Design of Rectangular Water Tank

Capacity 80000 Litres (given)
Material M20 (given)

Fe 415 Grade HYSD reinforcement (given)
80400 Litres
L / B = 6 / 4 = 1.5 < 2 .
H / 4 = 3.5 / 4 = 0.875 m
2.5 x Y
W
= 2.5 x 9.8
= 24.5 KN / m
2
where Y
w
is unit weight of water = 9.8 KN / m
3
6 m
6 m A E
F
3.5 m 24.5 KN / m
2
D
34.3 KN / m
2
Elevation Plan
M
AB
=
= 73.5 KNm
M
AD
=
= -32.66 KNm
- 32.66 73.5
0 -12.25 -8.17 0
0 -12.25 -8.17 0
D 0 A 0 B
-57.16 57.16
Fixed end moments :-
Design of Rectangular water tank CASE-1 ( L / B < 2 )
Grade Concrete
Volume = 6 x 4 x 3.35 x 10
3
=
Water pressure at 3.5 - 1 = 2.5 m height from top =
Solution :-
Provide 6 m x 4 m x 3.5 m tank with free board of 150 mm.
The top portion of side walls will be designed as a continuous frame.
bottom 1 m or H / 4 whichever is more is designed as cantilever.
bottom 1 m will be designed as cantilever.
Rotation factor at Joint A
To find moment in side walls, moment distribution or kani's method is used. As the
frame is symmetrical about both the axes, only one joint is solved
Kani's Method :-
24.5 x 6
2
/ 12 =
24.5 x 4
2
/ 12 =
w x l
2
/ 12 =
w x l
2
/ 12 =

-3/10
-2/10 40.84
2.5 m
1 m
Joint Member
Relative
Stiffness( K )
K
Rotation Factor
u =(-1/2) k / K
AB I / 6 - 2 / 10
AD I / 4 - 3 / 10
M
A
F
=
40.84 KNm
M
AB
=
=
= 57.16
M
AD
=
= (- 32.66 ) + 2 x (- 12.25 ) + 0
= -57.16
=
53.09 KNm
=
-8.16 KNm
= 49 KN
= 73.5 KN
M = 57.16 KNm
T = 49 KN
Q = 0.306
D = M / Q x b
= 57.16 x 10
6
/ 0.306 x 1000
= 432.2 mm,
Take D = 450 mm d = 450 - 25 - 8
= 417 mm
Direct tension in long wall =
A 5 * I / 12
Sum of FEM
73.5-32.66
B.M. at centre of long span =
B.M. at centre of short span =
M
AB
F
+ 2 M
AB
' + M
BA
'
73.5 + 2 x (- 8.17 ) + 0
M
AD
F
+ 2 M
AD
' + M
DA
'
Direct tension in short wall = Y
w
( H - h ) x L / 2
24.5 x 6 / 2 =
Design of Long Walls :-
24.5 x 4 / 2 =
w x l
2
/ 8 - 57.16
w x l
2
/ 8 - 57.16
Y
w
( H - h ) x B / 2
24.5 x 4
2
/ 8

- 57.16
24.5 x 6
2
/ 8

- 57.16
Tension on liquid face.
Assuming d / D = 0.9
At support
From Table 9-6
From Table 9-5
Assuming d / D = 0.9
M /
st
x j x d
=
= 1048 mm
2
A
st2
for direct tension = T /
st
=
= 327 mm
2
= 1375 mm
2
=
= 146.15273 mm
Provide 16 mm O bar @ 130 mm C/Cmarked(a) = 1546 mm
2
/ m.
At centre
M = 53.09 KNm
T = 49 KN
e = M / T =
= 1.08 m
E = e + D / 2 - d b
=
= 888 mm
D
= 49 x 0.888 d
= 43.51 KNm
d'
M /
st
x j x d
=
= 617 mm
2
A
st2
st
=
= 327 mm
2
= 944 mm
2
=
= 212.88136 mm
Total A
st1
+ A
st2
= 617 + 327
Provide 16 mm O bar
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m
2
/ m
200.96 x 1000 / 944
E = e + D / 2 - d
1080 + 450 / 2 - 417
modified moment
A
st1
for moment =
43.51 x 10
6
/ 190 x 0.89 x 417
49 x 10
3
/ 150
Larger steel area is provided to match with the steel of short walls.
49 x 10
3
/ 150
Total A
st1
+ A
st2
= 1048 + 327
i.e.tension is small
Line of action of forces lies outside the section
2
/ m
57.16 x 10
6
/ 150 x 0.872 x 417
A
st1
for moment =
53.09 / 49
200.96 x 1000 / 1375
Provide 16 mm O bar
tension on remote face
Provide 16 mm O bar @ 200 mm C/Cmarked(b) = 1005 mm
2
= 720 mm
2
360 mm
2
=
= 139.55556 mm
Provide 8 mm O bar @ 130 mm C/Cmarked(d) = 385 mm
2
=
= 218.05556 mm
Provide 10 mm O bar @ 200 mm C/Cmarked(c) = 392 mm
2
Remote face ( b) - Provide 16 mm O @ 200 mm C/C = 1005 mm
2
385 mm
2
mm
2
M = 57.16 KNm
T = 73.5 KN
M /
st
x j x d
=
= 1048 mm
2
A
st2
st
=
= 490 mm
2
= 1538 mm
2
=
= 130.6632 mm
Provide 16 mm O bar @ 130 mm C/Cmarked(b) = 1546 mm
2
/ m.
At centre
M = 8.16 KNm
T = 73.5 KN
200.96 x 1000 / 1538
tension on liquid face
57.16 x 10
6
/ 150 x 0.872 x 417
73.5 x 10
3
/ 150
Total A
st1
+ A
st2
= 1048 + 490
Provide 16 mm O bar
2
/ m
Vertical Steel ( c) - Provide 10 mm O @ 200 mm C/C both faces = 392
Design of short walls :-
At support
tension on liquid face
From Table 9-5
A
st1
for moment =
2
/ m
50.24 x 1000 /360
Horizontal steel :-
Liquid face ( d) - Provide 8 mm O @ 130 mm C/C =
Provide 10 mm O bar
2
/ m
78.50 x 1000 /360
Vertical Steel ( c)
Distribution steel =
From Table 9-3 minimum reinforcement 0.16 %
0.16 / 100 x 1000 x 450
On each face =
Provide 8 mm O bar
M /
st
x j x d
=
= 150 mm
2
A
st2
st
=
= 490 mm
2
= 640 mm
2
=
= 176.625 mm
Provide 12 mm O bar @ 130 mm C/Cmarked(e) = 869 mm
2
/ m.
= 720 mm
2
360 mm
2
=
= 139.55556 mm
Provide 8 mm O bar @ 130 mm C/Cmarked(d) = 385 mm
2
=
= 218.05556 mm
2
.
Remote face ( e) - Provide 12 mm O @ 130 mm C/C = 869 mm
2
385 mm
2
mm
2
M = OR Y
w
x H / 6 , whichever is greater.
= = 9.8 x 3.5 / 6
= 5.72 KNm = 5.72
78.50 x 1000 /360
Horizontal steel :-
Liquid face ( d) - Provide 8 mm O @ 130 mm C/C =
Vertical Steel ( c) - Provide 10 mm O @ 200 mm C/C both faces = 392
2
/ m
50.24 x 1000 /360
Vertical Steel ( c)
Provide 10 mm O bar
2
/ m
Distribution steel = 0.16 / 100 x 1000 x 450
On each face =
Provide 8 mm O bar
Total A
st1
+ A
st2
= 150 + 490
Provide 12 mm O bar
2
/ m
113.04 x 1000 / 640
From Table 9-5
A
st1
for moment =
8.16 x 10
6
/ 150 x 0.872 x 417
73.5 x 10
3
/ 150
Bottom 1 m will be designed as cantilever
,tension on liquid face.
Cantilever moment : -
Y
w
x H x h
2
/ 6
9.8 x 3.5 x 1 / 6
M /
st
x j x d
=
= 105 mm
2
= 720 mm
2
360 mm
2
=
= 218 mm
2
.
0.229%
=
= 344 mm
2
=
= 292 mm
A
st
= 346
mm
2
l
x
= 4 + 0.15 = 4.15 say 4.5 m
l
y
= 6 + 0.15 = 6.15 say 6.5 m
3.75 KN / m
2
1.0 KN / m
2
1.5 KN / m
2
6.25 KN / m
2
P
U
=
= 9.38 KN / m
l
y
/ l
x
= 6.5 / 4.5
= 1.4
From Table 9-5
A
st
for moment =
5.72 x 10
6
/ 150 x 0.872 x 417
2
/m
78.50 x 1000 /360
each face
Distribution steel = 0.16 / 100 x 1000 x 450
On each face =
Provide 10 mm O bar
Base slab :-
Base slab is resting on ground. For a water head 3.5 m, provide 150 mm thick slab.
From table 9-3
Top slab may be designed as two-way slab as usual for a live load of 1.5 KN / m
2
Minimum steel =
0.229 / 100 x 1000 x 150
Provide 8 mm O bar
2
/ m
50.24 x 1000 /172
Dead Load : self 0.15 x 25 =
floor finish =
1.5 x 6.25
,172 mm
2
bothway
Provide 8 mm O bar @ 290 mm C/C both ways, top and bottom.
Designed section,Elevation etc. are shown in fig.
Live load =
consider 1 m wide strip. Assume 150 mm thick slab.
For 1 m wide strip
AS Per IS-456-2000,Four Edges Discontinuous,positive moment at mid-span.
Top slab : -
Table 26
x
= 0.085
y
= 0.056
M
x
= M
y
=
= =
= 16.15 KNm = 10.64 KNm
M / Q x b
= 16.15 x 10
6
/ 2.76 x 1000
= 76.50 mm
d
short
=
= 130 > 76.50 mm
d
long
= 130 - 10 = 120 mm
= 0.96
P
t
=
f
y
/ f
ck
=
415 / 20
=
= 0.29%
= 377 mm
2
=
= 208 mm
Provide 10 mm O bar @ 210 mm c/c = 374 mm
2
.
= 0.74
P
t
=
f
y
/ f
ck
=
415 / 20
(O.K.)
Larger depth is provided due to deflection check.
y
x w x l
x
2
0.085 x 9.38 x 4.5
2
0.056 x 9.38 x 4.5
2
x
x w x l
x
2
From Table 6-3 ,Q = 2.76
M
u
/ b x d
2
(short) = 16.15 x 10
6
/ 1000 x 130 x 130
50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d
2
)
M
u
/ b x d
2
(long) = 10.64 x 10
6
/ 1000 x 120 x 120
50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d
2
)
50 1-1-(4.6 / 20) x (0.74)
50 1-1-(4.6 / 20) x (0.96)
50 [(1-0.88) x 20 / 415 ]
78.50 x 1000 /377
A
st
(short) = 0.29 x 1000 x 130 / 100
Provide 10 mm O bar
2
/m
d
required
=
150 - 15(cover) - 5
=
= 0.22%
= 264 mm
2
=
= 190 mm
= 264 mm
2
.
50 [(1-0.91) x 20 / 415 ]
Provide 8 mm O bar @ 190 mm c/c
Provide 8 mm O bar
2
/ m
50.24 x 1000 /264
A
st
(long) = 0.22 x 1000 x 120 / 100
B
4 m
C
Q = M / bD
2
P
t
Q = M / bD
2
P
t
0.75 0.3 0.4 0.295 0.289
0.8 0.305 0.37 0.299 0.272
0.85 0.31 0.355 0.302 0.258
0.9 0.314 0.335 0.306 0.246
Balanced Design Factors for members in bending
For M20 Grade Concrete Mix
Mild steel HYSD bars
d / D
TABLE 9-5
TABLE 9-6
Members in bending ( Cracked condition )
Coefficients for balanced design
Grade of
concrete
Grade of
steel
cbc
N / mm
2
st
N / mm
2
k j Q
M20 Fe250 7 115 0.445 0.851 1.33
Fe415 7 150 0.384 0.872 1.17
For members more than 225mm thickness and tension away from liquid face
M20 Fe250 7 125 0.427 0.858 1.28
Fe415 7 190 0.329 0.89 1.03
D / 2
e = M / T
0.214
0.24
0.229
0.217
0.206
0.194
0.183
0.171
300
350
400
0.3
0.286
0.271
0.257
0.243
0.229
Thickness, mm
100
150
200
250
TABLE 9-3
Minimum Reinforcement for Liquid Retaining Structures
% of reinforcement
Mild Steel HYSD bars
Line of action of forces lies outside the section
For members less than 225mm thickness and tension on liquid face
0.2 0.16 450 or more
3500
150
1 : 4 : 8 P.C.C.
150 450 6000 450 150
Elevation
1500
450
1000
4000
1000
450
1500 1500
6000
450 450
Section A-A
Table 6-3
A
A
1500
1500
150
150
8 O @ 290 c/c both ways top and bottom
10 O @ 200 c/c
10 O @ 200 c/c - shape
- shape
10 O @ 210 c/c
8 O @ 190 c/c
150 Free board
v
v
v
v
1000
16 O @ 130 c/c (a)
10 O @ 200 c/c both faces (c)
12 O @ 130 c/c (e)
16 O @ 200 c/c (b)
8 O @ 130 c/c (d)
( a )
( a )
( b )
( d )
( c )
( d )
250 415 500 550
15 2.22 2.07 2.00 1.94
20 2.96 2.76 2.66 2.58
25 3.70 3.45 3.33 3.23
30 4.44 4.14 3.99 3.87
Limiting Moment of resistance factor Q
lim
, N / mm
2
f
y
, N / mm
2
f
ck
N / mm
2
TABLE 9-5
Members in bending ( Cracked condition )
Coefficients for balanced design
P
t
,bal
1.36
0.98
1.2
0.61
(given)
Material M20 (given)
Fe 415 (given)
86400 Litres
L / B = 8 / 3.6 = 2.22 > 2 .
H / 4 = 3.0 / 4 = 0.75 m
=
=
= 44.1 KNm.
=
=
= 26.13 KNm.
=
=
= 19.60 KNm.
For bottom portion
M = OR
= =
= 4.90 KNm = 4.90 KNm
=
= 35.28 KN
=
= 19.6 KN
Volume = 3.6 x 8 x 3.0 x 10
3
=
The short walls are designed as supported on long walls.
If thickness of long walls is 400 mm, the span of the short wall = 3.6 + 0.4 = 4.0 m.
The long walls are designed as vertical cantilevers from the base.
bottom 1 m or H / 4 whichever is more is designed as cantilever.
bottom h = 1 m will be designed as cantilever.
Design of Rectangular water tank CASE-2 ( L / B 2 )
Grade Concrete
Solution :-
Size of tank : 3.6 m x 8.0 m x 3.0 m high
Grade HYSD reinforcement
Size of tank : 3.6 m x 8.0 m x 3.0 m high
Maximum B.M. in long walls at the base
(1 / 6 ) x Y
w
x H
3
( 1 / 6 ) x 9.8 x 3
3
Moments and tensions :
Maximum ( - ve ) B.M. in short walls at support
Y
w
x ( H - h ) x B
2
/ 12
9.8 x ( 3 - 1 ) x 4
2
/ 12
Maximum ( + ve ) B.M. in short walls at centre
Direct tension in long wall = Y
w
x

( H - h ) x B / 2
Direct tension in short wall= Y
w
( H - h ) x 1
Y
w
x ( H - h ) x B
2
/ 16
9.8 x ( 3 - 1 ) x 4
2
/ 16
Y
w
x H x h
2
/ 6
9.8 x 3.0 x 1 / 6
Y
w
x H / 6 , whichever is greater
9.8 x 3.0 / 6
9.8 x ( 3 - 1 ) x 1
9.8 x ( 3 - 1 ) x 3.6 / 2
It is assumed that end one metre width of long wall gives direct tension to short walls.
M ( - ) = 44.1 KNm
T = 35.28 KN
D = M / Q x b
=
= 379.6 mm,
Take D = 400 mm d =
= 367 mm
A
st
=
=
= 918.68 mm
2
=
= 218.75 mm
= 1005 mm
2
.
A
s
=
= 684 mm
2
.
342 mm
2
.
= T /
st
=
= 235 mm
2
.
=
= 146.9 mm
= 357 mm
2
44.1 x 10
6
/ 0.306 x 1000
400 - 25 - 8
M /
st
x j x d
Design of long walls : -
( water face )
( perpendicular to moment steel )
Assume d / D = 0.9 Q = 0.306
200.96 x 1000 / 918.68
( 0.171 / 100 ) x 1000 x 400
From Table 9-6
From Table 9-5 ,
Provide 16 mm O bar
spacing of bar =
A
st
for Moment
Provide 8 mm O bar
Note : The design is made at the base. The moment reduces from base to top.For economy, the
reinforcement can be curtailed or the thickness of wall can also be reduced as we have done for
cantilever retaining wall.
Distribution steel = 0.171 % for 400 mm depth
From Table 9-3
Steel required for direct tension
35.28 x 10
3
/ 150
( 2 )
44.1 x 10
6
/ 150 x 0.872 x 367
Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m
2
/ m
From ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) , minimum steel is sufficient for resisting direct tension.
2
/ m
50.24 x 1000 / 342
on each face = ( 1 )
Provide 8 mm O bar @ 140 mm c/c on each face
on each face
Design of short walls :-
M = 26.13 KNm
T = 19.6 KN
=
= 544 mm
2
T / st
=
= 131 mm
2
= 675 mm
2
=
= 167.47 mm
= 706 mm
2
.
1000
203.56
400 367
163.44
= 13.33
=
= 203.56 mm
D - x = 196.44 mm
d - x = 163.44 mm
A
T
=
=
= 408705 mm
2
I
xx
=
Provide 12 mm O bar@160 mm c/c
checking :
At support
From Table 9-5
A
st1
for moment =
113.04 x 1000 / 675
19.6 x 10
3
/ 150
M /
st
x j x d
26.13 x 10
6
/ 150 x 0.872 x 367
A
st2
for direct tension =
2
/ m
Total A
st1
+ A
st2
= 544 + 131
Provide 12 mm O bar
spacing of bar =
( 1000 x 400
2
/ 2 ) + ( 706 x ( 13.33 - 1 ) x 367 )
( 1000 x 400 ) + ( ( 13.33 - 1 ) x 706 )
b x D + ( m - 1 ) x A
st
1000 x 400 + (13.33 - 1 ) x 706
modular ratio m = 280 / 3 x
cbc
x =
b x D
2
/ 2 + A
st
( m - 1 ) x d
b x D + ( m - 1 ) x A
st
( 1 / 3 ) x b x ( x
3
+ ( D - x )
3
) + ( m - 1 ) x A
st
x ( d - x )
2
=
= 5.34E+09 + 2.33E+08
= 5.57E+09 mm
4
f
ct
= T / A
T
=
= 0.048 N / mm
2
f
cbt
=
=
= 0.767 N / mm
2
check :
1
0.4912 1
M = 19.6 KNm
T = 19.6 KN
=
= 408 mm
2
T / st
=
= 131 mm
2
= 539 mm
2
=
= 209.72 mm
= 565 mm
2
.
A
s
=
= 684 mm
2
.
342 mm
2
.
26.13 x 10
6
x 163.44 / 5.57 x 10
9
( f
ct
/
ct
) + ( f
cbt
/
cbt
)
( 0.048 / 1.2 ) + ( 0.767 / 1.7 ) 1
( 1 / 3 ) x 1000 x ( 203.56
3
+ 196.44
3
) + ( 13.33 - 1 ) x 706 x 163.44
2
19.6 x 10
3
/ 408705
M x ( d - x ) / I
xx
From Table 9-2
At centre :
From Table 9-5
A
st1
for moment = M /
st
x j x d
0.04 + 0.4512 1
.. ( O. K. )
Provide 12 mm O bar
2
/ m
113.04 x 1000 / 539
19.6 x 10
6
/ 150 x 0.872 x 367
A
st2
for direct tension =
19.6 x 10
3
/ 150
Total A
st1
+ A
st2
= 408 + 131
on each face = ( 1 )
From Table 9-3
Distribution steel = 0.171 % for 400 mm depth
( 0.171 / 100 ) x 1000 x 400
= T /
st
=
= 131 mm
2
.
=
= 146.9 mm
= 357 mm
2
M = 4.9 KNm
A
st
=
=
= 102 mm
2
= 357 mm
2
0.229%
=
= 344 mm
2
=
= 292 mm
A
st
= 346
mm
2
l
x
= 3.6 + 0.4 = 4 say 4 m
l
y
= 8 + 0.15 = 8.15 say 8.5 m
3.75 KN / m
2
1.0 KN / m
2
1.5 KN / m
2
6.25 KN / m
2
Top slab may be designed as a one-way slab as usual for a live load of 1.5 KN / m
2
Top slab : -
consider 1 m wide strip. Assume 150 mm thick slab.
Dead Load : self 0.15 x 25 =
floor finish =
Live load =
Provide 8 mm O bar
2
/ m
50.24 x 1000 /172
Provide 8 mm O bar @ 290 mm C/C both ways, top and bottom.
Designed section,Elevation etc. are shown in fig.
Minimum steel =
0.229 / 100 x 1000 x 150
,172 mm
2
bothway
Base slab :-
Base slab is resting on ground. For a water head 3 m, provide 150 mm thick slab.
From table 9-3
Steel required for direct tension
19.6 x 10
3
/ 150
50.24 x 1000 / 342
on each face
Bottom cantilever
Provide 8 mm O bar @ 140 mm c/c on each face
( 2 )
From ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) , minimum steel is sufficient for resisting direct tension.
Provide 8 mm O bar
2
/ m
Provide 8 mm O bar @ 140 mm c/c on each faces
on each face
From Table 9-5
M /
st
x j x d
4.9 x 10
6
/ 150 x 0.872 x 367
Minimum steel = 342 mm
2
on each face.
P
U
=
= 9.38 KN / m
= 18.76 KNm
= 16.88 KN
d
required
= M / Q x b
= 18.76 x 10
6
/ 2.76 x 1000
= 82.44 mm
d
provided
=
=
= 1.13
P
t
=
f
y
/ f
ck
=
415 / 20
=
= 0.34%
= 439 mm
2
=
= 114 mm
= 457 mm
2
.
= 180 mm
2
=
Provide 6 mm O bar
2
/ m
Distribution steel = ( 0.12 / 100 ) x 1000 x 150
28.26 x 1000 /180
Maximum moment = 9.38 x 4
2
/ 8
Maximum shear = 9.38 x 3.6 / 2
From Table 6-3 ,Q = 2.76
Minimum steel is 0.15 % for mild steel and 0.12 % for HYSD Fe415 reinforcement
Provide 8 mm O bar
2
/m
50.24 x 1000 /439
50 1-1-(4.6 / 20) x (1.13)
50 [(1-0.86) x 20 / 415 ]
A
st
= 0.34 x 1000 x 129 / 100
(O.K.)
M
u
/ b x d
2
= 18.76 x 10
6
/ 1000 x 129 x 129
50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d
2
)
129 > 82.44
Design for flexure :
150 - 15(cover) - 6
1.5 x 6.25
For 1 m wide strip
= 157 mm
= 188 mm
2
. Provide 6 mm O bar @ 150 mm c/c
If thickness of long walls is 400 mm, the span of the short wall = 3.6 + 0.4 = 4.0 m.
It is assumed that end one metre width of long wall gives direct tension to short walls.
Note : The design is made at the base. The moment reduces from base to top.For economy, the
reinforcement can be curtailed or the thickness of wall can also be reduced as we have done for
cantilever retaining wall.
x
M15 1.1 1.5 1.5
M20 1.2 1.7 1.7
M25 1.3 1.8 1.9
M30 1.5 2.0 2.2
M35 1.6 2.2 2.5
M40 1.7 2.4 2.7
Table 9-2
( 1 / 3 ) x 1000 x ( 203.56
3
+ 196.44
3
) + ( 13.33 - 1 ) x 706 x 163.44
2
Grade of
concrete
Permissible stresses in N / mm
2
Direct
tension ct
Tension due to
bending cbt
Shear stress

