UNIVERSITATEA OVIDIUS

FACULTATEA DE MATEMATICA SI INFORMATICA

CONSTANTA
PROIECT ENGLEZA

COORDONATOR STUDENT
Prof.univ Lector dr. Mitu Criitn! Nicu"ecu F"orin
Iunie #$%&
ANIMation
#
CONTENTS
C'APTER %. ('AT ARE ANIMATIONS )
C'APTER #. #D ANIMATION
C'APTER *. *D ANIMATION
C'APTER &. T+PES OF #D AND *D
ANIMATIONS
C'APTER ,. T'E FUTURE OF
ANIMATIONS
*
C'APTER %. ('AT ARE ANIMATIONS )
Ani-!tion i t.e /roce of cre!tin0 ! continuou -otion !nd .!/e
c.!n0e

i""uion 12 -e!n of t.e r!/id di/"!2 of ! e3uence of t!tic i-!0e
t.!t -ini-!""2 differ fro- e!c. ot.er. T.e i""uion4! in -otion /icture in
0ener!"4i t.ou0.t to re"2 on t.e /.i /.eno-enon. Ani-!tor !re !rtit 5.o
/eci!"i6e in t.e cre!tion of !ni-!tion.
Ani-!tion c!n 1e recorded on eit.er !n!"o0ue -edi!7 uc. ! ! f"i/
1oo87 -otion /icture fi"-7 video t!/e7 or on di0it!" -edi!7 inc"udin0 for-!t
uc. ! !ni-!ted GIF7 F"!. !ni-!tion or di0it!" video. To di/"!2 it7 ! di0it!"
c!-er!7 co-/uter7 or /ro9ector !re ued.
Ani-!tion cre!tion -et.od inc"ude t.e tr!dition!" !ni-!tion cre!tion
-et.od !nd t.oe invo"vin0 to/ -otion !ni-!tion of t5o !nd t.ree4
di-enion!" o19ect7 uc. ! /!/er cutout7 /u//et !nd c"!2 fi0ure. I-!0e
!re di/"!2ed in ! r!/id ucceion7 uu!""2 #&7 #,7 *$7 or :$ fr!-e /er
econd.
Fro- L!tin !ni-;ti<7 =t.e !ct of 1rin0in0 to "ife=> fro- !ni-< ?=to
!ni-!te= or =0ive "ife to=@ !nd 4;ti< ?=t.e !ct of=@.
History
E!r"2 eA!-/"e of !tte-/t to c!/ture t.e /.eno-enon of -otion into
! ti"" dr!5in0 c!n 1e found in /!"eo"it.ic c!ve /!intin07 5.ere !ni-!" !re
often de/icted 5it. -u"ti/"e "e0 in u/eri-/oed /oition7 c"e!r"2 !tte-/tin0
to conve2 t.e /erce/tion of -otion.
Ancient C.inee record cont!in ever!" -ention of device t.!t 5ere
!id to =0ive !n i-/reion of -ove-ent= to .u-!n or !ni-!" fi0ure7 1ut
t.ee !ccount !re unc"e!r !nd -!2 on"2 refer to t.e !ctu!" -ove-ent of t.e
fi0ure t.rou0. /!ce.
In t.e %Bt. centur27 t.e /.en!8itoco/e ?%C*#@7 6oetro/e ?%C*&@ !nd
/r!Ainoco/e ?%CDD@7 ! 5e"" ! t.e co--on f"i/ 1oo87 5ere e!r"2 !ni-!tion
device t.!t /roduced !n i""uion of -ove-ent fro- ! erie of e3uenti!"
dr!5in07 1ut !ni-!tion did not deve"o/ furt.er unti" t.e !dvent of -otion
/icture fi"- !nd cine-!to0r!/.2 in t.e %CB$.
T.e cinE-!to0r!/.e 5! ! /ro9ector7 /rinter7 !nd c!-er! in one
-!c.ine t.!t !""o5ed -ovin0 /icture to 1e .o5n uccefu""2 on ! creen
5.ic. 5! invented 12 .itor2F e!r"iet fi"- -!8er7 Au0ute !nd Loui
&
Lu-iGre7 in %CB&. T.e firt !ni-!ted /ro9ection ?creenin0@ 5! cre!ted in
Fr!nce7 12 C.!r"e4H-i"e Re2n!ud7 5.o 5! ! Frenc. cience te!c.er.
Re2n!ud cre!ted t.e Pr!Ainoco/e in %CDD !nd t.e T.EItre O/ti3ue in
dece-1er %CCC. On #C Octo1er %CB#7 .e /ro9ected t.e firt !ni-!tion in
/u1"ic7 P!uvre Pierrot7 !t t.e MuEe GrEvin in P!ri. T.i fi"- i !"o not!1"e
! t.e firt 8no5n int!nce of fi"- /erfor!tion 1ein0 ued. 'i fi"- 5ere not
/.oto0r!/.ed7 1ut dr!5n direct"2 onto t.e tr!n/!rent tri/. In %B$$7 -ore
t.!n ,$$7$$$ /eo/"e .!d !ttended t.ee creenin0.
A /ro9ectin0 /r!Ainoco/e7 %CC#7 .ere .o5n u/eri-/oin0 !n
!ni-!ted fi0ure on ! e/!r!te"2 /ro9ected 1!c80round cene
T.e firt fi"- t.!t 5! recorded on t!nd!rd /icture fi"- !nd inc"uded
!ni-!ted e3uence 5! t.e %B$$ Enc.!nted Dr!5in07 5.ic. 5! fo""o5ed 12
t.e firt entire"2 !ni-!ted fi"- 4 t.e %B$: 'u-orou P.!e of Funn2 F!ce
12 J. Stu!rt K"!c8ton7 5.o7 1ec!ue of t.!t7 i conidered t.e f!t.er of
A-eric!n !ni-!tion.
