, kN/ m
---------------- ----------------
.0000 .000
.0010 452.916
.0011 468.738
.0022 551.327
.0033 599.856
.0044 646.664
.0056 693.472
.0067 721.605
.0078 746.964
.0089 772.322
.0100 797.681
.0111 823.039
.0122 841.875
.0133 857.218
.0356 989.280
.0667 989.280
.0889 989.280



y, m p, kN/ m
---------------- ----------------

.0000 .000
.0010 452.916
.0011 468.738
.0022 551.327
.0033 599.856
.0044 646.664
.0056 693.472
.0067 721.605
.0078 746.964
.0089 772.322
.0100 797.681
.0111 823.039
.0122 841.875
.0133 857.218
.0356 989.280
.0667 989.280
.0889 989.280

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Specified bending moment at pile head = 83.550 m- kN


-------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
0.000 .018217 83.5500 365.0 -.034791 7.4276 4308.873 -924.626
.03103 .017146 94.4323 336.5 -.034150 8.3950 4308.873 -909.848
.06207 .016097 104.4 308.5 -.033434 9.2846 4308.873 -895.361
.09310 .015071 113.6 281.0 -.032654 10.0974 4372.671 -881.196
.124 .014070 121.9 253.8 -.031821 10.8349 4396.710 -867.377
.155 .013096 129.3 227.1 -.030934 11.4980 4390.275 -853.926
.186 .012150 136.0 200.8 -.029995 12.0880 4380.956 -840.867
.217 .011234 141.8 175.0 -.029009 12.6061 4356.298 -825.824
.248 .010350 146.8 149.6 -.027949 13.0534 4107.092 -805.638
.279 .009499 151.1 124.9 -.026826 13.4318 4127.178 -786.238
.310 .008685 154.6 100.8 -.025675 13.7428 4114.353 -767.642
.341 .007906 157.3 77.2742 -.024485 13.9881 4023.546 -749.872
.372 .007165 159.4 54.2647 -.023250 14.1692 3936.500 -732.961
.403 .006463 160.7 31.7662 -.021978 14.2875 3873.168 -716.940
.434 .005801 161.4 9.7508 -.020682 14.3445 3840.358 -701.832
.466 .005179 161.3 -11.6541 -.019378 14.3413 3842.253 -677.591
.497 .004598 160.6 -32.3029 -.018084 14.2802 3877.346 -653.111
.528 .004057 159.3 -52.2180 -.016814 14.1631 3939.755 -630.311
.559 .003554 157.4 -71.4511 -.015579 13.9920 4021.915 -609.152
.590 .003090 154.9 -90.0521 -.014386 13.7688 4106.068 -589.582
.621 .002661 151.8 -108.1 -.013231 13.4951 4132.105 -571.541
.652 .002268 148.2 -125.5 -.012101 13.1725 4106.921 -554.288
.683 .001910 144.0 -142.4 -.011026 12.8024 4339.559 -531.243
.714 .001584 139.3 -158.5 -.010017 12.3868 4368.838 -508.070
.745 .001289 134.2 -173.9 -.009047 11.9278 4383.952 -483.492
.776 .001023 128.5 -188.5 -.008118 11.4273 4390.966 -456.274
.807 7.85E-04 122.5 -202.1 -.007231 10.8877 4396.200 -420.874
.838 5.74E-04 116.0 -214.6 -.006390 10.3122 4398.493 -388.085
.869 3.88E-04 109.1 -226.1 -.005589 9.7033 4324.687 -350.722
.900 2.27E-04 102.0 -236.5 -.004830 9.0645 4315.330 -318.257
.931 8.83E-05 94.4704 -245.0 -.004124 8.3984 4308.902 -232.174
.962 -2.92E-05 86.7542 -247.4 -.003471 7.7124 4304.375 76.704
.993 -1.27E-04 79.1119 -242.0 -.002872 7.0330 4301.022 276.556
1.024 -2.07E-04 71.7359 -232.8 -.002328 6.3773 4298.603 314.318
1.055 -2.72E-04 64.6627 -222.8 -.001836 5.7485 4296.661 327.253
1.086 -3.21E-04 57.9047 -212.5 -.001393 5.1477 4295.101 337.267
1.117 -3.58E-04 51.4715 -201.9 -.001005 4.5758 4457.318 344.665
1.148 -3.84E-04 45.3703 -191.2 -6.68E-04 4.0334 4462.736 349.823
1.179 -4.00E-04 39.6060 -180.3 -3.72E-04 3.5210 4467.843 353.010
1.210 -4.07E-04 34.1817 -169.3 -1.16E-04 3.0388 4472.637 354.477
1.241 -4.07E-04 29.0988 -158.3 1.03E-04 2.5869 4477.121 354.462
1.272 -4.00E-04 24.3573 -147.3 2.89E-04 2.1654 4481.295 353.187

1.303 -3.89E-04 19.9560 -136.4 4.42E-04 1.7741 4485.163 350.857
1.334 -3.73E-04 15.8926 -125.5 5.66E-04 1.4129 4488.728 347.665
1.366 -3.54E-04 12.1641 -114.8 6.63E-04 1.0814 4491.994 343.786
1.397 -3.32E-04 8.7666 -104.2 7.35E-04 .7794 4494.966 339.382
1.428 -3.08E-04 5.6961 -93.7483 7.83E-04 .5064 4890.861 334.599
1.459 -2.83E-04 2.9478 -83.4419 8.11E-04 .2621 4896.454 329.591
1.490 -2.58E-04 .5169 -73.2928 8.22E-04 4.60E-02 4898.917 324.466
1.521 -2.32E-04 -1.6014 -63.3030 8.18E-04 .1424 4898.917 319.321
1.552 -2.07E-04 -3.4122 -53.4719 8.03E-04 .3033 4895.509 314.239
1.583 -1.82E-04 -4.9204 -43.8773 7.76E-04 .4374 4892.440 304.075
1.614 -1.59E-04 -6.1357 -34.6228 7.41E-04 .5455 4889.964 292.328
1.645 -1.36E-04 -7.0694 -25.7235 6.97E-04 .6285 4496.449 281.182
1.676 -1.16E-04 -7.7323 -17.1585 6.46E-04 .6874 4495.870 270.789
1.707 -9.63E-05 -8.1344 -9.0255 5.91E-04 .7231 4495.518 253.333
1.738 -7.88E-05 -8.2925 -1.8770 5.35E-04 .7372 4495.380 207.349
1.769 -6.31E-05 -8.2509 3.9169 4.78E-04 .7335 4495.416 166.039
1.800 -4.92E-05 -8.0494 8.5010 4.21E-04 .7156 4495.593 129.379
1.831 -3.70E-05 -7.7232 12.0177 3.67E-04 .6866 4495.878 97.255
1.862 -2.64E-05 -7.3034 14.6051 3.15E-04 .6493 4496.244 69.484
1.893 -1.74E-05 -6.8167 16.3944 2.66E-04 .6060 4496.670 45.829
1.924 -9.89E-06 -6.2859 17.5092 2.23E-04 .5588 4889.658 26.015
1.955 -3.60E-06 -5.7299 18.0596 1.85E-04 .5094 4890.791 9.457
1.986 1.57E-06 -5.1649 18.1423 1.50E-04 .4592 4891.942 -4.131
2.017 5.72E-06 -4.6039 17.8447 1.19E-04 .4093 4893.085 -15.045
2.048 8.96E-06 -4.0573 17.2454 9.16E-05 .3607 4894.197 -23.575
2.079 1.14E-05 -3.5335 16.4140 6.76E-05 .3141 4895.263 -30.005
2.110 1.32E-05 -3.0385 15.4115 4.67E-05 .2701 4896.269 -34.605
2.141 1.43E-05 -2.5769 14.2905 2.89E-05 .2291 4897.208 -37.633
2.172 1.50E-05 -2.1515 13.0963 1.39E-05 .1913 4898.072 -39.329
2.203 1.52E-05 -1.7640 11.8667 1.54E-06 .1568 4898.859 -39.911
2.234 1.50E-05 -1.4150 10.6332 -8.53E-06 .1258 4898.917 -39.580
2.266 1.46E-05 -1.1040 9.4213 -1.65E-05 9.81E-02 4898.917 -38.518
2.297 1.40E-05 -.8302 8.2513 -2.26E-05 7.38E-02 4898.917 -36.885
2.328 1.32E-05 -.5919 7.1386 -2.71E-05 5.26E-02 4898.917 -34.823
2.359 1.23E-05 -.3871 6.0946 -3.02E-05 3.44E-02 4898.917 -32.455
2.390 1.14E-05 -.2136 5.1272 -3.21E-05 1.90E-02 4898.917 -29.886
2.421 1.03E-05 -6.89E-02 4.2413 -3.30E-05 6.12E-03 4898.917 -27.207
2.452 9.31E-06 4.97E-02 3.4391 -3.31E-05 4.41E-03 4898.917 -24.492
2.483 8.29E-06 .1446 2.7207 -3.25E-05 1.29E-02 4898.917 -21.803
2.514 7.29E-06 .2185 2.0847 -3.13E-05 1.94E-02 4898.917 -19.188
2.545 6.34E-06 .2740 1.5280 -2.98E-05 2.44E-02 4898.917 -16.687
2.576 5.45E-06 .3134 1.0467 -2.79E-05 2.79E-02 4898.917 -14.327
2.607 4.61E-06 .3390 .6362 -2.58E-05 3.01E-02 4898.917 -12.130
2.638 3.84E-06 .3529 .2911 -2.37E-05 3.14E-02 4898.917 -10.108
2.669 3.14E-06 .3570 5.98E-03 -2.14E-05 3.17E-02 4898.917 -8.268
2.700 2.51E-06 .3532 -.2249 -1.92E-05 3.14E-02 4898.917 -6.613
2.731 1.95E-06 .3431 -.4073 -1.69E-05 3.05E-02 4898.917 -5.140
2.762 1.46E-06 .3280 -.5467 -1.48E-05 2.92E-02 4898.917 -3.845
2.793 1.03E-06 .3091 -.6486 -1.28E-05 2.75E-02 4898.917 -2.720
2.824 6.67E-07 .2877 -.7181 -1.09E-05 2.56E-02 4898.917 -1.755
2.855 3.57E-07 .2646 -.7598 -9.17E-06 2.35E-02 4898.917 -.937989
2.886 9.81E-08 .2405 -.7784 -7.57E-06 2.14E-02 4898.917 -.258135
2.917 -1.13E-07 .2162 -.7778 -6.12E-06 1.92E-02 4898.917 .297320
2.948 -2.82E-07 .1923 -.7617 -4.82E-06 1.71E-02 4898.917 .740935
2.979 -4.12E-07 .1690 -.7333 -3.68E-06 1.50E-02 4898.917 1.085
3.010 -5.10E-07 .1467 -.6957 -2.68E-06 1.30E-02 4898.917 1.342
3.041 -5.79E-07 .1258 -.6512 -1.82E-06 1.12E-02 4898.917 1.523
3.072 -6.23E-07 .1063 -.6022 -1.08E-06 9.45E-03 4898.917 1.639
3.103 -6.46E-07 8.84E-02 -.5504 -4.65E-07 7.86E-03 4898.917 1.700
3.134 -6.52E-07 7.21E-02 -.4974 4.31E-08 6.41E-03 4898.917 1.715
3.166 -6.43E-07 5.75E-02 -.4445 4.54E-07 5.12E-03 4898.917 1.692
3.197 -6.24E-07 4.46E-02 -.3928 7.77E-07 3.96E-03 4898.917 1.641
3.228 -5.95E-07 3.32E-02 -.3431 1.02E-06 2.95E-03 4898.917 1.566
3.259 -5.60E-07 2.33E-02 -.2959 1.20E-06 2.07E-03 4898.917 1.473
3.290 -5.21E-07 1.48E-02 -.2518 1.32E-06 1.31E-03 4898.917 1.369
3.321 -4.78E-07 7.64E-03 -.2110 1.39E-06 6.79E-04 4898.917 1.257
3.352 -4.34E-07 1.69E-03 -.1738 1.42E-06 1.51E-04 4898.917 1.142
3.383 -3.90E-07 -3.15E-03 -.1402 1.42E-06 2.80E-04 4898.917 1.025
3.414 -3.46E-07 -7.01E-03 -.1101 1.39E-06 6.23E-04 4898.917 .910081
3.445 -3.04E-07 -9.99E-03 -8.36E-02 1.33E-06 8.88E-04 4898.917 .798699
3.476 -2.63E-07 -1.22E-02 -6.05E-02 1.26E-06 1.08E-03 4898.917 .692482
3.507 -2.25E-07 -1.37E-02 -4.06E-02 1.18E-06 1.22E-03 4898.917 .592574
3.538 -1.90E-07 -1.47E-02 -2.36E-02 1.09E-06 1.31E-03 4898.917 .499773
3.569 -1.58E-07 -1.52E-02 -9.42E-03 9.95E-07 1.35E-03 4898.917 .414584
3.600 -1.28E-07 -1.53E-02 2.25E-03 8.99E-07 1.36E-03 4898.917 .337260
3.631 -1.02E-07 -1.51E-02 1.16E-02 8.02E-07 1.34E-03 4898.917 .267849
3.662 -7.84E-08 -1.46E-02 1.90E-02 7.09E-07 1.30E-03 4898.917 .206231
3.693 -5.78E-08 -1.39E-02 2.46E-02 6.18E-07 1.23E-03 4898.917 .152152
3.724 -4.00E-08 -1.31E-02 2.86E-02 5.33E-07 1.16E-03 4898.917 .105257
3.755 -2.48E-08 -1.21E-02 3.12E-02 4.53E-07 1.08E-03 4898.917 .065112
3.786 -1.19E-08 -1.11E-02 3.27E-02 3.80E-07 9.88E-04 4898.917 .031234

3.817 -1.18E-09 -1.01E-02 3.32E-02 3.13E-07 8.97E-04 4898.917 .003106
3.848 7.53E-09 -9.05E-03 3.30E-02 2.52E-07 8.05E-04 4898.917 -.019805
3.879 1.45E-08 -8.04E-03 3.21E-02 1.98E-07 7.15E-04 4898.917 -.038032
3.910 1.98E-08 -7.06E-03 3.07E-02 1.50E-07 6.28E-04 4898.917 -.052101
3.941 2.38E-08 -6.14E-03 2.89E-02 1.08E-07 5.46E-04 4898.917 -.062516
3.972 2.65E-08 -5.27E-03 2.68E-02 7.20E-08 4.69E-04 4898.917 -.069757
4.003 2.82E-08 -4.47E-03 2.46E-02 4.11E-08 3.98E-04 4898.917 -.074271
4.034 2.91E-08 -3.74E-03 2.23E-02 1.51E-08 3.33E-04 4898.917 -.076472
4.066 2.92E-08 -3.09E-03 1.99E-02 -6.55E-09 2.75E-04 4898.917 -.076737
4.097 2.87E-08 -2.51E-03 1.75E-02 -2.43E-08 2.23E-04 4898.917 -.075404
4.128 2.77E-08 -2.00E-03 1.52E-02 -3.86E-08 1.78E-04 4898.917 -.072772
4.159 2.63E-08 -1.57E-03 1.30E-02 -4.99E-08 1.39E-04 4898.917 -.069104
4.190 2.46E-08 -1.19E-03 1.09E-02 -5.86E-08 1.06E-04 4898.917 -.064628
4.221 2.26E-08 -8.85E-04 9.02E-03 -6.52E-08 7.87E-05 4898.917 -.059533
4.252 2.05E-08 -6.34E-04 7.26E-03 -7.00E-08 5.64E-05 4898.917 -.053981
4.283 1.83E-08 -4.35E-04 5.68E-03 -7.34E-08 3.86E-05 4898.917 -.048101
4.314 1.60E-08 -2.82E-04 4.28E-03 -7.57E-08 2.50E-05 4898.917 -.041996
4.345 1.36E-08 -1.69E-04 3.07E-03 -7.71E-08 1.50E-05 4898.917 -.035745
4.376 1.12E-08 -9.10E-05 2.06E-03 -7.79E-08 8.09E-06 4898.917 -.029407
4.407 8.75E-09 -4.11E-05 1.25E-03 -7.83E-08 3.66E-06 4898.917 -.023022
4.438 6.32E-09 -1.35E-05 6.33E-04 -7.85E-08 1.20E-06 4898.917 -.016615
4.469 3.88E-09 -1.82E-06 2.17E-04 -7.86E-08 1.62E-07 4898.917 -.010202
4.500 1.44E-09 0.0 0.0 -7.86E-08 0.0 4898.917 -.003788





Depth of maximum bending moment = .43448276 m

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------



1 2 kN m m- kN kN
---- ------------ ------------ ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
1 V = 365.000 M = 83.550 0.0000 .018217 161.3551 365.0000

==============================================================================



All Rights Reserved

==============================================================================

Path to file locations: L:\Programs\LPILE\Chapter 6\Ch. 6 Example with P=474.5\P=Pult\
Name of input data file: Up analysis.lpd
Name of output file: Up analysis.lpo
Name of plot output file: Up analysis.lpp
Name of runtime file: Up analysis.lpr

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Date: May 4, 2005 Time: 17: 5:12

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Problem Title
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Up Analysis for P=474.5 Case

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Program Options
------------------------------------------------------------------------------



Analysis Type 3:



Printing Options:

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------




----- --------- ----------- ---------- ---------- -----------
1 0.0000 .17780000 1.0000 .024800 200000000.000
2 10.0000 .17780000 1.0000 .024800 200000000.000


------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------







------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------


No. m kN/ m**3
----- ---------- ----------------
1 .00 11.40000
2 5.29 11.40000
3 5.29 11.40000
4 5.31 21.20000
5 5.31 21.20000
6 8.00 21.20000
7 8.00 21.20000
8 10.00 21.20000
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------


----- -------- ---------- ------------------ ------ ------

Notes:


------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------



No. m
----- ---------- ---------- ----------
1 .000 1.0000 1.0000
2 5.290 1.0000 1.0000
3 5.310 1.0000 1.0000
4 8.000 1.0000 1.0000
5 10.000 1.0000 1.0000

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------



Point y p,
No. m kN/ m
----- ---------- ----------
1 .0000 .000
2 .0002 92.072
3 .0004 109.493
4 .0009 137.680
5 .0018 163.731
6 .0027 181.198
7 .0037 194.710
8 .0092 244.834
9 .0183 291.159
10 .0366 346.248
11 .0412 346.248
12 .0458 346.248


Point y p,
No. m kN/ m
----- ---------- ----------
1 .0000 .000
2 .0002 92.072
3 .0004 109.493
4 .0009 137.680
5 .0018 163.731
6 .0027 181.198
7 .0037 194.710
8 .0092 244.834
9 .0183 291.159
10 .0366 346.248
11 .0412 346.248
12 .0458 346.248


Point y p,
No. m kN/ m
----- ---------- ----------
1 .0000 .000
2 .0002 92.072
3 .0004 109.493
4 .0009 137.680
5 .0018 163.731
6 .0027 181.198
7 .0037 194.710
8 .0092 244.834
9 .0183 291.159
10 .0366 346.248
11 .0412 346.248
12 .0458 346.298


Point y p,
No. m kN/ m
----- ---------- ----------

1 .0000 .000
2 .0002 65.766
3 .0005 78.209
4 .0011 98.343
5 .0023 116.950
6 .0034 129.427
7 .0046 139.078
8 .0115 174.882
9 .0229 207.971
10 .0458 247.320
11 .0515 247.320
12 .0573 247.320


Point y p,
No. m kN/ m
----- ---------- ----------
1 .0000 .000
2 .0002 65.766
3 .0005 78.209
4 .0011 98.343
5 .0023 116.950
6 .0034 129.427
7 .0046 139.078
8 .0115 174.882
9 .0229 207.971
10 .0458 247.320
11 .0515 247.320
12 .0573 247.320


Point y p,
No. m kN/ m
----- ---------- ----------
1 .0000 .000
2 .0002 56.414
3 .0005 67.088
4 .0011 84.358
5 .0023 100.319
6 .0034 111.022
7 .0046 119.300
8 .0115 150.012
9 .0229 178.396
10 .0458 212.150
11 .0515 212.150
12 .0573 212.150


Point y p,
No. m kN/ m
----- ---------- ----------
1 .0000 .000
2 .0002 56.414
3 .0005 67.088
4 .0011 84.358
5 .0023 100.319
6 .0034 111.022
7 .0046 119.300
8 .0115 150.012
9 .0229 178.396
10 .0458 212.150
11 .0515 212.150
12 .0573 212.150


Point y p,
No. m kN/ m
----- ---------- ----------
1 .0000 .000
2 .0005 26.070
3 .0011 32.781
4 .0020 21.922
5 .0023 38.983
6 .0034 43.142
7 .0046 46.359
8 .0115 58.294
9 .0151 82.440

10 .0229 69.324
11 .0458 82.440
12 .0573 82.440

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Loading Type
------------------------------------------------------------------------------


------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Load Case Number 1

Axial load at pile head = 474.500 kN


------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------


No. m m
----- --------------------- --------------------------
1 .000 .000
2 5.290 5.290
3 5.310 5.310
4 8.000 8.000
5 10.000 10.000


------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Pile Description:









m**2 m
------ ------------- ---------------
1 .000000 .0736
2 .000000 .0455
3 .000000 .0000
4 .000000 -.0455
5 .000000 -.0736


------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
1.69826245 4792.874 .00035433 .00031727 .90691267
2.45303965 4792.862 .00051181 .00032949 .65527803
3.20781175 4792.848 .00066929 .00034172 .52206775
3.96257836 4792.833 .00082677 .00035395 .43960844
4.71733626 4792.814 .00098425 .00036619 .38354674
5.47208598 4792.792 .00114173 .00037843 .34295465
6.22682760 4792.770 .00129921 .00039068 .31220536
6.98155916 4792.746 .00145669 .00040293 .28810838
7.73628058 4792.720 .00161417 .00041519 .26871577
8.49098340 4792.688 .00177165 .00042746 .25277953
9.24568013 4792.659 .00192913 .00043973 .23944236
10.000 4792.625 .00208661 .00045201 .22812367
10.755 4792.590 .00224409 .00046429 .21839481
11.510 4792.551 .00240157 .00047658 .20994649
12.264 4792.509 .00255906 .00048888 .20253996
13.019 4792.470 .00271654 .00050118 .19599075
13.774 4792.426 .00287402 .00051348 .19016320
14.528 4792.379 .00303150 .00052579 .18494336
15.283 4792.326 .00318898 .00053812 .18024442
16.035 4791.716 .00334646 .00055042 .17597957
16.774 4787.090 .00350394 .00056260 .17206198
17.571 4799.091 .00366142 .00057505 .16855677
18.301 4792.220 .00381890 .00058745 .16532828
19.053 4791.556 .00397638 .00059979 .16233854
24.610 4771.704 .00515748 .00068957 .14520315
29.767 4696.101 .00633858 .00078032 .13460612
35.334 4698.840 .00751969 .00087092 .12731897
39.786 4572.710 .00870079 .00095706 .12149685
45.804 4635.195 .00988189 .00105014 .11776917
50.555 4569.762 .01106299 .00113526 .11411745
56.180 4588.341 .01224409 .00122769 .11176798
61.386 4572.465 .01342520 .00131523 .10946735
64.845 4439.494 .01460630 .00139171 .10678147
71.647 4538.208 .01578740 .00149414 .10614120
74.736 4404.370 .01696850 .00156633 .10380800
81.890 4511.946 .01814961 .00167053 .10354213
85.716 4434.167 .01933071 .00175060 .10206082
92.018 4486.089 .02051181 .00183074 .10075315
97.124 4477.213 .02169291 .00193616 .10075315
102.139 4465.294 .02287402 .00202929 .10021598
105.295 4377.229 .02405512 .00210249 .09890288
109.026 4320.217 .02523622 .00218134 .09793705
113.742 4305.584 .02641732 .00227957 .09779054
118.611 4297.758 .02759843 .00238148 .09779054
127.233 4420.944 .02877953 .00247762 .09758978
131.954 4404.252 .02996063 .00257166 .09733476
136.319 4377.388 .03114173 .00266730 .09715027
140.277 4339.870 .03232283 .00276706 .09710686
143.850 4293.538 .03350394 .00287126 .09719911
147.136 4242.066 .03468504 .00297869 .09737816
150.123 4185.651 .03586614 .00308557 .09753009
152.748 4123.053 .03704724 .00319502 .09774171
152.748 3995.667 .03822835 .00329874 .09779054
152.748 3875.917 .03940945 .00340066 .09779054
154.387 3803.521 .04059055 .00350258 .09779054
155.966 3733.787 .04177165 .00360450 .09779054
157.340 3663.103 .04295276 .00370642 .09779054
158.551 3592.498 .04413386 .00380833 .09779054




y, m p, kN/ m
---------------- ----------------
.0000 .000
.0010 140.575
.0011 143.795
.0022 171.931
.0033 189.761
.0044 201.500
.0056 211.627
.0067 221.754
.0078 231.882
.0089 242.009
.0100 248.913
.0111 254.570
.0122 260.227
.0133 265.884
.0356 343.117
.0667 346.248
.0889 346.248



y, m p, kN/ m
---------------- ----------------
.0000 .000
.0010 140.575
.0011 143.795
.0022 171.931
.0033 189.761
.0044 201.500
.0056 211.627
.0067 221.754
.0078 231.882
.0089 242.009
.0100 248.913
.0111 254.570
.0122 260.227
.0133 265.884
.0356 343.117
.0667 346.248
.0889 346.248



y, m p, kN/ m
---------------- ----------------
.0000 .000
.0010 94.987
.0011 98.517

.0022 115.748
.0033 128.676
.0044 137.831
.0056 144.040
.0067 149.806
.0078 155.572
.0089 161.339
.0100 167.105
.0111 172.871
.0122 176.983
.0133 180.208
.0356 229.725
.0667 247.320
.0889 247.320



y, m p, kN/ m
---------------- ----------------
.0000 .000
.0010 81.480
.0011 84.508
.0022 99.288
.0033 110.377
.0044 118.231
.0056 123.556
.0067 128.502
.0078 133.449
.0089 138.395
.0100 143.341
.0111 148.287
.0122 151.814
.0133 154.581
.0356 197.057
.0667 212.150
.0889 212.150



y, m p, kN/ m
---------------- ----------------
.0000 .000
.0010 31.663
.0011 32.645
.0022 34.576
.0033 42.892
.0044 45.943
.0056 48.013
.0067 49.935
.0078 51.857
.0089 53.779
.0100 55.702
.0111 57.624
.0122 63.148
.0133 70.602
.0356 76.575
.0667 82.440
.0889 82.440

------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Specified axial load at pile head = 474.500 kN


