Standard Document Classes for L

A
T
E
X version 2e

Copyright (C) 1992 by Leslie Lamport

Copyright (C) 1994-97 by Frank Mittelbach Johannes Braams
1997/10/10
Contents
1 The docstrip modules 3
2 Initial Code 3
3 Declaration of Options 4
3.1 Setting Paper Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.2 Choosing the type size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.3 Two-side or one-side printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.4 Draft option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.5 Titlepage option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.6 openright option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.7 Twocolumn printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.8 Equation numbering on the left . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.9 Flush left displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.10 Open bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4 Executing Options 7
5 Loading Packages 7
6 Document Layout 7
6.1 Fonts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
6.2 Paragraphing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6.3 Page Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6.3.1 Vertical spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6.3.2 The dimension of text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6.3.3 Margins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6.3.4 Footnotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6.3.5 Float placement parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

This le has version number v1.3x, last revised 1997/10/10.

1
6.4 Page Styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
6.4.1 Marking conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
6.4.2 Dening the page styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
7 Document Markup 24
7.1 The title . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
7.2 Chapters and Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
7.2.1 Building blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
7.2.2 Mark commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
7.2.3 Dene Counters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
7.2.4 Front Matter, Main Matter, and Back Matter . . . . . . . . 29
7.2.5 Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
7.2.6 Chapters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
7.2.7 Lower level headings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
7.3 Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
7.3.1 General List Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
7.3.2 Enumerate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
7.3.3 Itemize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
7.3.4 Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
7.4 Dening new environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
7.4.1 Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
7.4.2 Verse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
7.4.3 Quotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
7.4.4 Quote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
7.4.5 Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
7.4.6 Titlepage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
7.4.7 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
7.5 Setting parameters for existing environments . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
7.5.1 Array and tabular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
7.5.2 Tabbing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
7.5.3 Minipage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
7.5.4 Framed boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
7.5.5 Equation and eqnarray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
7.6 Floating objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
7.6.1 Figure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
7.6.2 Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
7.6.3 Captions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
7.7 Font changing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
8 Cross Referencing 48
8.1 Table of Contents, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
8.1.1 Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
8.1.2 List of gures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
8.1.3 List of tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
8.2 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
8.3 The index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2
8.4 Footnotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
9 Initialization 55
9.1 Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
9.2 Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
9.3 Two column mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
9.4 The page style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
9.5 Single or double sided printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
1 The docstrip modules
The following modules are used in the implementation to direct docstrip in
generating the external les:
article produce the documentclass article
report produce the documentclass report
size10 produce the class option for 10pt
size11 produce the class option for 11pt
size12 produce the class option for 12pt
book produce the documentclass book
bk10 produce the book class option for 10pt
bk11 produce the book class option for 11pt
bk12 produce the book class option for 12pt
driver produce a documentation driver le
2 Initial Code
In this part we dene a few commands that are used later on.
\@ptsize This control sequence is used to store the second digit of the pointsize we are
typesetting in. So, normally, its value is one of 0, 1 or 2.
1 article | report | book
2 \newcommand\@ptsize{}
\if@restonecol When the document has to printed in two columns, we sometimes have to tem-
porarily switch to one column. This switch is used to remember to switch back.
3 \newif\if@restonecol
\if@titlepage A switch to indicate if a titlepage has to be produced. For the article document
class the default is not to make a separate titlepage.
4 \newif\if@titlepage
5 article\@titlepagefalse
6 !article\@titlepagetrue
\if@openright A switch to indicate if chapters must start on a right-hand page. The default for
the report class is no; for the book class its yes.
7 !article\newif\if@openright
3
\if@mainmatter The switch \if@mainmatter, only available in the document class book, indicates
whether we are processing the main material in the book.
8 book\newif\if@mainmatter \@mainmattertrue
3 Declaration of Options
3.1 Setting Paper Sizes
The variables \paperwidth and \paperheight should reect the physical paper
size after trimming. For desk printer output this is usually the real paper size
since there is no post-processing. Classes for real book production will probably
add other paper sizes and additionally the production of crop marks for trimming.
In compatibility mode, these (and some of the subsequent) options are disabled,
as they were not present in L
A
T
E
X2.09.
9 \if@compatibility\else
10 \DeclareOption{a4paper}
11 {\setlength\paperheight {297mm}%
12 \setlength\paperwidth {210mm}}
13 \DeclareOption{a5paper}
14 {\setlength\paperheight {210mm}%
15 \setlength\paperwidth {148mm}}
16 \DeclareOption{b5paper}
17 {\setlength\paperheight {250mm}%
18 \setlength\paperwidth {176mm}}
19 \DeclareOption{letterpaper}
20 {\setlength\paperheight {11in}%
21 \setlength\paperwidth {8.5in}}
22 \DeclareOption{legalpaper}
23 {\setlength\paperheight {14in}%
24 \setlength\paperwidth {8.5in}}
25 \DeclareOption{executivepaper}
26 {\setlength\paperheight {10.5in}%
27 \setlength\paperwidth {7.25in}}
The option landscape switches the values of \paperheight and \paperwidth,
assuming the dimensions were given for portrait paper.
28 \DeclareOption{landscape}
29 {\setlength\@tempdima {\paperheight}%
30 \setlength\paperheight {\paperwidth}%
31 \setlength\paperwidth {\@tempdima}}
32 \fi
3.2 Choosing the type size
The type size options are handled by dening \@ptsize to contain the last digit
of the size in question and branching on \ifcase statements. This is done for
historical reasons to stay compatible with other packages that use the \@ptsize
variable to select special actions. It makes the declarations of size options less
4
than 10pt dicult, although one can probably use 9 and 8 assuming that a class
wont dene both 8pt and 18pt options.
33 \if@compatibility
34 \renewcommand\@ptsize{0}
35 \else
36 \DeclareOption{10pt}{\renewcommand\@ptsize{0}}
37 \fi
38 \DeclareOption{11pt}{\renewcommand\@ptsize{1}}
39 \DeclareOption{12pt}{\renewcommand\@ptsize{2}}
3.3 Two-side or one-side printing
For two-sided printing we use the switch \if@twoside. In addition we have to set
the \if@mparswitch to get any margin paragraphs into the outside margin.
40 \if@compatibility\else
41 \DeclareOption{oneside}{\@twosidefalse \@mparswitchfalse}
42 \fi
43 \DeclareOption{twoside}{\@twosidetrue \@mparswitchtrue}
3.4 Draft option
If the user requests draft we show any overfull boxes. We could probably add some
more interesting stu to this option.
44 \DeclareOption{draft}{\setlength\overfullrule{5pt}}
45 \if@compatibility\else
46 \DeclareOption{final}{\setlength\overfullrule{0pt}}
47 \fi
3.5 Titlepage option
An article usually has no separate titlepage, but the user can request one.
48 \DeclareOption{titlepage}{\@titlepagetrue}
49 \if@compatibility\else
50 \DeclareOption{notitlepage}{\@titlepagefalse}
51 \fi
3.6 openright option
This option determines whether or not a chapter must start on a right-hand page
request one.
52 !article\if@compatibility
53 book\@openrighttrue
54 !article\else
55 !article\DeclareOption{openright}{\@openrighttrue}
56 !article\DeclareOption{openany}{\@openrightfalse}
57 !article\fi
5
3.7 Twocolumn printing
Two-column and one-column printing is again realized via a switch.
58 \if@compatibility\else
59 \DeclareOption{onecolumn}{\@twocolumnfalse}
60 \fi
61 \DeclareOption{twocolumn}{\@twocolumntrue}
3.8 Equation numbering on the left
The option leqno can be used to get the equation numbers on the left side of the
equation. It loads code which is generated automatically from the kernel les
when the format is built. If the equation number does get a special formatting
then instead of using the kernel le the class would need to provide the code
explicitly.
62 \DeclareOption{leqno}{\input{leqno.clo}}
3.9 Flush left displays
The option eqn redenes the displayed math environments in such a way that
they come out ush left, with an indentation of \mathindent from the prevailing
left margin. It loads code which is generated automatically from the kernel les
when the format is built.
63 \DeclareOption{fleqn}{\input{fleqn.clo}}
3.10 Open bibliography
The option openbib produces the open bibliography style, in which each block
starts on a new line, and succeeding lines in a block are indented by \bibindent.
64 \DeclareOption{openbib}{%
First some hook into the bibliography environment is lled.
65 \AtEndOfPackage{%
66 \renewcommand\@openbib@code{%
67 \advance\leftmargin\bibindent
68 \itemindent -\bibindent
69 \listparindent \itemindent
70 \parsep \z@
71 }%
In addition the denition of \newblock is overwritten.
72 \renewcommand\newblock{\par}}%
73 }
6
4 Executing Options
Here we execute the default options to initialize certain variables. Note that the
document class book always uses two sided printing.
74 article
75 \ExecuteOptions{letterpaper,10pt,oneside,onecolumn,final}
76 /article
77 report
78 \ExecuteOptions{letterpaper,10pt,oneside,onecolumn,final,openany}
79 /report
80 book
81 \ExecuteOptions{letterpaper,10pt,twoside,onecolumn,final,openright}
82 /book
The \ProcessOptions command causes the execution of the code for every
option FOO which is declared and for which the user typed the FOO option in
his \documentclass command. For every option BAR he typed, which is not
declared, the option is assumed to be a global option. All options will be passed
as document options to any \usepackage command in the document preamble.
83 \ProcessOptions
Now that all the options have been executed we can load the chosen class option
le that contains all size dependent code.
84 !book\input{size1\@ptsize.clo}
85 book\input{bk1\@ptsize.clo}
86 /article | report | book
5 Loading Packages
The standard class les do not load additional packages.
6 Document Layout
In this section we are nally dealing with the nasty typographical details.
6.1 Fonts
L
A
T
E
X oers the user commands to change the size of the font, relative to the
main size. Each relative size changing command \size executes the command
\@setfontsize\sizefont-sizebaselineskip where:
font-size The absolute size of the font to use from now on.
baselineskip The normal value of \baselineskip for the size of the font se-
lected. (The actual value will be \baselinestretch * baselineskip.)
A number of commands, dened in the L
A
T
E
X kernel, shorten the following
denitions and are used throughout. They are:
7
\@vpt 5 \@vipt 6 \@viipt 7
\@viiipt 8 \@ixpt 9 \@xpt 10
\@xipt 10.95 \@xiipt 12 \@xivpt 14.4
...
\normalsize
\@normalsize
The user level command for the main size is \normalsize. Internally L
A
T
E
X uses
\@normalsize when it refers to the main size. \@normalsize will be dened to
work like \normalsize if the latter is redened from its default denition (that
just issues an error message). Otherwise \@normalsize simply selects a 10pt/12pt
size.
The \normalsize macro also sets new values for
\abovedisplayskip, \abovedisplayshortskip and \belowdisplayshortskip.
87 10pt | 11pt | 12pt
88 \renewcommand\normalsize{%
89 10pt
90 \@setfontsize\normalsize\@xpt\@xiipt
91 \abovedisplayskip 10\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus5\p@
92 \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus3\p@
93 \belowdisplayshortskip 6\p@ \@plus3\p@ \@minus3\p@
94 /10pt
95 11pt
96 \@setfontsize\normalsize\@xipt{13.6}%
97 \abovedisplayskip 11\p@ \@plus3\p@ \@minus6\p@
98 \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus3\p@
99 \belowdisplayshortskip 6.5\p@ \@plus3.5\p@ \@minus3\p@
100 /11pt
101 12pt
102 \@setfontsize\normalsize\@xiipt{14.5}%
103 \abovedisplayskip 12\p@ \@plus3\p@ \@minus7\p@
104 \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus3\p@
105 \belowdisplayshortskip 6.5\p@ \@plus3.5\p@ \@minus3\p@
106 /12pt
The \belowdisplayskip is always equal to the \abovedisplayskip. The param-
eters of the rst level list are always given by \@listI.
107 \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip
108 \let\@listi\@listI}
We initially choose the normalsize font.
109 \normalsize
\small This is similar to \normalsize.
110 \newcommand\small{%
111 10pt
112 \@setfontsize\small\@ixpt{11}%
113 \abovedisplayskip 8.5\p@ \@plus3\p@ \@minus4\p@
114 \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus2\p@
115 \belowdisplayshortskip 4\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus2\p@
116 \def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini
8
117 \topsep 4\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus2\p@
118 \parsep 2\p@ \@plus\p@ \@minus\p@
119 \itemsep \parsep}%
120 /10pt
121 11pt
122 \@setfontsize\small\@xpt\@xiipt
123 \abovedisplayskip 10\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus5\p@
124 \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus3\p@
125 \belowdisplayshortskip 6\p@ \@plus3\p@ \@minus3\p@
126 \def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini
127 \topsep 6\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus2\p@
128 \parsep 3\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus\p@
129 \itemsep \parsep}%
130 /11pt
131 12pt
132 \@setfontsize\small\@xipt{13.6}%
133 \abovedisplayskip 11\p@ \@plus3\p@ \@minus6\p@
134 \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus3\p@
135 \belowdisplayshortskip 6.5\p@ \@plus3.5\p@ \@minus3\p@
136 \def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini
137 \topsep 9\p@ \@plus3\p@ \@minus5\p@
138 \parsep 4.5\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus\p@
139 \itemsep \parsep}%
140 /12pt
141 \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip
142 }
\footnotesize This is similar to \normalsize.
143 \newcommand\footnotesize{%
144 10pt
145 \@setfontsize\footnotesize\@viiipt{9.5}%
146 \abovedisplayskip 6\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus4\p@
147 \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus\p@
148 \belowdisplayshortskip 3\p@ \@plus\p@ \@minus2\p@
149 \def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini
150 \topsep 3\p@ \@plus\p@ \@minus\p@
151 \parsep 2\p@ \@plus\p@ \@minus\p@
152 \itemsep \parsep}%
153 /10pt
154 11pt
155 \@setfontsize\footnotesize\@ixpt{11}%
156 \abovedisplayskip 8\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus4\p@
157 \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus\p@
158 \belowdisplayshortskip 4\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus2\p@
159 \def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini
160 \topsep 4\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus2\p@
161 \parsep 2\p@ \@plus\p@ \@minus\p@
162 \itemsep \parsep}%
163 /11pt
164 12pt
9
165 \@setfontsize\footnotesize\@xpt\@xiipt
166 \abovedisplayskip 10\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus5\p@
167 \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus3\p@
168 \belowdisplayshortskip 6\p@ \@plus3\p@ \@minus3\p@
169 \def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini
170 \topsep 6\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus2\p@
171 \parsep 3\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus\p@
172 \itemsep \parsep}%
173 /12pt
174 \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip
175 }
176 /10pt | 11pt | 12pt
\scriptsize
\tiny
\large
\Large
\LARGE
\huge
\Huge
These are all much simpler than the previous macros, they just select a new
fontsize, but leave the parameters for displays and lists alone.
177 10pt
178 \newcommand\scriptsize{\@setfontsize\scriptsize\@viipt\@viiipt}
179 \newcommand\tiny{\@setfontsize\tiny\@vpt\@vipt}
180 \newcommand\large{\@setfontsize\large\@xiipt{14}}
181 \newcommand\Large{\@setfontsize\Large\@xivpt{18}}
182 \newcommand\LARGE{\@setfontsize\LARGE\@xviipt{22}}
183 \newcommand\huge{\@setfontsize\huge\@xxpt{25}}
184 \newcommand\Huge{\@setfontsize\Huge\@xxvpt{30}}
185 /10pt
186 11pt
187 \newcommand\scriptsize{\@setfontsize\scriptsize\@viiipt{9.5}}
188 \newcommand\tiny{\@setfontsize\tiny\@vipt\@viipt}
189 \newcommand\large{\@setfontsize\large\@xiipt{14}}
190 \newcommand\Large{\@setfontsize\Large\@xivpt{18}}
191 \newcommand\LARGE{\@setfontsize\LARGE\@xviipt{22}}
192 \newcommand\huge{\@setfontsize\huge\@xxpt{25}}
193 \newcommand\Huge{\@setfontsize\Huge\@xxvpt{30}}
194 /11pt
195 12pt
196 \newcommand\scriptsize{\@setfontsize\scriptsize\@viiipt{9.5}}
197 \newcommand\tiny{\@setfontsize\tiny\@vipt\@viipt}
198 \newcommand\large{\@setfontsize\large\@xivpt{18}}
199 \newcommand\Large{\@setfontsize\Large\@xviipt{22}}
200 \newcommand\LARGE{\@setfontsize\LARGE\@xxpt{25}}
201 \newcommand\huge{\@setfontsize\huge\@xxvpt{30}}
202 \let\Huge=\huge
203 /12pt
6.2 Paragraphing
\lineskip
\normallineskip
These parameters control T
E
Xs behaviour when two lines tend to come too close
together.
