Fuzzy System: Soft Computing

SOFT COMPUTING
FUZZY SYSTEM

[email protected]
1
Text Book
Negnevitsky, M. 2005. 2
nd
ed. Artificial
Intelligence: A guide to Intelligent
Systems, Addison Wesley
2
Content
. Fuzzy Systems
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Fuzzy Sets
1.3 Linguistic Variables
1.4 Operations of fuzzy sets
1.5 Fuzzy Rules
1.6 Fuzzy Inference
- Mamdani-style
- Sugeno-style
1.7 Defuzzification

3
1. PENDAHULUAN

Common sense to solve problem
Uncertainty and Imprecision
- lack complete information in solving real world problems
- hard to translate into exact numbers and formulas

How can we represent vague and ambiguous terms in computer?

4
Philosophical ideas behind fuzzy set theory (fuzzy logic)
Fuzzy logic:
is not logic that is fuzzy, (fuzzy=kabur; tidak jelas)
It is logic that is used to describe fuzziness
Based on the idea that things admits of degrees
(i.e. temperature, height, speed, distance) all come on
sliding scale.
Tom is very tall guy;
She is quite a short;
Electric cars are not very fast;

5
Fuzzy logic vs Boolean and conventional logic

Boolean & Conventional logic use sharp distinctions:
0 and 1
True and false
On and off
Set theory: belong to a set or not belong to a set

6
How to represent notions like:
large profit
high pressure
tall man
moderate temperature
high
not quite high
very high etc.
7
Example:

Tom is tall because his height is 181 cm,
if we drew a line at 180 cm,
David, who is 179 cm is ????

Fuzzy logic makes it possible to
avoid absurdities.

8
Crisp vs. Fuzzy Sets
150 210 170 180 190 200 160
Height, cm
Degree of
Membership
Tall Men
150 210 180 190 200
1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
160
Degree of
Membership
170
1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Height, cm
Fuzzy Sets
Crisp Sets
Degree of Membership
Fuzzy
Mark
John
Tom
Bob
Bill
1
1
1
0
0
1.00
1.00
0.98
0.82
0.78
Peter
Steven
Mike
David
Chris
Crisp
1
0
0
0
0
0.24
0.15
0.06
0.01
0.00
Name Height, cm
205
198
181
167
155
152
158
172
179
208
9
The classical example in fuzzy sets is tall men. The elements of the fuzzy set
tall men are all men, but their degrees of membership depend on their height.

2. SEJARAH
Fuzzy sets theory: initiated by Lotfi Zadeh (mid sixties)
1965 Fuzzy sets
+/- 10 years many theoretical development
(US, Europe & Japan)
since mid 70s Japanese taken a leading
role

West were repelled by word fuzzy. usually used in a negative sense

10
In 1965 Lotfi Zadeh, published his famous
paper Fuzzy sets. Zadeh extended the work
on possibility theory into a formal system of
mathematical logic, and introduced a new
concept for applying natural language terms.
This new logic for representing and
manipulating fuzzy terms was called fuzzy
logic.
11
Term of fuzzy logic
The term fuzzy logic is used in two senses:
Narrow sense: Fuzzy logic is a branch of fuzzy
set theory, which deals (as logical systems do)
with the representation and inference from
knowledge. Fuzzy logic, unlike other logical
systems, deals with imprecise or uncertain
knowledge. In this narrow, and perhaps correct
sense, fuzzy logic is just one of the branches of
fuzzy set theory.
Broad Sense: fuzzy logic synonymously with
fuzzy set theory.

12
Fuzzy Applications
Theory of fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic has been applied to problems in
a variety of fields:
taxonomy; topology; linguistics; logic; automata theory; game
theory; pattern recognition; medicine; law; decision support;
information retrieval; etc.

And more recently fuzzy machines have been developed including:
automatic train control; tunnel digging machinery; washing
machines; rice cookers; vacuum cleaners; air conditioners, etc.

13
More Definitions
Fuzzy logic is a set of mathematical principles for knowledge representation
based on degrees of membership.
Unlike two-valued Boolean logic, fuzzy logic is multi-valued. It deals with
degrees of membership and degrees of truth.
Fuzzy logic uses the continuum of logical values between 0 (completely
false) and 1 (completely true). Instead of just black and white, it employs
the spectrum of colours, accepting that things can be partly true and partly
false at the same time.

The concept of a set is fundamental to mathematics.

14
(a) Boolean Logic. (b) Multi-valued Logic.
1 1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 0 1 0
A Fuzzy Set has Boundaries
A x
A x
x f
A
if 0,
if 1,
) (
15
Let X be the universe of discourse and its elements be denoted as x. In the classical set
theory, crisp set A of X is defined as function f
A
(x) called the characteristic function of
A

f
A
(x) : X {0, 1}, where

This set maps universe X to a set of two elements. For any element x of universe X,
characteristic function f
A
(x) is equal to 1 if x is an element of set A, and is equal to 0 if x
is not an element of A.
In the fuzzy theory, fuzzy set A of universe X is defined by function
A
(x) called the
membership function of set A

A
(x) : X {0, 1}, where
A
(x) = 1 if x is totally in A;

A
(x) = 0 if x is not in A;
0 <
A
(x) < 1 if x is partly in A.

This set allows a continuum of possible choices. For any element x of universe X,
membership function
A
(x) equals the degree to which x is an element of set A. This
degree, a value between 0 and 1, represents the degree of membership, also called
membership value, of element x in set A.
Fuzzy Set Representation
Typical membership functions that can be used to
represent a fuzzy set are sigmoid, gaussian and pi.
However, these functions increase the time of computation.
Therefore, in practice, most applications use linear fit functions.
16
Fuzzy Subset A
Fuzziness
1
0
Crisp Subset A Fuzziness
x
X
(x)
Fuzzy Set Representation
First, we determine the membership functions. In
our tall men example, we can obtain fuzzy sets of
tall, short and average men.
The universe of discourse the mens heights
consists of three sets: short, average and tall men.
As you will see, a man who is 184 cm tall is a
member of the average men set with a degree of
membership of 0.1, and at the same time, he is also
a member of the tall men set with a degree of 0.4.
17

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