v
= V / b j d
Permissible concrete stresses in calculations relating
to resistance to cracking
150
3000
150
1 : 4 : 8 P.C.C.
150
150 400 8000 400
Section A-A
2000
400
900
3600
900
400
2000 2000
8000
400 Sectional plan 400
150
3000
Base details not
shown for clarity
8 O @ 140 c/c (chipiya)
2000
2000
8 O @ 290 c/c both ways top and bottom
12 O @ 200 c/c
- shape
8 O @ 110 c/c
6 O @ 150 c/c
v
v
v
v
900
12 O @ 160 c/c(chipiya)
16 O @ 200 c/c ( chipiya )
150
8 O @ 140 mm c/c
8 O @ 140 c/c
12 O @ 200 c/c
A A
B
B
8 O @ 140 c/c
8 O @ 140 c/c
8 O @ 110 c/c
6 O @ 150 c/c
16 O @ 200 c/c ( chipiya )
900 900
8 O @ 140 c/c
150
150
150 400 3600 400 150
Section B- B
Base details not
shown for clarity
900 900
( given )
2.5
KN / m
2
( given )
1
KN / m
2
( given )
( given )
( given )
= 25.2
= 158.7 mm
D =
= 178.7 mm
180 mm
4.5
KN / m
2
1.0
KN / m
2
2.5
KN / m
2
Total 8.0
KN / m
2
1.5 x 8 = 12 KN / m
w x l
2
/ 8
=
12 x 4
2
/ 8
= 24 KNm
w x l / 2
=
= 24 KN
d =
= 160 mm
= 0.94
P
t
= 50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (M
u
/ b x d
2
)
f
y
/ f
ck
=
415 / 15
=
= 0.289%
M15 grade concrete
HYSD reinforcement grade Fe415
Design of simply supported one way slab
effective span = 4 m supported on masonry wall of 230 mm thickness
Live load =
( span / d ) ratio permissible = 1.26 x 20
IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-4 ,for tension reinforcement
for simply supported, basic span / effective depth ratio = 20
solution : -
Assume 0.4 % steel , a trial depth by deflection criteria
modification factor = 1.26
Floor finish =
material
DL = 0.18 x 25 =
Floor finish =
Live load =
Factored load =
d
required
= 4000 / 25.2
158.7 + 15 ( cover ) + 5 ( assume 10 O bar )
Assume an overall depth =
M
u
/ b x d
2
= 24 x 10
6
/ 1000 x (160)
2
50 1-1-(4.6 / 15) x (0.94)
Maximum moment =
Maximum shear =
12 x 4 / 2
Design for flexure : -
Consider 1 m length of slab
50 [(1-0.84) x 15 / 415 ]
180 - 15 - 5
= 462 mm
2
=
= 170 mm
= 462 mm
2
.
= 0.128
= 216
mm
2
=
= 233 mm
= 218 mm
2
.
V
u
= 24 KN
=
= 0.150
N / mm
2
d = 160 mm
A
s
= 231
mm
2
.
= 0.144
6 x
=
= 0.8 x 15 / 6.89 x 0.144
= 12.1
6 x 12.1
= 0.277
N / mm
2
2
/ m
78.50 x 1000 /462
A
st
= 0.289 x 1000 x 160 / 100
Provide 10 mm O bar
> 0.12 % ( minimum steel for Fe415)
i.e. remaining bars provide minimum steel. Thus, half the bars may be bent up.
Distribution steel = ( 0.12 /100 ) x 1000 x 180
Half the bars are bent at 0.1 l = 400 mm , and
remaining bars provide 231 mm
2
area
100 x A
s
/ ( b x D ) = 100 x 231 / ( 1000 x 180 )
spacing of bar =
50.24 x 1000 /216
2
/m
Maximum spacing = 5 x 160 = 800 or 450 mm i.e. 450 mm
Provide 8 mm O bar
100 x A
s
/ b x d = 100 x 231 / 1000 x 160
For bars at support
Check for shear : -
Actual Shear stress = V
u
/ b x d
24 x 10
3
/ 1000 x 160
for Pt = 0.144
c
= 0.28
IS 456-2000 Table 19 from table 7-1
< (
C
)

N / mm
2
( too small )
Design shear strength
c
= 0.85 0.8 x f
ck
( 1 + 5 x - 1 )
0.8 x f
ck
/ 6.89 P
t
, but not less than 1.0
c
= 0.85 0.8 x 15 ( 1 + 5 x 12.1 - 1 )
IS 456-2000 clause 40.2.1.1 -0.05
k = 1.24 ? -0.04
= 0.347 N / mm
2
.( O.K.)
8 O
A
s
= 231
mm
2
M
u1
= OR
= { 1 - (415 x 231 / 15 x 1000 x 160 ) }
= 13.34 { 1- 0.0399 }
= 12.812 KNm
V
u
= 24 KN
693.875 + 8 O 56 O
48 O 693.88
O 14.46 mm .( O.K.)
20
P
t
=
= 0.289
= 28.4
= 25.00 < 28.4 .( O.K.)
= 3 x 160 = 480 mm
170 mm
5 x effective depth of slab or 450 mm whichever is small
= 5 x 160
230 mm
Check for development length : -
Assuming L
0
=
for 180 mm slab depth
Design shear strength = 1.24 x 0.28
0.87 x 415 x 231 x 160
= 56 O ( from Table 7-6 )
Check for deflection : -
Basic ( span / d ) ratio =
100 x A
st
/ b x d = 100 x 462 / 1000 x 160
For tying the bent bars at top , provide 8 mm O @ 230 mm c/c
Actual (span / d ) ratio = 4000 / 160
Main bars : maximum spacing permitted =
Distribution bars : maximum spacing permitted =
spacing provided =
25 difference
20 difference
(HYSD Fe415 steel ) For continuing bars
0.87 x f
y
x A
st
x d { 1 - ( f
y
x A
st
/ f
ck
x b x d ) }
The depth could be reduced
1.3 x ( 12.81 x 10
6
/ 24 x 10
3
) + 8 O 56 O
which gives
.( O.K.)
= 800 mm
.( O.K.)
spacing provided = < 300 mm
or 300 mm i.e. 300 mm
Check for cracking : -
< 450 mm
IS 456-2000 , clause 26.3.3
Development length of bars L
d
= O
s
/ 4 x
bd
1.3 x ( M
u1
/ V
u
) + L
0
L
d
NOTE : -
NOTE : -
If clear span = 3.77 m , effective span = 3.77 + 0.23 = 4 m OR
effective span = 3.77 + 0.16 ( effective depth ) = 3.93 m
0.6 % for mild steel reinforcement and 0.3 to 0.4 % for HYSD Fe415 grade
reinforcement
For mild steel minimum reinforcement 0.15 %
P
t
=
=
= 0.14
P
t
= 50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (M
u
/ b x d
2
)
f
y
/ f
ck
we get , 0.49
M
u1
=
= 12.54 KNm
160
180
0.49x 1000 x 160
2
x 10
-6
400
For checking development length , l
0

may be assumed as 8 O for HYSD
bars ( usually end anchorage is not
provided ) and 12 O for mild steel (
U hook is provided usually whose
anchorage length is 16 O.
100 x A
s
/ b x d
100 x 231 / 1000 x 160
From equation
M
u1
/ b x d
2
=
4000
400
.( O.K.)
or 450 mm i.e. 450 mm
.( O.K.)
or 300 mm i.e. 300 mm
v v vv
v
8 O @ 230 c/c
10 O @ 170 c/c
( alternate bent )
( c )Cantilever-The effective length of a cantilever
shall be taken as its length to the face of the
support plus half the effective depth except
centre to centre distance shall be used.
where it forms the end of a continuous beam
where the length to the centre of support shall
be taken.
( d )Frames-In the analysis of a continuous frame,
of the beam or slab or the clear span plus
half the width of the discontinuous support,
whichever is less;
3) In the case of spans with roller or rocket
bearings, the effective span shall always be
the distance between the centres of bearings.
other continuous or for intermediate spans,
the effective span shall be the clear span
between supports;
2) For end span with one end free and the other
continuous, the effective span shall be equal
to the clear span plus half the effective depth
shall be taken as under:
( b )Continuous Beam or Slab - In the case of
continuous beam or slab, if the width of the
support is less than l/12 of the clear span, the
effective span shall be as in (a). If the
1) For end span with one end fixed and the
Effective Span
IS 456-2000 clause 22.2
( a ) Simply Supported Beam or Slab -
The effective span of a member that is not built integrally with its
supports shall be taken as clear span plus the effective depth of
slab or beam or centre to centre of supports , whichever is less.
supports are wider than I/12 of the clear span
or 600 mm whichever is less, the effective span
If l
y
/ l
x
2 ,called one way slab provided that
it is supported on all four edges . Note that , if
all four edge is not supported and l
y
/ l
x
< 2 ,
then also it is one-way slab,If l
y
/ l
x
< 2 , called
two-way slab.provided that it is supported on
all four edges.
0

material ( given )
( given )
( Balcony slab )
DL LL
For S
2
3 0
KN / m
2
1 0 KN / m
2
0 2 KN / m
2
Total 4 2 KN / m
2
P
u
= ( 6 + 3 )
KN / m
2
DL LL
For S
1
3 0
KN / m
2
1 0 KN / m
2
0 3 KN / m
2
Total 4 3 KN / m
2
P
u
= (6 + 4.5)
KN / m
2
1.875 KN / m
P
u
= 2.8 KN / m
9 KN/m 6 KN/m
A 3m B 1.2m C
9 KN/m 2.8 KN
A 3m B 1.2m C
considering fig (a)
wx l
2
/ 2
= 6 x 1.2
2
/ 2
mild steel grade Fe250
1.5 ( 4 + 3 ) =
Weight of parapet 0.075 x 25 x 1 =
1.5 x 1.875 =
Consider 1 m long strip
(1) To get maximum positive moment in slab S
2
only dead load on slab
S
1
and total load on slab S
2
shall be considered
(b) Loads for maximum negative
moment,maximum shear for cantilever span
and maximum reaction at support B
cantilever moment =
Solution : -
For slab S
2
live load = 2 KN /m
2
For slab S
1
live load = 3 KN /m
2
Assume 120 mm thick slab
self load = 0.12 x 25 =
floor finish =
live load =
1.5 ( 4 + 2 ) =
self load = 0.12 x 25 =
Live Load As per IS 875
l
y
= 6m
(a) Loads for maximum positive moment
Design of Cantilever one way slab
floor finish =
live load =
10.5 KN/m
M15 grade concrete
used for residential purpose
at the free end of slab S
1
,concrete parapet of 75 mm thick and 1 m high.
S
2
S
2
S
2
S
1
S
1
= 4.32 KNm
shear =
=
= 12.06 KN
= 1.34 m
=
= 8.08 KNm
=
= 10.92 KNm
V
u,BA
=
=
= 17.14 KN
V
u,BC
=
=
= 15.4 KN
10.92 KNm
Q = 2.22
=
= 70.14 mm,
= 99 mm,
= 0.82
P
t
= 50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (M
u
/ b x d
2
)
f
y
/ f
ck
=
250 / 15
=
= 0.405%
= 401 mm
2
Moment steel :
50 1-1-(4.6 / 15) x (0.82)
50 [(1-0.865) x 15 / 250 ]
10.5 x 1.2 + 2.8
Maximum moment =
M
u
/ b x d
2
( + ) =
120 - 15 - 6 ( assume 12 O bar )
A
st
( + ) = 0.405 x 1000 x 99 / 100
.( O.K.)
8.08 x 10
6
/ 1000 x (99)
2
From Table 6-3
d
provided
=
10.92 x 10
6
/ 2.22 x 1000
Maximum shear at B
9 x 3 / 2 + 10.92 / 3
w x l / 2 + Moment @ B at distance 3 m
w x l + 2.8
the slab is loaded with full loads as shown in fig (b)
Maximum positive moment = 12.06 x 1.34 - W x l
2
/ 2
12.06 x 1.34 - 9 x 1.34
2
/ 2
M / Q x b
9 x 3 / 2 - 4.32 / 3
w x l / 2 - Moment @ B at distance 3 m Reaction at A =
2.8 x 1.2 + 10.5 x 1.2
2
/ 2
Maximum negative moment = w x l + w x l
2
/ 2
(2) To get maximum negative moment and maximum shear at B,
Point of zero shear from A = 12.06 ( KN ) / 9 ( KN / m )
d
required
=
=
= 195.76 mm
= 462 mm
2
.
= 1.11
P
t
= 50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (M
u
/ b x d
2
)
f
y
/ f
ck
=
250 / 15
=
= 0.564%
= 558 mm
2
= 231 mm
2
. ( bent bars extended )
=
= 231 mm
2
remaining area = 558 - 231
= 327 mm
2
=
= 346 mm
= 332 mm
2
. ( Extra )
= 180 mm
2
.
=
= 157 mm
= 188 mm
2
.
For negative moment reinforcement
Total 231 + 332 mm
2
= 563 mm
2
steel provided
( from Table 7-6 )
28.26 x 1000 / 180
d
= O
s
/ 4 x
bd
Distribution steel = ( 0.15 /100 ) x 1000 x 120
Provide 6 mm O bar
2
/ m
For mild steel minimum reinforcement 0.15 %
Provide 12 mm O bar
2
/ m
Area provided = Area of one bar x 1000 / spacing of bar in m
Provide 10 mm O bar
M
u
/ b x d
2
( - ) = 10.92 x 10
6
/ 1000 x (99)
2
78.5 x 1000 / 401
113.04 x 1000 / 327
Note that at simple support , the bars are bent at 0.1 l whereas at continuity of slab it
is bent at 0.2 l
( alternate bent up )
78.5 x 1000 / 340
50 [(1-0.812) x 15 / 250 ]
A
st
( - ) = 0.564 x 1000 x 99 / 100
Provide 10 mm O bar
2
/ m
50 1-1-(4.6 / 15) x (1.11)
=
= 54.4 O
L
d
= 54.4 x ( 10 + 12 ) / 2
= 598 mm.
12 O (mild steel )
At A , P
t
=
=
= 0.233
OR
P
t
= 50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (M
u
/ b x d
2
) M
u1
=
f
y
/ f
ck
=
we get , 0.487 = 4.974
M
u1
= = 4.78
= 4.77 KNm
V
u
= 12.06 KN
=54.4 O
514.18 + 12 O 54.4 O
42.4 O 514.18
O 12.13 mm
At B , P
t
=
=
= 0.233
OR
P
t
= 50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (M
u
/ b x d
2
) M
u1
=
f
y
/ f
ck
=
we get , 0.487 = 4.974
M
u1
= = 4.78
= 4.77 KNm
V
u
= 13.09 KN
=54.4 O
473.72 + 12 O 54.4 O
42.4 O 473.72
O 11.2 mm which gives
M
u1
/ b x d
2
=
.( O.K.)
0.487 x 1000 x 99
2
x 10
-6
d
= O
s
/ 4 x
bd
= O x 0.87 x 250 / 4 x 1
Near point of contraflexure i.e. 0.15 x l from B
1.3 x ( M
u1
/ V
u
) + L
0
L
d
1.3 x ( 4.77 x 10
6
/ 13.09 x 10
3
) + 12 O 54.4 O
100 x A
s
/ b x d Half bars bent = 462 / 2 = 231 mm
2
)
100 x 231 / 1000 x 99
From equation
0.87 x f
y
x A
st
x d ( 1 - f
y
x A
st
/ b x d x f
ck
)
0.87 x 250 x 231 x 99 ( 1 - 250 x 231 / 1000 x 99 x 15 ) x 10
-6
which gives .( O.K.)
Half bars bent = 462 / 2 = 231 mm
2
)
0.87 x f
y
x A
st
x d ( 1 - f
y
x A
st
/ b x d x f
ck
)
0.87 x 250 x 231 x 99 ( 1 - 250 x 231 / 1000 x 99 x 15 ) x 10
-6
d
= O
s
/ 4 x
bd
= O x 0.87 x 250 / 4 x 1
1.3 x ( M
u1
/ V
u
) + L
0
L
d
100 x 231 / 1000 x 99
From equation
M
u1
/ b x d
2
=
0.487 x 1000 x 99
2
x 10
-6
1.3 x ( 4.77 x 10
6
/ 12.06 x 10
3
) + 12 O 54.4 O
Assuming L
0
=
100 x A
s
/ b x d
O x 0.87 x 250 / 4 x 1
say 600 mm
As a thumb rule, a bar shall be given an anchorage equal to the length of
the cantilever.
17.14 - ( 0.15 x 3 ) x 9 =
13.09 KN
=
= 0.132
N / mm
2
<
c
P
t
=
= 0.233
6 x
=
=
= 7.47
6 x 7.47
= 0.34
N / mm
2
IS 456-2000 clause 40.2.1.1 0.07
k = 1.3 ? 0.014
= 0.442
N / mm
2
>
v
V
u
=
=
= 0.173
N / mm
2
<
c
P
t
=
= 0.569
6 x
=
=
= 3.06
6 x 3.06
= 0.487
N / mm
2
Span AB :
Check for shear : -
Use V
u
= 13.09 KN
Shear stress
v
= V
u
/ b x d
At A , V
u,AB
= 12.06 KN ( for maximum loading )
At B , shear at point of contraflexure =
0.8 x f
ck
/ 6.89 P
t
c
= 0.85 0.8 x 15 ( 1 + 5 x 7.47 - 1 )
13.09 x 10
3
/ 1000 x 99
100 x A
s
/ b x d = 100 x 231 / 1000 x 99
c
= 0.85 0.8 x f
ck
( 1 + 5 x - 1 )
.( O.K.)
0.8 x 15 / 6.89 x 0.233
.( O.K.)
for Pt = 0.233
c
= 0.34
0.1 difference
for 120 mm slab depth 0.02 difference
Span BC :
17.14 KN
Shear stress
v
= V
u
/ b x d
c
= 0.85 0.8 x f
ck
( 1 + 5 x - 1 )
0.8 x f
ck
/ 6.89 P
t
0.8 x 15 / 6.89 x 0.569
17.14 x 10
3
/ 1000 x 99
.( O.K.)
100 x A
s
/ b x d = 100 x 563 / 1000 x 99
c
= 0.85 0.8 x 15 ( 1 + 5 x 3.06 - 1 )
for Pt = 0.569
c
= 0.48
IS 456-2000 clause 40.2.1.1 0.08
k = 1.3 ? 0.0579
= 0.624
N / mm
2
>
v
20
P
t
=
= 0.467
= 40
= 30.30 < 40 .( O.K.)
7
P
t
=
= 0.569
= 12.6
= 12.12 < 12.6 .( O.K.)
= 3 x 99 = 297 mm
170 mm
= 5 x 99
150 mm
0.25 difference
modification factor = 2
( span / d ) ratio permissible = 2 x 20
.( O.K.)
100 x A
st
/ b x d = 100 x 462 / 1000 x 99
For span AB :
(1) Main bars : maximum spacing permitted = 3 x effective depth of slab or 300 mm whichever is small
For span BC :
100 x A
st
/ b x d = 100 x 563 / 1000 x 99
spacing provided = < 450 mm .( O.K.)
or 300 mm i.e. 297 mm
(2 )Distribution bars : maximum spacing permitted =
= 495 mm
IS 456-2000 , clause 26.3.3
1.2m
0.15m
0.15m
0.15m 0.15m
1.2m l
x
= 3m
l
y
= 6m S2
S1
S3
B1
B2
B3
B4
1m high parapet
Column 300 x 300
KNm
KNm
( 1 - 0.0389 )
0.87 x f
y
x A
st
x d ( 1 - f
y
x A
st
/ b x d x f
ck
)
0.87 x 250 x 231 x 99 ( 1 - 250 x 231 / 1000 x 99 x 15 ) x 10
-6
0.87 x f
y
x A
st
x d ( 1 - f
y
x A
st
/ b x d x f
ck
)
0.87 x 250 x 231 x 99 ( 1 - 250 x 231 / 1000 x 99 x 15 ) x 10
-6
( 1 - 0.0389 )
1200 1200
150 3000 150 1200
.( O.K.)
or 300 mm i.e. 297 mm
.( O.K.)
120 125
600 300
or 450 mm i.e. 450 mm
10 O @ 340 c/c (bent)
+ 12 O @ 340 c/c (extra)
10 O @ 170 c/c
6 O @ 150 c/c
6 O @ 150 c/c
Material
3.75 KN / m
2
1.00 KN / m
2
3.00 KN / m
2
Total 7.75 KN / m
2
P
u
=
= 11.625 KN / m
2
l
y
/ l
x
= 5 / 5
= 1 < 2
13.66 KNm
10.17 KNm
=
= 81.23 mm,
=
= 120 mm,
= 130 mm,
= 0.706
P
t
= 50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (M
u
/ b x d
2
)
f
y
/ f
ck
=
415 / 15
=
= 0.208%
50 1-1-(4.6 / 15) x (0.706)
50 [(1-0.885) x 15 / 415 ]
> 81.23 mm
.( O.K.) > 81.23 mm
.( O.K.)
M
u
/ b x d
2
( + ) = 10.17 x 10
6
/ 1000 x (120)
2
From Table 6-3
d
required
= M / Q x b
=
For M15 mix and Fe415 steel, Q = 2.07
13.66 x 10
6
/ 2.07 x 1000
d
provided
for positive moment reinforcement
d
provided
for negative moment reinforcement
150 - 15 - 5
150 - 15 - 10 - 5 ( assume 10 O bar )
IS 456-2000 Table -26
x
x w x l
x
2
= 0.047 x 11.625 x 5
2
=
y
x w x l
x
2
= 0.035 x 11.625 x 5
2
=
Two adjacent edges Discontinuous
M
u2
( + ) =
i.e. two-way slab.
M
u1
, M
u3
( - ) =
floor finish =
Live Load =
1.5 x 7.75
Middle strip :
HYSD reinforcement of grade Fe415
Solution : -
Assume 150 mm thick slab
Self load 0.15 x 25 =
Design of Continuous Two-way slab
Banking hall
slab is restrained with edge beams
M15 grade concrete
given
= 250 mm
2
=
= 200.96 mm
= 251 mm
2
.
= 0.81
P
t
= 50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (M
u
/ b x d
2
)
f
y
/ f
ck
=
415 / 15
=
= 0.240%
= 312 mm
2
=
= 161 mm
= 335 mm
2
.
For HYSD Fe415
= 180 mm
2
=
= 126 mm
2
=
= 279.11 mm
= 193 mm
2
.
= 188 mm
2
.
Provide 8 mm O bar@ 260 mm c/c
More steel is provided to match with the torsion reinforcement.
In edge strip , minimum reinforcement is provided equal to 8 mm O @ 260 mm c/c.
Torsion steel :-
At corner A , steel required = ( 3/4 ) x 250
Provide 8 mm O bar
At discontinuous edges 4 and 5 , 50 % of the positive steel is required at top
This is less than minimum , therefore , use minimum steel at location 4 and 5 .
Provide 8 mm O bar
2
/ m
50.24 x 1000 / 180
2
/ m
50.24 x 1000 / 312
Minimum steel = ( 0.12 / 100 ) x 1000 x 150
50.24 x 1000 / 250
M
u
/ b x d
2
( - ) = 13.66 x 10
6
/ 1000 x (130)
2
( 1 / 2 ) x 251
50 1-1-(4.6 / 15) x (0.81)
50 [(1-0.867) x 15 / 415 ]
A
st
= 0.24 x 1000 x 130 / 100
Provide 8 mm O bar
Provide 8 mm O bar
A
st
= 0.208 x 1000 x 120 / 100
2
/ m
=
= 267.23 mm
= 193 mm
2
.
= 94 mm
2
.
=
= 279.11 mm
= 193 mm
2
.
S.F. =
=
= 31.795 KN
= 0.258
N / mm
2
0.25 difference 0.11
IS 456-2000 clause 40.2.1.1 0.242 difference ? -0.1065
k = 1.3
= 0.460 N / mm
2
OR
6 x
=
= 6.75
6 x 6.75
= 0.356
IS 456-2000 clause 40.2.1.1
k = 1.3
= 0.463 N / mm
2
=
= 0.245
N / mm
2
<
c
.( O.K.)
.( O.K.)
Actual shear stress = V
u
/ b x d
31.795 x 10
3
/ ( 1000 x 130 )
c
= 0.85 0.8 x f
ck
( 1 + 5 x - 1 )
0.8 x f
ck
/ 6.89 P
t
c
= 0.85 0.8 x 15 ( 1 + 5 x 6.75 - 1 )
from table 7-1
for P
t
= 0.258 ,
c
= 0.354
.( O.K.)
Note that positive reinforcements are not curtailed because if they are curtailed , the
remaining bars do not provide minimum steel.
Check for shear : -
At point 1 or 3
w x l / 2 + Moment @ point 1 or 3 in that span
11.625 x 5 / 2 + 13.66 / 5
100 x A
s
/ b x d = 100 x 335 / ( 1000 x 130 )
Provide 8 mm O bar
2
/ m
50.24 x 1000 / 180
This will be provided by minimum steel .
2
/ m
50.24 x 1000 / 188
This will be provided by minimum steel of edge strip,
At corner B , steel required = ( 1/2 ) x 188
S.F. = w x l / 2
=
= 29.06 KN
= 0.209
N / mm
2
0.1 difference 0.07
IS 456-2000 clause 40.2.1.1 0.041 difference ? -0.0287
k = 1.3
= 0.417 N / mm
2
OR
6 x
=
= 8.33
6 x 8.33
= 0.326
IS 456-2000 clause 40.2.1.1
k = 1.3
= 0.424 N / mm
2
=
= 0.242
N / mm
2
<
c
V
u
= 29.06 KN
8 O (HYSD Fe415 steel )
P
t
=
=
= 0.209
OR
P
t
= 50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (M
u
/ b x d
2
) M
u1
=
f
y
/ f
ck
=
we get , 0.711 = 10.875
M
u1
= = 10.246
= 10.24 KNm
=54.3 O
This is critical at point 4 or 5.
No bar is curtailed or bent up.
M
u1
/ b x d
2
=
0.711 x 1000 x 120
2
x 10
-6
d
= O
s
/ 4 x
bd
(From Table 7-6 )
Assuming L
0
=
0.87 x f
y
x A
st
x d ( 1 - f
y
x A
st
/ b x d x f
ck
)
Actual shear stress = V
u
/ b x d
29.06 x 10
3
/ ( 1000 x 120 )
.( O.K.)
0.87 x 415 x 251 x 120 ( 1 - 415 x 251 / 1000 x 120 x 15 ) x 10
-6
0.85 0.8 x 15 ( 1 + 5 x 8.33 - 1 )
100 x A
s
/ b x d
100 x 251 / 1000 x 120
From equation
At point 4 or 5 ,
1.3 x 0.321
c
= 0.85 0.8 x f
ck
( 1 + 5 x - 1 )
0.8 x f
ck
/ 6.89 P
t
c
=
At point 4 or 5
11.625 x 5 / 2
100 x A
s
/ b x d = 100 x 251 / ( 1000 x 120 )
from table 7-1
for P
t
= 0.209 ,
c
= 0.321
Design shear strength =
458.36 + 8 O 54.3 O
46.3 O 458.36
O 9.90 mm
V
u
= = 25.31 KN
P
t
=
=
= 0.289
OR
P
t
= 50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (M
u
/ b x d
2
) M
u1
=
f
y
/ f
ck
=
we get , 0.9595 = 26.689
M
u1
= = 24.554
= 24.56 KNm
=56 O
1261.5 + 8 O 56 O
48 O 1261.5
O 26.28 mm
26
251 mm
2
.
= 123 mm.
P
t
= 240.7
= 0.204
= 42.9
= 40.65 < 42.9
= 3 x 130 = 390 mm
200 mm
= 5 x 120 = 600 mm
< 300 mm .( O.K.)
(2) Distribu. bars : maximum spacing permitted = 5 x effective depth of slab or 450 mm whichever is small
.( O.K.)
IS 456-2000 , clause 26.3.3
3 x effective depth of slab or 300 mm whichever is small (1) Main bars : maximum spacing permitted =
spacing provided =
1.3 x ( M
u1
/ V
u
) + L
0
L
d
1.3 x ( 24.56 x 10
6
/ 25.31 x 10
3
) + 8 O 56 O
which gives
Note that the bond is usually critical along long direction.
.( O.K.)
0.9595 x 1000 x 160
2
x 10
-6
d
= (From Table 7-6 )
.( O.K.)
Short span 11.25 x ( 4.5 / 2 )
0.87 x f
y
x A
st
x d ( 1 - f
y
x A
st
/ b x d x f
ck
)
0.87 x 415 x 462 x 160 ( 1 - 415 x 462 / 1000 x 160 x 15 ) x 10
-6
1.3 x ( M
u1
/ V
u
) + L
0
L
d
1.3 x ( 10.246 x 10
6
/ 29.06 x 10
3
) + 8 O 54.3 O
which gives
O
s
/ 4 x
bd
M
u1
/ b x d
2
=
Assuming L
0
=
100 x A
s
/ b x d
100 x 462 / 1000 x 160
From equation
100 x A
st
/ b x d = 100 x 251 / 1000 x 123
positive moment steel =
actual d = 150 - 15 -8 - 4
260 mm
This is 180 mm
2
=
= 279.11 mm
= 193 mm
2
.
625 3750 625
150
625 3750 625
Section A-A
50.24 x 1000 / 180
Provide 8 mm O bar@ 260 mm c/c for uniformity in spacing.
For clarity , top and bottom reinforcements are shown separately.
3750
625
Note that the bottom reinforcements are both ways and therefore there is no
necessity of secondary reinforcements.However , top reinforcement in edge strip
requires the secondary steel for tying the bars.
minimum (0.12 / 100) x 150 x 1000 =
Provide 8 mm O bar
2
/ m
625
M
i
d
d
l
e