204 article | report | book
205 \setlength\lineskip{1\p@}
10
206 \setlength\normallineskip{1\p@}
\baselinestretch This is used as a multiplier for \baselineskip. The default is to not stretch
the baselines. Note that if this command doesnt resolve to empty any plus or
minus part in the specication of \baselineskip is ignored.
207 \renewcommand\baselinestretch{}
\parskip
\parindent
\parskip gives extra vertical space between paragraphs and \parindent is the
width of the paragraph indentation. The value of \parindent depends on whether
we are in two column mode.
208 \setlength\parskip{0\p@ \@plus \p@}
209 /article | report | book
210 10pt | 11pt | 12pt
211 \if@twocolumn
212 \setlength\parindent{1em}
213 \else
214 10pt \setlength\parindent{15\p@}
215 11pt \setlength\parindent{17\p@}
216 12pt \setlength\parindent{1.5em}
217 \fi
218 /10pt | 11pt | 12pt
\smallskipamount
\medskipamount
\bigskipamount
The values for these three parameters are set in the L
A
T
E
X kernel. They should
perhaps vary, according to the size option specied. But as they have always
had the same value regardless of the size option we do not change them to stay
compatible with both L
A
T
E
X 2.09 and older releases of L
A
T
E
X2

.
219 10pt | 11pt | 12pt
220 \setlength\smallskipamount{3\p@ \@plus 1\p@ \@minus 1\p@}
221 \setlength\medskipamount{6\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@}
222 \setlength\bigskipamount{12\p@ \@plus 4\p@ \@minus 4\p@}
223 /10pt | 11pt | 12pt
\@lowpenalty
\@medpenalty
\@highpenalty
The commands \nopagebreak and \nolinebreak put in penalties to discourage
these breaks at the point they are put in. They use \@lowpenalty, \@medpenalty
or \@highpenalty, dependent on their argument.
224 article | report | book
225 \@lowpenalty 51
226 \@medpenalty 151
227 \@highpenalty 301
\clubpenalty
\widowpenalty
These penalties are use to discourage club and widow lines. Because we use their
default values we only show them here, commented out.
228 % \clubpenalty 150
229 % \widowpenalty 150
\displaywidowpenalty
\predisplaypenalty
\postdisplaypenalty
Discourage (but not so much) widows in front of a math display and forbid break-
ing directly in front of a display. Allow break after a display without a penalty.
Again the default values are used, therefore we only show them here.
11
230 % \displaywidowpenalty 50
231 % \predisplaypenalty 10000
232 % \postdisplaypenalty 0
\interlinepenalty Allow the breaking of a page in the middle of a paragraph.
233 % \interlinepenalty 0
\brokenpenalty We allow the breaking of a page after a hyphenated line.
234 % \brokenpenalty 100
235 /article | report | book
6.3 Page Layout
All margin dimensions are measured from a point one inch from the top and
lefthand side of the page.
6.3.1 Vertical spacing
\headheight
\headsep
\topskip
The \headheight is the height of the box that will contain the running head. The
\headsep is the distance between the bottom of the running head and the top of
the text. The \topskip is the \baselineskip for the rst line on a page; L
A
T
E
Xs
output routine will not work properly if it has the value 0pt, so do not do that!
236 10pt | 11pt | 12pt
237 \setlength\headheight{12\p@}
238 !bk\setlength\headsep {25\p@}
239 10pt & bk\setlength\headsep {.25in}
240 11pt & bk\setlength\headsep {.275in}
241 12pt & bk\setlength\headsep {.275in}
242 10pt\setlength\topskip {10\p@}
243 11pt\setlength\topskip {11\p@}
244 12pt\setlength\topskip {12\p@}
\footskip The distance from the baseline of the box which contains the running footer to
the baseline of last line of text is controlled by the \footskip.
245 !bk\setlength\footskip{30\p@}
246 10pt & bk\setlength\footskip{.35in}
247 11pt & bk\setlength\footskip{.38in}
248 12pt & bk\setlength\footskip{30\p@}
\maxdepth The T
E
X primitive register \maxdepth has a function that is similar to that of
\topskip. The register \@maxdepth should always contain a copy of \maxdepth.
This is achieved by setting it internally at \begin{document}. In both plain T
E
X
and L
A
T
E
X 2.09 \maxdepth had a xed value of 4pt; in native L
A
T
E
X2e mode we
let the value depend on the typesize. We set it so that \maxdepth + \topskip =
typesize 1.5. As it happens, in these classes \topskip is equal to the typesize,
therefore we set \maxdepth to half the value of \topskip.
249 \if@compatibility \setlength\maxdepth{4\p@} \else
250 \setlength\maxdepth{.5\topskip} \fi
12
6.3.2 The dimension of text
\textwidth When we are in compatibility mode we have to make sure that the dimensions of
the printed area are not dierent from what the user was used to see.
251 \if@compatibility
252 \if@twocolumn
253 \setlength\textwidth{410\p@}
254 \else
255 10pt&!bk \setlength\textwidth{345\p@}
256 11pt&!bk \setlength\textwidth{360\p@}
257 12pt&!bk \setlength\textwidth{390\p@}
258 10pt & bk \setlength\textwidth{4.5in}
259 11pt & bk \setlength\textwidth{5in}
260 12pt & bk \setlength\textwidth{5in}
261 \fi
When we are not in compatibility mode we can set some of the dimensions dier-
ently, taking into account the paper size for instance.
262 \else
First, we calculate the maximum \textwidth, which we will allow on the selected
paper and store it in \@tempdima. Then we store the length of a line with ap-
proximately 6070 characters in \@tempdimb. The values given are more or less
suitable when Computer Modern fonts are used.
263 \setlength\@tempdima{\paperwidth}
264 \addtolength\@tempdima{-2in}
265 10pt \setlength\@tempdimb{345\p@}
266 11pt \setlength\@tempdimb{360\p@}
267 12pt \setlength\@tempdimb{390\p@}
Now we can set the \textwidth, depending on whether we will be setting one
or two columns.
In two column mode each column shouldnt be wider than \@tempdimb (which
could happen on a3 paper for instance).
268 \if@twocolumn
269 \ifdim\@tempdima>2\@tempdimb\relax
270 \setlength\textwidth{2\@tempdimb}
271 \else
272 \setlength\textwidth{\@tempdima}
273 \fi
In one column mode the text should not be wider than the minimum of the
paperwidth (minus 2 inches for the margins) and the maximum length of a line as
dened by the number of characters.
274 \else
275 \ifdim\@tempdima>\@tempdimb\relax
276 \setlength\textwidth{\@tempdimb}
277 \else
278 \setlength\textwidth{\@tempdima}
279 \fi
13
280 \fi
281 \fi
Here we modify the width of the text a little to be a whole number of points.
282 \if@compatibility\else
283 \@settopoint\textwidth
284 \fi
\textheight Now that we have computed the width of the text, we have to take care of the
height. The \textheight is the height of text (including footnotes and gures,
excluding running head and foot).
First make sure that the compatibility mode gets the same dimensions as we
had with L
A
T
E
X2.09. The number of lines was calculated as the oor of the old
\textheight minus \topskip, divided by \baselineskip for \normalsize. The
old value of \textheight was 528pt.
285 \if@compatibility
286 10pt&!bk \setlength\textheight{43\baselineskip}
287 10pt & bk \setlength\textheight{41\baselineskip}
288 11pt \setlength\textheight{38\baselineskip}
289 12pt \setlength\textheight{36\baselineskip}
Again we compute this, depending on the papersize and depending on the
baselineskip that is used, in order to have a whole number of lines on the page.
290 \else
291 \setlength\@tempdima{\paperheight}
We leave at least a 1 inch margin on the top and the bottom of the page.
292 \addtolength\@tempdima{-2in}
We also have to leave room for the running headers and footers.
293 \addtolength\@tempdima{-1.5in}
Then we divide the result by the current \baselineskip and store this in the
count register \@tempcnta, which then contains the number of lines that t on
this page.
294 \divide\@tempdima\baselineskip
295 \@tempcnta=\@tempdima
From this we can calculate the height of the text.
296 \setlength\textheight{\@tempcnta\baselineskip}
297 \fi
The rst line on the page has a height of \topskip.
298 \addtolength\textheight{\topskip}
6.3.3 Margins
Most of the values of these parameters are now calculated, based on the papersize
in use. In the calcluations the \marginparsep needs to be taken into account so
we give it its value rst.
14
\marginparsep
\marginparpush
The horizontal space between the main text and marginal notes is determined by
\marginparsep, the minimum vertical separation between two marginal notes is
controlled by \marginparpush.
299 \if@twocolumn
300 \setlength\marginparsep {10\p@}
301 \else
302 10pt&!bk \setlength\marginparsep{11\p@}
303 11pt&!bk \setlength\marginparsep{10\p@}
304 12pt&!bk \setlength\marginparsep{10\p@}
305 bk \setlength\marginparsep{7\p@}
306 \fi
307 10pt | 11pt\setlength\marginparpush{5\p@}
308 12pt\setlength\marginparpush{7\p@}
Now we can give the values for the other margin parameters. For native
L
A
T
E
X2

, these are calculated.

\oddsidemargin
\evensidemargin
\marginparwidth
First we give the values for the compatibility mode.
Values for two-sided printing:
309 \if@compatibility
310 bk
311 10pt \setlength\oddsidemargin {.5in}
312 11pt \setlength\oddsidemargin {.25in}
313 12pt \setlength\oddsidemargin {.25in}
314 10pt \setlength\evensidemargin {1.5in}
315 11pt \setlength\evensidemargin {1.25in}
316 12pt \setlength\evensidemargin {1.25in}
317 10pt \setlength\marginparwidth {.75in}
318 11pt \setlength\marginparwidth {1in}
319 12pt \setlength\marginparwidth {1in}
320 /bk
321 !bk
322 \if@twoside
323 10pt \setlength\oddsidemargin {44\p@}
324 11pt \setlength\oddsidemargin {36\p@}
325 12pt \setlength\oddsidemargin {21\p@}
326 10pt \setlength\evensidemargin {82\p@}
327 11pt \setlength\evensidemargin {74\p@}
328 12pt \setlength\evensidemargin {59\p@}
329 10pt \setlength\marginparwidth {107\p@}
330 11pt \setlength\marginparwidth {100\p@}
331 12pt \setlength\marginparwidth {85\p@}
Values for one-sided printing:
332 \else
333 10pt \setlength\oddsidemargin {63\p@}
334 11pt \setlength\oddsidemargin {54\p@}
335 12pt \setlength\oddsidemargin {39.5\p@}
336 10pt \setlength\evensidemargin {63\p@}
337 11pt \setlength\evensidemargin {54\p@}
15
338 12pt \setlength\evensidemargin {39.5\p@}
339 10pt \setlength\marginparwidth {90\p@}
340 11pt \setlength\marginparwidth {83\p@}
341 12pt \setlength\marginparwidth {68\p@}
342 \fi
343 /!bk
And values for two column mode:
344 \if@twocolumn
345 \setlength\oddsidemargin {30\p@}
346 \setlength\evensidemargin {30\p@}
347 \setlength\marginparwidth {48\p@}
348 \fi
When we are not in compatibility mode we can take the dimensions of the
selected paper into account.
The values for \oddsidemargin and \marginparwidth will be set depending
on the status of the \if@twoside.
If @twoside is true (which is always the case for book) we make the inner
margin smaller than the outer one.
349 \else
350 \if@twoside
351 \setlength\@tempdima {\paperwidth}
352 \addtolength\@tempdima {-\textwidth}
353 \setlength\oddsidemargin {.4\@tempdima}
354 \addtolength\oddsidemargin {-1in}
The width of the margin for text is set to the remainder of the width except for a
real margin of white space of width 0.4in. A check should perhaps be built in to
ensure that the (text) margin width does not get too small!
355 \setlength\marginparwidth {.6\@tempdima}
356 \addtolength\marginparwidth {-\marginparsep}
357 \addtolength\marginparwidth {-0.4in}
For one-sided printing we center the text on the page, by calculating the dierence
between \textwidth and \paperwidth. Half of that dierence is than used for
the margin (thus \oddsidemargin is 1in less).
358 \else
359 \setlength\@tempdima {\paperwidth}
360 \addtolength\@tempdima {-\textwidth}
361 \setlength\oddsidemargin {.5\@tempdima}
362 \addtolength\oddsidemargin {-1in}
363 \setlength\marginparwidth {.5\@tempdima}
364 \addtolength\marginparwidth {-\marginparsep}
365 \addtolength\marginparwidth {-0.4in}
366 \addtolength\marginparwidth {-.4in}
367 \fi
With the above algorithm the \marginparwidth can come out quite large which
we may not want.
16
368 \ifdim \marginparwidth >2in
369 \setlength\marginparwidth{2in}
370 \fi
Having done these calculations we make them pt values.
371 \@settopoint\oddsidemargin
372 \@settopoint\marginparwidth
The \evensidemargin can now be computed from the values set above.
373 \setlength\evensidemargin {\paperwidth}
374 \addtolength\evensidemargin{-2in}
375 \addtolength\evensidemargin{-\textwidth}
376 \addtolength\evensidemargin{-\oddsidemargin}
Setting \evensidemargin to a full point value may produce a small error. However
it will lie within the error range a doublesided printer of todays technology can
accurately print.
377 \@settopoint\evensidemargin
378 \fi
\topmargin The \topmargin is the distance between the top of the printable areawhich
is 1 inch below the top of the paperand the top of the box which contains the
running head.
It can now be computed from the values set above.
379 \if@compatibility
380 !bk \setlength\topmargin{27pt}
381 10pt & bk \setlength\topmargin{.75in}
382 11pt & bk \setlength\topmargin{.73in}
383 12pt & bk \setlength\topmargin{.73in}
384 \else
385 \setlength\topmargin{\paperheight}
386 \addtolength\topmargin{-2in}
387 \addtolength\topmargin{-\headheight}
388 \addtolength\topmargin{-\headsep}
389 \addtolength\topmargin{-\textheight}
390 \addtolength\topmargin{-\footskip} % this might be wrong!
By changing the factor in the next line the complete page can be shifted vertically.
391 \addtolength\topmargin{-.5\topmargin}
392 \@settopoint\topmargin
393 \fi
6.3.4 Footnotes
\footnotesep \footnotesep is the height of the strut placed at the beginning of every footnote.
It equals the height of a normal \footnotesize strut in this class, thus no extra
space occurs between footnotes.
394 10pt\setlength\footnotesep{6.65\p@}
395 11pt\setlength\footnotesep{7.7\p@}
396 12pt\setlength\footnotesep{8.4\p@}
17
\footins \skip\footins is the space between the last line of the main text and the top of
the rst footnote.
397 10pt\setlength{\skip\footins}{9\p@ \@plus 4\p@ \@minus 2\p@}
398 11pt\setlength{\skip\footins}{10\p@ \@plus 4\p@ \@minus 2\p@}
399 12pt\setlength{\skip\footins}{10.8\p@ \@plus 4\p@ \@minus 2\p@}
400 /10pt | 11pt | 12pt
6.3.5 Float placement parameters
All oat parameters are given default values in the L
A
T
E
X2

kernel. For this reason

parameters that are not counters need to be set with \renewcommand.
Limits for the placement of oating objects
\c@topnumber The topnumber counter holds the maximum number of oats that can appear on
the top of a text page.
401 article | report | book
402 \setcounter{topnumber}{2}
\topfraction This indicates the maximum part of a text page that can be occupied by oats at
the top.
403 \renewcommand\topfraction{.7}
\c@bottomnumber The bottomnumber counter holds the maximum number of oats that can appear
on the bottom of a text page.
404 \setcounter{bottomnumber}{1}
\bottomfraction This indicates the maximum part of a text page that can be occupied by oats at
the bottom.
405 \renewcommand\bottomfraction{.3}
\c@totalnumber This indicates the maximum number of oats that can appear on any text page.
406 \setcounter{totalnumber}{3}
\textfraction This indicates the minimum part of a text page that has to be occupied by text.
407 \renewcommand\textfraction{.2}
\floatpagefraction This indicates the minimum part of a page that has to be occupied by oating
objects before a oat page is produced.
408 \renewcommand\floatpagefraction{.5}
\c@dbltopnumber The dbltopnumber counter holds the maximum number of two column oats that
can appear on the top of a two column text page.
409 \setcounter{dbltopnumber}{2}
\dbltopfraction This indicates the maximum part of a two column text page that can be occupied
by two column oats at the top.
410 \renewcommand\dbltopfraction{.7}
18
\dblfloatpagefraction This indicates the minimum part of a page that has to be occupied by two column
wide oating objects before a oat page is produced.
411 \renewcommand\dblfloatpagefraction{.5}
412 /article | report | book
Floats on a text page
\floatsep
\textfloatsep
\intextsep
When a oating object is placed on a page with text, these parameters control the
separation between the oat and the other objects on the page. These parameters
are used for both one-column mode and single-column oats in two-column mode.