T.e firt !ni-!ted fi"- cre!ted 12 uin0 5.!t c!-e to 1e 8no5n !
tr!dition!" ?.!nd4dr!5n@ !ni-!tion 4 t.e %B$C F!nt!-!0orie 12 H-i"e Co.".
In Euro/e7 t.e Frenc. !rtit7 H-i"e Co."7 cre!ted t.e firt !ni-!ted fi"-
uin0 5.!t c!-e to 1e 8no5n ! tr!dition!" !ni-!tion cre!tion -et.od 4 t.e
%B$C F!nt!-!0orie. T.e fi"- "!r0e"2 conited of ! tic8 fi0ure -ovin0 !1out
!nd encounterin0 !"" -!nner of -or/.in0 o19ect7 uc. ! ! 5ine 1ott"e t.!t
tr!nfor- into ! f"o5er. T.ere 5ere !"o ection of "ive !ction in 5.ic. t.e
!ni-!torL .!nd 5ou"d enter t.e cene. T.e fi"- 5! cre!ted 12 dr!5in0 e!c.
fr!-e on /!/er !nd t.en .ootin0 e!c. fr!-e onto ne0!tive fi"-7 5.ic. 0!ve
t.e /icture ! 1"!c81o!rd "oo8.
T.e !ut.or of t.e firt /u//et4!ni-!ted fi"- ?T.e Ke!utifu" Lu8!nid!
?%B%#@@ 5! t.e Rui!n41orn ?et.nic!""2 Po"i.@ director ("!d2"!5
St!re5ic67 8no5n ! L!di"! St!revic..
T.e -ore det!i"ed .!nd4dr!5n !ni-!tion7 re3uirin0 ! te!- of
!ni-!tor dr!5in0 e!c. fr!-e -!nu!""2 5it. det!i"ed 1!c80round !nd
c.!r!cter7 5ere t.oe directed 12 (inor McC!27 ! uccefu" ne5/!/er
c!rtoonit7 inc"udin0 t.e %B%% Litt"e Ne-o7 t.e %B%& Gertie t.e Dino!ur7 !nd
t.e %B%C T.e Sin8in0 of t.e Luit!ni!.
Durin0 t.e %B%$7 t.e /roduction of !ni-!ted .ort fi"-7 t2/ic!""2
referred to ! =c!rtoon=7 1ec!-e !n indutr2 of it o5n !nd c!rtoon .ort
5ere /roduced for .o5in0 in -ovie t.e!ter. T.e -ot uccefu" /roducer !t
t.e ti-e 5! Jo.n R!ndo"/. Kr!27 5.o7 !"on0 5it. !ni-!tor E!r" 'urd7
/!tented t.e ce" !ni-!tion /roce 5.ic. do-in!ted t.e !ni-!tion indutr2 for
t.e ret of t.e dec!de.
E" A/Mto" ?S/!ni.N =T.e A/ot"e=@ 5! ! %B%D Ar0entine !ni-!ted
fi"- uti"i6in0 cutout !ni-!tion7 !nd t.e 5or"dF firt !ni-!ted fe!ture fi"-.
,
Unfortun!te"27 ! fire t.!t detro2ed /roducer Frederico V!""eF fi"- tudio
inciner!ted t.e on"2 8no5n co/2 of E" A/Mto"7 !nd it i no5 conidered ! "ot
fi"-.
Co-/uter !ni-!tion .! 1eco-e /o/u"!r ince To2 Stor2 ?%BB,@7 t.e firt
!ni-!ted fi"- co-/"ete"2 -!de uin0 t.i tec.ni3ue.
In #$$C7 t.e !ni-!tion -!r8et 5! 5ort. USO:C.& 1i""ion.
C'APTER #. #D ANIMATION
T.e cre!tion of -ovin0 /icture in ! t5o4di-enion!" environ-ent7
uc. ! t.rou0. =tr!dition!"= ce" !ni-!tion or in co-/uteri6ed !ni-!tion
oft5!re. T.i i done 12 e3uencin0 conecutive i-!0e7 or =fr!-e=7 t.!t
i-u"!te -otion 12 e!c. i-!0e .o5in0 t.e neAt in ! 0r!du!" /ro0reion of
te/. T.e e2e c!n 1e =foo"ed= into /erceivin0 -otion 5.en t.ee conecutive
i-!0e !re .o5n !t ! r!te of #& fr!-e /er econd or f!ter.
Tr!dition!" !ni-!tion ?!"o c!""ed ce" !ni-!tion or .!nd4dr!5n
!ni-!tion@ 5! t.e /roce ued for -ot !ni-!ted fi"- of t.e #$t. centur2.
T.e individu!" fr!-e of ! tr!dition!""2 !ni-!ted fi"- !re /.oto0r!/. of
dr!5in07 firt dr!5n on /!/er. To cre!te t.e i""uion of -ove-ent7 e!c.
dr!5in0 differ "i0.t"2 fro- t.e one 1efore it. T.e !ni-!torF dr!5in0 !re
tr!ced or /.otoco/ied onto tr!n/!rent !cet!te .eet c!""ed ce"7 5.ic. !re
fi""ed in 5it. /!int in !i0ned co"or or tone on t.e ide o//oite t.e "ine
dr!5in0. T.e co-/"eted c.!r!cter ce" !re /.oto0r!/.ed one4124one !0!int
! /!inted 1!c80round 12 ! rotru- c!-er! onto -otion /icture fi"-.
T.e tr!dition!" ce" !ni-!tion /roce 1ec!-e o1o"ete 12 t.e
1e0innin0 of t.e #%t centur2. Tod!27 !ni-!torF dr!5in0 !nd t.e
1!c80round !re eit.er c!nned into or dr!5n direct"2 into ! co-/uter 2te-.