S
t
r
i
p

S1
E
d
g
e

s
t
r
i
p

E
d
g
e

s
t
r
i
p

Edge strip Edge strip Middle Strip
8

O

@

2
6
0

c
/
c

8

O

@

2
6
0

c
/
c

8

O

@

2
0
0

c
/
c

8 O @ 260 c/c 8 O @ 260 c/c
8 O @ 200 c/c
A
A
B
B
500
1500 1500
8 O @ 260 c/c
8 O @ 150 c/c
8 O @ 260 c/c
8 O @ 200 c/c
5 m
625 3750 625 5 m
l
y
/8 (3/4)l
y
l
y
/8
5 m
5 m
Design of Continuous Two-way slab
Middle Strip
S1
S1
E
d
g
e

s
t
r
i
p

E
d
g
e

s
t
r
i
p

A
B
B
1
2
3
4
5
0
.
0
3
5

-
0
.
0
4
7

-0.047
0.035
KNm
( 1 - 0.0579 )
0.87 x f
y
x A
st
x d ( 1 - f
y
x A
st
/ b x d x f
ck
)
0.87 x 415 x 251 x 120 ( 1 - 415 x 251 / 1000 x 120 x 15 ) x 10
-6
KNm
or 300 mm i.e. 300 mm
or 450 mm i.e. 450 mm
.( O.K.)
( 1 - 0.0799 )
0.87 x f
y
x A
st
x d ( 1 - f
y
x A
st
/ b x d x f
ck
)
0.87 x 415 x 462 x 160 ( 1 - 415 x 462 / 1000 x 160 x 15 ) x 10
-6
1000
625 3750 625
150
625 3750 625
1000
.( O.K.)
625
3750
625
M
i
d
d
l
e

S
t
r
i
p

S1
E
d
g
e

s
t
r
i
p

E
d
g
e

s
t
r
i
p

Edge strip Edge strip Middle Strip
8

O

@

2
4
0

c
/
c

8

O

@

2
4
0

c
/
c

8

O

@

1
4
0

c
/
c

8 O @ 240 c/c 8 O @ 240 c/c
8 O @ 140 c/c
500
1500 1500
8 O @ 240 c/c
8 O @ 140 c/c
8 O @ 240 c/c
8 O @ 240 c/c
500
1
5
0
0

1
5
0
0

1500 1500
8 O @ 180 c/c
3
-0.047
given
Material
DL LL
3 0 KN / m
2
1 0 KN / m
2
0 3 KN / m
2
Total 4 3 KN / m
2
=
3m 3m 3m 3m 3m
=
= 4.5 + 4.05
= 8.55 KNm
=
= 3.38 + 3.38
= 6.75 KNm
=
= 5.4 + 4.5
= 9.9 KNm
=
= 4.50 + 4.50
= 9 KNm
=
= 18.9 KN
KNm
Q = 2.07
0.6 x 6 x 3 + 0.6 x 4.5 x 3
Maximum moment is M
u3
( - ) = 9.9
From Table 6-3
( 1 / 10 ) x 6 x 3
2
+ ( 1 / 9 ) x 4.5 x 3
2
M
u4
( - ) = ( 1 / 12 ) x w ( DL ) x l
2
+ ( 1 / 9 ) x w ( LL ) x l
2
( 1 / 12 ) x 6 x 3
2
+ ( 1 / 9 ) x 4.5 x 3
2
Maximum shear is V
u(BA)
= 0.6 x w x l + 0.6 x w x l
M
u3
( - ) = ( 1 / 10 ) x w ( DL ) x l
2
+ ( 1 / 9 ) x w ( LL ) x l
2
( 1 / 12 ) x 6 x 3
2
+ ( 1 / 10 ) x 4.5 x 3
2
M
u2
( + ) = ( 1 / 16 ) x w ( DL ) x l
2
+ ( 1 / 12 ) x w ( LL ) x l
2
( 1 / 16 ) x 6 x 3
2
+ ( 1 / 12 ) x 4.5 x 3
2
Design of Continuous One-way slab
A five span continuous one-way slab used as an office floor.
The centre-to-centre distance of supporting beams is 3 m
Live load 3 KN / m
2
and floor finish 1 KN / m
2
The factored moments at different points using the coefficients are as follows :
M
u1
( + ) = ( 1 / 12 ) x w ( DL ) x l
2
+ ( 1 / 10 ) x w ( LL ) x l
2
Dead load 0.12 x 25 =
floor finish =
live load =
factored load =
M15 grade concrete
Solution : -
Try 120 mm thick slab
1.5 ( 4 + 3 )
( 6 + 4.5 ) KN / m
2
Consider 1 m wide strip of the slab.
A B C D E F
1 2 2 2 1
( 6 + 4.5 ) KN / m
=
= 69.2 mm,
= 90 mm,
P
t
= 50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (M
u
/ b x d
2
)
f
y
/ f
ck
= 132 mm
2
= 165 mm
2
=
= 171
=
= 344
306
Table
8 mm O @ 220 c/c
= 228 mm
2
10 mm O @ 220 c/c
= 357 mm
2
10 mm O @ 220 c/c
= 357 mm
2
4 ( - ) 9.0 1.11 0.34
223
3 ( - ) 9.9 1.22 0.38 342
2 ( + ) 6.75
10 mm O @ 440 c/c + 8 mm O @ 440 c/c
= 178 +114 = 292 mm
2
(Half 10 O+half 8 O)
290
0.83 0.248
1 ( + ) 8.55 1.06 0.322
Factored
moment
KNm
point Mu/(b x d
2
) P
t
A
st
mm
2
Steel Provided
d
provided
= 110 - 15 - 5 ( assume 10 O bar )
.( O.K.)
Try 110 mm overall depth
2
/ m
A
st
= P
t
x b x d / 100
d
required
= M / Q x b
9.9 x 10
6
/ 2.07 x 1000
For Main steel ,HYSD Fe415 reinforcement
minimum steel area = ( 0.12 / 100 ) x 1000 x 110
For Distribution steel , mild steel Fe250 reinforcement
minimum steel area = ( 0.15 / 100 ) x 1000 x 110
Use 6 mm O @ 160 mm c/c = 177 mm
2
.
Note that the positive bars cannot be curtailed as the remaining bars in the internal
spans ( + ve moment ) will not provide minimum area.
Provide 50 % A
st
at end support top bars i.e. 292 / 2 = 146 mm
2
.
Use 8 mm O
Use 6 mm O
2
/ m
28.26 x 1000 /165
Check for shear : -
2
/ m
50.24 x 1000 /146
Use 8 mm O @ 340 mm c/c = 148 mm
2
.
Maximum shear = 18.9 KN
=
= 0.210
N / mm
2
d = 90 mm
A
s
= 357
mm
2
.
= 0.397
6 x
=
=
= 4.4
6 x 4.4
= 0.42
N / mm
2
IS 456-2000 clause 40.2.1.1 0.11
k = 1.3 ? 0.0453
= 0.546 N / mm
2
At point of contraflexure i.e. 0.15 x l from B
V
u
=
= 14.18 KN
=
= 0.158
N / mm
2
d = 90 mm
A
s
= 292
mm
2
.
= 0.324
6 x
=
=
= 5.4
u
/ b x d
18.9 x 10
3
/ 1000 x 90
c
= 0.85 0.8 x f
ck
( 1 + 5 x - 1 )
0.8 x f
ck
/ 6.89 P
t
c
= 0.85 0.8 x 15 ( 1 + 5 x 4.4 - 1 )
0.8 x 15 / 6.89 x 0.397
for P
t
= 0.397
c
= 0.42
< (
C
)

N / mm
2
0.25 difference
( too small )
For bars at support
100 x A
s
/ b x d = 100 x 357 / 1000 x 90
.( O.K.)
18.9 - 0.15 x 3 x 10.5
u
/ b x d
100 x A
s
/ b x d = 100 x 292 / 1000 x 90
c
= 0.85 0.8 x f
ck
( 1 + 5 x - 1 )
14.18 x 10
3
/ 1000 x 90
< (
C
)

N / mm
2
( too small )
For bars at support
with positive moment reinforcement ( 292 mm
2
)
0.8 x f
ck
/ 6.89 P
t
0.8 x 15 / 6.89 x 0.324
6 x 5.4
OR = 0.39
N / mm
2
IS 456-2000 clause 40.2.1.1 0.11
k = 1.3 ? 0.0774
= 0.494 N / mm
2
V
u
=
= 13.28 KN
At A , P
t
=
=
= 0.324
OR
P
t
= 50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (M
u
/ b x d
2
) M
u1
=
f
y
/ f
ck
=
we get , 1.064 = 9.4884
M
u1
= = 8.64
= 8.62 KNm
=56.4 O
845.783 + 8 O 56.4 O
48.4 O 845.78
O 17.47 mm
At support B, point of contraflexure is assumed at 0.15 x l from B
V
u
=
= 14.18 KN
M
u1
= 8.64 KNm
L
0
= 12 O
792.102 + 12 O 56.4 O
44.4 O 792.1
O 17.84 mm
for P
t
= 0.324
c
= 0.38
0.25 difference
c
= 0.85 0.8 x 15 ( 1 + 5 x 5.4 - 1 )
0.4 x 6 x 3 + 0.45 x 4.5 x 3 =
100 x 292 / 1000 x 90
From equation
1.064 x 1000 x 90
2
x 10
-6
.( O.K.)
0.87 x f
y
x A
st
x d ( 1 - f
y
x A
st
/ b x d x f
ck
)
0.87 x 415 x 292 x 90 ( 1 - 415 x 292 / 1000 x 90 x 15 ) x 10
-6
M
u1
/ b x d
2
=
Assuming L
0
=
100 x A
s
/ b x d
Span AB is critical for checking this requirement
At support A
0.4 x w x l + 0.45 x w x l
as before
( actual anchorage is more than 12 O but L
0
is limited to 12 O or d
, i.e. 90 mm whichever is greater )
1.3 x ( M
u1
/ V
u
) + L
0
L
d
d
= O
s
/ 4 x
bd
= O x 0.67 x 415 / 4 x 1
1.3 x ( M
u1
/ V
u
) + L
0
L
d
1.3 x ( 8.64 x 10
6
/ 13.28 x 10
3
) + 8 O 56.4 O
1.3 x ( 8.64 x 10
6
/ 14.18 x 10
3
) + 12 O 56.4 O
18.9 - 0.15 x 3 x 10.5
26
P
t
=
= 0.324
= 34.84
= 33.33 < 34.84 .( O.K.)
26
P
t
=
= 0.253
= 41.6
= 33.33 < 41.6 .( O.K.)
= 3 x 90 = 270 mm
220 mm
= 5 x 90
160 mm
.( O.K.)
or 300 mm i.e. 270 mm
IS 456-2000 , clause 26.3.3
(1) Main bars : maximum spacing permitted = 3 x effective depth of slab or 300 mm whichever is small
100 x A
st
/ b x d = 100 x 292 / 1000 x 90
Maximum positive moment occurs in span AB. Therefore, this check is critical in span AB
100 x A
st
/ b x d = 100 x 228 / 1000 x 90
For span BC :
(2 )Distribution bars : maximum spacing permitted =
= 450 mm
Outer side Inner side
IS 456-2000 Clause -22.5
( 22.5.1 ) Unless more exact estimates are made, for
beams of uniform cross-section which support
substantially uniformly distributed loads over three or
more spans which do not differ by more than 15 percent
of the longest, the bending moments and shear forces
used in design may be obtained using the coefficients
Where coefficients given in Table 12 are used for
calculation of bending moments, redistribution referred
to in 22.7 shall not be permitted.
(22.5.2 ) Beams and Slabs Over Free End Supports
given in Table 12 and Table 13 respectively.
For moments at supports where two unequal spans
the average of the two values for the negative moment
at the support may be taken for design.
meet or in case where the spans are not equally loaded,
and I is the effective span, or such other restraining
moment as may be shown to be applicable. For such a
condition shear coefficient given in Table 13 at the
end support may be increased by 0.05.
Where a member is built into a masonry wall which
develops only partial restraint, the member shall be
designed to resist a negative moment at the face of the
support of Wl / 24 where W is the total design load
+ 1 / 12
+ 1 / 10
Table 12 Bending Moment coefficients
Near middle
of end span
At middle of
interior span
Support moments
At support next to
the end support
Type of load
Span moments
NOTE -For obtaining the bending moment, the coefficient shall be multiplied by the total
design load and effective span.
Table 13 Shear Force coefficients
+ 1 / 16
+ 1 / 12
-1 / 10
-1 / 9
Dead load and imposed
load ( fixed )
imposed load (
not fixed )
Type of load
Dead load and imposed
load ( fixed )
imposed load (
not fixed )
At support next to the end support At end
support
0.45 0.6 0.6
0.4 0.6 0.55
90 110
450
900 900
900
3000 3000
10 O @ 220 c/c 8 O @ 340 c/c
6 O @ 160 c/c
8 O @ 220 c/c
8 O @ 440 c/c
+ 10 O @ 440 c/c
( 0.3 l1 ) ( 0.3 l1 ) ( 0.3 l1 ) ( 0.15 l1 )
with positive moment reinforcement ( 292 mm
2
)
KNm
0.87 x f
y
x A
st
x d ( 1 - f
y
x A
st
/ b x d x f
ck
)
0.87 x 415 x 292 x 90 ( 1 - 415 x 292 / 1000 x 90 x 15 ) x 10
-6
( 1 - 0.0898 )
.( O.K.)
or 300 mm i.e. 270 mm
Maximum positive moment occurs in span AB. Therefore, this check is critical in span AB
.( O.K.)
or 450 mm i.e. 450 mm
( 22.5.1 ) Unless more exact estimates are made, for
beams of uniform cross-section which support
substantially uniformly distributed loads over three or
more spans which do not differ by more than 15 percent
of the longest, the bending moments and shear forces
used in design may be obtained using the coefficients
Where coefficients given in Table 12 are used for
calculation of bending moments, redistribution referred
to in 22.7 shall not be permitted.
(22.5.2 ) Beams and Slabs Over Free End Supports
given in Table 12 and Table 13 respectively.
For moments at supports where two unequal spans
the average of the two values for the negative moment
at the support may be taken for design.
meet or in case where the spans are not equally loaded,
and I is the effective span, or such other restraining
moment as may be shown to be applicable. For such a
condition shear coefficient given in Table 13 at the
end support may be increased by 0.05.
Where a member is built into a masonry wall which
develops only partial restraint, the member shall be
designed to resist a negative moment at the face of the
support of Wl / 24 where W is the total design load
Table 12 Bending Moment coefficients
Support moments
At other interior
supports
-1 / 12
-1 / 9
NOTE -For obtaining the bending moment, the coefficient shall be multiplied by the total
design load and effective span.
Table 13 Shear Force coefficients
0.6
At all other
interior
supports
0.5
900
3000
10 O @ 220 c/c
( 0.3 l1 )
0.87 x 415 x 292 x 90 ( 1 - 415 x 292 / 1000 x 90 x 15 ) x 10
-6
material
l
x
= say 4.5 m
l
y
= say 6.75 m
4.5 KN / m
2
1.0 KN / m
2
2.0 KN / m
2
Total 7.5 KN / m
2
P
u
= 1.5 x 7.5
= 11.25 KN / m
l
y
/ l
x
=
= 1.5
M
ux
= 23.7 KNm
M
uy
= 10.48 KNm
Q = 2.07
=
= 107 mm,
= 160 mm,
160 - 10
= 150 mm,
= 0.926
P
t
= 50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (M
u
/ b x d
2
)
f
y
/ f
ck
=
Solution :
Consider 1 m wide strip. Assume 180 mm thick slab.
Design of Simply supported two way slab
residential building drawing room 4.3 m x 6.55 m
It is supported on 350 mm thick walls on all four sides.
M15 grade concrete
6.75 / 4.5
4.3 + 0.18 = 4.48
6.55+0.18 = 6.73
Live load ( residence ) =
For 1 m wide strip
Dead load : self 0.18 x 25 =
floor finish =
given
IS 456-2000 Table -27
d
short

provided
= 180 - 15 - 5 ( assume 10 O bar )
.( O.K.) > 107 mm
d
long

provided
=
> 107 mm
x
x w x l
x
2
=
y
x w x l
x
2
=
0.046 x 11.25 x 4.5
2
=
0.104 x 11.25 x 4.5
2
=
From Table 6-3
d
required
= M / Q x b
23.7 x 10
6
/ 2.07 x 1000
M
u
/ b x d
2
( short ) = 23.7 x 10
6
/ 1000 x (160)
2
50 1-1-(4.6 / 15) x (0.926)
415 / 15
=
= 0.28%
= 448 mm
2
=
= 175.22 mm
= 462 mm
2
.
= 0.466
P
t
= 50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (M
u
/ b x d
2
)
f
y
/ f
ck
=
415 / 15
=
= 0.134%
= 201 mm
2
= 216 mm
2
.
=
= 232.59 mm
= 218 mm
2
.
V
u
= = 25.31 KN
50 [(1-0.846) x 15 / 415 ]
A
st
( short ) = 0.28 x 1000 x 160 / 100
Provide 10 mm O bar
M
u
/ b x d
2
( long ) = 10.48 x 10
6
/ 1000 x (150)
2
50 1-1-(4.6 / 15) x (0.466
50 [(1-0.926) x 15 / 415 ]
2
/ m
78.5 x 1000 / 448
Provide 10 mm O bar@170 mm c/c ( short span )
A
st
( long ) = 0.134 x 1000 x 150 / 100
For HYSD Fe415 minimum reinforcement 0.12 %
Provide 8 mm O bar
Minimum steel = ( 0.12 /100 ) x 1000 x 180
2
/ m
Provide 8 mm O bar@ 230 mm c/c ( long span )
50.24 x 1000 / 216
The bars cannot be bent or curtailed because if 50 % of long span bars are curtailed ,
the remaining bars will be less than minimum
At top on support , provide 50 % of bars of respective span to take into account
negative moment due to slab nature.
Assuming L
0
=
Long span 11.25 x ( 4.5 / 2 )
P
t
=
=
= 0.145
OR
P
t
= 50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (M
u
/ b x d
2
) M
u1
=
f
y
/ f
ck
=
we get , 0.5023 = 11.806
M
u1
= = 11.331
= 11.30 KNm
=56 O
580.4 + 8 O 56 O
48 O 580.403
O 12.09 mm
V
u
= = 25.31 KN
P
t
=
=
= 0.289
OR
P
t
= 50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (M
u
/ b x d
2
) M
u1
=
f
y
/ f
ck
=
we get , 0.9595 = 26.689
M
u1
= = 24.554
= 24.56 KNm
=56 O
1261.5 + 8 O 56 O
48 O 1261.48
O 26.28 mm
V
u
= 25.31 KN
=
From equation
0.87 x f
y
x A
st
x d ( 1 - f
y
x A
st
/ b x d x f
ck
)
1.3 x ( M
u1
/ V
u
) + L
0
L
d
0.9595 x 1000 x 160
2
x 10
-6
Check for shear : -
Shear stress = V
u
/ b x d
Note that the bond is usually critical along long direction.
d
= O
s
/ 4 x
bd
(From Table 7-6 )
M
u1
/ b x d
2
=
0.87 x 415 x 462 x 160 ( 1 - 415 x 462 / 1000 x 160 x 15 ) x 10
-6
M
u1
/ b x d
2
=
0.5023 x 1000 x 150
2
x 10
-6
1.3 x ( 24.56 x 10
6
/ 25.31 x 10
3
) + 8 O 56 O
From equation
0.87 x f
y
x A
st
x d ( 1 - f
y
x A
st
/ b x d x f
ck
)
0.87 x 415 x 218 x 150 ( 1 - 415 x 218 / 1000 x 150 x 15 ) x 10
-6
100 x 462 / 1000 x 160
Short span 11.25 x ( 4.5 / 2 )
(From Table 7-6 )
100 x A
s
/ b x d
100 x 218 / 1000 x 150
d
= O
s
/ 4 x
bd
1.3 x ( M
u1
/ V
u
) + L
0
L
d
1.3 x ( 11.30 x 10
6
/ 25.31 x 10
3
) + 8 O 56 O
Assuming L
0
=
100 x A
s
/ b x d
25.31 x 10
3
/ 1000 x 150
This is critical along long span
= 0.169
N / mm
2
= 0.145
N / mm
2
25 difference -0.05
IS 456-2000 clause 40.2.1.1 20 difference ? -0.04
k = 1.24
= 0.347 N / mm
2
OR
6 x
=
= 12.011
6 x 12.011
= 0.278
IS 456-2000 clause 40.2.1.1 25 difference -0.05
k = 1.24 20 difference ? -0.04
= 0.345 N / mm
2
20
P
t
=
= 0.289
= 28.8
= 28.00 < 28.8
= 3 x 160 = 480
170 mm
= 5 x 150 = 750
230 mm
< (
C
)