\floatsep is the space between adjacent oats that are moved to the top or
bottom of the text page.
\textfloatsep is the space between the main text and oats at the top or
bottom of the page.
\intextsep is the space between in-text oats and the text.
413 10pt
414 \setlength\floatsep {12\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@}
415 \setlength\textfloatsep{20\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 4\p@}
416 \setlength\intextsep {12\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@}
417 /10pt
418 11pt
419 \setlength\floatsep {12\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@}
420 \setlength\textfloatsep{20\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 4\p@}
421 \setlength\intextsep {12\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@}
422 /11pt
423 12pt
424 \setlength\floatsep {12\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 4\p@}
425 \setlength\textfloatsep{20\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 4\p@}
426 \setlength\intextsep {14\p@ \@plus 4\p@ \@minus 4\p@}
427 /12pt
\dblfloatsep
\dbltextfloatsep
When oating objects that span the whole \textwidth are placed on a text page
when we are in twocolumn mode the separation between the oat and the text is
controlled by \dblfloatsep and \dbltextfloatsep.
\dblfloatsep is the space between adjacent oats that are moved to the top
or bottom of the text page.
\dbltextfloatsep is the space between the main text and oats at the top
or bottom of the page.
428 10pt
429 \setlength\dblfloatsep {12\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@}
430 \setlength\dbltextfloatsep{20\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 4\p@}
431 /10pt
432 11pt
433 \setlength\dblfloatsep {12\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@}
434 \setlength\dbltextfloatsep{20\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 4\p@}
435 /11pt
436 12pt
437 \setlength\dblfloatsep {14\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 4\p@}
19
438 \setlength\dbltextfloatsep{20\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 4\p@}
439 /12pt
Floats on their own page or column
\@fptop
\@fpsep
\@fpbot
When oating objects are placed on separate pages the layout of such pages is con-
trolled by these parameters. At the top of the page \@fptop amount of stretchable
whitespace is inserted, at the bottom of the page we get an \@fpbot amount of
stretchable whitespace. Between adjacent oats the \@fpsep is inserted.
These parameters are used for the placement of oating objects in one column
mode, or in single column oats in two column mode.
Note that at least one of the two parameters \@fptop and \@fpbot should
contain a plus ...fil to allow lling the remaining empty space.
440 10pt
441 \setlength\@fptop{0\p@ \@plus 1fil}
442 \setlength\@fpsep{8\p@ \@plus 2fil}
443 \setlength\@fpbot{0\p@ \@plus 1fil}
444 /10pt
445 11pt
446 \setlength\@fptop{0\p@ \@plus 1fil}
447 \setlength\@fpsep{8\p@ \@plus 2fil}
448 \setlength\@fpbot{0\p@ \@plus 1fil}
449 /11pt
450 12pt
451 \setlength\@fptop{0\p@ \@plus 1fil}
452 \setlength\@fpsep{10\p@ \@plus 2fil}
453 \setlength\@fpbot{0\p@ \@plus 1fil}
454 /12pt
\@dblfptop
\@dblfpsep
\@dblfpbot
Double column oats in two column mode are handled with similar parameters.
455 10pt
456 \setlength\@dblfptop{0\p@ \@plus 1fil}
457 \setlength\@dblfpsep{8\p@ \@plus 2fil}
458 \setlength\@dblfpbot{0\p@ \@plus 1fil}
459 /10pt
460 11pt
461 \setlength\@dblfptop{0\p@ \@plus 1fil}
462 \setlength\@dblfpsep{8\p@ \@plus 2fil}
463 \setlength\@dblfpbot{0\p@ \@plus 1fil}
464 /11pt
465 12pt
466 \setlength\@dblfptop{0\p@ \@plus 1fil}
467 \setlength\@dblfpsep{10\p@ \@plus 2fil}
468 \setlength\@dblfpbot{0\p@ \@plus 1fil}
469 /12pt
470 article | report | book
20
6.4 Page Styles
The page style foo is dened by dening the command \ps@foo. This command
should make only local denitions. There should be no stray spaces in the deni-
tion, since they could lead to mysterious extra spaces in the output (well, thats
something that should be always avoided).
\@evenhead
\@oddhead
\@evenfoot
\@oddfoot
The \ps@... command denes the macros \@oddhead, \@oddfoot, \@evenhead,
and \@evenfoot to dene the running heads and feete.g., \@oddhead is the
macro to produce the contents of the heading box for odd-numbered pages. It is
called inside an \hbox of width \textwidth.
6.4.1 Marking conventions
To make headings determined by the sectioning commands, the page style denes
the commands \chaptermark, \sectionmark, . . . ,
where \chaptermark{TEXT} is called by \chapter to set a mark, and so on.
The \...mark commands and the \...head macros are dened with the help
of the following macros. (All the \...mark commands should be initialized to
no-ops.)
L
A
T
E
X extends T
E
Xs \mark facility by producing two kinds of marks, a left
and a right mark, using the following commands:
\markboth{LEFT}{RIGHT}: Adds both marks.
\markright{RIGHT}: Adds a right mark.
\leftmark: Used in the \@oddhead, \@oddfoot, \@evenhead or \@evenfoot
macros, it gets the current left mark. \leftmark works like T
E
Xs \botmark
command.
\rightmark: Used in the \@oddhead, \@oddfoot, \@evenhead or \@evenfoot
macros, it gets the current right mark. \rightmark works like T
E
Xs
\firstmark command.
The marking commands work reasonably well for right marks numbered
within left markse.g., the left mark is changed by a \chapter command and
the right mark is changed by a \section command. However, it does produce
somewhat anomalous results if two \markboths occur on the same page.
Commands like \tableofcontents that should set the marks in some page
styles use a \@mkboth command, which is \let by the pagestyle command
(\ps@...) to \markboth for setting the heading or to \@gobbletwo to do nothing.
6.4.2 Dening the page styles
The pagestyles empty and plain are dened in latex.dtx.
\ps@headings The denition of the page style headings has to be dierent for two sided printing
than it is for one sided printing.
471 \if@twoside
472 \def\ps@headings{%
21
The running feet are empty in this page style, the running head contains the page
number and one of the marks.
473 \let\@oddfoot\@empty\let\@evenfoot\@empty
474 \def\@evenhead{\thepage\hfil\slshape\leftmark}%
475 \def\@oddhead{{\slshape\rightmark}\hfil\thepage}%
When using this page style, the contents of the running head is determined by
the chapter and section titles. So we \let \@mkboth to \markboth.
476 \let\@mkboth\markboth
For the article document class we dene \sectionmark to clear the right mark
and put the number of the section (when it is numbered) and its title in the left
mark. The rightmark is set by \subsectionmark to contain the subsection titles.
Note the use of ##1 for the parameter of the \sectionmark command, which
will be dened when \ps@headings is executed.
477 article
478 \def\sectionmark##1{%
479 \markboth {\MakeUppercase{%
480 \ifnum \c@secnumdepth >\z@
481 \thesection\quad
482 \fi
483 ##1}}{}}%
484 \def\subsectionmark##1{%
485 \markright {%
486 \ifnum \c@secnumdepth >\@ne
487 \thesubsection\quad
488 \fi
489 ##1}}}
490 /article
In the report and book document classes we use the \chaptermark and
\sectionmark macros to ll the running heads.
Note the use of ##1 for the parameter of the \chaptermark command, which
will be dened when \ps@headings is executed.
491 report | book
492 \def\chaptermark##1{%
493 \markboth {\MakeUppercase{%
494 \ifnum \c@secnumdepth >\m@ne
495 book \if@mainmatter
496 \@chapapp\ \thechapter. \ %
497 book \fi
498 \fi
499 ##1}}{}}%
500 \def\sectionmark##1{%
501 \markright {\MakeUppercase{%
502 \ifnum \c@secnumdepth >\z@
503 \thesection. \ %
504 \fi
505 ##1}}}}
506 /report | book
22
The denition of \ps@headings for one sided printing can be much simpler,
because we treat even and odd pages the same. Therefore we dont need to dene
\@even....
507 \else
508 \def\ps@headings{%
509 \let\@oddfoot\@empty
510 \def\@oddhead{{\slshape\rightmark}\hfil\thepage}%
511 \let\@mkboth\markboth
We use \markright now instead of \markboth as we did for two sided printing.
512 article
513 \def\sectionmark##1{%
514 \markright {\MakeUppercase{%
515 \ifnum \c@secnumdepth >\m@ne
516 \thesection\quad
517 \fi
518 ##1}}}}
519 /article
520 report | book
521 \def\chaptermark##1{%
522 \markright {\MakeUppercase{%
523 \ifnum \c@secnumdepth >\m@ne
524 book \if@mainmatter
525 \@chapapp\ \thechapter. \ %
526 book \fi
527 \fi
528 ##1}}}}
529 /report | book
530 \fi
\ps@myheadings The denition of the page style myheadings is fairly simple because the user de-
termines the contents of the running head himself by using the \markboth and
\markright commands.
531 \def\ps@myheadings{%
532 \let\@oddfoot\@empty\let\@evenfoot\@empty
533 \def\@evenhead{\thepage\hfil\slshape\leftmark}%
534 \def\@oddhead{{\slshape\rightmark}\hfil\thepage}%
We have to make sure that the marking commands that are used by the chapter
and section headings are disabled. We do this \letting them to a macro that
gobbles its argument(s).
535 \let\@mkboth\@gobbletwo
536 !article \let\chaptermark\@gobble
537 \let\sectionmark\@gobble
538 article \let\subsectionmark\@gobble
539 }
23
7 Document Markup
7.1 The title
\title
\author
\date
These three macros are provided by latex.dtx to provide information about the
title, author(s) and date of the document. The information is stored away in
internal control sequences. It is the task of the \maketitle command to use
the information provided. The denitions of these macros are shown here for
information.
540 % \newcommand*{\title}[1]{\gdef\@title{#1}}
541 % \newcommand*{\author}[1]{\gdef\@author{#1}}
542 % \newcommand*{\date}[1]{\gdef\@date{#1}}
The \date macro gets todays date by default.
543 % \date{\today}
\maketitle The denition of \maketitle depends on whether a separate title page is made.
This is the default for the report and book document classes, but for the article
class it is optional.
When we are making a title page, we locally redene \footnotesize and
footnoterule to change the appearance of the footnotes that are produced by
the \thanks command; these changes aect all footnotes.
544 \if@titlepage
545 \newcommand\maketitle{\begin{titlepage}%
546 \let\footnotesize\small
547 \let\footnoterule\relax
548 \let \footnote \thanks
We center the entire title vertically; the centering is set o a little by adding
a \vskip. (In compatibility mode the pagenumber is set to 0 by the titlepage
environment to keep the behaviour of L
A
T
E
X 2.09 style les.)
549 \null\vfil
550 \vskip 60\p@
Then we set the title, in a \LARGE font; leave a little space and set the author(s)
in a \large font. We do this inside a tabular environment to get them in a single
column. Before the date we leave a little whitespace again.
551 \begin{center}%
552 {\LARGE \@title \par}%
553 \vskip 3em%
554 {\large
555 \lineskip .75em%
556 \begin{tabular}[t]{c}%
557 \@author
558 \end{tabular}\par}%
559 \vskip 1.5em%
560 {\large \@date \par}% % Set date in \large size.
561 \end{center}\par
24
Then we call \@thanks to print the information that goes into the footnote and
nish the page.
562 \@thanks
563 \vfil\null
564 \end{titlepage}%
We reset the footnote counter, disable \thanks and \maketitle and save some
storage space by emptying the internal information macros.
565 \setcounter{footnote}{0}%
566 \global\let\thanks\relax
567 \global\let\maketitle\relax
568 \global\let\@thanks\@empty
569 \global\let\@author\@empty
570 \global\let\@date\@empty
571 \global\let\@title\@empty
After the title is set the declaration commands \title, etc. can vanish. The
denition of \and makes only sense within the argument of \author so this can
go as well.
572 \global\let\title\relax
573 \global\let\author\relax
574 \global\let\date\relax
575 \global\let\and\relax
576 }
When the title is not on a page of its own, the layout of the title is a little
dierent. We use symbols to mark the footnotes and we have to deal with two
column documents.
Therefore we rst start a new group to keep changes local. Then we redene
\thefootnote to use \fnsymbol; and change \@makefnmark so that footnotemarks
have zero width (to make the centering of the author names look better).
577 \else
578 \newcommand\maketitle{\par
579 \begingroup
580 \renewcommand\thefootnote{\@fnsymbol\c@footnote}%
581 \def\@makefnmark{\rlap{\@textsuperscript{\normalfont\@thefnmark}}}%
582 \long\def\@makefntext##1{\parindent 1em\noindent
583 \hb@[email protected]{%
584 \hss\@textsuperscript{\normalfont\@thefnmark}}##1}%
If this is a twocolumn document we start a new page in twocolumn mode, with the
title set to the full width of the text. The actual printing of the title information
is left to \@maketitle.
585 \if@twocolumn
586 \ifnum \col@number=\@ne
587 \@maketitle
588 \else
589 \twocolumn[\@maketitle]%
590 \fi
591 \else
25
When this is not a twocolumn document we just start a new page, prevent oating
objects from appearing on the top of this page and print the title information.
592 \newpage
593 \global\@topnum\z@ % Prevents figures from going at top of page.
594 \@maketitle
595 \fi
This page gets a plain layout. We call \@thanks to produce the footnotes.
596 \thispagestyle{plain}\@thanks
Now we can close the group, reset the footnote counter, disable \thanks,
\maketitle and \@maketitle and save some storage space by emptying the in-
ternal information macros.
597 \endgroup
598 \setcounter{footnote}{0}%
599 \global\let\thanks\relax
600 \global\let\maketitle\relax
601 \global\let\@maketitle\relax
602 \global\let\@thanks\@empty
603 \global\let\@author\@empty
604 \global\let\@date\@empty
605 \global\let\@title\@empty
606 \global\let\title\relax
607 \global\let\author\relax
608 \global\let\date\relax
609 \global\let\and\relax
610 }
\@maketitle This macro takes care of formatting the title information when we have no separate
title page.
We always start a new page, leave some white space and center the information.
The title is set in a \LARGE font, the author names and the in a \large font.
611 \def\@maketitle{%
612 \newpage
613 \null
614 \vskip 2em%
615 \begin{center}%
616 \let \footnote \thanks
617 {\LARGE \@title \par}%
618 \vskip 1.5em%
619 {\large
620 \lineskip .5em%
621 \begin{tabular}[t]{c}%
622 \@author
623 \end{tabular}\par}%
624 \vskip 1em%
625 {\large \@date}%
626 \end{center}%
627 \par
628 \vskip 1.5em}
26
629 \fi
7.2 Chapters and Sections
7.2.1 Building blocks
The denitions in this part of the class le make use of two internal macros,
\@startsection and \secdef. To understand what is going on here, we describe
their syntax.
The macro \@startsection has 6 required arguments, optionally followed by
a , an optional argument and a required argument:
\@startsectionnamelevel indent beforeskipafterskipstyle optional *
[altheading]heading
It is a generic command to start a section, the arguments have the following
meaning:
name The name of the user level command, e.g., section.
level A number, denoting the depth of the section e.g., chapter=1, section =
2, etc. A section number will be printed if and only if level <= the value
of the secnumdepth counter.
indent The indentation of the heading from the left margin
beforeskip The absolute value of this argument gives the skip to leave above
the heading. If it is negative, then the paragraph indent of the text following
the heading is suppressed.
afterskip If positive, this gives the skip to leave below the heading, else it gives
the skip to leave to the right of a run-in heading.
style Commands to set the style of the heading.
When this is missing the heading is numbered and the corresponding counter is
incremented.
altheading Gives an alternative heading to use in the table of contents and in
the running heads. This should be present when the form is used.
heading The heading of the new section.
A sectioning command is normally dened to \@startsection and its rst six
arguments.
The macro \secdef can be used when a sectioning command is dened without
using \@startsection. It has two arguments:
\secdefunstarcmdsstarcmds
unstarcmds Used for the normal form of the sectioning command.
starcmds Used for the -form of the sectioning command.
27
You can use \secdef as follows:
\def\chapter { ... \secdef \CMDA \CMDB }
\def\CMDA [#1]#2{ ... } % Command to define
% \chapter[...]{...}
\def\CMDB #1{ ... } % Command to define
% \chapter*{...}
7.2.2 Mark commands
\chaptermark
\sectionmark
\subsectionmark
\subsubsectionmark
\paragraphmark
\subparagraphmark
Default initializations of \...mark commands. These commands are used in the
denition of the page styles (see section 6.4.2) Most of them are already dened
by latex.dtx, so they are only shown here.
630 !article\newcommand*\chaptermark[1]{}
631 % \newcommand*\sectionmark[1]{}
632 % \newcommand*\subsectionmark[1]{}
633 % \newcommand*\subsubsectionmark[1]{}
634 % \newcommand*\paragraphmark[1]{}
635 % \newcommand*\subparagraphmark[1]{}
7.2.3 Dene Counters
\c@secnumdepth The value of the counter secnumdepth gives the depth of the highest-level sectioning
command that is to produce section numbers.