V!riou oft5!re /ro0r!- !re ued to co"or t.e dr!5in0 !nd i-u"!te
c!-er! -ove-ent !nd effect. T.e fin!" !ni-!ted /iece i out/ut to one of
ever!" de"iver2 -edi!7 inc"udin0 tr!dition!" *, -- fi"- !nd ne5er -edi!
uc. ! di0it!" video. T.e ="oo8= of tr!dition!" ce" !ni-!tion i ti"" /reerved7
!nd t.e c.!r!cter !ni-!torF 5or8 .! re-!ined eenti!""2 t.e !-e over t.e
:
/!t D$ 2e!r. So-e !ni-!tion /roducer .!ve ued t.e ter- =tr!di0it!"= to
decri1e ce" !ni-!tion 5.ic. -!8e eAtenive ue of co-/uter tec.no"o02.
EA!-/"e of tr!dition!""2 !ni-!ted fe!ture fi"- inc"ude Pinocc.io
?United St!te7 %B&$@7 Ani-!" F!r- ?United Pin0do-7 %B,&@7 !nd
LFI""uionnite ?Kriti.4Frenc.7 #$%$@. Tr!dition!""2 !ni-!ted fi"- 5.ic.
5ere /roduced 5it. t.e !id of co-/uter tec.no"o02 inc"ude T.e Lion Pin0
?US7 %BB&@7 A8ir! ?J!/!n7 %BCC@7 Sen to C.i.iro no P!-i8!8u.i ?S/irited
A5!2@ ?J!/!n7 #$$%@7 Le Tri/"ette de Ke""evi""e ?Fr!nce7 #$$*@7 !nd T.e
Secret of Pe"" ?Iri.4Frenc.4Ke"0i!n7 #$$B@.
Fu"" !ni-!tion refer to t.e /roce of /roducin0 .i0.43u!"it2
tr!dition!""2 !ni-!ted fi"- t.!t re0u"!r"2 ue det!i"ed dr!5in0 !nd /"!ui1"e
-ove-ent7 .!vin0 ! -oot. !ni-!tion. Fu""2 !ni-!ted fi"- c!n 1e -!de in !
v!riet2 of t2"e7 fro- -ore re!"itic!""2 !ni-!ted 5or8 uc. ! t.oe
/roduced 12 t.e (!"t Dine2 tudio ?Ke!ut2 !nd t.e Ke!t7 A"!ddin7 Lion
Pin0@ to t.e -ore Fc!rtoonF t2"e of t.e (!rner Kro. !ni-!tion tudio. M!n2
of t.e Dine2 !ni-!ted fe!ture !re eA!-/"e of fu"" !ni-!tion7 ! !re non4
Dine2 5or8 uc. ! T.e Secret of NIM' ?US7 %BC#@7 T.e Iron Gi!nt ?US7
%BBB@7 !nd Nocturn! ?S/!in7 #$$D@.
Li-ited !ni-!tion invo"ve t.e ue of "e det!i"ed !ndQor -ore
t2"i6ed dr!5in0 !nd -et.od of -ove-ent uu!""2 ! c.o//2 or =8i//2=
-ove-ent !ni-!tion. Pioneered 12 t.e !rtit !t t.e A-eric!n tudio United
Production of A-eric!7 "i-ited !ni-!tion c!n 1e ued ! ! -et.od of t2"i6ed
!rtitic eA/reion7 ! in Ger!"d McKoin0 Koin0 ?US7 %B,%@7 +e""o5
Su1-!rine ?UP7 %B:C@7 !nd -uc. of t.e !ni-e /roduced in J!/!n. It /ri-!r2
ue7 .o5ever7 .! 1een in /roducin0 cot4effective !ni-!ted content for -edi!
uc. ! te"eviion ?t.e 5or8 of '!nn!4K!r1er!7 Fi"-!tion7 !nd ot.er TV
!ni-!tion tudio@ !nd "!ter t.e Internet ?5e1 c!rtoon@.
Rotoco/in0 i ! tec.ni3ue /!tented 12 M!A F"eic.er in %B%D 5.ere
!ni-!tor tr!ce "ive4!ction -ove-ent7 fr!-e 12 fr!-e. T.e ource fi"- c!n 1e
direct"2 co/ied fro- !ctorF out"ine into !ni-!ted dr!5in07 ! in T.e Lord of
t.e Rin0 ?US7 %BDC@7 or ued in ! t2"i6ed !nd eA/reive -!nner7 ! in
(!8in0 Life ?US7 #$$%@ !nd A Sc!nner D!r8"2 ?US7 #$$:@. So-e ot.er
eA!-/"e !reN Fire !nd Ice ?US7 %BC*@ !nd 'e!v2 Met!" ?%BC%@.
D
Live4!ctionQ!ni-!tion i ! tec.ni3ue co-1inin0 .!nd4dr!5n c.!r!cter
into "ive !ction .ot. One of t.e e!r"ier ue 5! in Po8o t.e C"o5n 5.en
Po8o 5! dr!5n over "ive !ction foot!0e. Ot.er eA!-/"e inc"ude (.o
Fr!-ed Ro0er R!11it ?US7 %BCC@7 S/!ce J!- ?US7 %BB:@ !nd O-oi Jone
?US7 #$$%@.
C'APTER *. *D ANIMATION
Co-/uter !ni-!tion or CGI !ni-!tion i t.e /roce ued for
0ener!tin0 !ni-!ted i-!0e 12 uin0 co-/uter 0r!/.ic. T.e -ore 0ener!"
ter- co-/uter40ener!ted i-!0er2 enco-/!e 1ot. t!tic cene !nd
d2n!-ic i-!0e7 5.i"e co-/uter !ni-!tion on"2 refer to -ovin0 i-!0e.
Modern co-/uter !ni-!tion uu!""2 ue *D co-/uter 0r!/.ic7
!"t.ou0. #D co-/uter 0r!/.ic !re ti"" ued for t2"itic7 "o5 1!nd5idt.7 !nd
f!ter re!"4ti-e renderin0. So-eti-e t.e t!r0et of t.e !ni-!tion i t.e
co-/uter ite"f7 1ut o-eti-e t.e t!r0et i !not.er -ediu-7 uc. ! fi"-.