-------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
0.000 .039554 -76.2000 330.0 -.030915 1.91E+04 4578.630 -346.250
.06897 .037382 -53.2344 306.1 -.031890 1.91E+04 4578.630 -346.250
.138 .035155 -31.8893 282.4 -.032531 1.91E+04 4578.630 -341.900
.207 .032895 -12.1547 259.0 -.032858 1.91E+04 4792.515 -335.096
.276 .030623 5.9918 236.2 -.032903 1.91E+04 4792.777 -328.257
.345 .028357 22.5742 213.8 -.032697 1.91E+04 4778.996 -321.435
.414 .026113 37.6172 191.8 -.032254 1.91E+04 4635.213 -314.680
.483 .023908 51.1451 170.4 -.031588 1.91E+04 4571.717 -308.042
.552 .021756 63.1827 149.3 -.030719 1.91E+04 4504.909 -301.564
.621 .019671 73.7543 128.8 -.029664 1.91E+04 4448.408 -295.287
.690 .017665 82.8840 108.6 -.028456 1.91E+04 4492.096 -287.925
.759 .015746 90.6026 89.1283 -.027121 1.91E+04 4474.516 -278.158
.828 .013924 96.9526 70.2648 -.025676 1.91E+04 4477.512 -268.882
.897 .012204 102.0 52.0230 -.024142 1.91E+04 4465.687 -260.130
.966 .010594 105.7 34.3658 -.022521 1.91E+04 4371.015 -251.930
1.034 .009098 108.2 17.2680 -.020826 1.91E+04 4333.193 -243.906
1.103 .007721 109.5 .8796 -.019091 1.91E+04 4318.897 -231.358
1.172 .006465 109.6 -14.6813 -.017343 1.91E+04 4318.567 -219.908
1.241 .005329 108.6 -29.4905 -.015603 1.91E+04 4327.408 -209.558
1.310 .004313 106.5 -43.6234 -.013895 1.91E+04 4358.842 -200.295
1.379 .003413 103.5 -57.1104 -.012247 1.91E+04 4429.278 -190.827
1.448 .002623 99.4374 -69.8877 -.010675 1.91E+04 4471.724 -179.714
1.517 .001940 94.5144 -81.8245 -.009181 1.91E+04 4481.754 -166.453
1.586 .001357 88.7521 -92.7682 -.007767 1.91E+04 4459.308 -150.915
1.655 8.69E-04 82.2272 -102.7 -.006452 1.91E+04 4505.249 -135.925
1.724 4.67E-04 75.0145 -111.3 -.005235 1.91E+04 4408.633 -113.290
1.793 1.47E-04 67.2246 -117.5 -.004131 1.91E+04 4474.417 -67.540
1.862 -1.02E-04 59.0795 -118.2 -.003168 1.91E+04 4579.515 47.154
1.931 -2.90E-04 51.1296 -113.1 -.002337 1.91E+04 4571.665 99.928
2.000 -4.25E-04 43.6298 -105.8 -.001625 1.91E+04 4612.790 110.890
2.069 -5.14E-04 36.6360 -98.0281 -.001028 1.91E+04 4662.822 115.942
2.138 -5.67E-04 30.1760 -89.9306 -5.36E-04 1.91E+04 4696.303 118.887
2.207 -5.88E-04 24.2669 -81.6894 -1.39E-04 1.91E+04 4772.936 120.108
2.276 -5.86E-04 18.9176 -73.4109 1.73E-04 1.91E+04 4791.676 119.967
2.345 -5.64E-04 14.1299 -65.1787 4.10E-04 1.91E+04 4792.404 118.767
2.414 -5.29E-04 9.9005 -57.0566 5.83E-04 1.91E+04 4792.629 116.776
2.483 -4.84E-04 6.2219 -49.0908 6.99E-04 1.91E+04 4792.770 114.232
2.552 -4.33E-04 3.0836 -41.3125 7.66E-04 1.91E+04 4792.850 111.339
2.621 -3.78E-04 .4735 -33.7626 7.92E-04 1.91E+04 4792.874 107.609
2.690 -3.24E-04 -1.6251 -26.5060 7.84E-04 1.91E+04 4792.874 102.832
2.759 -2.70E-04 -3.2338 -19.5740 7.49E-04 1.91E+04 4792.848 98.195
2.828 -2.20E-04 -4.3740 -12.9522 6.94E-04 1.91E+04 4792.822 93.838
2.897 -1.75E-04 -5.0657 -6.9450 6.26E-04 1.91E+04 4792.804 80.372
2.966 -1.34E-04 -5.3729 -2.0475 5.51E-04 1.91E+04 4792.795 61.656
3.034 -9.86E-05 -5.3842 1.6440 4.73E-04 1.91E+04 4792.795 45.396
3.103 -6.86E-05 -5.1771 4.2988 3.97E-04 1.91E+04 4792.801 31.595
3.172 -4.38E-05 -4.8173 6.0834 3.26E-04 1.91E+04 4792.811 20.159
3.241 -2.37E-05 -4.3593 7.1552 2.60E-04 1.91E+04 4792.823 10.924
3.310 -7.99E-06 -3.8473 7.6588 2.00E-04 1.91E+04 4792.835 3.680
3.379 3.92E-06 -3.3160 7.7235 1.49E-04 1.91E+04 4792.846 -1.806
3.448 1.25E-05 -2.7918 7.4620 1.05E-04 1.91E+04 4792.856 -5.777
3.517 1.84E-05 -2.2936 6.9707 6.84E-05 1.91E+04 4792.865 -8.472
3.586 2.20E-05 -1.8348 6.3296 3.87E-05 1.91E+04 4792.872 -10.120
3.655 2.37E-05 -1.4231 5.6038 1.53E-05 1.91E+04 4792.874 -10.929
3.724 2.41E-05 -1.0628 4.8445 -2.63E-06 1.91E+04 4792.874 -11.089
3.793 2.34E-05 -.7548 4.0910 -1.57E-05 1.91E+04 4792.874 -10.763
3.862 2.19E-05 -.4975 3.3719 -2.47E-05 1.91E+04 4792.874 -10.092
3.931 2.00E-05 -.2880 2.7069 -3.04E-05 1.91E+04 4792.874 -9.193
4.000 1.77E-05 -.1222 2.1084 -3.33E-05 1.91E+04 4792.874 -8.164
4.069 1.54E-05 4.94E-03 1.5828 -3.42E-05 1.91E+04 4792.874 -7.078
4.138 1.30E-05 9.84E-02 1.1320 -3.34E-05 1.91E+04 4792.874 -5.995
4.207 1.08E-05 .1633 .7544 -3.15E-05 1.91E+04 4792.874 -4.956
4.276 8.67E-06 .2045 .4458 -2.89E-05 1.91E+04 4792.874 -3.992
4.345 6.78E-06 .2266 .2005 -2.58E-05 1.91E+04 4792.874 -3.122
4.414 5.12E-06 .2338 1.16E-02 -2.25E-05 1.91E+04 4792.874 -2.355
4.483 3.68E-06 .2297 -.1280 -1.91E-05 1.91E+04 4792.874 -1.695
4.552 2.48E-06 .2174 -.2258 -1.59E-05 1.91E+04 4792.874 -1.140

4.621 1.49E-06 .1996 -.2887 -1.29E-05 1.91E+04 4792.874 -.684197
4.690 6.94E-07 .1785 -.3233 -1.02E-05 1.91E+04 4792.874 -.319626
4.759 7.95E-08 .1557 -.3356 -7.79E-06 1.91E+04 4792.874 -.036584
4.828 -3.81E-07 .1327 -.3308 -5.72E-06 1.91E+04 4792.874 .175332
4.897 -7.10E-07 .1104 -.3135 -3.97E-06 1.91E+04 4792.874 .326633
4.966 -9.29E-07 8.97E-02 -.2875 -2.53E-06 1.91E+04 4792.874 .427481
5.034 -1.06E-06 7.09E-02 -.2560 -1.38E-06 1.91E+04 4792.874 .487352
5.103 -1.12E-06 5.45E-02 -.2214 -4.73E-07 1.91E+04 4792.874 .514809
5.172 -1.12E-06 4.04E-02 -.1858 2.10E-07 1.91E+04 4792.874 .517375
5.241 -1.09E-06 2.88E-02 -.1507 7.09E-07 1.91E+04 4792.874 .501465
5.310 -1.03E-06 1.96E-02 -.1217 1.06E-06 1.91E+04 4792.874 .337408
5.379 -9.43E-07 1.20E-02 -9.94E-02 1.28E-06 1.91E+04 4792.874 .309101
5.448 -8.49E-07 5.81E-03 -7.92E-02 1.41E-06 1.91E+04 4792.874 .277110
5.517 -7.49E-07 9.61E-04 -6.13E-02 1.46E-06 1.91E+04 4792.874 .243469
5.586 -6.47E-07 -2.74E-03 -4.57E-02 1.45E-06 1.91E+04 4792.874 .209761
5.655 -5.49E-07 -5.43E-03 -3.23E-02 1.39E-06 1.91E+04 4792.874 .177171
5.724 -4.56E-07 -7.28E-03 -2.12E-02 1.30E-06 1.91E+04 4792.874 .146551
5.793 -3.70E-07 -8.43E-03 -1.20E-02 1.19E-06 1.91E+04 4792.874 .118470
5.862 -2.92E-07 -9.02E-03 -4.71E-03 1.06E-06 1.91E+04 4792.874 .093267
5.931 -2.24E-07 -9.15E-03 9.57E-04 9.29E-07 1.91E+04 4792.874 .071096
6.000 -1.64E-07 -8.95E-03 5.20E-03 7.99E-07 1.91E+04 4792.874 .051968
6.069 -1.13E-07 -8.49E-03 8.23E-03 6.73E-07 1.91E+04 4792.874 .035784
6.138 -7.11E-08 -7.86E-03 1.02E-02 5.56E-07 1.91E+04 4792.874 .022370
6.207 -3.67E-08 -7.11E-03 1.14E-02 4.48E-07 1.91E+04 4792.874 .011500
6.276 -9.34E-09 -6.31E-03 1.19E-02 3.51E-07 1.91E+04 4792.874 .002915
6.345 1.18E-08 -5.50E-03 1.19E-02 2.67E-07 1.91E+04 4792.874 -.003658
6.414 2.74E-08 -4.69E-03 1.15E-02 1.93E-07 1.91E+04 4792.874 -.008491
6.483 3.84E-08 -3.93E-03 1.08E-02 1.31E-07 1.91E+04 4792.874 -.011850
6.552 4.55E-08 -3.22E-03 9.86E-03 7.98E-08 1.91E+04 4792.874 -.013985
6.621 4.94E-08 -2.57E-03 8.86E-03 3.81E-08 1.91E+04 4792.874 -.015126
6.690 5.08E-08 -2.00E-03 7.80E-03 5.21E-09 1.91E+04 4792.874 -.015479
6.759 5.01E-08 -1.50E-03 6.74E-03 -2.00E-08 1.91E+04 4792.874 -.015226
6.828 4.80E-08 -1.07E-03 5.72E-03 -3.84E-08 1.91E+04 4792.874 -.014524
6.897 4.48E-08 -7.07E-04 4.75E-03 -5.12E-08 1.91E+04 4792.874 -.013509
6.966 4.10E-08 -4.10E-04 3.86E-03 -5.92E-08 1.91E+04 4792.874 -.012291
7.034 3.67E-08 -1.71E-04 3.06E-03 -6.34E-08 1.91E+04 4792.874 -.010960
7.103 3.22E-08 1.61E-05 2.35E-03 -6.45E-08 1.91E+04 4792.874 -.009589
7.172 2.78E-08 1.57E-04 1.73E-03 -6.33E-08 1.91E+04 4792.874 -.008234
7.241 2.35E-08 2.59E-04 1.21E-03 -6.03E-08 1.91E+04 4792.874 -.006935
7.310 1.95E-08 3.28E-04 7.75E-04 -5.60E-08 1.91E+04 4792.874 -.005723
7.379 1.58E-08 3.70E-04 4.19E-04 -5.10E-08 1.91E+04 4792.874 -.004615
7.448 1.24E-08 3.90E-04 1.34E-04 -4.55E-08 1.91E+04 4792.874 -.003624
7.517 9.48E-09 3.92E-04 -8.54E-05 -3.99E-08 1.91E+04 4792.874 -.002753
7.586 6.92E-09 3.80E-04 -2.49E-04 -3.44E-08 1.91E+04 4792.874 -.002001
7.655 4.74E-09 3.59E-04 -3.65E-04 -2.91E-08 1.91E+04 4792.874 -.001364
7.724 2.91E-09 3.32E-04 -4.41E-04 -2.41E-08 1.91E+04 4792.874 -8.35E-04
7.793 1.41E-09 3.00E-04 -4.84E-04 -1.95E-08 1.91E+04 4792.874 -4.04E-04
7.862 2.17E-10 2.66E-04 -5.00E-04 -1.55E-08 1.91E+04 4792.874 -6.16E-05
7.931 -7.17E-10 2.32E-04 -4.95E-04 -1.19E-08 1.91E+04 4792.874 2.03E-04
8.000 -1.42E-09 1.99E-04 -4.74E-04 -8.77E-09 1.91E+04 4792.874 4.01E-04
8.069 -1.93E-09 1.67E-04 -4.42E-04 -6.13E-09 1.91E+04 4792.874 5.28E-04
8.138 -2.27E-09 1.38E-04 -4.03E-04 -3.93E-09 1.91E+04 4792.874 6.03E-04
8.207 -2.47E-09 1.12E-04 -3.60E-04 -2.13E-09 1.91E+04 4792.874 6.38E-04
8.276 -2.56E-09 8.87E-05 -3.16E-04 -6.87E-10 1.91E+04 4792.874 6.41E-04
8.345 -2.56E-09 6.84E-05 -2.73E-04 4.43E-10 1.91E+04 4792.874 6.21E-04
8.414 -2.50E-09 5.10E-05 -2.31E-04 1.30E-09 1.91E+04 4792.874 5.86E-04
8.483 -2.38E-09 3.64E-05 -1.92E-04 1.93E-09 1.91E+04 4792.874 5.40E-04
8.552 -2.23E-09 2.44E-05 -1.57E-04 2.37E-09 1.91E+04 4792.874 4.88E-04
8.621 -2.06E-09 1.46E-05 -1.25E-04 2.65E-09 1.91E+04 4792.874 4.33E-04
8.690 -1.87E-09 6.94E-06 -9.72E-05 2.81E-09 1.91E+04 4792.874 3.79E-04
8.759 -1.67E-09 1.04E-06 -7.29E-05 2.86E-09 1.91E+04 4792.874 3.25E-04
8.828 -1.47E-09 -3.30E-06 -5.22E-05 2.85E-09 1.91E+04 4792.874 2.75E-04
8.897 -1.28E-09 -6.34E-06 -3.48E-05 2.78E-09 1.91E+04 4792.874 2.29E-04
8.966 -1.09E-09 -8.29E-06 -2.05E-05 2.67E-09 1.91E+04 4792.874 1.86E-04
9.034 -9.09E-10 -9.34E-06 -8.97E-06 2.54E-09 1.91E+04 4792.874 1.48E-04
9.103 -7.38E-10 -9.69E-06 8.98E-08 2.41E-09 1.91E+04 4792.874 1.15E-04
9.172 -5.77E-10 -9.49E-06 6.97E-06 2.27E-09 1.91E+04 4792.874 8.49E-05
9.241 -4.25E-10 -8.88E-06 1.19E-05 2.14E-09 1.91E+04 4792.874 5.92E-05
9.310 -2.82E-10 -7.98E-06 1.53E-05 2.02E-09 1.91E+04 4792.874 3.70E-05
9.379 -1.47E-10 -6.91E-06 1.72E-05 1.91E-09 1.91E+04 4792.874 1.81E-05
9.448 -1.84E-11 -5.74E-06 1.79E-05 1.82E-09 1.91E+04 4792.874 2.12E-06
9.517 1.04E-10 -4.56E-06 1.75E-05 1.74E-09 1.91E+04 4792.874 -1.12E-05
9.586 2.22E-10 -3.44E-06 1.64E-05 1.69E-09 1.91E+04 4792.874 -2.22E-05
9.655 3.37E-10 -2.41E-06 1.46E-05 1.64E-09 1.91E+04 4792.874 -3.09E-05
9.724 4.49E-10 -1.54E-06 1.22E-05 1.62E-09 1.91E+04 4792.874 -3.77E-05
9.793 5.60E-10 -8.36E-07 9.43E-06 1.60E-09 1.91E+04 4792.874 -4.25E-05
9.862 6.70E-10 -3.39E-07 6.40E-06 1.59E-09 1.91E+04 4792.874 -4.55E-05
9.931 7.79E-10 -5.82E-08 3.21E-06 1.59E-09 1.91E+04 4792.874 -4.68E-05
10.000 8.89E-10 0.0 0.0 1.59E-09 1.91E+04 4792.874 -4.63E-05







------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------



1 2 kN m m- kN kN
---- ------------ ------------ ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
1 V = 330.000 M = -76.200 474.5000 .039554 109.5597 330.0000

===============================================================



All Rights Reserved

===============================================================

Path to file locations: L:\Programs\LPILE\Chapter 6\Ch. 6 Example with P=474.5\P=Pult\
Name of input data file: Down analysis.lpd
Name of output file: Down analysis.lpo
Name of plot output file: Down analysis.lpp
Name of runtime file: Down analysis.lpr

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Date: May 4, 2005 Time: 17: 4:52

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Problem Title
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Down Analysis for P=474.5 Case

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Program Options
------------------------------------------------------------------------------



Analysis Type 3:



Printing Options:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------




----- --------- ----------- ---------- ---------- -----------
1 0.0000 .17780000 1.0000 .024800 200000000.000
2 4.5000 .17780000 1.0000 .024800 200000000.000


------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------




------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------


No. m kN/ m**3
----- ---------- ----------------
1 .00 12.20000
2 6.00 12.20000

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------


----- -------- ---------- ------------------ ------ ------

Notes:


------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------


No. m
----- ---------- ---------- ----------
1 .000 1.0000 1.0000
2 6.000 1.0000 1.0000

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------



Point y p,
No. m kN/ m
----- ---------- ----------
1 .0000 .000
2 .0001 263.064
3 .0002 312.838
4 .0006 393.373
5 .0011 467.802
6 .0017 517.708
7 .0023 556.313
8 .0057 699.527
9 .0115 831.882
10 .0229 989.280
11 .0258 989.280
12 .0286 989.280


Point y p,
No. m kN/ m
----- ---------- ----------
1 .0000 .000
2 .0001 263.064
3 .0002 312.838
4 .0006 393.373
5 .0011 467.802
6 .0017 517.708
7 .0023 556.313
8 .0057 699.527
9 .0115 831.882
10 .0229 989.280
11 .0258 989.280
12 .0286 989.280

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Loading Type
------------------------------------------------------------------------------


------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Load Case Number 1

Bending moment at pile head = 76.200 m- kN


------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------


No. m m
----- --------------------- --------------------------

1 .000 .000
2 4.500 4.500

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Pile Description:








m**2 m
------ ------------- ---------------
1 .000000 .0736
2 .000000 .0455
3 .000000 .0000
4 .000000 -.0455
5 .000000 -.0736


------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
1.69826245 4792.874 .00035433 .00031727 .90691267
2.45303965 4792.862 .00051181 .00032949 .65527803
3.20781175 4792.848 .00066929 .00034172 .52206775
3.96257836 4792.833 .00082677 .00035395 .43960844
4.71733626 4792.814 .00098425 .00036619 .38354674
5.47208598 4792.792 .00114173 .00037843 .34295465
6.22682760 4792.770 .00129921 .00039068 .31220536
6.98155916 4792.746 .00145669 .00040293 .28810838
7.73628058 4792.720 .00161417 .00041519 .26871577
8.49098340 4792.688 .00177165 .00042746 .25277953
9.24568013 4792.659 .00192913 .00043973 .23944236
10.000 4792.625 .00208661 .00045201 .22812367
10.755 4792.590 .00224409 .00046429 .21839481
11.510 4792.551 .00240157 .00047658 .20994649
12.264 4792.509 .00255906 .00048888 .20253996
13.019 4792.470 .00271654 .00050118 .19599075
13.774 4792.426 .00287402 .00051348 .19016320
14.528 4792.379 .00303150 .00052579 .18494336
15.283 4792.326 .00318898 .00053812 .18024442
16.035 4791.716 .00334646 .00055042 .17597957
16.774 4787.090 .00350394 .00056260 .17206198
17.571 4799.091 .00366142 .00057505 .16855677
18.301 4792.220 .00381890 .00058745 .16532828
19.053 4791.556 .00397638 .00059979 .16233854
24.610 4771.704 .00515748 .00068957 .14520315
29.767 4696.101 .00633858 .00078032 .13460612
35.334 4698.840 .00751969 .00087092 .12731897
39.786 4572.710 .00870079 .00095706 .12149685
45.804 4635.195 .00988189 .00105014 .11776917
50.555 4569.762 .01106299 .00113526 .11411745

56.180 4588.341 .01224409 .00122769 .11176798
61.386 4572.465 .01342520 .00131523 .10946735
64.845 4439.494 .01460630 .00139171 .10678147
71.647 4538.208 .01578740 .00149414 .10614120
74.736 4404.370 .01696850 .00156633 .10380800
81.890 4511.946 .01814961 .00167053 .10354213
85.716 4434.167 .01933071 .00175060 .10206082
92.018 4486.089 .02051181 .00183074 .10075315
97.124 4477.213 .02169291 .00193616 .10075315
102.139 4465.294 .02287402 .00202929 .10021598
105.295 4377.229 .02405512 .00210249 .09890288
109.026 4320.217 .02523622 .00218134 .09793705
113.742 4305.584 .02641732 .00227957 .09779054
118.611 4297.758 .02759843 .00238148 .09779054
127.233 4420.944 .02877953 .00247762 .09758978
131.954 4404.252 .02996063 .00257166 .09733476
136.319 4377.388 .03114173 .00266730 .09715027
140.277 4339.870 .03232283 .00276706 .09710686
143.850 4293.538 .03350394 .00287126 .09719911
147.136 4242.066 .03468504 .00297869 .09737816
150.123 4185.651 .03586614 .00308557 .09753009
152.748 4123.053 .03704724 .00319502 .09774171
152.748 3995.667 .03822835 .00329874 .09779054
152.748 3875.917 .03940945 .00340066 .09779054
154.387 3803.521 .04059055 .00350258 .09779054
155.966 3733.787 .04177165 .00360450 .09779054
157.340 3663.103 .04295276 .00370642 .09779054
158.551 3592.498 .04413386 .00380833 .09779054




y, m p, kN/ m
---------------- ----------------
.0000 .000
.0010 452.916
.0011 468.738
.0022 551.327
.0033 599.856
.0044 646.664
.0056 693.472
.0067 721.605
.0078 746.964
.0089 772.322
.0100 797.681
.0111 823.039
.0122 841.875
.0133 857.218
.0356 989.280
.0667 989.280
.0889 989.280



y, m p, kN/ m
---------------- ----------------
.0000 .000
.0010 452.916
.0011 468.738
.0022 551.327
.0033 599.856
.0044 646.664
.0056 693.472
.0067 721.605

.0078 746.964
.0089 772.322
.0100 797.681
.0111 823.039
.0122 841.875
.0133 857.218
.0356 989.280
.0667 989.280
.0889 989.280

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Specified bending moment at pile head = 76.200 m- kN


-------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
0.000 .014998 76.2000 330.0 -.029550 1.91E+04 4440.259 -880.191
.03103 .014089 86.4487 302.9 -.028982 1.91E+04 4440.259 -867.643
.06207 .013199 95.8529 276.1 -.028344 1.91E+04 4440.259 -855.355
.09310 .012330 104.4 249.8 -.027641 1.91E+04 4402.137 -843.353
.124 .011484 112.2 223.8 -.026869 1.91E+04 4310.471 -831.519
.155 .010662 119.1 198.3 -.026036 1.91E+04 4304.934 -812.777
.186 .009868 125.2 173.3 -.025165 1.91E+04 4392.860 -794.642
.217 .009100 130.6 148.9 -.024263 1.91E+04 4409.035 -777.134
.248 .008362 135.2 125.1 -.023324 1.91E+04 4384.290 -760.277
.279 .007653 139.1 101.7 -.022350 1.91E+04 4351.532 -744.098
.310 .006975 142.2 78.8937 -.021343 1.91E+04 4315.407 -728.621
.341 .006328 144.6 56.5102 -.020308 1.91E+04 4282.247 -713.869
.372 .005714 146.3 34.5731 -.019250 1.91E+04 4255.618 -699.859
.403 .005133 147.3 13.2288 -.018178 1.91E+04 4239.142 -675.661
.434 .004586 147.6 -7.3822 -.017097 1.91E+04 4232.741 -652.603
.466 .004072 147.3 -27.2996 -.016017 1.91E+04 4238.305 -630.961
.497 .003592 146.4 -46.5672 -.014943 1.91E+04 4253.508 -610.730
.528 .003144 144.9 -65.2286 -.013883 1.91E+04 4277.471 -591.895
.559 .002730 142.8 -83.3268 -.012843 1.91E+04 4307.612 -574.434
.590 .002347 140.1 -100.9 -.011828 1.91E+04 4341.609 -558.318
.621 .001996 136.9 -117.9 -.010842 1.91E+04 4372.296 -536.749
.652 .001674 133.1 -134.2 -.009887 1.91E+04 4397.257 -515.586
.683 .001382 128.8 -149.8 -.008964 1.91E+04 4415.342 -491.280
.714 .001118 124.1 -164.8 -.008072 1.91E+04 4376.125 -469.311
.745 8.81E-04 118.8 -178.8 -.007203 1.91E+04 4300.982 -435.230
.776 6.71E-04 113.2 -191.8 -.006366 1.91E+04 4307.350 -403.939
.807 4.86E-04 107.1 -203.8 -.005577 1.91E+04 4349.681 -370.427
.838 3.25E-04 100.7 -214.8 -.004845 1.91E+04 4468.752 -337.979
.869 1.85E-04 93.9248 -224.8 -.004170 1.91E+04 4482.780 -305.510
.900 6.59E-05 86.8575 -232.2 -.003542 1.91E+04 4443.643 -173.263
.931 -3.46E-05 79.6145 -233.5 -.002963 1.91E+04 4478.130 91.121
.962 -1.18E-04 72.4510 -227.9 -.002437 1.91E+04 4504.740 271.981
.993 -1.86E-04 65.5422 -218.9 -.001959 1.91E+04 4449.767 305.793
1.024 -2.40E-04 58.9212 -209.2 -.001531 1.91E+04 4579.999 320.786
1.055 -2.81E-04 52.6032 -199.1 -.001153 1.91E+04 4576.541 329.109
1.086 -3.11E-04 46.5970 -188.8 -8.18E-04 1.91E+04 4624.438 335.201
1.117 -3.32E-04 40.9090 -178.3 -5.23E-04 1.91E+04 4584.479 339.339
1.148 -3.44E-04 35.5438 -167.8 -2.67E-04 1.91E+04 4693.099 341.745
1.179 -3.48E-04 30.5042 -157.1 -4.89E-05 1.91E+04 4696.464 342.682
1.210 -3.47E-04 25.7917 -146.5 1.36E-04 1.91E+04 4754.616 342.359
1.241 -3.40E-04 21.4065 -135.9 2.90E-04 1.91E+04 4783.170 340.984
1.272 -3.29E-04 17.3477 -125.4 4.15E-04 1.91E+04 4795.724 338.741
1.303 -3.14E-04 13.6134 -114.9 5.15E-04 1.91E+04 4792.435 335.796
1.334 -2.97E-04 10.2013 -104.5 5.93E-04 1.91E+04 4792.615 332.301
1.366 -2.77E-04 7.1083 -94.2721 6.49E-04 1.91E+04 4792.742 328.392
1.397 -2.56E-04 4.3309 -84.1457 6.86E-04 1.91E+04 4792.823 324.196
1.428 -2.35E-04 1.8653 -74.1523 7.06E-04 1.91E+04 4792.871 319.825
1.459 -2.13E-04 -.2925 -64.2957 7.11E-04 1.91E+04 4792.874 315.378
1.490 -1.91E-04 -2.1464 -54.6200 7.03E-04 1.91E+04 4792.867 308.163
1.521 -1.69E-04 -3.7034 -45.2231 6.84E-04 1.91E+04 4792.838 297.413