N / mm
2
( too small )
100 x A
s
/ b x d = 100 x 218 / 1000 x 150
0.8 x f
ck
/ 6.89 P
t
c
=
0.85 0.8 x 15 ( 1 + 5 x 12.01 - 1 )
.( O.K.)
c
= 0.85 0.8 x f
ck
( 1 + 5 x - 1 )
from table 7-1
for P
t
= 0.145
c
= 0.28
IS 456-2000 , clause 26.3.3
100 x A
st
/ b x d = 100 x 462 / 1000 x 160
.( O.K.)
This check shall be done along short span
.( O.K.)
.( O.K.)
(1) Main bars : maximum spacing permitted for short span steel =
(2) Distribu. bars : maximum spacing permitted for long span steel = 5 x effective depth of slab or 450 mm whichever is small
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3
Interior Panels:
Negative moment at continuous edge 0.032 0.037 0.043 0.047
Positive moment at mid-span 0.024 0.028 0.032 0.036
One Short Edge Discontinuous:
One long Edge Discontinuous:
Two Adjacent Edges Discontinuous:
Two Short Edges Discontinuous:
Two Long Edges Discontinuous:
Negative moment at continuous edge - - - -
Three Edges Discontinuous
(One Long Edge Continuous):
Three Edges Discrmntinuous
(One Short Edge Continuous) :
Negative moment at continuous edge - - - -
Four-Edges Discontinuous:
l
y
/ l
x
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
Table - 26 Bending moment coefficients for rectangular panels supported on four sides with provision for torsion at corners
short span coefficient
x
( Values of l
y
/ l
x
)
3
4
5
Type of Panel and Moments
considered
Case No.
1
2
6
7
8
9
Table - 27 Bending moment coefficients for slabs spanning in two directions at right angles , simply supported on Four sides
x
0.062 0.074 0.084 0.093 0.099
y
0.062 0.061 0.059 0.055 0.051
KNm
KNm
350 6550 350
350
4300 4650
0.87 x f
y
x A
st
x d ( 1 - f
y
x A
st
/ b x d x f
ck
)
( 1 - 0.0799 )
0.87 x 415 x 462 x 160 ( 1 - 415 x 462 / 1000 x 160 x 15 ) x 10
-6
0.87 x f
y
x A
st
x d ( 1 - f
y
x A
st
/ b x d x f
ck
)
0.87 x 415 x 218 x 150 ( 1 - 415 x 218 / 1000 x 150 x 15 ) x 10
-6
( 1 - 0.0402 )
460
690 690
A
8 O @ 230 c/c
10 O @ 170 c/c
10 O @ 340 c/c
350
6900
PLAN
460 460
180
350 4300 350
Section A-A
mm
mm
.( O.K.)
or 300 mm i.e. 300 mm
.( O.K.)
or 450 mm i.e. 450 mm
460
A
8 O @ 460 c/c
v v v v v v
10 O @ 340 c/c
10 O @ 170 c/c
8 O @ 230 c/c
1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0
0.051 0.053 0.060 0.065 0.032
0.039 0.041 0.045 0.049 0.024
0.055 0.057 0.064 0.068 0.037
0.041 0.044 0.048 0.052 0.028
0.063 0.067 0.077 0.085 0.037
0.047 0.051 0.059 0.065 0.028
0.071 0.075 0.084 0.091 0.047
0.053 0.056 0.063 0.069 0.035
0.059 0.060 0.065 0.069 -
0.044 0.045 0.049 0.052 0.035
- - - - 0.045
0.063 0.068 0.080 0.088 0.035
0.080 0.084 0.091 0.097 -
0.060 0.064 0.069 0.073 0.043
- - - - 0.057
0.071 0.076 0.087 0.096 0.043
0.085 0.089 0.100 0.107 0.056
1.5 1.75 2.0 2.5 3.0
Table - 26 Bending moment coefficients for rectangular panels supported on four sides with provision for torsion at corners
short span coefficient
x
( Values of l
y
/ l
x
)
Long span
coefficient
y
for
all values of l
y
/ l
x
Table - 27 Bending moment coefficients for slabs spanning in two directions at right angles , simply supported on Four sides
0.104 0.113 0.118 0.122 0.124
0.046 0.037 0.029 0.020 0.014
Material
say
= =
= 648 = 648
( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 162 ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 162
6M
A
+ 24M
B
+ 6M
C
= - [ 1944 ] - [ 1944 ]
M
A
( 6 / I ) + 2M
B
( 6 / I + 6 / I ) + M
C
( 6 / I ) = - [ 6 x 648 x 3 / ( I

x

6 ) ] - [ 6 x 648 x 3 / ( I

x 6) ]
4M
B
+ M
C
= - 648 As M
A
= 0 .( 1 )
Using three moment equation for span ABC
M
A
( L
1
/ I
1
) + 2M
B
( L
1
/ I
1
+ L
2
/ I
2
) + M
C
( L
2
/ I
2
) = - 6 A
1
a
1
/ ( I
1
L
1
) -6 A
2
a
2
/ ( I
2
L
2
)
A
1
= ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h
1
a
1
= 3 m
A
2
= ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h
1
a
2
= 3 m
Live load = 3 KN / m
2
Floor finish = 1 KN / m
2
Rib size = 230 mm x 450 mm
Main beams = 300 mm x 570 mm overall .
Design of Continuous Beam
An R.C.C. floor is used as a banking hall
Design the beams B
10
-B
11
-B
12
.
The Slab thickness is 120 mm .
Floor finish = 1 + 0 KN /m
2
Total 4 + 3 KN / m
2
Load on beam = 3 ( 4 + 3 ) = 12 + 9 KN / m
(Given )
M15 grade concrete
Slab 120 mm thick 0.12 x 25 = 3 + 0 KN / m
2
HYSD reinforcement of grade Fe415 .
Column = 300 mm x 300 mm
Solution : -
( a ) Load calculations and analysis :
Self wt. = 0.23 x 0.45 x 25 = 2.58 + 0 KN / m
Total 14.58 + 9 KN / m
Factored Load = 1.5 ( 14.58 + 9 )
= 21.87 + 13.5
Live load = 0 + 3 KN / m
2
( 22 + 14 ) KN /m .
Case ( a ) Maximum moment at B
B
10
6 m
6 m
36 KN / m
36 KN / m
22 KN / m
6 m
6 m
6 m
A
B C D
36 KN / m
162
36 KN / m
162
A
B
B C
= =
= 648 = 396
6 m Distance 138 KNm
3 m Distance ( ? ) 69
6 m Distance 96 KNm
6 m Distance 42 KNm
- 2088 - 16 M
C
+ M
C
= - 648
15 M
C
= - 1440
M
C
= - 96 KNm
4M
B
+ ( - 96 ) = - 648
4 M
B
= - 552
M
B
= - 138 KNm
By putting Value of M
C
into Equation ( 1 )
4M
B
+ M
C
= - 648
M
B
+ 4M
C
= - 522
.( 1 )
.( 2 )
B
from Equation ( 2 ) into Equation ( 1 )
4(- 522 - 4M
C
) + M
C
= - 648
M
B
+ 4M
C
= - 522 As M
D
= 0 .( 2 )
( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 162 ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 99
a
2
= 3 m a
3
= 3 m
M
B
( 6 / I ) + 2M
C
( 6 / I + 6 / I ) + M
D
( 6 / I ) = - [ 6 x 648 x 3 / ( I

x

6 ) ] - [ 6 x 396 x 3 / ( I

x 6) ]
6M
B
+ 24M
C
+ 6M
D
= - [ 1944 ] - [ 1188 ]
Using three moment equation for span BCD
M
B
( L
2
/ I
2
) + 2M
C
( L
2
/ I
2
+ L
3
/ I
3
) + M
D
( L
3
/ I
3
) = - 6 A
2
a
2
/ ( I
2
L
2
) -6 A
3
a
3
/ ( I
3
L
3
)
A
2
= ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h
2
A
3
= ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h
3
36 KN / m
162
22 KN / m
99
B
C
C D
36 KN / m
36 KN / m
22 KN / m
6 m
6 m
6 m
A
B C D
138
96 162
162 99
( - )
( + )
( - )
( + )
96
( - )
( - )
( + )
( + )
( + )
93
51
45
138
X dist.
6 - X dist.
Span AB or CD
= 1650 mm > 3000 mm
BC ( + ) = 58 KNm
BC ( minimum - ve ) = 5 KNm
Factored maximum moments :
B or C , negative moment = 138 KNm
AB ( + ) = CD ( + ) = 110 KNm
Three cases are considered for getting maximum values of moments. Case ( a ) gives maximum
negative moment at B.The same moment shall be used at C also because of symmetry. Case ( b )
gives the maximum positive moment in span BC while the case ( c ) gives maximum positive
moments in span AB and CD.
85 x 12 + V
B
x 6 - 36 x 6 x 9 - 36 x 6 x 3 = - 96
V
C
= 101 KN
50 x 12 + V
C
x 6 - 36 x 6 x 3 - 22 x 6 x 9 = -138
V
B
= 246 KN
V
B
+ 131 = 246
V
B
= 115 KN
V
C
= 132 - 50
V
C
= 82 KN M
C
= - 96 KNm
V
D
x 6 -22 x 6 x 3 = -96
V
D
= 50 KN
V
C
+ V
D
= 22 x 6
V
B
= 216 - 85
V
B
= 131 KN
M
B
= - 138 KNm
V
c
= 183 KN
V
C
+ 82 = 183
M
B
= - 138 KNm
V
A
x 6 -36 x 6 x 3 = -138
V
A
= 85 KN
M
C
= - 96 KNm
V
A
+ V
B
= 36 x 6 131 X =85 ( 6 - X )
216 X = 510
X = 2.36 m
BC ( - ) = 11.6 KNm
BC ( + ) = 51.6 KNm > 0.7 x 58 KNm.
The moment redistribution shall be now carried out. Maximum negative moment = 138 KNm.
reduce it by 20 % . Then Mu = 0.8 x 138 = 110.4 KNm. For all the cases , redistribute ( increase or
decrease ) the moment at B or C = 110.4 KNm ( Hogging ).
Maximum design moments :
The beam acts as a flanged beam
For T-beams , b
f
= ( l
0
/ 6 ) + b
w
+ 6 D
f
b
f
= ( 0.7 x 6000 / 6 ) + 230 + 6 x 120
( As per IS 456-2000 , Clause 37.1.1 )
( As per IS456-2000 ,Clause 23.1.2 , Note )
Note that after redistribution , the design positive moments also have been reduced.
( b ) Design for flexure :
M
u
( + ) = 111.6 KNm.
Support B or C = 110.4 KNm > 0.7 x 138 KNm ( O.K.)
AB or CD ( + ) = 111.6 KNm > 0.7 x 110 KNm
138
85
131
2.36 m
50
82
115
101
For bf /bw = 7
0.01 diff. 0.014 0.016
0.006 diff. ? ?
-0.0084 -0.0096
= 662.6 For 0.224 0.6566 0.743
1 diff 0.0864
0.83 diff ? 0.0717
=
651 mm
2
.
Span BC :
= 301
mm
2
.
f
y
/ f
ck
415 / 15
= 0.549
A
st
= 603 135
Assuming one layer of 20 mm diameter bars
d = 450 + 120 -25 - 10 = 535 mm .
Minimum A
st
= ( 0.205 / 100 ) x 230 x 535 = 252 mm
2
( As per IS456-2000 ,Clause 26.5( a ) )
If M
u
< M
u
,
lim
: design as under-reinforced section (singly reinforced beam) as explained below.
A
st
= M
u
/ 0.87 x f
y
x lever arm
KNm > 111.6 KNm
b
f
/ b
w
= 1650 / 230 = 7.17
D
f
/ d = 120 / 535 = 0.224
M
u,lim
/ f
ck
b
w
d
2
= 0.671 ( As per SP:16 ,Table 58 )
For bf /bw = 8
M
u.lim
= 0.671 x 15 x 230 x 535
2
x 10
-6
M
u
( + ) = 51.6 KNm
A
st
= 51.6 x 10
6
/ 0.87 x 415 x ( 535 - 60 )
Provide 3 - 12 mm O = 339 mm
2
.
In span AB , curtail 3 - 12 O at 300 mm ( 0.05 ) from A and at 900 mm ( 0.15 ) from B.
where lever arm = d - D
f
/ 2 = 535 - 120 / 2 = 535 - 60
A
st
= 111.6 x 10
6
/ 0.87 x 415 x ( 535 - 60 )
Provide 6 - 12 mm O = 678 mm
2
.
Continue 3 - 12 O in span BC as required for flexure.
Support B or C :
M
u
( - ) = 110.4 KNm
M
u
/ bd
2
= 110.4 x 10
6
/ 230 x 535
2
= 1.68 < 2.07. ( From Table 6-3 )
The section is under-reinforced.
P
t
= 50
1 - 1 - ( 4.6 / f
ck
) x ( M
u
/ bd
2
)
Provide 2- 10 mm O anchor bars = 157 mm
2
. At support , provide 3 - 16 mm O extra at top = 603 mm
2
,
one of which may be curtailed at 0.15 = 900 mm from centre of support B and remaining 2 - 16 mm O
at 0.25 = 1500 mm from B .
P
t
= 50
1 - 1 - ( 4.6 / 15 ) x ( 1.68

)
( 0.549 / 100 ) x 230 x 535 = 676 mm
2
20 % of steel should be carried through the span = 0.2 x 676 = 135 mm
2
= =
= 396 = 648
6M
A
+ 24M
B
+ 6M
C
= - [ 1188 ] - [ 1944 ]
4M
B
+ M
C
= - 522 As M
A
= 0
A
2
= ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h
1
( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 99 ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 162
a
1
= 3 m a
2
= 3 m
M
A
( 6 / I ) + 2M
B
( 6 / I + 6 / I ) + M
C
( 6 / I ) = - [ 6 x 396 x 3 / ( I

x

6 ) ] - [ 6 x 648 x 3 / ( I

x 6) ] M
A
( 6 / I ) + 2M
B
( 6 / I + 6 / I ) + M
C
( 6 / I ) = - [ 6 x 648 x 3 / ( I

x

6 ) ] - [ 6 x 648 x 3 / ( I

x 6) ]
M
A
( L
1
/ I
1
) + 2M
B
( L
1
/ I
1
+ L
2
/ I
2
) + M
C
( L
2
/ I
2
) = - 6 A
1
a
1
/ ( I
1
L
1
) -6 A
2
a
2
/ ( I
2
L
2
)
A
1
= ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h
1
Case ( b ) Maximum positive moment in span BC
B
11
B
12
6 m 6 m
3 m
3 m
22 KN / m
36 KN / m
22 KN / m
6 m
6 m
6 m
A
B C D
22 KN / m
99
36 KN / m
162
A
B
B
= =
= 648 = 396
M
B
= - 104 KNm
M
C
= - 104 KNm
M
B
+ 4M
C
= - 522 .( 2 )
C
into Equation ( 1 )
4M
B
+ ( - 104 ) = - 522
4 M
B
= - 418
B
4(- 522 - 4M
C
) + M
C
= - 522
- 2088 - 16 M
C
+ M
C
= - 522
15 M
C
= - 1566
M
B
( 6 / I ) + 2M
C
( 6 / I + 6 / I ) + M
D
( 6 / I ) = - [ 6 x 648 x 3 / ( I

x

6 ) ] - [ 6 x 396 x 3 / ( I

x 6) ]
6M
B
+ 24M
C
+ 6M
D
= - [ 1944 ] - [ 1188 ]
M
B
+ 4M
C
= - 522 As M
D
= 0
4M
B
+ M
C
= - 522 .( 1 )
A
2
= ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h
2
A
3
= ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h
3
( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 162 ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 99
a
2
= 3 m a
3
= 3 m
M
B
( L
2
/ I
2
) + 2M
C
( L
2
/ I
2
+ L
3
/ I
3
) + M
D
( L
3
/ I
3
) = - 6 A
2
a
2
/ ( I
2
L
2
) -6 A
3
a
3
/ ( I
3
L
3
)
( 162 - ( 96 + 21 ) = 45 KNm )
( 99 - 48 = 51 KNm )
( 162 - 69 = 93 KNm )
M
B
( 6 / I ) + 2M
C
( 6 / I + 6 / I ) + M
D
( 6 / I ) = - [ 6 x 648 x 3 / ( I

x

6 ) ] - [ 6 x 396 x 3 / ( I

x 6) ]
6M
B
+ 24M
C
+ 6M
D
= - [ 1944 ] - [ 1188 ]
36 KN / m
162
22 KN / m
99
B
C
C
22 KN / m
36 KN / m
22 KN / m
6 m
6 m
6 m
A
B C D
104 104
99
162
99
( - )
( - )
( + )
( - )
( - )
( + )
( + )
( + )
47
47
58
104 104
85
131
Three cases are considered for getting maximum values of moments. Case ( a ) gives maximum
negative moment at B.The same moment shall be used at C also because of symmetry. Case ( b )
gives the maximum positive moment in span BC while the case ( c ) gives maximum positive
V
C
= 132 - 48.67 V
C
= 108 KN
V
C
= 83.33 KN M
C
= - 104 KNm
V
D
= 48.67 KN V
c
= 191.33 KN
V
B
= 191.33 KN
V
B
= 108 KN
48.67 x 12 + V
B
x 6 - 36 x 6 x 3 - 22 x 6 x 9 = - 104
V
B
+ 83.33 = 191.33
V
C
+ V
D
= 22 x 6 V
C
+ 83.33 = 191.33
M
C
= - 104 KNm M
B
= - 104 KNm
V
D
x 6 -22 x 6 x 3 = -104 48.67 x 12 + V
C
x 6 - 36 x 6 x 3 - 22 x 6 x 9 = -104
131 X =85 ( 6 - X )
216 X = 510
X = 2.36 m
The moment redistribution shall be now carried out. Maximum negative moment = 138 KNm.
reduce it by 20 % . Then Mu = 0.8 x 138 = 110.4 KNm. For all the cases , redistribute ( increase or
appropriate combinations of loads.
( c ) The elastic moment at any section in a member due to a
particular combination of loads shall not be reduced by more
than 30 % of the numerically largest moment given anywhere by
the elastic maximum moments diagram for the particular
member , covering all appropriate combination of loads.
IS 456-2000 ,Clause 23.1.2 Effective width of flange -
In the absence of more accurate determination , the effective
width of flange may be taken as the following but in no case
greater than the breadth of the web plus half the sum of the clear
distances to the adjacent beams on either side :
IS 456-2000 ,Clause 37.1.1 Redistribution of moments in
Continuous Beams and Frames -
( b ) The ultimate moment of resistance provided at any section of a
member is not less than 70 percent of the moment at that section
obtained from an elastic maximum moment diagram covering all
( As per IS 456-2000 , Clause 37.1.1 )
( As per IS456-2000 ,Clause 23.1.2 , Note )
104
48.67
83.33
2.21 m
48.67
83.33
108
108
104
Where ,
0.671
26.5.1 Beams
26.5.1.1 Tension Reinforcement
where ,
For mild steel
( a ) For T-beams , b
f
= ( l
0
/ 6 ) + b
w
+ 6 D
f
( b ) For L-beams , b
f
= ( l
0
/ 12 ) + b
w
+ 3 D
f
NOTE - For continuous beams and frames , ' l
0
' may be
assumed as 0.7 times the effective span.
b
f
= effective width of flange ,
l
0
= distance between points of zero moments in the beam ,
b
w
= breadth of the web ,
D
f
= thickness of flange , and
b = actual width of the flange.
a ) Minimum reinforcement - The minimum area of tension reinforcement
shall not be less than that given by the following :
A
s
/ b d = 0.85 / f
y
( As per IS456-2000 ,Clause 26.5( a ) )
IS 456-2000 Clause 26.5 Requirements of Reinforcement for
If M
u
< M
u
,
lim
b ) Maximum reinforcement - The maximum area of tension
reinforcement shall not exceed 0.04 b D.
Minimum steel %
100 A
s
/ b d = 100 x 0.85 / 250 = 0.34
For HYSD steel , Fe415 grade
A
s
= minimum area of tension reinforcement ,
b = breadth of the beam or the breadth of the web of T- beam ,
d = effective depth , and
f
y
= characteristic strength of reinforcement in N / mm
2
.
Structural Members
For bf /bw = 8
For singly reinforced rectangular sections
100 A
s
/ b d = 100 x 0.85 / 415 = 0.205
100 A
s
/ b d = 100 x 0.85 / 500 = 0.17
Table 6-3
lim
, N / mm
2
Provide 2- 10 mm O anchor bars = 157 mm
2
. At support , provide 3 - 16 mm O extra at top = 603 mm
2
,
one of which may be curtailed at 0.15 = 900 mm from centre of support B and remaining 2 - 16 mm O
250 415 500
15 2.22 2.07 2.00
20 2.96 2.76 2.66
25 3.70 3.45 3.33
30 4.44 4.14 3.99
f
ck