Co-/uter !ni-!tion i eenti!""2 ! di0it!" ucceor to t.e to/
-otion tec.ni3ue ued in tr!dition!" !ni-!tion 5it. *D -ode" !nd fr!-e4
124fr!-e !ni-!tion of #D i""utr!tion. Co-/uter 0ener!ted !ni-!tion !re
-ore contro""!1"e t.!n ot.er -ore /.2ic!""2 1!ed /rocee7 uc. !
contructin0 -ini!ture for effect .ot or .irin0 eAtr! for cro5d cene7 !nd
1ec!ue it !""o5 t.e cre!tion of i-!0e t.!t 5ou"d not 1e fe!i1"e uin0 !n2
ot.er tec.no"o02. It c!n !"o !""o5 ! in0"e 0r!/.ic !rtit to /roduce uc.
content 5it.out t.e ue of !ctor7 eA/enive et /iece7 or /ro/.
To cre!te t.e i""uion of -ove-ent7 !n i-!0e i di/"!2ed on t.e
co-/uter -onitor !nd re/e!ted"2 re/"!ced 12 ! ne5 i-!0e t.!t i i-i"!r to it7
1ut !dv!nced "i0.t"2 in ti-e ?uu!""2 !t ! r!te of #& or *$ fr!-eQecond@.
T.i tec.ni3ue i identic!" to .o5 t.e i""uion of -ove-ent i !c.ieved 5it.
te"eviion !nd -otion /icture.
For *D !ni-!tion7 o19ect ?-ode"@ !re 1ui"t on t.e co-/uter -onitor
?-ode"ed@ !nd *D fi0ure !re ri00ed 5it. ! virtu!" 8e"eton. For #D fi0ure
!ni-!tion7 e/!r!te o19ect ?i""utr!tion@ !nd e/!r!te tr!n/!rent "!2er !re
ued7 5it. or 5it.out ! virtu!" 8e"eton. T.en t.e "i-17 e2e7 -out.7 c"ot.e7
etc. of t.e fi0ure !re -oved 12 t.e !ni-!tor on 8e2 fr!-e. T.e difference in
!//e!r!nce 1et5een 8e2 fr!-e !re !uto-!tic!""2 c!"cu"!ted 12 t.e co-/uter
in ! /roce 8no5n ! t5eenin0 or -or/.in0. Fin!""27 t.e !ni-!tion i
rendered.
For *D !ni-!tion7 !"" fr!-e -ut 1e rendered !fter -ode"in0 i
co-/"ete. For #D vector !ni-!tion7 t.e renderin0 /roce i t.e 8e2 fr!-e
i""utr!tion /roce7 5.i"e t5eened fr!-e !re rendered ! needed. For /re4
C
recorded /reent!tion7 t.e rendered fr!-e !re tr!nferred to ! different
for-!t or -ediu- uc. ! fi"- or di0it!" video. T.e fr!-e -!2 !"o 1e
rendered in re!" ti-e ! t.e2 !re /reented to t.e end4uer !udience. Lo5
1!nd5idt. !ni-!tion tr!n-itted vi! t.e internet ?e.0. #D F"!.7 R*D@ often
ue oft5!re on t.e end4uer co-/uter to render in re!" ti-e ! !n !"tern!tive
to tre!-in0 or /re4"o!ded .i0. 1!nd5idt. !ni-!tion.
C'APTER &. T+PES OF #D AND *D
ANIMATIONS
Early approaches to motion in art
Evidence of !rtitic interet in de/ictin0 fi0ure in -otion c!n 1e een in !rt !
e!r"2 ! P!"eo"it.ic c!ve /!intin0. Ani-!" in uc. /!intin0 5ere often
de/icted 5it. -u"ti/"e et of "e0 in u/eri-/oed /oition. Kec!ue t.e
/!intin0 !re /re.itoric7 !"tern!tive inter/ret!tion !re /oi1"e7 uc. ! t.e
!rtit i-/"2 decidin0 to c.!n0e ! "e0F /oition !nd .!vin0 no -e!n of
er!in07 1ut it i ver2 "i8e"2 t.!t t.ee 5ere e!r"2 !tte-/t to conve2 -otion.
An E02/ti!n -ur!" !//roAi-!te"2 &$$$ 2e!r o"d7 found in t.e to-1 of
P.nu-.ote/ !t t.e Keni '!!n ce-eter27 fe!ture ! ver2 "on0 erie of
i-!0e 5.ic. !//!rent"2 de/ict t.e e3uence of event in ! 5ret"in0 -!tc..
Ancient C.inee record cont!in ever!" -ention of device7 inc"udin0 one
-!de 12 t.e inventor Din0 'u!n7 t.!t 5ere !id to =0ive !n i-/reion of
-ove-ent= to ! erie of .u-!n or !ni-!" fi0ure on t.e-7 1ut t.ee !ccount
!re unc"e!r !nd -!2 on"2 refer to t.e !ctu!" -ove-ent of t.e fi0ure t.rou0.
/!ce.
Seven dr!5in0 12 Leon!rdo d! Vinci ?c. %,%$@ eAtendin0 over t5o fo"io in
t.e (indor Co""ection7 An!to-ic!" Studie of t.e Muc"e of t.e Nec87
S.ou"der7 C.et7 !nd Ar-7 .!ve det!i"ed renderin0 of t.e u//er 1od2 !nd
"e4det!i"ed f!ci!" fe!ture. T.e e3uence .o5 -u"ti/"e !n0"e of t.e fi0ure
! it rot!te !nd t.e !r- eAtend. Kec!ue t.e dr!5in0 .o5 on"2 -!""
c.!n0e fro- one i-!0e to t.e neAt7 to0et.er t.e2 i-/"2 t.e -ove-ent of !
in0"e fi0ure.