1.552 -1.48E-04 -4.9735 -36.1541 6.56E-04 1.91E+04 4792.806 287.034
1.583 -1.28E-04 -5.9668 -27.3995 6.20E-04 1.91E+04 4792.778 277.152
1.614 -1.10E-04 -6.6925 -18.9423 5.79E-04 1.91E+04 4792.755 267.867
1.645 -9.23E-05 -7.1596 -11.0162 5.35E-04 1.91E+04 4792.740 242.930
1.676 -7.65E-05 -7.3920 -4.1248 4.87E-04 1.91E+04 4792.732 201.179
1.707 -6.21E-05 -7.4299 1.5314 4.39E-04 1.91E+04 4792.731 163.335
1.738 -4.92E-05 -7.3099 6.0742 3.92E-04 1.91E+04 4792.735 129.420
1.769 -3.78E-05 -7.0645 9.6244 3.45E-04 1.91E+04 4792.743 99.369
1.800 -2.78E-05 -6.7227 12.2999 3.01E-04 1.91E+04 4792.754 73.052
1.831 -1.91E-05 -6.3099 14.2138 2.58E-04 1.91E+04 4792.768 50.289
1.862 -1.17E-05 -5.8480 15.4730 2.19E-04 1.91E+04 4792.781 30.862
1.893 -5.52E-06 -5.3559 16.1773 1.83E-04 1.91E+04 4792.796 14.526
1.924 -3.89E-07 -4.8493 16.4186 1.50E-04 1.91E+04 4792.810 1.022
1.955 3.77E-06 -4.3412 16.2805 1.20E-04 1.91E+04 4792.823 -9.919
1.986 7.06E-06 -3.8423 15.8386 9.35E-05 1.91E+04 4792.835 -18.564
2.017 9.57E-06 -3.3609 15.1598 7.01E-05 1.91E+04 4792.845 -25.179
2.048 1.14E-05 -2.9034 14.3033 4.99E-05 1.91E+04 4792.854 -30.017
2.079 1.27E-05 -2.4746 13.3205 3.24E-05 1.91E+04 4792.862 -33.320
2.110 1.34E-05 -2.0776 12.2555 1.77E-05 1.91E+04 4792.868 -35.314
2.141 1.38E-05 -1.7144 11.1456 5.43E-06 1.91E+04 4792.874 -36.211
2.172 1.38E-05 -1.3860 10.0220 -4.61E-06 1.91E+04 4792.874 -36.201
2.203 1.35E-05 -1.0922 8.9100 -1.26E-05 1.91E+04 4792.874 -35.459
2.234 1.30E-05 -.8326 7.8301 -1.89E-05 1.91E+04 4792.874 -34.139
2.266 1.23E-05 -.6057 6.7979 -2.35E-05 1.91E+04 4792.874 -32.379
2.297 1.15E-05 -.4099 5.8253 -2.68E-05 1.91E+04 4792.874 -30.299
2.328 1.06E-05 -.2433 4.9207 -2.89E-05 1.91E+04 4792.874 -28.002
2.359 9.72E-06 -.1037 4.0893 -3.00E-05 1.91E+04 4792.874 -25.576
2.390 8.78E-06 1.14E-02 3.3340 -3.03E-05 1.91E+04 4792.874 -23.096
2.421 7.84E-06 .1042 2.6556 -3.00E-05 1.91E+04 4792.874 -20.622
2.452 6.92E-06 .1771 2.0532 -2.91E-05 1.91E+04 4792.874 -18.202
2.483 6.04E-06 .2325 1.5244 -2.77E-05 1.91E+04 4792.874 -15.877
2.514 5.20E-06 .2725 1.0658 -2.61E-05 1.91E+04 4792.874 -13.674
2.545 4.42E-06 .2994 .6734 -2.42E-05 1.91E+04 4792.874 -11.615
2.576 3.69E-06 .3150 .3424 -2.23E-05 1.91E+04 4792.874 -9.715
2.607 3.03E-06 .3213 6.78E-02 -2.02E-05 1.91E+04 4792.874 -7.981
2.638 2.44E-06 .3198 -.1556 -1.81E-05 1.91E+04 4792.874 -6.417
2.669 1.91E-06 .3122 -.3331 -1.61E-05 1.91E+04 4792.874 -5.022
2.700 1.44E-06 .2996 -.4699 -1.41E-05 1.91E+04 4792.874 -3.792
2.731 1.03E-06 .2834 -.5710 -1.22E-05 1.91E+04 4792.874 -2.721
2.762 6.84E-07 .2646 -.6411 -1.04E-05 1.91E+04 4792.874 -1.799
2.793 3.87E-07 .2439 -.6848 -8.79E-06 1.91E+04 4792.874 -1.018
2.824 1.39E-07 .2223 -.7063 -7.28E-06 1.91E+04 4792.874 -.364770
2.855 -6.48E-08 .2003 -.7093 -5.91E-06 1.91E+04 4792.874 .170530
2.886 -2.28E-07 .1785 -.6973 -4.68E-06 1.91E+04 4792.874 .599935
2.917 -3.55E-07 .1572 -.6735 -3.60E-06 1.91E+04 4792.874 .934996
2.948 -4.51E-07 .1368 -.6406 -2.64E-06 1.91E+04 4792.874 1.187
2.979 -5.20E-07 .1175 -.6010 -1.82E-06 1.91E+04 4792.874 1.367
3.010 -5.64E-07 9.95E-02 -.5567 -1.12E-06 1.91E+04 4792.874 1.484
3.041 -5.89E-07 8.30E-02 -.5096 -5.27E-07 1.91E+04 4792.874 1.549
3.072 -5.97E-07 6.79E-02 -.4612 -3.85E-08 1.91E+04 4792.874 1.570
3.103 -5.91E-07 5.43E-02 -.4127 3.57E-07 1.91E+04 4792.874 1.555
3.134 -5.75E-07 4.23E-02 -.3651 6.70E-07 1.91E+04 4792.874 1.512
3.166 -5.50E-07 3.17E-02 -.3192 9.09E-07 1.91E+04 4792.874 1.446
3.197 -5.18E-07 2.24E-02 -.2757 1.08E-06 1.91E+04 4792.874 1.363
3.228 -4.82E-07 1.45E-02 -.2348 1.20E-06 1.91E+04 4792.874 1.269
3.259 -4.44E-07 7.82E-03 -.1970 1.28E-06 1.91E+04 4792.874 1.167
3.290 -4.03E-07 2.25E-03 -.1625 1.31E-06 1.91E+04 4792.874 1.060
3.321 -3.62E-07 -2.30E-03 -.1312 1.31E-06 1.91E+04 4792.874 .952991
3.352 -3.22E-07 -5.93E-03 -.1033 1.28E-06 1.91E+04 4792.874 .846726
3.383 -2.83E-07 -8.75E-03 -7.86E-02 1.23E-06 1.91E+04 4792.874 .743596
3.414 -2.45E-07 -1.08E-02 -5.71E-02 1.17E-06 1.91E+04 4792.874 .645089
3.445 -2.10E-07 -1.23E-02 -3.85E-02 1.10E-06 1.91E+04 4792.874 .552316
3.476 -1.77E-07 -1.33E-02 -2.27E-02 1.01E-06 1.91E+04 4792.874 .466057
3.507 -1.47E-07 -1.38E-02 -9.44E-03 9.26E-07 1.91E+04 4792.874 .386811
3.538 -1.20E-07 -1.39E-02 1.45E-03 8.37E-07 1.91E+04 4792.874 .314838
3.569 -9.51E-08 -1.37E-02 1.02E-02 7.47E-07 1.91E+04 4792.874 .250203
3.600 -7.33E-08 -1.33E-02 1.71E-02 6.60E-07 1.91E+04 4792.874 .192806
3.631 -5.41E-08 -1.27E-02 2.23E-02 5.76E-07 1.91E+04 4792.874 .142423
3.662 -3.75E-08 -1.19E-02 2.60E-02 4.97E-07 1.91E+04 4792.874 .098729
3.693 -2.33E-08 -1.11E-02 2.85E-02 4.22E-07 1.91E+04 4792.874 .061326
3.724 -1.13E-08 -1.01E-02 2.99E-02 3.54E-07 1.91E+04 4792.874 .029765
3.755 -1.36E-09 -9.20E-03 3.04E-02 2.91E-07 1.91E+04 4792.874 .003565
3.786 6.75E-09 -8.26E-03 3.02E-02 2.35E-07 1.91E+04 4792.874 -.017769
3.817 1.32E-08 -7.33E-03 2.94E-02 1.84E-07 1.91E+04 4792.874 -.034735
3.848 1.82E-08 -6.44E-03 2.81E-02 1.39E-07 1.91E+04 4792.874 -.047825
3.879 2.19E-08 -5.59E-03 2.65E-02 1.01E-07 1.91E+04 4792.874 -.057509
3.910 2.44E-08 -4.80E-03 2.46E-02 6.69E-08 1.91E+04 4792.874 -.064237
3.941 2.60E-08 -4.07E-03 2.26E-02 3.82E-08 1.91E+04 4792.874 -.068428
3.972 2.68E-08 -3.40E-03 2.04E-02 1.40E-08 1.91E+04 4792.874 -.070469
4.003 2.69E-08 -2.80E-03 1.82E-02 -6.09E-09 1.91E+04 4792.874 -.070712
4.034 2.64E-08 -2.27E-03 1.60E-02 -2.25E-08 1.91E+04 4792.874 -.069474

4.066 2.55E-08 -1.81E-03 1.39E-02 -3.57E-08 1.91E+04 4792.874 -.067036
4.097 2.42E-08 -1.41E-03 1.19E-02 -4.61E-08 1.91E+04 4792.874 -.063644
4.128 2.26E-08 -1.07E-03 9.97E-03 -5.41E-08 1.91E+04 4792.874 -.059508
4.159 2.08E-08 -7.85E-04 8.20E-03 -6.01E-08 1.91E+04 4792.874 -.054808
4.190 1.89E-08 -5.56E-04 6.58E-03 -6.45E-08 1.91E+04 4792.874 -.049693
4.221 1.68E-08 -3.75E-04 5.12E-03 -6.75E-08 1.91E+04 4792.874 -.044283
4.252 1.47E-08 -2.37E-04 3.83E-03 -6.95E-08 1.91E+04 4792.874 -.038676
4.283 1.25E-08 -1.35E-04 2.72E-03 -7.07E-08 1.91E+04 4792.874 -.032943
4.314 1.03E-08 -6.58E-05 1.79E-03 -7.13E-08 1.91E+04 4792.874 -.027138
4.345 8.10E-09 -2.23E-05 1.04E-03 -7.16E-08 1.91E+04 4792.874 -.021299
4.376 5.87E-09 6.32E-07 4.66E-04 -7.17E-08 1.91E+04 4792.874 -.015448
4.407 3.65E-09 8.71E-06 7.74E-05 -7.16E-08 1.91E+04 4792.874 -.009597
4.438 1.43E-09 7.55E-06 -1.30E-04 -7.16E-08 1.91E+04 4792.874 -.003751
4.469 -7.95E-10 2.77E-06 -1.56E-04 -7.15E-08 1.91E+04 4792.874 .002091
4.500 -3.01E-09 0.0 0.0 -7.15E-08 1.91E+04 4792.874 .007931





Depth of maximum bending moment = .43448276 m

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------



1 2 kN m m- kN kN
---- ------------ ------------ ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
1 V = 330.000 M = 76.200 474.5000 .014998 147.6397 330.0000


FHWA NHI-05-039 Appendix C Guide Specification
Micropile Design & Construction C-1 December 2005
APPENDIX C

Micropile Guide Construction Specification
[Foundation Support Projects]
Contractor Design/Build of Micropiles
Metric (SI) Units
(With Commentary)

(Commentary: Owner-Controlled design specifications can vary in the amount of the design
to be performed by the Owners design engineer and the amount performed by the micropile
specialty Contractor. This guide specification is set up for the Owner-controlled design
(Standard Design) method wherein the Owner provides preliminary plans showing the pile
design loadings, footing design, and pile layout for each footing location. The Owner also
provides related design criteria and requirements, subsurface data, rights-of-way limits,
utility locations, site limitations, construction material and testing specifications, and
required Contractor working drawing/design and construction submittals and review
requirements. The micropile Contractor designs the individual micropile elements and pile
top footing connections and selects the micropile construction process and equipment. This
approach is very similar to that commonly used by many highway agencies for Owner design
of permanent tieback and permanent soil nail walls. During the bidding process, the
micropile contractors prepare a preliminary micropile design and a firm cost proposal based
on the Owners preliminary plans and specifications. If the micropile portion of the project is
to be subcontracted, general contractors will receive bids from the micropile contractors and
include the best offer and name of the selected micropile contractor in their bid submittal.
Once the contract is awarded, the selected micropile Contractor prepares detailed micropile
design calculations and working drawings and submits them to the Engineer for review.
After acceptance of the design, construction begins.)
1.0 DESCRIPTION
This work shall consist of constructing micropiles as shown on the contract plans and
approved working drawings and as specified herein. The micropile specialty Contractor is
responsible for furnishing of all design, materials, products, accessories, tools, equipment,
services, transportation, labor and supervision, and manufacturing techniques required for
design, installation and testing of micropiles and pile top attachments for this project.

The selected micropile Contractor shall select the micropile type, size, pile top attachment,
installation means and methods, estimate the ground-grout bond value and determine the
required bond length and final micropile diameter. The micropile Contractor shall design
and install micropiles that will develop the load capacities indicated on the contract plans.
The micropile load capacities shall be verified by verification and proof load testing as
required and must meet the test acceptance criteria specified herein.

Where the imperative mood is used within this specification, The Contractor shall is
implied.

(Commentary: Successful design and installation of high-quality micropiles require
experienced Contractors having the necessary specialty drilling and grouting equipment and
expertise and experienced work crews. The most important section of the specifications to
be enforced by the Owner deals with the experience qualifications of the micropile
Contractor. Failure to enforce the specified experience qualifications opens the door for
inexperienced Contractors trying to cut costs. The results often are inferior workmanship,
project delays, and project claims that, more often than not, substantially increase project
costs. Results like these often discourage project Owners from implementing new
technology, and draws them back to more traditional methods at any cost. This can be
avoided with the proper specification implementation and, as importantly, enforcement to
ensure a mutually successful project.)

1.1 Micropile Contractors Experience Requirements And Submittal.
The micropile Contractor shall be experienced in the construction and load testing of
micropiles and have successfully constructed at least 5 projects in the last 5 years involving
construction totaling at least 100 micropiles of similar capacity to those required in these
plans and specifications.

The Contractor shall have previous micropile drilling and grouting experience in soil/rock
similar to project conditions. The Contractor shall submit construction details, structural
details and load test results for at least three previous successful micropile load tests from
different projects of similar scope to this project.

The Contractor shall assign an Engineer to supervise the work with experience on at least 3
projects of similar scope to this project completed over the past 5 years. The Contractor shall
not use consultants or manufacturers representatives to satisfy the supervising Engineer
requirements of this section. The on-site foremen and drill rig operators shall also have

experience on at least 3 projects over the past 5 years installing micropiles of equal or greater
capacity than required in these plans and specifications.

The micropiles shall be designed by a Registered Professional Engineer with experience in
the design of at least 3 successfully completed micropile projects over the past 5 years, with
micropiles of similar capacity to those required in these plans and specifications. The
micropile design engineer may be either an employee of the Contractor or a separate
Consultant design engineer meeting the stated experience requirements. (Commentary: If
the Owner prepares a fully detailed design, this paragraph can be deleted).

At least 45 calendar days before the planned start of micropile construction, the Contractor
shall submit 5 copies of the completed project reference list and a personnel list. The project
reference list shall include a brief project description with the owner's name and current
phone number and load test reports. The personnel list shall identify the micropile system
design engineer (if applicable), supervising project Engineer, drill rig operators, and on-site
foremen to be assigned to the project. The personnel list shall contain a summary of each
individual's experience and be complete enough for the Engineer to determine whether each
individual satisfies the required qualifications. The Engineer will approve or reject the
Contractor's qualifications within 15 calendar days after receipt of a complete submission.
Additional time required due to incomplete or unacceptable submittals will not be cause for
time extension or impact or delay claims. All costs associated with incomplete or
unacceptable submittals shall be borne by the Contractor.

Work shall not be started, nor materials ordered, until the Engineers written approval of the
Contractor's experience qualifications is given. The Engineer may suspend the Work if the
Contractor uses non-approved personnel. If work is suspended, the Contractor shall be fully
liable for all resulting costs and no adjustment in contract time will result from the
suspension.

1.2 Related Specifications
(Commentary: Engineer to specify all related specifications.)

1.3 Definitions
(Commentary: Engineer to specify any additional definitions.)
Admixture: Substance added to the grout to control bleed and/or shrinkage, improve
flowability, reduce water content, or retard setting time.

Alignment Load (AL): A minimum initial load (no greater than 10 percent of the Design
Load) applied to micropile during testing to keep the testing equipment correctly
positioned.
Bond Length: The length of the micropile that is bonded to the ground and used to transfer
the applied axial loads to the surrounding soil or rock.
Bond-breaker: A sleeve placed over the steel reinforcement to prevent load transfer.
Casing: Steel tube introduced during the drilling process in overburden soil to temporarily
stabilize the drill hole. This is usually withdrawn as the pile is grouted, although in
certain types of micropiles, some casing is permanently left in place to provide added
pile reinforcement.
Centralizer: A device to support and position the reinforcing steel in the drill hole and/or
casing so that a minimum grout cover is provided.
Contractor: The person/firm responsible for performing the micropile work.
Coupler: The means by which load capacity can be transmitted from one partial length of
reinforcement to another.
Creep Movement: The movement that occurs during the creep test of a micropile under a
constant load.
Design Load (DL): The maximum load expected to be applied to the micropile during its
service life.
Encapsulation: A corrugated or deformed tube protecting the reinforcing steel against
corrosion.
Engineer: The Owner or Owners authorized agent.
Free (unbonded) length: The designed length of the micropile that is not bonded to the
surrounding ground or grout.
Micropile: A small-diameter, bored, cast-in-place composite pile, in which the applied load
is resisted by steel reinforcement, cement grout and frictional grout/ground bond.
Maximum Test Load: The maximum load to which the micropile is subjected during
testing.
Ultimate Grout-to-Ground Bond Values: The estimated ultimate geotechnical unit grout-
to-ground bond strength selected for use in design.
Overburden: Material, natural or placed, that may require cased drilling methods to provide
an open borehole to underlying strata.
Post-grouting: The injection of additional grout into the load transfer length of a micropile
after the primary grout has set. Also known as regrouting or secondary grouting.
Primary Grout: Portland-cement-based grout injected into the micropile hole prior to or
after the installation of the reinforcement to direct the load transfer to the surrounding
ground along the micropile.

Proof Load Test: Incremental loading of a production micropile, recording the total
movement at each increment.
Reinforcement: The steel component of the micropile that accepts and/or resists applied
loadings.
Sheathing: Smooth or corrugated piping or tubing that protects the reinforcing steel against
corrosion.
Spacer: A device to separate elements of a multiple-element reinforcement.
Verification Load Test: Pile load test performed to verify the design of the pile system and
the construction methods proposed, prior to installation of production piles.
1.4 Referenced Codes and Standards.
The following publications form a part of this specification to the extent indicated by the
references. The latest publication as of the issue date of this specification shall govern,
unless indicated otherwise.
1.4.1 American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)
ASTM AASHTO SPECIFICATION / TEST
A36, A572 M183, M223 Structural Steel
A82 M55 Cold-Drawn Steel Wire for Concrete Reinforcement
A252 Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe Piles
A615 M31 Deformed and Plain Billet Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
A722 M275 Uncoated High-Strength Steel Bar for Prestressing Concrete
A775 Epoxy -Coated Reinforcing Steel Bars
A934 Epoxy-Coated Prefabricated Steel Reinforcing Bars
C 33 M80 Concrete Aggregates
C 109 T106 Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortar
C 188 T133 Density of Hydraulic Cement
C 144 M45 Aggregate for Masonry Mortar
C 150 M 85 Portland Cement
C 494 M194 Chemical Admixtures for Concrete
D 1143 Method of Testing Piles Under Static Axial Compressive Load
D 1784 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipe (Class 13464-B)
D 3350 M 252 Polyethylene Corrugated Tubing
D 3689 Method of Testing Individual Piles Under Static Axial Tensile Load
D 3966 Standard Test Method for Piles Under Lateral Load
T 26 Quality of Water to be Used in Concrete

1.4.2 American Welding Society (AWS)
D1.1 Structural Welding Code-Steel
D1.2 Structural Welding Code-Reinforcing Steel
1.4.3 American Petroleum Institute (API)
5CT (N-80) Specification for casing and tubing
RP 13B-1 Recommended Practice Standard Procedure for Field Testing
Water Based Drilling Fluids
1.5 Available Information.
Available information developed by the Owner, or by the Owners duly authorized
representative include the following items:
1. Plans prepared by ___________ , dated __________.
2. Geotechnical Report No.(s) ________ titled __________, dated__________.
(Commentary: The subsurface conditions expected can significantly impact the contractor's
choice of procedures, methods, or equipment, the bidding process, and contract
administration. Experience has proven that use of a geotechnical summary is advantageous
toward achieving a successful contract. It is recommended that advisory wording be inserted
into the contract special provisions to "red flag" the conditions to bidders. Such a summary
may become part of the contract special provisions, making it a legal part of the contract
documents. The purpose is to alert and be fair to bidders, and thus prevent/minimize
differing site condition construction claims and dispute.)
1.6 Construction Site Survey
Before bidding the Work, the Contractor shall review the available subsurface information
and visit the site to assess the site geometry, equipment access conditions, and location of
existing structures and above ground facilities.

The Contractor is responsible for field locating and verifying the location of all utilities
shown on the plans prior to starting the Work. Maintain uninterrupted service for those
utilities designated to remain in service throughout the Work. Notify the Engineer of any
utility locations different from shown on the plans that may require micropile relocations or
structure design modification. Subject to the Engineers approval, additional cost to the
Contractor due to micropile relocations and/or structure design modification resulting from
utility locations different from shown on the plans, will be paid as Extra Work.

(Commentary: The location of both active and abandoned buried utilities within the ground
mass to receive micropiles can have a profound impact on the design and construction of the

micropiles. Careful consideration of the presence and location of all utilities is required for
successful design and installation of micropiles.)
Prior to start of any micropile construction activity, the Contractor and Engineer shall jointly
inspect the site to observe and document the pre-construction condition of the site, existing
structures and facilities.

1.7 Micropile Design Requirements.
The micropiles shall be designed to meet the specified loading conditions, as shown on the
contract plans and approved working drawings. Design the micropiles and pile top to footing
connections using the procedures contained in the FHWA Micropile Design and
Construction, Report No. FHWA NHI-05-039.

The required geotechnical factors of safety shall be in accord with the FHWA manual, unless
specified otherwise. Estimated soil/rock design shear strength parameters, unit weights,
applied foundation loadings, slope and external surcharge loads, corrosion protection
requirements, known utility locations, easements, right-of-ways and other applicable design
criteria will be as shown on the plans or specified herein.

Structural design of any individual micropile structure elements not covered in the FHWA
manual shall be by the service load design method in conformance with appropriate articles
of the most current Edition of the AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges,
including current interim specifications.

Where required as shown on the contract plans, corrosion protection of the internal steel
reinforcing bars, consisting of either encapsulation, epoxy coating, or grout, shall be provided
in accordance with Materials Section 2.0. Where permanent casing is used for a portion of
the micropile, encapsulation shall extend at least 1.5 m into the casing.
(Commentary: The previous paragraph is not comprehensive. Corrosion protection
requirements need to be evaluated on a project-specific basis and detailed specifications and
drawings depicting the corrosion protection requirements should be provided.)

(Commentary: When installation of micropiles provides additional support for existing
structures, such as for seismic retrofit or underpinning applications, the structural designer
should add appropriate specification verbiage and design criteria into this specification to
cover the penetration of the existing structural elements and the top of pile anchorage to the
existing structure.)

1.7.1 Micropile Design Submittals.
At least 21 calendar days before the planned start of micropile structure construction, submit
complete design calculations and working drawings to the Engineer for review and approval.
Include all details, dimensions, quantities, ground profiles, and cross-sections necessary to
construct the micropile structure. Verify the limits of the micropile structure and ground
survey data before preparing the detailed working drawings.

The drawings and calculations shall be signed and sealed by the contractors Professional
Engineer or by the Consultant designers Professional Engineer (if applicable), previously
approved by the owners Engineer. If the micropile contractor uses a consultant design
engineer to prepare the design, the micropile contractor shall still have overall contract
responsibility for both the design and the construction.
1.7.2 Design Calculations.
Design calculations shall include, but not be limited to, the following items:
1. A written summary report which describes the overall micropile design.
2. Applicable code requirements and design references.
3. Micropile structure critical design cross-section(s) geometry including soil/rock strata
and piezometric levels and location, magnitude and direction of design applied
loadings, including slope or external surcharge loads.
4. Design criteria including, soil/rock shear strengths (friction angle and cohesion), unit
weights, and ground-grout bond values and micropile drillhole diameter assumptions
for each soil/rock strata.
5. Factors of safety and allowable stresses used in the design on the ground-grout bond
values, surcharges, soil/rock and material unit weights, steel, grout, and concrete
materials.
6. Seismic design earthquake acceleration coefficient.
7. Design calculation sheets (both static and seismic) with the project number, micropile
structure location, designation, date of preparation, initials of designer and checker,
and page number at the top of each page. Provide an index page with the design
calculations.
8. Design notes including an explanation of any symbols and computer programs used in
the design.
9. Pile to footing connection calculations.

(Commentary: If the contract allows the Contractor to provide alternative number of
micropiles (e.g., provide fewer high capacity micropiles as compared to what is provided in
plans, then the Contractor should also provide calculations for footing reinforcement (if
different than that provided in the plans))).