N / mm
2
f
y
, N / mm
2
=
= 648
M
A
( L
1
/ I
1
) + 2M
B
( L
1
/ I
1
+ L
2
/ I
2
) + M
C
( L
2
/ I
2
) = - 6 A
1
a
1
/ ( I
1
L
1
) -6 A
2
a
2
/ ( I
2
L
2
)
A
1
= ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h
1
( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 162
.( 1 )
A
2
= ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h
1
( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 162
M
A
( 6 / I ) + 2M
B
( 6 / I + 6 / I ) + M
C
( 6 / I ) = - [ 6 x 396 x 3 / ( I

x

6 ) ] - [ 6 x 648 x 3 / ( I

x 6) ]
Case ( c ) Maximum positive moment in span AB and CD
M
A
( L
1
/ I
1
) + 2M
B
( L
1
/ I
1
+ L
2
/ I
2
) + M
C
( L
2
/ I
2
) = - 6 A
1
a
1
/ ( I
1
L
1
) -6 A
2
a
2
/ ( I
2
L
2
)
6M
A
+ 24M
B
+ 6M
C
= - [ 1944 ] - [ 1188 ]
4M
B
+ M
C
= - 522
M
A
( 6 / I ) + 2M
B
( 6 / I + 6 / I ) + M
C
( 6 / I ) = - [ 6 x 648 x 3 / ( I

x

6 ) ] - [ 6 x 396 x 3 / ( I

x 6) ]
Case ( b ) Maximum positive moment in span BC
a
1
= 3 m
36 KN / m
C
36 KN / m
6 m
A
B
36 KN / m
162
A
=
= 396
Moment in span BC = ( 162 - 104 ) = 58 KNm
M
B
= - 104.4 KNm
C
into Equation ( 1 )
4M
B
+ ( - 104.4 ) = - 522
4 M
B
= - 417.6
M
C
= - 104.4 KNm
M
B
+ 4M
C
= - 522
B
4(- 522 - 4M
C
) + M
C
= - 522
- 2088 - 16 M
C
+ M
C
= - 522
15 M
C
= - 1566
M
B
( 6 / I ) + 2M
C
( 6 / I + 6 / I ) + M
D
( 6 / I ) = - [ 6 x 396 x 3 / ( I

x

6 ) ] - [ 6 x 648 x 3 / ( I

x 6) ]
6M
B
+ 24M
C
+ 6M
D
= - [ 1188 ] - [ 1944 ]
M
B
+ 4M
C
= - 522
4M
B
+ M
C
= - 522
( 99 - 52 = 47 KNm )
.( 2 )
B
M
B
( 6 / I ) + 2M
C
( 6 / I + 6 / I ) + M
D
( 6 / I ) = - [ 6 x 648 x 3 / ( I

x

6 ) ] - [ 6 x 396 x 3 / ( I

x 6) ]
6M
B
+ 24M
C
+ 6M
D
= - [ 1944 ] - [ 1188 ]
.( 2 )
.( 1 )
A
3
= ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h
3
( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 99
M
B
( L
2
/ I
2
) + 2M
C
( L
2
/ I
2
+ L
3
/ I
3
) + M
D
( L
3
/ I
3
) = - 6 A
2
a
2
/ ( I
2
L
2
) -6 A
3
a
3
/ ( I
3
L
3
)
( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 99
a
2
= 3 m
M
B
( L
2
/ I
2
) + 2M
C
( L
2
/ I
2
+ L
3
/ I
3
) + M
D
( L
3
/ I
3
) = - 6 A
2
a
2
/ ( I
2
L
2
) -6 A
3
a
3
/ ( I
3
L
3
)
A
2
= ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h
2
22 KN / m
D
22 KN / m
99
B
36 KN / m
6 m
A
B
104
162
( - )
( + )
( - )
( + )
110
104
X dist. 48.67
6 - X dist. 83.33
48.67 x 12 + V
B
x 6 - 36 x 6 x 3 - 22 x 6 x 9 = - 104
V
B
+ 83.33 = 191.33
V
C
+ V
D
= 36 x 6
V
C
= 216 - 90.67
V
C
= 125.33 KN
M
C
= - 104 KNm
V
D
x 6 -36 x 6 x 3 = -104
V
D
= 90.67 KN
V
B
= 83.33 KN X = 2.21 m
V
C
+ 83.33 = 191.33
48.67 x 12 + V
C
x 6 - 36 x 6 x 3 - 22 x 6 x 9 = -104
M
B
= - 104 KNm
V
A
x 6 -22 x 6 x 3 = -104
V
A
= 48.67 KN
V
A
+ V
B
= 22 x 6 83.33 X = 48.67 ( 6 - X )
V
B
= 132 - 48.67 132 X = 292.02
( c ) The elastic moment at any section in a member due to a
particular combination of loads shall not be reduced by more
than 30 % of the numerically largest moment given anywhere by
the elastic maximum moments diagram for the particular
member , covering all appropriate combination of loads.
IS 456-2000 ,Clause 23.1.2 Effective width of flange -
IS 456-2000 ,Clause 37.1.1 Redistribution of moments in
Continuous Beams and Frames -
( b ) The ultimate moment of resistance provided at any section of a
member is not less than 70 percent of the moment at that section
obtained from an elastic maximum moment diagram covering all
48.67
104
90.67
125.33
2.52 m
66
( a ) For T-beams , b
f
= ( l
0
/ 6 ) + b
w
+ 6 D
f
( b ) For L-beams , b
f
= ( l
0
/ 12 ) + b
w
+ 3 D
f
NOTE - For continuous beams and frames , ' l
0
' may be
assumed as 0.7 times the effective span.
l
0
= distance between points of zero moments in the beam ,
100 A
s
/ b d = 100 x 0.85 / 250 = 0.34
A
s
f
y
2
.
Structural Members
100 A
s
/ b d = 100 x 0.85 / 415 = 0.205
100 A
s
/ b d = 100 x 0.85 / 500 = 0.17
Table 6-3
lim
, N / mm
2
550
1.94
2.58
3.23
3.87
f
y
, N / mm
2
=
= 396
M
A
( L
1
/ I
1
) + 2M
B
( L
1
/ I
1
+ L
2
/ I
2
) + M
C
( L
2
/ I
2
) = - 6 A
1
a
1
/ ( I
1
L
1
) -6 A
2
a
2
/ ( I
2
L
2
)
A
1
= ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h
1
A
2
= ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h
1
( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 162 ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 99
Case ( c ) Maximum positive moment in span AB and CD
6M
A
+ 24M
B
+ 6M
C
= - [ 1944 ] - [ 1188 ]
4M
B
+ M
C
= - 522 As M
A
= 0 .( 1 )
M
A
( 6 / I ) + 2M
B
( 6 / I + 6 / I ) + M
C
( 6 / I ) = - [ 6 x 648 x 3 / ( I

x

6 ) ] - [ 6 x 396 x 3 / ( I

x 6) ]
a
2
= 3 m
22 KN / m
36 KN / m
6 m
6 m
C D
36 KN / m 22 KN / m
99
B
B C
=
= 648
M
B
= - 104.4 KNm
Moment in span BC = ( 104 - 99 ) = 5 KNm
C
into Equation ( 1 )
4M
B
+ ( - 104.4 ) = - 522
M
C
= - 104.4 KNm
( 162 - 52 = 110 KNm )
M
B
+ 4M
C
= - 522 .( 2 )
B
4(- 522 - 4M
C
) + M
C
= - 522
- 2088 - 16 M
C
+ M
C
= - 522
M
B
( 6 / I ) + 2M
C
( 6 / I + 6 / I ) + M
D
( 6 / I ) = - [ 6 x 396 x 3 / ( I

x

6 ) ] - [ 6 x 648 x 3 / ( I

x 6) ]
6M
B
+ 24M
C
+ 6M
D
= - [ 1188 ] - [ 1944 ]
M
B
+ 4M
C
= - 522 As M
D
= 0 .( 2 )
4M
B
+ M
C
= - 522 .( 1 )
( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 99 ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 162
a
3
= 3 m
M
B
( L
2
/ I
2
) + 2M
C
( L
2
/ I
2
+ L
3
/ I
3
) + M
D
( L
3
/ I
3
) = - 6 A
2
a
2
/ ( I
2
L
2
) -6 A
3
a
3
/ ( I
3
L
3
)
A
2
= ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h
2
A
3
= ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h
3
22 KN / m 36 KN / m
162
C
C D
22 KN / m
36 KN / m
6 m
6 m
C D
104 104
99
162
- )
( - )
( + )
104
( - )
( + )
110
5.0

X dist. 90.67
6 - X dist. 125.33
V
B
= 191.33 KN
V
B
= 66 KN
90.67 x 12 + V
B
x 6 - 36 x 6 x 9 - 22 x 6 x 3 = - 104
V
B
+ 125.33 = 191.33
V
C
+ 125.33 = 191.33
V
C
= 66 KN
M
C
= - 104 KNm
M
B
= - 104 KNm
V
D
x 6 -36 x 6 x 3 = -104 90.67 x 12 + V
C
x 6 - 22 x 6 x 3 - 36 x 6 x 9 = -104
V
c
= 191.33 KN
V
A
+ V
B
= 36 x 6 125.33 X =90.67 ( 6 - X )
V
B
= 216 - 90.67 216 X = 544.02
V
B
= 125.33 KN X = 2.52 m
M
B
= - 104 KNm
V
A
x 6 -36 x 6 x 3 = -104
V
A
= 90.67 KN
104
125.33
90.67
125.33
66
( 162 - 52 = 110 KNm )
Material
3.45 KN / m
KN / m
Depth required = M / Q b
= 452 mm
OR
M
u
/ b d
2
= M
u,lim
=
= 1.71 = 135.42 KNm
f
y
/ f
ck
250 / 15
= 0.93
A
st
=
=
= 47.71 O
=
= 954 mm
and reinforcement anchorages are also available.
M15 grade concrete
mild steel reinforcement.
( Given )
Design of Cantilever Beam
Span = 3 m
Characteristic U.D.L. = 12 KN /m
Assume that sufficient safety against overturning is there
Total load = 12 + 3.45 = 15.45
Factored load = 1.5 x 15.45 = 23.2 KN / m
Solution : -
Assume an initial trial section of 230 mm x 600 mm overall depth to consider self-weight.
The self-weight = 0.23 x 0.6 x 25 =
( From Table 6-3 ) = ( 104.4 x 10
6
) / ( 2.22 x 230 )
Using one layer of 20 mm O bars and overall depth of 550 mm
d = 550 - 25 - 10 = 515 mm
Factored S.F. = w x = 23.2 x 3 = 69.6 KN
Factored B.M. = w x
2
/ 2 = 23.2 x 3
2
/ 2 = 104.4 KNm
< 2.22 ( Table 6-3 )
= 104.4 x 10
6
/ ( 230 x 515
2
)
2.22 x 230 x 515
2
x 10
-6
P
t
= 50
1 - 1 - ( 4.6 / 15 ) x ( 1.71

)
M
u
< M
u,lim
The section is singly reinforced ( under-reinforced )
P
t
= 50
1 - 1 - ( 4.6 / f
ck
) x ( M
u
/ bd
2
)
V
u
= 69.6 KN
anchorage of 1200 mm . If in some case the bars are to be bent e.g. anchored in
( 0.93 / 100 ) x 230 x 515 = 1102 mm
2
Provide 4 - 20 mm O giving A
st
= 4 x 314 = 1256 mm
2
.
Check for development length :
L
d
= 1102 / 1256 = 55 O ( From Table 7-6 )
( From Table 7-5 )
O ( 0.87 x 250 x 1102 ) / ( 1256 x 4 x 1.0 )
47.71 x 20
column , the bearing stress around the bend has to be checked as discussed
in the next example .
Check for shear :
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.1
d
= O
s
/ 4 x
bd
The bar shall extend into the support for a straight length of 954 mm . Provide
104.4 KNm
V
u
/ bd
=
= 0.588 N / mm
2
= 1.06
0.61
N / mm
2
>
v
=
=
= 132.4 mm
< 9.8
=
= 300 mm
Design of Cantilever Beam
A cantilever rectangular bracket projects from a column of size 230 mm x 500 mm
0.87 A
sv
f
y
/ 0.4 b
0.25 difference
0.19 difference design ( permissible ) shear strength
c
=
Actual shear strength
v
=
69.6 x 10
3
/ ( 230 x 515 )
100 x A
s
/ b d = ( 100 x 1256 ) / ( 230 x 515 ) ( From IS 456-2000 , table 19 table 7-1 )
( iii ) 132.4 mm ( minimum )
Check for deflection :
( i ) 450 mm
( ii ) 0.75 d = 0.75 x 515 = 386 mm
0.87 x 56 x 250 / 0.4 x 230
Provide minimum shear reinforcement . For 230 mm wide beam ,
spacing should not exceed
From IS 456-2000 clause 26.5.1.6
Spacing of minimum shear reinforcement using 6 O stirrups
Basic span / d ratio = 7
100 A
st
/ b d = 100 x 1256 / 230 x 515 = 1.06
modification factor = 1.4 IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-4 ,for tension reinforcement
( iv ) 569.2 mm ( designed )
Provide 6 mm O two-legged stirrups @ 130 mm c/c
The design beam is shown in fig.
Span / d permissible = 7 x 1.4 = 9.8
Actual span / d = 3000 / 515 = 5.83 ( safe )
Check for cracking (spacing of bars ) :
Maximum clear distance permitted
( cracking - table 8-1 , IS 456-2000 , table 15 ) ( safe )
Clear distance between bars
( 230 - 50 - 4 x 20 ) / 3 = 10 mm
6 O @ 130 c/c
Fixed end
support
1200 3000
2-12 O
4 -20 O
v v v v
v v
230
550
Stirrups 6 O @ 130 c/c
Material
V
u
=
M
u
=
OR
= 517 mm M
u,lim
=
M
u
/ b d
2
= = 127.26 KNm
= 1.46
f
y
/ f
ck
415 / 15
= 0.464
A
st
=
0.87 x f
y
330.5
N / mm
2
=
= 51.64 O
=
= 826 mm
a = 82 mm for internal bar ( centre to centre distance between bar ) ( = ( 230 - 50 - 3 x 16 ) / 2 + 16 = 82 mm )
= 1.5 x 15 / [ 1 + ( 2 x 16 / 41 ) ]
O = 16 mm
= 25 + 16 = 41 mm for external bar . ( = cover + dia of bar )
The bearing stress is critical in external bar . Check for this stress for a = 41 mm.
Design bearing stress = 1.5 x f
ck
/ [1 + ( 2O/a ) ]
d
= O
s
/ 4 x
bd
O 330.5 / ( 4 x 1.6 )
51.64 x 16
The arrangement of anchoring the bars is shown in fig. and is equivalent to an anchorage
of 1127 mm. The bearing stress inside the bend is now checked .
d
= O
s
/ 4 x
bd
Provide 16 mm O - 3 No. = 603 mm
2.
Take size of Beam 230 mm x 550 mm overall.
The section is singly reinforced ( under-reinforced ) Beam
Use 2- 10 mm O as bottom anchor bars .
( 0.464 / 100 ) x 230 x 517 = 552 mm
2
d = 550 - 25 ( Cover ) -8
P
t
= 50
1 - 1 - ( 4.6 / 15 ) x ( 1.46 )
P
t
= 50
1 - 1 - ( 4.6 / f
ck
) x ( M
u
/ bd
2
)
( b ) Check for development length :
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.1
2.07 x 230 x 517
2
x 10
-6
90 x 10
6
/ ( 230 x 517
2
)
< 2.07 ( Table 6-3 ) M
u
< M
u,lim
Solution : -
w x = 20 x 3 = 60 KN
w x
2
/ 2 = 20 x 3
2
/ 2 = 90 KNm
( a ) Moment steel :
Assuming 16 mm diameter bars in one layer
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.1 ( From Table 7-5 )
Stress in bar
s
= = 0.87 x 415 x 552 / 603 =
(
bd
= 1.6 x 1 = 1.6 N / mm
2
in the direction of 500 mm for a length of 3 m
Factored load of 20 KN / m inclusive of self - weight
M15 grade concrete
HYSD reinforcement of grade Fe415 .
550
33
=
= 12.64
N / mm
2
= 160 N / mm
2
F
bt
=
=
=
The arrangement is thus satisfactory.
V
u
/ bd
=
= 0.505 N / mm
2
= 0.507
0.46
N / mm
2
<
v
OR
= = 5.35
= 60 - 54.699
= 5.3 KN
=
= 1188 mm
=
=
= 132.4 mm
( d ) Check for deflection :
( i ) 450 mm
( ii ) 0.75 d = 0.75 x 517 = 388 mm
( iv ) 1188 mm ( designed )
shear design is necessary .
At support , V
us
= V
u
-
c
b d
60 - 0.46 x 230 x 517 x 10
-3
Using 6 mm O ( mild steel ) Two legged stirrups , A
sv
= 28 x 2 = 56 mm
2
.
From IS 456-2000 clause 26.5.1.6
0.87 A
sv
f
y
/ 0.4 b
0.87 x 56 x 250 / 0.4 x 230
0.25 difference
design ( permissible ) shear strength
c
= 0.243 difference
Provide minimum shear reinforcement . For 230 mm wide beam ,
V
us
= ( 0.505 - 0.46 ) x 230 x 517 x10
-3
f
y
= 250 N / mm
2
S
v
= 0.87 f
y
A
sv
d / V
us
0.87 x 250 x 56 x 517 / 5.3 x 10
3
( c )Check for shear :
V
u
= 60 KN
v
=
60 x 10
3
/ ( 230 x 517 )
100 x A
s
160 x 201 x 10
-3
= 32.16 KN ( area of 16 O bar = 201 mm
2
)
Bearing stress = F
bt
/ r O
32.16 x 10
3
/ 180 x 16
11.16 N / mm
2
< 12.64 N /mm
2
..( safe )
At the centre of bend , the anchorage available = 279 + 147 = 426 mm
Stress in bar at centre of the bend = 330.5 x ( 826 - 426 ) / 826
22.5 / 1.78
550
< 8.4
=
=
= 180 mm
20 + 5 = 25 mm or 16 mm ( O of bar ) i.e. 25 mm .
Minimum clear distance permitted
( e ) Check for cracking (spacing of bars ) :
( safe )
( 230 - 50 - 3 x 16 ) / 2 = 66 mm
( cracking - table 8-1 , IS 456-2000 , table 15 )
h
agg
+ 5 mm =
100 A
st
/ b d = 100 x 603 / 230 x 517 = 0.507
modification factor = 1.2 IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-4 ,for tension reinforcement
Span / d permissible = 7 x 1.2 = 8.4
279
295
295
108
150
internal radius
r = 180
r
r
500
3000 mm
2-10 O
3-16 O
50
550
Stirrups
6 mm O @ 130 mm c/c
M15 M20 M25 M30 M35
Assume an initial trial section of 230 mm x 600 mm overall depth to consider self-weight.
2.22 x 230 x 515
2
x 10
-6
IS 456-2000 , Table 19
Table 7-1
Design shear strength of concrete ,
C
, N / mm2
P
t
=
100 x
A
s

Concrete grade
3 m
23.2 KN /m
69.6 KN
-
104.4 KNm
0.15
0.28 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29
0.25 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.37
0.50 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.50
0.75 0.54 0.56 0.57 0.59 0.59
0.04 1.00 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.67
? -0.0304 1.25 0.64 0.67 0.70 0.71 0.73
1.50 0.68 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78
1.75 0.71 0.75 0.78 0.80 0.82
2.00 0.71 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.86
2.25 0.71 0.81 0.85 0.88 0.90
2.50 0.71 0.82 0.88 0.91 0.93
2.75 0.71 0.82 0.90 0.94 0.96
3.00 0.71 0.82 0.92 0.96 0.99
6 x
=
( From IS 456-2000 , table 19 table 7-1 )
( safe )
The above given table is based on the following formula
c
= 0.85 0.8 x f
ck
( 1 + 5 x - 1 )
0.8 x f
ck
/ 6.89 P
t
v
v
4-20 O
2-12 O
( given )
( = ( 230 - 50 - 3 x 16 ) / 2 + 16 = 82 mm )
IS 456-2000 Clause 26.2.2.5 Bearing stresses at bends
The bearing stress in concrete for bends and hooks described in IS : 2502-1963
need not be checked . The bearing stress inside a bend in any other bend shall be
calculated as given below :
The arrangement of anchoring the bars is shown in fig. and is equivalent to an anchorage
2.07 x 230 x 517
2
x 10
-6
33 33
82 82
16 25
Where ,
Where,
0.08
? -0.0778
KN
V
us
= ( 0.505 - 0.46 ) x 230 x 517 x10
-3
O = size of the bar or , in bundle , the size of bar of equivalent area
For Limit state method of design , this stress shall not exceed 1.5 f
ck
/ [ ( 1+ 2O/a ) ]
a is the centre to centre distance between bars or group of bars , for a bar or group
of bars adjacent to the face of the member a shall be taken as the cover plus size of
bar ( O )
f
ck
is the characteristic strength of concrete and
r = internal radius of the bend , and
Bearing stress = F
bt
/ r O
F
bt
= tensile force due to design loads in a bar or group of bars,
230
16 25
( safe )
230
2-10 O
3-16 O
M40
IS 456-2000 , Table 19
Table 7-1
C
, N / mm2
Concrete grade
0.30
0.38
0.51
0.60
0.68
0.74
0.79
0.84
0.88
0.92
0.95
0.98
1.01
0.85 0.8 x f
ck
( 1 + 5 x - 1 )
0.8 x f
ck
/ 6.89 P
t
IS 456-2000 Clause 26.2.2.5 Bearing stresses at bends
O = size of the bar or , in bundle , the size of bar of equivalent area
For Limit state method of design , this stress shall not exceed 1.5 f
ck
/ [ ( 1+ 2O/a ) ]
a is the centre to centre distance between bars or group of bars , for a bar or group
of bars adjacent to the face of the member a shall be taken as the cover plus size of
bar ( O )
F
bt
= tensile force due to design loads in a bar or group of bars,
( simply supported rectangular beam )
( Given )
Material
Total 43.45 KN / m
Factored load = 1.5 x 43.45 = 65.18 KN / m
M
u
=
w x
2
/ 8
=
= 203.688 KNm
V
u
= w x / 2
=
= 162.95 KN
OR
= 545 mm M
u,lim
=
= 141.41 KNm
= 2.98
M
u,lim
= = 141.41 KNm
M
u2
= = = 62.28 KNm
d' / d = 40 / 545
= 0.07
=
= 349
mm
2
=
= 341.2
mm
2
=
=
= 900 mm
2
Design of Simply supported Doubly reinforced Beam
Span = 5 m
super-imposed load = 40 KN / m
Beam section = 230 mm x 600 mm
M15 grade concrete
Solution : -
Let the compression reinforcement be provided at an effective cover of 40 mm .
DL of beam 0.23 x 0.60 x 25 = 3.45 KN / m
super-imposed load = 40 KN / m
65.18 x 5
2
/ 8
65.18 x 5 / 2
d = 600 - 25 ( Cover ) - 20 - 10
2.07 x 230 x 545
2
x 10
-6
2.07 x 230 x 545
2
x 10
-6
M
u
- M
u,lim
203.69 - 141.41
> 2.07 ( Table 6-3 ) M
u
> M
u,lim
Assuming 20 mm diameter bars in two layer
M
u
/ b d
2
= 203.69 x 10
6
/ ( 230 x 545
2
)
consider d' / d = 0.1 .
The section is Doubly reinforced ( over-reinforced )
A
st,lim
= M
u,lim
/ ( 0.87 f
y
( d - 0.42 X
u,max
) )
141.41 x 10
6
/ ( 0.87 x 415 ( 545 - 0.42 x 0.48 x 545 ) )
Stress in compression steel , f
sc
= 353 N / mm
2
( refer to table 6-6 )
A
sc
= M
u2
/ ( f
sc
x ( d - d' ) )
62.28 x 10
6
/ 353 ( 545 - 40 )
Corresponding tension steel
A
st2
= A
sc
f
sc
/ 0.87 f
y
349 x 353 / ( 0.87 x 415 )
141.46 x 10
6
/ 361.05 ( 435.13 )
=
= 1241.2 mm
2
Provide
A
sc
= 2-16 O = 402
mm
2
A
st
= 4-20 O = 1256
mm
2
( all straight )
1625.02 44 O
O 36.93 mm
V
u
= 162.95 KN
V
u
/ bd
=
= 1.3 N / mm
2
= 1.0
0.6
N / mm
2
<
v
V
u
=
=
=
= 307 mm
=
=
= 392.4 mm
( i ) 450 mm
( ii ) 0.75 d = 0.75 x 545 = 408 mm
( iv ) 307 mm ( designed )
From IS 456-2000 clause 26.5.1.6
Spacing of minimum shear reinforcement using 8 mm O stirrups
0.87 A
sv
f
y
/ 0.4 b
0.87 x 100 x 415 / 0.4 x 230
checking shear at support . At 545 mm , shear is equal to
162.95 - 0.545 x 43.45 = 139.27 KN
V
us
= V
u
-
c
b d
139.27 - 0.6 x 230 x 545 x 10
-3
= 64.06 KN
Assuming 8 mm O two - legged stirrups , A
sv
= 100 mm
2
, f
y
= 415 N / mm
2
.
S
v
= 0.87 f
y
A
sv
d / V
us
0.87 x 415 x 100 x 545 / 64.06 x 10
3
162.95 x 10
3
/ ( 230 x 545 )
100 x A
s
c
=
As the ends are confined with compressive reaction , shear at distance d will be used for
( c ) Check for shear
v
=
Assume L
0
= 12 O
1.3 x M
1
/ V + L
0
L
d
O
provided
= 20 mm ..( safe )
L
d
= 56 O ( From Table 7-6 )
1.3 x 203.69 x 10
6
/ 162.95 x 10
3
+12 O 56 O
A
st
= A
st,lim
+ A
st2
.
900 + 341.2 mm
2
As all the bars are taken into support , M
u1
may be taken as M
u
.
=
=
= 50.45 + 75.21
= 125.66 KN
=
=
= 180 mm
( cracking - table 8-1 , IS 456-2000 , table 15 ) ( safe )
( 230 - 50 - 4 x 20 ) / 3 = 10 mm
100 A
sc
/ b d = 100 x 402 / 230 x 545 = 0.32
modification factor = 1.08 IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-5 ,for compression reinforcement
h
agg
+ 5 mm = 20 + 5 = 25 mm or 20 mm ( O of bar ) i.e. 25 mm .
( d ) Check for cracking (spacing of bars ) :
No. of stirrups = ( 858 / 300 ) + 1 = 3.86 say 4
Provide 8 mm O two-legged stirrups @ 300 mm c/c upto 4 no. from face of the support
and 8 mm O @ 390 mm c/c in remaining central portion .
Span / d permissible = 20 x 0.97 x 1.08 = 20.95
100 A
st
/ b d = 100 x 1256 / 230 x 545 = 1.0
Designed shear reinforcement is required from face of the support upto the
Minimum shear reinforcement of 8 mm O @ 390 mm c/c will be used .
At support provide 8 mm O @ 300 mm c/c .
Shear resistance of beam with minimum shear reinforcement
( 0.87 f
y
A
sv
d / S
v
)+
c
b d
(0.87 x 415 x 100 x 545 x 10
-3
/ 390 ) + 0.6 x 230 x 545 x 10
-3
162.95 - 125.66 / 43.45 = 0.858 m
distance equal to
230
600 545
2-16 O
4- 20 O
600
5000 c/c
2-16 O
4- 20 O ( straight ) 600
DIA
NO.
SPA.
8 O 8 O 8 O
4 4 rest
300 300 390
bearing
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
217 217 217 217
355 353 342 329
424 412 395 370
458 441 419 380
where ,
2.07 x 230 x 545
2
x 10
-6
Table 6-6
STRESS IN COMPRESSION REINFORCEMENT fsc ,
N / mm
2
IN DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS
d ' / d
f
y
N / mm
2
250
415
500
550
If X
u
< X
u,max
the section is under-reinforced ( singly reinforced )
If X
u
= X
u,max
the section is balanced
If X
u
> X
u,max
the section is over-reinforced ( doubly reinforced )
X
u,max
= 0.53 x d ( for Fe250 mild steel )
X
u,max
= 0.48 x d ( for Fe415 HYSD steel )
X
u,max
X
u,max
X
u
=( 0.87 f
y
A
st
) / ( 0.36 f
ck
b )
If M
u
> M
u
,
lim
: design the section either increasing the dimensions of section or deign as
Over reinforced section ( doubly-reinforced beam ).The additional moment of resistance M
u2