A"t.ou0. o-e of t.ee e!r"2 eA!-/"e -!2 ee- i-i"!r to ! erie of
!ni-!tion dr!5in07 t.e conte-/or!r2 "!c8 of !n2 -e!n to .o5 t.e- in
-otion !nd t.eir eAtre-e"2 "o5 fr!-e r!te c!ue t.e- to f!"" .ort of 1ein0
true !ni-!tion. Nonet.e"e7 t.e /r!ctice of i""utr!tin0 -ove-ent over ti-e
B
12 cre!tin0 ! erie of i-!0e !rr!n0ed in c.rono"o0ic!" order /rovided !
found!tion for t.e deve"o/-ent of t.e !rt.
Animation before film
Nu-erou device t.!t uccefu""2 di/"!2ed !ni-!ted i-!0e 5ere
introduced 5e"" 1efore t.e !dvent of t.e -otion /icture. T.ee device 5ere
ued to entert!in7 !-!6e7 !nd o-eti-e even fri0.ten /eo/"e. T.e -!9orit2 of
t.ee device didnFt /ro9ect t.eir i-!0e7 !nd !ccordin0"2 cou"d on"2 1e
vie5ed 12 ! in0"e /eron !t !n2 one ti-e. For t.i re!on t.e2 5ere
conidered to2 r!t.er t.!n device for ! "!r0e c!"e entert!in-ent indutr2
"i8e "!ter !ni-!tion. M!n2 of t.ee device !re ti"" 1ui"t 12 !nd for fi"-
tudent "e!rnin0 t.e 1!ic /rinci/"e of !ni-!tion.
The magic lantern (1650)
T.e -!0ic "!ntern i !n e!r"2 /redeceor of t.e -odern d!2 /ro9ector. It
conited of ! tr!n"ucent oi" /!intin07 ! i-/"e "en !nd ! c!nd"e or oi" "!-/.
In ! d!r8ened roo-7 t.e i-!0e 5ou"d !//e!r /ro9ected onto !n !d9!cent f"!t
urf!ce. It 5! often ued to /ro9ect de-onic7 fri0.tenin0 i-!0e in !
/.!nt!-!0ori! t.!t convinced /eo/"e t.e2 5ere 5itnein0 t.e u/ern!tur!".
So-e "ide for t.e "!ntern cont!ined -ovin0 /!rt7 5.ic. -!8e t.e -!0ic
"!ntern t.e e!r"iet 8no5n eA!-/"e of /ro9ected !ni-!tion. T.e ori0in of t.e
-!0ic "!ntern i de1!ted7 1ut in t.e %,t. centur2 t.e Veneti!n inventor
Giov!nni Font!n! /u1"i.ed !n i""utr!tion of ! device t.!t /ro9ected t.e
i-!0e of ! de-on in .i Li1er Intru-entoru-. T.e e!r"iet 8no5n !ctu!"
-!0ic "!ntern !re uu!""2 credited to C.riti!!n 'u20en or At.!n!iu
Pirc.er.
Flip book (1868)
Jo.n K!rne Linnett /!tented t.e firt f"i/ 1oo8 in %C:C ! t.e 8ineo0r!/.. A
f"i/ 1oo8 i ! -!"" 1oo8 5it. re"!tive"2 /rin02 /!0e7 e!c. .!vin0 one in !
erie of !ni-!tion i-!0e "oc!ted ne!r it un1ound ed0e. T.e uer 1end !""
of t.e /!0e 1!c87 nor-!""2 5it. t.e t.u-17 t.en 12 ! 0r!du!" -otion of t.e
.!nd !""o5 t.e- to /rin0 free one !t ! ti-e. A 5it. t.e /.en!8itoco/e7
6oetro/e !nd /r!Ainoco/e7 t.e i""uion of -otion i cre!ted 12 t.e !//!rent
udden re/"!ce-ent of e!c. i-!0e 12 t.e neAt in t.e erie !nd t.e /i
/.eno-enon t.!t reu"t7 1ut un"i8e t.oe ot.er invention no vie54
interru/tin0 .utter or !e-1"2 of -irror i re3uired !nd no vie5in0 device
ot.er t.!n t.e uerF .!nd i !1o"ute"2 nece!r2. E!r"2 fi"- !ni-!tor cited
f"i/ 1oo8 ! t.eir in/ir!tion -ore often t.!n t.e e!r"ier device7 5.ic. did
not re!c. ! 5ide !n !udience.
%$
T.e o"der device 12 t.eir n!ture evere"2 "i-it t.e nu-1er of i-!0e t.!t c!n
1e inc"uded in ! e3uence 5it.out -!8in0 t.e device ver2 "!r0e or t.e i-!0e
i-/r!ctic!""2 -!"". T.e 1oo8 for-!t ti"" i-/oe ! /.2ic!" "i-it7 1ut -!n2
do6en of i-!0e of !-/"e i6e c!n e!i"2 1e !cco--od!ted. Inventor
tretc.ed even t.!t "i-it 5it. t.e -utoco/e7 /!tented in %CB& !nd o-eti-e
ti"" found in !-ue-ent !rc!de. It conit of ! "!r0e circu"!r"2 1ound f"i/
1oo8 in ! .ouin0 5it. ! vie5in0 "en !nd ! cr!n8 .!nd"e t.!t drive !
-ec.!ni- 5.ic. "o5"2 rot!te t.e !e-1"2 of i-!0e /!t ! c!tc.7 c!uin0
t.e /!0e to f"i/. A .e"ic!""2 1ound verion7 /!tented 1ut not co--erci!"i6ed7
-!de it t.eoretic!""2 /oi1"e for ! -utoco/e of re!on!1"e i6e to -!tc. t.e
runnin0 ti-e of !n entire ree" of fi"-.
The silent era
C.!r"e4H-i"e Re2n!udF T.EItre O/ti3ue i t.e e!r"iet 8no5n eA!-/"e of
/ro9ected !ni-!tion. It /red!te even /.oto0r!/.ic -otion /icture device
uc. ! T.o-! EdionF %CB* invention7 t.e Pinetoco/e7 !nd t.e Lu-iGre
1rot.erF %CB& invention7 t.e cine-!to0r!/.. Re2n!ud eA.i1ited t.ree of .i
!ni-!tion on Octo1er #C7 %CB# !t MuEe GrEvin in P!ri7 Fr!nce. T.e on"2
urvivin0 eA!-/"e of t.ee t.ree i P!uvre Pierrot7 5.ic. 5! ,$$ fr!-e
"on0.