1.7.3 Working Drawings.
The working drawings shall include all information required for the construction and quality
control of the piling. Working drawings shall include, but not be limited to, the following
items unless provided in the contract plans:
1. A plan view of the micropile structure(s) identifying:
(a) A reference baseline and elevation datum.
(b) The offset from the construction centerline or baseline to the face of the
micropile structure at all changes in horizontal alignment.
(c) Beginning and end of micropile structure stations.
(d) Right-of-way and permanent or temporary construction easement limits,
location of all known active and abandoned existing utilities, adjacent structures
or other potential interferences. The centerline of any drainage structure or
drainage pipe behind, passing through, or passing under the micropile structure.
(e) Subsurface exploration locations shown on a plan view of the proposed
micropile structure alignment with appropriate reference base lines to fix the
locations of the explorations relative to the micropile structure.
2. An elevation view of the micropile structure(s) identifying:
(a) Elevation view showing micropile locations and elevations; vertical and
horizontal spacing; batter and alignment and the location of drainage elements
(if applicable).
(b) Existing and finish grade profiles both behind and in front of the micropile
structure.
3. Design parameters and applicable codes.
4. General notes for constructing the micropile structure including construction
sequencing or other special construction requirements.
5. Horizontal and vertical curve data affecting the micropile structure and micropile
structure control points. Match lines or other details to relate micropile structure
stationing to centerline stationing.
6. A listing of the summary of quantities on the elevation drawing of each micropile
structure showing pay item estimated quantities.
7. Micropile typical sections including micropile spacing and inclination; minimum
drillhole diameter; pipe casing and reinforcing bar sizes and details; splice types and
locations; centralizers and spacers; grout bond zone and casing plunge lengths (if
used); corrosion protection details; and connection details to the substructure footing,
anchorage, plates, etc.
8. A typical detail of verification and production proof test micropiles defining the
micropile length, minimum drillhole diameter, inclination, and load test bonded and
unbonded test lengths.

9. Details, dimensions, and schedules for all micropiles, casing and reinforcing steel,
including reinforcing bar bending details.
10. Details for constructing micropile structures around drainage facilities (if applicable).

The working drawings and design calculations shall be signed and sealed by the Contractors
Professional Engineer or by the Consultant designers Professional Engineer (if applicable),
by the Owner. If the micropile Contractor uses a Consultant design engineer to prepare the
design, the micropile Contractor shall still have overall contract responsibility for both the
design and the construction.

Submit 5 sets of the working drawings with the initial submission. Drawing sheet size shall
be 550 by 850 mm. One set will be returned with any indicated corrections. The Engineer
will approve or reject the Contractor's submittal within 15 calendar days after receipt of a
complete submission. If revisions are necessary, make the necessary corrections and
resubmit 5 revised sets. When the drawings are approved, furnish 5 sets and a Mylar sepia
set of the approved drawings. The Contractor will not be allowed to begin micropile structure
construction or incorporate materials into the work until the submittal requirements are
satisfied and found acceptable to the Engineer. Changes or deviations from the approved
submittals must be re-submitted for approval. No adjustments in contract time or delay or
impact claims will be allowed due to incomplete submittals. (Commentary: Submittals
procedures shall be coordinated with Owner/Agency procedures).

Revise the drawings when plan dimensions are changed due to field conditions or for other
reasons. Within 30 days after completion of the work, submit as-built drawings to the
Engineer. Provide revised design calculations signed by the approved Registered
Professional Engineer for all design changes made during the construction of the micropile
structure.
1.8 Construction Submittals.
The Contractor shall prepare and submit to the Engineer, for review of completeness, 5
copies of the following for the micropile system or systems to be constructed:
1. Detailed step-by-step description of the proposed micropile construction procedure,
including personnel, testing and equipment to assure quality control. This step-by-step
procedure shall be shown on the working drawings in sufficient detail to allow the
Engineer to monitor the construction and quality of the micropiles.
2. Proposed start date and time schedule and micropile installation schedule providing
the following:
Micropile number
Micropile design load

Type and size of reinforcing steel
Minimum bond length
Total micropile length
Micropile top footing attachment

3. If welding of casing is proposed, submit the proposed welding procedure, certified by
a qualified welding specialist.
4. Information on headroom and space requirements for installation equipment that
verify the proposed equipment can perform at the site.
5. Plan describing how surface water, drill flush, and excess waste grout will be
controlled and disposed.
6. Certified mill test reports for the reinforcing steel or coupon test results for permanent
casing without mill certification. The ultimate strength, yield strength, elongation, and
material properties composition shall be included. For API N-80 pipe casing, coupon
test results may be submitted in lieu of mill certification.
7. Proposed Grouting Plan. The grouting plan shall include complete descriptions,
details, and supporting calculations for the following:
(a) Grout mix design and type of materials to be used in the grout including
certified test data and trial batch reports.
(b) Methods and equipment for accurately monitoring and recording the grout
depth, grout volume and grout pressure as the grout is being placed.
(c) Grouting rate calculations, when requested by the Engineer. The calculations
shall be based on the initial pump pressures or static head on the grout and
losses throughout the placing system, including anticipated head of drilling fluid
(if applicable) to be displaced.
(d) Estimated curing time for grout to achieve specified strength. Previous test
results for the proposed grout mix completed within one year of the start of
grouting may be submitted for initial verification and acceptance and start of
production work. During production, grout shall be tested in accord with
Section 3.4.5.
(e) Procedure and equipment for Contractor monitoring of grout quality.
8. Detailed plans for the proposed micropile load testing method. This shall include all
drawings, details, and structural design calculations necessary to clearly describe the
proposed test method, reaction load system capacity and equipment setup, types and
accuracy of apparatus to be used for applying and measuring the test loads and pile top
movements in accordance with Section 3.6, Pile Load Tests.
9. Calibration reports and data for each test jack, pressure gauge and master pressure
gauge and electronic load cell to be used. The calibration tests shall have been

performed by an independent testing laboratory, and tests shall have been performed
within 90 calendar days of the date submitted. Testing shall not commence until the
Engineer has reviewed and accepted the jack, pressure gauge, master pressure gauge
and electronic load cell calibration data.

Work other than test pile installation shall not begin until the construction submittals have
been received, reviewed, and accepted in writing by the Engineer. Provide submittal items 1
through 5 at least 21 calendar days prior to initiating micropile construction, item 7 as the
work progresses for each delivery and submittal items 6, 8 and 9 at least 7 days prior to start
of micropile load testing or incorporation of the respective materials into the work. The
Contractor shall allow the Engineer 7 calendar days to review the construction submittals
after a complete set has been received. Additional time required due to incomplete or
unacceptable submittals shall not be cause for delay or impact claims. All costs associated
with incomplete or unacceptable Contractor submittals shall be the responsibility of the
Contractor.
1.9 Pre-construction Meeting.
A pre-construction meeting will be scheduled by the Engineer and held prior to the start of
micropile construction. The Engineer, prime Contractor, micropile specialty Contractor,
micropile design engineer, excavation Contractor and geotechnical instrumentation specialist
(if applicable) shall attend the meeting. Attendance is mandatory. The pre-construction
meeting will be conducted to clarify the construction requirements for the work, to
coordinate the construction schedule and activities, and to identify contractual relationships
and delineation of responsibilities amongst the prime Contractor and the various
Subcontractors - specifically those pertaining to excavation for micropile structures,
anticipated subsurface conditions, micropile installation and testing, micropile structure
survey control and site drainage control.

2.0 MATERIALS.
Furnish materials new and without defects. Remove defective materials from the jobsite at
no additional cost. Materials for micropiles shall consist of the following:

Admixtures for Grout: Admixtures shall conform to the requirements of ASTM C
494/AASHTO M194. Admixtures that control bleed, improve flowability, reduce water
content, and retard set may be used in the grout, subject to the review and acceptance of the
Engineer. Admixtures shall be compatible with the grout and mixed in accordance with the
manufacturers recommendations. Expansive admixtures shall only be added to the grout

used for filling sealed encapsulations and anchorage covers. Accelerators are not permitted.
Admixtures containing chlorides are not permitted.

Cement: All cement shall be Portland cement conforming to ASTM C 150/AASHTO M85,
Types I, II, III or V.

Centralizers and Spacers: Centralizers and spacers shall be fabricated from schedule 40
PVC pipe or tube, steel, or material non-detrimental to the reinforcing steel. Wood shall not
be used.

Encapsulation: Encapsulation (double corrosion protection) shall be shop fabricated using
high-density, corrugated polyethylene tubing conforming to the requirements of ASTM
D3350/AASHTO M252 with a nominal wall thickness of 0.8 mm. The inside annulus
between the reinforcing bars and the encapsulating tube shall be a minimum of 5mm and be
fully grouted with non-shrink grout conforming to Materials Section 2.0.

Epoxy Coating: The minimum thickness of coating applied electrostatically to the
reinforcing steel shall be 0.3 mm. Epoxy coating shall be in accordance with ASTM A775 or
ASTM A934. Bend test requirements are waived. Bearing plates and nuts encased in the pile
concrete footing need not be epoxy coated unless the footing reinforcement is epoxy coated.

Fine Aggregate: If sand - cement grout is used, sand shall conform to ASTM C
144/AASHTO M45.

Galvanization: If used, galvanization shall meet the requirements of ASTM A-153.

Grout: Neat cement or sand/cement mixture with a minimum 3-day compressive strength of
14 MPa and a 28-day compressive strength of 28 MPa per AASHTO T106/ASTM C109.
(Commentary: Note to designers/specifiers. A 28-day grout strength of 28 MPa is common
for micropiles. If the micropile design calls for higher grout strength, revise the specification
accordingly.)

Permanent Casing Pipe: Permanent steel casing/pipe shall have the diameter and at least
minimum wall thickness shown on the approved Working Drawings. The permanent steel
casing/pipe:
1. shall meet the Tensile Requirements of ASTM A252, Grade 3, except the yield
strength shall be a minimum of 345 MPa to 552 MPa as used in the design submittal.

2. may be new "Structural Grade" (a.k.a. "Mill Secondary" ) steel pipe meeting above but
without Mill Certification, free from defects (dents, cracks, tears) and with two coupon
tests per truckload delivered to the fabricator.

For permanent casing/pipe that will be welded for structural purposes, the following material
conditions apply:
1. the carbon equivalency (CE) as defined in AWS D1.l, Section XI5.1, shall not exceed
0.45, as demonstrated by mill certifications
2. the sulfur content shall not exceed 0.05%, as demonstrated by mill certifications

For permanent casing/pipe that will be shop or field welded, the following fabrication or
construction conditions apply:

1. the steel pipe shall not be joined by welded lap splicing
2. welded seams and splices shall be complete penetration welds
3. partial penetration welds may be restored in conformance with AWS D1.1
4. the proposed welding procedure certified by a welding specialist shall be submitted for
approval

Threaded casing joints shall develop at least the required compressive, tensile, and/or
bending strength used in the design of the micropile.

(Commentary: From a practical standpoint, the adequacy of pipe and reinforcing bar splices
and threaded joint connections will be verified by the verification and proof load testing).

Plates and Shapes: Structural steel plates and shapes for pile top attachments shall conform
to ASTM A 36/AASHTO M183, or ASTM A 572/AASHTO M223, Grade 350.

Reinforcing Bars: Reinforcing steel shall be deformed bars in accordance with ASTM
A 615/AASHTO M31, Grade 420 or Grade 520 or ASTM A 722/AASHTO M275, Grade
1035. When a bearing plate and nut are required to be threaded onto the top end of
reinforcing bars for the pile top to footing anchorage, the threading may be continuous spiral
deformed ribbing provided by the bar deformations (e.g., Dywidag or Williams continuous
threadbars) or may be cut into a reinforcing bar. If threads are cut into a reinforcing bar, the
next larger bar number designation from that shown on the Plans shall be provided, at no
additional cost.
Bar tendon couplers, if required, shall develop the ultimate tensile strength of the bars
without evidence of any failure.


Reinforcing Bar Corrosion Protection:
(Commentary: Corrosion protection requirements vary between Transportation Agencies.
The most common and simplest tests utilized to measure the aggressiveness of the soil
environment include electrical resistivity, pH, chloride, and sulfate. Per FHWA NHI-05-039,
the ground is considered aggressive if any one of these indicators show critical values as
detailed below:

PROPERTY TEST DESIGNATION* CRITICAL VALUES*
Resistivity AASHTO T-288 below 3,000 ohm-cm
pH AASHTO T-289 below 5 or above 10
Sulfates AASHTO T-290 above 200 ppm
Chlorides AASHTO T-291 above 100 ppm
* Specifier should check test standards for latest updates and individual transportation
agencies may have limits on critical values different than tabulated above. Standard
specifications or test methods for any of the above items which are common to your
agency can be referenced in lieu of the above listed AASHTO/ASTM references.

Sheathing: Smooth plastic sheathing, including joints, shall be watertight. Polyvinyl chloride
(PVC) sheathing shall conform to ASTM D 1784, Class 13464-B.
Water: Water used in the grout mix shall conform to AASHTO T 26 and shall be potable,
clean, and free from substances that may be injurious to cement and steel.
3.0 CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
3.1 Site Drainage Control.
The Contractor shall control and properly dispose of drill flush and construction related
waste, including excess grout, in accord with the standard specifications and all applicable
local codes and regulations. Provide positive control and discharge of all surface water that
will affect construction of the micropile installation. Maintain all pipes or conduits used to
control surface water during construction. Repair damage caused by surface water at no
additional cost. Upon substantial completion of the Work, remove surface water control pipes
or conduits from the site. Alternatively, with the approval of the Engineer, pipes or conduits
that are left in place, may be fully grouted and abandoned or left in a way that protects the

structure and all adjacent facilities from migration of fines through the pipe or conduit and
potential ground loss.
Immediately contact the Engineer if unanticipated existing subsurface drainage structures are
discovered during excavation or drilling. Suspend work in these areas until remedial
measures meeting the Engineers approval are implemented. Cost of remedial measures or
repair work resulting from encountering unanticipated subsurface drainage structures, will be
paid for as Extra Work.
3.2 Excavation
Coordinate the work and the excavation so the micropile structures are safely constructed.
Perform the micropile construction and related excavation in accordance with the Plans and
approved submittals. No excavations steeper than those specified herein or shown on the
Plans will be made above or below the micropile structure locations without written approval
of the Engineer.
3.3 Micropile Allowable Construction Tolerances
1. Centerline of piling shall not be more than 75 mm from indicated plan location.
2. Pile shall be plumb within 2 percent of total-length plan alignment.
3. Top elevation of pile shall be plus 25 mm or minus 50 mm maximum from vertical
elevation indicated.
4. Centerline of reinforcing steel shall not be more than 19 mm from indicated
location.
(Commentary: The tolerances provided in this Section are maxima. Depending on the
structural requirements, the actual values set for a particular project may need to be lower.)
3.4 Micropile Installation
The micropile Contractor shall select the drilling method, the grouting procedure, and the
grouting pressure used for the installation of the micropiles. The micropile Contractor shall
also determine the micropile casing size, final drillhole diameter and bond length, and central
reinforcement steel sizing necessary to develop the specified load capacities and load testing
requirements. The micropile Contractor is also responsible for estimating the grout take.
There will be no extra payment for grout overruns. (Commentary: Note, extra payment for
grout takes is appropriate for micropiles in Karst. Otherwise, the bid price of these piles will
be artificially high to cover risk of high grout loss.)

3.4.1 Drilling
The drilling equipment and methods shall be suitable for drilling through the conditions to be
encountered, without causing damage to any overlying or adjacent structures or services.
The drillhole must be open along its full length to at least the design minimum drillhole
diameter prior to placing grout and reinforcement. (Commentary: When micropile
construction will occur in close proximity to settlement sensitive structures, recommend
including the following sentence in the specification - Vibratory pile driving hammers shall
not be used to advance casing.)
Temporary casing or other approved method of pile drillhole support will be required in
caving or unstable ground to permit the pile shaft to be formed to the minimum design
drillhole diameter. The Contractors proposed method(s) to provide drillhole support and to
prevent detrimental ground movements shall be reviewed by the Engineer. Detrimental
ground movement is defined as movement which requires remedial repair measures. Use of
drilling fluid containing bentonite is not allowed. (Commentary: The specification verbiage
related to drillhole support methods and difficulty of drilling may vary project to project
depending on the subsurface conditions revealed by the subsurface investigation data. It is
the micropile specialty contractors responsibility to select the proper drilling equipment and
methods for the site conditions. It is the owners responsibility to provide the available
subsurface information. For projects with difficult ground conditions, use of an advisory
specification included in the contract documents is recommended).
Costs of removal or remedial measures due to encountering unanticipated subsurface
obstructions will be paid for as Extra Work.
3.4.2 Ground Heave or Subsidence.
During construction, the Contractor shall observe the conditions in the vicinity of the
micropile construction site on a daily basis for signs of ground heave or subsidence.
Immediately notify the Engineer if signs of movements are observed. Contractor shall
immediately suspend or modify drilling or grouting operations if ground heave or subsidence
is observed, if the micropile structure is adversely affected, or if adjacent structures are
damaged from the drilling or grouting. If the Engineer determines that the movements require
corrective action, the Contractor shall take corrective actions necessary to stop the movement
or perform repairs. When due to the Contractors methods or operations or failure to follow
the specified/approved construction sequence, as determined by the Engineer, the costs of
providing corrective actions will be borne by the Contractor. When due to differing site
conditions, as determined by the Engineer, the costs of providing corrective actions will be
paid as Extra Work.

3.4.3 Pipe Casing and Reinforcing Bars Placement and Splicing.
Reinforcement may be placed either prior to grouting or placed into the grout - filled
drillhole before temporary casing (if used) is withdrawn. Reinforcement surface shall be free
of deleterious substances such as soil, mud, grease or oil that might contaminate the grout or
coat the reinforcement and impair bond. Pile cages and reinforcement groups, if used, shall
be sufficiently robust to withstand the installation and grouting process and the withdrawal of
the drill casings without damage or disturbance.
The Contractor shall check pile top elevations and adjust all installed micropiles to the
planned elevations.
Centralizers and spacers (if used) shall be provided at 3-m centers maximum spacing. The
upper and lower most centralizer shall be located a maximum of 1.5 m from the top and
bottom of the micropile. Centralizers and spacers shall permit the free flow of grout without
misalignment of the reinforcing bar(s) and permanent casing. The central reinforcement bars
with centralizers shall be lowered into the stabilized drillhole and set. The reinforcing steel
shall be inserted into the drill hole to the desired depth without difficulty. Partially inserted
reinforcing bars shall not be driven or forced into the hole. Contractor shall redrill and
reinsert reinforcing steel when necessary to facilitate insertion.
Lengths of casing and reinforcing bars to be spliced shall be secured in proper alignment and
in a manner to avoid eccentricity or angle between the axes of the two lengths to be spliced.
Splices and threaded joints shall meet the requirements of Materials Section 2.0. Threaded
pipe casing joints shall be located at least two casing diameters (OD) from a splice in any
reinforcing bar. When multiple bars are used, bar splices shall be staggered at least 0.3
meters.
3.4.4 Grouting.
Micropiles shall be primary grouted the same day the load transfer bond length is drilled. The
Contractor shall use a stable neat cement grout or a sand cement grout with a minimum 28-
day unconfined compressive strength of 28 MPa. Admixtures, if used, shall be mixed in
accordance with manufacturers recommendations. The grouting equipment used shall
produce a grout free of lumps and undispersed cement. The Contractor shall have means and
methods of measuring the grout quantity and pumping pressure during the grouting
operations. The grout pump shall be equipped with a pressure gauge to monitor grout
pressures. A second pressure gauge shall be placed at the point of injection into the pile top.
The pressure gauges shall be capable of measuring pressures of at least 1 MPa or twice the
actual grout pressures used, whichever is greater. The grout shall be kept in agitation prior to

mixing. Grout shall be placed within one hour of mixing. The grouting equipment shall be
sized to enable each pile to be grouted in one continuous operation.
The grout shall be injected from the lowest point of the drill hole and injection shall continue
until uncontaminated grout flows from the top of the pile. The grout may be pumped through
grout tubes, casing, hollow-stem augers, or drill rods. Temporary casing, if used, shall be
extracted in stages ensuring that, after each length of casing is removed the grout level is
brought back up to the ground level before the next length is removed. The tremie pipe or
casing shall always extend below the level of the existing grout in the drillhole. The grout
pressures and grout takes shall be controlled to prevent excessive heave or fracturing of rock
or soil formations. Upon completion of grouting, the grout tube may remain in the hole, but
must be filled with grout.
Grout within the micropiles shall be allowed to attain the required design strength prior to
being loaded.
If the Contractor elects to use a postgrouting system, Working Drawings and details shall be
submitted to the Engineer for review in accordance with Section 1.8, Pre-installation
Submittals.
3.4.5 Grout Testing
Grout within the micropile verification and proof test piles shall attain the minimum required
3-day compressive strength of 14 MPa prior to load testing. Previous test results for the
proposed grout mix completed within one year of the start of work may be submitted for
initial verification of the required compressive strengths for installation of pre-production
verification test piles and initial production piles. During production, micropile grout shall be
tested by the Contractor for compressive strength in accordance with AASHTO T106/ASTM
C109 at a frequency of no less than one set of three 50-mm grout cubes from each grout plant
each day of operation or per every 10 piles, whichever occurs more frequently. The
compressive strength shall be the average of the 3 cubes tested.
Grout consistency as measured by grout density shall be determined by the Contractor per
ASTM C 188/AASHTO T 133 or API RP-13B-1 at a frequency of at least one test per pile,
conducted just prior to start of pile grouting. The Baroid Mud Balance used in accordance
with API RP-13B-1 is an approved device for determining the grout density of neat cement
grout. The measured grout density shall be between ________ kg/m
3
and ________ kg/m
3
.
Grout samples shall be taken directly from the grout plant. Provide grout cube compressive
strength and grout density test results to the Engineer within 24 hours of testing.
(Commentary: If the Engineer will perform the grout testing, revise this section
accordingly).

3.5 Micropile Installation Records.
Contractor shall prepare and submit to the Engineer full-length installation records for each
micropile installed. The records shall be submitted within one work shift after that pile
installation is completed. The data shall be recorded on the micropile installation log. A
separate log shall be provided for each micropile. (Commentary: In addition to the expertise
of the micropile specialty Contractor, the quality of the individual construction elements is
directly related to the final product overall quality. As with other drilled pile systems, the
actual load carrying capacity of a micropile can only be definitively proven by pile load
tests. It is not practical or economical to test every pile installed. Therefore, inspection by
the Contractor and Owner's Engineer is needed to assure that each individual micropile is
well constructed and to justify load testing only a small number, e.g., 5%, of the total number
of production piles installed.)
3.6 Pile Load Tests
Perform verification and proof testing of piles at the locations specified herein or designated
by the Engineer. Perform compression load testing in accord with ASTM D1143, tension
load testing in accord with ASTM D3689, and lateral load testing in accord with ASTM
D3966, except as modified herein.
(Commentary: Specifier/design engineer needs to determine and write into this portion of the
specification the number of required verification and proof tests. The total number of load
tests and maximum test loads to be specified can vary on a project-by-project basis. They
are dependent on ground type and variability, required pile capacity, pile loading type (i.e.,
static or seismic), total number of piles, criticality of the structure and available site access
and work space. Guideline criteria for estimating the total number of verification and proof
test piles are given in Chapter 7 of FHWA NHI-05-039. If pile capacity demands are greatest
in compression, the piles should be load tested in compression. If the pile capacity demands
are equal for both compression and tension, or greater in tension, it is recommended that
tension testing alone be conducted, to reduce costs).
(Commentary: Specifier - Indicate here which types of load tests are required for the
project).
3.6.1 Verification Load Tests
Perform pre-production verification pile load testing to verify the design of the pile system
and the construction methods proposed prior to installing any production piles. __________
sacrificial verification test piles shall be constructed in conformance with the approved

Working Drawings. Verification test pile(s) shall be installed at the following locations
___________.
Verification load tests shall be performed to verify that the Contractor installed micropiles
will meet the required compression and tension load capacities and load test acceptance
criteria and to verify that the length of the micropile bond zone is adequate. The micropile
verification load test results must verify the Contractor's design and installation methods, and
be reviewed and accepted by the Engineer prior to beginning installation of production
micropiles.
The drilling-and-grouting method, casing length and outside diameter, reinforcing bar
lengths, and depth of embedment for the verification test pile(s) shall be identical to those
specified for the production piles at the given locations. The verification test micropile
structural steel sections shall be sized to safely resist the maximum test load. (Commentary:
Note that if additional steel area is provided in the verification test, the measured deflection
will be lower than production piles.)
The maximum verification and proof test loads applied to the micropile shall not exceed 80
percent of the structural capacity of the micropile structural elements, to include steel yield in
tension, steel yield or buckling in compression, or grout crushing in compression. Any
required increase in strength of the verification test pile elements above the strength required
for the production piles shall be provided for in the contractors bid price.
The jack shall be positioned at the beginning of the test such that unloading and repositioning
during the test will not be required. When both compression and tension load testing is to be
performed on the same pile, the pile shall be tested under compression loads prior to testing
under tension loads.
3.6.2 Testing Equipment and Data Recording.
Testing equipment shall include dial gauges, dial gauge support, jack and pressure gauge,
electronic load cell, and a reaction frame. The load cell is required only for the creep test
portion of the verification test. (Commentary: The purpose and value of an electronic load
cell is to measure small changes in load for load tests where the load is held for a long
duration, such as during verification or creep testing. It is not intended to be used during
proof testing, including the short term creep portion. Experience has proven that load cells
have been problematic under field conditions, yet even with errors resulting from cell
construction, off-center loading, and other effects, a load cell is very sensitive to small
changes in load and is strongly recommended for creep testing.) The contractor shall
provide a description of test setup and jack, pressure gauge and load cell calibration curves in
accordance with the Submittals Section.

Design the testing reaction frame to be sufficiently rigid and of adequate dimensions such
that excessive deformation of the testing equipment does not occur. Align the jack, bearing
plates, and stressing anchorage such that unloading and repositioning of the equipment will
not be required during the test.
Apply and measure the test load with a hydraulic jack and pressure gauge. The pressure
gauge shall be graduated in 500 kPa increments or less. The jack and pressure gauge shall
have a pressure range not exceeding twice the anticipated maximum test pressure. Jack ram
travel shall be sufficient to allow the test to be done without resetting the equipment. Monitor
the creep test load hold during verification tests with both the pressure gauge and the
electronic load cell. Use the load cell to accurately maintain a constant load hold during the
creep test load hold increment of the verification test.
Measure the pile top movement with a dial gauge capable of measuring to 0.025 mm. The
dial gauge shall have a travel sufficient to allow the test to be done without having to reset
the gauge. Visually align the gauge to be parallel with the axis of the micropile and support
the gauge independently from the jack, pile or reaction frame. Use a minimum of two dial
gauges when the test setup requires reaction against the ground or single reaction piles on
each side of the test pile. (Commentary: Experience with testing piles reacting against the
ground, or against single reaction piles on each side of the test pile, has resulted in racking
and misalignment of the system on some projects. Two dial gauges are recommended for this
test setup to determine if racking is occurring and to provide a more accurate average
micropile head movement measurement).
The required load test data shall be recorded by the Engineer.
3.6.3 Verification Test Loading Schedule.
Test verification piles designated for compression or tension load testing to a maximum test
load of 2.0 times the micropile Design Load shown on the Plans or Working Drawings.