636 article\setcounter{secnumdepth}{3}
637 !article\setcounter{secnumdepth}{2}
\c@part
\c@chapter
\c@section
\c@subsection
\c@subsubsection
\c@paragraph
\c@subparagraph
These counters are used for the section numbers. The macro
\newcounter{newctr}[oldctr]
denesnewctr to be a counter, which is reset to zero when counter oldctr is
stepped. Counter oldctr must already be dened.
638 \newcounter {part}
639 article\newcounter {section}
640 report | book
641 \newcounter {chapter}
642 \newcounter {section}[chapter]
643 /report | book
644 \newcounter {subsection}[section]
645 \newcounter {subsubsection}[subsection]
646 \newcounter {paragraph}[subsubsection]
647 \newcounter {subparagraph}[paragraph]
\thepart
\thechapter
\thesection
\thesubsection
\thesubsubsection
\theparagraph
\thesubparagraph
For any counter CTR, \theCTR is a macro that denes the printed version of
counter CTR. It is dened in terms of the following macros:
\arabic{COUNTER} prints the value of COUNTER as an arabic numeral.
\roman{COUNTER} prints the value of COUNTER as a lowercase roman num-
beral.
28
\Roman{COUNTER} prints the value of COUNTER as an uppercase roman
numberal.
\alph{COUNTER} prints the value of COUNTER as a lowercase letter: 1 = a,
2 = b, etc.
\Alph{COUNTER} prints the value of COUNTER as an uppercase letter:
1 = A, 2 = B, etc.
Actually to save space the internal counter repesentations and the commands
operating on those are used.
648 \renewcommand \thepart {\@Roman\c@part}
649 article\renewcommand \thesection {\@arabic\c@section}
650 report | book
651 \renewcommand \thechapter {\@arabic\c@chapter}
652 \renewcommand \thesection {\thechapter.\@arabic\c@section}
653 /report | book
654 \renewcommand\thesubsection {\thesection.\@arabic\c@subsection}
655 \renewcommand\thesubsubsection{\thesubsection .\@arabic\c@subsubsection}
656 \renewcommand\theparagraph {\thesubsubsection.\@arabic\c@paragraph}
657 \renewcommand\thesubparagraph {\theparagraph.\@arabic\c@subparagraph}
\@chapapp \@chapapp is initially dened to be \chaptername. The \appendix command
redenes it to be \appendixname.
658 report | book\newcommand\@chapapp{\chaptername}
7.2.4 Front Matter, Main Matter, and Back Matter
A book contains these three (logical) sections. The switch \@mainmatter is true i
we are processing Main Matter. When this switch is false, the \chapter command
does not print chapter numbers.
Here we dene the commands that start these sections.
\frontmatter This command starts Roman page numbering and turns o chapter numbering.
659 book
660 \newcommand\frontmatter{%
661 \if@openright
662 \cleardoublepage
663 \else
664 \clearpage
665 \fi
666 \@mainmatterfalse
667 \pagenumbering{roman}}
\mainmatter This command clears the page, starts arabic page numbering and turns on chapter
numbering.
668 \newcommand\mainmatter{%
669 \if@openright
670 \cleardoublepage
671 \else
672 \clearpage
29
673 \fi
674 \@mainmattertrue
675 \pagenumbering{arabic}}
\backmatter This clears the page, turns o chapter numbering and leaves page numbering
unchanged.
676 \newcommand\backmatter{%
677 \if@openright
678 \cleardoublepage
679 \else
680 \clearpage
681 \fi
682 \@mainmatterfalse}
683 /book
7.2.5 Parts
\part The command to start a new part of our document.
In the article class the denition of \part is rather simple; we start a new
paragraph, add a little white space, suppress the indentation of the rst paragraph
and make use of \secdef.
684 article
685 \newcommand\part{\par
686 \addvspace{4ex}%
687 \@afterindentfalse
688 \secdef\@part\@spart}
689 /article
For the report and book classes we things a bit dierent.
We start a new (righthand) page and use the plain pagestyle.
690 report | book
691 \newcommand\part{%
692 \if@openright
693 \cleardoublepage
694 \else
695 \clearpage
696 \fi
697 \thispagestyle{plain}%
When we are making a two column document, this will be a one column page. We
use @tempswa to remember to switch back to two columns.
698 \if@twocolumn
699 \onecolumn
700 \@tempswatrue
701 \else
702 \@tempswafalse
703 \fi
We need an empty box to prevent the l glue from disappearing.
704 \null\vfil
30
Here we use \secdef to indicate which commands to use to make the actual
heading.
705 \secdef\@part\@spart}
706 /report | book
\@part This macro does the actual formatting of the title of the part. Again the macro
is dierently dened for the article document class than for the document classes
report and book.
When secnumdepth is larger than 1 for the document class article, we have a
numbered part, otherwise it is unnumbered.
707 article
708 \def\@part[#1]#2{%
709 \ifnum \c@secnumdepth >\m@ne
710 \refstepcounter{part}%
711 \addcontentsline{toc}{part}{\thepart\hspace{1em}#1}%
712 \else
713 \addcontentsline{toc}{part}{#1}%
714 \fi
We print the title ush left in the article class. Also we prevent breaking between
lines and reset the font.
715 {\parindent \z@ \raggedright
716 \interlinepenalty \@M
717 \normalfont
When this is a numbered part we have to print the number and the title. The
\nobreak should prevent a page break here.
718 \ifnum \c@secnumdepth >\m@ne
719 \Large\bfseries \partname~\thepart
720 \par\nobreak
721 \fi
722 \huge \bfseries #2%
Now we empty the mark registers, leave some white space and let \@afterheading
take care of suppressing the indentation.
723 \markboth{}{}\par}%
724 \nobreak
725 \vskip 3ex
726 \@afterheading}
727 /article
When secnumdepth is larger than 2 for the document class report and book,
we have a numbered part, otherwise it is unnumbered.
728 report | book
729 \def\@part[#1]#2{%
730 \ifnum \c@secnumdepth >-2\relax
731 \refstepcounter{part}%
732 \addcontentsline{toc}{part}{\thepart\hspace{1em}#1}%
733 \else
734 \addcontentsline{toc}{part}{#1}%
735 \fi
31
We empty the mark registers and center the title on the page in the report and
book document classes. Also we prevent breaking between lines and reset the font.
736 \markboth{}{}%
737 {\centering
738 \interlinepenalty \@M
739 \normalfont
When this is a numbered part we have to print the number.
740 \ifnum \c@secnumdepth >-2\relax
741 \huge\bfseries \partname~\thepart
742 \par
We leave some space before we print the title and leave the nishing up to
\@endpart.
743 \vskip 20\p@
744 \fi
745 \Huge \bfseries #2\par}%
746 \@endpart}
747 /report | book
\@spart This macro does the actual formatting of the title of the part when the star form
of the user command was used. In this case we never print a number. Otherwise
the formatting is the same.
The dierences between the denition of this macro in the article document
class and in the report and book document classes are similar as they were for
\@part.
748 article
749 \def\@spart#1{%
750 {\parindent \z@ \raggedright
751 \interlinepenalty \@M
752 \normalfont
753 \huge \bfseries #1\par}%
754 \nobreak
755 \vskip 3ex
756 \@afterheading}
757 /article
758 report | book
759 \def\@spart#1{%
760 {\centering
761 \interlinepenalty \@M
762 \normalfont
763 \Huge \bfseries #1\par}%
764 \@endpart}
765 /report | book
\@endpart This macro nishes the part page, for both \@part and \@spart.
First we ll the current page.
766 report | book
767 \def\@endpart{\vfil\newpage
32
Then, when we are in twosided mode, we produce a completely blank page.
768 \if@twoside
769 \null
770 \thispagestyle{empty}%
771 \newpage
772 \fi
When this was a two column document we have to switch back to two column
mode.
773 \if@tempswa
774 \twocolumn
775 \fi}
776 /report | book
7.2.6 Chapters
\chapter A chapter should always start on a new page therefore we start by calling
\clearpage and setting the pagestyle for this page to plain.
777 report | book
778 \newcommand\chapter{\if@openright\cleardoublepage\else\clearpage\fi
779 \thispagestyle{plain}%
Then we prevent oats from appearing at the top of this page because it looks
weird to see a oating object above a chapter title.
780 \global\@topnum\z@
Then we suppress the indentation of the rst paragraph by setting the switch
\@afterindent to false. We use \secdef to specify the macros to use for actually
setting the chapter title.
781 \@afterindentfalse
782 \secdef\@chapter\@schapter}
\@chapter This macro is called when we have a numbered chapter. When secnumdepth is
larger than 1 and, in the book class, \@mainmatter is true, we display the
chapter number. We also inform the user that a new chapter is about to be
typeset by writing a message to the terminal.
783 \def\@chapter[#1]#2{\ifnum \c@secnumdepth >\m@ne
784 book \if@mainmatter
785 \refstepcounter{chapter}%
786 \typeout{\@chapapp\space\thechapter.}%
787 \addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}%
788 {\protect\numberline{\thechapter}#1}%
789 book
790 \else
791 \addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{#1}%
792 \fi
793 /book
794 \else
795 \addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{#1}%
796 \fi
33
After having written an entry to the table of contents we store the (alternative)
title of this chapter with \chaptermark and add some white space to the lists of
gures and tables.
797 \chaptermark{#1}%
798 \addtocontents{lof}{\protect\addvspace{10\p@}}%
799 \addtocontents{lot}{\protect\addvspace{10\p@}}%
Then we call upon \@makechapterhead to format the actual chapter title. We
have to do this in a special way when we are in twocolumn mode in order to
have the chapter title use the entire \textwidth. In one column mode we call
\@afterheading which takes care of suppressing the indentation.
800 \if@twocolumn
801 \@topnewpage[\@makechapterhead{#2}]%
802 \else
803 \@makechapterhead{#2}%
804 \@afterheading
805 \fi}
\@makechapterhead The macro above uses \@makechapterheadtext to format the heading of the
chapter.
We begin by leaving some white space. The we open a group in which we have
a paragraph indent of 0pt, and in which we have the text set ragged right. We
also reset the font.
806 \def\@makechapterhead#1{%
807 \vspace*{50\p@}%
808 {\parindent \z@ \raggedright \normalfont
Then we check whether the number of the chapter has to be printed. If so we
leave some whitespace between the chapternumber and its title.
809 \ifnum \c@secnumdepth >\m@ne
810 book \if@mainmatter
811 \huge\bfseries \@chapapp\space \thechapter
812 \par\nobreak
813 \vskip 20\p@
814 book \fi
815 \fi
Now we set the title in a large bold font. We prevent a pagebreak from occuring
in the middle of or after the title. Finally we leave some whitespace before the
text begins.
816 \interlinepenalty\@M
817 \Huge \bfseries #1\par\nobreak
818 \vskip 40\p@
819 }}
\@schapter This macro is called when we have an unnumbered chapter. It is much simpler
than \@chapter because it only needs to typeset the chapter title.
820 \def\@schapter#1{\if@twocolumn
821 \@topnewpage[\@makeschapterhead{#1}]%
34
822 \else
823 \@makeschapterhead{#1}%
824 \@afterheading
825 \fi}
\@makeschapterhead The macro above uses \@makeschapterheadtextto format the heading of the
chapter. It is similar to \@makechapterhead except that it never has to print a
chapter number.
826 \def\@makeschapterhead#1{%
827 \vspace*{50\p@}%
828 {\parindent \z@ \raggedright
829 \normalfont
830 \interlinepenalty\@M
831 \Huge \bfseries #1\par\nobreak
832 \vskip 40\p@
833 }}
834 /report | book
7.2.7 Lower level headings
These commands all make use of \@startsection.
\section This gives a normal heading with white space above and below the heading, the
title set in \Large\bfseries, and no indentation on the rst paragraph.
835 \newcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}%
836 {-3.5ex \@plus -1ex \@minus -.2ex}%
837 {2.3ex \@plus.2ex}%
838 {\normalfont\Large\bfseries}}
\subsection This gives a normal heading with white space above and below the heading, the
title set in \large\bfseries, and no indentation on the rst paragraph.
839 \newcommand\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}%
840 {-3.25ex\@plus -1ex \@minus -.2ex}%
841 {1.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
842 {\normalfont\large\bfseries}}
\subsubsection This gives a normal heading with white space above and below the heading, the
title set in \normalsize\bfseries, and no indentation on the rst paragraph.
843 \newcommand\subsubsection{\@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{\z@}%
844 {-3.25ex\@plus -1ex \@minus -.2ex}%
845 {1.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
846 {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}}
\paragraph This gives a run-in heading with white space above and to the right of the heading,
the title set in \normalsize\bfseries.
847 \newcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}%
848 {3.25ex \@plus1ex \@minus.2ex}%
849 {-1em}%
850 {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}}
35
\subparagraph This gives an indented run-in heading with white space above and to the right of
the heading, the title set in \normalsize\bfseries.
851 \newcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}%
852 {3.25ex \@plus1ex \@minus .2ex}%
853 {-1em}%
854 {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}}
7.3 Lists
7.3.1 General List Parameters
The following commands are used to set the default values for the list environ-
ments parameters. See the L
A
T
E
X manual for an explanation of the meanings
of the parameters. Defaults for the list environment are set as follows. First,
\rightmargin, \listparindent and \itemindent are set to 0pt. Then, for a
Kth level list, the command \@listK is called, where K denotes i, i, ... , vi.
(I.e., \@listiii is called for a third-level list.) By convention, \@listK should
set \leftmargin to \leftmarginK.
\leftmargin
\leftmargini
\leftmarginii
\leftmarginiii
\leftmarginiv
\leftmarginv
\leftmarginvi
When we are in two column mode some of the margins are set somewhat smaller.
855 \if@twocolumn
856 \setlength\leftmargini {2em}
857 \else
858 \setlength\leftmargini {2.5em}
859 \fi
Until the whole of the parameter setting in these les is rationalised, we need to
set the value of \leftmargin at this outer level.
860 \leftmargin \leftmargini
The following three are calculated so that they are larger than the sum of
\labelsep and the width of the default labels (which are (m), vii. and M.).
861 \setlength\leftmarginii {2.2em}
862 \setlength\leftmarginiii {1.87em}
863 \setlength\leftmarginiv {1.7em}
864 \if@twocolumn
865 \setlength\leftmarginv {.5em}
866 \setlength\leftmarginvi {.5em}
867 \else
868 \setlength\leftmarginv {1em}
869 \setlength\leftmarginvi {1em}
870 \fi
\labelsep
\labelwidth
\labelsep is the distance between the label and the text of an item; \labelwidth
is the width of the label.
871 \setlength \labelsep {.5em}
872 \setlength \labelwidth{\leftmargini}
873 \addtolength\labelwidth{-\labelsep}
36
\partopsep When the user leaves a blank line before the environment an extra vertical space
of \partopsep is inserted, in addition to \parskip and \topsep.
874 /article | report | book
875 10pt\setlength\partopsep{2\p@ \@plus 1\p@ \@minus 1\p@}
876 11pt\setlength\partopsep{3\p@ \@plus 1\p@ \@minus 1\p@}
877 12pt\setlength\partopsep{3\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@}
\@beginparpenalty
\@endparpenalty
These penalties are inserted before and after a list or paragraph environment.
They are set to a bonus value to encourage page breaking at these points.
\@itempenalty This penalty is inserted between list items.
878 article | report | book
879 \@beginparpenalty -\@lowpenalty
880 \@endparpenalty -\@lowpenalty
881 \@itempenalty -\@lowpenalty
882 /article | report | book
\@listi
\@listI
\@listi denes the values of \leftmargin, \parsep, \topsep, \itemsep, etc.
for the lists that appear on top-level. Its denition is modied by the font-size
commands (eg within \small the list parameters get smaller values).
For this reason listI is dened to hold a saved copy of listi so that \normalsize
can switch all parameters back.
883 10pt | 11pt | 12pt
884 \def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini
885 10pt
886 \parsep 4\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus\p@
887 \topsep 8\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus4\p@
888 \itemsep4\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus\p@}
889 /10pt
890 11pt
891 \parsep 4.5\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus\p@
892 \topsep 9\p@ \@plus3\p@ \@minus5\p@
893 \itemsep4.5\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus\p@}
894 /11pt
895 12pt
896 \parsep 5\p@ \@plus2.5\p@ \@minus\p@
897 \topsep 10\p@ \@plus4\p@ \@minus6\p@
898 \itemsep5\p@ \@plus2.5\p@ \@minus\p@}
899 /12pt
900 \let\@listI\@listi
We initialise the parameters although strictly speaking that is not necessary.