After t.e cine-!to0r!/. /o/u"!ri6ed t.e -otion /icture7 /roducer 1e0!n to
eA/"ore t.e end"e /oi1i"itie of !ni-!tion in 0re!ter de/t.. A .ort to/4
-otion !ni-!tion 5! /roduced in %B$C 12 A"1ert E. S-it. !nd J. Stu!rt
K"!c8ton c!""ed T.e 'u-/t2 Du-/t2 Circu. Sto/ -otion i ! tec.ni3ue in
5.ic. re!" o19ect !re -oved !round in t.e ti-e 1et5een t.eir i-!0e 1ein0
recorded7 o t.!t 5.en t.e i-!0e !re vie5ed !t ! nor-!" fr!-e r!te t.e
o19ect !//e!r to -ove 12 o-e invii1"e force. It direct"2 decend fro-
v!riou e!r"2 tric8 fi"- tec.ni3ue t.!t cre!ted t.e i""uion of i-/oi1"e
!ction.
A fe5 ot.er fi"- t.!t fe!tured to/ -otion tec.ni3ue 5ere re"e!ed !fter5!rd7
1ut t.e firt to receive 5ide c!"e !//reci!tion 5! K"!c8tonF '!unted
M!nion7 5.ic. 1!ff"ed vie5er !nd in/ired -uc. furt.er deve"o/-ent. In
%B$:7 K"!c8ton !"o -!de t.e firt dr!5n 5or8 of !ni-!tion on t!nd!rd fi"-7
'u-orou P.!e of Funn2 F!ce. It fe!ture f!ce t.!t !re dr!5n on !
c.!"81o!rd !nd t.en udden"2 -ove !utono-ou"2.
F!nt!-!0orie7 12 t.e Frenc. director H-i"e Co." ?!"o c!""ed H-i"e Courtet@7
i !"o note5ort.2. It 5! creened for t.e firt ti-e on Au0ut %D7 %B$C !t
T.EItre du G2-n!e in P!ri. Co." "!ter 5ent to Fort Lee7 Ne5 Jere2 ne!r
Ne5 +or8 Cit2 in %B%#7 5.ere .e 5or8ed for Frenc. tudio Hc"!ir !nd /re!d
it !ni-!tion tec.ni3ue to t.e US.
Inf"uenced 12 Co."7 t.e !ut.or of t.e firt /u//et4!ni-!ted fi"- ?i.e.7 T.e
Ke!utifu" Lu8!nid! ?%B%#@@7 Rui!n41orn ?et.nic!""2 Po"i.@ director
("!d2"!5 St!re5ic67 8no5n ! L!di"! St!revic.7 t!rted to cre!te to/
-otion fi"- uin0 de!d inect 5it. 5ire "i-1 !nd "!ter7 in Fr!nce7 5it.
%%
co-/"eA !nd re!""2 eA/reive /u//et. In %B%%7 .e cre!ted T.e C!-er!-!nF
Reven0e7 ! co-/"eA t!"e of tre!on7!nd vio"ence 1et5een ever!" different
inect. It i ! /ioneer 5or8 of /u//et !ni-!tion7 !nd t.e o"det !ni-!ted fi"-
of uc. dr!-!tic co-/"eAit27 5it. c.!r!cter fi""ed 5it. -otiv!tion7 deire !nd
fee"in0. In %B%&7 A-eric!n c!rtoonit (inor McC!2 re"e!ed Gertie t.e
Dino!ur7 !n e!r"2 eA!-/"e of c.!r!cter deve"o/-ent in dr!5n !ni-!tion. T.e
fi"- 5! -!de for McC!2F v!udevi""e !ct !nd ! it /"!2ed McC!2 5ou"d
/e!8 to Gertie 5.o 5ou"d re/ond 5it. ! erie of 0eture. T.ere 5! !
cene !t t.e end of t.e fi"- 5.ere McC!2 5!"8ed 1e.ind t.e /ro9ection creen
!nd ! vie5 of .i- !//e!r on t.e creen .o5in0 .i- 0ettin0 on t.e c!rtoon
dino!urF 1!c8 !nd ridin0 out of fr!-e. T.i cene -!de Gertie t.e Dino!ur
t.e firt fi"- to co-1ine "ive !ction foot!0e 5it. .!nd dr!5n !ni-!tion.
McC!2 .!nd4dre5 !"-ot ever2 one of t.e %$7$$$ dr!5in0 .e ued for t.e
fi"-.
A"o in %B%&7 Jo.n Kr!2 o/ened Jo.n Kr!2 Studio7 5.ic. revo"utioni6ed t.e
5!2 !ni-!tion 5! cre!ted. E!r" 'urd7 one of Kr!2F e-/"o2ee /!tented t.e
ce" tec.ni3ue. T.i invo"ved !ni-!tin0 -ovin0 o19ect on tr!n/!rent
ce""u"oid .eet. Ani-!tor /.oto0r!/.ed t.e .eet over ! t!tion!r2
1!c80round i-!0e to 0ener!te t.e e3uence of i-!0e. T.i7 ! 5e"" ! Kr!2F
innov!tive ue of t.e !e-1"2 "ine -et.od7 !""o5ed Jo.n Kr!2 Studio to
cre!te Co". 'ee6! Li!r7 t.e firt !ni-!ted erie.