(Commentary: The maximum test load shall be at least to the Design Load multiplied by the
factor of safety used to estimate the bond length of the micropile. In some cases, e.g.,
potentially creeping ground, this factor of safety may be as high as 2.5.) The verification
pile load tests shall be made by incrementally loading the micropile in accordance with the
following cyclic load schedule for both compression and tension loading:


Step Loading Applied Load Hold Time (min.)
1 Apply AL 2.5
2 Cycle 1
0.15 DL
0.30 DL
0.45 DL
AL
2.5
2.5
2.5
1
3 Cycle 2
0.15 DL
0.30 DL
0.45 DL
0.60 DL
0.75 DL
0.90 DL
1.00 DL
AL
1
1
2.5
2.5
2.5
2,5
2.5
1
4 Cycle 3
0.15 DL
1.00 DL
1.15 DL
1.30 DL
1.45 DL
AL
1
1
2.5
10 to 60 minutes
2.5
1
5 Cycle 4
0.15 DL
1.45 DL
1.60 DL
1.75 DL
1.90 DL
2.00 DL
1.50 DL
1.00 DL
0.50 DL
AL
1
1
1
2.5
2.5
10
5
5
5
5

Pile top movement shall be measured at each load increment. The load-hold period shall
start as soon as each test load increment is applied. The verification test pile shall be
monitored for creep at the 1.30 Design Load (DL). Pile movement during the creep test shall
be measured and recorded at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 20, 30, 50, and 60 minutes. The alignment

load shall not exceed 5 percent of the DL load. Dial gauges shall be reset to zero after the
initial AL is applied.
The acceptance criteria for micropile verification load tests are:
1. The pile shall sustain the first compression or tension 1.0 DL test load with no more
than _______mm total vertical movement at the top of the pile, relative to the position
of the top of the pile prior to testing. (Commentary: Structural designer to determine
maximum allowable total pile top structural axial displacement at 1.0 DL test load
based on structural design requirements. The allowable displacement should also
consider long term pile group settlements at the Design Load. Also, if the verification
test pile has to be upsized structurally to accommodate the maximum required
verification test load, this provision will not apply. Only the proof tested production
piles will then be subject to this criterion.).
2. At the end of the 1.30 DL creep test load increment, test piles shall have a creep rate
not exceeding 1 mm/log cycle time (1 to 10 minutes) or 2 mm/log cycle time (6 to 60
minutes or the last log cycle if held longer). The creep rate shall be linear or
decreasing throughout the creep load hold period.
3. Failure does not occur at the 2.0 DL maximum test load. Failure is defined as load
where the slope of the load versus head settlement curve first exceeds 0.15 mm/kN.
The Engineer will provide the Contractor written confirmation of the micropile design and
construction within 3 working days of the completion of the verification load tests. This
written confirmation will either confirm the capacities and bond lengths specified in the
Working Drawings for micropiles or reject the piles based upon the verification test results.
3.6.4 Verification Test Pile Rejection
If a verification-tested micropile fails to meet the acceptance criteria, the Contractor shall
modify the design, the construction procedure, or both. These modifications may include
modifying the installation methods, increasing the bond length, or changing the micropile
type. Any modification that necessitates changes to the structure shall require the Engineers
prior review and acceptance. Any modifications of design or construction procedures or cost
of additional verification test piles and load testing shall be at the Contractors expense. At
the completion of verification testing, test piles shall be removed down to the elevation
specified by the Engineer.

3.6.5 Proof Load Tests
Perform proof load tests on the first set of production piles installed at each designated
substructure unit prior to the installation of the remaining production piles in that unit. The
first set of production piles is the number required to provide the required reaction capacity
for the proof tested pile. The initial proof test piles shall be installed at the following
substructure units ______________. Proof testing shall be conducted at a frequency of
________________. Location of additional proof test piles shall be as designated by the
Engineer. (Commentary: Guidance on the number of proof tests to be performed is provided
in Chapter 7 of FHWA NHI-05-039.)
3.6.6 Proof Test Loading Schedule
Test piles designated for compression or tension proof load testing to a maximum test load of
1.60 times the micropile Design Load shown on the Plans or Working Drawings. Proof tests
shall be made by incrementally loading the micropile in accordance with the following
schedule, to be used for both compression and tension loading:
Step Loading Applied Load Hold Time (min.)
1 Apply AL 2.5
2 Load Cycle
0.15 DL
0.30 DL
0.45 DL
0.60 DL
0.75 DL
0.90 DL
1.00 DL
1.15 DL
1.30 DL
1.45 DL
1.60 DL
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
10 to 60 minutes
2.5
2.5
3 Unload Cycle
1.30 DL
1.00 DL
0.75 DL
0.50 DL
0.25 DL
AL
4
4
4
4
4
4

Depending on performance, either a 10 minute or 60 minute creep test shall be performed at
the 1.30DL Test Load. Where the pile top movement between 1 and 10 minutes exceeds 1
mm, the Maximum Test Load shall be maintained an additional 50 minutes. Movements
shall be recorded at 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 20, 30, 50 and 60 minutes. The alignment load shall not
exceed 5 percent of DL. Dial gauges shall be reset to zero after the initial AL is applied.
The acceptance criteria for micropile proof load tests are:
1. The pile shall sustain the compression or tension 1.0 DL test load with no more than
______ mm total vertical movement at the top of the pile, relative to the position of the
top of the pile prior to testing. (Commentary: Structural designer to determine
maximum allowable total pile top structural axial displacement at 1.0 DL test load
based on structural design requirements. The allowable displacement should also
consider long term pile group settlements at the Design Load.)
2. At the end of the 1.30DL creep test load increment, test piles shall have a creep rate
not exceeding 1 mm/log cycle time (1 to 10 minutes) or 2 mm/log cycle time (6 to 60
minutes).The creep rate shall be linear or decreasing throughout the creep load hold
period.
3. Failure does not occur at the 1.60DL maximum test load. Failure is defined as load
where the slope of the load versus head settlement curve first exceeds 0.15 mm/kN.
3.6.7 Proof Test Pile Rejection
If a proof-tested micropile fails to meet the acceptance criteria, the Contractor shall
immediately proof test another micropile within that footing. For failed piles and further
construction of other piles, the Contractor shall modify the design, the construction
procedure, or both. These modifications may include installing replacement micropiles,
incorporating piles at not more than 50% of the maximum load attained, postgrouting,
modifying installation methods, increasing the bond length, or changing the micropile type.
Any modification that necessitates changes to the structure design shall require the
Engineers prior review and acceptance. Any modifications of design or construction
procedures, or cost of additional verification test piles and verification and/or proof load
testing, or replacement production micropiles, shall be at the Contractors expense.
4.0 METHOD OF MEASUREMENT.
Measurement will be made as follows for the quantity, as specified or directed by the
Engineer:
Mobilization will be measured on a lump-sum basis.
Micropiles will be measured per each, installed, and accepted.
Micropile verification load testing will be measured per each.
Micropile proof load testing will be measured per each.

The final pay quantities will be the design quantity increased or decreased by any changes
authorized by the Engineer.
5.0 BASIS OF PAYMENT
The quantities accepted for payment will be paid for at the contract unit prices for the
following items:
Pay Item Unit
Mobilization and Demobilization ............................. Lump Sum
Micropile Verification Load Test .............................. Each
Micropile Proof Load Test Each
Micropiles ................................................................ Each*
Micropiles Variations in Length to Top of Rock ...... LF**
Unexpected Obstruction Drilling ............................. Hour***
*For the option where the contractor designs the footing and number of piles, the foundation
system should be bid as lump sum and a schedule of values established for progress payments
after award.
**Where piles are founded in rock, micropiles will be paid on a per each basis assuming Rock
at Elevation _____. Additional length or shorter length due to variations in the top of rock will
be paid on an add or deduct lineal foot basis where the linear footage = Elevation ___ minus
Elevation of As-Built Rock.
***If obstructions are not defined in the Standard Specifications, a definition should be added.

The contract unit prices for the above items will be full and complete payment for providing
all design, materials, labor, equipment, and incidentals to complete the work.
Where verification test piles are designated as sacrificial, the micropile verification load test
bid item shall include the cost of the sacrificial micropile.

The unit contract amount for Micropiles shall include the drilling, furnishing, and placing
the reinforcing steel and casing, grouting, and pile top attachments. The micropile Contractor
is also responsible for estimating the grout take. There will be no extra payment for grout
overruns.


FHWA NHI-05-039 Appendix D Sample Problem No.1
Micropile Design & Construction D-1 December 2005
SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 1 BRIDGE ABUTMENT FOUNDATION SUPPORT

The following sample problem illustrates the design of foundation support for a bridge abutment
using micropiles. This sample problem is intended to illustrate the quantification of typical
abutment loads and the design of a micropile foundation for non-seismic load groups. In the
example, seismic loads are provided and the example could be repeated using these loads.
Practitioners typically follow different procedures around the United States in the design of
bridge abutments, and therefore this sample problem is not intended to depict a standard
abutment or a standard abutment design procedure. For simplicity, this example problem
considers only a portion of the longitudinal forces and no transverse forces. Abutment designs,
which include wind or seismic forces, for example, would have transverse as well as longitudinal
forces. This example also does not illustrate construction load cases (e.g., full backfill prior to
girder placement) that need to be incorporated into actual designs.

Problem Statement
The structure is a simply supported, single-span bridge, 30 meters long, supported on concrete
retaining abutments. The superstructure consists of 5 AASHTO Type IV precast - prestressed
concrete girders with a cast-in-place concrete deck.

The bridge abutment length is 10.5 meters. The abutment wall backfill material is medium dense
sand with an angle of internal friction of 35 degrees and a unit weight of 17.5 kN/m
3
. The unit
weight of the concrete is 23.6 kN/m
3
. Figure S1-1 shows the dimensions of the abutment. The
pile details are shown on Figure S1-2.

A summary of loading applied to the bridge abutment is shown in Figure S1-3. All load values
are per 1-meter length of the abutment. The seismic site coefficient is 0.1 g.

The foundation soil conditions are described in the boring log contained in Figure S1-4. These
soils consist of 2.5 meters of loose sandy gravel underlain by moderately compressible soft,
brown, fine sandy silt, which is 1.5 meters thick. The silt is underlain by dense to very dense
gravel with cobbles and boulders that extends to a maximum depth of 30 meters. Ground water
is 4 meters below the top of footing. Type B3 (pressure grouted through the casing during casing
withdrawal) micropiles will be used. The bond length will be formed in the dense gravel.


Figure S1-1. Sample Problem No. 1 - Abutment Section Detail
(unless noted, all length dimensions in mm)
200
250
460
3
1
700
300 300
2450
BORING
B 1
LOOSE TO MEDIUM DENSE SANDY
GRAVEL (GW)
SOFT, BROWN FINE
SANDY SILT (ML)
DENSE TO VERY DENSE SANDY
GRAVEL AND COBBLES WITH
BOULDERS UP TO 1-METER (GW)
1700
2900
1500
2500
26 m
5250
MICROPILE
TYPE B3
400
1350
650
BACKFILL MATERIAL:
MEDIUM DENSE SAND
( = 17.5 kN/m
3
; N = 35E
1850
20E


Figure S1-2. Sample Problem No. 1 Pile Details


Figure S1-3. Sample Problem No. 1 Summary of Abutment Loads
H
L
P
E
P
EQ
V
L
V
DL
+V
LL
h/3 = 1750
D
C
I
A
D
S
I
S
D
C
= Dead load of concrete abutment
D
S
= Dead load of soil
V
DL
= 178.70 kN/m (dead load from bridge structure)
V
LL
= 73.00 kN/m (live load from bridge structure)
H
L
= Earth pressure due to live load surcharge V
L
V
L
= Live load surcharge = 0.6 m thick equivalent soil surcharge
(not included in this example)
P
E
= Active earth pressure
P
EQ
= Seismic earth pressure
I
A
= 30.9 kN/m (seismic inertia force of concrete abutment and soil weight)
I
S
= 26.8 kN/m (seismic inertia force of the superstructure)


Figure S1-4. Sample Problem No. 1 Soil Boring Log

STEP 1 ABUTMENT DESIGN LOADS

The magnitude and point of application for the active earth pressure, earth pressure due to
live load surcharge, and seismic earth pressure is determined in this section. Calculations
for the remaining components of the abutment loading are not included. The magnitude,
point of application, and resulting moment on the abutment for the entire load
components are summarized in Table S1-1. The moments are taken about the center
point of the base of the abutment footing.

Active Earth Pressure - P
E

Soil internal friction angle = 35 degrees
Unit weight of soil
soil
= 17.5 kN / m
3

Coefficient of active soil pressure 271 . 0
2
45 tan
2
=
(
=

a

3
/ 74 . 4 m k
soil a
=

Resultant load ( ) m k m
m
k
P
E
/ 32 . 65 25 . 5 74 . 4 5 . 0
2
3
=
=

Moment about centroid m m k
m
m
k
/ 31 . 114
3
25 . 5
32 . 65 =

Earth Pressure Due to Live Load Surcharge - H
L

Surcharge pressure kPa m
soil a
84 . 2 6 . 0 =

Surcharge load m k m k / 91 . 14 25 . 5 84 . 2 =

Moment about centroid m m k
m
m
k
/ 1 . 39
2
25 . 5
91 . 14 =

Table S1-1. Sample Problem No. 1- Summary of Abutment Loads Per Meter Length
Load Moment Arm Moment*
Load Description Type
F
x

(kN)
F
y

(kN)
X
(m)
Y
(m)
M
(kN-m)
D
c

Dead load of concrete
abutment
D 97.00 0.27 26.19
D
S
Dead load of soil E 108.68 -0.55 -59.77
V
DL

Dead load from bridge
superstructure
D 178.70 0.58 103.65
V
LL

Live load from bridge
superstructure
L 73.00 0.58 42.34
H
L

Earth pressure due to
live load surcharge
L 14.91 2.63 39.13
P
E
Earth pressure E 65.32 1.75 114.31
P
EQ-H
Seismic earth pressure EQ 15.91 3.15 50.12
I
A

Seismic inertial force of
concrete & soil weight
EQ 30.9 2.35 72.50
I
S

Seismic inertial force of
the superstructure
EQ 26.8 3.55 95.14
*Moment is calculated about the center of the footing at its base.

Seismic Earth Pressure - P
EQ

See Seismic Design of Bridges - Design Example No. 3" Publication No. FHWA-SA-
97-008 for a description of the following Mononobe - Okabe lateral seismic earth over
pressure and the seismic inertia forces from the abutment self-weight and the soil resting
on the abutment footing.

Seismic acceleration coefficient: A = 0.10

Seismic coefficients 15 . 0 5 . 1 = =
h
k and 0 =
v
k (assumed value)

Reference AASHTO Sec. 6.4.3 (A) Div. 1A.

Slope of soil face: = 0

Backfill slope angle: i = 0

Friction angle between soil and abutment: = = 17.5

Seismic inertia angle =
(
=

53 . 8
1
tan
1
v
h
k
k

Seismic earth pressure coefficient

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
65 . 2
cos cos
sin sin
1
2
=
(
+ +
+
+ =

i
i

( )
( ) ( )
34 . 0
cos cos
cos
2
=
(
+

=

AE

Seismic earth pressure
3
/ 95 . 5 m k
soil AE
=

Resultant seismic force ( ) m k m
m
k
Q
/ 68 . 16 25 . 5 95 . 5 5 . 0
2
3
=
(
=

Since this force is at angle to the horizontal,
( ) m k
m
k
Q
/ 91 . 15 cos 68 . 16 =
=

To be conservative, neglect the vertical portion of P
EQ
over the footing heel.

Seismic Inertia Forces

( ) ( ) m k D D k I
S C h A
/ 9 . 30 68 . 108 0 . 97 15 . 0 = + = + =

( ) m kN V k I
DL h S
/ 8 . 26 70 . 178 15 . 0 = = =
Moment about centroid:
m
m k
m
m
k
=
54 . 52 25 . 5 6 . 0 68 . 16

STEP 2 DETERMINE PILE DESIGN LOADS PER METER LENGTH

The Group I loads per AASHTO Table 3.22.1A are calculated from the abutment loads
shown in Table 5-4.

F
y
= sum of vertical loads

F
x
= sum of horizontal loads

M = sum of moments about the center of the footing at its base.

F
y
= D
C
+ D
S
+ V
DL
+ V
LL

F
y
= 97.0 + 108.7 + 178.7 + 73.0 = 457.4 kN/m

F
x
= H
L
+ P
E

F
x
= 15.0 + 65.3 = 80.3 kN/m

M = D
C
+ D
S
+ V
DL
+ V
LL
+ H
L
+ P
E

M = 26.2 - 59.8 + 103.7 + 42.3 + 39.3 + 114.3 = 266.0 kN/m

Determine Pile Group Properties Per Meter Length

Centroid of Pile Group (from front pile)
Front piles: 1/1.5 0.0 = 0.0
Rear piles: 1 / 2.25 1.85 = 0.822
Sum: 1.111 0.822

So centroid is (0.822/1.111) = 0.74 m from front pile.

m e 185 . 0 74 . 0
2
85 . 1
= =

Pile Group I about centroid

( ) ( ) 9127 . 0 11 . 1
25 . 2
1
74 . 0
5 . 1
1
2 2
= + =

Rear Pile Vertical Load =
( )
(
9127 . 0
11 . 1
111 . 1
e F
Fy
y

Front Pile Vertical Load =
( )
(

+
9127 . 0
74 . 0
111 . 1
e F
Fy
y

Group I Pile Design Loads

Rear Pile Vertical Load =
| |
=
(

k 191
9127 . 0
11 . 1 185 . 0 4 . 457 266
111 . 1
4 . 457

Front Pile Vertical Load =
| |
=
(

+ k 559
9127 . 0
74 . 0 185 . 0 4 . 457 266
111 . 1
4 . 457

Front Pile Axial Load =
( )
=
k 595
20 cos
559
compression

(Controlling Group 1, non-seismic, axial design load per pile)

A more refined analysis would utilize the vertical stiffness of the batter pile.

STEP 3 EVALUATE ALLOWABLE STRUCTURAL CAPACITY OF CASED
LENGTH

A single pile design is used that can support the maximum compression load that acts on
the front row of battered piles.

For the permanent casing reinforcement, a yield strength of 241 MPa is used for design.
To maintain strain compatibility between the reinforcing bar and casing in the upper pile
length, a yield strength (F
y-steel
) of 241 MPa is used for both members. The use of a
higher strength casing, such as API N80 (F
y
= 552 MPa) would greatly increase the
structural capacity of this section of the pile. These calculations do not address the
capacity of the casing joint.

If the project incorporated a larger number of piles, savings could be realized by the use
of separate designs for the front and rear piles. For example, a smaller casing size and a
shorter bond length may be used on the rear piles due to the lower required capacity. The
use of separate designs could increase the amount of load testing required at the start of
the project, which the potential savings on a larger piling job could support.
Consideration must also be given to maintaining simple pile construction. Mixing
different reinforcing sizes and pile depths can occasionally lead to errors during pile
installation. Also, if the overall stiffness (load versus pile top deflection) of the pile is
changed, then the centroid and load per pile must be reevaluated.

Pile Cased Length Allowable Load
Material dimensions and properties

Casing - Use 141 mm outside diameter x 9.5 mm wall thickness.

Reduce outside diameter by 1.6 mm to account for corrosion.

Casing outside diameter OD
casing
= 141 mm - 2 x 1.6 mm = 137.8 mm

Pile casing inside diameter ID
casing
= 141 mm - 2 x 9.5 mm = 122 mm

Pile casing steel area | |
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
224 , 3
4
mm D D A g ca g ca
g ca
= =

Casing yield strength a F
g ca y
=
241
sin


Radius of gyration mm
D D
r
g ca
46
4
2 2
sin
=
+
=

Reinforcing bar - Use 43 mm grade 520 steel reinforcing bar.

Bar area A
bar
= 1,452 mm
2

Bar steel yield strength F
y-bar
= 520 MPa

Grout area
2
sin
2
240 , 10
4
mm A D A
bar
g ca
grout
= =

Grout compressive strength MPa f grout c 5 . 34
'
=

For strain compatibility between casing and rebar, use for steel yield stress:

F
y-steel
= the minimum of F
y-bar
and F
y casing
= 241 MPa

Allowable Tension Load

( ) kN A A F
g ca bar steel y allowable t
620 55 . 0
sin
= + =

Allowable Compression Load

( ) | | kN A A F A f P
671 47 . 0 4 . 0
sin
'
= + + =

STEP 4 EVALUATE ALLOWABLE STRUCTURAL CAPACITY OF UNCASED
LENGTH

Pile Uncased Length Allowable Load
Material dimensions and properties

Soil conditions and the method of pile installation can affect the resulting diameter of the
pile bond length. For this example, assume a drill-hole diameter of 50 mm greater than
the casing outside diameter (OD).

Using a casing OD = 141mm

Therefore, Grout D
b
= 141 mm + 50 mm = 191 mm (0.191 m)

Bond length grout area
2 2
200 , 27
4
mm A D A
bar
b
grout
= =

Allowable Tension Load

kN mm MPa A F P
bar bar y allowable t
415 ) 452 , 1 520 55 . 0 ( 55 . 0
2
= = =

Allowable Compression Load

( )
( ) kN mm MPa mm MPa P
A F A f P
allowable c
bar bar y grout c allowable c
730 452 , 1 520 47 . 0 200 , 27 5 . 34 4 . 0
47 . 0 4 . 0
2 2
'
= + =
+ =

STEP 5 EVALUATE ALLOWABLE GEOTECHNICAL CAPACITY

Allowable Load Geotechnical Capacity

The micropile bond length will be located in the dense to very dense sandy gravel with
cobbles and boulders starting approximately 3.35 m below the bottom of footing
elevation. The pile bond length shall be installed using a Type B pressure grouting
methodology.

From Table 5-3 select an ultimate unit grout-to-ground bond strength
bond
= 265 kPa.
This represents an approximate average value for gravels.

The controlling non-seismic micropile loading is 595 kN per pile. Therefore, an
allowable geotechnical bond load P
G-allowable
595 kN/pile must be provided to support
the structural loading.
Provide: P
G-allowable
595 kN/pile

Compute the bond length, L
b
, required to provide P
G-allowable
as follows:

b bond
allowable G
b
D
FS P
L

=

m
m kPa
kN
L
b
48 . 7
191 . 0 265
0 . 2 595
=

=

Select Bond Length = 7.5 m

kN m m
kPa
P
allowable G
596 5 . 7 191 . 0 14 . 3
0 . 2
265
= =

STEP 6 VERIFY ALLOWABLE LOADS

The controlling axial design load for the pile is 595 kN (compression). The summary of
the pile allowable loads is:

Structural Upper Cased Length = 671 kN (compression)
Structural Lower Uncased Length = 730 kN (compression)
Geotechnical Bond Length = 596 kN (compression)

The allowable loads are all greater than the 595 kN design load, therefore the pile axial
design is OK.

The controlling lateral design load is 80.3 kN/m. Check to see if the batter piles carry
lateral loads. The front row of piles are battered at 20 from vertical and each pile carries
the following ratio of the vertical pile load as a lateral resisting load.

Lateral resisting load = kN kN 204 ) 20 tan( 559 =
o
per pile

The lateral design load per pile ( ) kN m
m
kN
120 5 . 1 3 . 80 = = per pile

The lateral resisting load is greater than the lateral design load therefore the pile lateral
design is OK.

STEP 7 ESTIMATE MICROPILE SETTLEMENT

Settlements resulting from consolidation of soil layers below the micropile group are not
anticipated as these soils are not cohesive in nature. Herein, elastic settlements are
calculated.

Casing Length Elastic Stiffness

Front pile batter angle = 20
batter

Max pile length from footing to top of gravel m
m
L
batter
upper
6 . 3
) cos(
35 . 3
=
=
Casing insertion into bond length m L
insert
0 . 1 =

Pile casing length m L L L
insert upper g ca
6 . 4
sin
= + =

Steel modulus of elasticity MPa E
steel
000 , 200 =

Grout modulus of elasticity MPa E
grout
000 , 31 =

Area of Grout
2
240 , 10 mm A
grout
=

A
steel
= A
bar
+ A
casing
= 1,452 mm
2
+ 3,224 mm
2
= 4,676 mm
2

Pile compression stiffness value

kN E A E A EA
steel steel grout grout length cased
000 , 252 , 1 = + =

Uncased Length Elastic Stiffness

Pile uncased length (bond length) L
b
= 7.5 m

A
steel
= A
bar
= 1,452 mm
2

A
grout
= 27,200 mm
2

Pile compression stiffness value


Figure S1-5. Pile Top to Abutment Footing Connection Detail

Required Plate Area

Assume a 254 mm square plate
2 2
516 , 64 mm Plate Area width
plate
= =

Check Cone Shear

P
cone allowable
P
c-service
= 595 kN

Equivalent diameter for 254 mm
2
plate, mm 286
254 4
2
=

| | | |
2 2 2 2
1
2
2
053 , 862 286 1086
4 4
mm d d A
CP
= = =

Use ACI 349 Appendix B for cone shear

P
cone design strength

cp CP c
A x psi f
'
4 =

( )
cp c
A x
psi
kPa
psi f 89476 . 6 4
'
=

CP c
A kPa f =
'
5 . 10

P
cone nominal strength
CP c
A kPa f =
'
5 . 10

6
10
1000
6 . 27 5 . 10

|
.
|
\
|
=
CP
A
mPa
kPa
mPa

kN 504 , 1 =

FS
P
P
strength noninal come
allowable come
=

LF
FS =

| |
| |
E L D
E E L L D D
Q Q Q
Q B Q B Q B
factor load Combined LF
+ +
+ +
= =

Where: = 1.3; B
D
= 1; B
L
= 1.67; B
E
= 1.3

and with Q
D
= 0.62; Q
L
= 0.16; Q
E
= 0.22

62 . 0 =
+ +
E L D
D
Q Q Q
Q

16 . 0 =
+ +
E L D
L
Q Q Q
Q

22 . 0 =
+ +
E L D
E
Q Q Q
Q

LF = 1.3 [1.0 0.62 + 1.67 0.16 + 1.3 0.22] = 1.53
= 0.65 for unreinforced shear cone per ACI 349 Appendix B
35 . 2
65 . 0
53 . 1
= = FS
OK kN kN
kN
P
allowable cone
. . . . 6 . 594 640
35 . 2
504 , 1
> = =
Note edge distance limitations and other requirements of ACI 349 Appendix B must be
satisfied.

Required Plate Thickness
Actual bearing stress, compression MPa
Area
P
Bearing
plate
service c
n compressio
22 . 9 = =

Plate bending moment for 10 mm width

kNm Bearing
OD Plate
mm M
n compressio
g ca width
147 . 0
2 2
1
10
2
sin
max
=
(

=
Note - use of this cantilever moment was determined to be a conservative approximation
of the maximum moment in the plate due to a compression pile load by comparison to a

more accurate formula shown in Roark and Young (1975). Plate bending from a tension
pile load or with different plate support details must be further analyzed.

Allowable bending stress -
y b y
F F and MPa F 55 . 0 345 = =
Note - Allowable stresses should be increased by the appropriate % factor (AASHTO
Table 3.22.1A column 14) depending on which load group produces controlling load
condition. For this example, the Group I load produces the controlling condition (% =
100%).

3 max
775mm
F
M
S
b
req x
= =

Required plate thickness - mm
mm
S
t
req x
req
6 . 21
10
6
= =

Use 254 mm square x 25.4 mm thick top plate.

Required Weld Size:

Tensile strength of E70 electrode, Fu
weld
= 483 MPa

Minimum tensile strength of connected parts (ASTM A53 Grade B Casing)
Fu
part
= 414 MPa
Fillet weld strength MPa Fu F
part
8 . 111 27 . 0 = =
Top weld size mm t
top weld
35 . 6 =

Stiffener plate size mm L mm W mm t
stiff stiff stiff
150 100 7 . 12 = = =
Top weld strength mm W t D O L
stiff stiff casimg weld
190 , 1 8 4 = + =
Top weld strength
OK kN kN L F t P
weld top weld top weld
. . . 595 598 707 . 0 > = =

Stiffener plate side weld dimensions mm t
side weld
35 . 6 =

mm L L
stiff weld
200 , 1 8 = =
Stiffener plate side weld strength
kN L F t P
weld weld side weld side weld
603 707 . 0 = =

OK kN W F t
stiff top weld
. . . . 402 8 707 . 0 = >

Use 6.35 mm fillet weld for welding top and stiffener plates.