needed is obtained by providing compression( top ) reinforcement and additional tensile
reinforcement. M
u2
= M
u
- M
u
,
lim
as explained below .
A
st,lim
= M
u,lim
/ ( 0.87 f
y
( d - 0.42 X
u,max
) )
A
sc
= M
u2
/ ( f
sc
x ( d - d' ) )
A
st2
= A
sc
f
sc
/ 0.87 f
y
A
st
= A
st,lim
+ A
st2
.
As the ends are confined with compressive reaction , shear at distance d will be used for
( safe )
IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-5 ,for compression reinforcement
Provide 8 mm O two-legged stirrups @ 300 mm c/c upto 4 no. from face of the support
If X
u
< X
u,max
If X
u
> X
u,max
If M
u
> M
u
,
lim
u2

reinforcement. M
u2
= M
u
- M
u
,
lim
( simply supported rectangular beam )
Material ( Given )
M
u
=
w x
2
/ 8
=
= 135 KNm
V
u
= w x / 2
=
= 90 KN
OR
= 565 mm M
u,lim
=
M
u
/ b d
2
= = 151.983 KNm
= 1.84
f
y
/ f
ck
415 / 15
= 0.614
A
st
=
Provide 16 mm O - 4 No. = 804 mm
2.
Let 2 bars are bent at 1.25 D = 1.25 x 600 = 750 mm , from the face of the support .
( 1 ) A bar can be bent up at a distance greater than L
d
= 56 O ( Table 7-6 )
From the centre of the support , i.e. 56 x 16 = 896 mm .
P
t
= 50
1 - 1 - ( 4.6 / f
ck
) x ( M
u
/ bd
2
)
1 - 1 - ( 4.6 / 15 ) x ( 1.84

)
P
t
= 50
( 0.614 / 100 ) x 230 x 565 = 798 mm
2
As per IS 456-2000 clause 26.5.1.1 ( a )
Minimum steel , A
s
= ( 0.205 / 100 ) x 230 x 565 = 266 mm
2
From Table 6-4
A
st,lim
= 0.72 / 100 x 230 x 565 = 936 mm
2
.
30 x 6 / 2
Assuming 20 mm diameter bars in one layer
d = 600 - 25 ( Cover ) -10
< 2.07 ( Table 6-3 )
The section is singly reinforced ( under-reinforced )
Span = 6 m
characteristic load = 20 KN / m inclusive of its self-weight
Design of Simply supported Singly reinforced Beam
Solution : -
30 x 6
2
/ 8
Beam section = 230 mm x 600 mm
M15 grade concrete
The beam is resting on R.C.C. columns.
Factored load = 1.5 x 20 = 30 KN /m.
135 x 10
6
/ ( 230 x 565
2
)
2.07 x 230 x 565
2
x 10
-6
M
u
< M
u,lim
=
= 82.01 x 0.91
= 74.99 KNm
V
u
= 90 KN ,
1083.19 44 O
O 24.62 mm
V
u
/ bd
=
= 0.562 N / mm
2
= 0.309
0.376
N / mm
2
<
v
OR
= = 24.17
= 73.05 - 48.86
= 24.19 KN
=
= 102.6 KN
=
= 569.2 mm
( 0.87 f
y
A
sv
sin )
Stirrups share 50 % = 12.09 KN
From IS 456-2000 clause 26.5.1.6
S
v
= 0.87 f
y
A
sv
d / V
us
0.87 x 250 x 56 x 565 / 12.09 x 10
3
v
=
73.05 x 10
3
/ ( 230 x 565 )
Capacity of bent bars to resist shear
2 x 201 x 0.87 x 415 x sin 45 x 10
-3
Bent bars share 50 % = 12.09 KN
V
us
= ( 0.562 - 0.376 ) x 230 x 565 x10
-3
V
u
= 90 - 0.565 x w = 90 - 0.565 x 30 = 73.05 KN
shear design is necessary .
At support , V
us
= V
u
-
c
b d
73.05 - 0.376 x 230 x 565 x 10
-3
100 x A
s
/ b d = ( 100 x 402 ) / ( 230 x 565 )
0.25 difference
0.191 difference
Using 6 mm O ( mild steel ) Two legged stirrups , A
sv
= 28 x 2 = 56 mm
2
.
c
=
0.87 x 415 x 402 x 565 ( 1 - [ ( 415 x 402 ) / ( 15 x 230 x 565 ) ] ) x 10
-6
will be used for checking shear at support.
L
0
= 12 O ( assume )
As the reinforcement is confined by compressive reaction
1.3 x M
1
/ V + L
0
L
d
As the ends of the reinforcement are confined with compressive reaction , shear at distance d
1.3 x 74.99 x 10
6
/ 90 x 10
3
+12 O 56 O
O
provided
= 16 mm ..( safe )
At support , V
u
= 90 KN
in this case , the distance is ( 3000 - 750 ) = 2250 mm .( safe )
( 2 ) For the remaining bars , A
st
= 402 mm
2
M
u1
= 0.87 f
y
A
st
d ( 1 - [( f
y
A
st
) / ( f
ck
b d ) ] )
( c ) Check for shear :
=
=
= 132.4 mm
( iv ) 569.2 mm ( designed )
=
= 67.5 - 48.86
= 18.64 KN
=
=
= 180 mm
100 A
st
/ b d = 100 x 804 / 230 x 565 = 0.62
Span / d permissible = 20 x 1.1 = 22
( safe ) Actual span / d = 6000 / 565 = 10.62
0.87 A
sv
f
y
/ 0.4 b
0.87 x 56 x 250 / 0.4 x 230
( i ) 450 mm
( ii ) 0.75 d = 0.75 x 565 = 423 mm
( d ) Check for cracking (spacing of bars ) :
At 1.25 D = 750 mm from face of the support where contribution of bent bars is not available
V
u
= 90 - 0.75 x w = 90 - 0.75 x 30 = 67.5 KN
V
us
= V
u
-
c
b d
67.5 - 0.376 x 230 x 565 x 10
-3
Provide minimum 6 mm O M.S. two -legged stirrups @ 130 mm c/c throught the beam.
( safe ) ( cracking - table 8-1 , IS 456-200 , table 15 )
230 - 50 - 2 x 16 = 148 mm
h
agg
+ 5 mm = 20 + 5 = 25 mm or 16 mm ( O of bar ) i.e. 25 mm .
230
600 565
2-10 O
4- 16 O
750
6000 c/c
2-10 O
4- 16 O ( 2 straight +
2 bent )
6 mm O @ 130 mm c/c
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
2.75
3.00
6 mm O @ 130 mm c/c
N / mm
2
250
415
500
( 2 ) For a given factored moment ,width and depth of section .
f
y
/ f
ck
where ,
To find steel area
Consider width of the beam equal to 230 mm. The depth may be assumed
as 1 / 10 to 1 / 8 of the span.
X
u,max
Limiting Moment of Resistance and Reinforcement
Index for Singly Reinforced Rectangular Sections
Table 6-2
A
sc
= M
u2
/ ( f
sc
x ( d - d' ) )
A
st2
= A
sc
f
sc
/ 0.87 f
y
A
st
= A
st,lim
+ A
st2
.
If X
u
= X
u,max
the section is balanced
X
u,max
X
u
=( 0.87 f
y
A
st
) / ( 0.36 f
ck
b )
If X
u
> X
u,max
If X
u
< X
u,max
X
u,max
X
u,max
= 0.53 x d ( for Fe250 mild steel )
If M
u
> M
u
,
lim
u2

reinforcement. M
u2
= M
u
- M
u
,
lim
d = M
u
/ Q
lim
b
Obtain M
u
,
lim
= Q
lim
bd
2
.
This is a balanced section and steel area may be found out from table P
t
,
lim
, SP : 16 ,2.3
2.07 x 230 x 565
2
x 10
-6
( 1 ) For a given ultimate moment ( also known as factored moment )
and assumed width of section , find out d from equation
If M
u
< M
u
,
lim
A
st,lim
= M
u,lim
/ ( 0.87 f
y
( d - 0.42 X
u,max
) )
1 - 1 - ( 4.6 / f
ck
) x ( M
u
/ bd
2
)
P
t
= 50
If M
u
= M
u
,
lim
: design as balanced section as explained in ( 1 ).
250 415 500 550
0.148 0.138 0.133 0.129
21.93 19.86 19.03 18.2
250 415 500 550
15 2.22 2.07 2.00 1.94
20 2.96 2.76 2.66 2.58
25 3.70 3.45 3.33 3.23
30 4.44 4.14 3.99 3.87
250 415 500 550
15 1.32 0.72 0.57 0.50
20 1.75 0.96 0.76 0.66
25 2.19 1.20 0.95 0.83
0.11 30 2.63 1.44 1.14 0.99
? -0.084
KN 26.5.1 Beams
26.5.1.1 Tension Reinforcement
where ,
For mild steel
V
us
= ( 0.562 - 0.376 ) x 230 x 565 x10
-3
As the ends of the reinforcement are confined with compressive reaction , shear at distance d
Minimum steel %
A
s
/ b d = 0.85 / f
y
A
s
d = effective depth , and
f
y
2
.
Structural Members
Table 6-4
Limiting Percentage of Reinforcement P
t,lim
f
ck

N / mm
2
f
y
, N / mm
2
P
t,lim
f
y
/ f
ck
Table 6-3
lim
, N / mm
2
f
ck

N / mm
2
f
y
, N / mm
2
f
y
, N / mm
2
M
u,lim
/ f
ck
b d
2
Concrete
grade M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40
(
bd

N / mm
2
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.9
s
= 0.87 x f
y
s
= 0.67 x f
y
M15 M20 M15 M20
250 55 O 26 O 44 O 37 O
415 56 O 47 O 45 O 38 O
500 69 O 58 O 54 O 46 O
check for shear
L
d
M
1
/ V + L
0
if ends of the reinforcement are confined by a compressive
reaction M1 / V increased by 30 % ( 1.3 M1 / V )
Table 7-6
L
0
= effective depth of the members or 12 O , whichever is greater
O
s
/ 4 x
bd
IS 456-200 clause 26.2.1.1
Table 7-5
Design bond stress (
bd
) for plain bars in tension
Note-1 :
bd
shall be increased by 25 % for bars in compression
At 1.25 D = 750 mm from face of the support where contribution of bent bars is not available
check for development length
( safe )
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.1
0

Development length for single mild steel bars
f
y
N /
mm2
Tension bars Compression bars
Note-2 : In case of deformed bars confirming to IS : 1786-1985 ,
the value of
bd
shall be increased by 60 %.
For mild steel Fe250
For Fe415
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.3.3
d
=
100 A
s
/ b d = 100 x 0.85 / 250 = 0.34
100 A
s
/ b d = 100 x 0.85 / 415 = 0.205
100 A
s
/ b d = 100 x 0.85 / 500 = 0.17
M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40
0.15 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.30
0.25 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.38
0.50 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.50 0.51
0.75 0.54 0.56 0.57 0.59 0.59 0.60
1.00 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.67 0.68
1.25 0.64 0.67 0.70 0.71 0.73 0.74
1.50 0.68 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.79
1.75 0.71 0.75 0.78 0.80 0.82 0.84
2.00 0.71 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88
2.25 0.71 0.81 0.85 0.88 0.90 0.92
2.50 0.71 0.82 0.88 0.91 0.93 0.95
2.75 0.71 0.82 0.90 0.94 0.96 0.98
3.00 0.71 0.82 0.92 0.96 0.99 1.01
6 x
=
Concrete
grade M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40
2.5 2.8 3.1 3.5 3.7 4.0
where,
A
sv
=
S
v
=
b =
f
y
=
7
20 simply supported
check for deflection
Basic values of span to effective depth ratios for spans upto 10 m :
cantilever
characteristic strength of the stirrup reinforcement in N / mm
2
Minimum shear reinforcement in the form of stirrups shall be provided
such that : A
sv
/ b s
v
0.4 / 0.87 f
y
which shall not be taken greater than 415 N / mm
2
.
total cross-sectional area of stirrup legs effective in shear ,
stirrup spacing along the length of the member ,
breadth of the beam or breadth of the web of flanged beam , and
c
= 0.85 0.8 x f
ck
( 1 + 5 x - 1 )
IS 456-2000 Clause 26.5.1.6 Minimum shear reinforcement
(
c
)
max
N/mm
2
Maximum shear stress ,
C
, N / mm2
0.8 x f
ck
/ 6.89 P
t
IS 456-2000 , Table 20
Table 7-2
Concrete grade
P
t
= 100 x A
s

b x d
Table 7-1
C
, N / mm
2
IS 456-2000 , Table 19
26
check for cracking
-30 -15 0 +15 +30
N / mm
2
mm mm mm mm mm
250 215 260 300 300 300
415 125 155 180 210 235
500 105 130 150 175 195
f
y
continuous
For spans above 10 m, the values in (a) may be multiplied by
10 / span in metres , except for cantilever in which case
deflection calculations should be made.
Table 15 Clear distance Between Bars ( Clause
26.3.3 )
% redistribution to or from section considered
IS 456-2000 26.3.3 Maximum distance between bars in tension
Consider width of the beam equal to 230 mm. The depth may be assumed
as 1 / 10 to 1 / 8 of the span.
If M
u
> M
u
,
lim
u2