In %B%,7 M!A !nd D!ve F"eic.er invented rotoco/in07 t.e /roce of uin0
fi"- ! ! reference /oint for !ni-!tion !nd t.eir tudio 5ent on to "!ter
re"e!e uc. !ni-!ted c"!ic ! Po4Po t.e C"o5n7 Kett2 Koo/7 Po/e2e t.e
S!i"or M!n7 !nd Su/er-!n. In %B%C McC!2 re"e!ed T.e Sin8in0 of t.e
Luit!ni!7 ! 5!rti-e /ro/!0!nd! fi"-. McC!2 did ue o-e of t.e ne5er
!ni-!tion tec.ni3ue7 uc. ! ce" over /!intin0S1ut 1ec!ue .e did !"" of
.i !ni-!tion 12 .i-e"f7 t.e /ro9ect 5!nFt !ctu!""2 re"e!ed unti" 9ut .ort"2
1efore t.e end of t.e 5!r. At t.i /oint t.e "!r0er c!"e !ni-!tion tudio 5ere
1eco-in0 t.e indutri!" nor- !nd !rtit uc. ! McC!2 f!ded fro- t.e /u1"ic
e2e.
T.e firt 8no5n !ni-!ted fe!ture fi"- 5! 12 Pinto Co"vi07 -!de in %B%,
c!""ed Cre!tion. Unfortun!te"27 t.i fi"- -!2 .!ve 1een "ot forever !nd on"2 !
fe5 fr!-e re-!in. Co"vi0 i 1et 8no5n ! t.e voice of Dine2F Goof27 !nd
!"o dei0ned t.e Dine2 Lo0o. T.e econd 8no5n !ni-!ted fe!ture fi"- 5!
E" A/Mto"7 -!de in %B%D 12 Tuirino Criti!ni fro- Ar0entin!. 'e !"o
directed t5o ot.er !ni-!ted fe!ture fi"-7 inc"udin0 %B*%F Pe"udM/o"i7 t.e
firt fe!ture "en0t. !ni-!tion to ue 2nc.roni6ed ound. None of t.ee7
.o5ever7 urvive.
In %B#$7 Otto Me-er of P!t Su""iv!n Studio cre!ted Fe"iA t.e C!t. P!t
Su""iv!n7 t.e tudio .e!d too8 !"" of t.e credit for Fe"iA7 ! co--on /r!ctice in
t.e e!r"2 d!2 of tudio !ni-!tion. Fe"iA t.e C!t 5! ditri1uted 12 P!r!-ount
Studio7 !nd it !ttr!cted ! "!r0e !udience. Fe"iA 5! t.e firt c!rtoon to 1e
-erc.!ndied. 'e oon 1ec!-e ! .oue.o"d n!-e.
%#
top motion animation
Sto/ -otion ?!"o 8no5n ! to/ fr!-e@ i !n !ni-!tion tec.ni3ue to
-!8e ! /.2ic!""2 -!ni/u"!ted o19ect !//e!r to -ove on it o5n. T.e o19ect i
-oved in -!"" incre-ent 1et5een individu!""2 /.oto0r!/.ed fr!-e7
cre!tin0 t.e i""uion of -ove-ent 5.en t.e erie of fr!-e i /"!2ed ! !
continuou e3uence. Do"" 5it. -ov!1"e 9oint or c"!2 fi0ure !re often ued
in to/ -otion for t.eir e!e of re/oitionin0. Sto/ -otion !ni-!tion uin0
/"!ticine i c!""ed c"!2 !ni-!tion or =c"!24-!tion=. Not !"" to/ -otion
re3uire fi0ure or -ode"> -!n2 to/ -otion fi"- c!n invo"ve uin0 .u-!n7
.oue.o"d !//"i!nce !nd ot.er t.in0 for co-edic effect. Sto/ -otion uin0
o19ect i o-eti-e referred to ! o19ect !ni-!tion.
T.e ter- =to/ -otion=7 re"!ted to t.e !ni-!tion tec.ni3ue7 i often
/e""ed 5it. ! .2/.en7 =to/4-otion=. Kot. ort.o0r!/.ic!" v!ri!nt7 5it. !nd
5it.out t.e .2/.en7 !re correct7 1ut t.e .2/.en!ted one .!7 in !ddition7 !
econd -e!nin07 not re"!ted to !ni-!tion or cine-!N =! device for
!uto-!tic!""2 to//in0 ! -!c.ine or en0ine 5.en o-et.in0 .! 0one 5ron0=
?T.e Ne5 S.orter OAford En0"i. Diction!r27 %BB* edition@.
Sto/ -otion i often confued 5it. t.e ti-e "!/e tec.ni3ue7 5.ere
ti"" /.oto0r!/. of ! "ive urroundin0 !re t!8en !t re0u"!r interv!" !nd
co-1ined into ! continuou fi"-. Ti-e "!/e i ! tec.ni3ue 5.ere12 t.e
fre3uenc2 !t 5.ic. fi"- fr!-e !re c!/tured i -uc. "o5er t.!n t.!t ued to
vie5 t.e e3uence. (.en /"!2ed !t nor-!" /eed7 ti-e !//e!r to 1e -ovin0
f!ter !nd t.u "!/in0.
Clay animation
C"!2 !ni-!tion or c"!2-!tion i one of -!n2 for- of to/ -otion
!ni-!tion. E!c. !ni-!ted /iece7 eit.er c.!r!cter or 1!c80round7 i
=defor-!1"e=4-!de of ! -!""e!1"e u1t!nce7 uu!""2 P"!ticine c"!2.
Tr!dition!" !ni-!tion7 fro- ce" !ni-!tion to to/ -otion7 i /roduced
12 recordin0 e!c. fr!-e7 or ti"" /icture7 on fi"- or di0it!" -edi! !nd t.en
/"!2in0 t.e recorded fr!-e 1!c8 in r!/id ucceion 1efore t.e vie5er. T.ee
!nd ot.er -ovin0 i-!0e7 fro- 6oetro/e to fi"- to video0!-e7 cre!te t.e
i""uion of -otion 12 /"!2in0 1!c8 !t over ten to t5e"ve fr!-e /er econd.
T.e tec.ni3ue invo"ved in cre!tin0 CGI !re convere"2 0ener!""2 re-oved
fro- ! fr!-e4124fr!-e /roce.