Note - this example ignored bending stresses on the welds which is considered
appropriate for a compression pile load with the weld details shown. Weld bending stress
must be analyzed for other conditions.

STEP 9 CHECK STRUCTURAL CAPACITY TO RESIST TEST LOADS

The controlling axial design load for the pile is 595 kN (compression).

Verification Test Load = 2.0 Design Load

= 2.0 595 kN = 1,190 kN

Proof Test Load = 1.6 Design Load

= 1.6 595 kN = 952 kN


Cased Length Uncased Length
OD
*
= 141mm
ID = 122 mm (9.5 mm wall)
A
casing
= 3,925 mm
2
A
grout
= 27,200 mm
2

F
y-casing
= 241 MPa
(use for casing and bar)
f
c-grout
= 34.5 MPa
A
bar
= 1,452 mm
2
A
bar
= 1,452 mm
2

F
y-bar
= 520 MPa F
y-bar
= 520 MPa
A
grout
= 10,240 mm
2

f
c-grout
= 34.5 MPa
*
Do not reduce by 1.6 mm for corrosion.

Pile Cased Length Allowable Load

( )
(
+ + =

g ca bar
g ca y
grout
grout c
allowable c
A A
F
A f P
sin
sin '
25 . 1
68 . 0
( ) kN mm mm
MPa
mm MPa P
allowable c
277 , 1 925 , 3 452 , 1
25 . 1
241
240 , 10 5 . 34 68 . 0
2 2 2
=
(
+ + =

Pile Uncased Length Allowable Load

bar bar y grout
grout c
allowable c
A F A f P

+ = 80 . 0 68 . 0
'

kN mm MPa mm MPa P
allowable c
242 , 1 452 , 1 520 80 . 0 200 , 27 5 . 34 68 . 0
2 2
= + =

The design pile is OK for the proof test at 952 kN and the verification test at 1,190 kN.

STEP 10 PREPARE DRAWINGS

The following detail drawings (Figures S1-6 and S1-7) show the pile design.


Figure S1-6. Page 1 of Sample Problem No.1 Working Drawing Submittal

kN E A E A EA
steel steel grout grout length uncased
000 , 133 , 1 = + =

Elastic Displacement

Elastic displacement (cased length)

mm
kN
m kN
AE
L P
t
length cased
g ca n compressio
elastic
2 . 2
000 , 252 , 1
6 . 4 595
sin
=
=

Elastic displacement (uncased length)

mm
kN
m kN
AE
L P
t
length uncased
b n compressio
elastic
0 . 2
000 , 133 , 1
) 5 . 7 2 / 1 ( 595
=

=
=

STEP 8 MICROPILE TO FOOTING CONNECTION DESIGN

Design calculations are completed for the detail shown in Figure S1-5 for connection of
the pile top to the abutment footing.

Required Design Loads and Dimensions

Group I service load, compression P
c-service
= 595 kN

Abutment concrete compressive strength f
c
= 27.6 MPa

Casing outside diameter OD
casing
= 141 mm
Pile area
2
sin
2
615 , 15
4
mm OD Area g ca
pile
= =


Figure S1-7. Page 2 of Sample Problem No. 1 Working Drawing Submittal

FHWA NHI-05-039 Appendix E Sample Problem No.2
Micropile Design & Construction E-1 December 2005

SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 2 LATERALLY LOADED MICROPILE

Micropiles are being considered to support loads for a new multi-story building. The site
is underlain by approximately 6 m of undocumented and variable fill overlying partially
weathered rock. The soil matrix of the fill is characterized as loose to very dense silty to
clayey sand. Approximately 3 m of new fill will be placed over the existing fill to
establish foundation grades.

The micropile section shown in Figure S2-1 is proposed for the project. The micropiles
are required to carry a design axial compression load of 1,423 kN and a design lateral
groundline shear load of 44.48 kN.

Perform a laterally loaded pile analysis and evaluate:
1. structural capacity of the cased length of the micropile
2. reduced section modulus of the casing joint and proposed bending moment
limit at the casing joints

Micropile Section Properties

1. Casing outside diameter (OD) = 0.1969 m.
2. Casing wall thickness (t
w
) = 0.0151 m.
3. Casing yield strength (F
y
) = 552 MPa
4. Grout compressive strength (f
c
) = 27.6 MPa

Determine: (1) casing area, A
casing
; (2) casing moment of inertia, I
casing
; (3) casing section
modulus, S
casing
; and (4) area of grout, A
grout
.

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
sin
00863 . 0 ) 0151 . 0 ( 2 1969 . 0 1969 . 0
4 4
m m m ID OD A
g ca
= = =

( ) ( ) ( )
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
sin
00003587 . 0 . ) 0151 . 0 ( 2 1969 . 0 . 1969 . 0
64 64
m m in ID OD I
g ca
= = =

3
4
sin
sin
000364 . 0
) 2 / 1969 . 0 (
. 00003587 . 0
2 /
m
m
m
OD
I
S
g ca
g ca
= = =

2 2 2 2
sin
2
0218 . 0 00863 . 0 ) 1969 . 0 (
4
) (
4
m m m A OD A
g ca grout
= = =


1 in. = 25.4 mm
1 ksi = 6.89 MPa

Figure S2-1. Micropile Detail for Sample Problem 2.


Laterally Loaded Pile Analysis

The computer program LPILE is used to evaluate the maximum bending moment in the
cased length of the micropile. For the purposes of this example, both 50% fixity and
fixed head (100% fixity) conditions are analyzed. The micropile cap will be embedded
0.91 m below the ground surface. For the analysis, a 0.305-m embedment depth was
conservatively assumed.

For the analysis, a 12.2-m length of the micropile was modeled. Default LPILE p-y
curves for sand above the water table were used to model the soil profile. The upper 3.35
m of the profile was modeled with a soil friction angle of 32 degrees and the remaining
portion of the profile (representing the existing fill layer) was modeled with a soil friction
angle of 30 degrees. Other soil parameters are provided in the LPILE output file.

LPILE Analysis Results

The results of the LPILE analysis are provided below and the bending moment diagram
and lateral deflection profile are provided in Figures S2-2 and S2-3.

Axial
Load
(kN)
Fixity
Condition
Pile Head
Deflection
(mm)
Maximum
Shear Load
(kN)
Maximum
Bending
Moment
(kN-m)
1,423 100% 3.3 44.48 -37.3
1,423 50% 8.4 44.48 27.2

Structural Capacity Evaluation (Eq. 5-3)

0 . 1
1
'
+
b
e
a
b
a
a
F
F
f
f
F
f

Where
MPa
m
kN
A
P
f
g ca
c
a
89 . 164
00863 . 0
423 , 1
2
sin
= = =

MPa
m
m kN
S
M
f
g ca
b
47 . 102
000364 . 0
3 . 37
3
sin
max
=
= =


MPa MPa F F
MPa MPa F F
y b
y a
6 . 303 ) 552 ( 55 . 0 55 . 0
44 . 259 ) 552 ( 47 . 0 47 . 0
= = =
= = =

Assume buckling potential is negligible, F
e
>>> f
a

Therefore,

OK
MPa
MPa
MPa
MPa
0 . 1 97 . 0
6 . 303
47 . 102
44 . 259
89 . 164
< = +

Structural Capacity Evaluation (Eq. 5-6)

0 . 1
max
+
allowable allowable c
c
M
M
P
P

Where

[ ]
kN m MPa m MPa
A F A f P
g ca y grout c allowable c
479 , 2 ) 00863 . 0 ( ) 552 ( 47 . 0 ) 0218 . 0 ( ) 6 . 27 ( 4 . 0
47 . 0 4 . 0
2 2
sin
'
= + =
+ =

. 5 . 110 ) 000364 . 0 ( ) 552 ( 55 . 0 55 . 0
3
sin
m kN m MPa S F M
g ca y allowable
= = =

Therefore,

OK
m kN
m kN
kN
kN
0 . 1 91 . 0
5 . 110
3 . 37
479 , 2
423 , 1
< =
+

Section Modulus at the Joint (Eq. 5-26 )

( ) ( )
3
4 4 4 4
int
int
000173 . 0
2 / ) 0151 . 0 1969 . 0 (
) 1667 . 0 ( ) 0151 . 0 1969 . 0 ((
64
2 /
) ) ((
64
2 /
m
m m
m m m
t OD
ID t OD
t OD
I
S
w
w
w
jo
jo
=
=

Maximum Bending Moment at the Joint (Eq. 5-27)

m kN MPa
MPa
MPa
m F
F
f
F
f
S M
b
e
a
a
a
jo jo
=
= 2 . 19 6 . 303
44 . 259
89 . 164
1 000173 . 0 1 1
3
'
int int) ( max

Using the reduced section modulus at a joint indicates that the combined stress criterion
can only be satisfied at the location of a threaded connection (i.e., joint) if the maximum


bending moment is 19.2 kN-m or less. This result indicates that threaded connections
should not be placed from the bottom of the pile cap to approximately 0.5 m below the
ground surface where the micropile-footing connection achieves 100% fixity. For the
50% fixity condition, positive bending moments greater than 19.2 kN-m are computed
between a depth of approximately 0.75 to 2.1 m.
Alternatively, if the maximum bending moment needs to be resisted over these depths,
the following options could be considered: (1) use a larger casing (with a larger cross
sectional area of steel) over this depth range; or (2) place an additional steel casing at
least over this length. On projects where a second casing is used, the design should
require that joints from the two casings be staggered by at least 1 m.
For the 50% fixity case, a 3-m long casing could be used at the ground surface so that the
first threaded connection would be located in an area where acceptable bending resistance
could be developed.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-40 -20 0 20 40 60
Bending Moment (kN-m)
D
e
p
t
h

(
m
)
Fixed Head
50% Fixity
Free Head

Figure S2-2. Bending Moment Diagram for Sample Problem No. 2.


0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-5 0 5 10 15 20
Deflection (mm)
D
e
p
t
h

(
m
)
Fixed Head
50% Fixity
Free Head

Figure S2-3. Lateral Deflection Profile for Sample Problem No. 2.


LPILE ANALYSIS RESULTS
FOR
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2


==============================================================================



All Rights Reserved

==============================================================================

This program is licensed to:

Paul Sabatini
GeoSyntec

Path to file locations: G:\CWP\CHE8123 - NHI Micropiles\400 - Technical\402 -
Revised Manual\Draft 100% Manual\Ch. 5\LPILE Analysis\
Name of input data file: 004SI.lpd
Name of output file: 004SI.lpo
Name of plot output file: 004SI.lpp
Name of runtime file: 004SI.lpr

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Date: May 24, 2005 Time: 16:51:45

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Problem Title
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Micropile Manual - Sand Profile

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Program Options
------------------------------------------------------------------------------



Analysis Type 3:

- Only internally-generated p-y curves used in analysis
- Analysis does not use p-y multipliers (individual pile or shaft action only)
- Analysis includes automatic computation of pile-top deflection vs.
pile embedment length



Printing Options:

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Depth of ground surface below top of pile = -.30 m


----- --------- ----------- ---------- ---------- -----------
1 0.0000 .19685000 3.58667E-05 .008626 199947980.000
2 14.5000 .19685000 3.58667E-05 .008626 199947980.000


------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Layer 1 is sand, p-y criteria by Reese et al., 1974
Distance from top of pile to top of layer = -.305 m

Layer 2 is sand, p-y criteria by Reese et al., 1974


------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------


No. m kN/ m**3
----- ---------- ----------------
1 -.30 18.83843
2 3.05 18.83843
3 3.05 17.64407
4 12.19 17.64407


------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------


----- -------- ---------- ------------------ ------ ------
1 -.305 .00000 32.00 ------ ------
2 3.048 .00000 32.00 ------ ------
3 3.048 .00000 30.00 ------ ------
4 12.192 .00000 30.00 ------ ------

Notes:


------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Loading Type
------------------------------------------------------------------------------


------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Load Case Number 1

Pile-head boundary conditions are Shear and Slope (BC Type 2)
Slope at pile head = .000 m/ m

(Zero slope for this load indicates fixed-head condition)

Load Case Number 2

Bending moment at pile head = .000 m- kN

(Zero moment at pile head for this load indicates a free-head condition)

Load Case Number 3

Pile-head boundary conditions are Shear and Rotational Stiffness (BC Type 3)
Rotational stiffness = 88964.449 m- kN

Load Case Number 4

Rotational stiffness = 889644.490 m- kN


Load Case Number 5



------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------


No. m m
----- --------------------- --------------------------
1 .000 .305
2 2.020 2.325
3 4.690 4.995
4 4.710 5.015
5 9.990 10.295
6 10.010 10.315
7 12.192 12.497

Depth of ground surface below top of pile = -.30 m
**** WARNING ****

An unreasonable input value for yield strength of reinforcing steel has been
specified. The input value is either smaller than 262,000 kN/m2 or larger
than 551,600 kN/m2. You should check you input for correctness.

**** WARNING ****

An unreasonable input value for concrete cover thickness has been specified.
The input value is either smaller than 0.02 meters or larger than 0.2 meters.
You should check your input for correctness.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Pile Description:









m**2 m
------ ------------- ---------------
1 .000000 .0000


------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
1.61543650 8206.417 .00019685 .00001640 .09842200
2.90699392 8204.183 .00035433 .00002952 .09842200
4.19784752 8201.948 .00051181 .00004264 .09842200
5.48799731 8199.714 .00066929 .00005576 .09842200
6.77744329 8197.479 .00082677 .00006888 .09842200
8.06618545 8195.244 .00098425 .00008200 .09842200
9.35422380 8193.010 .00114173 .00009512 .09842200
10.642 8190.775 .00129921 .00010824 .09842200
10.924 7499.209 .00145669 .00011327 .09287117
12.105 7499.108 .00161417 .00012553 .09288319
13.286 7499.006 .00177165 .00013780 .09289520
14.466 7498.500 .00192913 .00015006 .09290121
15.646 7498.397 .00208661 .00016234 .09291322
16.827 7498.295 .00224409 .00017462 .09292524
18.007 7498.192 .00240157 .00018690 .09293725
19.187 7497.684 .00255906 .00019917 .09294326
20.367 7497.581 .00271654 .00021146 .09295528
21.548 7497.478 .00287402 .00022375 .09296729
22.728 7497.375 .00303150 .00023605 .09297931
23.907 7496.866 .00318898 .00024833 .09298531
25.088 7496.762 .00334646 .00026064 .09299733
26.268 7496.658 .00350394 .00027294 .09300934
27.448 7496.554 .00366142 .00028526 .09302136
28.628 7496.450 .00381890 .00029757 .09303337
29.807 7495.940 .00397638 .00030986 .09303938
38.654 7494.751 .00515748 .00040234 .09312348
47.499 7493.562 .00633858 .00049501 .09320759
56.340 7492.380 .00751969 .00058788 .09329169
65.179 7491.214 .00870079 .00068095 .09337579
74.016 7490.072 .00988189 .00077422 .09345990
82.855 7489.387 .01106299 .00086775 .09355001
91.693 7488.762 .01224409 .00096149 .09364012
100.537 7488.652 .01342520 .00105553 .09373624
109.382 7488.664 .01460630 .00114980 .09383235
118.136 7482.927 .01578740 .00124306 .09385038
126.884 7477.638 .01696850 .00133646 .09387441
135.737 7478.784 .01814961 .00143145 .09398254
144.598 7480.243 .01933071 .00152669 .09409067
153.504 7483.692 .02051181 .00162256 .09421683
162.450 7488.599 .02169291 .00171886 .09434899
171.554 7499.959 .02287402 .00181643 .09452320
181.768 7556.318 .02405512 .00192092 .09496775
190.497 7548.547 .02523622 .00201690 .09503383
199.203 7540.624 .02641732 .00211304 .09509991
207.887 7532.571 .02759843 .00220867 .09514196
216.202 7512.356 .02877953 .00230320 .09514196
223.884 7472.618 .02996063 .00239574 .09507588
228.487 7337.017 .03114173 .00247204 .09449317
232.667 7198.231 .03232283 .00254929 .09398254
236.784 7067.337 .03350394 .00263238 .09368217


240.174 6924.418 .03468504 .00271455 .09337579
243.147 6779.298 .03586614 .00279815 .09312949
245.703 6632.145 .03704724 .00288206 .09290722
247.960 6486.275 .03822835 .00296751 .09273901
250.011 6343.943 .03940945 .00305375 .09260084
251.825 6204.036 .04059055 .00313918 .09245066
253.433 6067.107 .04177165 .00322600 .09234252
254.956 5935.730 .04295276 .00331258 .09223439
256.253 5806.259 .04413386 .00339969 .09214428
257.514 5682.756 .04531496 .00348631 .09204816
258.584 5561.408 .04649606 .00357383 .09197607
259.626 5445.491 .04767717 .00366089 .09189798
266.840 5461.521 .04885827 .00374982 .09186193
267.799 5351.757 .05003937 .00384047 .09186193



------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
1.59641069 8109.766 .00019685 .00021404 1.10243780
2.87353417 8109.752 .00035433 .00022719 .65629032
4.15065210 8109.736 .00051181 .00024034 .48470288
5.42776291 8109.716 .00066929 .00025350 .39387121
6.70486558 8109.694 .00082677 .00026666 .33764809
7.98195810 8109.669 .00098425 .00027983 .29942310
9.25904000 8109.642 .00114173 .00029301 .27174708
10.536 8109.610 .00129921 .00030619 .25078731
11.813 8109.575 .00145669 .00031938 .23436312
13.090 8109.543 .00161417 .00033256 .22114086
14.367 8109.501 .00177165 .00034577 .21027951
15.644 8109.460 .00192913 .00035897 .20119034
16.933 8114.997 .00208661 .00037169 .19324257
18.216 8117.216 .00224409 .00038490 .18662843
19.414 8083.775 .00240157 .00039833 .18097548
20.715 8094.734 .00255906 .00041140 .17587521
21.918 8068.234 .00271654 .00042454 .17139370
23.319 8113.629 .00287402 .00043745 .16732070
24.592 8112.165 .00303150 .00045098 .16387847
25.869 8112.108 .00318898 .00046422 .16068254
26.853 8024.180 .00334646 .00047669 .15755870
27.976 7984.229 .00350394 .00048897 .15466314
29.265 7992.743 .00366142 .00050220 .15227220
30.576 8006.552 .00381890 .00051480 .14991730
31.519 7926.605 .00397638 .00052712 .14767655
40.618 7875.591 .00515748 .00062325 .13595614
49.161 7755.812 .00633858 .00071659 .12816456
58.415 7768.317 .00751969 .00081316 .12325052
66.923 7691.622 .00870079 .00090617 .11926162
75.868 7677.494 .00988189 .00100140 .11645016
85.876 7762.426 .01106299 .00110135 .11466597
92.645 7566.527 .01224409 .00118687 .11204675
103.624 7718.590 .01342520 .00129208 .11135590
110.324 7553.198 .01460630 .00137732 .10940950
118.090 7479.987 .01578740 .00147068 .10826810
130.093 7666.740 .01696850 .00157887 .10815997
136.846 7539.876 .01814961 .00166478 .10683834
144.490 7474.616 .01933071 .00175488 .10589518
152.218 7420.983 .02051181 .00184584 .10510221
160.622 7404.371 .02169291 .00194965 .10498807
169.126 7393.816 .02287402 .00205580 .10498807
182.567 7589.521 .02405512 .00215675 .10477180
188.707 7477.637 .02523622 .00223839 .10381062
196.615 7442.638 .02641732 .00233268 .10341413


204.416 7406.814 .02759843 .00242603 .10301765
212.036 7367.603 .02877953 .00252277 .10277134
219.353 7321.374 .02996063 .00262432 .10270526
226.068 7259.311 .03114173 .00273039 .10278937
231.848 7172.897 .03232283 .00283997 .10297559
236.792 7067.588 .03350394 .00295038 .10317384
241.025 6948.953 .03468504 .00306085 .10336007
244.630 6820.653 .03586614 .00317025 .10350424
247.638 6684.389 .03704724 .00327777 .10358835
250.262 6546.509 .03822835 .00338410 .10363641
252.618 6410.091 .03940945 .00349103 .10369648
254.611 6272.667 .04059055 .00359565 .10369648
256.423 6138.679 .04177165 .00370028 .10369648
258.080 6008.462 .04295276 .00380594 .10372051



------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
1.54081874 7827.359 .00019685 .00077499 3.95205263
2.77346952 7827.347 .00035433 .00078813 2.23939590
4.00611524 7827.333 .00051181 .00080128 1.58069174
5.23875301 7827.313 .00066929 .00081444 1.23198105
6.47138493 7827.294 .00082677 .00082760 1.01611167
7.70400607 7827.270 .00098425 .00084076 .86933022
8.93661679 7827.244 .00114173 .00085394 .76304456
10.169 7827.213 .00129921 .00086712 .68253058
11.402 7827.183 .00145669 .00088030 .61942600
12.634 7827.144 .00161417 .00089350 .56864407
13.867 7827.109 .00177165 .00090669 .52688673
15.099 7827.066 .00192913 .00091989 .49195379
16.332 7827.022 .00208661 .00093310 .46229533
17.564 7826.971 .00224409 .00094632 .43680599
18.797 7826.923 .00240157 .00095953 .41465676
20.029 7826.866 .00255906 .00097277 .39524089
21.262 7826.814 .00271654 .00098599 .37807179
22.494 7826.756 .00287402 .00099923 .36278900
23.727 7826.691 .00303150 .00101247 .34909817
24.959 7826.627 .00318898 .00102572 .33675900
26.191 7826.557 .00334646 .00103898 .32558526
27.424 7826.488 .00350394 .00105224 .31541476
28.656 7826.415 .00366142 .00106550 .30612133
29.888 7826.338 .00381890 .00107878 .29759685
31.120 7826.253 .00397638 .00109207 .28975121
40.360 7825.558 .00515748 .00119185 .24620367
49.598 7824.700 .00633858 .00129195 .21893615
58.831 7823.657 .00751969 .00139242 .20028322
68.130 7830.283 .00870079 .00149190 .18658037
77.203 7812.526 .00988189 .00159226 .17624166
85.907 7765.272 .01106299 .00169251 .16810166
94.717 7735.752 .01224409 .00179186 .16145749
103.868 7736.770 .01342520 .00189309 .15612293
112.002 7668.060 .01460630 .00198917 .15129900
122.167 7738.241 .01578740 .00209217 .14763450
130.935 7716.336 .01696850 .00219303 .14435446
139.679 7695.962 .01814961 .00228615 .14107443
146.230 7564.663 .01933071 .00238336 .13840715
155.542 7583.033 .02051181 .00248623 .13632259
162.189 7476.597 .02169291 .00259016 .13451437
170.646 7460.258 .02287402 .00269161 .13278424
175.764 7306.735 .02405512 .00279548 .13132445
180.600 7156.368 .02523622 .00293046 .13123433
188.135 7121.651 .02641732 .00304746 .13047140


191.931 6954.404 .02759843 .00316879 .12993073
195.595 6796.323 .02877953 .00329230 .12951021
199.081 6644.766 .02996063 .00341967 .12925190
202.390 6499.001 .03114173 .00355037 .12911973
205.538 6358.908 .03232283 .00368405 .12908970
208.542 6224.398 .03350394 .00382068 .12914977


p-y Curve in Sand Computed Using Reese Criteria

Equivalent Depth (see note) = .305 m
Pile Diameter = .197 m
Angle of Friction = 32.000 deg.
Avg. Eff. Unit Weight = 18.83843 kN/ m**3
k = 24430.244 kN/m3
A (static) = 1.7329
B (static) = 1.2487
Pst = 7.324 kN/ m
Psd = 41.611 kN/ m
Ps = 7.324 kN/ m
pu = 12.692 kN/ m
Cbar = 53.9219
n = 3.2237
m = 864.7227
yk = .0008 m
ym = .0033 m
yu = .0074 m

If Psd <= Pst then actual depth is used in place of equivalent depth in
computations.

y, m p, kN/ m
---------------- -----------------
.0000 .000
.0003 2.036
.0005 4.072
.0008 5.949
.0011 6.504
.0014 6.971
.0016 7.376
.0019 7.737
.0022 8.065
.0025 8.365
.0027 8.643
.0030 8.902
.0033 9.146
.0074 12.692
.2042 12.692
.4011 12.692
.5979 12.692


Equivalent Depth (see note) = 2.325 m


k = 24430.244 kN/m3
A (static) = .8800
B (static) = .5000
Pst = 257.686 kN/ m
Psd = 317.379 kN/ m
Ps = 257.686 kN/ m
pu = 226.764 kN/ m
Cbar = 4171.9895
n = 1.6447
m = 23877.0680
yk = .0013 m
ym = .0033 m
yu = .0074 m

computations.

y, m p, kN/ m
---------------- -----------------
.0000 .000
.0003 15.528
.0005 31.056
.0008 46.584
.0011 62.112
.0014 75.665
.0016 84.535
.0019 92.841
.0022 100.693
.0025 108.168
.0027 115.324
.0030 122.204
.0033 128.843
.0074 226.764
.2042 226.764
.4011 226.764
.5979 226.764


k = 16286.830 kN/m3
A (static) = .8800
B (static) = .5000
Pst = 1099.854 kN/ m
Psd = 521.333 kN/ m
Ps = 521.333 kN/ m
pu = 458.773 kN/ m
Cbar = 8440.4724
n = 1.6447
m = 48306.3849
yk = .0025 m
ym = .0033 m
yu = .0074 m


computations.

y, m p, kN/ m
---------------- -----------------
.0000 .000
.0003 24.265
.0005 48.529
.0008 72.794
.0011 97.058
.0014 121.323
.0016 145.587
.0019 169.852
.0022 194.116
.0025 218.381
.0027 233.315
.0030 247.235
.0033 260.666
.0074 458.773
.2042 458.773
.4011 458.773
.5979 458.773


k = 16286.830 kN/m3
A (static) = .8800
B (static) = .5000
Pst = 1107.556 kN/ m
Psd = 523.330 kN/ m
Ps = 523.330 kN/ m
pu = 460.530 kN/ m
Cbar = 8472.8005
n = 1.6447
m = 48491.4045
yk = .0025 m
ym = .0033 m
yu = .0074 m

computations.

y, m p, kN/ m
---------------- -----------------
.0000 .000
.0003 24.354
.0005 48.707
.0008 73.061
.0011 97.414
.0014 121.768
.0016 146.122
.0019 170.475
.0022 194.829
.0025 219.183
.0027 234.209
.0030 248.182
.0033 261.665
.0074 460.530


.2042 460.530
.4011 460.530
.5979 460.530


k = 16286.830 kN/m3
A (static) = .8800
B (static) = .5000
Pst = 4085.048 kN/ m
Psd = 1050.477 kN/ m
Ps = 1050.477 kN/ m
pu = 924.420 kN/ m
Cbar = 17007.4142
n = 1.6447
m = 97336.5779
yk = .0026 m
ym = .0033 m
yu = .0074 m

computations.