901 \@listi
\@listii
\@listiii
\@listiv
\@listv
\@listvi
Here are the same macros for the higher level lists. Note that they dont have
saved versions and are not modied by the font size commands. In other words
this class assumes that nested lists only appear in \normalsize, i.e. the main
document size.
902 \def\@listii {\leftmargin\leftmarginii
37
903 \labelwidth\leftmarginii
904 \advance\labelwidth-\labelsep
905 10pt
906 \topsep 4\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus\p@
907 \parsep 2\p@ \@plus\p@ \@minus\p@
908 /10pt
909 11pt
910 \topsep 4.5\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus\p@
911 \parsep 2\p@ \@plus\p@ \@minus\p@
912 /11pt
913 12pt
914 \topsep 5\p@ \@plus2.5\p@ \@minus\p@
915 \parsep 2.5\p@ \@plus\p@ \@minus\p@
916 /12pt
917 \itemsep \parsep}
918 \def\@listiii{\leftmargin\leftmarginiii
919 \labelwidth\leftmarginiii
920 \advance\labelwidth-\labelsep
921 10pt \topsep 2\p@ \@plus\p@\@minus\p@
922 11pt \topsep 2\p@ \@plus\p@\@minus\p@
923 12pt \topsep 2.5\p@\@plus\p@\@minus\p@
924 \parsep \z@
925 \partopsep \p@ \@plus\z@ \@minus\p@
926 \itemsep \topsep}
927 \def\@listiv {\leftmargin\leftmarginiv
928 \labelwidth\leftmarginiv
929 \advance\labelwidth-\labelsep}
930 \def\@listv {\leftmargin\leftmarginv
931 \labelwidth\leftmarginv
932 \advance\labelwidth-\labelsep}
933 \def\@listvi {\leftmargin\leftmarginvi
934 \labelwidth\leftmarginvi
935 \advance\labelwidth-\labelsep}
936 /10pt | 11pt | 12pt
7.3.2 Enumerate
The enumerate environment uses four counters: enumi, enumii, enumiii and enumiv,
where enumN controls the numbering of the Nth level enumeration.
\theenumi
\theenumii
\theenumiii
\theenumiv
The counters are already dened in latex.dtx, but their representation is changed
here.
937 article | report | book
938 \renewcommand\theenumi{\@arabic\c@enumi}
939 \renewcommand\theenumii{\@alph\c@enumii}
940 \renewcommand\theenumiii{\@roman\c@enumiii}
941 \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@Alph\c@enumiv}
\labelenumi
\labelenumii
\labelenumiii
\labelenumiv
The label for each item is generated by the commands
\labelenumi . . . \labelenumiv.
38
942 \newcommand\labelenumi{\theenumi.}
943 \newcommand\labelenumii{(\theenumii)}
944 \newcommand\labelenumiii{\theenumiii.}
945 \newcommand\labelenumiv{\theenumiv.}
\p@enumii
\p@enumiii
\p@enumiv
The expansion of \p@enumN\theenumN denes the output of a \ref command
when referencing an item of the Nth level of an enumerated list.
946 \renewcommand\p@enumii{\theenumi}
947 \renewcommand\p@enumiii{\theenumi(\theenumii)}
948 \renewcommand\p@enumiv{\p@enumiii\theenumiii}
7.3.3 Itemize
\labelitemi
\labelitemii
\labelitemiii
\labelitemiv
Itemization is controlled by four commands: \labelitemi, \labelitemii,
\labelitemiii, and \labelitemiv, which dene the labels of thevarious item-
ization levels: the symbols used are bullet, bold en-dash, centered asterisk and
centred dot.
949 \newcommand\labelitemi{\textbullet}
950 \newcommand\labelitemii{\normalfont\bfseries \textendash}
951 \newcommand\labelitemiii{\textasteriskcentered}
952 \newcommand\labelitemiv{\textperiodcentered}
7.3.4 Description
description The description environment is dened here while the itemize and enumerate
environments are dened in latex.dtx.
953 \newenvironment{description}
954 {\list{}{\labelwidth\z@ \itemindent-\leftmargin
955 \let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}}
956 {\endlist}
\descriptionlabel To change the formatting of the label, you must redene \descriptionlabel.
957 \newcommand*\descriptionlabel[1]{\hspace\labelsep
958 \normalfont\bfseries #1}
7.4 Dening new environments
7.4.1 Abstract
abstract When we are producing a separate titlepage we also put the abstract on a page of
its own. It will be centred vertically on the page.
Note that this environment is not dened for books.
959 % \changes{v1.3m}{1995/10/23}{Added setting of \cs{beginparpenalty} to
960 % discourage page break before abstract heading.}
961 article | report
962 \if@titlepage
963 \newenvironment{abstract}{%
964 \titlepage
39
965 \null\vfil
966 \@beginparpenalty\@lowpenalty
967 \begin{center}%
968 \bfseries \abstractname
969 \@endparpenalty\@M
970 \end{center}}%
971 {\par\vfil\null\endtitlepage}
When we are not making a separate titlepage the default for the article document
class we have to check if we are in twocolumn mode. In that case the abstract
is as a \section*, otherwise the quotation environment is used to typeset the
abstract.
972 \else
973 \newenvironment{abstract}{%
974 \if@twocolumn
975 \section*{\abstractname}%
976 \else
977 \small
978 \begin{center}%
979 {\bfseries \abstractname\vspace{-.5em}\vspace{\z@}}%
980 \end{center}%
981 \quotation
982 \fi}
983 {\if@twocolumn\else\endquotation\fi}
984 \fi
985 /article | report
7.4.2 Verse
verse The verse environment is dened by making clever use of the list environments
parameters. The user types \\ to end a line. This is implemented by \leting \\
equal \@centercr.
986 \newenvironment{verse}
987 {\let\\\@centercr
988 \list{}{\itemsep \z@
989 \itemindent -1.5em%
990 \listparindent\itemindent
991 \rightmargin \leftmargin
992 \advance\leftmargin 1.5em}%
993 \item\relax}
994 {\endlist}
7.4.3 Quotation
quotation The quotation environment is also dened by making clever use of the list environ-
ments parameters. The lines in the environment are set smaller than \textwidth.
The rst line of a paragraph inside this environment is indented.
995 \newenvironment{quotation}
996 {\list{}{\listparindent 1.5em%
40
997 \itemindent \listparindent
998 \rightmargin \leftmargin
999 \parsep \z@ \@plus\p@}%
1000 \item\relax}
1001 {\endlist}
7.4.4 Quote
quote The quote environment is like the quotation environment except that paragraphs
are not indented.
1002 \newenvironment{quote}
1003 {\list{}{\rightmargin\leftmargin}%
1004 \item\relax}
1005 {\endlist}
7.4.5 Theorem
This document class does not dene its own theorem environments, the defaults,
supplied by latex.dtx are available.
7.4.6 Titlepage
titlepage In the normal environments, the titlepage environment does nothing but start and
end a page, and inhibit page numbers. In the report style, it also resets the page
number to one, and then sets it back to one at the end. In compatibility mode, it
sets the page number to zero. This is incorrect since it results in using the page
parameters for a right-hand page but it is the way it was. In two-column style, it
still makes a one-column page.
First we do give the denition for compatibility mode.
1006 \if@compatibility
1007 \newenvironment{titlepage}
1008 {%
1009 book \cleardoublepage
1010 \if@twocolumn
1011 \@restonecoltrue\onecolumn
1012 \else
1013 \@restonecolfalse\newpage
1014 \fi
1015 \thispagestyle{empty}%
1016 \setcounter{page}\z@
1017 }%
1018 {\if@restonecol\twocolumn \else \newpage \fi
1019 }
And here is the one for native L
A
T
E
X2

.
1020 \else
1021 \newenvironment{titlepage}
1022 {%
1023 book \cleardoublepage
41
1024 \if@twocolumn
1025 \@restonecoltrue\onecolumn
1026 \else
1027 \@restonecolfalse\newpage
1028 \fi
1029 \thispagestyle{empty}%
1030 \setcounter{page}\@ne
1031 }%
1032 {\if@restonecol\twocolumn \else \newpage \fi
If we are not in two-side mode the rst page after the title page should also get
page number 1.
1033 \if@twoside\else
1034 \setcounter{page}\@ne
1035 \fi
1036 }
1037 \fi
7.4.7 Appendix
\appendix The \appendix command is not really an environment, it is a macro that makes
some changes in the way things are done.
In the article document class the \appendix command must do the following:
reset the section and subsection counters to zero,
redene \thesection to produce alphabetic appendix numbers.
1038 article
1039 \newcommand\appendix{\par
1040 \setcounter{section}{0}%
1041 \setcounter{subsection}{0}%
1042 \renewcommand\thesection{\@Alph\c@section}}
1043 /article
In the report and book document classes the \appendix command must do
the following:
reset the chapter and section counters to zero,
set \@chapapp to \appendixname (for messages),
redene the chapter counter to produce appendix numbers,
possibly redene the \chapter command if appendix titles and headings are
to look dierent from chapter titles and headings.
1044 report | book
1045 \newcommand\appendix{\par
1046 \setcounter{chapter}{0}%
1047 \setcounter{section}{0}%
1048 \renewcommand\@chapapp{\appendixname}%
1049 \renewcommand\thechapter{\@Alph\c@chapter}}
1050 /report | book
42
7.5 Setting parameters for existing environments
7.5.1 Array and tabular
\arraycolsep The columns in an array environment are separated by 2\arraycolsep.
1051 \setlength\arraycolsep{5\p@}
\tabcolsep The columns in an tabular environment are separated by 2\tabcolsep.
1052 \setlength\tabcolsep{6\p@}
\arrayrulewidth The width of rules in the array and tabular environments is given by
\arrayrulewidth.
1053 \setlength\arrayrulewidth{.4\p@}
\doublerulesep The space between adjacent rules in the array and tabular environments is given
by \doublerulesep.
1054 \setlength\doublerulesep{2\p@}
7.5.2 Tabbing
\tabbingsep This controls the space that the \ command puts in. (See L
A
T
E
X manual for an
explanation.)
1055 \setlength\tabbingsep{\labelsep}
7.5.3 Minipage
\@minipagerestore The macro \@minipagerestore is called upon entry to a minipage environment
to set up things that are to be handled dierently inside a minipage environment.
In the current styles, it does nothing.
\@mpfootins Minipages have their own footnotes; \skip\@mpfootins plays same role for foot-
notes in a minipage as \skip\footins does for ordinary footnotes.
1056 \skip\@mpfootins = \skip\footins
7.5.4 Framed boxes
\fboxsep The space left by \fbox and \framebox between the box and the text in it.
\fboxrule The width of the rules in the box made by \fbox and \framebox.
1057 \setlength\fboxsep{3\p@}
1058 \setlength\fboxrule{.4\p@}
43
7.5.5 Equation and eqnarray
\theequation When within chapters, the equation counter will be reset at the beginning of a
new chapter and the equation number will be prexed by the chapter number.
This code must follow the \chapter denition or, more exactly, the denition
of the chapter counter.
1059 article\renewcommand \theequation {\@arabic\c@equation}
1060 report | book
1061 \@addtoreset {equation}{chapter}
1062 \renewcommand\theequation
1063 {\ifnum \c@chapter>\z@ \thechapter.\fi \@arabic\c@equation}
1064 /report | book
\jot \jot is the extra space added between lines of an eqnarray environment. The
default value is used.
1065 % \setlength\jot{3pt}
\@eqnnum The macro \@eqnnum denes how equation numbers are to appear in equations.
Again the default is used.
1066 % \def\@eqnnum{(\theequation)}
7.6 Floating objects
The le latex.dtx only denes a number of tools with which oating objects can
be dened. This is done in the document class. It needs to dene the following
macros for each oating object of type TYPE (e.g., TYPE = gure).
\fps@TYPE The default placement specier for oats of type TYPE.
\ftype@TYPE The type number for oats of type TYPE. Each TYPE has associated
a unique positive TYPE number, which is a power of two. E.g., gures might
have type number 1, tables type number 2, programs type number 4, etc.
\ext@TYPE The le extension indicating the le on which the contents list for oat
type TYPE is stored. For example, \ext@figure = lof.
\fnum@TYPE A macro to generate the gure number for a caption. For example,
\fnum@TYPE == Figure \thefigure.
\@makecaptionnumtext A macro to make a caption, with num the value
produced by \fnum@... and text the text of the caption. It can assume
its in a \parbox of the appropriate width. This will be used for all oating
objects.
The actual environment that implements a oating object such as a gure is de-
ned using the macros \@float and \end@float, which are dened in latex.dtx.
An environment that implements a single column oating object is started with
\@float{TYPE}[placement ] of type TYPE with placement as the placement
specier. The default value of PLACEMENT is dened by \fps@TYPE.
44
The environment is ended by \end@float. E.g., \figure == \@floatgure,
\endfigure == \end@float.
7.6.1 Figure
Here is the implementation of the gure environment.
\c@figure First we have to allocate a counter to number the gures.
In the report and book document classes gures within chapters are numbered
per chapter.
1067 article
1068 \newcounter{figure}
1069 \renewcommand \thefigure {\@arabic\c@figure}
1070 /article
1071 report | book
1072 \newcounter{figure}[chapter]
1073 \renewcommand \thefigure
1074 {\ifnum \c@chapter>\z@ \thechapter.\fi \@arabic\c@figure}
1075 /report | book
\fps@figure
\ftype@figure
\ext@figure
\num@figure
Here are the parameters for the oating objects of type gure.
1076 \def\fps@figure{tbp}
1077 \def\ftype@figure{1}
1078 \def\ext@figure{lof}
1079 \def\fnum@figure{\figurename~\thefigure}
figure
figure*
And the denition of the actual environment. The form with the * is used for
double column gures.
1080 \newenvironment{figure}
1081 {\@float{figure}}
1082 {\end@float}
1083 \newenvironment{figure*}
1084 {\@dblfloat{figure}}
1085 {\end@dblfloat}
7.6.2 Table
Here is the implementation of the table environment. It is very much the same as
the gure environment.
\c@table First we have to allocate a counter to number the tables.
In the report and book document classes tables within chapters are numbered
per chapter.
1086 article
1087 \newcounter{table}
1088 \renewcommand\thetable{\@arabic\c@table}
1089 /article
1090 report | book
45
1091 \newcounter{table}[chapter]
1092 \renewcommand \thetable
1093 {\ifnum \c@chapter>\z@ \thechapter.\fi \@arabic\c@table}
1094 /report | book
\fps@table
\ftype@table
\ext@table
\num@table
Here are the parameters for the oating objects of type table.
1095 \def\fps@table{tbp}
1096 \def\ftype@table{2}
1097 \def\ext@table{lot}
1098 \def\fnum@table{\tablename~\thetable}
table
table*
And the denition of the actual environment. The form with the * is used for
double column tables.
1099 \newenvironment{table}
1100 {\@float{table}}
1101 {\end@float}
1102 \newenvironment{table*}
1103 {\@dblfloat{table}}
1104 {\end@dblfloat}
7.6.3 Captions
\@makecaption The \caption command calls \@makecaption to format the caption of oating
objects. It gets two arguments, number, the number of the oating object and
text , the text of the caption. Usually number contains a string such as Figure
3.2. The macro can assume it is called inside a \parbox of right width, with
\normalsize.
\abovecaptionskip
\belowcaptionskip
These lengths contain the amount of white space to leave above and below the
caption.
1105 \newlength\abovecaptionskip
1106 \newlength\belowcaptionskip
1107 \setlength\abovecaptionskip{10\p@}
1108 \setlength\belowcaptionskip{0\p@}
The denition of this macro is \long in order to allow more then one paragraph
in a caption.
1109 \long\def\@makecaption#1#2{%
1110 \vskip\abovecaptionskip
We want to see if the caption ts on one line on the page, therefore we rst typeset
it in a temporary box.
1111 \sbox\@tempboxa{#1: #2}%
We can the measure its width. It that is larger than the current \hsize we typeset
the caption as an ordinary paragraph.
1112 \ifdim \wd\@tempboxa >\hsize
1113 #1: #2\par
46
If the caption ts, we center it. Because this uses an \hbox directly in vertical
mode, it does not execute the \everypar tokens; the only thing that could be
needed here is resetting the minipage ag so we do this explicitly.
1114 \else
1115 \global \@minipagefalse
1116 \hb@xt@\hsize{\hfil\box\@tempboxa\hfil}%
1117 \fi
1118 \vskip\belowcaptionskip}
7.7 Font changing
Here we supply the declarative font changing commands that were common in
L
A
T
E
X version 2.09 and earlier. These commands work in text mode and in
math mode. They are provided for compatibility, but one should start using
the \text... and \math... commands instead. These commands are dened
using \DeclareTextFontCommand, a command with three arguments: the user
command to be dened; L
A
T
E
X commands to execute in text mode and L
A
T
E
X
commands to execute in math mode.