%*
E!c. o19ect or c.!r!cter i cu"/ted fro- c"!2 or ot.er uc. i-i"!r"2
/"i!1"e -!teri!" ! P"!ticine7 uu!""2 !round ! 5ire 8e"eton c!""ed !n
!r-!ture7 !nd t.en !rr!n0ed on t.e et7 5.ere it i /.oto0r!/.ed once 1efore
1ein0 "i0.t"2 -oved 12 .!nd to /re/!re it for t.e neAt .ot7 !nd o on unti"
t.e !ni-!tor .! !c.ieved t.e deired !-ount of fi"-. U/on /"!21!c87 t.e
.u-!n -ind of t.e vie5er /erceive t.e erie of "i0.t"2 c.!n0in07 r!/id"2
ucceedin0 i-!0e ! -otion.
A conitent .ootin0 environ-ent i needed to -!int!in t.e i""uion of
continuit2N o19ect -ut 1e conitent"2 /"!ced !nd "it7 !nd 5or8 -ut /roceed
in ! c!"- environ-ent.
A u1v!ri!tion of c"!2 !ni-!tion c!n 1e infor-!""2 c!""ed =c"!2
-e"tin0=. An2 8ind of .e!t ource c!n 1e !//"ied on or ne!r ?or 1e"o5@ c"!2 to
c!ue it to -e"t 5.i"e !n !ni-!tion c!-er! on ! ti-e4"!/e ettin0 "o5"2
fi"- t.e /roce. For eA!-/"e7 conider VintonF e!r"2 .ort c"!24!ni-!ted
fi"- =C"oed Mond!2= ?co/roduced 12 !ni-!tor Ko1 G!rdiner@ !t t.e end of
t.e co-/uter e3uence. A i-i"!r tec.ni3ue 5! ued in t.e c"i-!A cene of
R!ider of t.e Lot Ar8 to =-e"t= t.e f!ce of t.e !nt!0onit.
Motion capture animation
!otion capt"re i t.e /roce of recordin0 t.e -ove-ent of o19ect
or /eo/"e. It i ued in -i"it!r27 entert!in-ent7 /ort7-edic!" !//"ic!tion7
!nd for v!"id!tion of co-/uter viion
U#V
!nd ro1otic. In fi"--!8in0 !nd video
0!-e deve"o/-ent7 it refer to recordin0 !ction of .u-!n !ctor7 !nd uin0
t.!t infor-!tion to !ni-!te di0it!" c.!r!cter -ode" in #D or *D co-/uter
!ni-!tion. (.en it inc"ude f!ce !nd fin0er or c!/ture u1t"e eA/reion7 it
i often referred to ! /erfor-!nce c!/ture. In -!n2 fie"d7 -otion c!/ture i
o-eti-e c!""ed -otion tr!c8in07 1ut in fi"--!8in0 !nd 0!-e7 -otion
tr!c8in0 uu!""2 refer -ore to -!tc. -ovin0.
In -otion c!/ture eion7 -ove-ent of one or -ore !ctor !re
!-/"ed -!n2 ti-e /er econd. (.ere! e!r"2 tec.ni3ue ued i-!0e fro-
-u"ti/"e c!-er! to c!"cu"!te *D /oition7 often t.e /ur/oe of -otion
c!/ture i to record on"2 t.e -ove-ent of t.e !ctor7 not .i or .er viu!"
!//e!r!nce. T.i !ni-!tion d!t! i -!//ed to ! *D -ode" o t.!t t.e -ode"
/erfor- t.e !-e !ction ! t.e !ctor. T.i /roce -!2 1e contr!ted to t.e
o"der tec.ni3ue of rotoco/e7 uc. ! t.e R!"/. K!8.i %BDC T.e Lord of t.e
Rin0 !nd %BC% A-eric!n Po/ !ni-!ted fi"- 5.ere t.e -otion of !n !ctor
5! fi"-ed7 t.en t.e fi"- ued ! ! 0uide for t.e fr!-e4124fr!-e -otion of !
.!nd4dr!5n !ni-!ted c.!r!cter.
C!-er! -ove-ent c!n !"o 1e -otion c!/tured o t.!t ! virtu!"
c!-er! in t.e cene 5i"" /!n7 ti"t7 or do""2 !round t.e t!0e driven 12 ! c!-er!
o/er!tor 5.i"e t.e !ctor i /erfor-in07 !nd t.e -otion c!/ture 2te- c!n
c!/ture t.e c!-er! !nd /ro/ ! 5e"" ! t.e !ctorF /erfor-!nce. T.i !""o5
t.e co-/uter40ener!ted c.!r!cter7 i-!0e !nd et to .!ve t.e !-e
/er/ective ! t.e video i-!0e fro- t.e c!-er!. A co-/uter /rocee t.e
%&
d!t! !nd di/"!2 t.e -ove-ent of t.e !ctor7 /rovidin0 t.e deired c!-er!
/oition in ter- of o19ect in t.e et. Retro!ctive"2 o1t!inin0 c!-er!
-ove-ent d!t! fro- t.e c!/tured foot!0e i 8no5n ! -!tc. -ovin0 or
c!-er! tr!c8in0.
C'APTER ,. T'E FUTURE OF
ANIMATIONS
In t.e future !ni-!tion 5i"" evo"ve to ! .ier "eve" t.!n it i tod!2.Soon 5e
cou"d 1e "oo8in0 !t !"8ind of 5e!rd 0i-o t.!t 5i"" t!8e u inide t.e
!ni-!ted 5or"d of video0!-e !nd -ovie.
%,
KIKLIOGRAFIE
T.e Ani-!torF Surviv!" Pit Ric.!rd (i""i!-
'o5 to C.e!t in M!2! #$%#N Too" !nd Tec.ni3ue for C.!r!cter
Ani-!tion4 Eric Lu.t! W Penn2 Ro2
ite#"ri $eb %i res"rse $ebN
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