reinforcement. M
u2
= M
u
- M
u
,
lim
This is a balanced section and steel area may be found out from table P
t
,
lim
, SP : 16 ,2.3
( 1 ) For a given ultimate moment ( also known as factored moment )
If M
u
< M
u
,
lim
If M
u
= M
u
,
lim
: design as balanced section as explained in ( 1 ).
L
0
characteristic strength of the stirrup reinforcement in N / mm
2
Minimum shear reinforcement in the form of stirrups shall be provided
total cross-sectional area of stirrup legs effective in shear ,
breadth of the beam or breadth of the web of flanged beam , and
Factored load 1500kN
About x axis :
For Beam :
=
= 1533.3333
2.07
Beam stiffness
= 1.5 x ( 2.07 x ( 1 / 12 ) x 230 x 620
3
) / 5000
= 2836699 mm
3
= 175238.1 mm
3
=
= 0.0582
as per IS 456-2000 fig. 27
l
ef
/ l =
l
ex
= 1.2 x unsupported length
=
= 7656 mm
l
ex
/ D = 7656/400
= 19.14 > 12
Beam stiffness
Design of slender ( Long ) columns ( with biaxial bending )
Factored.moment in the direction of larger dimension = 40 kNm at top and 22.5 KNm at bottom.
Factored.moment in the direction of shorter dimension = 30 kNm at top and 20 KNm at bottom.
Solution : -
1
and
2
are the same
b
f
= l
0
/ 6 + b
w
+ 6 D
f
0.7 x 5000 / 6 + 230 + 6 x 120
b
f
/ b
w
= 1533.3 / 230 = 6.67
Size of column 400 x 300 mm
Concrete grade M 30
Characteristic strength of reinforcement 415 N/mm
2
Effective length for bending parallel to larger dimension
ex
= 6.0 m
Effective length for bending parallel to shorter dimension
ey
= 5.0 m
Unsupported length = 7.0 m
Column is restrained against sway.
D
f
/ D = 120 / 600 = 0.2
K
t
from chart 88 , SP : 16 =
K
b
= 1.5 x I
b
/ l
Column stiffness
1.2 ( 7000 - 620 )
The column is long about x direction.
About Y axis :
K
c
= I
c
/ l = 1/12 x 230 x 400
3
/ 7000
1
=
2
= K
c
/ ( K
c
+ K
b
)
2 x 175238 / 2 ( 175238 + 2836699 )
1.035 < 1.2 .consider 1.2
=
= 426006 mm
3
= 57938.095 mm
3
=
= 0.1197
as per IS 456-2000 fig. 27
l
ef
/ l =
l
ey
= 1.2 x unsupported length
=
= 7896 mm
l
ey
/ b = 7896/300
= 26.32 > 12
ex
/ D =
= 15.0 > 12
ey
/ b = 5000 / 300
= 16.7 > 12
M
ax
=
=
= 67.5 KNm
M
ay
=
=
= 62.75 KNm
For first trial , assume p = 3.0 ( with reinforcement equally on all the four sides ).
A
g
=
= 120000
mm
2
A
c
=
OR = 116400
mm
2
P
uz
=
= 2700 KN = 1571.4 +
= 2692 KN
P
uz
= 0.45 f
ck
A
c
+ 0.75 f
y
A
sc
P
uz
= 0.45 x 30 x 116400 x 10
-3
+ 0.75 x 415 x 3600 x 10
-3
400 x 300 - 120000*3/100
22.5 x 120000 x 10
-3
Calculation of P
b
:
Assuming 25 mm dia bars with 40 mm cover
d' / D ( about xx-axis ) = 52.5 / 400 = 0.13 use d' / D = 0.15
( P
u
b / 2000 ) x (
ey
/ b )
2
( 1500 x 300 / 2000 ) x (16.7)
2
x 10
-3
The above moments will have to be reduced in accordance with clause 39.7.1.1 of the IS 456-2000
but multiplication factors can be evaluated only if the reinforcement is known.
400 x 300
From chart 63 , p
uz
/ A
g
= 22.5 N/mm
2
The column is bent in double curvature. Reinforcement will be distributed equally on four sides.
6000 / 400
Therefore the column is slender about both the axes.
Additional moments
( P
u
D / 2000 ) x (
ex
/ D )
2
( 1500 x 400 / 2000 ) x (15)
2
x 10
-3
2 x 57938.1 / 2 ( 57938.1 + 426006 )
K
b
= 1.5 x I
b
/ l
1.5 x ( ( 1 / 12 ) x 230 x 420
3
) / 5000
1.06 < 1.2 .consider 1.2
1.2 ( 7000 -420 )
The column is long about Y direction.
Column stiffness
K
c
= I
c
/ l = 1/12 x 400 x 230
3
/ 7000
1
=
2
= K
c
/ ( K
c
+ K
b
)
From Table 60 , SP 16
= 779 KN
= 672 KN
K
x
=
=
=
= 0.625
K
y
=
=
=
= 0.592
M
ax
=
M
ay
=
M
ux
= 15.0 KNm
M
uy
= 10.0 KNm
e
x
= 27.333
e
y
= 24
M
ux
=
M
uy
=
M
ux
= KNm
M
uy
= KNm
= 0.417
p / f
ck
=
( 2700 - 1500 ) / ( 2700 - 779 )
1200 / 1921
( P
uz
- P
u
) / ( P
uz
- P
by
)
( 2700 - 1500 ) / ( 2700 - 672 )
67.5 x 0.625 = 42.2 KNm
62.75 x 0.592 = 37.15 KNm
1200 / 2028
The additional moments calculated earlier , will now be multiplied by the above values of k .
( P
uz
- P
u
) / ( P
uz
- P
bx
)
P
b
( about xx-axis ) = ( k
1
+ k
2
p / f
ck
) f
ck
b D
P
bx
= ( 0.196 + 0.203 x 3 /30 ) 30 x 300 x 400 x10
-3
P
b
( about yy-axis ) = ( k
1
+ k
2
p / f
ck
) f
ck
b D
P
by
= ( 0.184 + 0.028 x 3 /30 ) 30 x 300 x 400 x10
-3
d' / D ( about yy-axis ) = 52.5 / 300 = 0.18 use d' / D = 0.2
after modifying the initial moments as follows ( see note 1 under 39.7.1 of the code IS 456-2000 )
consideration ( see 25.4 of the code ) and greater value is to be taken as the initial moment for
adding the additional moments.
( / 500 ) + ( D / 30 ) = ( 7000 / 500 ) + ( 400 / 30) =
( / 500 ) + ( b / 30 ) = ( 7000 / 500 ) + ( 300 / 30) =
Total moments for which the column is to be designed are :
41.0 + 42.2 = 83.2
36.0 + 37.15 = 73.15
The additional moments due to slenderness effects should be added to the initial moments
( 0.6 x 40 - 0.4 x 22.5 ) =
( 0.6 x 30 - 0.4 x 20 ) =
The above actual moments should be compared with those calculated from minimum eccentricity
Moments due to minimum eccentricity :
1500 x 27.33 x 10
-3
= 41.0 KNm > 15.0 KNm
1500 x 24 x 10
-3
= 36.0 KNm > 10.0 KNm
The section is to be checked for biaxial bending
P
u
/ f
ck
b D = 1500 x 10
3
/ ( 30 x 300 x 400 )
3 / 30 = 0.10
referring to chart 45 (d' / D = 0.15 ) ,
0.104
M
ux1
=
= 149.8 KNm
0.096
M
uy1
=
= 103.7 KNm
83.2 / 149.8 = 0.56
73.15 / 103.7 = 0.71
n
= 1.602
n
= 1.602 0.34
check : ?
M
ux
M
uy
M
ux1
M
uy1
( 0.56 )
+
( 0.71 )
0.395 + 0.577
= 0.972 1
A
s
=
= 3600 mm
2
Ties : -
O
min
= 25 / 4
= 6.25
0.096 x 30 x 400 x 300
2
referring to chart 46 (d' / D = 0.2 ) ,
M
u
/ f
ck
b D
2
=
0.104 x 30 x 300 x 400
2
M
ux
/ M
ux1
=
M
uy
/ M
uy1
=
M
u
/ f
ck
b D
2
=
P
u
/ P
uz
= 1500 / 2700 = 0.56
referring to chart 64 , the maximum allowable value of Mux / Mux1 corresponding to the
value of 0.56 . The assumed reinforcement of 3.0 % is therefore satisfactory.
for P
u
/ P
uz
= 0.56 ,
above values of Muy / Muy1 and Pu / Puz is 0.58 which is slightly higher than the actual
Spacing should not exceed lesser of
..( O.K.)
p x b x D / 100 = 3.0 x 300 x 400 / 100
Provide 25 mm diameter bar ( 3600 / 491 ) = 8 no. = 3928 mm
2
Provide 8 mm O M.S. ties.
From , IS 456-2000 , Clause 39.6
0.2 difference
0.04 difference
+ 1
Note that the distance between corner bars in one face is more than 48 O
tr
( i ) 300 mm
( ii ) 16 x 25 = 400 mm
( iii ) 48 x 8 = 384 mm
Provide 8 mm O M.S. ties @ 300 mm c/c
n
1.602 1.602
500
300
The slenderness ratios
ex
/ I
xx
and
ey
/ I
yy
are respectively 13.2 and 15.6
M
ax
=
=
= 39.2 KNm
M
ay
=
=
= 28 KNm
P
u
= 1000 KN
M
uxx
= M
i
+ k x M
ax
M
i
=
=
= 48 - 24
= 24 KNm
Take , M
i
= 32 KNm
M
u,xx
=
= 63.36 KNm.
Take , M
u,xx
= 80 KNm
P
u
= 1000 KN
M
uyy
= M
i
+ k x M
ay
Unsupported length in both the direction = 5.0 m
( 500 - 80 -25 = 395 > 48 x 8 = 384 ). Therefore two sets of closed ties shall be used .
Note that if this distance would be less than ( 48 x 8 ) mm , open ties for internal bars would be
sufficient.
The column is bent in double curvature and is slender about both the axis.
Assume that the moments due to minimum eccentricities about both the axes are less than
applied moments.
Design of slender ( Long ) columns ( with Uniaxial bending )
Size of column 230 x 450 mm Column of a braced frame
Concrete grade M 20
Factored.moment in the direction of larger dimension M
uxx
= 80 kNm at top and 60 KNm at
bottom.
Characteristic strength of reinforcement 415 N/mm
2
HYSD reinforcement
Factored load P
u
= 1000 kN
( P
u
b / 2000 ) x (
ey
/ b )
2
( 1000 x 230 / 2000 ) x (15.6 )
2
x 10
-3
About XX
0.6 M
u2
+ 0.4 M
u1
Factored.moment in the direction of shorter dimension M
uyy
bottom.
Additional moments
( P
u
D / 2000 ) x (
ex
/ D )
2
( 1000 x 450 / 2000 ) x (13.2 )
2
x 10
-3
Solution : -
Assume adjustment factor k = 0.8 for the first trial .
< 80 KNm
About YY
0.6 x 80 - 0.4 x 60
< 0.4 x 80 = 32 KNm
Note that M
u1
is considered negative as the column bends in double curvature .
32 + 0.8 x 39.2
M
i
=
=
= 24 - 12
= 12 KNm
Take , M
i
= 16 KNm
M
u,yy
=
= 38.4 KNm.
Take , M
u,yy
= 40 KNm
P
u
= 1000 KN
M
u,xx
= 80 KNm
M
u,yy
= 40 KNm
P'
u
= 1000 KN
M'
uy
= 61.33 KNm
d' / D = 50 / 230 = 0.22 Say 0.2
p / f
ck
= 0.162
p = 0.162 x 20
= 3.24
A
sc
=
= 3353 mm
2
A
c
=
= 100280 mm
2
= 902.52 + 1002.23
= 1904.7 KN
A
sc
=
p / f
ck
=
= 0.156
= 0.181 x 2070
= 373.8 KN
0.6 M
u2
+ 0.4 M
u1
0.6 x 40 - 0.4 x 30
< 0.4 x 40 = 16 KNm
16 + 0.8 x 28
P'
u
/ f
ck
b D = 1000 x 10
3
/ 20 x 230 x 450 = 0.48
< 40 KNm
Finally design the column for
For the first trial , assume uniaxial bending about y axis for the following values .
( 230 / 450 ) ( 80 + 40 ) =
Assumptions made above for k = 0.8 and for uniaxial moment to find out first trial steel are
usually conservative . Let us try 4 - 25 O + 4 - 20 O = 3220 mm
2
Now check the assumed section as follows :
P
uz
= 0.45 f
ck
A
c
+ 0.75 f
y
A
sc
M'
uy
/ f
ck
b D
2
= 61.33 x 10
6
/ 20 x 450 x 230
2
= 0.129
from chart 46 , SP : 16 =
( 3.24 /100 ) x 230 x 450
( 3220 x 100 ) / ( 230 x 450 x 20 )
For d' / D = 0.2 , k
1
= 0.184 and k
2
= -0.022 from table 60 ,SP : 16
P
b
= ( 0.184 - 0.022 x 0.156 ) x 20 x 230 x 450 x 10
-3
230 x 450 - 3220
P
uz
= 0.45 x 20 x 100280 x 10
-3
+ 0.75 x 415 x 3220 x 10
-3
P
b
= ( k
1
+ k
2
p / f
ck
) f
ck
b D
( p / 100 ) x b x D
k =
=
=
= 0.59
P
u
= 1000 KN
M
ux
=
M
uy
=
d' / D = 50 / 450 = 0.11 0.15
M
ux1
=
= 135.07 KNm
d' / D = 50 / 230 = 0.22 0.2
M
uy1
=
= 61.89 KNm
Check :
n
= 1.542 0.34
check : ?
M
ux
M
uy
M
ux1
M
uy1
80 40
135.07 61.89
0.446 + 0.51
0.956 1
Use 8 mm diameter M.S. ties.
( P
uz
- P
u
) / ( P
uz
- P
b
)
Take , M
ux
= 80 KNm
16 + 0.59 x 28 = 32.52 KNm < 40 Take , M
uy
= 40 KNm
For p / f
ck
= 0.162 and P
u
/ f
ck
b D = 0.48 , the reinforcement being equally distributed ,
( 1904.7 - 1000 ) / ( 1904.7 - 373.8 )
904.7 / 1530.9
Design for
32 + 0.59 x 39.2 = 55.13 KNm < 80
0.145 x 20 x 230 x 450
2
x 10
-6
About YY
From chart 46 , SP : 16
M
uy1
/ f
ck
b D
2
= 0.13
the moment capacities can be found out as follows :
About XX
M
ux1
/ f
ck
b D
2
= 0.145
0.075 difference
+ 1
+
0.13 x 20 x 450 x 230
2
x 10
-6
P
u
/ P
uz
= 1000 / 1904.7 = 0.525
From , IS 456-2000 , Clause 39.6
0.2 difference
.( O.K.)
Provide 4 - 25 O + 4 - 20 O equally distributed.
Ties : Minimum diameter O
tr
= 25 / 4 = 6.25 mm
( i ) 230 mm ( least lateral dimension )
( 16 times least longitudinal diameter of bar ) ( ii ) 16 x 25 = 400 mm
n
1.542 1.542
230
( 48 times diameter of tie ) ( iii ) 48 x 8 = 384 mm
Note that the distance between corner bars in one face is less than 48 O
tr
( 450 - 80 -25 = 345 < 48 x 8 = 384 ). Therefore two sets of Opened ties shall be used .
Note that if this distance would be more than ( 48 x 8 ) mm , closed ties for internal bars would be
sufficient.
( Given )
b = width of the member
i
xx
= radius of gyration in respect of the major axis.
Design of slender ( Long ) columns ( with biaxial bending ) IS 456-2000 clause 25
Note :- A column may be considered as short when both slenderness
ratios l
ex
/ D and l
ey
/ b 12 OR l
ex
/ i
xx
< 40 where, For Circular column l
ex

/ D 10 .
l
ex
= effective length in respect of the major axis
i
yy
= radius of gyration in respect of the minor axis.
IS 456 : 2000
Factored.moment in the direction of larger dimension = 40 kNm at top and 22.5 KNm at bottom.
Factored.moment in the direction of shorter dimension = 30 kNm at top and 20 KNm at bottom.
Effectively held in position and
restrained against rotation in
both ends
Degree of End Restraint of
Compression members
Symbol
Effectively held in position at
both ends , but not restrained
against rotation .
restrained against rotation at one end ,
and at the other end restrained against
rotation but not held in position
restrained against rotation at one end ,
and at the other partially restrained
against rotation but not held in position
Effectively held in position at one end
but not restrained against rotation and at
the other end restrained against rotation
but not held in position
restrained against rotation at one end
but not held in position nor restrained
against rotation at the other end.
Table 28 Effective Length of Compression Members ( Clause E-3 )
D = depth in respect of the major axis
l
ey
= effective length in respect of the minor axis
Effectively held in position at
both ends , restrained against
rotation at one ends
1120.5
P
uz
= 0.45 f
ck
A
c
+ 0.75 f
y
A
sc
P
uz
= 0.45 x 30 x 116400 x 10
-3
+ 0.75 x 415 x 3600 x 10
-3
400 x 300 - 120000*3/100
Slender compression members- Values of P
b
SP : 16 ,Table 60
The above moments will have to be reduced in accordance with clause 39.7.1.1 of the IS 456-2000
The column is bent in double curvature. Reinforcement will be distributed equally on four sides.
restrained against rotation at one end
but not held in position nor restrained
against rotation at the other end.
NOTE - is the unsupported length of compression member.
Effective length of column (
ef
) : It is the distance between the points of zero moment (contraflexure ) along the
column height .
( i + 1 ) th floor
( i ) th floor
slab
Beam

0.05 0.10 0.15
0.219 0.207 0.196
0.172 0.160 0.149
f
y
N/ mm
2
0.05 0.10
250 -0.045 -0.045
415 0.096 0.082
500 0.213 0.173
250 0.215 0.146
415 0.424 0.328
500 0.545 0.425
250 0.193 0.148
415 0.410 0.323
500 0.543 0.443
M
ax
=
M
ay
=
Where ,
P
u
=
ex
=
mm
ey
=
mm D =
b =
d' / D
Values of k
2
Rectangular ; equal
reinforcement on two
opposite sides
Section
Rectangular ; equal
reinforcement on four
sides
Circular
The additional moments calculated earlier , will now be multiplied by the above values of k .
Circular
Rectangular
Rectangular sections : P
b
/ f
ck
b D = k
1
+ k
2
. p / f
ck
Section d' / D
Circular sections : P
b
/ f
ck
D
2
= k
1
+ k
2
. p / f
ck
Values of k
1
effective length in respect of the major axis ,
effective length in respect of the minor axis ,
width of the member
NOTES : -
1) A column may be considered braced in a given plane if lateral
stability to the structure as a whole is provided by walls or
IS 456-2000 clause 39.7.1
The additional moments M
ax
and M
ay
shall be calculated by the following formulae :
( P
u
D / 2000 ) x (
ex
/ D )
2
depth of the cross - section at right angles to
the major axis , and
( P
u
b / 2000 ) x (
ey
/ b )
2
axial load on the member,
to an initial moment equal to sum of 0.4 M
u1
, and 0.6 M
u2
,
where M
u2
is the larger end moment and M
u1
is the smaller
bracing or buttressing designed to resist all lateral forces in
that plane. It should otherwise be considered unbraced.
2 ) In the case of a braced column without any transverse loads
occurring in its height, the additional moment shall be added
after modifying the initial moments as follows ( see note 1 under 39.7.1 of the code IS 456-2000 )
consideration ( see 25.4 of the code ) and greater value is to be taken as the initial moment for
The additional moments due to slenderness effects should be added to the initial moments
The above actual moments should be compared with those calculated from minimum eccentricity
> 20 mm
> 20 mm
K = 1
where ,
P
u
=
P
uz
=
-0.068 P
b
=
end moment (assumed negative if the column is bent in double
curvature). In no case shall the initial moment be less than
subject to lateral load are usually constrained to deflect
equally. In such cases slenderness ratio for each column may
be taken as the average for all columns acting in the same
direction.
0.4 M
u2
nor the total moment including the initial moment be
less than M
u2
. For unbraced columns, the additional moment
shall be added to the end moments.
3 ) Unbraced compression members, at any given level or storey,
as defined in 39.6, P
uz
= 0.45 f
ck
A
c
+ 0.75 f
y
A
sc
axial load corresponding to the condition
of maximum compressive strain of
IS 456-2000 clause 39.7.1.1
The values given by equation 39.7.1 may be multiplied by the following factor :
( P
uz
- P
u
) / ( P
uz
- P
b
)
axial load on compression member,
0.002 in outer most layer of tension steel.
0.0035 in concrete and tensile strain of
tr
8-25 O

8 O @
300 c/c
(two sets )
Note that if this distance would be less than ( 48 x 8 ) mm , open ties for internal bars would be
sufficient.
Assume that the moments due to minimum eccentricities about both the axes are less than
applied moments.
( Given )
Design of slender ( Long ) columns ( with Uniaxial bending )
Factored.moment in the direction of larger dimension M
uxx
bottom.
Factored.moment in the direction of shorter dimension M
uyy
bottom.
(two sets )
Assumptions made above for k = 0.8 and for uniaxial moment to find out first trial steel are
-0.1275
( 16 times least longitudinal diameter of bar )
450
4-25 O
+ 4 -20 O
8 O @ 230 mm c/c
( three sets )
Note that the distance between corner bars in one face is less than 48 O
tr
( 450 - 80 -25 = 345 < 48 x 8 = 384 ). Therefore two sets of Opened ties shall be used .
Note that if this distance would be more than ( 48 x 8 ) mm , closed ties for internal bars would be
sufficient.
i
xx
ratios l
ex
/ D and l
ey
/ b 12 OR l
ex
/ i
xx
< 40 where, For Circular column l
ex

/ D 10 .
l
ex
i
yy
Recommended Value
of effective length
0.5 0.65
Symbol
Theoretical Value
of effective length
2.0
1.0 1.2
- 1.5
0.7 0.8
1.0 1.0
Table 28 Effective Length of Compression Members ( Clause E-3 )
l
ey
2.0
2.0 2.0
Slender compression members- Values of P
b
SP : 16 ,Table 60
NOTE - is the unsupported length of compression member.
Effective length of column (
ef
) : It is the distance between the points of zero moment (contraflexure ) along the
column height .
2.0 2.0
slab
Beam
0.20
0.184
0.138
0.15 0.20
-0.045 -0.045
0.046 -0.022
0.104 -0.001
0.061 -0.011
0.203 0.028
0.256 0.040
0.077 -0.020
0.201 0.036
0.291 0.056
d' / D
Values of k
2
Rectangular sections : P
b
/ f
ck
b D = k
1
+ k
2
. p / f
ck
d' / D
Circular sections : P
b
/ f
ck
D
2
= k
1
+ k
2
. p / f
ck
Values of k
1
effective length in respect of the major axis ,
effective length in respect of the minor axis ,
1) A column may be considered braced in a given plane if lateral
stability to the structure as a whole is provided by walls or
The additional moments M
ax
and M
ay
shall be calculated by the following formulae :
depth of the cross - section at right angles to
the major axis , and
to an initial moment equal to sum of 0.4 M
u1
, and 0.6 M
u2
,
where M
u2
is the larger end moment and M
u1
is the smaller
bracing or buttressing designed to resist all lateral forces in
that plane. It should otherwise be considered unbraced.
2 ) In the case of a braced column without any transverse loads
occurring in its height, the additional moment shall be added
end moment (assumed negative if the column is bent in double
curvature). In no case shall the initial moment be less than
subject to lateral load are usually constrained to deflect
equally. In such cases slenderness ratio for each column may
be taken as the average for all columns acting in the same
0.4 M
u2
nor the total moment including the initial moment be
less than M
u2
. For unbraced columns, the additional moment
shall be added to the end moments.
3 ) Unbraced compression members, at any given level or storey,
P
uz
= 0.45 f
ck
A
c
+ 0.75 f
y
A
sc
The values given by equation 39.7.1 may be multiplied by the following factor :
= 0.4
= 0.112
= 2925 mm
2
p = 1.288
= 0.086
= 202.5 KNm
A
c
=
= 246780
mm
2
= 1665.8 + 1002.2
= 2668 KN
The reinforcement being equally distributed , the moment capacities from
Chart - 44 , SP-16
M
ux1
/ ( f
ck
x b x D
2
) = M
uy1
/ ( f
ck
x b x D
2
) = 0.108
Mux1 = Muy1 = 0.108 x 15 x 500 x 500
2
x 10
-6
P
u
/ P
uz
= 1500 / 2668
A
s
= 1.17 x b x D = 1.17 x 500 x 500 / 100
P
uz
= 0.45 x 15 x 246780 x 10
-3
+ 0.75 x 415 x 3220 x 10
-3
p = 0.078 x 15 = 1.17
Provide 4-25 mm O + 4-20 mm O = 3220 mm
2
, equally distributed
P
uz
= 0.45 f
ck
A
c
+ 0.75 f
y
A
sc
500 x 500 - 3220
p = 3220 x 100 / ( 500 x 500 )
p / f
ck
= 1.288 / 15
The assumed section is now checked.
For p / f
ck
= 0.086 and P
u
/ ( f
ck
x b x D ) = 0.4 ,
M'
ux
/ ( f
ck
x b x D
2
) = 210 x 10
6
/ ( 15 x 500 x 500
2
)
d' = 40 + 10 = 50 mm
d' / D = 50 / 500 = 0.1
From chart 32 , SP-16
p / f
ck
= 0.078
Axial factored load 1500 KN
M
uy
= 120 Knm
Solution :-
Assume an axial load P'
u
of 1500 KN and a uniaxial moment M'
ux
= 90 + 120 = 210 KNm .
P'
u
/ ( f
ck
x b x D ) = 1500 x 10
3
/ ( 15 x 500 x 500 )
Design of short eccentrically loaded square columns - Biaxial bending.
Size 500 mm x 500 mm
Factored moment M
ux
= 90 KNm
( Given )
moment due to minimum eccentricity is less than the applied moment.
Material M15 grade concrete
= 0.56
n
= 1.602 0.34
check : ? -0.068
M
ux
M
uy
M
ux1
M
uy1
90 120
202.5 202.5
0.273 + 0.433
0.706 1
= 0.67
= 0.107
..use 0.2
A
s
= 2.5 x b x D = 2.5 x 300 x 500 / 100
M'
u
/ ( f
ck
x b x D
2
) = 72 x 10
6
/ ( 15 x 500 x 300
2
)
d' = 40 + 10 = 50 mm
d' / D = 50 / 300 = 0.167
From chart 34 , SP-16
p / f
ck
= 0.167
p = 0.167 x 15 = 2.5
Solution :-
u
uy
= 300 / 500 ( 60 + 60 ) = 72 KNm .
P'
u
/ ( f
ck
x b x D ) = 1500 x 10
3
/ ( 15 x 300 x 500 )
Factored moment M
ux
= 60 KNm
( Given )
M
uy
= 60 KNm
( i ) 500 mm
( ii ) 16 x 25 = 400 mm
( iii ) 48 x 8 = 384 mm
Design of short eccentrically loaded rectangle columns - Biaxial bending.
0.04 difference
+ 1
+
tr
= 25 / 4 = 6.25 mm
From , IS 456-2000 , Clause 39.6
0.2 difference
n
1.602 1.602
500
500
4-25 O +
4-20 O
8 O @
350 c/c
= 3750 mm
2
p = 2.62
= 0.175
About X
= 146.25 KNm
About Y
= 69.53 KNm
A
c
=
= 146072 mm
2
= 985.99 + 1222.6
= 2208.6 KN
= 0.68
n
= 1.802 0.33
check : ? -0.198
M
ux
M
uy
M
ux1
M
uy1
60 60
146.25 69.53
0.2 + 0.77
0.97 1
The assumed section is now checked.
Provide 8-25 mm O = 3928 mm
2
, equally distributed
d' / D = 50 / 500 = 0.1 , For p / f
ck
= 0.175 and P
u
/ ( f
ck
x b x D ) = 0.67 ,
d' / D = 50 / 300 = 0.167 say 0.2 , For p / f
ck
= 0.175 and P
u
/ ( f
ck
x b x D ) = 0.67 ,
Chart - 44 , SP-16
0.12 difference
+ 1
+
tr
= 25 / 4 = 6.25 mm
300 x 500 - 3928
P
uz
= 0.45 x 15 x 146072 x 10
-3
+ 0.75 x 415 x 3928 x 10
-3
P
u
/ P
uz
= 1500 / 2208.6
From , IS 456-2000 , Clause 39.6
0.2 difference
p = 3928 x 100 / ( 300 x 500 )
P
uz
= 0.45 f
ck
A
c
+ 0.75 f
y
A
sc
Chart - 46 , SP-16
M
uy1
= 0.103 x 15 x 500 x 300
2
x 10
-6
M
uy1
/ ( f
ck
x b x D
2
) = 0.103
Pure axial load capacity
M
ux1
/ ( f
ck
x b x D
2
) = 0.13
M
ux1
= 0.13 x 15 x 300 x 500
2
x 10
-6
p / f
ck
= 2.62 / 15
n
1.802 1.802
500
( i ) 300 mm
( ii ) 16 x 25 = 400 mm
( iii ) 48 x 8 = 384 mm
Note that if this distance would be less than ( 48 x 8 ) mm , open ties for internal
bars would be sufficient.
tr
500
300
where ,
M
ux
M
uy
M
ux1
M
uy1
where P
uz
= 0.45 f
ck
A
c
+ 0.75 f
y
A
sc
1 .O; for values greater than 0.8,
n
is 2.0.
linearly from 1 .0 to 2.0.( 1.0 , 1.33 , 1.67 , 2.0 ) For values less than 0.2,
n
is
For values of P
u
/ P
uz
= 0.2 to 0.8, ( 0.2 , 0.4 , 0.6 , 0.8 )the values of
n
vary
u
ux
= 90 + 120 = 210 KNm .
39.6 Members Subjected to Combined Axial Load
and Biaxial Bending
M
ux
, M
uy
=
n
is related to P
u
/P
uz
M
ux1
, M
uy1
=
+ 1
n
u
uy
= 300 / 500 ( 60 + 60 ) = 72 KNm .
( least lateral dimension )
( 48 times diameter of tie )
25 O +
20 O
8 O @
350 c/c
8-25 O