\rm
\tt
\sf
The commands to change the family. When in compatibility mode we select the
default font rst, to get L
A
T
E
X2.09 behviour.
1119 \DeclareOldFontCommand{\rm}{\normalfont\rmfamily}{\mathrm}
1120 \DeclareOldFontCommand{\sf}{\normalfont\sffamily}{\mathsf}
1121 \DeclareOldFontCommand{\tt}{\normalfont\ttfamily}{\mathtt}
\bf The command to change to the bold series. One should use \mdseries to explicitly
switch back to medium series.
1122 \DeclareOldFontCommand{\bf}{\normalfont\bfseries}{\mathbf}
\sl
\it
\sc
And the commands to change the shape of the font. The slanted and small caps
shapes are not available by default as math alphabets, so those changes do nothing
in math mode. However, we do warn the user that the selection will not have any
eect.One should use \upshape to explicitly change back to the upright shape.
1123 \DeclareOldFontCommand{\it}{\normalfont\itshape}{\mathit}
1124 \DeclareOldFontCommand{\sl}{\normalfont\slshape}{\@nomath\sl}
1125 \DeclareOldFontCommand{\sc}{\normalfont\scshape}{\@nomath\sc}
\cal
\mit
The commands \cal and \mit should only be used in math mode, outside math
mode they have no eect. Currently the New Font Selection Scheme denes these
commands to generate warning messages. Therefore we have to dene them by
hand.
1126 \DeclareRobustCommand*\cal{\@fontswitch\relax\mathcal}
1127 \DeclareRobustCommand*\mit{\@fontswitch\relax\mathnormal}
47
8 Cross Referencing
8.1 Table of Contents, etc.
A \section command writes a \contentsline{section}{title}{page} com-
mand on the .toc le, where title contains the contents of the entry and page
is the page number. If sections are being numbered, then title will be of the
form \numberline{num}{heading} where num is the number produced by
\thesection. Other sectioning commands work similarly.
A \caption command in a gure environment writes
\contentsline{figure}{\numberline{num}{ caption}}{page}
on the .lof le, where num is the number produced by \thefigure and
caption is the gure caption. It works similarly for a table environment.
The command \contentsline{name} expands to \l@name. So, to specify
the table of contents, we must dene \l@chapter, \l@section, \l@subsection,
... ; to specify the list of gures, we must dene \l@figure; and so on. Most of
these can be dened with the \@dottedtocline command, which works as follows.
\@dottedtocline{level }{indent }{numwidth}{title}{page}
level An entry is produced only if level <= value of the tocdepth counter.
Note, \chapter is level 0, \section is level 1, etc.
indent The indentation from the outer left margin of the start of the contents
line.
numwidth The width of a box in which the section number is to go, if title
includes a \numberline command.
\@pnumwidth
\@tocrmarg
\@dotsep
This command uses the following three parameters, which are set with a
\newcommand (so ems can be used to make them depend upon the font).
\@pnumwidth The width of a box in which the page number is put.
\@tocrmarg The right margin for multiple line entries. One wants \@tocrmarg
\@pnumwidth
\@dotsep Separation between dots, in mu units. Should be dened as a number
like 2 or 1.7
1128 \newcommand\@pnumwidth{1.55em}
1129 \newcommand\@tocrmarg{2.55em}
1130 \newcommand\@dotsep{4.5}
1131 article\setcounter{tocdepth}{3}
1132 !article\setcounter{tocdepth}{2}
8.1.1 Table of Contents
\tableofcontents This macro is used to request that L
A
T
E
X produces a table of contents. In the
report and book document classes the tables of contents, gures etc. are always
set in single-column style.
48
1133 \newcommand\tableofcontents{%
1134 report | book
1135 \if@twocolumn
1136 \@restonecoltrue\onecolumn
1137 \else
1138 \@restonecolfalse
1139 \fi
The title is set using the \chapter* command, making sure that the running head
if one is required contains the right information.
1140 \chapter*{\contentsname
1141 /report | book
1142 article \section*{\contentsname
1143 \@mkboth{%
1144 \MakeUppercase\contentsname}{\MakeUppercase\contentsname}}%
The the actual table of contents is made by calling \@starttoc{toc}. After that
we restore twocolumn mode if necessary.
1145 \@starttoc{toc}%
1146 !article \if@restonecol\twocolumn\fi
1147 }
\l@part Each sectioning command needs an additional macro to format its entry in the
table of contents, as described above. The macro for the entry for parts is dened
in a special way.
First we make sure that if a pagebreak should occur, it occurs before this entry.
Also a little whitespace is added and a group begun to keep changes local.
1148 \newcommand*\l@part[2]{%
1149 \ifnum \c@tocdepth >-2\relax
1150 article \addpenalty\@secpenalty
1151 !article \addpenalty{-\@highpenalty}%
1152 \addvspace{2.25em \@plus\p@}%
1153 \begingroup
We set \parindent to 0pt and use \rightskip to leave enough room for the
pagenumbers. To prevent overfull box messages the \parfillskip is set to a
negative value.
1154 \parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth
1155 \parfillskip -\@pnumwidth
Now we can set the entry, in a large bold font. We make sure to leave vertical
mode, set the part title and add the pagenumber, set ush right.
1156 {\leavevmode
1157 \large \bfseries #1\hfil \hb@xt@\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}}\par
Prevent a pagebreak immediately after this entry, but use \everypar to reset the
\if@nobreak switch. Finally we close the group.
1158 \nobreak
1159 article \if@compatibility
1160 \global\@nobreaktrue
49
1161 \everypar{\global\@nobreakfalse\everypar{}}%
1162 article \fi
1163 \endgroup
1164 \fi}
\l@chapter This macro formats the entries in the table of contents for chapters. It is very
similar to \l@part
First we make sure that if a pagebreak should occur, it occurs before this entry.
Also a little whitespace is added and a group begun to keep changes local.
1165 report | book
1166 \newcommand*\l@chapter[2]{%
1167 \ifnum \c@tocdepth >\m@ne
1168 \addpenalty{-\@highpenalty}%
1169 \vskip 1.0em \@plus\p@
The macro \numberline requires that the width of the box that holds the
part number is stored in L
A
T
E
Xs scratch register \@tempdima. Therefore we put
it there. We begin a group, and change some of the paragraph parameters.
1170 \setlength\@tempdima{1.5em}%
1171 \begingroup
1172 \parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth
1173 \parfillskip -\@pnumwidth
Then we leave vertical mode and switch to a bold font.
1174 \leavevmode \bfseries
Because we do not use \numberline here, we have do some ne tuning by hand,
before we can set the entry. We discourage but not disallow a pagebreak immedi-
ately after a chapter entry.
1175 \advance\leftskip\@tempdima
1176 \hskip -\leftskip
1177 #1\nobreak\hfil \nobreak\hb@xt@\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}\par
1178 \penalty\@highpenalty
1179 \endgroup
1180 \fi}
1181 /report | book
\l@section In the article document class the entry in the table of contents for sections looks
much like the chapter entries for the report and book document classes.
First we make sure that if a pagebreak should occur, it occurs before this entry.
Also a little whitespace is added and a group begun to keep changes local.
1182 article
1183 \newcommand*\l@section[2]{%
1184 \ifnum \c@tocdepth >\z@
1185 \addpenalty\@secpenalty
1186 \addvspace{1.0em \@plus\p@}%
The macro \numberline requires that the width of the box that holds the
part number is stored in L
A
T
E
Xs scratch register \@tempdima. Therefore we put
it there. We begin a group, and change some of the paragraph parameters.
50
1187 \setlength\@tempdima{1.5em}%
1188 \begingroup
1189 \parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth
1190 \parfillskip -\@pnumwidth
Then we leave vertical mode and switch to a bold font.
1191 \leavevmode \bfseries
Because we do not use \numberline here, we have do some ne tuning by hand,
before we can set the entry. We discourage but not disallow a pagebreak immedi-
ately after a chapter entry.
1192 \advance\leftskip\@tempdima
1193 \hskip -\leftskip
1194 #1\nobreak\hfil \nobreak\hb@xt@\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}\par
1195 \endgroup
1196 \fi}
1197 /article
In the report and book document classes the denition for \l@section is much
simpler.
1198 report | book
1199 \newcommand*\l@section{\@dottedtocline{1}{1.5em}{2.3em}}
1200 /report | book
\l@subsection
\l@subsubsection
\l@paragraph
\l@subparagraph
All lower level entries are dened using the macro \@dottedtocline (see above).
1201 article
1202 \newcommand*\l@subsection{\@dottedtocline{2}{1.5em}{2.3em}}
1203 \newcommand*\l@subsubsection{\@dottedtocline{3}{3.8em}{3.2em}}
1204 \newcommand*\l@paragraph{\@dottedtocline{4}{7.0em}{4.1em}}
1205 \newcommand*\l@subparagraph{\@dottedtocline{5}{10em}{5em}}
1206 /article
1207 report | book
1208 \newcommand*\l@subsection{\@dottedtocline{2}{3.8em}{3.2em}}
1209 \newcommand*\l@subsubsection{\@dottedtocline{3}{7.0em}{4.1em}}
1210 \newcommand*\l@paragraph{\@dottedtocline{4}{10em}{5em}}
1211 \newcommand*\l@subparagraph{\@dottedtocline{5}{12em}{6em}}
1212 /report | book
8.1.2 List of gures
\listoffigures This macro is used to request that L
A
T
E
X produces a list of gures. It is very
similar to \tableofcontents.
1213 \newcommand\listoffigures{%
1214 report | book
1215 \if@twocolumn
1216 \@restonecoltrue\onecolumn
1217 \else
1218 \@restonecolfalse
1219 \fi
1220 \chapter*{\listfigurename
51
1221 /report | book
1222 article \section*{\listfigurename
1223 \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\listfigurename}%
1224 {\MakeUppercase\listfigurename}}%
1225 \@starttoc{lof}%
1226 report | book \if@restonecol\twocolumn\fi
1227 }
\l@figure This macro produces an entry in the list of gures.
1228 \newcommand*\l@figure{\@dottedtocline{1}{1.5em}{2.3em}}
8.1.3 List of tables
\listoftables This macro is used to request that L
A
T
E
X produces a list of tables. It is very similar
to \tableofcontents.
1229 \newcommand\listoftables{%
1230 report | book
1231 \if@twocolumn
1232 \@restonecoltrue\onecolumn
1233 \else
1234 \@restonecolfalse
1235 \fi
1236 \chapter*{\listtablename
1237 /report | book
1238 article \section*{\listtablename
1239 \@mkboth{%
1240 \MakeUppercase\listtablename}{\MakeUppercase\listtablename}}%
1241 \@starttoc{lot}%
1242 report | book \if@restonecol\twocolumn\fi
1243 }
\l@table This macro produces an entry in the list of tables.
1244 \let\l@table\l@figure
8.2 Bibliography
\bibindent The open bibliography format uses an indentation of \bibindent.
1245 \newdimen\bibindent
1246 \setlength\bibindent{1.5em}
thebibliography The thebibliography environment executes the following commands:
\renewcommand{\newblock}{\hskip.11em \@plus.33em \@minus.07em}
Denes the closed format, where the blocks (major units of information) of
an entry run together.
\sloppy Used because its rather hard to do line breaks in bibliographies,
\sfcode\.=1000\relax Causes a . (period) not to produce an end-of-
sentence space.
52
The implementation of this environment is based on the generic list environ-
ment. It uses the enumiv counter internally to generate the labels of the list.
When an empty thebibliography environment is found, a warning is issued.
1247 \newenvironment{thebibliography}[1]
1248 article
1249 {\section*{\refname
1250 \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\refname}{\MakeUppercase\refname}}%
1251 /article
1252 !article
1253 {\chapter*{\bibname
1254 \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\bibname}{\MakeUppercase\bibname}}%
1255 /!article
1256 \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}%
1257 {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}%
1258 \leftmargin\labelwidth
1259 \advance\leftmargin\labelsep
1260 \@openbib@code
1261 \usecounter{enumiv}%
1262 \let\p@enumiv\@empty
1263 \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}%
1264 \sloppy
This is setting the normal (non-innite) value of \clubpenalty for the whole of
this environment, so we must reset its stored value also. (Why is there a % after
the second 4000 below?)
1265 \clubpenalty4000
1266 \@clubpenalty \clubpenalty
1267 \widowpenalty4000%
1268 \sfcode\.\@m}
1269 {\def\@noitemerr
1270 {\@latex@warning{Empty thebibliography environment}}%
1271 \endlist}
\newblock The default denition for \newblock is to produce a small space.
1272 \newcommand\newblock{\hskip .11em\@plus.33em\@minus.07em}
\@openbib@code The default denition for \@openbib@code is to do nothing. It will be changed by
the openbib option.
1273 \let\@openbib@code\@empty
\@biblabel The label for a \bibitem[...] command is produced by this macro. The default
from latex.dtx is used.
1274 % \renewcommand*{\@biblabel}[1]{[#1]\hfill}
\@cite The output of the \cite command is produced by this macro. The default from
latex.dtx is used.
1275 % \renewcommand*{\@cite}[1]{[#1]}
53
8.3 The index
theindex The environment theindex can be used for indices. It makes an index with
two columns, with each entry a separate paragraph. At the user level the com-
mands \item, \subitem and \subsubitem are used to produce index entries of
various levels. When a new letter of the alphabet is encountered an amount of
\indexspace white space can be added.
1276 \newenvironment{theindex}
1277 {\if@twocolumn
1278 \@restonecolfalse
1279 \else
1280 \@restonecoltrue
1281 \fi
1282 \columnseprule \z@
1283 \columnsep 35\p@
1284 article \twocolumn[\section*{\indexname}]%
1285 !article \twocolumn[\@makeschapterhead{\indexname}]%
1286 \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\indexname}%
1287 {\MakeUppercase\indexname}%
1288 \thispagestyle{plain}\parindent\z@
1289 \parskip\z@ \@plus .3\p@\relax
1290 \let\item\@idxitem}
When the document continues after the index and it was a one column document
we have to switch back to one column after the index.
1291 {\if@restonecol\onecolumn\else\clearpage\fi}
\@idxitem
\subitem
\subsubitem
These macros are used to format the entries in the index.
1292 \newcommand\@idxitem{\par\hangindent 40\p@}
1293 \newcommand\subitem{\@idxitem \hspace*{20\p@}}
1294 \newcommand\subsubitem{\@idxitem \hspace*{30\p@}}
\indexspace The amount of white space that is inserted between letter blocks in the index.
1295 \newcommand\indexspace{\par \vskip 10\p@ \@plus5\p@ \@minus3\p@\relax}
8.4 Footnotes
\footnoterule Usually, footnotes are separated from the main body of the text by a small rule.
This rule is drawn by the macro \footnoterule. We have to make sure that the
rule takes no vertical space (see plain.tex) so we compensate for the natural
heigth of the rule of 0.4pt by adding the right amount of vertical skip.
To prevent the rule from colliding with the footnote we rst add a little negative
vertical skip, then we put the rule and make sure we end up at the same point
where we begun this operation.
1296 \renewcommand\footnoterule{%
1297 \kern-3\p@
1298 \hrule\@width.4\columnwidth
1299 \kern2.6\p@}
54
\c@footnote Footnotes are numbered within chapters in the report and book document styles.
1300 !article\@addtoreset{footnote}{chapter}
\@makefntext The footnote mechanism of L
A
T
E
X calls the macro \@makefntext to produce the
actual footnote. The macro gets the text of the footnote as its argument and
should use \@thefnmark as the mark of the footnote. The macro \@makefntextis
called when eectively inside a \parbox of width \columnwidth (i.e., with \hsize
= \columnwidth).
An example of what can be achieved is given by the following piece of T
E
X
code.
\newcommand\@makefntext[1]{%
\@setpar{\@@par
\@tempdima = \hsize
\advance\@tempdima-10pt
\parshape \@ne 10pt \@tempdima}%
\par
\parindent 1em\noindent
\hbox to \z@{\hss\@makefnmark}#1}
The eect of this denition is that all lines of the footnote are indented by 10pt,
while the rst line of a new paragraph is indented by 1em. To change these
dimensions, just substitute the desired value for 10pt (in both places) or 1em.
The mark is ushright against the footnote.
In these document classes we use a simpler macro, in which the footnote text
is set like an ordinary text paragraph, with no indentation except on the rst line
of a paragraph, and the rst line of the footnote. Thus, all the macro must do is
set \parindent to the appropriate value for succeeding paragraphs and put the
proper indentation before the mark.
1301 \newcommand\@makefntext[1]{%
1302 \parindent 1em%
1303 \noindent
1304 \hb@[email protected]{\hss\@makefnmark}#1}
\@makefnmark The footnote markers that are printed in the text to point to the footnotes should
be produced by the macro \@makefnmark. We use the default denition for it.
1305 %\renewcommand\@makefnmark{\hbox{\@textsuperscript
1306 % {\normalfont\@thefnmark}}}
9 Initialization
9.1 Words
This document class is for documents prepared in the English language. To prepare
a version for another language, various English words must be replaced. All the
English words that require replacement are dened below in command names.