y, m p, kN/ m
---------------- -----------------
.0000 .000
.0003 47.865
.0005 95.729
.0008 143.594
.0011 191.459
.0014 239.324
.0016 287.188
.0019 335.053
.0022 382.918
.0025 430.783
.0027 470.126
.0030 498.174
.0033 525.239
.0074 924.420
.2042 924.420
.4011 924.420
.5979 924.420


k = 16286.830 kN/m3
A (static) = .8800
B (static) = .5000


Pst = 4099.902 kN/ m
Psd = 1052.474 kN/ m
Ps = 1052.474 kN/ m
pu = 926.177 kN/ m
Cbar = 17039.7421
n = 1.6447
m = 97521.5966
yk = .0026 m
ym = .0033 m
yu = .0074 m

computations.

y, m p, kN/ m
---------------- -----------------
.0000 .000
.0003 47.954
.0005 95.908
.0008 143.861
.0011 191.815
.0014 239.769
.0016 287.723
.0019 335.677
.0022 383.630
.0025 431.584
.0027 471.020
.0030 499.121
.0033 526.237
.0074 926.177
.2042 926.177
.4011 926.177
.5979 926.177


k = 16286.830 kN/m3
A (static) = .8800
B (static) = .5000
Pst = 5882.580 kN/ m
Psd = 1270.322 kN/ m
Ps = 1270.322 kN/ m
pu = 1117.883 kN/ m
Cbar = 20566.7358
n = 1.6447
m = 117707.2342
yk = .0026 m
ym = .0033 m
yu = .0074 m

computations.


y, m p, kN/ m
---------------- -----------------
.0000 .000
.0003 57.670
.0005 115.340
.0008 173.010
.0011 230.680
.0014 288.350
.0016 346.020
.0019 403.690
.0022 461.360
.0025 519.030
.0027 568.515
.0030 602.432
.0033 635.161
.0074 1117.883
.2042 1117.883
.4011 1117.883
.5979 1117.883

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Pile-head boundary conditions are Shear and Slope (BC Type 2)
Specified slope at pile head = 0.000E+00 m/ m

(Zero slope for this load indicates fixed-head conditions)

-------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
0.000 .003403 -37.2932 44.4822 -7.11E-18 2.67E+05 7844.083 -9.251
.122 .003367 -31.8884 43.1608 -5.38E-04 2.53E+05 7844.083 -12.426
.244 .003271 -26.5823 41.5111 -9.92E-04 2.38E+05 7844.083 -14.636
.366 .003125 -21.4220 39.6064 -.001365 2.24E+05 7871.775 -16.608
.488 .002939 -16.4510 37.5126 -.001658 2.10E+05 7880.353 -17.741
.610 .002721 -11.6996 35.1507 -.001875 1.97E+05 7879.471 -21.004
.732 .002481 -7.2289 32.3918 -.002022 1.85E+05 7879.576 -24.253
.853 .002228 -3.0994 29.2195 -.002102 1.74E+05 7879.641 -27.787
.975 .001969 .6255 25.6391 -.002121 1.67E+05 7879.657 -30.947
1.097 .001711 3.8886 21.7048 -.002086 1.76E+05 7879.631 -33.592
1.219 .001460 6.6420 17.4867 -.002005 1.83E+05 7879.588 -35.601
1.341 .001222 8.8483 13.0688 -.001885 1.89E+05 7879.543 -36.871
1.463 .001001 10.4828 8.5461 -.001735 1.94E+05 7879.503 -37.320
1.585 7.99E-04 11.5345 4.0222 -.001565 1.97E+05 7879.476 -36.890
1.707 6.19E-04 12.0068 -8.16E-02 -.001383 1.98E+05 7879.462 -30.429
1.829 4.62E-04 11.9945 -3.4043 -.001197 1.98E+05 7879.462 -24.077
1.951 3.27E-04 11.5921 -5.9714 -.001015 1.97E+05 7879.474 -18.035
2.073 2.15E-04 10.8905 -7.8304 -8.41E-04 1.95E+05 7879.493 -12.461
2.195 1.22E-04 9.9745 -9.0454 -6.79E-04 1.92E+05 7879.516 -7.469
2.316 4.89E-05 8.9206 -9.6917 -5.33E-04 1.90E+05 7879.541 -3.134
2.438 -7.63E-06 7.7963 -9.8515 -4.04E-04 1.86E+05 7879.565 .511606
2.560 -4.95E-05 6.6585 -9.6092 -2.92E-04 1.83E+05 7879.588 3.464
2.682 -7.88E-05 5.5544 -9.0475 -1.97E-04 1.80E+05 7879.606 5.750
2.804 -9.76E-05 4.5209 -8.2451 -1.19E-04 1.77E+05 7879.622 7.414
2.926 -1.08E-04 3.5854 -7.2740 -5.67E-05 1.75E+05 7879.635 8.517
3.048 -1.11E-04 2.7669 -6.3336 -7.52E-06 1.73E+05 7879.645 6.909
3.170 -1.10E-04 2.0436 -5.4843 2.97E-05 1.71E+05 7879.652 7.022
3.292 -1.04E-04 1.4193 -4.6372 5.65E-05 1.69E+05 7879.657 6.874
3.414 -9.60E-05 .8933 -3.8206 7.44E-05 1.67E+05 7879.657 6.522
3.536 -8.60E-05 .4618 -3.0561 8.49E-05 1.66E+05 7879.657 6.019
3.658 -7.53E-05 .1186 -2.3591 8.93E-05 1.65E+05 7879.657 5.414


3.780 -6.43E-05 -.1444 -1.7395 8.91E-05 1.65E+05 7879.657 4.750
3.901 -5.35E-05 -.3365 -1.2022 8.54E-05 1.66E+05 7879.657 4.063
4.023 -4.34E-05 -.4672 -.7483 7.92E-05 1.66E+05 7879.657 3.383
4.145 -3.42E-05 -.5464 -.3754 7.14E-05 1.67E+05 7879.657 2.733
4.267 -2.60E-05 -.5835 -7.89E-02 6.26E-05 1.67E+05 7879.657 2.131
4.389 -1.89E-05 -.5874 .1478 5.36E-05 1.67E+05 7879.657 1.588
4.511 -1.30E-05 -.5661 .3125 4.46E-05 1.67E+05 7879.657 1.113
4.633 -8.06E-06 -.5267 .4234 3.62E-05 1.66E+05 7879.657 .707571
4.755 -4.14E-06 -.4754 .4893 2.84E-05 1.66E+05 7879.657 .371913
4.877 -1.12E-06 -.4173 .5182 2.15E-05 1.66E+05 7879.657 .103024
4.999 1.11E-06 -.3565 .5181 1.55E-05 1.66E+05 7879.657 -.104035
5.121 2.67E-06 -.2963 .4962 1.05E-05 1.66E+05 7879.657 -.255553
5.243 3.67E-06 -.2392 .4588 6.35E-06 1.66E+05 7879.657 -.358621
5.364 4.22E-06 -.1867 .4113 3.06E-06 1.66E+05 7879.657 -.420666
5.486 4.41E-06 -.1399 .3583 5.33E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.449073
5.608 4.35E-06 -9.95E-02 .3034 -1.32E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.450887
5.730 4.09E-06 -6.55E-02 .2495 -2.60E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.432598
5.852 3.71E-06 -3.77E-02 .1988 -3.39E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.399996
5.974 3.27E-06 -1.58E-02 .1526 -3.81E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.358083
6.096 2.79E-06 7.85E-04 .1118 -3.93E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.311050
6.218 2.31E-06 1.28E-02 7.68E-02 -3.82E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.262281
6.340 1.85E-06 2.08E-02 4.78E-02 -3.56E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.214403
6.462 1.44E-06 2.57E-02 2.44E-02 -3.20E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.169348
6.584 1.07E-06 2.79E-02 6.23E-03 -2.79E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.128437
6.706 7.61E-07 2.82E-02 -7.24E-03 -2.35E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.092472
6.828 5.00E-07 2.70E-02 -1.66E-02 -1.93E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.061825
6.949 2.91E-07 2.48E-02 -2.26E-02 -1.53E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.036527
7.071 1.28E-07 2.20E-02 -2.59E-02 -1.16E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.016356
7.193 6.99E-09 1.89E-02 -2.69E-02 -8.49E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 -9.05E-04
7.315 -7.87E-08 1.57E-02 -2.63E-02 -5.81E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .010349
7.437 -1.35E-07 1.26E-02 -2.46E-02 -3.62E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .017992
7.559 -1.67E-07 9.82E-03 -2.21E-02 -1.88E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .022627
7.681 -1.81E-07 7.31E-03 -1.92E-02 -5.60E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 .024844
7.803 -1.81E-07 5.14E-03 -1.62E-02 4.04E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 .025193
7.925 -1.71E-07 3.34E-03 -1.32E-02 1.06E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .024170
8.047 -1.55E-07 1.89E-03 -1.04E-02 1.47E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .022203
8.169 -1.35E-07 7.68E-04 -7.81E-03 1.67E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .019652
8.291 -1.14E-07 -6.77E-05 -5.58E-03 1.73E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .016810
8.412 -9.31E-08 -6.53E-04 -3.71E-03 1.67E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .013904
8.534 -7.33E-08 -1.03E-03 -2.19E-03 1.54E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .011101
8.656 -5.55E-08 -1.24E-03 -9.90E-04 1.36E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .008517
8.778 -4.01E-08 -1.32E-03 -9.12E-05 1.17E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .006226
8.900 -2.71E-08 -1.30E-03 5.48E-04 9.63E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 .004265
9.022 -1.66E-08 -1.22E-03 9.69E-04 7.68E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 .002644
9.144 -8.38E-09 -1.09E-03 1.21E-03 5.89E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 .001351
9.266 -2.22E-09 -9.43E-04 1.32E-03 4.32E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 3.63E-04
9.388 2.15E-09 -7.86E-04 1.32E-03 2.98E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 -3.55E-04
9.510 5.04E-09 -6.32E-04 1.24E-03 1.88E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 -8.43E-04
9.632 6.74E-09 -4.89E-04 1.12E-03 1.01E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.001140
9.754 7.51E-09 -3.62E-04 9.76E-04 3.56E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.001286
9.876 7.61E-09 -2.53E-04 8.17E-04 -1.20E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.001317
9.997 7.22E-09 -1.62E-04 6.60E-04 -4.40E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.001265
10.119 6.53E-09 -9.01E-05 5.12E-04 -6.35E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.001157
10.241 5.67E-09 -3.50E-05 3.80E-04 -7.32E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.001016
10.363 4.75E-09 5.09E-06 2.65E-04 -7.55E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 -8.60E-04
10.485 3.83E-09 3.24E-05 1.70E-04 -7.26E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 -7.02E-04
10.607 2.98E-09 4.91E-05 9.39E-05 -6.63E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 -5.51E-04
10.729 2.21E-09 5.75E-05 3.50E-05 -5.81E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 -4.14E-04
10.851 1.56E-09 5.97E-05 -8.21E-06 -4.90E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 -2.95E-04
10.973 1.02E-09 5.72E-05 -3.81E-05 -4.00E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 -1.95E-04
11.095 5.86E-10 5.18E-05 -5.68E-05 -3.15E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 -1.13E-04
11.217 2.50E-10 4.45E-05 -6.67E-05 -2.41E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 -4.88E-05
11.339 -1.65E-12 3.64E-05 -6.96E-05 -1.78E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 3.26E-07
11.460 -1.85E-10 2.81E-05 -6.74E-05 -1.28E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 3.68E-05
11.582 -3.15E-10 2.04E-05 -6.13E-05 -9.09E-10 1.65E+05 7879.657 6.33E-05
11.704 -4.06E-10 1.35E-05 -5.24E-05 -6.47E-10 1.65E+05 7879.657 8.25E-05
11.826 -4.72E-10 7.82E-06 -4.15E-05 -4.82E-10 1.65E+05 7879.657 9.68E-05
11.948 -5.24E-10 3.56E-06 -2.89E-05 -3.94E-10 1.65E+05 7879.657 1.08E-04
12.070 -5.68E-10 8.97E-07 -1.51E-05 -3.59E-10 1.65E+05 7879.657 1.19E-04
12.192 -6.11E-10 0.0 0.0 -3.52E-10 1.65E+05 7879.657 1.29E-04






Computed slope at pile head = -7.11419E-18
Maximum bending moment = -37.293 kN- m

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Specified bending moment at pile head = .000 m- kN

(Zero moment for this load indicates free-head conditions)

-------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
0.000 .014724 5.52E-12 44.4822 -.010991 1.65E+05 7879.576 -12.692
.122 .013384 7.2364 42.6455 -.010935 1.85E+05 7879.576 -17.437
.244 .012057 14.1941 40.2756 -.010769 2.04E+05 7879.576 -21.439
.366 .010758 20.7951 37.3520 -.010498 2.22E+05 7873.895 -26.520
.488 .009497 26.9459 33.7804 -.010128 2.39E+05 7859.268 -32.069
.610 .008288 32.5476 29.3418 -.009666 2.54E+05 7843.367 -40.743
.732 .007140 37.4558 23.8529 -.009122 2.68E+05 7838.035 -49.298
.853 .006064 41.5301 17.5993 -.008508 2.79E+05 7832.013 -53.287
.975 .005066 44.7001 10.9265 -.007836 2.88E+05 7824.059 -56.174
1.097 .004153 46.9142 3.9683 -.007122 2.94E+05 7818.495 -57.970
1.219 .003329 48.1397 -3.1475 -.006381 2.97E+05 7815.411 -58.759
1.341 .002597 48.3615 -10.2836 -.005628 2.98E+05 7814.853 -58.304
1.463 .001957 47.5856 -17.2581 -.004880 2.96E+05 7816.806 -56.106
1.585 .001407 45.8469 -23.8505 -.004151 2.91E+05 7821.178 -52.038
1.707 9.45E-04 43.2107 -29.8236 -.003457 2.84E+05 7827.798 -45.946
1.829 5.64E-04 39.7748 -34.4167 -.002811 2.74E+05 7835.513 -29.401
1.951 2.59E-04 35.7944 -37.0790 -.002224 2.63E+05 7839.841 -14.272
2.073 2.18E-05 31.5052 -38.0263 -.001701 2.51E+05 7844.499 -1.268
2.195 -1.56E-04 27.1123 -37.5242 -.001245 2.39E+05 7858.247 9.504
2.316 -2.82E-04 22.7876 -35.8446 -8.59E-04 2.28E+05 7879.844 18.049
2.438 -3.65E-04 18.6700 -33.2530 -5.38E-04 2.16E+05 7875.716 24.465
2.560 -4.13E-04 14.8659 -29.9993 -2.78E-04 2.06E+05 7879.373 28.910
2.682 -4.33E-04 11.4516 -26.3110 -7.48E-05 1.96E+05 7879.478 31.594
2.804 -4.31E-04 8.4762 -22.3882 7.93E-05 1.88E+05 7879.551 32.756
2.926 -4.14E-04 5.9649 -18.4013 1.91E-04 1.81E+05 7879.599 32.646
3.048 -3.85E-04 3.9229 -14.9571 2.68E-04 1.76E+05 7879.631 23.853
3.170 -3.48E-04 2.2250 -12.1440 3.15E-04 1.71E+05 7879.650 22.293
3.292 -3.08E-04 .8524 -9.5469 3.39E-04 1.67E+05 7879.657 20.311
3.414 -2.66E-04 -.2206 -7.2079 3.44E-04 1.66E+05 7879.657 18.059
3.536 -2.24E-04 -1.0245 -5.1518 3.34E-04 1.68E+05 7879.657 15.669
3.658 -1.84E-04 -1.5928 -3.3887 3.14E-04 1.69E+05 7879.656 13.253


3.780 -1.47E-04 -1.9598 -1.9163 2.86E-04 1.70E+05 7879.653 10.900
3.901 -1.14E-04 -2.1595 -.7226 2.55E-04 1.71E+05 7879.651 8.682
4.023 -8.54E-05 -2.2244 .2121 2.21E-04 1.71E+05 7879.650 6.650
4.145 -6.06E-05 -2.1844 .9125 1.87E-04 1.71E+05 7879.650 4.839
4.267 -3.99E-05 -2.0666 1.4065 1.54E-04 1.71E+05 7879.652 3.265
4.389 -2.31E-05 -1.8948 1.7236 1.23E-04 1.70E+05 7879.653 1.937
4.511 -9.89E-06 -1.6890 1.8935 9.53E-05 1.70E+05 7879.655 .848990
4.633 1.35E-07 -1.4661 1.9445 7.09E-05 1.69E+05 7879.657 -.011839
4.755 7.39E-06 -1.2395 1.9033 5.00E-05 1.68E+05 7879.657 -.664099
4.877 1.23E-05 -1.0194 1.7939 3.25E-05 1.68E+05 7879.657 -1.131
4.999 1.53E-05 -.8133 1.6374 1.83E-05 1.67E+05 7879.657 -1.436
5.121 1.68E-05 -.6264 1.4519 7.17E-06 1.67E+05 7879.657 -1.607
5.243 1.71E-05 -.4618 1.2523 -1.25E-06 1.66E+05 7879.657 -1.668
5.364 1.65E-05 -.3206 1.0505 -7.31E-06 1.66E+05 7879.657 -1.643
5.486 1.53E-05 -.2031 .8556 -1.14E-05 1.66E+05 7879.657 -1.554
5.608 1.37E-05 -.1081 .6742 -1.38E-05 1.65E+05 7879.657 -1.421
5.730 1.19E-05 -3.39E-02 .5107 -1.49E-05 1.65E+05 7879.657 -1.260
5.852 1.01E-05 2.16E-02 .3677 -1.50E-05 1.65E+05 7879.657 -1.085
5.974 8.28E-06 6.09E-02 .2462 -1.43E-05 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.907652
6.096 6.59E-06 8.66E-02 .1460 -1.32E-05 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.735564
6.218 5.06E-06 .1011 6.61E-02 -1.17E-05 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.575335
6.340 3.73E-06 .1068 4.76E-03 -1.01E-05 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.431104
6.462 2.60E-06 .1058 -4.01E-02 -8.47E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.305266
6.584 1.66E-06 10.0E-01 -7.09E-02 -6.88E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.198795
6.706 9.17E-07 9.09E-02 -8.98E-02 -5.41E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.111541
6.828 3.44E-07 7.99E-02 -9.92E-02 -4.08E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.042518
6.949 -7.85E-08 6.81E-02 -.1012 -2.94E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 .009850
7.071 -3.72E-07 5.63E-02 -9.77E-02 -1.98E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 .047503
7.193 -5.60E-07 4.50E-02 -9.03E-02 -1.19E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 .072569
7.315 -6.63E-07 3.47E-02 -8.06E-02 -5.76E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .087215
7.437 -7.01E-07 2.56E-02 -6.96E-02 -1.10E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .093536
7.559 -6.90E-07 1.78E-02 -5.82E-02 2.25E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .093476
7.681 -6.46E-07 1.13E-02 -4.71E-02 4.50E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .088769
7.803 -5.80E-07 6.12E-03 -3.67E-02 5.85E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .080917
7.925 -5.03E-07 2.13E-03 -2.75E-02 6.48E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .071172
8.047 -4.22E-07 -8.01E-04 -1.94E-02 6.59E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .060544
8.169 -3.43E-07 -2.83E-03 -1.27E-02 6.31E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .049814
8.291 -2.68E-07 -4.12E-03 -7.25E-03 5.77E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .039556
8.412 -2.02E-07 -4.80E-03 -3.00E-03 5.08E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .030163
8.534 -1.45E-07 -5.02E-03 1.72E-04 4.32E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .021877
8.656 -9.66E-08 -4.91E-03 2.41E-03 3.55E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .014816
8.778 -5.80E-08 -4.56E-03 3.86E-03 2.82E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .009004
8.900 -2.79E-08 -4.07E-03 4.68E-03 2.15E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .004391
9.022 -5.53E-09 -3.49E-03 5.00E-03 1.57E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 8.81E-04
9.144 1.03E-08 -2.90E-03 4.95E-03 1.07E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.001655
9.266 2.06E-08 -2.32E-03 4.65E-03 6.67E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.003360
9.388 2.65E-08 -1.79E-03 4.17E-03 3.48E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.004382
9.510 2.91E-08 -1.32E-03 3.61E-03 1.08E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.004862
9.632 2.91E-08 -9.14E-04 3.01E-03 -6.49E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.004932
9.754 2.75E-08 -5.81E-04 2.43E-03 -1.81E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.004706
9.876 2.47E-08 -3.16E-04 1.88E-03 -2.50E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.004285
9.997 2.14E-08 -1.14E-04 1.39E-03 -2.83E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.003748
10.119 1.78E-08 3.23E-05 9.68E-04 -2.90E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.003159
10.241 1.43E-08 1.32E-04 6.18E-04 -2.77E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.002567
10.363 1.11E-08 1.93E-04 3.40E-04 -2.52E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.002007
10.485 8.19E-09 2.23E-04 1.26E-04 -2.20E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.001500
10.607 5.72E-09 2.31E-04 -3.00E-05 -1.84E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.001059
10.729 3.69E-09 2.22E-04 -1.37E-04 -1.49E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 -6.90E-04
10.851 2.08E-09 2.03E-04 -2.03E-04 -1.17E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 -3.93E-04
10.973 8.48E-10 1.77E-04 -2.37E-04 -8.71E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 -1.62E-04
11.095 -4.72E-11 1.48E-04 -2.46E-04 -6.20E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 9.11E-06
11.217 -6.63E-10 1.19E-04 -2.37E-04 -4.13E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 1.29E-04
11.339 -1.05E-09 9.18E-05 -2.17E-04 -2.49E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 2.08E-04
11.460 -1.27E-09 6.72E-05 -1.89E-04 -1.26E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 2.53E-04
11.582 -1.36E-09 4.62E-05 -1.57E-04 -3.86E-10 1.65E+05 7879.657 2.74E-04
11.704 -1.37E-09 2.91E-05 -1.23E-04 1.97E-10 1.65E+05 7879.657 2.77E-04
11.826 -1.31E-09 1.61E-05 -8.98E-05 5.47E-10 1.65E+05 7879.657 2.69E-04
11.948 -1.23E-09 7.06E-06 -5.78E-05 7.26E-10 1.65E+05 7879.657 2.55E-04
12.070 -1.14E-09 1.77E-06 -2.78E-05 7.95E-10 1.65E+05 7879.657 2.37E-04
12.192 -1.04E-09 0.0 0.0 8.08E-10 1.65E+05 7879.657 2.19E-04







------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Specified rotational stiffness = 88964.449 m- kN/rad

-------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
0.000 .003792 -35.7869 44.4822 -4.02E-04 2.63E+05 7855.921 -9.588
.122 .003709 -30.3169 43.1143 -9.15E-04 2.48E+05 7855.921 -12.853
.244 .003569 -24.9563 41.4085 -.001344 2.34E+05 7855.921 -15.128
.366 .003381 -19.7533 39.4373 -.001691 2.19E+05 7875.828 -17.208
.488 .003156 -14.7531 37.2627 -.001958 2.06E+05 7879.377 -18.465
.610 .002904 -9.9877 34.8067 -.002149 1.92E+05 7879.515 -21.824
.732 .002632 -5.5199 31.9438 -.002269 1.80E+05 7879.606 -25.140
.853 .002351 -1.4109 28.6613 -.002323 1.69E+05 7879.657 -28.706
.975 .002066 2.2751 24.9689 -.002316 1.71E+05 7879.649 -31.866
1.097 .001786 5.4813 20.9246 -.002256 1.80E+05 7879.607 -34.478
1.219 .001516 8.1604 16.6026 -.002150 1.87E+05 7879.557 -36.420
1.341 .001261 10.2761 12.0911 -.002008 1.93E+05 7879.508 -37.587
1.463 .001026 11.8056 7.4896 -.001837 1.97E+05 7879.468 -37.898
1.585 8.13E-04 12.7400 2.9059 -.001647 2.00E+05 7879.440 -37.294
1.707 6.25E-04 13.0858 -1.2391 -.001447 2.01E+05 7879.429 -30.701
1.829 4.61E-04 12.9402 -4.5741 -.001246 2.01E+05 7879.434 -24.007
1.951 3.21E-04 12.4029 -7.1154 -.001050 1.99E+05 7879.450 -17.681
2.073 2.05E-04 11.5696 -8.9176 -8.64E-04 1.97E+05 7879.475 -11.882
2.195 1.10E-04 10.5285 -10.0518 -6.93E-04 1.94E+05 7879.502 -6.723
2.316 3.55E-05 9.3592 -10.6001 -5.40E-04 1.91E+05 7879.531 -2.273
2.438 -2.15E-05 8.1310 -10.6509 -4.04E-04 1.87E+05 7879.558 1.439
2.560 -6.31E-05 6.9024 -10.2940 -2.88E-04 1.84E+05 7879.583 4.416
2.682 -9.17E-05 5.7209 -9.6169 -1.90E-04 1.81E+05 7879.603 6.691
2.804 -1.09E-04 4.6235 -8.7021 -1.10E-04 1.78E+05 7879.620 8.316
2.926 -1.19E-04 3.6373 -7.6246 -4.64E-05 1.75E+05 7879.634 9.360
3.048 -1.21E-04 2.7804 -6.5974 3.28E-06 1.73E+05 7879.644 7.491
3.170 -1.18E-04 2.0274 -5.6813 4.05E-05 1.71E+05 7879.652 7.537
3.292 -1.11E-04 1.3810 -4.7757 6.68E-05 1.69E+05 7879.657 7.319
3.414 -1.01E-04 .8397 -3.9090 8.40E-05 1.67E+05 7879.657 6.897
3.536 -9.04E-05 .3987 -3.1029 9.36E-05 1.66E+05 7879.657 6.327
3.658 -7.87E-05 5.06E-02 -2.3724 9.71E-05 1.65E+05 7879.657 5.658