8 O @
300 c/c
(two sets )
maximum uniaxial moment
linearly from 1 .0 to 2.0.( 1.0 , 1.33 , 1.67 , 2.0 ) For values less than 0.2,
n
is
For values of P
u
/ P
uz
= 0.2 to 0.8, ( 0.2 , 0.4 , 0.6 , 0.8 )the values of
n
vary
M
ux
, M
uy
=
bending about x and y axes
respectively, and
moments about x and y axes
due to design loads,
M
ux1
, M
uy1
=
capacity for an axial load of P
u
,
= 0.222
= 0.185
= 2700 mm
2
Note that if this distance would be less than ( 48 x 8 ) mm , open ties for internal
bars would be sufficient.
tr
Provide 8 mm O M.S. ties @ 300 mm c/c ( two sets )
( iii ) 48 x 8 = 384 mm
( ii ) 16 x 25 = 400 mm
( i ) 300 mm
( Given )
As the distance between two opposite corner bars is more than 300 mm ,
provide 2- 12 mm O at centre of long sides of the column, which may be tied by open ties.
tr
= 25 / 4 = 6.25 mm
Provide 8- 25 O + 2 - 12 O = 4151 mm
2
p = 0.1 x 15 = 1.5
A
s
= 1.5 x b x D = 1.5 x 300 x 600 / 100
Provide 22 mm O ( 2700 / 380 = 8 no.) = 3041 mm
2
M
u
/ ( f
ck
x b x D
2
) = 300 x 10
6
/ ( 15 x 300 x 600
2
)
p / f
ck
= 0.1
Solution :-
Using 25 mm diameter bars with 40 mm clear cover
d' = 40 + 12.5 = 52.5 mm
d' / D = 52.5 / 600 = 0.088 ,say 0.1
P
u
/ ( f
ck
x b x D ) = 600 x 10
3
/ ( 15 x 300 x 600 )
Design of short eccentrically loaded columns - uniaxial bending.
Factored moment 300 KNm
600
300
provide 2- 12 mm O at centre of long sides of the column, which may be tied by open ties.
8-25 O
+ 2-12 O
8 mm O @
300 mm c/c
( two sets )
( a ) lateral ties &
( b ) helical reinforcement
Material
For Lateral reinforcement mild steel Fe250
= 1800 KN
Then , A
sc
=
A
c
= A
g
- A
sc
=
7.936 A
g
+ 2.2244 A
g
10.1604 A
g
A
g
= 177165
mm
2
177165
D =
D = 475 mm
A
sc
=
= 1417 mm
2
A
sc
= 8 x 201
= 1608 mm
2
HYSD steel Fe415
Solution : -
Given
Factored load = 1.5 x 1200
Design of short circular column
Working load = 1200 KN
Assume e
min
< 0.05 D
M20 grade concrete
0.992 A
g
Substituting , we have
1800 x 10
3
= 0.4 x 20 x 0.992 A
g
+ 0.67 x 415 x 0.008 A
g
( a ) lateral ties : -
P
u
= 0.4 f
ck
A
c
+ 0.67 f
y
A
sc
Assume 0.8 % minimum steel.
0.008 A
g
225688
Use 475 mm diameter column.
0.008 x 177165
Minimum 6 bars shall be used.
1800 x 10
3
=
1800 x 10
3
=
If D is the diameter of the column
( / 4 ) x D
2
=
( iii ) 48 x 6 = 288 mm
Provide 6 mm O lateral ties @ 250 mm c/c .
( b ) Helical reinforcement : -
Provide 16 mm diameter bars ( 1417 / 201 ) = 8 no.
Use 6 mm O lateral ties , Spacing shall be lesser of
( i ) 475 mm
( ii ) 16 x 16 = 256 mm ( 16 times least longitudinal diameter of bar )
member with lateral ties. Therefore
The column with helical reinforcement can support 1.05 times the load of a similar
P
u
= 1.05 [ 0.4 f
ck
A
c
+ 0.67 f
y
A
sc
]
8.3328 A
g
+ 2.3356 A
g
10.6684 A
g
A
g
= 168729
mm
2
168729
D =
D = 463 mm
Then , A
g
=
= 158963 mm
2
= 1335289 - 8.4 A
sc
+ 291.95 A
sc
464711 = 283.55 A
sc
A
sc
= 1638.9
mm
2
6 No.
A
sc
= 6 x 314
= 1884 mm
2
D
c
=
= 370 mm
a
sp
=
= 50 mm
2
=
=
= 0.0138
Now
s
=
0.0138 =
p = 39.17 mm
> 25 mm
1800 x 10
3
=
1800 x 10
3
=
1.05 [0.4 x 20 x 0.992 A
g
+ 0.67 x 415 x 0.008 A
g
]
If D is the diameter of the column
1800 x 10
3
=
1800 x 10
3
= 1.05 [0.4 x 20 x (158963 - A
sc
) + 0.67 x 415 x A
sc
]
provide 20 mm diameter bars ( 1638.9 / 314 =)
Assume 8 mm O M.S. bars for helix at 40 mm clear cover .
( / 4 ) x D
2
=
214941
Use 450 mm diameter column.
( / 4 ) x 450
2
0.36 ( ( 450
2
/ 370
2
) - 1 ) x 20 / 250
0.36 x 0.4792 x 20 / 250
4 x a
sp
/ p x D
c
4 x 50 / p x 370
450 - 40 - 40
( / 4 ) x 8
2
Minimum
s
= 0.36 ( (A
g
/ A
cr
) - 1 ) f
ck
/ f
y
> 3 x dia of helix bar = 3 x 8 = 24 mm ( 2 )
From ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) , provide 8 mm O helix @ 35 mm pitch.
.. ( 1 )
As per IS 456-2000 clause 26.5.3.2 ( d )
The pitch < 75 mm
< D
c
/ 6 ( = 370 / 6 = 61.67 mm )
450
6 - 20 O
6 - 20 O
35
8 mm O @
35 mm c/c
Material
Then , A
sc
=
A
c
= A
g
- A
sc
=
=
5.952 A
g
+ 1.34 A
g
7.292 A
g
A
g
= 205705
mm
2
Adopt
Then ,
1215000 - 6 A
sc
+ 167.5 A
sc
285000 = 161.5 A
sc
A
sc
= 1765
mm
2
A
sc
= 4 x 314 + 4 x 201
= 1256 + 804
= 2060 mm
2
Provide 6 mm O ties about 250 mm c/c .
tr
( ii ) 16 x 16 = 256 mm
( i ) 450 mm
(iii) 48 x 6 = 288 mm .
the arrangement of reinforcement should be changed.
Note that the distance between the bars exceeds 300 mm on two parallel sides .
Provide then 4 no. 20 mm diameter bars plus 4 no. 16 mm diameter bars giving
Lateral ties :
Use 6 mm O lateral ties.
Spacing should be lesser of :
giving , A
sc
= 6 x 314 = 1884 mm
2
205705 = 453 mm
450 mm x 450 mm size column .
1500 x 10
3
= 0.4 x 15 x ( 450 x 450 - A
sc
)+ 0.67 x 250 x A
sc
1500 x 10
3
=
Provide 20 mm diameter bars = ( 1765 / 314 ) = 6 No.
0.992 A
g
If the column is to be a square , the side of column =
P
u
= 0.4 f
ck
A
c
+ 0.67 f
y
A
sc
0.4 x 15 x 0.992 A
g
+ 0.67 x 250 x 0.008 A
g
1500 x 10
3
=
1500 x 10
3
=
Solution : -
Here , e
min
< 0.05 D , But e
min
= 20 mm
Therefore , size of column shall be minimum ( 20 / 0.05 = 400 ) 400 mm x 400 mm
0.008 A
g
Assume 0.8 % minimum steel.
Design of short column
Factored load = 1500 KN
Assume e
min
< 0.05 D
M15 grade concrete
mild steel Fe250
Given
correct arrangement wrong arrangement
Note that if this distance would be less than ( 48 x 6 ) mm , open ties for internal bars
would be sufficient.
450
450
450
450
6 - 20 O
4 - 20 O
+ 4 - 16 O
6 mm O @ 250 mm c/c
(double ties )
nor more than 6 percent of the gross crosssectional
area of the column.
NOTE - The use of 6 percent reinforcement may involve
practical difficulties in placing and compacting of concrete;
hence lower percentage is recommended. Where bars from
the columns below have to be lapped with those in the
26.5.3 columns
usually not exceed 4 percent
26.5.3.1 Longitudinal reinforcement
a) The cross-sectional area of longitudinal
reinforcement, shall be not less than 0.8 percent
400 mm x 400 mm
ratios l
ex
/ D and l
ey
/ b 12 OR l
ex
/ i
xx
< 40 where,
l
ex
D = depth in respect of the major axis
IS 456-2000 clause 25
The cross-sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement , shall be not less
than 0.8 % nor more than 6 % of the gross cross-sectional area of the
column.
When e
min
0.05 D , the column shall be designed by the following
equation:
P
u
= 0.4 f
ck
A
c
+ 0.67 f
y
A
sc
A
c
= Area of concrete ,
l
ey
b = width of the member
i
xx
i
yy
A
sc
= Area of longitudinal reinforcement for columns.
hence lower percentage is recommended. Where bars from
the columns below have to be lapped with those in the
column under consideration, the percentage of steel shall
IS 456-2000 clause 39.3
All columns shall be designed for minimum eccentricity equal to the
unsupported length of column / 500 plus lateral dimension / 30 , subject to
a minimum of 20 mm. For bi-axial bending this eccentricity exceeds the
minimum about one axis at a time.
NOTE - The use of 6 percent reinforcement may involve
practical difficulties in placing and compacting of concrete;
If e
min
> 0.05 D , the column shall be designed for moment also.
IS 456-2000 clause 26.5.3.1
area.
reinforcement is not taken in account in strength
calculations, nominal longitudinal reinforcement
not less than 0.15 percent of the cross-sectional
area shall be provided.
reinforcement and equidistant around its inner
circumference.
g )Spacing of longitudinal bars measured along
the periphery of the column shall not exceed
300 mm.
h )In case of pedestals in which the longitudinal
e) A reinforced concrete column having helical
reinforcement shall have at least six bars of
longitudinal reinforcement within the helical
reinforcement.
f )In a helically reinforced column, the longitudinal
bars shall be in contact with the helical
resist the direct stress and not upon the actual
c)The minimum number of longitudinal bars
provided in a column shall be four in rectangular
columns and six in circular columns.
d )The bars shall not be less than 12 mm in
diameter.
column under consideration, the percentage of steel shall
usually not exceed 4 percent.
b) In any column that has a larger cross-sectional
area than that required to support the load,
the minimum percentage of steel shall be
based upon the area of concrete required to 20 O
16 O
6 mm O @ 250 mm c/c
(double ties )
ratios l
ex
/ D and l
ey
/ b 12 OR l
ex
/ i
xx
< 40 where,
The cross-sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement , shall be not less
than 0.8 % nor more than 6 % of the gross cross-sectional area of the
column.
When e
min
0.05 D , the column shall be designed by the following
equation:
All columns shall be designed for minimum eccentricity equal to the
unsupported length of column / 500 plus lateral dimension / 30 , subject to
a minimum of 20 mm. For bi-axial bending this eccentricity exceeds the
minimum about one axis at a time.
230
UP 900
Floor A B 150 1950
900
230
300 900 2250 900 230
Rise > 200 mm
Tread < 230 mm
( given )
3.75 KN / m
2
1.00 KN / m
2
3.00 KN / m
2
Total 7.75 KN / m
2
11.63
KN / m
2
2100
M = w x l
2
/ 8
=
= 6.41 KNm
d =
= 117 mm
= 0.468
P
t
= 50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (M
u
/ b x d
2
)
f
y
/ f
ck
=
250 / 15
50 1-1-(4.6 / 15) x (0.468)
11.63 x 2.1
2
/ 8
Reinforcement will be in second layer, Assuming 12 mm O bars
i.e. 2.1 m
150 - 15 (cover ) -12 - 6
M
u
/ b x d
2
= 6.41 x 10
6
/ 1000 x 117
2
Consider 1 m length of slab
Floor finish =
Live load ( residence ) =
P
U
= 1.5 x 7.75 =
Span = 1950 + 150 =
Landing A or B
Self-load 0.15 x 25 =
Design of dog-legged staircase
Rise of step = 160 mm
Tread = 250 mm
Nosing is not provided
250 mm to 280 mm
Material M15 Grade concrete
mild steel reinforcement Fe250
Solution : -
175 mm to 200 mm
Assume 150 mm thick waist slab. Both the landings can span on walls.
1 5
9 10
11
15 19 20
v
v v
=
= 0.224%
= 262 mm
2
= 225 mm
2
=
= 300 mm
= 280 mm
2
.
= 351 mm
V
u
= w x l / 2
=
= 12.21 KN
=
= 0.104
N / mm
2
< 0.28 ( from table 7-1 )
12 O (mild steel )
P
t
=
=
= 0.239
P
t
= 50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (M
u
/ b x d
2
)
f
y
/ f
ck
0.499
M
u1
=
= 6.83 KNm
V
u
= 12.21 KN
.( O.K.)
Assuming L
0
=
100 x A
s
/ b x d
100 x 280 / 1000 x 117
From equation
M
u1
/ b x d
2
=
0.499 x 1000 x 117
2
x 10
-6
1.3 x ( 6.83 x 10
6
/ 12.21 x 10
3
) + 12 O 55 O
According to IS 456-200 clause 26.5.2.1 Minimum steel 0.15 % for Fe250 and 0.12
% for Fe415
for Pt = 0.224
c
= 0.28
1.3 x ( M
u1
/ V
u
) + L
0
L
d
Shear stress = V
u
/ b x d
12.21 x 10
3
/ 1000 x 117
< (
C
)

N / mm
2
Maximum spacing = 3 x d = 3 x 117
Check for shear : -
11.63 x 2.1 / 2
50 [(1-0.93) x 15 / 250 ]
A
st
=
Provide 10 mm O bar
spacing of bar =
78.50 x 1000 /262
2
/m
.( O.K.)
Minimum steel = ( 0.15 / 100 ) x 1000 x 150
( too small )
0.224 x 1000 x 117 / 100
727.191 + 12 O 55 O
43 O
727.19
O 16.91 mm
20
P
t
=
= 0.239
= 40
= 17.95 < 40
Loads :
= 296.8 mm
4.45 KN / m
2
= 410 mm
1.64 KN / m
2
250
2.00
KN / m
2
160 296.8
3.00 KN / m
2
Total =
= 11.09 KN / m
2
16.64
KN / m
2
525 525
R
A
= R
B
= 0.525 x 11.63 + 16.64 x 2.25 / 2
2250
R
A
= 24.83 KN R
B
= 24.83 KN
3300
525 = 900 / 2 +75
4.45 + 1.64 + 2.00 + 3.00
P
u
= 1.5 x 11.09 =
IS 456-2000 , clause 33.2
Landing is spanning in transverse direction. The span of stair according to discussion
made in art 13-1 and loading for 1 m width of stair is shown in fig below.
16.64 KN / m
11.63 KN / m 11.63 KN / m
Floor finish length for one step = 160 + 250
floor finish =
Weight of step ( ( 0 + 160 ) / 2000 ) x 25 =
( 410 / 250 ) x 1 =
Live load =
Span and loading on both the flights are the same. Therefore same design will be
adopted.
Inclined length of waist slab for one step = 250
2
+ 160
2
Assuming 150 mm thick waist slab
self-load in plan =
( 296.8 / 250 ) x 0.15 x 25 =
2100 / 117 Actual (span / d ) ratio =
100 x A
st
/ b x d = 100 x 280 / 1000 x 117
modification factor = 2
( span / d ) ratio permissible = 2 x 20
.( O.K.)
Design of flight : -
= 6.11 + 18.72
= 24.83 KN
M
u
=
=
= 21.97 KNm
Q = 2.22
=
= 99.48 mm,
= 129 mm,
= 1.32
P
t
= 50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (M
u
/ b x d
2
)
f
y
/ f
ck
=
250 / 15
=
= 0.687%
= 886 mm
2
=
= 127.585 mm
= 904 mm
2
.
= 225 mm
2
=
= 223 mm
= 228 mm
2
.
V
u
= 24.83 KN
=
50.24 x 1000 /225
Distribution steel = ( 0.15 / 100 ) x 1000 x 150
24.83 x 10
3
/ 1000 x 129
Check for shear : -
Shear stress = V
u
/ b x d
113.04 x 1000 / 886
Minimum steel is 0.15 % for mild steel and 0.12 % for HYSD Fe415 reinforcement
Provide 8 mm O bar
2
/m
50 [(1-0.77) x 15 / 250 ]
A
st
= 0.687 x 1000 x 129 / 100
Provide 12 mm O bar
2
/ m
d
provided
= 150 - 15 - 6
.( O.K.)
M
u
/ b x d
2
= 21.97 x 10
6
/ 1000 x (129)
2
50 1-1-(4.6 / 15) x (1.32)
24.83 x 3.3/2 - 11.63 x (3.3/2)
2
/ 2 - ( ( 16.64 - 11.63 ) x ( 2.25/2 )
2
) / 2
40.97 - 15.83 - 3.17
21.97 x 10
6
/ 2.22 x 1000
M / Q x b
From Table 6-3
d
required
=
= 0.192
N / mm
2
= 0.70
N / mm
2
IS 456-2000 clause 40.2.1.1
k = 1.3
= 0.681 N / mm
2
12 O (mild steel )
P
t
=
=
= 0.70
P
t
= 50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (M
u
/ b x d
2
)
f
y
/ f
ck
we get , 1.344
M
u1
=
= 22.37 KNm
V
u
= 24.83 KN
=54.4 O
1171.2 + 12 O 54.4 O
42.4 O 1171.2
O 27.62 mm
653
20
P
t
=
= 0.70
= 32.4
= 25.58 < 32.4
100 x 904 / 1000 x 129
1.3 x ( 22.37 x 10
6
/ 24.83 x 10
3
) + 12 O 54.4 O
which gives
The depth could be reduced
IS 456-2000 , clause 26.3.3
.( O.K.)
100 x A
st
/ b x d =
1.3 x ( M
u1
/ V
u
) + L
0
L
d
.( O.K.)
d
= O
s
/ 4 x
bd
= O x 0.87 x 250 / 4 x 1
From Crossing of bars, the bars must extend upto 54.4 x 12 =
say 700 mm.
Assuming L
0
=
100 x A
s
/ b x d
100 x 904 / 1000 x 129
From equation
M
u1
/ b x d
2
=
1.344 x 1000 x 129
2
x 10
-6
100 x 904 / 1000 x 129
for Pt = 0.7
c
= 0.524
from table 7-1
< (
C
)

N / mm
2
( too small )
.( O.K.)
100 x A
s
/ b x d =
= 3 x 129 = 387 mm or 300 mm
125 mm
= 5 x 129 = 645 mm
220 mm spacing provided = < 450 mm .( O.K.)
Distribution bars : maximum spacing permitted =
.( O.K.) spacing provided = < 300 mm
Main bars : maximum spacing permitted =
250 mm to 280 mm
175 mm to 200 mm
check for shear
M15 M20 M25 M30 M35
0.15 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29
0.25 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.37
0.50 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.50
0.75 0.54 0.56 0.57 0.59 0.59
1.00 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.67
1.25 0.64 0.67 0.70 0.71 0.73
1.50 0.68 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78
1.75 0.71 0.75 0.78 0.80 0.82
2.00 0.71 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.86
2.25 0.71 0.81 0.85 0.88 0.90
2.50 0.71 0.82 0.88 0.91 0.93
2.75 0.71 0.82 0.90 0.94 0.96
3.00 0.71 0.82 0.92 0.96 0.99
6 x
=
C
, N / mm2
IS 456-2000 , Table 20
Table 7-2
c
= 0.85 0.8 x f
ck
( 1 + 5 x - 1 )
0.8 x f
ck
/ 6.89 P
t
C
, N / mm2
P
t
= 100 x A
s

b x d
Concrete grade
Table 7-1
IS 456-2000 , Table 19
Concrete grade M15 M20 M25 M30 M35
(
c
)
max
N / mm
2
2.5 2.8 3.1 3.5 3.7
Concrete grade M15 M20 M25 M30 M35
(
bd

N / mm
2
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.7
s
= 0.87 x f
y
s
= 0.67 x f
y
M15 M20 M15 M20
250 55 O 26 O 44 O 37 O
415 56 O 47 O 45 O 38 O
500 69 O 58 O 54 O 46 O
7
20
26
check for cracking
(a)The horizontal distance between parallel main
reinforcement bars ( spacing )shall not be more than three
times the effective depth of solid slab or
300 mm whichever is smaller.
d
= O
s
/ 4 x
bd
IS 456-200 clause 26.2.1.1
For mild steel Fe250
Compression bars
L
0
if ends of the reinforcement are confined by a compressive reaction M1
/ V increased by 30 % ( 1.3 M1 / V )
Table 7-6
Development length for single mild steel bars
check for development length
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.1
Table 7-5
bd
simply supported
cantilever
Note-1 :
bd
Note-2 : In case of deformed bars confirming to IS : 1786-1985 , the
value of
bd
For Fe415
f
y
N / mm2
Ld M
1
/ V + L
0
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.3.3
Tension bars
continuous
10 / span in metres , except for cantilever in which case deflection
calculations should be made.
check for deflection
Overall depth of
slab , mm
300 or
more
275 250 225 200
k 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20
sketch :
700
700
than five times the effective depth of a solid
shrinkage and temperature (distribution bar) shall not be more
The reinforcements for both the flights are shown in fig.
(b)The horizontal distance between parallel
reinforcement bars ( spacing ) provided against
slab or 450 mm whichever is smaller.
IS 456-2000 Clause 40.2.1.1
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
10 O @ 280 c/c
( Landing )
12 O @ 125 c/c
150 mm thick waist slab
8 O @ 220 c/c
12 O @ 125 c/c
Flight-B
Flight-A
12 O @ 125 c/c
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v v v v v v
8 O @ 220 c/c
12 O @ 125 c/c
10 O @ 280 c/c
( Landing )
150 mm thick waist slab
or 300 mm
or 450 mm i.e. 450 mm
.( O.K.)
i.e. 300 mm
.( O.K.)
M40
0.30
0.38
0.51
0.60
0.68
0.74
0.79
0.84
0.88
0.92
0.95
0.98
1.01
C
, N / mm2
IS 456-2000 , Table 20
Table 7-2
0.85 0.8 x f
ck
( 1 + 5 x - 1 )
0.8 x f
ck
/ 6.89 P
t
C
, N / mm2
Concrete grade
Table 7-1
IS 456-2000 , Table 19
M40
4.0
M40
1.9
&
IS 456-200 clause 26.2.1.1
L
0
if ends of the reinforcement are confined by a compressive reaction M1
/ V increased by 30 % ( 1.3 M1 / V )
Table 7-5
bd
Note-1 :
bd
Note-2 : In case of deformed bars confirming to IS : 1786-1985 , the
value of
bd
0

10 / span in metres , except for cantilever in which case deflection
calculations should be made.
175
150 or
less
1.25 1.30
150
v
v
v
v
v
v
v v v
v v v v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
10 O @ 280 c/c
( Landing )
12 O @ 125 c/c
8 O @ 220 c/c

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Capacity 80000 Litres (given)

Material M20 (given)

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