55
These commands may be redened in any class or package that is customising
L
A
T
E
X for use with non-English languages.
\contentsname
\listfigurename
\listtablename
1307 \newcommand\contentsname{Contents}
1308 \newcommand\listfigurename{List of Figures}
1309 \newcommand\listtablename{List of Tables}
\refname
\bibname
\indexname
1310 article\newcommand\refname{References}
1311 report | book\newcommand\bibname{Bibliography}
1312 \newcommand\indexname{Index}
\figurename
\tablename
1313 \newcommand\figurename{Figure}
1314 \newcommand\tablename{Table}
\partname
\chaptername
\appendixname
\abstractname
1315 \newcommand\partname{Part}
1316 report | book\newcommand\chaptername{Chapter}
1317 \newcommand\appendixname{Appendix}
1318 !book\newcommand\abstractname{Abstract}
9.2 Date
\today This macro uses the T
E
X primitives \month, \day and \year to provide the date
of the L
A
T
E
X-run.
At \begin{document} this denition will be optimised so that the names of
all the wrong months are not stored. This optimisation is not done here as that
would freeze \today in any special purpose format made by loading the class le
into the format le.
1319 \def\today{\ifcase\month\or
1320 January\or February\or March\or April\or May\or June\or
1321 July\or August\or September\or October\or November\or December\fi
1322 \space\number\day, \number\year}
9.3 Two column mode
\columnsep This gives the distance between two columns in two column mode.
1323 \setlength\columnsep{10\p@}
\columnseprule This gives the width of the rule between two columns in two column mode. We
have no visible rule.
1324 \setlength\columnseprule{0\p@}
56
9.4 The page style
We have plain pages in the document classes article and report unless the user
specied otherwise. In the book document class we use the page style headings
by default. We use arabic pagenumbers.
1325 !book\pagestyle{plain}
1326 book\pagestyle{headings}
1327 \pagenumbering{arabic}
9.5 Single or double sided printing
When the twoside option wasnt specied, we dont try to make each page as long
as all the others.
1328 \if@twoside
1329 \else
1330 \raggedbottom
1331 \fi
When the twocolumn option was specied we call \twocolumn to activate this
mode. We try to make each column as long as the others, but call sloppy to make
our life easier.
1332 \if@twocolumn
1333 \twocolumn
1334 \sloppy
1335 \flushbottom
Normally we call \onecolumn to initiate typesetting in one column.
1336 \else
1337 \onecolumn
1338 \fi
1339 /article | report | book
Index
Numbers written in italic refer to the page where the corresponding entry is de-
scribed, the ones underlined to the code line of the denition, the rest to the code
lines where the entry is used.
Symbols
\@Roman . . . . . . . . . . 648
\@afterheading . . . .
. 726, 756, 804, 824
\@afterindentfalse .
. . . . . . . . 687, 781
\@author . . . . . 541,
557, 569, 603, 622
\@beginparpenalty .
. . . . . . . . 878, 966
\@biblabel . . . . . . .
. . 1256, 1257, 1274
\@chapapp . 496, 525,
658, 786, 811, 1048
\@chapter . . . . 782, 783
\@cite . . . . . . . . . . 1275
\@clubpenalty . . . . 1266
\@date . . . . . . . 542,
560, 570, 604, 625
\@dblfloat . 1084, 1103
\@dblfpbot . . . . . . . 455
\@dblfpsep . . . . . . . 455
\@dblfptop . . . . . . . 455
\@dotsep . . . . . . . . 1128
\@dottedtocline 1199,
12021205,
12081211, 1228
\@endparpenalty 878, 969
\@endpart . 746, 764, 766
\@eqnnum . . . . . . . . 1066
57
\@evenfoot 471, 473, 532
\@evenhead 471, 474, 533
\@fnsymbol . . . . . . . 580
\@fontswitch 1126, 1127
\@fpbot . . . . . . . . . . 440
\@fpsep . . . . . . . . . . 440
\@fptop . . . . . . . . . . 440
\@highpenalty . 224,
1151, 1168, 1178
\@idxitem . . 1290, 1292
\@itempenalty . . . . . 878
\@latex@warning . . 1270
\@listI . . . . . . 108, 883
\@listi . . . . . . 108,
116, 126, 136,
149, 159, 169, 883
\@listii . . . . . . . . . 902
\@listiii . . . . . . . . 902
\@listiv . . . . . . . . . 902
\@listv . . . . . . . . . . 902
\@listvi . . . . . . . . . 902
\@lowpenalty . . . . . .
. 224, 879881, 966
\@mainmatterfalse .
. . . . . . . . 666, 682
\@mainmattertrue 8, 674
\@makecaption . . . . 1105
\@makechapterhead .
. . . . 801, 803, 806
\@makefnmark . . . . . .
. . 581, 1304, 1305
\@makefntext . 582, 1301
\@makeschapterhead .
821, 823, 826, 1285
\@maketitle . . . 587,
589, 594, 601, 611
\@medpenalty . . . . . . 224
\@minipagefalse . . 1115
\@minipagerestore 1056
\@mparswitchfalse . 41
\@mparswitchtrue . . 43
\@mpfootins . . . . . . 1056
\@nobreakfalse . . . 1161
\@nobreaktrue . . . . 1160
\@noitemerr . . . . . . 1269
\@normalsize . . . . . . 87
\@oddfoot . . . . . . . .
. 471, 473, 509, 532
\@oddhead . . . . . . . .
. 471, 475, 510, 534
\@openbib@code . . . .
. . . 66, 1260, 1273
\@openrightfalse . . 56
\@openrighttrue . 53, 55
\@part . . . . 688, 705, 707
\@pnumwidth . . . 1128,
1154, 1155,
1157, 1172,
1173, 1177,
1189, 1190, 1194
\@ptsize . . . . 1, 34,
36, 38, 39, 84, 85
\@restonecolfalse .
. . . . . . . 1013,
1027, 1138,
1218, 1234, 1278
\@restonecoltrue . .
. . . . . . . 1011,
1025, 1136,
1216, 1232, 1280
\@roman . . . . . . . . . . 940
\@schapter . . . 782, 820
\@secpenalty 1150, 1185
\@setfontsize 90, 96,
102, 112, 122,
132, 145, 155,
165, 178184,
187193, 196201
\@settopoint . . 283,
371, 372, 377, 392
\@spart . . . 688, 705, 748
\@startsection 835,
839, 843, 847, 851
\@starttoc . . . . . . .
. . 1145, 1225, 1241
\@textsuperscript .
. . . 581, 584, 1305
\@thanks . . . . . . . . .
. 562, 568, 596, 602
\@thefnmark . . . . . . .
. . . 581, 584, 1306
\@title . . . . . . 540,
552, 571, 605, 617
\@titlepagefalse . 5, 50
\@titlepagetrue . . 6, 48
\@tocrmarg . . . . . . 1128
\@topnewpage . . 801, 821
\@topnum . . . . . 593, 780
\@twocolumnfalse . . 59
\@twocolumntrue . . . 61
\@twosidefalse . . . . 41
\@twosidetrue . . . . . 43
\@width . . . . . . . . . 1298
A
\abovecaptionskip .
. . . . . . 1105, 1110
\abovedisplayshortskip
. . . . . . 92, 98,
104, 114, 124,
134, 147, 157, 167
\abovedisplayskip .
. . . . . . 91, 97,
103, 107, 113,
123, 133, 141,
146, 156, 166, 174
abstract (environ-
ment) . . . . . . 959
\abstractname . . . . .
968, 975, 979, 1315
\addcontentsline . .
. 711, 713, 732,
734, 787, 791, 795
\addtocontents 798, 799
\and . . . . . . . . . 575, 609
\appendix . . . . . . . 1038
\appendixname 1048, 1315
\arraycolsep . . . . . 1051
\arrayrulewidth . . 1053
\AtEndOfPackage . . . 65
\author . . . 540, 573, 607
B
\backmatter . . . . . . . 676
\baselineskip . . . . .
. 286289, 294, 296
\baselinestretch . . 207
\belowcaptionskip .
. . . . . . 1105, 1118
\belowdisplayshortskip
. . . . . . 93, 99,
105, 115, 125,
135, 148, 158, 168
\belowdisplayskip .
. . . . 107, 141, 174
\bf . . . . . . . . . . . . 1122
\bibindent 67, 68, 1245
\bibname 1253, 1254, 1310
\bigskipamount . . . . 219
\bottomfraction . . . 405
58
\brokenpenalty . . . . 234
C
\c@bottomnumber . . . 404
\c@chapter . . . . . . .
638, 651, 1049,
1063, 1074, 1093
\c@dbltopnumber . . . 409
\c@enumi . . . . . . . . . 938
\c@enumii . . . . . . . . 939
\c@enumiii . . . . . . . 940
\c@enumiv 941, 1256, 1263
\c@equation . 1059, 1063
\c@figure . . . . . . . 1067
\c@footnote . . 580, 1300
\c@paragraph . . 638, 656
\c@part . . . . . . 638, 648
\c@secnumdepth . . . .
. 480, 486, 494,
502, 515, 523,
636, 709, 718,
730, 740, 783, 809
\c@section . . . . . . .
638, 649, 652, 1042
\c@subparagraph 638, 657
\c@subsection . 638, 654
\c@subsubsection . .
. . . . . . . . 638, 655
\c@table . . . . . . . . 1086
\c@tocdepth . . . . . . .
. . 1149, 1167, 1184
\c@topnumber . . . . . . 401
\c@totalnumber . . . . 406
\cal . . . . . . . . . . . . 1126
\centering . . . 737, 760
\changes . . . . . . . . . 959
\chapter . 777, 1140,
1220, 1236, 1253
\chaptermark . . 492,
521, 536, 630, 797
\chaptername . 658, 1315
\cleardoublepage . .
. 662, 670, 678,
693, 778, 1009, 1023
\clearpage 664, 672,
680, 695, 778, 1291
\clubpenalty . . . . . .
. . 228, 1265, 1266
\col@number . . . . . . . 586
\columnsep . 1283, 1323
\columnseprule . . . .
. . . . . . 1282, 1324
\columnwidth . . . . . 1298
\contentsname . 1140,
1142, 1144, 1307
\cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 959
D
\date . . . . . 540, 574, 608
\dblfloatpagefraction
. . . . . . . . . . . 411
\dblfloatsep . . . . . . 428
\dbltextfloatsep . . 428
\dbltopfraction . . . 410
\DeclareOldFontCommand
. . . . . . 11191125
\DeclareRobustCommand
. . . . . . 1126, 1127
description (environ-
ment) . . . . . . 953
\descriptionlabel .
. . . . . . . . 955, 957
\displaywidowpenalty
. . . . . . . . . . . 230
\doublerulesep . . . 1054
E
\endquotation . . . . . 983
\endtitlepage . . . . . 971
environments:
abstract . . . . . . 39
description . . . . 39
figure* . . . . . . . 45
figure . . . . . . . . 45
quotation . . . . . . 40
quote . . . . . . . . . 41
table* . . . . . . . . 46
table . . . . . . . . . 46
thebibliography 52
theindex . . . . . . 54
titlepage . . . . . . 41
verse . . . . . . . . . 40
\evensidemargin . . . 309
\ext@figure . . . . . . 1076
\ext@table . . . . . . 1095
F
\fboxrule . . . . . . . 1057
\fboxsep . . . . . . . . 1057
figure (environment) 1080
figure* (environment)
. . . . . . . . . . 1080
\figurename . 1079, 1313
\floatpagefraction . 408
\floatsep . . . . . . . . 413
\flushbottom . . . . . 1335
\fnum@figure . . . . . 1079
\fnum@table . . . . . . 1098
\footins . . . . 397, 1056
\footnote . . . . 548, 616
\footnoterule 547, 1296
\footnotesep . . . . . . 394
\footnotesize . 143, 546
\footskip . . . . 245, 390
\fps@figure . . . . . . 1076
\fps@table . . . . . . 1095
\frontmatter . . . . . . 659
\ftype@figure . . . . 1076
\ftype@table . . . . . 1095
H
\hb@xt@ . . . . . . . . . .
583, 1116, 1157,
1177, 1194, 1304
\headheight . . . 236, 387
\headsep . . . . . 236, 388
\Huge . . . . . . . . 177,
745, 763, 817, 831
\huge . . . . . . . . 177,
722, 741, 753, 811
I
\if@compatibility .
. . 9, 33, 40, 45,
49, 52, 58, 249,
251, 282, 285,
309, 379, 1006, 1159
\if@mainmatter . . 8,
495, 524, 784, 810
\if@openright 7, 661,
669, 677, 692, 778
\if@restonecol . . . .
. . . . . 3, 1018,
1032, 1146,
1226, 1242, 1291
\if@titlepage 4, 544, 962
\if@twocolumn . 211,
252, 268, 299,
344, 585, 698,
800, 820, 855,
59
864, 974, 983,
1010, 1024,
1135, 1215,
1231, 1277, 1332
\if@twoside 322, 350,
471, 768, 1033, 1328
\indexname . . . . . . .
. . 12841287, 1310
\indexspace . . . . . . 1295
\interlinepenalty .
. 233, 716, 738,
751, 761, 816, 830
\intextsep . . . . . . . 413
\it . . . . . . . . . . . . 1123
\item 993, 1000, 1004, 1290
\itemindent . . 68, 69,
954, 989, 990, 997
\itemsep . . 119, 129,
139, 152, 162,
172, 888, 893,
898, 917, 926, 988
\itshape . . . . . . . . 1123
J
\jot . . . . . . . . . . . . 1065
L
\l@chapter . . . . . . 1165
\l@figure . . 1228, 1244
\l@paragraph . . . . . 1201
\l@part . . . . . . . . . 1148
\l@section . . . . . . 1182
\l@subparagraph . . 1201
\l@subsection . . . . 1201
\l@subsubsection . 1201
\l@table . . . . . . . . 1244
\labelenumi . . . . . . . 942
\labelenumii . . . . . . 942
\labelenumiii . . . . . 942
\labelenumiv . . . . . . 942
\labelitemi . . . . . . . 949
\labelitemii . . . . . . 949
\labelitemiii . . . . . 949
\labelitemiv . . . . . . 949
\labelsep . 871, 904,
920, 929, 932,
935, 957, 1055, 1259
\labelwidth . . . 871,
903, 904, 919,
920, 928, 929,
931, 932, 934,
935, 954, 1257, 1258
\LARGE . . . . 177, 552, 617
\Large . . . . 177, 719, 838
\large 177, 554, 560,
619, 625, 842, 1157
\leftmargin . . . . . . .
. . 67, 116, 126,
136, 149, 159,
169, 855, 884,
902, 918, 927,
930, 933, 954,
991, 992, 998,
1003, 1258, 1259
\leftmargini 116, 126,
136, 149, 159,
169, 855, 872, 884
\leftmarginii . . . . .
. . . . 855, 902, 903
\leftmarginiii . . . .
. . . . 855, 918, 919
\leftmarginiv . . . . .
. . . . 855, 927, 928
\leftmarginv . . . . . .
. . . . 855, 930, 931
\leftmarginvi . . . . .
. . . . 855, 933, 934
\leftskip . . . . 1175,
1176, 1192, 1193
\lineskip . 204, 555, 620
\listfigurename 1220,
12221224, 1307
\listoffigures . . . 1213
\listoftables . . . . 1229
\listparindent . . . .
. 69, 990, 996, 997
\listtablename 1236,
1238, 1240, 1307
M
\mainmatter . . . . . . . 668
\makelabel . . . . . . . 955
\maketitle . . . . . . . 544
\MakeUppercase . . . .
. 479, 493, 501,
514, 522, 1144,
1223, 1224,
1240, 1250,
1254, 1286, 1287
\marginparpush . . . . 299
\marginparsep . . . . .
. . . . 299, 356, 364
\marginparwidth . . . 309
\mathbf . . . . . . . . . 1122
\mathcal . . . . . . . . 1126
\mathit . . . . . . . . . 1123
\mathnormal . . . . . . 1127
\mathrm . . . . . . . . . 1119
\mathsf . . . . . . . . . 1120
\mathtt . . . . . . . . . 1121
\maxdepth . . . . . . . . 249
\medskipamount . . . . 219
\mit . . . . . . . . . . . . 1126
N
\newblock . . . . 72, 1272
\newif . . . . . . . 3, 4, 7, 8
\normalfont . . . . . . .
. 581, 584, 717,
739, 752, 762,
808, 829, 838,
842, 846, 850,
854, 950, 958,
11191125, 1306
\normallineskip . . . 204
\normalsize . . . . . . .