3.780 -6.68E-05 -.2135 -1.7265 9.58E-05 1.66E+05 7879.657 4.936
3.901 -5.53E-05 -.4037 -1.1698 9.10E-05 1.66E+05 7879.657 4.197
4.023 -4.46E-05 -.5303 -.7023 8.38E-05 1.66E+05 7879.657 3.472
4.145 -3.49E-05 -.6040 -.3210 7.50E-05 1.67E+05 7879.657 2.784
4.267 -2.63E-05 -.6347 -2.02E-02 6.55E-05 1.67E+05 7879.657 2.151
4.389 -1.89E-05 -.6316 .2075 5.57E-05 1.67E+05 7879.657 1.584
4.511 -1.27E-05 -.6034 .3705 4.61E-05 1.67E+05 7879.657 1.090
4.633 -7.65E-06 -.5573 .4779 3.71E-05 1.67E+05 7879.657 .671482
4.755 -3.64E-06 -.4997 .5388 2.90E-05 1.66E+05 7879.657 .327315
4.877 -5.86E-07 -.4360 .5620 2.17E-05 1.66E+05 7879.657 .053792
4.999 1.65E-06 -.3702 .5558 1.55E-05 1.66E+05 7879.657 -.154750
5.121 3.19E-06 -.3058 .5278 1.02E-05 1.66E+05 7879.657 -.305287
5.243 4.15E-06 -.2451 .4845 5.98E-06 1.66E+05 7879.657 -.405540
5.364 4.65E-06 -.1898 .4315 2.62E-06 1.66E+05 7879.657 -.463495
5.486 4.79E-06 -.1408 .3736 6.34E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.487017
5.608 4.66E-06 -9.87E-02 .3144 -1.79E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.483553
5.730 4.35E-06 -6.35E-02 .2569 -3.04E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.459915
5.852 3.92E-06 -3.50E-02 .2031 -3.81E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.422140
5.974 3.42E-06 -1.27E-02 .1545 -4.18E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.375413
6.096 2.90E-06 4.12E-03 .1118 -4.24E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.324044
6.218 2.39E-06 1.61E-02 7.55E-02 -4.08E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.271489
6.340 1.91E-06 2.40E-02 4.56E-02 -3.78E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.220402
6.462 1.47E-06 2.85E-02 2.16E-02 -3.37E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.172713
6.584 1.08E-06 3.04E-02 3.15E-03 -2.91E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.129714
6.706 7.58E-07 3.03E-02 -1.04E-02 -2.44E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.092161
6.828 4.89E-07 2.87E-02 -1.97E-02 -1.99E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.060368
6.949 2.73E-07 2.62E-02 -2.54E-02 -1.56E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.034304
7.071 1.07E-07 2.30E-02 -2.84E-02 -1.18E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.013682
7.193 -1.52E-08 1.97E-02 -2.91E-02 -8.52E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .001968
7.315 -1.01E-07 1.63E-02 -2.82E-02 -5.75E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .013226
7.437 -1.55E-07 1.30E-02 -2.61E-02 -3.48E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .020730
7.559 -1.85E-07 1.00E-02 -2.33E-02 -1.70E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .025129
7.681 -1.97E-07 7.38E-03 -2.01E-02 -3.56E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 .027051
7.803 -1.94E-07 5.12E-03 -1.68E-02 6.11E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 .027077
7.925 -1.82E-07 3.26E-03 -1.36E-02 1.26E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .025725
8.047 -1.63E-07 1.77E-03 -1.06E-02 1.65E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .023443
8.169 -1.42E-07 6.19E-04 -7.91E-03 1.83E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .020603
8.291 -1.19E-07 -2.25E-04 -5.58E-03 1.86E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .017505
8.412 -9.63E-08 -8.07E-04 -3.64E-03 1.78E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .014379
8.534 -7.53E-08 -1.17E-03 -2.07E-03 1.63E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .011394
8.656 -5.65E-08 -1.37E-03 -8.46E-04 1.43E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .008665
8.778 -4.03E-08 -1.43E-03 6.39E-05 1.22E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .006263
8.900 -2.68E-08 -1.40E-03 7.03E-04 9.98E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 .004221
9.022 -1.60E-08 -1.29E-03 1.12E-03 7.90E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 .002545
9.144 -7.56E-09 -1.15E-03 1.34E-03 6.01E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 .001219
9.266 -1.31E-09 -9.86E-04 1.43E-03 4.36E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 2.14E-04
9.388 3.07E-09 -8.17E-04 1.41E-03 2.97E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 -5.08E-04
9.510 5.92E-09 -6.52E-04 1.32E-03 1.83E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 -9.90E-04
9.632 7.53E-09 -5.00E-04 1.18E-03 9.38E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.001275
9.754 8.21E-09 -3.66E-04 1.02E-03 2.67E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.001405
9.876 8.19E-09 -2.52E-04 8.49E-04 -2.11E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.001418
9.997 7.69E-09 -1.58E-04 6.81E-04 -5.29E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.001348
10.119 6.90E-09 -8.43E-05 5.24E-04 -7.16E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.001222
10.241 5.95E-09 -2.81E-05 3.85E-04 -8.03E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.001065
10.363 4.94E-09 1.23E-05 2.65E-04 -8.15E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 -8.95E-04
10.485 3.96E-09 3.94E-05 1.67E-04 -7.75E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 -7.25E-04
10.607 3.05E-09 5.56E-05 8.80E-05 -7.02E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 -5.64E-04
10.729 2.25E-09 6.33E-05 2.79E-05 -6.10E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 -4.20E-04
10.851 1.56E-09 6.46E-05 -1.57E-05 -5.11E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 -2.95E-04
10.973 1.00E-09 6.13E-05 -4.54E-05 -4.13E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 -1.91E-04
11.095 5.54E-10 5.49E-05 -6.35E-05 -3.24E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 -1.07E-04
11.217 2.12E-10 4.69E-05 -7.26E-05 -2.45E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 -4.13E-05
11.339 -4.26E-11 3.81E-05 -7.46E-05 -1.79E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 8.40E-06
11.460 -2.25E-10 2.93E-05 -7.13E-05 -1.27E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 4.48E-05
11.582 -3.52E-10 2.11E-05 -6.43E-05 -8.78E-10 1.65E+05 7879.657 7.07E-05
11.704 -4.39E-10 1.40E-05 -5.45E-05 -6.06E-10 1.65E+05 7879.657 8.91E-05
11.826 -5.00E-10 8.05E-06 -4.29E-05 -4.36E-10 1.65E+05 7879.657 1.02E-04
11.948 -5.45E-10 3.65E-06 -2.97E-05 -3.46E-10 1.65E+05 7879.657 1.13E-04
12.070 -5.84E-10 9.21E-07 -1.54E-05 -3.10E-10 1.65E+05 7879.657 1.22E-04
12.192 -6.21E-10 0.0 0.0 -3.03E-10 1.65E+05 7879.657 1.31E-04







------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Specified rotational stiffness = 889644.490 m- kN/rad

-------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
0.000 .003443 -37.1359 44.4822 -4.17E-05 2.67E+05 7844.262 -9.286
.122 .003403 -31.7243 43.1559 -5.77E-04 2.52E+05 7844.262 -12.470
.244 .003302 -26.4125 41.5004 -.001029 2.38E+05 7844.262 -14.687
.366 .003152 -21.2478 39.5888 -.001398 2.23E+05 7872.070 -16.671
.488 .002961 -16.2738 37.4864 -.001689 2.10E+05 7880.216 -17.817
.610 .002740 -11.5209 35.1146 -.001904 1.97E+05 7879.476 -21.090
.732 .002497 -7.0506 32.3448 -.002048 1.84E+05 7879.580 -24.346
.853 .002241 -2.9233 29.1609 -.002125 1.73E+05 7879.643 -27.883
.975 .001979 .7975 25.5688 -.002141 1.67E+05 7879.657 -31.043
1.097 .001719 4.0546 21.6230 -.002104 1.76E+05 7879.629 -33.685
1.219 .001466 6.8002 17.3941 -.002020 1.84E+05 7879.585 -35.687
1.341 .001226 8.9970 12.9665 -.001897 1.90E+05 7879.540 -36.945
1.463 .001003 10.6205 8.4356 -.001746 1.94E+05 7879.499 -37.380
1.585 8.01E-04 11.6599 3.9055 -.001573 1.97E+05 7879.472 -36.932
1.707 6.20E-04 12.1190 -.2025 -.001389 1.98E+05 7879.458 -30.457
1.829 4.62E-04 12.0928 -3.5263 -.001202 1.98E+05 7879.459 -24.069
1.951 3.27E-04 11.6763 -6.0907 -.001018 1.97E+05 7879.472 -17.997
2.073 2.13E-04 10.9610 -7.9436 -8.43E-04 1.95E+05 7879.491 -12.400
2.195 1.21E-04 10.0319 -9.1501 -6.81E-04 1.93E+05 7879.514 -7.391
2.316 4.75E-05 8.9661 -9.7862 -5.34E-04 1.90E+05 7879.540 -3.043
2.438 -9.08E-06 7.8309 -9.9346 -4.04E-04 1.87E+05 7879.565 .608417
2.560 -5.09E-05 6.6837 -9.6803 -2.91E-04 1.83E+05 7879.587 3.563
2.682 -8.01E-05 5.5716 -9.1066 -1.97E-04 1.80E+05 7879.605 5.848
2.804 -9.88E-05 4.5314 -8.2925 -1.18E-04 1.77E+05 7879.622 7.508
2.926 -1.09E-04 3.5907 -7.3103 -5.56E-05 1.75E+05 7879.635 8.604
3.048 -1.12E-04 2.7682 -6.3609 -6.39E-06 1.73E+05 7879.645 6.970
3.170 -1.11E-04 2.0419 -5.5047 3.08E-05 1.71E+05 7879.652 7.076
3.292 -1.05E-04 1.4152 -4.6515 5.76E-05 1.69E+05 7879.657 6.920
3.414 -9.65E-05 .8877 -3.8297 7.54E-05 1.67E+05 7879.657 6.561
3.536 -8.65E-05 .4552 -3.0609 8.58E-05 1.66E+05 7879.657 6.051
3.658 -7.56E-05 .1115 -2.3604 9.02E-05 1.65E+05 7879.657 5.440


3.780 -6.45E-05 -.1516 -1.7381 8.98E-05 1.65E+05 7879.657 4.770
3.901 -5.37E-05 -.3435 -1.1988 8.60E-05 1.66E+05 7879.657 4.077
4.023 -4.35E-05 -.4738 -.7434 7.97E-05 1.66E+05 7879.657 3.392
4.145 -3.43E-05 -.5524 -.3697 7.18E-05 1.67E+05 7879.657 2.738
4.267 -2.61E-05 -.5888 -7.28E-02 6.29E-05 1.67E+05 7879.657 2.133
4.389 -1.89E-05 -.5920 .1540 5.38E-05 1.67E+05 7879.657 1.588
4.511 -1.29E-05 -.5700 .3185 4.48E-05 1.67E+05 7879.657 1.111
4.633 -8.01E-06 -.5299 .4291 3.63E-05 1.66E+05 7879.657 .703775
4.755 -4.09E-06 -.4779 .4944 2.85E-05 1.66E+05 7879.657 .367242
4.877 -1.07E-06 -.4192 .5228 2.16E-05 1.66E+05 7879.657 .097879
4.999 1.17E-06 -.3579 .5221 1.55E-05 1.66E+05 7879.657 -.109326
5.121 2.72E-06 -.2973 .4995 1.05E-05 1.66E+05 7879.657 -.260736
5.243 3.72E-06 -.2398 .4614 6.31E-06 1.66E+05 7879.657 -.363506
5.364 4.26E-06 -.1870 .4134 3.01E-06 1.66E+05 7879.657 -.425121
5.486 4.45E-06 -.1400 .3598 4.84E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.453017
5.608 4.38E-06 -9.94E-02 .3045 -1.37E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.454280
5.730 4.12E-06 -6.53E-02 .2503 -2.64E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.435433
5.852 3.74E-06 -3.75E-02 .1992 -3.44E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.402292
5.974 3.28E-06 -1.55E-02 .1528 -3.85E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.359878
6.096 2.80E-06 1.13E-03 .1118 -3.96E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.312394
6.218 2.32E-06 1.31E-02 7.67E-02 -3.85E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.263232
6.340 1.86E-06 2.12E-02 4.75E-02 -3.58E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.215021
6.462 1.44E-06 2.60E-02 2.41E-02 -3.22E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.169692
6.584 1.08E-06 2.82E-02 5.91E-03 -2.80E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.128565
6.706 7.60E-07 2.84E-02 -7.57E-03 -2.36E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.092436
6.828 4.99E-07 2.71E-02 -1.70E-02 -1.93E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.061670
6.949 2.89E-07 2.49E-02 -2.29E-02 -1.53E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.036294
7.071 1.26E-07 2.21E-02 -2.61E-02 -1.17E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.016076
7.193 4.67E-09 1.89E-02 -2.71E-02 -8.49E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 -6.05E-04
7.315 -8.10E-08 1.58E-02 -2.65E-02 -5.81E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .010649
7.437 -1.37E-07 1.27E-02 -2.48E-02 -3.61E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .018277
7.559 -1.69E-07 9.84E-03 -2.23E-02 -1.87E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .022887
7.681 -1.82E-07 7.31E-03 -1.93E-02 -5.38E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 .025073
7.803 -1.82E-07 5.14E-03 -1.63E-02 4.25E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 .025389
7.925 -1.72E-07 3.34E-03 -1.32E-02 1.08E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .024331
8.047 -1.56E-07 1.88E-03 -1.04E-02 1.48E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .022331
8.169 -1.36E-07 7.52E-04 -7.82E-03 1.69E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .019751
8.291 -1.15E-07 -8.41E-05 -5.58E-03 1.74E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .016882
8.412 -9.34E-08 -6.69E-04 -3.70E-03 1.68E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .013953
8.534 -7.35E-08 -1.05E-03 -2.17E-03 1.55E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .011131
8.656 -5.56E-08 -1.25E-03 -9.75E-04 1.37E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .008532
8.778 -4.01E-08 -1.33E-03 -7.50E-05 1.17E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .006229
8.900 -2.71E-08 -1.31E-03 5.64E-04 9.67E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 .004260
9.022 -1.65E-08 -1.23E-03 9.85E-04 7.70E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 .002633
9.144 -8.29E-09 -1.10E-03 1.23E-03 5.91E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 .001338
9.266 -2.13E-09 -9.48E-04 1.33E-03 4.32E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 3.48E-04
9.388 2.25E-09 -7.89E-04 1.33E-03 2.98E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 -3.71E-04
9.510 5.13E-09 -6.34E-04 1.25E-03 1.88E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 -8.58E-04
9.632 6.82E-09 -4.90E-04 1.13E-03 1.01E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.001154
9.754 7.59E-09 -3.62E-04 9.81E-04 3.46E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.001299
9.876 7.67E-09 -2.52E-04 8.21E-04 -1.29E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.001328
9.997 7.27E-09 -1.62E-04 6.62E-04 -4.50E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.001274
10.119 6.57E-09 -8.94E-05 5.14E-04 -6.44E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.001164
10.241 5.70E-09 -3.43E-05 3.80E-04 -7.40E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.001021
10.363 4.77E-09 5.84E-06 2.65E-04 -7.61E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 -8.64E-04
10.485 3.84E-09 3.31E-05 1.70E-04 -7.31E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 -7.04E-04
10.607 2.98E-09 4.98E-05 9.32E-05 -6.67E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 -5.52E-04
10.729 2.22E-09 5.81E-05 3.43E-05 -5.84E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 -4.15E-04
10.851 1.56E-09 6.02E-05 -8.99E-06 -4.92E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 -2.95E-04
10.973 1.02E-09 5.77E-05 -3.88E-05 -4.01E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 -1.94E-04
11.095 5.82E-10 5.21E-05 -5.75E-05 -3.16E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 -1.12E-04
11.217 2.46E-10 4.47E-05 -6.73E-05 -2.41E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 -4.80E-05
11.339 -5.93E-12 3.65E-05 -7.01E-05 -1.78E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 1.17E-06
11.460 -1.89E-10 2.82E-05 -6.78E-05 -1.28E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 3.76E-05
11.582 -3.19E-10 2.04E-05 -6.16E-05 -9.05E-10 1.65E+05 7879.657 6.40E-05
11.704 -4.10E-10 1.35E-05 -5.26E-05 -6.42E-10 1.65E+05 7879.657 8.32E-05
11.826 -4.75E-10 7.84E-06 -4.16E-05 -4.77E-10 1.65E+05 7879.657 9.74E-05
11.948 -5.26E-10 3.57E-06 -2.90E-05 -3.89E-10 1.65E+05 7879.657 1.09E-04
12.070 -5.70E-10 9.00E-07 -1.51E-05 -3.54E-10 1.65E+05 7879.657 1.19E-04
12.192 -6.12E-10 0.0 0.0 -3.47E-10 1.65E+05 7879.657 1.29E-04







------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------



-------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
0.000 .008366 -18.6425 44.4822 -.005045 2.16E+05 7879.449 -12.692
.122 .007733 -12.4130 42.6455 -.005285 1.99E+05 7879.449 -17.437
.244 .007077 -6.4094 40.3063 -.005431 1.83E+05 7879.449 -20.935
.366 .006409 -.6998 37.5515 -.005486 1.67E+05 7879.657 -24.256
.488 .005740 4.6512 34.4402 -.005455 1.78E+05 7879.620 -26.783
.610 .005079 9.5916 30.9157 -.005345 1.91E+05 7879.525 -31.034
.732 .004436 14.0449 26.8966 -.005162 2.04E+05 7879.401 -34.896
.853 .003820 17.9417 22.4119 -.004915 2.14E+05 7879.417 -38.672
.975 .003238 21.2156 17.5017 -.004612 2.23E+05 7872.199 -41.876
1.097 .002696 23.8100 12.2492 -.004263 2.30E+05 7879.577 -44.288
1.219 .002199 25.6821 6.7662 -.003880 2.35E+05 7871.866 -45.656
1.341 .001750 26.8065 1.1874 -.003473 2.39E+05 7860.126 -45.859
1.463 .001352 27.1771 -4.3393 -.003054 2.40E+05 7857.847 -44.803
1.585 .001005 26.8086 -9.6556 -.002636 2.39E+05 7860.113 -42.406
1.707 7.09E-04 25.7375 -14.3645 -.002228 2.36E+05 7871.103 -34.840
1.829 4.62E-04 24.0794 -17.9549 -.001843 2.31E+05 7879.547 -24.057
1.951 2.60E-04 21.9990 -20.2933 -.001486 2.25E+05 7875.595 -14.303
2.073 9.91E-05 19.6470 -21.5162 -.001164 2.19E+05 7875.660 -5.757
2.195 -2.42E-05 17.1565 -21.7769 -8.79E-04 2.12E+05 7880.563 1.480
2.316 -1.15E-04 14.6420 -21.2368 -6.33E-04 2.05E+05 7879.380 7.380
2.438 -1.79E-04 12.1979 -20.0572 -4.25E-04 1.98E+05 7879.456 11.971
2.560 -2.19E-04 9.8990 -18.3930 -2.55E-04 1.92E+05 7879.517 15.328
2.682 -2.41E-04 7.8013 -16.3880 -1.18E-04 1.86E+05 7879.565 17.563
2.804 -2.48E-04 5.9437 -14.1706 -1.12E-05 1.81E+05 7879.599 18.810
2.926 -2.43E-04 4.3498 -11.8527 6.84E-05 1.77E+05 7879.625 19.213
3.048 -2.31E-04 3.0298 -9.8084 1.25E-04 1.73E+05 7879.642 14.322
3.170 -2.13E-04 1.9146 -8.1051 1.64E-04 1.70E+05 7879.653 13.619
3.292 -1.91E-04 .9966 -6.5065 1.86E-04 1.68E+05 7879.657 12.605
3.414 -1.67E-04 .2634 -5.0445 1.96E-04 1.66E+05 7879.657 11.377
3.536 -1.43E-04 -.3014 -3.7401 1.96E-04 1.66E+05 7879.657 10.021
3.658 -1.20E-04 -.7165 -2.6044 1.88E-04 1.67E+05 7879.657 8.609


3.780 -9.75E-05 -1.0017 -1.6405 1.75E-04 1.68E+05 7879.657 7.204
3.901 -7.71E-05 -1.1771 -.8445 1.58E-04 1.68E+05 7879.657 5.854
4.023 -5.90E-05 -1.2624 -.2075 1.39E-04 1.68E+05 7879.657 4.596
4.145 -4.33E-05 -1.2759 .2833 1.19E-04 1.69E+05 7879.657 3.456
4.267 -2.99E-05 -1.2346 .6434 9.98E-05 1.68E+05 7879.657 2.451
4.389 -1.89E-05 -1.1536 .8896 8.13E-05 1.68E+05 7879.657 1.588
4.511 -1.01E-05 -1.0459 1.0393 6.43E-05 1.68E+05 7879.657 .868339
4.633 -3.27E-06 -.9225 1.1098 4.90E-05 1.68E+05 7879.657 .286930
4.755 1.84E-06 -.7924 1.1172 3.58E-05 1.67E+05 7879.657 -.165391
4.877 5.46E-06 -.6625 1.0766 2.45E-05 1.67E+05 7879.657 -.500797
4.999 7.82E-06 -.5384 1.0013 1.52E-05 1.66E+05 7879.657 -.733351
5.121 9.17E-06 -.4236 .9031 7.78E-06 1.66E+05 7879.657 -.878038
5.243 9.72E-06 -.3209 .7917 2.03E-06 1.66E+05 7879.657 -.949962
5.364 9.66E-06 -.2313 .6750 -2.25E-06 1.66E+05 7879.657 -.963702
5.486 9.17E-06 -.1555 .5594 -5.24E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.932834
5.608 8.39E-06 -9.31E-02 .4495 -7.16E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.869593
5.730 7.42E-06 -4.34E-02 .3487 -8.22E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.784673
5.852 6.38E-06 -5.23E-03 .2589 -8.59E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.687122
5.974 5.33E-06 2.27E-02 .1814 -8.46E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.584349
6.096 4.32E-06 4.20E-02 .1164 -7.96E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.482185
6.218 3.39E-06 5.39E-02 6.36E-02 -7.22E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.385002
6.340 2.56E-06 6.00E-02 2.20E-02 -6.34E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.295877
6.462 1.84E-06 6.15E-02 -9.20E-03 -5.40E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.216761
6.584 1.24E-06 5.96E-02 -3.15E-02 -4.46E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.148666
6.706 7.56E-07 5.53E-02 -4.61E-02 -3.57E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.091855
6.828 3.72E-07 4.96E-02 -5.45E-02 -2.76E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.046004
6.949 8.26E-08 4.30E-02 -5.80E-02 -2.04E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.010372
7.071 -1.26E-07 3.61E-02 -5.76E-02 -1.43E-06 1.65E+05 7879.657 .016068
7.193 -2.66E-07 2.94E-02 -5.46E-02 -9.24E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .034506
7.315 -3.51E-07 2.32E-02 -4.96E-02 -5.17E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .046200
7.437 -3.93E-07 1.75E-02 -4.36E-02 -2.03E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .052399
7.559 -4.01E-07 1.26E-02 -3.71E-02 3.03E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 .054286
7.681 -3.85E-07 8.45E-03 -3.06E-02 1.93E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .052941
7.803 -3.54E-07 5.07E-03 -2.43E-02 2.98E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .049311
7.925 -3.13E-07 2.41E-03 -1.86E-02 3.56E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .044204
8.047 -2.67E-07 3.98E-04 -1.36E-02 3.77E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .038282
8.169 -2.21E-07 -1.04E-03 -9.33E-03 3.72E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .032070
8.291 -1.76E-07 -2.01E-03 -5.79E-03 3.49E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .025964
8.412 -1.36E-07 -2.58E-03 -2.98E-03 3.13E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .020248
8.534 -9.98E-08 -2.84E-03 -8.21E-04 2.71E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .015106
8.656 -6.94E-08 -2.87E-03 7.49E-04 2.27E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .010644
8.778 -4.44E-08 -2.74E-03 1.82E-03 1.84E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .006902
8.900 -2.46E-08 -2.49E-03 2.48E-03 1.43E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .003874
9.022 -9.52E-09 -2.18E-03 2.80E-03 1.07E-07 1.65E+05 7879.657 .001517
9.144 1.47E-09 -1.85E-03 2.88E-03 7.58E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 -2.36E-04
9.266 8.97E-09 -1.51E-03 2.78E-03 4.99E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.001465
9.388 1.36E-08 -1.19E-03 2.55E-03 2.91E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.002253
9.510 1.61E-08 -8.95E-04 2.25E-03 1.30E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.002686
9.632 1.68E-08 -6.42E-04 1.91E-03 1.07E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.002842
9.754 1.63E-08 -4.29E-04 1.57E-03 -7.21E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.002794
9.876 1.50E-08 -2.56E-04 1.24E-03 -1.25E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.002604
9.997 1.33E-08 -1.22E-04 9.40E-04 -1.54E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.002324
10.119 1.13E-08 -2.17E-05 6.77E-04 -1.65E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.001997
10.241 9.23E-09 4.89E-05 4.54E-04 -1.63E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.001654
10.363 7.29E-09 9.47E-05 2.73E-04 -1.52E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.001320
10.485 5.52E-09 1.21E-04 1.31E-04 -1.36E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 -.001011
10.607 3.98E-09 1.31E-04 2.44E-05 -1.16E-08 1.65E+05 7879.657 -7.37E-04
10.729 2.69E-09 1.31E-04 -5.12E-05 -9.58E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 -5.03E-04
10.851 1.64E-09 1.22E-04 -1.01E-04 -7.63E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 -3.11E-04
10.973 8.29E-10 1.09E-04 -1.29E-04 -5.84E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 -1.58E-04
11.095 2.19E-10 9.27E-05 -1.42E-04 -4.28E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 -4.24E-05
11.217 -2.15E-10 7.57E-05 -1.42E-04 -2.98E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 4.20E-05
11.339 -5.07E-10 5.92E-05 -1.33E-04 -1.94E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 9.99E-05
11.460 -6.87E-10 4.39E-05 -1.19E-04 -1.14E-09 1.65E+05 7879.657 1.37E-04
11.582 -7.85E-10 3.06E-05 -1.01E-04 -5.61E-10 1.65E+05 7879.657 1.58E-04
11.704 -8.24E-10 1.96E-05 -8.08E-05 -1.73E-10 1.65E+05 7879.657 1.67E-04
11.826 -8.27E-10 1.10E-05 -6.03E-05 6.37E-11 1.65E+05 7879.657 1.69E-04
11.948 -8.09E-10 4.86E-06 -3.98E-05 1.86E-10 1.65E+05 7879.657 1.67E-04
12.070 -7.81E-10 1.22E-06 -1.96E-05 2.33E-10 1.65E+05 7879.657 1.63E-04
12.192 -7.52E-10 0.0 0.0 2.43E-10 1.65E+05 7879.657 1.59E-04





Maximum shear force = 44.482 kN Depth of maximum bending moment =
1.46304000 m

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------



1 2 kN m m- kN kN
---- ------------ ------------ ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
2 V= 44.482 S= 0.000 1423.4310 .003403 -37.2932 44.4822
1 V= 44.482 M= 0.000 1423.4310 .014724 48.3615 44.4822
3 V= 44.482 R= 88964.449 1423.4310 .003792 -35.7869 44.4822
3 V= 44.482 R= 8.90E+05 1423.4310 .003443 -37.1359 44.4822
1 V= 44.482 M= -18.642 1423.4310 .008366 27.1771 44.4822

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pile-head Deflection vs. Pile Length
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Boundary Condition Type 2, Shear and Slope

Shear = 44. kN
Slope = .00000
Axial Load = 1423. kN

Pile Pile Head Maximum Maximum
Length Deflection Moment Shear
m m m- kN kN
----------- ------------ ------------ ------------
12.192 .00340258 -37.293 44.482
11.582 .00340004 -37.279 44.482
10.973 .00339741 -37.272 44.482
10.363 .00339593 -37.273 44.482
9.754 .00339785 -37.294 44.482
9.144 .00339393 -37.277 44.482
8.534 .00339252 -37.271 44.482
7.925 .00339051 -37.270 44.482
7.315 .00338987 -37.266 44.482
6.706 .00338885 -37.267 44.482

Micropile Design and Construction FHWA05

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Micropile Design and Construction FHWA05

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What is the purpose of the International Society for Micropiles?

What are some of the goals of the International Society for Micropiles?

6th - 17th November 2006. Regional locations throughout the UK and Ireland.

See overleaf for more details

= > (Eq. 5-32)

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