. 87, 846, 850, 854
\num@figure . . . . . . 1076
\num@table . . . . . . 1095
O
\oddsidemargin . . . . 309
\onecolumn . . . 699,
1011, 1025,
1136, 1216,
1232, 1291, 1337
\overfullrule . . . 44, 46
P
\p@enumii . . . . . . . . 946
\p@enumiii . . . . . . . 946
\p@enumiv . . . 946, 1262
\pagenumbering . . . .
. . . 667, 675, 1327
\paperheight . . . 11,
14, 17, 20, 23,
26, 29, 30, 291, 385
\paperwidth . . . . . . .
. 12, 15, 18, 21,
24, 27, 30, 31,
263, 351, 359, 373
60
\paragraph . . . . . . . 847
\paragraphmark . . . . 630
\parindent . . . . . . .
. 208, 582, 715,
750, 808, 828,
851, 1154, 1172,
1189, 1288, 1302
\parsep 70, 118, 119,
128, 129, 138,
139, 151, 152,
161, 162, 171,
172, 886, 891,
896, 907, 911,
915, 917, 924, 999
\parskip . . . . 208, 1289
\part . . . . . . . . . . . . 684
\partname 719, 741, 1315
\partopsep . . . 874, 925
\postdisplaypenalty 230
\predisplaypenalty . 230
\ps@headings . . . . . . 471
\ps@myheadings . . . . 531
Q
\quad . . . . . 481, 487, 516
\quotation . . . . . . . 981
quotation (environ-
ment) . . . . . . 995
quote (environment) 1002
R
\refname 1249, 1250, 1310
\rm . . . . . . . . . . . . 1119
S
\sbox . . . . . . . . . . . 1111
\sc . . . . . . . . . . . . 1123
\scriptsize . . . . . . . 177
\scshape . . . . . . . . 1125
\section . . . . . 835,
975, 1142, 1222,
1238, 1249, 1284
\sectionmark . . 478,
500, 513, 537, 630
\sf . . . . . . . . . . . . 1119
\sffamily . . . . . . . 1120
\sl . . . . . . . . . . . . 1123
\small . . . . 110, 546, 977
\smallskipamount . . 219
\subitem . . . . . . . . 1292
\subparagraph . . . . . 851
\subparagraphmark . 630
\subsection . . . . . . . 839
\subsectionmark . . .
. . . . 484, 538, 630
\subsubitem . . . . . . 1292
\subsubsection . . . . 843
\subsubsectionmark . 630
T
\tabbingsep . . . . . . 1055
\tabcolsep . . . . . . 1052
table (environment) 1099
table* (environment) 1099
\tablename . 1098, 1313
\tableofcontents . 1133
\textasteriskcentered
. . . . . . . . . . . 951
\textbullet . . . . . . . 949
\textendash . . . . . . . 950
\textfloatsep . . . . . 413
\textfraction . . . . . 407
\textheight . . . 285, 389
\textperiodcentered 952
\textwidth . . . . . . .
. 251, 352, 360, 375
\thanks 548, 566, 599, 616
thebibliography (envi-
ronment) . . 1247
\thechapter . . . 496,
525, 648, 786,
788, 811, 1049,
1063, 1074, 1093
\theenumi . . . . . . . .
. 937, 942, 946, 947
\theenumii 937, 943, 947
\theenumiii 937, 944, 948
\theenumiv 937, 945, 1263
\theequation 1059, 1066
\thefigure . . . . . . .
. . 1069, 1073, 1079
\thefootnote . . . . . . 580
theindex (environ-
ment) . . . . . 1276
\thepage . . . . . 474,
475, 510, 533, 534
\theparagraph . . . . . 648
\thepart . . . . . 648,
711, 719, 732, 741
\thesection . . . 481,
503, 516, 648, 1042
\thesubparagraph . . 648
\thesubsection 487, 648
\thesubsubsection . 648
\thetable . . . . . . . .
. . 1088, 1092, 1098
\thispagestyle 596,
697, 770, 779,
1015, 1029, 1288
\tiny . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
\title . . . . 540, 572, 606
\titlepage . . . . . . . 964
titlepage (environ-
ment) . . . . . 1006
\today . . . . . . 543, 1319
\topfraction . . . . . . 403
\topmargin . . . . . . . 379
\topsep . . . 117, 127,
137, 150, 160,
170, 887, 892,
897, 906, 910,
914, 921923, 926
\topskip . . 236, 250, 298
\tt . . . . . . . . . . . . 1119
\ttfamily . . . . . . . 1121
\twocolumn . . . . . . .
589, 774, 1018,
1032, 1146,
1226, 1242,
1284, 1285, 1333
V
verse (environment) . 986
W
\widowpenalty 228, 1267
61
Change History
v1.0d
General: Added use of
\NeedsTeXFormat . . . . . . . . . . 1
Made eqaution and eqnarray en-
vironments in the eqn option
up to date with latex.dtx . . . . . 1
remove \@in, made option
makeindex a synonym for op-
tion makeidx . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
removed \@minus, \@plus,
\@settopoint, \@setfontsize;
they are now in the kernel . . . . 1
Replaced \bf with \bfseries;
\rm with \rmfamily . . . . . . . . 1
v1.0e
\@normalsize: \normalsize
doesnt exist, so use
\newcommand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
v1.0f
General: Made all lines shorter than
72 characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
\bf: Macro added . . . . . . . . . . . 47
\it: Macro added . . . . . . . . . . . 47
\rm: Macro added . . . . . . . . . . . 47
\sc: Macro added . . . . . . . . . . . 47
\sf: Macro added . . . . . . . . . . . 47
\sl: Macro added . . . . . . . . . . . 47
\tt: Macro added . . . . . . . . . . . 47
v1.0g
General: Distinguished between
compatibility and normal
mode for the font changing com-
mands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Made change in eqnarray for the
eqn option, as suggested by
Rainer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Removed typo, A4 is not 279 mm
high . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
\cal: Macro added . . . . . . . . . . 47
theindex: Moved the setting of
\@restonecoltrue . . . . . . . . 54
titlepage: Moved the setting of
\@restonecolfalse . . . . . . . 41
\listoffigures: Moved the setting
of \@restonecolfalse . . . . . 51
\listoftables: Moved the setting
of \@restonecolfalse . . . . . 52
\maketitle: Removed the setting
of the page number, when not
in compatibility mode . . . . . . 24
\mit: Macro added . . . . . . . . . . 47
\tableofcontents: Moved the set-
ting of \@restonecolfalse . . 48
v1.0h
\@normalsize: \normalsize is now
dened in the kernel, so use
\renewcommand. ASAJ. . . . . . . 8
General: Corrected some typos.
ASAJ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Made the denitions of the
font- and size-changing com-
mands use \renew rather than
\new. Dened the oat pa-
rameters with \renewcommand
rather than \newcommand. Cor-
rected some typos in the eqn
option. Replaced two oc-
currences of -\@secpenalty by
\@secpenalty. ASAJ. . . . . . . . 1
These are now dened in the ker-
nel, so use \@renewfontswitch.
Compatibility mode denes
\@renewfontswitch to do noth-
ing, so we dont need to check
for compatibility mode any
more. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
\bottomfraction: Replaced
\newcommand with \renewcommand.
ASAJ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\dblfloatpagefraction: Re-
placed \newcommand with
\renewcommand. ASAJ. . . . . . 19
\dbltopfraction: Replaced
\newcommand with \renewcommand.
ASAJ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\floatpagefraction: Re-
placed \newcommand with
\renewcommand. ASAJ. . . . . . 18
\footnotesize: \footnotesize is
now dened in the kernel, so use
\renewcommand. ASAJ. . . . . . . 9
62
\Huge: These are now dened in the
kernel, so use \renewcommand.
ASAJ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\l@part: Replaced -\@secpenalty
by \@secpenalty. ASAJ. . . . 49
\l@section: Replaced -
\@secpenalty by \@secpenalty.
ASAJ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
\small: \small is now de-
ned in the kernel, so use
\renewcommand. ASAJ. . . . . . . 8
\textfraction: Replaced
\newcommand with \renewcommand.
ASAJ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\topfraction: Replaced \newcommand
with \renewcommand. ASAJ. . 18
v1.0i
thebibliography: Corrected deni-
tion of thebibliography for arti-
cle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
v1.0j
General: Added \normalfont back
in the denitions of \rm etc. as
this should be the default be-
haviour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Added \ProvidesFile to size
les . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Use \cmd in change entries . . . . 1
v1.0k
General: Removed some ty-
pos/bugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
v1.0l
General: add the extension to the
names of the les . . . . . . . . . . 1
Changed version numbering;
moved leqno and eqn options
to an external le. . . . . . . . . . . 1
\marginparwidth: Computing of
\evensidemargin should only
occur in compatibility mode . 17
v1.0m
\labelwidth: Use em instead of pt
to remain compatible with old
styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\leftmarginvi: Use em instead of
pt to remain compatible with
old styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\parindent: \parindent should be
dierent, depending on the
pointsize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
\partopsep: \partopsep should be
dierent, depending on the
pointsize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
v1.0n
General: Removed code for makeidx
option and made it a sepa-
rate package; removed use of
\setlength from list parame-
ters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
v1.0o
\@normalsize: \@normalsize now
dened in the kernel . . . . . . . . 8
General: Small documention
changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
v1.0q
General: Small documention
changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
v1.1a
\@makefntext: Use \@makefnmark
to generate footnote marker . . 55
General: Removed \typeout mes-
sages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
\brokenpenalty: Show correct de-
fault which is 100 . . . . . . . . . 12
\marginparwidth: New algorithm
for \marginparwidth . . . . . . . 16
New algorithm for \oddsidemargin
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
\textwidth: Have old values for
width in native mode . . . . . . 13
v1.1f
General: Inserted forgotten line
break . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
v1.2a
General: Added openright option.
(LL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
v1.2b
General: Added the . . . matter com-
mands. (LL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
v1.2c
General: Fixed page numbering in
titlepage env. (LL) . . . . . . . . . 1
titlepage: page := 0 only in com-
patibility mode (LL) . . . . . . . 41
\maketitle: Removed setting of
page number, now done in ti-
tlepage environment . . . . . . . 24
v1.2d
General: Checked the le for long
lines and wrapped them when
63
necessary; made a slight imple-
mentation modication to the
openright and openany options. 1
titlepage: Moved \cleardoublepage
inside denition of titlepage en-
vironment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
v1.2e
General: \@renewfontswitch has
become \DeclareOldFontCommand
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
\footnotesize: use \newcommand
again . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\Huge: use \newcommand again . . 10
\small: \small is no longer dened
in the kernel; use \newcommand . 8
v1.2g
\sc: Added warning if used in math
mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
\sl: Added warning if used in math
mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
v1.2i
General: Use LaTeX instead of La-
TeX2e in messages . . . . . . . . . 1
\l@chapter: Dont print a toc line
when the tocdepth counter is
less then 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
\l@part: Dont print a toc line
when the tocdepth counter is
less then -1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
\l@section: Dont print a toc line
when the tocdepth counter is
less then 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
v1.2j
General: Removed the use of
\fileversion c.s. . . . . . . . . . . 1
v1.2k
\descriptionlabel: Inserted
\normalfont . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
\labelitemii: Inserted \normalfont
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
\maketitle: Added check on num-
ber of columns in use locally . 25
\maxdepth: Added setting of
\maxdepth and \@maxdepth . . 12
v1.2l
General: changed some \changes
entries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
v1.2m
General: Forgot a few entries . . . . 1
v1.2o
General: Changed le information 1
v1.2p
General: Moved identication and
driver to the front of the le . . 1
v1.2q
\@makecaption: Use \sbox\@tempboxa
instead of \setbox\@tempboxa\hbox
to make this colour safe . . . . . 46
v1.2s
\maketitle: Reset \@makefntext 25
v1.2t
General: Refrased a few sentences
to prevent overfull hboxes . . . . 1
v1.2u
\topmargin: Moved rounding of
\topmargin to native mode . . 17
v1.2v
\@dotsep: Changed documentation
from > or = to . . . . . . . . . 48
\@makechapterhead: Added
\interlinepenalty\@M to pre-
vent a pagebreak in the middle
of a title . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Added a \nobreak to prevent a
pagebreak between the chapter-
number and the chaptertitle . 34
\@makeschapterhead: Added
\interlinepenalty\@M to pre-
vent a pagebreak in the middle
of a title . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
General: Made the oneside option
work for the book class . . . . . . 1
removed typo . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\if@mainmatter: Moved the alloca-
tion of \if@mainmatter here . . 4
v1.2w
General: Use \newcommand* for
commands with arguments . . . 1
\mit: Now dene \cal and \mit us-
ing \DeclareRobustCommand* 47
v1.2x
\@makecaption: Due to a change in
the way oats are handled we
need to set the \if@minipage
switch to false . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
v1.2y
\descriptionlabel: made com-
mand short . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
64
v1.2z
General: Always use \cs in
\changes entries . . . . . . . . . . . 1
thebibliography: added a missing
percent character . . . . . . . . . 53
\marginparwidth: Also take
\marginparsep into account
here . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
\ps@headings: Removed extra dot
after \thesection (PR 1519) . 22
v1.3a
General: Replaced all \hbox to by
\hb@xt@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
\footnoterule: use \@width . . . 54
\maketitle: Use \@makefnmark in
denition of \@makefntext . . 25
v1.3b
thebibliography: Added missing
braces in denition of thebibli-
ography environment. . . . . . . 53
\l@chapter: Added missing
braces around argument to
\addpenalty. . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
\l@part: Added missing
braces around argument to
\addpenalty. . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
v1.3c
\@makechapterhead: replace
\reset@font with \normalfont
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
\@makeschapterhead: re-
place \reset@font with
\normalfont . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\@part: replace \reset@font with
\normalfont . . . . . . . . . . 31, 32
\@spart: replace \reset@font with
\normalfont . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
\ps@headings: Replace \hskip
1em\relax with \quad . . . . . . 22
\section: replace \reset@font
with \normalfont . . . . . . . . . 35
v1.3d
General: Replaced all \uppercase
by \MakeUppercase . . . . . . . . . 1
v1.3e
abstract: Added setting of
\@endparpenalty to avoid page
break after abstract heading. . 39
v1.3f
\subsubitem: Corrected error in
denition of \@idxitem. . . . . 54
v1.3g
\maketitle: Fix denition
of \@makefnmark and
\@makefntext to a) work and
b) without using math . . . . . 25
v1.3h
General: Split up to save save stack
/1742 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
v1.3i
General: Moved code for generic
class options leqno and eqn to
kernel le . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
titlepage: New implementation
with support for twoside and
openright option . . . . . . . . . . 41
v1.3j
\@endpart: move docstrip guard to
avoid dening \@endpart in ar-
ticle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
\@makechapterhead: replace braces
by \space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
\@part: add missing percent . . . . 32
verse: stop \item scanning for [
with \relax . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
thebibliography: remove surplus
spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
\l@part: Add missing percent . . 49
\maketitle: use \let to save space
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25, 26
\maxdepth: Take setting of
\@maxdepth out again . . . . . . 12
\mit: Remove surplus braces . . . 47
\part: Replace \hbox by \null . 30
\subsubitem: use \@idxitem to
save space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
\today: use \edef to save a lot of
space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
quotation: stop \item scanning for
[ with \relax . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
quote: stop \item scanning for [
with \relax . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
v1.3k
\@openbib@code: Macro added . . 53
General: Macro \if@openbib re-
moved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
openbib option reimplemented . 6
65
thebibliography: Code for open-
bib changed . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
\maketitle: Disable \title and
similar decls . . . . . . . . . . 25, 26
\newblock: Default changed. . . . 53
v1.3l
General: Disabled in compatibility
mode all options that are new
in L
A
T
E
X2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
v1.3n
\bigskipamount: Added setting the
values of \...skipamount . . . 11
\maketitle: Empty \@date as well
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25, 26
v1.3o
\@maketitle: (CAR) Make
\footnote always work in ti-
tle, etc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
\maketitle: (CAR) Make
\footnote always work in ti-
tle, etc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
v1.3q
\leftmarginvi: Temporary(?) x:
revert to setting \leftmargin
at outer level . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
v1.3r
\frontmatter: Make this command
react to the option openany . . 29
\mainmatter: Make this command
react to the option openany . . 29
\part: Make this command react to
the option openany . . . . . . . . 30
v1.3s
\labelitemii: Replaced -- with
\textendash . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
v1.3t
thebibliography: Added setting
value of \@clubpenalty . . . . . 53
v1.3u
\c@figure: Added test for non-zero
chapter number . . . . . . . . . . 45
\c@table: Added test for non-zero
chapter number . . . . . . . . . . 45
\labelitemii: Changed to
\textbullet, \textasteriskcentered
and \textperiodcentered . . . 39
\theequation: Added test for non-
zero chapter number . . . . . . . 44
v1.3v
General: Documentation xes. . . . 1
v1.3w
\today: use \def again, latex/2620 56
v1.3x
\l@part: Removed setting of
\@tempdima as this macro does
not use \numberline to set the
toc line. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
66